text:
Annual Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office to the ...
By United States. General Land Office
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
GENERAL LAND OFFICE,
October 30, 1879. SIR : I have the honor to report that pursuant to law there were sur. veyed during the fiscal year ending with the 30th June, 1879, 8,445,781.64 acres of public lands, and 1,039,214.26 acres of private land claims, making the total number of acres surveyed during the year 9,484,995.90. This shows an increase in the surveys of public lands as compared with the previous fiscal year of 414,769 acres. The total area surveyed from the beginning of operations to the close of the last fiscal year is 734,591,236 acres, leaving 1,080,197,686 acres yet to be surveyed of the total area of the public land containing States and Territories, viz., 1,814,788,922 acres.
Thé disposals of public lands during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1879, embrace an aggregate of 9,333,383.29 acres, being an increase of 647,204.41 acres, over the previous fiscal year, which aggregate is made up of the following particulars, viz: Cash entries...
622, 573. 96 Being a decrease of 254,981.18 acres as compared with the previous
fiscal year. In the above total of 622,573.96 acres is included the amount, 165,996.53 acres, entered under the desert land act of March
3, 1877. Homestead entries....
5, 260, 111.29 Being an increase of 841,766.37 acres over the previous fiscal year. Timber culture entries.
2,766, 573. 93 Being an increase of 896,139.75 acres over the previous fiscal year. Agricultural college scrip locations...
960.00 Being an increase of 3320 acres over the previous fiscal year. Locations with military bounty land warrants under acts of 1847, 1850, 1852 and 1855.....
50, 820.00 Being a decrease of 33,900 acres as compared with the previous fiscal
State selections approved :
For school indemnity...
For internal improvements..
For agricultural colleges...
For salt springs.....
Being a decree of 28,600.30 acres as compared with the pre-
vious fiscal year.
Scrip locations :
With Sioux half-breed scrip...
With Chippewa half-breed scrip.
With Valentine scrip.
With Portertield scrip.
With Cole scrip.....
1,879. 05
640.00 1, 417.70
4, 656, 75
8,892, 087.66
Locations of scrip issued under the acts of June 2, 1858, and June 22,
1860, in lieu of lands embraced in private claims, but not taken in
place...
Being an increase of 4,429.84 acres over the previous fiscal year.
87,573. 44
8,979, 661. 10
75, 388.08
Lands patented to States as swamp under act of September 28, 1850...
Being a decrease, as compared with amount patented and certified
during the previous fiscal year, of 127,537.77 acres....
9,055, 049. 18 Lands certified for railroad purposes...
278, 334. 11 Being a decrease of 328,006.54 acres, as compared with the previous
fiscal year. Total number of acres disposed of during the fiscal year, being an increase of 617,204.41 acres over the previous fiscal year....
9, 333, 383, 29 The aggregate of moneys received during fiscal year ending June 30, 1879, is $1,883,113.56. This amount is less by $139,418.60 than the amount received during the previous fiscal year, and is made up as fol. lows, viz: Purchase money of lands sold...
$894, 840 93 Homestead fees and commissions.
578,705 92 Timber culture fees and commissions.
250, 529 00 Donation fees ......
1,587 00 Fees on pre-emption filings.
75, 381 00 Fees on homestead filings.
13, 580 00 Fees on mineral applications and protests.
10, 860 00 Fees on coal declarations ....
93 00 Fees on timber land entries..
930 00 Fees on military bounty land warrant locations..
1,212 72 Fees on agricultural college scrip locations..
32 00 Fees on Valentine scrip locations..
36 02 Fees on State school selections.
4,938 10 Fees on railroad selections...
7,724 56 Fees on wagon road selections...
4, 458 00 Fees for reducing testimony to writing in district land offices..
26, 870 83 Fees for transcripts of records in district land offices...
2,610 74 Fees for certified copies furnished by this office under section 461 Rev. Stats.. ...
7,957 70 Fees from miscellaneous sources..
1, 883, 113 56 During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1879, there were received in this office 82,575 letters, and there were written, recorded, and sent out, during the same period, 59,613.
SURVEYS.
Under the act of Congress approved June 20, 1878 (20 Stat., p. 229), the sum of $300,000 was appropriated for survey of the public lands and private land claims for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1879, with a proviso that not more than $8,100 of this sum be used for clerical force in this office to write tract books for the local land offices, thereby leaving $291,900 available immediately for the surveys, with an additional appropriation of $30,000 for the survey of timbered lands exclusively, waking an aggregate of $321,900 for the surveys in the field.
On the 13th day of July, 1878, the said amount was apportioned by the Secretary of the Interior, according to law, to the several surveying districts, as follows:
In pursuance of the provisions of the act of June 20, 1878, as aforesaid, and the apportionment made of the money appropriated, a circular letter embracing instructions pertaining to the duties of the sixteen surveyors general for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1879, was issued on the 15th July, 1878, with certain modifications in their tenor according to the variant nature of the public service devolving on them, of which the following is a copy:
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GENERAL LAND OFFICE,
Washington, D. C., July 15, 1878. United States Surveyor General :
Sir: The following instructions are issued for your guidance in having public surveys made during the present fiscal year:
You will let contracts only to deputies of known ability, who are practical and faithful surveyors, for the survey of such classes of lands as are mentioned in the appropriation act approved June 20, 1878, viz:
First. Those adapted to agriculture without artificial irrigation. Second. Irrigable lands, or such as can be redeemed, and for which there is sufficient accessible water for the reclamation and cultivation of the same, not otherwise utilized or claimed.
Third. Timber lands bearing timber of commercial value, either foreign or domestic.
Fourth. Coal lands containing coal of commercial value. · Fifth, Exterior boundaries of town sites.
Sixth. Private land claims.
Settlements in valleys remote from the regular progress of public surveys, requiring the extension of the base and other standard lines in order to reach such localities and to have them surveyed, should receive at your hands proper attention, and should written application be made to you by bona fide settlers for the survey of such valleys for agricultural purposes, you will apply a proper share of the amount apportioned to your surveying district out of the $300,000 appropriated for the survey of public lands and private land claims per act of June 20, 1878.
Such valleys as may be thus reached, and are found either actually settled on or
presenting superior advantages for agricultural purposes to other unsurveyed lands immediately adjacent to the lands already surveyed into townships or sections, should be given preference in the surveys.
In regard to the survey of "timberlands bearing timber of commercial value, either foreign or domestic," as provided under the third class of lands allowed to bé surveyed, you will confine your field operations to non-mineral timber lands, and those lands where depredations have been practiced or are likely to be carried on by unlawful parties, as under the provision of "An act authorizing the citizens of Colorado, Nevada, and the Territories, to fell and remove timber on the public domain for mining and domestic purposes," approved June 3, 1878, all citizens of the United States and other persons, bona fide residents of the States of Colorado or Nevada or either of the Territories of New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Wyoming, Dakota, 'Idaho, or Montana, and all other mineral districts of the United States, are authorized and permitted to fell and remove for building, agricultural, mining, or other domestic purposes, any timber or other trees growing or being on the public lands, said land being mineral.
You will survey coal lands and extend township lines in mining districts, so that mineral claims may be located with reference to township and range of the public surveys.
You will not contract for the survey of lands which subserve merely pastoral interests, such lands not being of the character authorized by law to be subdivided.
By direction of the department I have to inform you that if you should let contracts for the survey of lands not authorized by the appropriation act, you will be held to strict account for so doing; you will therefore be vigilant in the selection of the lands to be surveyed, taking only those which are known to you to be of the classes specified, either of your own knowledge or from that derived through actual settlers applying to you for the extension of public lines over their settlements.
In letting contracts for the subdivision of the public lands, you are required to stipulate the condition that the survey must include all the lands in the township contracted for subdivision, which are by law classed as surveyable, and except in case of triangulation, that the deputy shall start from the proper bases or standard parallels.
If these last shall not have been established, that must first be done, and then, if there are no exterior lines of the township surveyed the deputy must first survey them, and finally subdivide the township into sections, running, measuring, and marking the lines from south to north, in the regular progress, avoiding the practice in some surveying districts of surveying partly from north to south and partly from south to north, leaving the interior of the township partly unsurveyed, and thereby causing difficulty when the effort is made to complete the survey of the township and connect the surveys made from the south with those from the north by due north and south or east and west lines, as the law requires.
Where by reason of impassable objects the south boundary of a township cannot be established, an east and west line should be run through the township, first random, then corrected, from one range line to another, and as far south as possible, and from such line extend the section lines in the usual manner, except over any fraction south of said line, which may be surveyed in the opposite direction from the section corners on the auxiliary base ihus established.
When you have townships subdivided, you will furnish your deputies with descriptions of all exterior corners, and instruct them to either describe particularly all the corners on the south township lines from which they start, and the corners on the east, north, and west township lines upon which they close, or, if they find such corners corresponding to the description furnished them, they must state that fact in their field notes, and if a corner on the township line is re-established, the notes should show in what manner.
In addition to the requirements of the Manual of Surveying Instructions and tho Supplement of June 1, 1864, you will require your deputies in all cases where stones are used for corners to dig pits in the same manner as for corners marked by posts and mounds.
No mountains, swampy lands, or lands not classed as surveyable by law are to be meandered. All lines approaching such lands must be discontinued at the section or quarter-section corner.
All connection lines must be charged at the minimum rate provided in the appropriation act.
Augmented rates will not be allowed for meander or other lines of survey unless the field notes show that between the corners and at the line the land is mountainons or heavily timbered.
All modifications or changes in contracts after approval by the Commissioner, such as the substitution of an arable township for an inarable one named in contract, must be immediately reported to this office, and a copy of your instructions relating thereto be transmitted to this office and to the First Comptroller of the Treasury.
In regard to deputies commencing work before they are notified of the approval of their contracts, and as to certificate of sufficiency of sureties to their bond, and as to the proper officer to administer oaths to deputy surveyors, your attention is invited to the new form of contract and bond, copies of which will be sent you for immediate use, in lieu of the old form.
In order to guard against deficiencies arising from an excess of the estimated cost of work under contracts to be made, you should, for the present, leave a margin of the apportionment uncontracted for until you are satisfied from actual returns of all contracts let that no excess of work shall have been incurred requiring the application of said margin in payment thereof.
On pages 18 and 19 of the Manual of Instructions, which is made part of the laws governing the public surveys, the objects, whose description, character, and position should be noted and shown upon the plats, are carefully itemized.
Too little attention is now paid to these very important particulars. You are, therefore, instructed to require more exact compliance with such instructions, both in noting and delineating the objects therein enumerated.
It is also of great importance that the transcripts of field notes, which are expected to endure for ages, should be written in a clear, bold hand, so that every word and figure shall be legible and unmistakable as to its signification.
J. A. WILLIAMSON,
The surveying operations have been prosecuted during the last fiscal year to the extent of the appropriations made for that purpose, em. bracing 8,445,781.64 acres of the public land and 1,039,214.26 acres of private land claims, as shown by the following tabular statement :
Areas surveyed in States and Territories, sererally considered, both of public lands and pri
vate claims, during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1879.
For the details of the surveying operations during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1879, reference is made to the accompanying annual reports of the sixteen surveyors general, of which the following synopsis is submitted :
Arizona.--The apportionment to this district for surveys of public lands for the past fiscal year was $6,000. Under it one contract was let for surveys near the San Francisco Mountains. The cost of the work amounted to 86,358.39, of which $6,000 was paid, leaving a deficiency of $358.39. Special deposits during the year for field work of survey of townships settled upon, $949.99, which amount was expended.
The apportionment of $2,000 for the survey of private land claims was not called for by any contracts entered into, and is now unavailable under the law. The amount paid to surveyor general was $2,750. There were appropriated for clerks, $3,000, which were expended, except a balance of $70.36. The appropriation of $1,500 for contingent expenses was all expended except $33.10.


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text:
England[remove]43
Merton College4
MSS. Digby3
MSS. Lat. misc. (Latin miscellaneous)12
MSS. Rawl. B (Rawlinson B)1
MSS. Rawl. D (Rawlinson D)2
Merton College MSS. (in progress)4
You searched for: Century 15th Century Remove constraint Century: 15th Century Origin France Remove constraint Origin: France Origin England Remove constraint Origin: England
MS. Ashmole 764
Aeneas Sylvius, Honoré Bouvet, etc. — 15th century, third quarter - late; English (script); French (decoration)
Writing exercises — 15th century, second quarter; English
Disticha Catonis, 'Sentences of Sages' — 15th century
Formulary of letters — 15th century, first half; French
Correspondence and documents of ambassadors to England and France from the Pope of Rome, 1374-6 — 14th century, second half
Documents relating to Anglo-French treaties, 1395-1410 — 15th century
Documents relating to a meeting of the ambassadors of England and France, 1418 — 15th century
Thomas Bekynton — 14th century; English
John Somer — 14th century, end (after 1387); English
MS. Ashmole 1289
Theological texts, Biblical extracts, etc. — 14th century, early; English
Rogericus Zamorensis — c. 1478; French
Alchemical treatises, Medical recipes — 16th century, first half; French, Calais (?)
Alchemical recipes and notes — 15th century
Alchemical extracts — 16th century, second half; English
Alchemical treatises — 14th century, middle; English
Alchemical texts and experiments — 14th century - 15th century; English
Alchemical treatise — 16th century, second half; English
Nicholas de Byard — 14th century, first half; England or France
Index of subjects to a theological treatise — 1455; England, Oxford (?)
Thomas the Cistercian, etc. — 13th century, first half; England or France
Now MS. Lat. misc. d. 48, fols. 1, 2, 11, 12.
Christ Church MS. 378
'The Book of Orts'
MS. Digby 76
Roger Bacon, Roger Bacon (?), etc. — 13th century, second half (after 1266); Script partly English, partly French (fols. 41v5-42v, 44r-v, 45r-v) in style.
Ps.-Avicenna, Dominicus Gundisalvi, etc. — 13th century, first half; England
Thomas Bradwardine — 14th century, late or 15th century, early; Italy
Johannes de Sacro Bosco, Thomas of Newmarket (?), etc. — 15th century; English
John of Stratford, etc. — 15th century
Somniale Danielis — 15th century
Albertus Magnus — 15th century
Calendars — 15th century, end; French, North-west
Easter tables — 10th century, late - 11th century, first half
MS. Digby 180
Thomas of Siena — 15th century, beginning (c. 1410-20); Italian, Venice
Richard of Wallingford — 15th century; English
Life of St. Jerome — 15th century; Italian
Alchemical treatise — 15th century; French
MS. Douce 327
Bible, Epistle and Gospel list, Use of Sarum — Multiple dates; French; list added in England (?)
MS. Douce b. 4
Illustrations of medieval fools and jesters: illuminations from manuscripts, original sketches and copies — 14th century -19th century; Multiple places of origin
MS. Douce d. 19
Collection of illuminated and historiated initials cut from various MSS.
MS. Lat. liturg. a. 8
Guardbook of liturgical fragments
MS. Lat. liturg. b. 7
Guardbook of liturgical and other fragments
MS. Lat. liturg. b. 19
Liturgical fragments — 12th century - 15th century; English; French
MS. Lat. liturg. d. 16
Liturgical fragments, accessioned before 1976, mostly from bindings of Bodleian MSS and printed books.
MS. Lat. liturg. e. 21
Psalter, Litany — Multiple dates; French; additions, English
MS. Lat. liturg. f. 2
Bridget of Sweden, etc. — 14th century, late - 15th century, early; France or Flanders, with additions in England
Private prayers — 1406-1428 (c. 1421 (?)); French, French Flanders (?)
Private prayers — 15th century, beginning (c. 1421 (?)); English

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The Drug, Chemical & Associated Technologies Association (DCAT) is a not-for-profit, tax-exempt business development association formed to promote, develop, and educate, member companies of the pharmaceutical, chemical, nutritional and related industries. DCAT's principal membership class consists of corporations, individuals, and other entities engaged in pharmaceutical, chemical, nutritional and related industries. The business of the association is managed under the direction of the DCAT board of directors. DCAT's code of ethics serves as a code of conduct for any association officer, director, volunteer and employee. Code violations may result in sanctions imposed under the Procedures for Review of the Code of Ethics. The principles and requirements that comprise the code and procedures are based on and are designed to ensure full compliance by DCAT and its officers, directors, volunteers and employees with the fiduciary duties imposed on such individuals by state corporate law, the federal tax code's prohibition on private benefit, and other requirements of federal tax exemption, common law due process requirements, federal and state antitrust and unfair competition law, state tort law, and other legal precepts and prohibitions. At the same time, the code and procedures are not designed to supplant courts of law in the resolution of disputes within the members' industry. Moreover, the checks and balances built into the code and procedures are designed to strike the proper balance between ensuring full compliance with the legal obligations described here and ensuring the integrity and efficacy of the code on the one hand and, on the other, the protection of officers, directors, volunteers and employees, through the use of reasonable due process procedures, against patently false, malicious, or groundless accusations that could result in significant business or personal harm if not properly handled. Officers, directors, volunteers and employees affirm their endorsement of the code and acknowledge their commitment to uphold its principles and obligations by accepting and retaining membership as a volunteer leader.
This Code of Ethics in its written form shall pertain to all DCAT member company representatives and others who assume a leadership role in the organization by election or appointment to the Board of Directors, the Advisory Council, the chair or vice chair of one of the committees of DCAT, or a person selected to lead in the management of a program, activity or initiative. The Code of Ethics shall also apply to all employees of the association.
Persons interested in a leadership position, or are nominated for such, shall be advised by the executive director of the Code of Ethics so they may review it.
Prior to, or immediately upon, election or appointment, the executive director shall provide a document containing the Code of Ethics to each person for his or her signature. Each person will be required to sign and return that document within thirty (30) days of election or appointment.
The executive director will notify the president of any person(s) who does not sign the document within the prescribed time.
If a person fails to sign and return the Code of Ethics within the allotted time, he or she will not be entitled to participate in the position to which her or she has been elected or appointed until a copy of the Code of Ethics signed by that person is received by the executive director. If a signed copy of the Code of Ethics has not been received by the executive director within sixty (60) days, the person shall, by operation of the bylaws, be automatically removed from his or her leadership position.
Person(s) assuming a leadership role are required to sign the Code of Ethics document at the beginning of their tenure. However, should any changes be made to the policy and Code of Ethics, person(s) will be asked to sign any updated document.


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text:
Signals trigger state-specific transcriptional programs to support diversity and homeostasis in immune cells.
Fischer, C. and Metsger, M. and Bauch, S. and Vidal, R. and Böttcher, M. and Grote, P. and Kliem, M. and Sauer, S.
Science Signaling 12 (581): eaao5820. 14 May 2019
G protein-coupled receptors control the sensitivity of cells to the morphogen Sonic Hedgehog.
Pusapati, G.V. and Kong, J.H. and Patel, B.B. and Gouti, M. and Sagner, A. and Sircar, R. and Luchetti, G. and Ingham, P.W. and Briscoe, J. and Rohatgi, R.
Science Signaling 11 (516): eaao5749. 6 February 2018
Transmembrane helix connectivity in Orai1 controls two gates for calcium-dependent transcription.
Frischauf, I. and Litvinukova, M. and Schober, R. and Zayats, V. and Svobodova, B. and Bonhenry, D. and Lunz, V. and Cappello, S. and Tociu, L. and Reha, D. and Stallinger, A. and Hochreiter, A. and Pammer, T. and Butorac, C. and Muik, M. and Groschner, K. and Bogeski, I. and Ettrich, R.H. and Romanin, C. and Schindl, R.
Science Signaling 10 (507): eaao0358. 28 November 2017
Degrons in cancer.
Meszaros, B. and Kumar, M. and Gibson, T.J. and Uyar, B. and Dosztanyi, Z.
Science Signaling 10 (470): eaak9982. 14 March 2017
ALK pERKs up MYCN in neuroblastoma.
Lindner, S. and Henssen, A. and Astrahantseff, K. and Schulte, J.H.
Science Signaling 7 (349): pe27. 28 October 2014
Reliable encoding of stimulus intensities within random sequences of intracellular Ca2+ spikes.
Thurley, K. and Tovey, S.C. and Moenke, G. and Prince, V.L. and Meena, A. and Thomas, A.P. and Skupin, A. and Taylor, C.W. and Falcke, M.
Science Signaling 7 (331): ra59. 24 June 2014
KCNQ1, KCNE2, and Na(+)-coupled solute transporters form reciprocally regulating complexes that affect neuronal excitability.
Abbott, G.W and Tai, K.K. and Neverisky, D.L. and Hansler, A. and Hu, Z. and Roepke, T.K. and Lerner, D.J. and Chen, Q. and Liu, L. and Zupan, B. and Toth, M. and Haynes, R. and Huang, X. and Demirbas, D. and Buccafusca, R. and Gross, S.S. and Kanda, V.A. and Berry, G.T.
Science Signaling 7 (315): ra22. 4 March 2014
ROMO1 is an essential redox-dependent regulator of mitochondrial dynamics.
Norton, M. and Ng, A.C. and Baird, S. and Dumoulin, A. and Shutt, T. and Mah, N. and Andrade-Navarro, M.A. and McBride, H.M. and Screaton, R.A.
Science Signaling 7 (310): ra10. 28 January 2014
Direct binding between Orai1 and AC8 mediates dynamic interplay between Ca2+ and cAMP signaling.
Willoughby, D. and Everett, K.L. and Halls, M.L. and Pacheco, J. and Skroblin, P. and Vaca, L. and Klussmann, E. and Cooper, D.M.
Science Signaling 5 (219): ra29. 10 April 2012
A directed protein interaction network for investigating intracellular signal transduction.
Vinayagam, A. and Stelzl, U. and Foulle, R. and Plassmann, S. and Zenkner, M. and Timm, J. and Assmus, H.E. and Andrade-Navarro, M.A. and Wanker, E.E.
Science Signaling 4 (189): rs8. 6 September 2011
Regulation of Ras localization by acylation enables a mode of intracellular signal propagation.
Lorentzen, A. and Kinkhabwala, A. and Rocks, O. and Vartak, N. and Bastiaens, P.I.
Science Signaling 3 (140): ra68. 21 September 2010
Linear motif atlas for phosphorylation-dependent signaling.
Miller, M.L. and Jensen, L.J. and Diella, F. and Jorgensen, C. and Tinti, M. and Li, L. and Hsiung, M. and Parker, S.A. and Bordeaux, J. and Sicheritz-Ponten, T. and Olhovsky, M. and Pasculescu, A. and Alexander, J. and Knapp, S. and Blom, N. and Bork, P. and Li, S. and Cesareni, G. and Pawson, T. and Turk, B.E. and Yaffe, M.B. and Brunak, S. and Linding, R.
Science Signaling 1 (35): ra2. 2 September 2008
Geranylgeranylation but not GTP-loading of Rho GTPases determines T cell function.
Waiczies, S. and Bendix, I. and Zipp, F.
Science Signaling 1 (12): pt3. 25 March 2008


text:
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[1] 29 U.S.C. § 792 (b) (3); 42 U.S.C. § 12204.
[2] 42 U.S.C. § 12101 (a) (5).
[3] 42 U.S.C. § 12101(b) (2) and (3).
[4] 42 U.S.C. §§ 12132, 12134, 12146, and 12183 (a) (1).
[6] 42 U.S.C. § 12149.
[7] 42 U.S.C. §§ 12134 and 12186 (b).
[8] 42 U.S.C. § 4151 (1) and (2).
[9] 42 U.S.C. § 4151(3) and (4).
[10] 42 U.S.C. § 4153.
[12] 42 U.S.C. § 4154a.
[14] 47 FR 33864 (August 4, 1982). MGRAD was amended in 1988 and 1989. 53 FR 35510 (September 14, 1988); 54 FR 5444 (February 3, 1989). MGRAD, as amended, is published at 36 C.F.R. Part 1190.
[15] 49 FR 31528 (August 7, 1984).
[16] 56 FR 35408 (July 26, 1991); 56 FR 45500 (September 6, 1991). As discussed in Chapter 1.2, ADAAG was amended several times since 1991. ADAAG, as amended, is published at 36 C.F.R. Part 1191, Appendix A.
[17] Final Regulatory Impact Analysis for Final Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities (January 9, 1992).
[18] 56 FR 35592 (July 26, 1991); 56 FR 45584 (September 6, 1991). ADAAG, as adopted by the Department of Justice, is published at 28 C.F.R. Part 36, Appendix A. ADAAG, as adopted by the Department of Transportation, is published at 49 C.F. R. Part 37, Appendix A.
[19] 41 C.F.R. § 102-76.25. The Department of Defense has also adopted a policy to use ADAAG when it provides a greater level of access compared to UFAS.
[20] 63 FR 2000 (January 13, 1998).
[22] The guidelines do not require ramps or platform lifts to provide access to raised judges' benches and other raised work stations within court rooms, provided sufficient space is allowed to add a ramp or platform lift in the future as needed without substantially altering the court room. The guidelines require 2 percent of jail and prison cells to provide mobility features, and do not require cells to provide mobility features when existing facilities are altered. UFAS requires 5 percent of jail and prison cells to provide mobility features.
[23] The State and local government facilities guidelines were initially issued as an interim final rule in 1994. 59 FR 31676 (June 20, 1994). The interim final rule also included guidelines for State and local government housing, and public rights-of-way. The Access Board prepared a regulatory assessment for the interim final rule. Regulatory Assessment, State and Local Government Facilities: Interim Final Rule (May 20, 1994). The final guidelines only included judicial facilities, detention and correctional facilities, and other minor amendments to ADAAG. The final guidelines mostly reduced impacts on State and local governments.
[24] 65 FR 62498 (October 18, 2000).
[25] Final Accessibility Guidelines for Play Areas: Economic Assessment (October 2000). The national costs of the play areas guidelines were estimated to range from $37 million to $84 million annually depending on the type of ground surface materials used.
[26] 67 FR 56352 (September 3, 2002).
[27] Assessment of Benefits and Costs of Final Accessibility Guidelines for Recreation Facilities (September 2002). The national costs of the recreation facilities guidelines were estimated to range from $27 million to $34 million annually.
[28] The following organizations were represented on the advisory committee: American Council of the Blind, American Institute of Architects, American Society of Interior Designers, The Arc, Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association, Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Building Owners and Managers Association, Council of American Building Officials, Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund, Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association, International Conference of Building Officials, International Facility Management Association, Maryland Association of the Deaf, National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards, National Easter Seal Society, National Fire Protection Association, National Institute of Building Sciences, Regional Disability and Business Technical Assistance Centers, Southern Building Code Congress International, Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation, Virginia Building and Code Officials Association, and World Institute on Disability.
[29] 64 FR 62248 (November 16, 1999).
[30] 67 FR 15509 (April 2, 2002).
[31] 42 U.S.C. § 12101 (b) (2) and (3).
[32] 42 U.S.C. § 12201 (b).
[33] 2 U.S.C. § 1503 (2).
[34] The Department of Justice permits State and local government facilities covered by the Americans with Disabilities Act to also comply with UFAS, subject to certain exceptions. 28 C.F.R. § 35.151 (c).
[35] The final revised guidelines are compared to UFAS for scoping requirements applicable to alterations to primary function areas, and for scoping and technical requirements applicable to Federal, State, and local government housing.
[36] The codes expert, Lawrence G. Perry, AIA, represented the Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) on the ADAAG Review Advisory Committee.
[37] The International Code Council website shows the State and local governments that have adopted the International Building Code. See, www.iccsafe.org/government/adoptions.htm. The data in Table 2.1 is as of June 4, 2004. Some States and local governments amend the International Building Code or adopt separate accessibility codes to provide equivalent or greater accessibility than ADAAG.
[38] The National Fire Protection Association and International Code Council websites show the States that have adopted the codes. See, www.nfpa.org/BuildingCode/AboutC3/NFPA101/nfpa101.asp; www.nfpa.org/BuildingCode/AboutC3/NFPA1/nfpa1.asp ; and www.iccsafe.org/government/adoption.html.
[39] The Department of Transportation issued a notice of proposed rulemaking to update its standards in 2000. 65 FR 48444 (August 8, 2000). The Department of Defense and United States Postal Service update their standards by issuing an agency manual or memorandum.
[40] ADAAG 4.1.6 (1) (b); section 202.3 of the final revised guidelines.
[41] 28 C.F.R. § 36.403; 49 C.F.R. § 37.43. The requirements for alterations affecting primary function areas are also incorporated in ADAAG 4.1.6 (2) and section 202.4 of the final revised guidelines.
[42] 28 C.F.R. § 36.403 (b); 49 C.F.R. § 37.43 (c).
[43] 28 C.F.R. § 36.403 (e) (1) to (3); 49 C.F.R. § 37.43 (d).
[44] ADAAG 4.1.6 (1) (j); section 202.3 Exception 2 of the final revised guidelines.
[45] For purposes of this assessment, it is assumed that the "path of travel" serving the primary function area is not accessible. As discussed above, the Department of Justice and Department of Transportation will address what an entity's obligations are when elements that are part of the "path of travel" serving an altered primary function area meet earlier standards, and the revised standards change the requirements for the elements.
[46] 42 U.S.C. § 12182 (b) (2) (A) (iv).
[47] 42 U.S.C. § 12181 (9).
[48] 42 U.S.C. § 12188 (b) (1) (A) (ii).
[49] Florida, Maine, Maryland, Texas, and Washington have had their codes certified. Four other States have requests for certification of their codes pending.
[51] U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census.
[52] Regulatory Assessment of Americans with Disabilities Act and Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility Guidelines Proposed Rule (August 19, 1999) (hereinafter referred to as "Proposed Rule Regulatory Assessment").
[53] Where requirements or exceptions in the International Building Code or the ICC/ANSI A117.1 standard are broader or narrower than the final revised guidelines, they are referred to as "similar" rather than "equivalent" to the final revised guidelines.
[54] Proposed Rule Regulatory Assessment at 9.
[55] Proposed Rule Regulatory Assessment at 27. The assessment assumed that locating visible alarm appliances in adjacent offices back-to-back would reduce by one-half the amount of conduit and wiring used in estimating the cost for installing an appliance in an individual office.
[56] Proposed Rule Regulatory Assessment at 37.
[57] The final revised guidelines also revise the technical requirement for visible alarms in guest rooms with communication features, which is discussed in Chapter 6.27.
[58] Proposed Rule Regulatory Assessment at 22-24.
[64] The scoping and technical requirements in the final revised guidelines for dispersion of wheelchair spaces and lines of sight in assembly areas are further discussed in Chapter 6.14.
[65] Proposed Rule Regulatory Assessment at 33 and 41.
[67] Proposed Rule Regulatory Assessment at 18-19, and 41.
[72] Proposed Rule Regulatory Assessment 20-21.
[77] The final revised guidelines also revise the technical requirement for a side reach, which is discussed in Chapter 6.19.
[78] Congress directed this requirement to be included in the guidelines so individuals with disabilities can visit guests in other rooms. H. Rept. 101-485, pt. 2, at 118 (1990); S. Rept. 101-116, at 70 (1989).
[79] The final revised guidelines also revise the scoping requirement for van accessible parking spaces, which is discussed in Chapters 7.3.
[80] The final revised guidelines also revise the scoping and technical requirements for passenger loading zones, which are discussed in Chapter 6.8.
[81] The final revised guidelines also add a new exception for toilet room doors overlapping fixture clearances; and revise the technical requirements the water closet location and rear wall grab bar, and the water closet clearance in toilet rooms, which are discussed in Chapters 5.23, 5.24, and 7.10, respectively.
[82] The final revised guidelines also revise the technical requirements for assistive listening systems, which are discussed in Chapter 6.24.
[83] The final revised guidelines also add specific scoping and technical requirements for dispersion of wheelchair spaces and lines of sight in assembly areas, and specific technical requirements for wheelchair space overlap in assembly areas, which are discussed in Chapters 6.14 and 6.26, respectively.
[84] The final revised guidelines also add a new exception for toilet room doors overlapping fixture clearances; and revise the technical requirements for the water closet location and rear wall grab bar, and the water closet clearance in toilet rooms, which are discussed in Chapters 5.23, 5.24, and 7.10, respectively.
[85] UFAS 4.34.7 requires washing machines and clothes dryers in dwelling units to comply with the technical requirements for a side reach. In addition, UFAS 4.34.7.2 requires washing machines and clothes dryers in common use laundry rooms serving dwelling units to be front loading.
[86] The final revised guidelines also add a new technical requirement for handrails along walking surfaces, which is discussed in Chapter 6.20.
[87] The final revised guidelines also revise the technical requirements for the water closet location and rear wall grab bar, and the water closet clearance in toilet rooms, which are discussed in Chapters 5.24 and 7.10 respectively.
[88] The final revised guidelines also add a new exception for toilet room doors overlapping fixture clearances, and revise the technical requirement for the water closet clearance in toilet rooms, which are discussed in Chapters 5.23 and 7.10, respectively.
[89] The final revised guidelines also revise the technical requirements for shower spray units, which are discussed in Chapter 7.11.
[90] The detectable warnings requirement was initially suspended in 1994 for all areas, except transit platform edges, while additional research was conducted on the need for the warnings. 59 FR 17442 (April 12, 1994). The suspension was renewed in 1996 and 1998, while the guidelines were being revised. 61 FR 39323 (July 29, 1996); 63 FR 64836 (November 23, 1998). The suspension expired on July 26, 2001.
[91] The Access Board is conducting a separate rulemaking to establish guidelines for public rights-of-way, and will address detectable warnings at curb ramps in that rulemaking. When that rulemaking is completed, the Access Board will further consider the appropriateness of providing detectable warnings at curb ramps within sites.
[93] ADAAG 4.1.6 (2) contains the same scoping requirements for alterations to primary function areas..
[94] 41 C.F.R. § 102-76.25.
[95] 28 C.F.R. § 35.151 (c).
[96] 42 U.S.C. § 12112 (b) (5) (A) and (B).
[97] As discussed in Chapter 5.1, the final revised guidelines also exempt limited access spaces and machinery spaces from all accessibility requirements.
[98] See Chapter 2.0 for a discussion of State adoption of model building codes and fire and life safety codes. The 36 inch minimum width for emergency egress is specified in: section 7.3.4.1 of the NFPA 101, Life Safety Code (2003 edition); section 14.8.3.3.1 of the NFPA 1, Uniform Fire Code (2003 edition); section 1013.4.1 of the International Fire Code (2003 edition). The minimum width may be wider based on the occupant load. The codes permit the width to be reduced in limited situations, many of which will be covered by the exceptions in the final revised guidelines.
[99] Public accommodations and commercial facilities that are less than 3 stories, or that have less than 3,000 square feet per story are exempt from providing an accessible route between the stories, unless the facility contains a shopping center or shopping mall; professional office of a health care provider; airline passenger terminal; or terminal, depot, or other station used for specified public transportation. ADAAG 4.1.3 (5) Exception 1; section 206.2.3 Exception 1 of the final revised guidelines.
[100] Section 104.2 of the final revised guidelines requires the next greater whole number to be provided, when the required number of accessible elements is determined by the calculation of ratios or percentages, and remainders or fractions result.
[101] ADAAG 4.1.2 (1); section 206.2.1 of the final revised guidelines.
[102] ADAAG 4.8.1; section 403.3 of the final revised guidelines.
[104] See Chapter 2.5 for a discussion of alterations to primary function areas.
[105] Section 407.2.1 Exception.
[106] Section 407.2.1.1 Exception.
[108] Section 407.2.1.5 Exception 2.
[116] Sections 407.4.6 Exception and 407.4.7 Exception.
[119] Section 407.4.7.1.2 Exception.
[120] See Chapter 2.0 for a discussion of State adoption of model fire and life safety codes. The number of accessible means of egress is specified in: Section 7.5.4.1 of the NFPA 101, Life Safety Code (2003 edition); section 14.10.4 of the NFPA 1, Uniform Fire Code (2003 edition); and section 1007.1 of the International Fire Code (2003 edition).
[121] Evacuation elevators are specified in: sections 7.2.12.2.4, 7.5.4.5, and 7.5.4.7 of the NFPA 101 Life Safety Code (2003 edition); sections 14.10.4.5 and 14.10.4.7 of the NFPA 1, Uniform Fire Code (2003 edition); and sections 1007.2.1 and 1007.4 of the International Fire Code (2003 edition).
[122] Mechanical access garages use lifts, elevators, or other mechanical devices to move vehicles from the street level to a parking tier.
[123] The NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, has required 7/11 stairs since 1985 (see, section 5-2.2.2.1); the Uniform Building Code has required 7/11stairs since 1988 (see, section 3306 (c)); and the National Building Code has required 7/11stairs since 1990 (see, section 817.6).
[124] UFAS 4.34.6.5 contains a specific scoping requirement for sinks in dwelling units with mobility features.
[125] The final revised guidelines also revise the scoping requirements for TTYs, which are discussed in Chapters 7.5.
[126] 36 C.F.R. § 1193.43 (e); 36 C.F.R. § 1194.23 (f).
[127] The final revised guidelines also revise the scoping requirements for wheelchair spaces in assembly areas, and add specific technical requirements for wheelchair space overlap in assembly areas, which are discussed in Chapters 5.18 and 6.26, respectively.
[128] Department of Justice, Accessible Stadiums (http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/stadium.txt). A leading design firm has entered into a consent decree with the Department of Justice to design wheelchair spaces in new sports stadiums and arenas where spectators are expected to stand during events so as to provide sightlines over the standing spectators. United States of America v. Ellerbe Becket, Inc., Civil Action No. 4-96-995 (D. Minn. April 28, 1998).
[129] The Department of Justice's interpretation has been upheld in United States v. Cinemark, U.S.A. Inc., 348 F. 3rd 569 (6 Cir. 2003), cert. denied 72 U.S.L.W. 3763 (June 29, 2004); Oregon Paralyzed Veterans of America v. Regal Cinemas, Inc., 339 F. 3rd 1126 (9th Cir. 2003), cert. denied 72 U.S.L.W. 3763 (June 29, 2004); United States of America v. Hoyts Cinemas Corp., 256 F. Supp.2d 73 (D. Mass 2003), appeal pending; and United States of America v. AMC Entertainment, Inc., 232 F. Supp. 2d 1092 (C.D. Cal. 2002). Contra: Lara v. Cinemark, U.S.A. Inc., 207 F.3d 783 (5th Cir. 2000), cert. denied 531 U.S. 944 (2000)). See also: Meineker v. Hoyt Cinemas Corporation, 69 Fed. Appx. 19 (2nd Cir. 2003) vacating and remanding 216 F. Supp. 2d 14 (N.D.N.Y. 2002).
[130] The Architectural Barriers Act covers facilities constructed, altered, or leased by the Federal government, and facilities constructed or altered with a Federal grant or loan, where the law authorizing the grant or loan authorizes the administering agency to issue design or construction standards. 42 U.S.C. § 4151 (1) and (3). Privately owned residential facilities that are not leased by the Federal government for subsidized housing programs are expressly excluded from the Architectural Barriers Act. 42 U.S.C. § 4151. Regulations issued by the Department of Justice implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act cover facilities constructed or altered by, on behalf of, or for the use of State and local governments. 28 C.F.R. § 35.151(a) and (b). Privately owned facilities that are covered or exempted from coverage under the Fair Housing Act are expressly excluded from the Americans with Disabilities Act. 42 U.S.C. § 12181 (2).
[131] 24 C.F.R. § 8.22 (b).
[132] 24 C.F.R. § 8.3.
[133] Section 106.5.
[134] As discussed in Chapter 6.16, entities subject to the HUD regulations are required to comply with the scoping requirements in those regulations for new construction and alterations.
[135] See Chapter 2.5 for a discussion of the general requirements for alterations to primary function areas.
[136] HUD's Office of Public and Indian Housing interprets section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act as applied to its programs to require all bedroom and bathrooms in dwelling units with mobility features to be on an accessible route. Notice PIH 2002-01 (HA), "Accessibility Notice: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973; the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990; the Architectural Barriers Act of 1968; and the Fair Housing Act of 1988," January 22, 2002, at 7.
[137] HUD has published a guide that shows examples of "flats" that provide all spaces and elements on a single floor. Strategies for Providing Accessibility and Visitability for HOPE VI and Mixed Finance Homeownership (http://www.huduser.org/Publications/pdf/strategies.pdf).
[138] The final revised guidelines also add new exceptions for certain elements to the scoping requirement for operable parts, which are discussed in Chapters 5.2.
[139] 65 FR 58974 (October 3, 2000).
[140] The final revised guidelines also change the technical requirements for handrails, which are discussed in Chapter 5.22.
[141] The final revised guidelines also revise the scoping requirements for assistive listening systems, which are discussed in Chapter 5.17.
[142] Banks that entered into settlement agreements include: Bank of America, Bank One, Chase Manhattan, Chevy Chase Bank, Chittenden Bank of Vermont, Citibank, First Union, Fleet Bank, Sovereign, Union Bank, and Wells Fargo.
[143] Fare machines are not required to comply with the privacy requirements. Currently available fare machines meet the other technical requirements in the final revised guidelines.
[145] The final revised guidelines also revise the scoping requirements for wheelchair spaces in assembly areas, and add specific scoping and technical requirements for dispersion of wheelchair spaces and lines of sight in assembly areas, which are discussed in Chapters 5.18 and 6.14, respectively.
[146] As discussed in Chapter 4.2, the proposed rule would have increased the scoping requirement for hotel guest rooms with communication features, but the final revised guidelines make no change from the current guidelines with respect to the number of hotel guest rooms required to provide communication features.
[147] Building fire alarm systems are required to have secondary or standby power sources in the event that the building power source goes out in emergencies.
[148] Section 4-4.4.3.1 of NFPA 72 (1999 edition); section 7.5.4.4.1 of NFPA 72 (2002 edition). The NFPA 72 permits in-room smoke alarms to be connected to the building fire alarm system. Section 8-2(5) of NFPA 72 (1999 edition); section 11.9(5) of NFPA 72 (2002). In-room smoke alarms notify occupants of a smoky condition within the room and are not usually connected to the building fire alarm system. Audible alarms are provided outside the room to notify occupants of fire or other emergency conditions in other parts of the building. Connecting in-room smoke alarms with visible notification appliances to the building fire alarm system, allows occupants of these rooms to be notified of both a smoky condition within the room, and fire and other emergency conditions in other parts of the building when the building fire alarm system is activated.
[149] See Chapter 2.0 for a discussion of State adoption of the model building codes and fire and life safety codes. The requirements for in-room smoke alarms and visible notification devices in hotels are contained in: sections 9.6.2.10 and 28.3.4.3 of the NFPA 101, Life Safety Code (2003 edition); sections 13.7.1.4 and 13.7.2.9 of the NFPA 1, Uniform Fire Code (2003 edition); and sections 907.2, 907.2.8, 9.7.2.10, and 907.10 of the International Fire Code (2003 edition).
[150] Where requirements or exceptions in the International Building Code or the ICC/ANSI A117.1 standard are broader or narrower than the final revised guidelines, they are referred to as "similar" rather than "equivalent" to the final revised guidelines.
[151] Except for van accessible parking spaces, the cost estimates were prepared by a professional construction cost estimator using standard industry procedures. The cost estimator's report is included in the rulemaking docket.
[152] See Chapter 2.5 for a discussion of the general requirements and the technical infeasibility exception that apply to alterations of existing facilities.
[153] For purposes of this assessment, it is assumed that the "path of travel" serving the primary function area is not accessible. As discussed in Chapter 2.5, the Department of Justice and Department of Transportation will address what an entity's obligations are when the "path of travel" serving an altered primary function area meets earlier standards, and the revised standards establish new or different requirements.
[154] Portable stairs may be used to temporarily connect the seating area and the stage. Where portable stairs are used, the guidelines do not apply.
[155] The final revised guidelines also add a new technical requirement for power operated doors on platform lifts, which is discussed in Chapter 7.9.
[156] The current guidelines and the final revised guidelines similarly limit the places where platform lifts are allowed in new construction. ADAAG 4.1.3 (5) Exception 4 (a) through (d); sections 206.7.1 through 206.7.10 of the final revised guidelines.
[157] Section 701.11 (A) of the NFPA 70, National Electric Code (2000 edition) requires storage batteries used as a source of power for emergency systems to be of suitable rating and capacity to supply and maintain the total load for at least 90 minutes, without the voltage applied to the load falling below 87 ½ percent of normal.
[158] See Chapter 6.7 for a discussion of accessible means of egress.
[159] The final revised guidelines also add new exceptions for certain parking spaces to the scoping requirements for parking spaces, which are discussed in Chapter 5.9.
[160] There is no change in the total number of accessible parking spaces required in the current guidelines and the final revised guidelines. ADAAG 4.1.2 (5) (a); section 208.2 of the final revised guidelines.
[161] Facilities with 200 or fewer parking spaces are required to provide one van accessible parking space under the current guidelines and the final revised guidelines. Facilities with 201 to 400 parking spaces are required to provide one van accessible parking space under the current guidelines, and two van accessible parking spaces under the final revised guidelines. Facilities with 401 to 600 parking spaces are required to provide two van accessible parking spaces under the current guidelines and the final revised guidelines.
[162] Facilities with 601 parking spaces are required to provide two van accessible parking space under the current guidelines, and three van accessible parking spaces under the final revised guidelines. Facilities with 3200 parking spaces are required to provide six van accessible parking space under the current guidelines, and seven van accessible parking spaces under the final revised guidelines.
[163] The cost estimates for van accessible parking spaces are based on a report prepared by the State of Maryland. Maryland requires one in every four accessible parking spaces to be van accessible. Parking spaces are typically 18 feet long. Widening an access aisle by 3 feet occupies 54 square feet. A parking facility with 600 parking spaces occupies a minimum of 100,000 square feet. If a parking facility does not have sufficient space for widening an access aisle by 54 square feet, the facility can either provide one less parking space or increase the size of the facility. The estimated average cost for paving an additional 54 square feet of a parking facility is $271 (7 square yards of paving at $2.64 per square yard for materials, and $2.50 per square yard for labor). The estimated average cost for striping an additional 54 square feet of access aisle is $73 (96 linear feet of striping at $0.26 per linear foot for materials, and $0.50 per linear foot for labor).
[164] Department of Justice, ADA Business Briefs: Restriping Parking Lots (www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/restribr.htm).
[165] 28 C.F.R. § 36.403 (e) (1) and (2).
[166] 28 C.F.R. § 36.403 (e) (3) and (f) (2) (ii).
[167] The final revised guidelines also revise the scoping and technical requirements for volume-control telephones, which are discussed in Chapters 6.9.
[168] 28 C.F.R. § 36.403 (e) (3) and (f) (2) (iii).
[169] Some casement windows may meet the technical requirements for operable parts. However, casement windows cost about three times more than sliding or double hung windows before contractor markups. If casement windows are used, it is likely they will be provided throughout the facility. Automatic electric window operators are also available, but cost considerably more than adding hardware to a window.
[170] Building codes and fire and life safety codes require egress doors to swing in the direction of travel where serving an occupant load of 50 or more persons. Out-swinging doors that are approached from the front and that do not have both a closer and latch do not have to provide any maneuvering clearance parallel to the doorway. Automatic doors usually do not have latches. Building codes and fire and life safety codes also require horizontal sliding doors to have standby power.
[171] Section 701.11 (A) of the NFPA 70, National Electric Code (2000 edition) requires storage batteries used as a source of power for emergency systems to be of suitable rating and capacity to supply and maintain the total load for at least 90 minutes, without the voltage applied to the load falling below 87 ½ percent of normal
[173] The final revised guidelines also add a new technical requirement for standby power for platform lifts that are part of an accessible means of egress, which is discussed in Chapter 7.2.
[174] The final revised guidelines also add new exceptions for toilet room doors overlapping fixture clearances and revise the technical requirements for the water closet location and rear grab bar, which are discussed in Chapters 5.23 and 5.24, respectively.
[175] The additional area results from increasing the minimum width of the water closet clearance by 12 inches (from 48 to 60 inches) for the full minimum length of the clearance (56 inches), plus an additional 12 inches width to move the lavatory out of the water closet clearance.
[176] See Chapter 5.23 for a discussion of the new exception permitting toilet room doors to overlap fixture clearances.
[177] Section 7.28.A4 of the "Guidelines for the Design and Construction of Hospital and Health Care Facilities" (2001 edition) provides that:
"[R]ooms that contain . . . water closets for in-patient use shall be equipped with doors and hardware permitting emergency access from the outside. When such rooms have only one opening or are small, the doors shall open outward or in a manner that will avoid pressing a patient who may have collapsed within the room."
The guidelines were developed by the American Institute of Architects and the Facilities Guidelines Institute, with assistance from the Department of Health and Human Services. The Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and 42 States reference the guidelines. As discussed in Chapter 5.19, the final revised guidelines exempt toilet rooms serving critical or intensive care patient sleeping rooms.
[179] Section 202.4 Exception.
[181] Changing the design of the kitchen to an "L-shape" open to an adjacent dining or living area would be an alternative. Because of the "dead" corner created by the intersection of the "L," the total length of the cabinets and counters would need to be increased from the "galley" layout to provide equivalent usable space.
[183] See Chapter 6.16 for a discussion of the scoping requirement for dwelling units with communication features.
[184] See Chapter 6.16 for a discussion of the scoping requirements for new construction of Federal, State, and local government housing.
[186] For Federal, State and local government housing, the Dodge Construction Potentials Bulletin only reports the total value of construction projects.
[187] The industry sources used include the Building Owners and Managers Association International; the American Hotel and Lodging Association; the American Hospital Association; Cushman & Wakefield, a real estate services firm; Lodging Econometrics, a market research firm; and Modern Healthcare, a news weekly for the hospital industry.
[188] Equivalent requirements contained in Appendix E to the International Building Code are not included in estimating the lower bound of the range of national costs because State and local governments must specifically reference Appendix E when adopting the International Building Code for the requirements to be mandatory, and all the State and local governments that adopt the International Building Code may not specifically reference Appendix E.
[189] Office building construction varies from year to year. A market forecast prepared by FMI Corporation predicts that office building construction will decline by 10 percent in 2003 and increase by 4 percent to 7 percent a year in 2004 through 2007. FMI Construction Outlook – Second Quarter 2003.
[190] Cushman & Wakefield, Market Beat Snapshot, United States Second Quarter 2003, Office Overview. The report tracks new construction of office buildings containing more than 25,000 square feet.
[191] See Chapter 7.3 for additional discussion of the requirements for van accessible parking spaces.
[192] See Chapter 7.4 for additional discussion of the requirements for ambulatory accessible toilet compartments.
[193] See Chapter 7.5 for additional discussion of the requirements for public TTYs.
[194] See Chapter 7.7 for additional discussion of the requirements for two-way communication systems.
[195] See Chapter 7.10 for additional discussion of the requirements for water closet clearance.
[196] See Chapter 7.12 for additional discussion of the requirements for galley kitchen clearance.
[197] Hotel construction varies from year to year. A market forecast prepared by FMI Corporation estimates that hotel construction will decline by 9 percent in 2003 and increase by 4 percent to 7 percent a year in 2004 through 2007. FMI Construction Outlook – Second Quarter 2003.
[198] Lodging Econometrics, News Release, July 16, 2003.
[199] The range of construction costs was provided by Lodging Econometrics.
[200] Average number of guest rooms in hotels for each size group completed in 2001 and 2002 was provided by Lodging Econometrics.
[204] See Chapter 7.6 for additional discussion of the requirements for operable windows.
[206] See Chapter 7.11 for additional discussion of the requirements for shower spray controls.
[208] See Chapter 7.13 for additional discussion of the requirements for vanity counter space.
[209] Hospital and nursing home construction varies from year to year. A market forecast prepared by FMI Corporation estimates that hospital and nursing home construction will decline by 1 percent to 5 percent a year in 2003 through 2005, be static in 2006, and increase by 8 percent a year in 2007. FMI Construction Outlook – Second Quarter 2003. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services estimates that hospital construction will increase by 6 percent to 7 percent a year in 2004 through 2011.
[217] See Chapters 6.16 and 6.17 for a discussion of the scoping requirements for new construction and alterations to Federal, State, and local government housing. The Department of Justice may further address the types of facilities that are subject to the requirements for dwelling units when it adopts the final revised guidelines as accessibility standards. The Department of Justice is responsible for assessing the impacts of subjecting other facilities to the requirements for dwelling units.
[218] Residential construction varies from year to year. A market forecast prepared by FMI Corporation estimates that residential construction will decline by 1 percent to 3 percent a year in 2003 and 2004, and increase by 6 percent to 7 percent a year in 2005 through 2007. FMI Construction Outlook – Second Quarter 2003.
[219] Construction projects are identified as private or government based on who owns the project during the construction phase.
[220] The data for the Federal government does not separately show the value of work done on single family and multi-family residential facilities.
[221] The floor area calculations include space within the units and common areas.
[222] The Department of Housing and Urban Development reports that the average cost of constructing a dwelling unit is $80,000 for its HOME program, and $120,000 for its HOPE VI program. Statement of The Honorable Mel Martinez before the U.S. House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Veterans Affairs, Housing, and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies, March 19, 2003.
[223] See Chapter 6.17 for discussion of the alterations requirements for dwelling units.
[227] See Chapter 7.14 for additional discussion of the requirements for dwelling units with communication features.
[228] As discussed in Chapter 9, the final revised guidelines will also affect facilities leased by the Federal government. The United States Postal Service estimates that it will cost $15.3 million annually to alter leased postal facilities to comply with the final revised guidelines.
[229] 42 U.S.C. § 4151(2). When initially enacted in 1968, the Architectural Barriers Act required only facilities leased "after construction or alteration in accordance with plans and specifications of the United States" to be accessible. Section 1 of Public Law 90-480. The law was amended in 1977 to apply to "every lease entered into on or after January 1, 1977, including any renewal of a lease entered into before such date which renewal is on or after such date." Section 202 of Public Law 94-451.
[230] 51 FR 13122 (April 17, 1986). The standards for leased facilities are contained in section 4.1.8 of USPS Handbook RE-4, Standards for Facility Accessibility.
[231] The estimates were initially prepared by the USPS' Facilities Service Offices. A professional cost estimating firm reviewed the data and adjusted some of the estimates. The estimates include engineering and design costs, materials, labor, small job premium, contractor overhead and profit, and contingency for general conditions. The survey also attempted to estimate the staff time involved in inspecting the facilities, negotiating with landlords, and administering the alterations projects. The staff time estimates ranged from 7 days for a 20,000 square feet facility that needed alterations costing $15,742, to 28 days for a 2,664 square feet facility that needed alterations costing $13,451. The facilities apportioned the staff costs between the USPS' current standards and the final revised guidelines based on how the costs for the alterations projects were assigned and added the staff costs to the total project costs.
[232] One facility, a 1,440 square feet modular unit that has been occupied since 2000, did not require any alterations to comply with the final revised guidelines. The facility will have to provide a ramp at an exit door in the employee area. The costs for this alteration were assigned to the USPS' current standards.
[233] Section F202.6 of the final revised guidelines. New leases for postal facilities in buildings already occupied by the USPS are typically for a term of five years, and may include a renewal option for five years. The lease term for new postal facilities that are constructed to the USPS' specifications is typically 15 or 20 years, with one or two renewal options for five years. The lease term for a postal facility in an existing building that is substantially altered to the USPS' specifications is typically 10 years, with one or two renewal options for five years.
[234] Major alterations projects have costs in excess of $100,000.
[235] Sections F202.6.5.6 and F227.3 of the final revised guidelines.
[236] Section 904.4.1 of the final revised guidelines.
[237] Section 904.4 Exception of the final revised guidelines.
[239] The USPS current standards require a 48 inch clear width in front of customer service counters in newly constructed and altered facilities. Section 9.2 of USPS Handbook RE-4. UFAS 7.2 currently requires a portion of customer service counters to be between 28 inches to 34 inches above the floor. However, the USPS' current standards do not reference this provision.
[240] Sections F202.6.4 and F208.2.4 of the final revised guidelines.
[241] The USPS' current standards count van accessible parking spaces toward meeting the minimum required number of accessible parking spaces in newly constructed and altered facilities, but do not require a portion of accessible parking spaces to be van accessible. Section 4.1.1 (5) (c) of USPS Handbook RE-4.
[242] An accessible parking space and access aisle is 13 feet wide. A van accessible parking space and access aisle is 16 feet wide. Sections 502.2 and 502.3 of the final revised guidelines.
[243] One facility estimated the total costs for providing a van accessible parking space to be $1,925, but did not show how much was for restriping parking spaces and how much was for a sign to identify the van accessible parking space. The other six facilities reported that their accessible parking spaces are van accessible, and did not estimate any costs for restriping the parking spaces. Five of the facilities provided photos of their accessible parking spaces, and the photos show that the parking spaces will have to be restriped to be van accessible.
[244] Some of the facilities included the costs of painting the International Symbol of Accessibility on the pavement of the van accessible parking space in the estimates. The final revised guidelines do not contain such a requirement. The Sweets Facilities Cost Guide 2003 estimates the material and labor costs for painting pavement lines marking parking spaces to be $0.16 per linear foot, or $7.75 per parking space (Pavement Markings 02580.10). The estimate is based on a parking space that is 8 feet wide and 20 feet long. Marking a van accessible parking space should cost about twice this amount. The estimate does not include painting over existing pavement markings. The State of Maryland estimated the additional costs for striping a van accessible parking space to be $73 when it recently revised its accessibility code to require one in every four accessible parking spaces to be van accessible. This estimate is used elsewhere in this assessment.
[245] The USPS' current standards require accessible parking spaces to be level. Sections 4.1.8 (2) (c) and 4.6.3 of USPS Handbook RE-4. One facility estimated the costs for repaving and restriping the parking spaces to be $2,450, and assigned $2,000 to the USPS' current standards and $450 to the final revised guidelines.
[246] Section 502.6 of the final revised guidelines. Exception 1 to section F216.5 of the final revised guidelines adds a new exception that does not require a sign where four or fewer parking spaces, including accessible parking spaces, are provided.
[247] Two facilities estimated the total costs for providing a van accessible parking space to be $957 and $1,925, but did not show how much was for restriping parking spaces and how much was for a sign to identify the van accessible parking space. One facility did not include the cost for a sign in its estimate for providing a van accessible parking space. The other two facilities reported that their accessible parking spaces are van accessible, and did not estimate any costs for signs to identify the parking spaces as van accessible. The facilities provided photos of their accessible parking spaces, and the photos do not show that the signs include the words "van accessible."
[248] One facility estimated the costs for providing a sign to identify a van accessible parking space to be $708, but did not indicate whether the sign is wall or pole mounted. The Sweets Facilities Cost Guide 2003 estimates the material and labor costs for providing a sign to identify an accessible parking space to be $45.75 (Signage 02840.60). The State of Maryland estimated the costs for providing a sign to identify a van accessible parking space to be $50 when it recently revised its accessibility code to require one in every four accessible parking spaces to be van accessible. This estimate is used elsewhere in this assessment.
[249] Sections F202.6.5.7, F228.1, 308.2.1, and 308.3.1 of the final revised guidelines.
[250] The USPS' current standards require parcel post depositories, stamp machines, and change machines in newly constructed and altered facilities to be installed so that the operating mechanisms are 48 inches maximum for an unobstructed high forward reach and 54 inches maximum for an unobstructed high side reach. Sections 4.2.5, 4.2.6, and 9.3 of USPS Handbook RE-4. Existing elements that comply with USPS' current standards are not required to comply with the final revised guidelines unless altered. Section F203.2 of the final revised guidelines.
[251] Sections 4.1.8 (1) (a) (i) and 4.1.8 (2) (a) of USPS Manual RE-4.
[252] Another facility provided a photo of its parking access aisle that showed a built-up curb ramp in the access aisle, but did not identify the curb ramp as needing to be replaced.
[253] Sections 4.1.8 (2) (c) and 4.6.3 of USPS Manual RE-4.
[254] Section 406.5 of the final revised guidelines.
[255] Section 9.4 of USPS Handbook RE-4.
[256] Sections F202.6.5.7, F228.2, 308.2.1, 308.3.1, and 309.3 of the final revised guidelines. If the post office boxes comply with USPS' current standards, they are not required to comply with the final revised guidelines unless altered. Section F203.2 of the final revised guidelines.
[257] Sections 9.2, 4.32.3, and 4.32.4 of USPS Handbook RE-4.
[258] Sections F202.6.5.4, F226.1, 902.2, and 902.3 of the final revised guidelines.
[259] Door closers are adjustable, and do not need to be replaced. The USPS' current standards require door closers to be adjusted so that from an open position of 70 degrees, the door will take at least 3 seconds to move to a point 3 inches from the latch. Section 4.13.10 of USPS Handbook RE-4. The final revised guidelines require door closers to be adjusted so that from an open position of 90 degrees, the door will take at least 5 seconds to move to a position 12 degrees from the latch. Section 404.2.8.1 of the final revised guidelines. If the door closers comply with USPS' current standards, they are not required to comply with the final revised guidelines unless the doors are altered. Section F203.2 of the final revised guidelines.
[260] Section 4.1.8 (1) (a) (ii) of USPS Handbook RE-4. The USPS' current standards also allow alternate technical requirements for alterations to certain elements and spaces to apply to employee areas in leased facilities.
[261] Sections 4.1.6 (3) (a) to (c) of USPS Handbook RE-4.
[262] Exception to Sections 4.1.6 (3) (d) of USPS Handbook RE-4.
[263] Section F202.6.2 of the final revised guidelines.
[264] Sections F202.6.3, F202.6.4, and F202.6.5 of the final revised guidelines. An exception to section F202.6.5.2 exempts fire alarms in leased facilities from accessibility requirements where existing power sources must be upgraded to meet the requirements.
[265] Six facilities surveyed by the Great Lakes Facilities Service Office and three facilities surveyed by the Western Facilities Service Office did not complete the employee areas part of the survey.
[266] The Small Business Administration has established size standards for entities to be considered small entities. 13 C.F.R. § 121.201. The size standards for the entities that construct or alter facilities analyzed in Chapter 8 of this assessment are: $6 million annual receipts for hotels; $29 million annual receipts for hospitals; and $11.5 million annual receipts for nursing homes. For office buildings, the size standards will vary depending on the economic activity or industry engaged in by the entity that constructs or alters the facility. Local governments are considered small entities if they have a population of less than 50,000. 5 U.S.C. § 601(5).
[267] Regulatory Assessment of Americans with Disabilities Act and Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility Guidelines (August 19, 1999).
[268] 64 FR 62284 (November 16, 1999).
[269] The Small Business Administration stated its objections in letters to the Access Board dated May 12, 2000, and September 6, 2002.
[270] See Chapter 2.0 for a discussion of State adoption of the International Building Code.
[271] For Federal. State, and local government housing, the revisions are compared to UFAS.
[272] See Chapter 2.3 for a discussion of the general scoping requirements and technical infeasibility exception that apply to alterations of existing facilities.


Promovetro is in charge of all those promotional activities which not only favor the qualitative diffusion of the image of Murano glass, but also help the companies to penetrate foreign markets. Consorzio Promovetro has been involved for many years in the major trade fairs, both national and international, either through direct participation or by coordinating and underwriting the participation of the most qualified companies from Venice and Murano. It also participates in prestigious shows in Italy and abroad and organizes trade missions and business trips for the companies in this field.
Not only do they represent an important promotional vehicle and a precious point of reference and commercial support for the businesses in this field, but Promovetro also stipulates agreements with important service suppliers, for example in the fields of communications and transportation. and can offer its companies convenient rates on conventional services that can cut management costs. It creates various promotional and didactic literature illustrating the many types of glasswork for the public: videos, brochures, posters, cd-roms, websites and catalogs.
Three itineraries to learn about Murano glass, its ancient techniques, its secrets, then and now.
Consorzio Promovetro is supplied with a kiln and a muffle which, at the request of the interested organizers, are supplied at events to demonstrate the glass processing.
Restoration service, replacement or reconstruction of damaged glass parts or elements.


We just discovered a collection of long forgotten photos from the early days.
You can see how simple life was at Skanda Vale in the 1970's and 80's. Ashram life was much quieter, with only a handful of pilgrims coming to visit the temples and Guruji.
Before Skanda Vale Hospice began, daily life revolved around caring for animals, and on finding inventive ways to improve our facilities for pilgrims.
The main photo above shows Guruji taking Valli for a walk on the day she first arrived, over 35 years ago. The small farmhouse in the background was Guru's home, which later became the Maha Shakti Temple.
A lot of the buildings and infrastructure have improved in recent years, but we feel that our community's single pointed desire to serve life, in all it's varying forms, helps keeps things simple and sincere.
Download all your favourite recipes from the Skanda Vale kitchen.
Stay in touch - get our email newsletter.


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Getting More Information about the Right Ethos Definition
What Is the Ethos Definition?
If your assignments include anything about ethos, you should understand that this term is connected to a character and often used to describe different ideals and fundamental beliefs that characterize a particular nation, ideology, and community. Basically, this word has a Greek origin, and it's also used to refer to how music influences people's behaviors, emotions, and even morals. This information can help you give the right ethos definition:
It's a character and fundamental values of people, a person, movement, or culture.
It's a certain rhetoric form used by speakers and writers to invoke their competence, authority, and expertise, trying to persuade other people that their point of view is correct.
It's all about certain traits in works of art that express an ideal character influenced by people's ethos, rather than emotional or realistic situations, opposed to pathos.
As you already know, this term has a Greek origin, and it's used to refer to the values, morals, and beliefs of people and cultures. Don't forget that it's one of the basic rhetorical appeals determined by Aristotle, others include pathos and logos. When it comes to effective persuasive writing, ethos can be defined as your credibility as an author. It comes in 2 basic forms, including extrinsic ethos, which is all about the experience, education, and authority of authors or speakers, and intrinsic ethos that determines how people go about persuading, which means that they should be either skilled or unskilled in terms of proper terminology and language.
If you're more interested in the modern use of this term, keep in mind that ethos denotes the character, disposition, and basic values of a specific group of people, movement, corporation, and even culture. It's also used in rhetorical traditions because it establishes credibility among the targeted audience and plays an important role when it comes to any effective persuasion. Take into account that ethos tends to change in accordance with new forces or ideas.
Ethos and Important Rhetorical Appeals
Rhetoric is all about the language designed to persuade the audience so that all politicians use it nowadays. As an example, they can choose specific details about their personalities to share them with the public to persuade more voters to believe them. When they say that they want to fight for farmers while belonging to their group, then their extrinsic ethos keeps increasing. It's also important for successful politicians to have pathos and logos in their speeches to allow people to make a more sensible choice, but ethos provides them with a higher degree of credibility.
How to use ethos? Before you start writing any persuasive or argumentative paper, you need to know the right ethos definition. This is what can be projected in a number of effective ways. For example, it's possible to reflect your personal experiences when completing this academic assignment, as this is what makes you sound more convincing to targeted readers. Your basic goal to end up with high grades is to make your ethos work for you.
Take into account that ethos is also your fairness, and this means that it's about the morality and sense to honesty that you project. It's advisable to avoid all attempts to exaggerate your personal claims and show any bias. Even if you believe them, don't forget that your key goal is to persuade future readers, but not airing personal points of view. Readers always sense a bias so that they won't be persuaded to believe your statements. Make sure that you remain fair when writing this kind of academic paper.
What about counter arguments. Keep in mind that introducing them, which are the points of view of other people, is another effective way to prove your fairness. You should be careful when using this method because your decision to discuss opposing opinions is good, but remember that being too critical about them will only weaken your personal credibility. One of the best thing that you can do is openly discuss the most rational and obvious oppositions to your main argument to refuse them and show the targeted audience that you're quite a balanced thinker. This is how you will increase both your ethos and credibility.
Sometimes, ethos is called ethics, and it's considered as the sum of certain ideals and beliefs that a particular group of people has. When you give the ethos definition, remember that one of its basic functions is to be responsible for their favorite courses of action and responses to specific situations. It has a major effect on available options. If you have any difficulties with this term or relevant homework, you shouldn't hesitate to get some help. The good news is that you can find many competent and reputable freelancers who offer their affordable services online. Choose the one you trust and you'll get the necessary help while freeing up a lot of time and guaranteeing high grades.
Basic Types of Ethos
Each society is limited in the amount of ethos that can be possessed. For example, people groups can have a few different types or only one, and they tend to change over the course of time under the influence of new beliefs of ideas. This means that ethos is not something constant so that you should remember that when giving your exact ethos definition. It's advisable to get a better understanding of some of the most common types and their basic characteristics. This is what will help you define the right ethos of a specific group of culture faster and better, and this skill is important if you want to achieve your academic success.
When it comes to individualists versus collectivists, it's all about the worth of a specific person. In general, collectivists believe that people should cooperate with the current governments and follow all of its rules to benefit everyone, while individualists think that people should remain the masters of their own lives and destiny to pursue their personal dreams and goals. In technical terms, collectivists seem satisfied with the concept of slavery, while individualists are not.
Another important group includes xenophiles versus xenophobes, and it focuses on the acceptance of foreigners. Xenophobes think that foreigners usually introduce their own thoughts and ideas that may influence their society by destabilizing it or even destroying entirely, including its genetic and cultural identity. In contrast, xenophiles think that the whole society will grow stagnant without new concepts and innovative moralities. That's why they are considered strong believers in unity and diversity. It's no wonder that the first group of people doesn't accept foreigners as equals.
Find out more about pacifists and militarists to compare them and determine their similarities and differences. Keep in mind that this type of comparison is all about taking a look at the merits of wars. Thus, militarists think that aggression is necessary to get what they need, and wars are glorious from their point of view. Pacifists think that violence often leads to hatred and they prefer a friendly cooperation between different groups of people because it brings more effects and long-term benefits. It's not a secret that militarists are quite good at fighting and wars, as they view these activities as a powerful way to increase a political influence. Besides, they may find it hard to make alliances, while pacifists don't want to be involved in any war or violence.
What about spiritualists and materialists? Comparing them is all about taking into consideration the nature of people and reality in general terms. Materialists tend to disregards superstition because they believe that life hasn't any intrinsic meaning outside their unique reality. They also think that the only purpose is what they personally make it. When dealing with spiritualists, remember that they think that consciousness always surpasses the reality, and that's why they prefer to improve themselves in a spiritual manner.
What If You Need Ethos Help?
If you find it hard to complete your ethos assignments for any reason, there is no need to despair because it's easy to get the necessary help. For instance, when you can't do your homework within deadlines because you have no time or you have other important academic tasks, use the Internet to find credible and educated freelancers who will do this job for you.
There are many benefits that you can get with their help, including time savings. This is what allows you to concentrate on other subjects or just relax. The greatest benefit is that these services won't force you to break a bank because of their affordability. You can choose the author you like or trust the most after checking a few basic criteria, including customer feedbacks, samples, rates, and so on.
You shouldn't compromise your future grades when doing ethos homework. In addition, it's easy to place your order online because this process won't take a lot of your time and you can do everything while sitting at home. No one will ever know that you use extra assistance to complete your assignments because your full confidentiality is guaranteed. You won't be able to find a better and more efficient way to solve your academic problems than hiring qualified and credible freelancers online.


The animation update this month shows how incisor angle can affect jaw position and constrict the airway.
Last month's animation showed the effects of rapid condyle deterioration. This month we complement that with an animation that shows how things can develop when the condyle is deteriorating slowly.


You have reached the right website if you are looking for air conditioning service plans in Parkland, Florida. Our company has been exceeding the expectations of people throughout Broward County since 1971, and this level of longevity speaks volumes about the commitment that we have made to the communities we serve.
The city is a physically beautiful place that is highly desirable, and we enjoy the work that we do in Parkland. If you are in City Center, the Route 441/Loxahatchee Road neighborhood, or the Holmberg Road/New Holmberg section, Quality Air Conditioning Company is the name to remember for air conditioning service plans in Parkland, Florida.
If you are like a lot of people, you may see a narrow picture when you think about your air conditioning system. You simply set the thermostat and everything takes care of itself, right? In reality, your air conditioning unit outside of your home is working overtime during the hotter months, and problems can occur if your system is not being maintained properly. This is where our residential service contracts can enter the picture to save you a lot of money in the long run.
There are two different HVAC service contracts Parkland, Florida homeowners can sign up for, and they are both surprisingly affordable. With our basic plan, we come out to your home two times every year to provide comprehensive maintenance, and we bring along six filters each time we visit. You get a 15 percent discount on parts and labor if you ever need any repairs while your plan is active, and we provide a fog treatment to keep your duct work clear of contaminants.
The other plan that we offer is our ultimate plan, and its name says it all. If you need any type of repairs, they are completely covered, and you receive ongoing maintenance on a semiannual basis. You get a brand new, clean filter every month and ongoing fog treatments for your ductwork. Plus, if you decide to get a new system or a system upgrade, you get a 20 percent discount as an ultimate residential service contract customer.
Contact Quality Air Conditioning Company!
Now is the time to take action to keep your HVAC system running smoothly all year around. You can discuss our Parkland, Florida air conditioning service plans with a knowledgeable member of our team if you give us a call at 954-971-1000.


Game of Thrones is getting the 8-bit treatment, courtesy of Spanish comic artist and developer Abel Alves. Game of Thrones: The 8 bit Game is a freeware 8 bit videogame in the purest style that you could find in the NES. In this game you'll be able to play as 4 characters of the acclaimed novel and TV show, each one capable of executing different attacks and special abilities. There are 4 levels to explore in a platformer kind of way, each level based on different parts of the novel.


This black Crew Cab 4X4 pickup has an automatic transmission and is powered by a 5.3L V8 16V GDI OHV engine.
Total rebate of $8200 is reflected in the price. Credit includes $3700 Delivery Allowance and $3500 Non-Stackable Cash Purchase Assist. Credit is available in lieu of subvented financing rates. Includes $1000 Year End Bonus Cash.
Buy this vehicle now for the lowest bi-weekly payment of $403.78 with $0 down for 84 months @ 5.99% APR O.A.C. ( Plus applicable taxes - ). Incentives expire 2019-01-02. See dealer for details.


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Q: PostgreSQL: How to differentiate stored procedures and table-valued functions? Question:
In Microsoft SQL Server, there are stored procedures, and there are table-valued functions.
The difference is, from a stored procedure, I cannot do further selects, while from a table-valued function, I can.
e.g.
SELECT * FROM sp_whatever WHERE xxx is illegal
while
SELECT * FROM TVF_whatever WHERE xxx is perfectly legal
Now my question:
In PostgreSQL, when I look at information_schema.routines, how can I differentiate table valued functions, and procedures ?
Is there a difference at all ?
And in general, how can I differentiate functions and procedures in PostgreSQL?
I mean theoretically, on SQL-server, one can differentiate them like this:
Table valued function: information_schema.data_type = 'table'
stored procedures: information_schema.data_type IS NULL
functions: information_schema.data_type != 'table' AND information_schema.data_type IS NOT NULL
How is this done in Postgres?
Theoretically, a stored procedure has return type void, but since a stored procedure can also return a table, there is no way to differentiate between tvf and stored precedure - assuming there is a difference.
So my question could also be formulated:
In PostGreSQL, how do I create a table-valued function, and how do I create a stored procedure (1 example each).

I'm interested in the difference in the return type between the two, if there is any.

A: PostgreSQL doesn't have real stored procedures, just user defined functions:
CREATE FUNCTION foo() RETURNS TABLE(bar INT, baz TEXT) ...

CREATE FUNCTION bar() RETURNS BOOLEAN ...

Check for datatype "record":
SELECT * FROM information_schema.routines WHERE data_type = 'record';

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange