text:
Global Banking & Finance Review
THE ROLE OF DATA PROTECTION IN DISTRIBUTED TECHNOLOGY
The Financial Times opts to partner with Brand Metrics for brand lift measurement globally
Discover the latest thought leadership and practical application for the banking, finance and regulatory sectors
Shell to carry out Pernis, Netherlands oil refinery maintenance until end of June
Lack of sellers spurs rapid house price growth in UK - RICS
On a frozen pond far from the Olympics, meet China's ice hockey veterans
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) comes into force in May. It has taken years of effort by the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European Commission to strengthen and unify data protection for everyone who lives within the EU, and to address the export of personal data outside it, creating a compliance challenge for every company.
GDPR creates one set of EU rules for protection applicable to personal data. It also applies to businesses dealing with personal data in the EU, even if they are based elsewhere. By updating the law on individual privacy and autonomy, it recognises the enormous changes in technology and data usage that have taken place.Specifically, GDPR will introduce new accountability obligations, stronger rights and restrictions on international data flows.
Stepping into line with the new regulations has kept in-house lawyers and their law firms busy. GDPR's impact on every business is most apparent in the new consent rules: many companies have had to change their current data protection practices and policies to ensure compliance. Ambitious and complex, the new framework is also harsh. Failure to comply could result in severe sanctions: a maximum fine of €10m or 2% of annual worldwide turnover, whichever is greater.
Beyond non-compliance penalties, there is an upside: GDPR enables organisations to realise the opportunities of the digital age by taking advantage of everything presented by new technologies, data analytics and personal information. The great technological strides that gave life to GDPR really matter for economies at a micro and macro level. This applies especially to data gathered from individual internet footprints, each with distinct interests and characteristics. Collated, sorted and analysed by AI computer systems, the information gathered about each individual and their online habits forms the raw ingredients for the creation of refined profit.
One prominent example is blockchain, most commonly used in cryptocurrencies. Although bitcoin is the best known, there are now nearly 1500 different types. These are increasingly used by starts ups and fintechs to access funds cheaply: $5.6bn was raised in Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) last year. The boom in digital currency fundraising has been supplemented by free trading on online exchanges, which provide greater liquidity than traditional equity investments.Presently unregulated, this may soon change: initiatives are underway in the EU to have cryptocurrency regulations in place by 2020.
Attracting start-ups is a competitive business. Although some financial institutions refuse to accept cryptocurrency funds, others are much keener. The same applies in different jurisdictions: banned in the payment systems of China and India, they are welcomed in Switzerland, Sweden, the US and Canada.
Located in an ambitious jurisdiction, the Gibraltar Blockchain Exchange (GBX), a subsidiary of the Gibraltar Stock Exchange, was launched in January to provide a blockchain-based, decentralised cryptocurrency exchange: the world's first token sale platform for fintech firms using blockchain distributed ledger technology(DLT). As Gibraltar became the first jurisdiction to license and regulate fintech firms using blockchain technology, GBX also formally recognised the use of blockchain records as an accepted mechanism for transmitting payments.
So where does data protection fit into blockchain? With the advent of centralised models of data storage, users believe that their information is protected by a trustworthy custodian. Different types of blockchain were initially designed to function in a "trustless" environment, i.e. one where people can transact directly with each other without needing to trust any third party actor in the ecosystem. In place of a middleman or custodian, a mathematical algorithm, executed and validated by a network of computers, functions as a substitute.
Without a third party custodian, individuals who are true owners of their personal data face an increased risk of that data being lost or stolen making data protection a very real concern. Companies which provide the technology still have the same legal duties as other businesses. The solution mandated by GDPR is that data controllers and processors have to abide by the principle of "data protection by design and default."
GDPR anticipates that centralised digital data storage will be replaced by DLT: the design and default principle limits "digital states" i.e. software platforms, and those who use them. This requires designers and providers of blockchain technology to create system architectures which includes privacy as a fundamental cornerstone at the outset rather than being introduced as an afterthought.
Various techniques are used to protect privacy: pseudonymisation, which decouples data from individual identity, and data minimisation which involves only sharing data points that are absolutely necessary.Most blockchain technologies already have pseudonymity and data minimisation built in. These record only the public keys of the sender and recipient for each transaction and a cryptographic hash of the transaction content.
It is not possible to reconstruct a transaction or the identity of either of the two participants from a cryptographic hash -data protection by design and default- which means that it automatically complies with GDPR. Unless a party to a transaction chooses to link a public key to a known identity, transactions cannot be traced to an individual or organisation. All blockchain transactions may be public, but personal information relating to them remains confidential.
Even if GDPR were not to apply to Gibraltar after Brexit, The GibraltarFinancial Services Commission (GFSC), would still be concerned as the regulator – and be equally robust – about data protection on DLT transactions. The GFSC has a statutory duty to promote good business practice, protect the public from financial loss and enhance Gibraltar's reputation as a quality financial centre. Data protection in relation to DLT rests on the latter.
Notwithstandingclevertechnology, no system is fool-proof. For example, hackers recently stole more than $500m from the Tokyo-based cryptocurrency exchange Coincheck, raising concern about security and regulatory protection. Further regulation over ICOs and blockchain technology is inevitable to protect individual privacy. Whether consumers are best protected by ensuring that 'key management' be simplified by central authorities that deny users being true owners of their personal data is debatable: a topic which regulators will, no doubt, address in due course.
Steven De Lara is a Senior Associate specialising in International Litigation, with a particular focus on private international law and cross border insolvency. Steven is regularly instructed on civil fraud and regulatory matters, currently focusing on proceeds of crime investigations.
Cecile Gomez is an Associate who spends most of her time advising and acting for clients on chancery disputes (with a focus on family-related proceedings) and regulatory investigations. She is a key player on risk and AML matters.
Related Topics:THE ROLE OF DATA PROTECTION IN DISTRIBUTED TECHNOLOGY
HOW CHINESE NEW YEAR HIGHLIGHTS THE OPPORTUNITY FOR BUSINESS PROSPERITY
Top Academic Researchers and Technologists Combine to Combat Cryptocurrency Misinformation
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Q: Is current draw the same when powering a device directly from batteries or from a dc-buck converter? I'm having a strange problem here:
When I use two AAA batteries to supply a small slave flash, it charges in 10 seconds, with 1.4A instant draw for the first second and smoothly reducing current draw until 10mA, when fully charged, at the tenth second.
I have these three small dc-dc buck voltage regulators, to lower from a bigger voltage Li battery at 8.4V to 3V, to supply my flash at 3V.
The weird thing is that, when I connect the output of any of these regulators to the flash supply contacts, it works, but it draws much less current, at 200-300mA, alhough these dc-dc regulators are rated at 3A max, 1.5A continuous.
So my flash is taking forever to charge, maybe 30 seconds.
For testing reasons, i'm using protoboard wires, don't know if it makes any difference just to test it.
Is there any reason these different units would perform The same (be able to supply less current than they should)?
These are the ebay links of them: I don't have a rank to post pictures yet...q
The first one is the smallest and it's called Mini 360, and it's based on the MP2307. Input 4.75-23V, 3A peak, 1.8A sustained
The second one is slightly bigger, nas an enable pin, and it's based on the RT8727. Input 4.75-24V, 2A max
The third one is similar to the previous, with no enable pin, and it's based on the MP1584EN. Input 4.5-28V 3A peak, 1.5A
ebay link for the first one
ebay link for the second one
ebay link for the third one
Edit: I may have had some bad connections. I rewired all of then I managed to measure the outputs voltages of all three regulators, when charging the flash unit.
All of them performed similar, charging to full in close to 15 seconds. The first and second regulators had some 0.1V, 0.2V voltage drop, from 2.98v to 2.85v more or less but in the end of the charging they got back to they're normal voltages.
The third one as the charging begins it raises the voltage from 2.99V to 3.05, as to compensate for the load, and at the end of the charging it gets back to nominal voltage.  It seems faster to charge, maybe a sec faster.
If I lower the output voltages of all three of them to 2.6V than it takes a much longer time to charge the flash to full..
But still, why when using two rechargeable NI-MH AAA batteries, at 2.6V (1.3V each) the flash still charges faster than all of these regulators at 2.99V?
Edit 2: I have another flash unit that uses 2 AA batteries. In this unit, when using any of the three voltage regulators I have, the voltage drops from 3V to 1V, leaving no time for the flash to charge and the voltage get back to normal. It turns itself off. If I increase the voltage to 3.2v it drops to 2V and the flash manages to keep on until it charges and the regulator gets back to it's normal voltage. So, in this particular case, how could I prevent this voltage drop in these small units? Adding an electrolytic capacitor in parallel to the output?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Microsoft, a leading tech company has decided to buy San Francisco-based company known as GitHub for the supposed $7.5 Billion acquisition of the world's most popular code repository, that is also an essential tool for Blockchain developers.
Even though Github was a for-profit company, it has essentially become an integral part of the decentralized open-source Crypto community. GitHub offers free hosting for open-source projects and has risen to become the premier service for collaborative, open-source development: the authoritative source repository for many of these projects, with GitHub's own particular pull-request-based workflow becoming a de facto standard approach for taking code contributions. Open-source software allows developers to tinker with, improve upon and share code — an approach that threatened Microsoft's business model.
It's not just the Crypto Community but developers from around the World are disappointed with Microsoft, claiming that the company is centralized and is not be trusted by the open-source Community as Microsoft have the intention of generating profit.
Companies that are too big to fail and that lose money are a dangerous combination, people have warned about GitHub becoming as large as it did as problematic because it concentrates too much of the power to make or break the open source world in a single entity.


It is well known that intensity of transfer processes at evaporation and condensation depends strongly on the presence of a non-condensable gas in vapor–gas mixture. This effect is confirmed by different calculations [1, 2] and experimental researches data [3, 4]. The presence even small gas quantity in the chamber strongly decreases the intensity of evaporation and condensation.


text:
Q: My controller viewmodel isn't been populated with my dynamic views model Im creating an application that allows me to record recipes. Im trying to create a view that allows me to add the basics of a recipe e.g. recipe name,date of recipe, temp cooked at & ingredients used.
I am creating a view that contains some jquery to load a partial view clientside.
On post im having a few troubles trying to get the values from the partial view that has been loaded using jquery.
A cut down version of my main view looks like (I initially want 1 partial view loaded)

         @{ Html.RenderPartial("_AddIngredient", new IngredientViewModel()); }

My partial view looks like

   @Html.LabelFor(x => Model.IngredientModel.IngredientName)
   @Html.TextBoxFor(x => Model.IngredientModel.IngredientName)

   @Html.LabelFor(x => Model.MeasurementAmount)
   @Html.TextBoxFor(x => Model.MeasurementAmount)

  @Html.LabelFor(x => Model.MeasurementType)
  @Html.TextBoxFor(x => Model.MeasurementType)

Controller Post
  [HttpPost]
    public ActionResult Create(RecipeViewModel vm,IEnumerable<string>IngredientName,  IEnumerable<string> MeasurementAmount, IEnumerable<string> MeasurementType)
    {

Finally my viewmodel looks like
 public class IngredientViewModel
{
    public RecipeModel RecipeModel { get; set; }
    public IEnumerable<IngredientModel> Ingredients { get; set; }

}

My controller is pretty ugly......im using Inumerble to get the values for MeasurementAmount & MeasurementType (IngredientName always returns null), Ideally I thought on the httppost Ingredients would be populated with all of the  on  I would be able Ingredients populated
What do I need to do to get the values from my partial view into my controller?

A: Why don't you take a look at the MVC Controlstoolkit
I think they would do what you want.

A: Without getting in too much detail. Can you change the public ActionResult Create to use FormCollection instead of a view model? This will allow you to see what data is coming through if any. It would help if you could post it then.
Your view model gets populated by using Binding - if you haven't read about it, it might be a good idea to do that. Finally I would consider wrapping your lists or enums into a single view model.

A: Possible Problem
The problem could lay with the fact that the new Partial you just rendered isn't correctly binded with your ViewModel that you post later on.
If you inspect the elements with firebug then the elements in the Partial should be named/Id'ed something like this: Ingredients[x].Property1,Ingredients[x].Property2 etc.
In your situation when you add a partial they are probably just called Property1,Property2.
Possible Solution
Give your properties in your partial the correct name that corresponds with your List of Ingredients. Something like this:
@Html.TextBox("Ingredients[x].Property1","")

Of, after rendering your partial just change all the names en ID's with jquery to the correct value.

A: It happens because fields' names from partial view do not fit in default ModelBinder convention. You should analyze what names fields have in your partial view.
Also you should implement correct way of binding collections to MVC controller. You could find example in Phil's Haack post

A: Assuming RecipeViewModel is the model being supplied to the partial view, try just accepting that back in your POST controller like this:
[HttpPost]
public ActionResult Create(RecipeViewModel vm)
{
  //
}

You should get the model populated with all the values supplied in the form.


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This is a list of Vanuatu Twenty20 International cricketers.

In April 2018, the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International (T20I) status to all its members. Therefore, all Twenty20 matches played between Vanuatu and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will have T20I status.

This list comprises all members of the Vanuatu cricket team who have played at least one T20I match. It is initially arranged in the order in which each player won his first Twenty20 cap. Where more than one player won his first Twenty20 cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname.

Key

List of players
Statistics are correct as of 17 March 2023.

Note: The following matches include one or more missing catchers in their Cricinfo scorecard and hence statistics (as of 19 July 2019):
 vs. Samoa (9 July 2019); 6 missing catchers
 vs. Papua New Guinea (12 July 2019); 5 missing catchers
 vs. Papua New Guinea (13 July 2019); 3 missing catchers

References

Vanuatu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A unique 18ct rose gold charm in the form of a crab, crafted by Annoushka and hand-set with treated pink sapphires and treated black diamonds. Diamond weight approximately. 0.10ct. Sapphire weight approximately. 0.09.
Perfect worn on an Annoushka charm bracelet or a rose gold chain.


text:
Q: What is the etymology of "flabbergasted"? Online Etymology dictionary suggests it's "likely an arbitrary formation from flabby or flapper and aghast". I'm wondering if anyone has any more insight.

A: Here's the OED's etymological note (lightly edited):

First mentioned in 1772 as a new piece of fashionable slang; possibly
  of dialectal origin; Moor 1823 records it as a Suffolk word, and
  Jamieson, Supplement 1825, has flabrigast, 'to gasconade' [to boast extravagantly], flabrigastit 'worn
  out with exertion', as used in Perthshire. The formation is unknown; it
  is plausibly conjectured that the word is an arbitrary invention
  suggested by flabby adj. or flap n. and aghast adj.

A: Here's a little elaboration on the same from Quinion's WWW:

It turns up first in print in 1772, in an article on new words in the Annual Register. The writer couples two fashionable terms: "Now we are flabbergasted and bored from morning to night". (Bored — being wearied by something tedious — had appeared only a few years earlier.) Presumably some unsung genius had put together flabber and aghast to make one word.
The source of the first part is obscure. It might be linked to flabby, suggesting that somebody is so astonished that they shake like a jelly. It can't be connected with flapper, in the sense of a person who fusses or panics, as some have suggested, as that sense only emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. But flabbergasted could have been an existing dialect word, as one early nineteenth-century writer claimed to have found it in Suffolk dialect and another — in the form flabrigast — in Perthshire. Further than this, nobody can go with any certainty.

And here's the clip from the above-mentioned 1772 Annual Register:

A: Just an idea:  I wonder if "flabbergast" has anything to do with OE frófregást (Old High German fluobargeist), a word meaning literally "consoler" or "comforter" and coined to translate the Greco-Latin paracletus which sometimes refers to the Holy Spirit in Vulgate translations of the New Testament.  It is easy to imagine the possibly playful coinage of a participial form "flabbergasted" that would originally have meant to be somehow overwhelmed or dumbstruck by the Holy Spirit, the modern usage having completely lost any specifically religious connotation.

A: Note that French translation of verb "flabbergast" is given in many reputable dictionaries as "estomaquer", meaning "hit in the stomach" (cf. gaster/gastros = stomach/estomac in ancient Greek), which gives credence to "flabber" coming from "flappen" = hit in Dutch. The suggestion that it comes from "flabby" + "aghast" is totally fanciful.

A: It's pretty obvious and supported by historical corpora that it is simple sound metathesis.
For example, it is well known that the term butterfly, which has the false folk-etymology of a fly that likes butter, comes from metathesis of the periphrastic descriptive 'flutter by' (the natural action of the insect).
In a similar manner, 'flabbergast' has the tenuous folk etymology mentioned already when in reality, it comes from the more salient but archaic 'glabberfast' combining a variant of 'glabrous', meaning 'smooth' to the point of speechlessness and 'fast' (for not having eaten), with the intention that you are so surprised it's like you're so hungry you're speechless.

A: I concur with the reference to the Holy Spirit.  gast, gust, ghast and ghost are surely pointing in the same windy direction as spirit or breath of life, which is also latent in inspire, respire, expire. We find "he gave up the ghost" in some versions of the Bible. We use ghost, ghostly and ghastly in the same context spiritual beings -- phantoms.  As for flabber, surely flutter is a possible cognate for the shudder or intake of breath we do when startled or taken aback (again referencing wind). I'd like to hear from someone with German and possibly Scandinavian language ability, where wind and spirit seem as closely connected as they are in English.

A: I read the above etymology with interest, but see no reference to the possible metamorphosis of "To Gasp", i.e. the sudden intake of breathe at an astonishing fact. This combined with the {as mentioned}  "To Flabby/ flabber" 'wobbly or jelly-like' instability. Things have Frequently passed from One consonant to another via mis-interpretation of manuscript writings. In this case the 'p' could be misconstrued as a 'T' and continued as such.

A: Surely this word is related to being dumb struck. The Dutch Flappen being struck, hit or physical blow and the aghast part being without breath. Surely a gasp - a sharp intake of breath confirms this as does the word Slap.


text:
Q: jQuery - Passing variable within a function to another function I have a few different functions that set a variable if the user clicks on a certain button. It then passes that variable on to an AJAX function....except it doesn't pass the variable.
Here is an example:
$('#Button1').on('click', function(e) {
    var add1 = 'yes';
    e.preventdefault();
})
$('#Button2').on('click', function(e) {
    var add1 = 'no';
    e.preventdefault();
})
$('#DoneButton').on('click', function(e) {
    submitLink = 'submit.php'
    dataString = 'add=' + add1;
    $.ajax({
       type: "POST",
       url: submitLink,
       data: dataString,
       cache: false,
       success: function(data) {

           /* My Success Notification Here */
       }
    });
    e.preventdefault();
})

I also tried declaring the variable outside of the function as:
var add1;

That doesn't work either, just comes up as 'undefined'
What can I do to fix this?

A: drop the var inside so the variable reference is not locally scoped to the click.
var add1;
$('#Button1').on('click', function(e) {
  add1 = 'yes';
  e.preventdefault();
})
$('#Button2').on('click', function(e) {
  add1 = 'no';
  e.preventdefault();
})
$('#DoneButton').on('click', function(e) {
  submitLink = 'submit.php'
  dataString = 'add=' + add1;
  $.ajax({
    type: "POST",
    url: submitLink,
    data: dataString,
    cache: false,
    success: function(data) {

      /* My Success Notification Here */
    }
  });
  e.preventdefault();
});

A: Putting var add1 in the function declares it locally in that function. If you want to declare it outside, you have to add var add1; outside the function, and then remove the vars inside the function, ie `add1 = 'no';

A: You need to define the variable in the shared scope so that all the functions can access it, in this case that's the global scope. Then assign a value to it inside the local scope of the function.
The simple part you were missing is that once you've declared it in the shared scope using var myVar, you don't need to use the var keyword again when assigning to it, because doing so creates a different variable only accessible in the local scope of the function, regardless of whether it has the same name.


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DX2 golf balls are sold in boxes of 12 (each box contains 4 x 3 ball sleeves). MOQ is 12 boxes (144 balls in 48 sleeves of 3).


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text:
Q: Spark: merging RDD How to deal with the RDD structure: after calling "map" function I get a RDD where myObject is my own class consisting on a serialization of a xml.
I want to merge every myObject of the RDD into one.
I have implemented the foreach function and called a specific function inside it but the problem is that there is a lot of myObject so it spends many time.
*Edit: piece of code implemeting 'reduce':
  JavaRDD<MyObject> objects = null;
  objects = input.map(new Function<String, MyObject>() { public MyObject call(String s) throws MalformedURLException, SAXException, ParserConfigurationException, IOException{
      machine.initializeReader(delimiter);
      return machine.Request(s);
  }
  });

  MyObject finalResult = objects.reduce(new Function2<MyObject, MyObject, MyObject>() {
  @Override
  public MyObject call(MyObject myObject, MyObject myObject2) {
      return myObject.merge(myObject2);
  }
  });

'Merge' function loops through 'MyObject' elements and merge common ones: if I have a tag with specific id and the same in the other "myObject' then I create a result containing the tag and adding 2.
The problem using 'reduce' or 'foreach' is the spent time.
Thanks


The Stupid just keeps on giving.
Since you're trumpeting this sentiment and with a bit of luck, or a heads-up to this website, Venning J will become aware of this attitude and intransigence when determining the level of costs.
Richard Christie, what a timely entry. I was commenting this morning that I was looking forward to your next appearance. I have a challenge for you.
Costs are NIWA expenses, what is said on this blog has nothing to do with that. This has been covered extensively here already. It is a "scandalising the court" charge that attracts a penalty if proven. The leeway in precedent for that is very much in favour of the accused so don't get too fizzed up about this. Besides, we don't know what the appeal situation is yet.
Note that the paper is in the form of a hypothesis for which you will have to provide a credible null. Do I add your name to the Defaulters List Richard Christie? Or have you got something that upholds the IPCC RF science?
Please add me to your defaulter list, I'm happy to be in such good company.
(along with NASA, the Royal Society and every major scientific institution on the planet).
BTW Richard, NASA uses the bogus IPCC CO2 forcing simplification courtesy of Hansen so they probably haven't even heard of the Hottel/Leckner curves. The Royal Society and "every major scientific institution on the planet" are equally in the dark to the science of radiant heat transfer and the engineering solutions that have developed from it and been widely implemented.
But in their case I don't think ignorance is an excuse.
v http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/ IPCC equation for "forcing". This equation is also quoted in the fourth assessment report along with two other curves of similar shape and magnitude.
Note the word "simplified" in NOAA/IPCC Table 1 'Expressions for Calculating Radiative Forcing'. Note also the lack of recourse to any heat transfer texts or papers in the NOAA reference.
The IPCC equation assumes a "logarithmic" or log relation between forcing and CO2. The path length curve more closely resembles a "log log" relation between forcing and CO2. That is the IPCC model is an oversimplification that results in overestimating the impact of CO2 at higher concentrations. The IPCC reports discuss the impact on forcing of doubling CO2. This is because they believe the relation is logarithmic.
This is the primary issue of the CAGW/CC debate Richard, all other issues are subordinate to it including temperature records. If it's not resolved satisfactorily in favour of the IPCC (a null to Eggert's hypothesis) then the entire "climate change" edifice crumbles.
But you default in the face of the challenge – doesn't bode well for "the cause" does it?
I'm not a climate scientist. Are you?
I do what most intelligent people do in regard to matters outside my expertise, I go to the experts for their consensus conclusions.
On climate change that means the IPCC, no matter how hard you wish it were otherwise. If, or when, the IPCC and the world's leading scientific institutions change their stance I'll be happy to go with them.
You, on the other hand, trawl the internet for argument to confirm your a priori bias.
Now, you've lost this recent court case, lost it resoundingly.
In the words of M Cullen, eat that.
Or, make my day and continue with your ranting against Venning and the judgement, let every body know how you haven't learnt a thing from the process and are dead set to have another go and again waste everybody's time, money and patience. Carry on doing this before Venning determines costs.
"On climate change"? That's the problem Richard, the IPCC are NOT the experts in radiative heat transfer so how can they be experts in climate change? You've made the incorrect attribution and subscribed to the invalid CO2 forcing methodology.
Didn't you see the following in my last comment?
Climate scientists, by huddling in their blinkered cocoon, have failed to defer to the experts in radiative heat transfer and consequently the world's govt's and their populace have had the wool pulled over their eyes. But there's a whole other world operating outside climate science and the real experts are gradually coming out of the woodwork. An engineering design for a furnace for example using IPCC RF methodology would be a substandard solution.
The appropriate expertise will win out in the end but it wont be generalist climate science, it will be specialist heat technologists.
BTW, you STILL don't understand costs even after my explanation? Was I not clear enough?
Costs, correct me if I'm wrong in this respect but I expect that NIWA will submit their expenses to the court.
The court will then approve or otherwise and make the final order.
Well , you be sure to get back to us when this all comes to pass.
Of course, for years people have been making the observation about the alternative reality you guys inhabit. Tell us something new.
"Costs, correct me if I'm wrong in this respect but I expect that NIWA will submit their expenses to the court.
Exactly (depending on an appeal), this negates your previous comments about what is being said about the judgment outside the courtroom because it has nothing to do with NIWA's costs (expenses). Costs are recieved by NIWA, a scandalizing the court penalty (extremely remote) is received by Courts of New Zealand – NIWA don't get a whiff of that.
"Well , you be sure to get back to us when this all comes to pass" – Happening now Richard – that's the challenge i.e. the cat is out of the bag.
"But there's a whole other world operating outside climate science" [you quoting me] "Of course, for years people have been making the observation about the alternative reality you guys inhabit" [your response] – You don't consider heat engineering and the science that underpins it to be actual reality then Richard?
Found that tropospheric hot spot yet Richard?
Well then, as I said, fine by me if you just carry on dissing the competence of the authority that will ultimately determine the level of costs the plaintiff will pay.
Good grief you STILL don't get it Richard. I can see by you haven't taken up the challenge, your critiquing ability is abysmal.
Costs are SOLEY NIWA expenses – nothing else, no penalties, no bonus for judgment criticism, and even then depending on appeal.
I'm not a physicist but I suspect that assuming that CO2 is a static black body is not valid. In matters outside of my expertise I am happy to give more weight to the experts in the field over a lay-person with a spreadsheet. The High Court usually does too.
I see that Arctic sea ice is now out at 6σ from the mean. That's Black Swan territory, except that it was predicted.
Just another case for the IPCC CO2 forcing parameter being invalid. They're lining up to challenge the IPCC orthodoxy, these guys.
On another thread I discussed what an ad hominem logical fallacy was. Richard Christie's post above is a perfect example of such an argument. It is flawed because it never addresses someone's argument, but attacks the person who made it.
It is always assumed that a person resorting to an ad hominem has automatically lost the argument, because they are simply unable to counter the other person's position.
Now I have no idea who AGC is, nor would it matter if all of the ad homs above were true (after all, we all have our own political views, and these should be irrelevant in this debate, and none of the links Richard Christie mention are in any way unusual).
The issue at hand is the tropospheric hotspot, lack of. Richard Christie just lost that argument.
So let me be the first to ask you then.
How do you, Richard Christie, explain the lack of the predicted tropospheric hotspot?
Dunno. I haven't the foggiest.
I'm not a climate scientist. I'm not even a scientist.
I go with the IPCC and the world's leading scientific institutions, they do or at least interpret the science. But I've been through this already.
Since we're on the question thing, here are some interesting ones.
Who's paying the bill for the total failure in court?
What are the chances that the big money backers, if any, will cut the expendable front line adrift and won't cough up?
Can you trust Barry Brill?
Who is on the Trust Deed?
Your link shows that the suns irradiance is at it's lowest point in 20 years. Could you please clarify the point you are trying to make?
But timely of you to turn up Nick, I have a challenge for you that I've made to several others recently but no-one has risen to it (although Simon's interest seems piqued, he may yet come up with something but his reasoning so far actually supports the hypothesis).
Note that the paper is in the form of a hypothesis for which you will have to provide a credible null. Do I add your name to the Defaulters List Nick? Or have you got something that upholds the IPCC RF science?
All other climate change issues are subordinate to this one Nick (including Arctic issues). Unless some-one comes up with a credible null, the climate change edifice crumbles. The hypothesis you have to address is now, by default of AGW, the climate change hypothesis-of-right.
Richard C, you surely must be deranged.
Since most of the atmosphere is below 273K I suggest that Leckner's curves are not applicable, which means Eggert's analysis is not credible.
Also your claimed sunspot/temperature correlation is a misrepresentation as it only deals with daytime highs. This is not the same as global temperature. It is well understood that the increased greenhouse effect predominantly increases temperatures at night. Choosing to only look at day time highs is cherry picking.
"Richard C, you surely must be deranged" – Nick doesn't think so, he's taking on the challenge you defaulted on Richard Christie. Only he and Simon have done so (poor Ken couldn't (or wouldn't) understand the challenge – do you?
"I would prefer it if you stuck to peer reviewed literature" – Bzzzt wrong. The point of a hypothesis is that someone posits it (Eggert has) and YOU provide the null (if you can) – that's the review Nick. Besides, the AGW hypothesis was never peer-reviewed because there never was one.
Figure 1 is an illustration of one curve from the family of CO2 emissivity curves. This was obtained by plotting the emissivity at the temperature stated for various path lengths. Other curves in the family can be generated for any particular temperature. A review of Leckner's curves shows that in the range of temperatures of the atmosphere (293K to 216K) a single temperature will suffice for estimating emissivity. The temperature chosen was 273K. Note that the area below 273K is a projection beyond Leckner's curves and may be in error.
These types of curves are used by engineers in design. The success of the designs is an indication of the validity of the curves. Any alternate explanation for radiant heat loss through the atmosphere must provide results with at least the same degree of success in predicting reality.
The question is how to apply them to the atmosphere.
So 273 is a proxy for the atmospheric range 293K to 216K that takes account of pressure and suffices. Eggert then goes on to apply the curves to the atmosphere in Atmospheric Path Length.
In order to be able to perform calculations for designing many different types of things that must account for radiant heat loss in the atmosphere, H. C. Hottell at MIT performed thousands of measurements of heat as it went through various concentrations of CO2 at various lengths of gas. He then generated a number of graphs that are used by engineers in designing a huge range of applications. In the 1970"s, B. Leckner further refined these curves. The premise of these papers is that these graphs and methods for determining radiant heat absorption in the atmosphere are applicable to determining radiant heat absorption in the . . . atmosphere.
This section looks at engineering rather than pure science because the science of radiant heat transfer has matured to the point where engineering solutions have been developed and widely implemented.
The IPCC does not defer to that mature science.
Recent work by NCAR senior scientists Drs. Harry van Loon and Gerald Meehl place strong emphasis of this physical point, and argue that the use of daytime high temperatures is the most appropriate test of the hypothesis connecting solar radiation with surface temperature. All previous sun-climate studies have included the complicated nighttime temperature records, while the Sun is on the other hemisphere.
"It is well understood that the increased greenhouse effect predominantly increases temperatures at night. Choosing to only look at day time highs is cherry picking" – Not according to the scientists active in this area.
I was merely countering Simon's alarm which I assume from his position he attributes to CO2. If he is only going by apparent correlations, he has to look at the best (Ha!).
In my view the court should have been presented with and considered evidence that 25.5% of temperatures in the Seven Station series and 16.2% of temps in the 11 Station series recorded before Celsius metrication in 1971 were logged as whole Fahrenheit degrees (i.e. x.0F).
Combined, they averaged 22% of New Zealand Fahrenheit temps recorded as .0, and this compares with 30% in Australia's ACORN series and 31% in its HQ dataset.
Abstract An adequate treatment of thermal radiation heat transfer is essential to a mathematical model of the combustion process or to a design of a combustion system. This paper reviews the fundamentals of radiation heat transfer and some recent progress in its modeling in combustion systems. Topics covered include radiative properties of combustion products and their modeling and methods of solving the radiative transfer equations. Examples of sample combustion systems in which radiation has been accounted for in the analysis are presented. In several technologically important, practical combustion systems coupling of radiation to other modes of heat transfer is discussed. Research needs are identified and potentially promising research topics are also suggested.
Amazing to find what the IPCC DOESN'T defer to when you start digging.


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The wine presents a clear appearance with some green reflections. The nose is exotic with aromas of white fruits, the palate is fresh with an excellent acidity for a long and mineral finish. B-Qā de Marsyas is a high quality wine originated from the same Vineyards of Château Marsyas and produced with the same qualitative criteria. Blending finesse and minerality, B-Qā de Marsyas is defined by an elegant freshness & acidity and is produced from the younger parcels of the domaine. It is made with the same philosophy and attention to detail as its "big brother" Château Marsyas.
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Polen

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Trailer and poster added for Hong Sang-Soo directed film "On the Beach at Night Alone" starring Kim Min-Hee. Movie will have its world premiere at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival in the competition section. Kim Min-Hee previously starred in 2015 Hong Sang-Soo film "Right Now, Wrong Then" and the duo made headlines in South Korea last year when the press revealed they were in a romantic relationship, even though Hong Sang-Soo was married at the time.


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Branding & Marketing, Middle East & Africa
Opinion: Internationalisation of Arab Brands: the Journey to the East
Posted on 18/10/2010 by salama
Dr. Baker A. Alserhan
Editor in Chief, Journal of Islamic Marketing, UK.
Assistant professor of Marketing, United Arab Emirates University
Judging by the small number of their brands that have international presence, Arab and Islamic companies are commonly described as non-branders i.e. either they do not seek to achieve brand recognition and dominance or they do not know how to do it. The proposition that these companies are not interested in brand dominance can be easily refuted by examining the major branding efforts that are carried out by them. These include noticeable community involvement, in addition to allocating sizeable budgets for elaborate marketing campaigns. Examples of this involvement, to mention only a few, include the annual Charity Caravans of HyperPanda in Saudia Arabia and Al-Islami's campaign "For Our Children in Gaza" which is carried out in collaboration with the UAE Red Crescent Authority. Arab brands as well as Arab consumers are becoming increasingly important globally. Dr. Bakr Alserhan, Editor in Chief of the Journal of Islamic Marketing and Assistant Professor of Marketing at the United Arab Emirates UniversityUnited Arab Emirates University
UAE University
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, discusses how the definition of branding keeps evolving, what the internationalisation of a brand involves, and the many facets and emergence of Islamic Branding.
The 'non-branders' classification is an unfair one. A more accurate description of Arab and Islamic companies is that they are still engrossed in achieving local and regional rather than global success. This view of brand success is not necessarily flawed, despite of the fact that it leads being defined as 'non-branders' by international branding experts. Those experts, unfortunately, remain immersed in the conventional definition of brand success whereby a company is considered a player in the branding field only if it has significant presence in Western markets. Such a view is no longer valid within the new marketplace realities in which Western markets are rapidly shrinking, while others, such as the Islamic and the Chinese markets, are experiencing rapid growth that is forecasted to last for the foreseeable future.
Definition of Branding
Branding is an elusive term that has baffled practitioners and marketing scholars and researchers since the 1960s. Its numerous manifestations make it very confusing to define accurately. The term continues to evolve through incorporating new business realities such as changing customer attitudes and their migration towards generic brands such as Carrefour and Tesco rather than high-end or luxury brands such as Gucci and Dolce. Another important factor throwing traditional thinking on branding and brands off balance is the emergence of new yet massive consumer segments, such as for example the Muslim community, which are more religiously guided and culturally demanding. As a result, whatever definition of branding is accepted at the moment, although beneficial to a certain degree, can never be complete or final due to the evolutionary nature of the concept itself. And, let us not forget that evolution is, by default, very much incremental and does not follow a planned path. A definition of branding that is celebrated today might be obsolete and irrelevant tomorrow. Zealously adopting a definition is a fast way to business oblivion.
One of the most commonly accepted definitions is the one referring to branding as creating a product or service, which customers perceive to have distinctive benefits beyond price and functional performance (Knox et al., 2000). A more detailed definition is that a brand is a distinguishing name and/or symbol intended to identify the products of a seller, and to differentiate those products from competitors' (Aaker 1991). The careful mixing of a product and the building of a matching and content-loaded symbol, with hard work and a lot of luck, will transform into what is known as a brand; the end result of branding efforts.
Two Sides of the Branding Coin
Brands mean different things to different people. To brand owners a brand is a differentiator i.e. sets apart an offering from others in the marketplace or, more articulately put; it is the living memory and the future of this offering (Kapferer, 1997). For customers on the other hand, the emotional bond that develops has the power to turn the brand into an icon. However, a fully mature brand, or a brand in its best manifestation will represent the firm itself, in addition to its products of course, i.e. the brand becomes the company and the two terms together become inseparable; they become synonyms (De Chernatony and McDonald, 2003).
Benefits of Branding
Branding, or progressing an offering i.e. good or service into a brand, has many advantages. First, it allows the company to increase customer loyalty through increasing the switching cost. This is so because, once consumers become accustomed to a certain brand, they do not readily accept substitutes (Ginden, 1993) and because brands reduce the risk that consumers face when buying something that they know little about (Montgomery and Wernerfelt, 1992). Secondly, it helps prevent potential threats from competitors through raising market entry barriers. Thirdly, a successful brand translates into substantial brand equity i.e. the financial value of the name itself, aside from the product. The fourth advantage is that a well-known brand enhances employees' satisfaction (O'Malley, 1991). Finally, branding can also accelerate market awareness and acceptance of new products.
'Born Great' Brands – Do They Exist?
Contrary to conventional branding wisdom, the concept of 'born-great' brands is not supported by facts. While it requires relentless efforts, campaigning, massive resource allocation, considerable patience, and much luck for a brand to mature and thrive, no amount of investment and planning can guarantee a successful brand. A quick look at modern business history will yield shocking examples of things going horribly wrong even for major players in the branding arena. The following few cases illustrate that "all battle plans are shattered with the first bullet fired", the battle in this particular case being for the minds of consumers:
Jolly Green Giant, for example, was translated into Arabic as 'Intimidating Green Ogre'. A famous drug company marketing a new remedy in the United Arab Emirates tried to avoid this type of mistake by using pictures instead of words to represent the brand. The first picture on the left was of someone ill, the next picture showed the person taking the medication, the final picture on the right showed a person that had been healed. However, what Arab consumers saw was a healthy person taking the remedy and then falling ill; the company failed to realise that Arabic is read from right to left. The same mistake was made by a manufacturer for a laundry detergent: its advertisement showed a picture of a pile of dirty clothes on the left, a box of the company's detergent in the middle and clean clothes on the right. Of course, the message was interpreted differently because most people looked at it from right to left, the same direction they are used to read in. Another example is 'Varta', a well-thought out name chosen for a battery by a German company. However, what that company failed to acknowledge when introducing the product into the Arab market was that Arabs have a difficulty differentiating between V and F and as a result they read it as Farta (?????), which mean loose, not good, and unreliable. Finally, chances are you have heard about how Chevrolet encountered problems promoting the Chevy Nova car in Latin America. Since no va means "it doesn't go" in Spanish, Latin American buyers rejected the car, forcing Chevrolet to pull it out of the market (Alserhan 2010).
So, How Do Brands Begin?
Small, humble, and domestic! Two examples, international and Arab, demonstrate this fact. First of these is McDonalds; the big Mac company. It began as a small limited-menu restaurant run by the brothers Dick and Mac McDonald in San Bernardino, California in 1940. From there it grew to a chain that serves more than 60 million customers daily around the world, a number that could hardly have been envisioned by the chain's founders and the chains humble beginnings.
A local example is Al-Kharafi, a private Kuwaiti based group with international presence and diverse interests, which began trading more than 100 years ago as a small business. It is now one of the top 100 Arab companies.
To have a global vision is good and yet, most international success has its roots in domestic success. For most enterprises, attempting to go global before establishing a strong stand in the local market will be like putting the cart before the horse; it is a no-go. International markets are more mature, strongly competitive, and have stringent, and sometimes, unnecessary standards that are politically motivated, which are hard for Arab firms to comply with before they mature enough to overcome these challenges successfully.
What is Islamic Branding?
Islamic branding, as opposed to conventional branding, can be defined in three different ways, in all of which the descriptor Islamic' is used; Islamic brands by compliance, by origin, or by customer (Alserhan 2010).
Islamic Brands by Compliance-Halal brands. These brands base their appeal strictly on being Sharia-compliant. They are particularly concentrated in the finance and food sectors and, to a lesser degree in the growing of Halal logistics and Islamic hospitality sectors.
Islamic Brands by Origin-geopolitical brands. These brands acquire the description 'Islamic' mainly because they originate from Islamic countries. Examples include airlines such as Emirates Airlines, telecoms such as the Emirati Etisalat and the Egyptian Orascom, and industry such as the Saudi SABIC.
Islamic Brands by Customer. These brands emanate from non-Islamic countries, yet are designed specially to target the Muslim consumer. Although these brands are usually owned by non-Muslims they are described as Islamic based on their target customers i.e. Muslims. They include the Halal brands of multinationals such as Nestle, Unilever, L'Oreal, McDonalds, KFC, and many others.
How Do Arab Brands Fit Within the Overall Framework of Islamic Branding?
Most traditional Arab brands can be classified within the geopolitical category of brands i.e. they are considered Islamic brands because they emanate from an Islamic country, which is now the case for all Arab countries. This classification is however not complete since it leads to the inclusion of brands that are clearly not 'Islamic' (Alserhan 2010). For example, the Arab bank before operating its Islamic branch, although originated and remain mostly concentrated in Arab countries is based on transactions that are interest-based or riba, which is clearly not Islamic in the religious sense of the word. Also, the wine brands produced in some Arab countries cannot be classified as Islamic yet they can be wrongly classified so by a consumer.
Do Arabs Have International Brands?
It is true that, according to the current international brand classification standards, the Arab world has few brands that are included in the list of the world's top brands. However, there are many Arab brands that are well-known at the regional level and there are many that have the potential to emerge as top brands globally.
Aside from oil companies, global Arab brands include companies such as SABIC, the Arab Bank, Al Rajhi, Emirates, Etihad , Emaar , Nakheel, Al-Kharafi, and Dubai Ports. The Arab telecoms are also making significant gains internationalising with Etisalat from the UAE and Orascom from Egypt leading the way. The Arab hospitality sector, particularly Islamic hospitality, with its planned investments worth nearly 2 trillion USD until 2020 is a very promising sector where Arab brands can easily go global for the simple reason that Arab hoteliers are leading the world market in this area.
Can Arab Companies Keep Their Names When They Internationalise?
Yes. McDonald's is the surname of the founder of the now leading global restaurant with more than 32,000 local branches serving more than 60 million people in 117 countries each day. Bloomberg.com, a premier site for updated business news and financial information is named after its founder Michael Bloomberg, a Harvard graduate who was fired by his employer Salomon Brothers Inc. in 1981. Finally, most people will be familiar with the Hilton hotels with more than 530 hotels and resorts in 76 countries across six continents. The chain, which was founded in 1919 is named after the founder Conrad Hilton.
These examples of successful international businesses that use family names clearly demonstrate that a name can be turned into a brand be that name Arab, Latin, Chinese, or other. Arab brand owners should have no concern over the internationalisation potential of their brands because, once these brands are established locally, establishing them globally is a much easier task. Yet, the degree of success very much depends on the target market that is chosen as a point of entry into the global marketplace.
Where Should Arab Brands Be Heading?
East, South, and Middle East, and later West! Or, in other words, they should target Islamic, Arab, and developing markets in general. Why? Because their brands are well regarded by consumers in these markets; they are seen as an upgrade and as having higher quality than competing local brands. While Egyptian brands can go South and successfully penetrate and establish themselves in African markets, Gulf brands coming from the UAE and Saudi Arabia, for example, can go East and capitalise on the admiration of Eastern Muslims of this part of the world. The Eastern market though places great moral responsibility on Arab companies going there because they are seen as ambassadors of the region. As a result they must endeavour to live up to the image of the region they represent. Indeed, a difficult goal to achieve, yet a clear path towards market domination.
Once well established in these markets Arabic and Islamic brands can go North and involve in Western markets, that is, if they wish to do so; these markets are no longer as lucrative as they once were. Business hubs are migrating East and Arab businesses are well-positioned to make use of this migration due to the advantages in cash, location, and good reputation.
(For references contact Tharawat magazine)
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This entry was posted in Branding & Marketing, Middle East & Africa and tagged Islamic branding, Muslim Consumer.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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GemFind Weekly Newsletter March 7th, 2017
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March 7, 2017 Alex
3 Ways Jewelry Stores Can Increase Social Media Engagement
Social media engagement It sounds more confusing than it actually has to be. As a business owner, you know the goal is to sell jewelry, but also to make your customers happy so they continue to come back to see you. However, digital marketing is a key component of your success even if you don't actively advertise your business.
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GIA Finds Significant Undisclosed Synthetics
Diamonds.net March 07
The Gemological Institute of America (GIA) recently uncovered an unusually large number of undisclosed synthetic diamonds mixed in with natural melee diamonds, the lab confirmed with Rapaport News on Monday.
For The First Time, Diamonds Found In Canada's Province Of Manitoba
The Israeli Diamond Industry March 07
The Manitoba government in Canada has received "mineral prospecting reports confirming the existence of diamond mining potential in areas of northeast Manitoba", according to Growth, Enterprise and Trade Minister Cliff Cullen confirmed today.
AGS Announces 2017 Circle of Distinction Honorees
IDEX March 07
The American Gem Society (AGS) will honor three leaders in the jewelry industry at its annual Circle of Distinction dinner on July 25 in New York City. Dr. James Shigley, a distinguished research fellow at the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) in Carlsbad, CA, will receive
5 Lessons from the Hong Kong Show Diamonds.net March 07
The Hong Kong show was better than expected for the diamond trade, as Chinese jewelers were looking for goods after being absent from the market for some time. But while exhibitors were simply happy to be doing business again, conditions ultimately favored buyers.
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Coin dealers have long dabbled in jewelry. Is it time for the reverse to be true? Silvano DiGenova, the founder of Laguna Beach, Calif.–based Tangible Investments, thinks so. His company, a leading gold coin dealer, has increasingly been targeting high-end jewelers,
Rolex is the most reputable brand in the world, RepTrack research concludes.
Watch Pro March 07
The Global RepTrak 100 is a study that Reputaion Institute conducts annually to measure the reputation of the world's 100 most highly-regarded and familiar global companies in 15 countries.
TEFAF Maastricht's High Jewelry Preview
Anthony Demarco Jewelry News Network March 03
Prior to my first trip to Maastricht last year to attend The European Fine Art Fair (more commonly known as TEFAF) I wrote this: "Everyone who's been there (Maastricht) tells me it's really nice."
Past Is Present: Revival Jewelry
Antiques And The Arts March 07
"Past Is Present: Revival Jewelry" opened, appropriately, on Valentine's Day and remains on view through August 19. This show, the third since the gallery's debut in 2011, was organized by Emily Stoehrer, who succeeded the department's founding curator Yvonne Markowitz in 2014.
Palladium Review – Comparison Against Other Jewelry Metals
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RAPNET Blog March 07
We're only a few months into the new year. A clean slate. So there couldn't be a better time to take a hard look at who you are as a company and who you want to be. And in marketing, who you want to be generally has something to do with who you want to see walking in your store. Read More
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


About | Merwin Vineyards | Strong, Sturdy, Committed.
Established in 1918, Merwin Vineyards traces its beginnings to family patriarch Reuben Merwin, a third-generation farmer in the Clarksburg area. After managing a vineyard in the Florin District of Sacramento—and earning a large sum of money when grape prices skyrocketed—Rueben moved to Clarksburg and began farming at the site of the current Merwin Vineyards.
During these early years, the Merwin family grew beans, peas and sugar beets before gradually expanding to tomatoes, corn, wheat, safflower, alfalfa, asparagus and onions. It wasn't until 1996, however, when current president Gary Merwin decided to plant their first batch of grapes—a decision he says is among the best he ever made.
While the initial harvest consisted of only Chardonnay and Chenin Blanc, Merwin Vineyards, under the direction of Gary and his son Tom, has blossomed over the last 17 years and now produces seven varieties of grapes that supply wineries in Napa, Sonoma and Lodi.
Dedicated to producing quality wine grapes and providing excellent customer service, Merwin Vineyards embodies the strong, sturdy, committed tradition.


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Solar funding moves from companies to projects
Mercom Capital's latest report shows sustained low levels of funding for solar companies, but strong investment in solar projects and many acquisitions.
October 10, 2018 Christian Roselund
Mercom's report shows total capital inflows to the solar industry for the first nine months of this year at slightly below what they were in Q1-Q3 of 2017, with a total of $6.7 billion.
Image: Jaime Silva
Trade wars and rapid, negative policy changes in the United States and China aren't helping the ability of solar companies to raise money, as is reflected in Mercom Capital's latest quarter report on funding and mergers and acquisitions in the solar industry.
Mercom's Q3 report shows total capital inflows to the solar industry for the first nine months of this year at slightly below what they were in Q1-Q3 of 2017, with a total of $6.7 billion. Despite public market funding rising 80% to $1.8 billion, venture capital (VC) investments were down 10% to only $889 million and debt financing fell 21%.
Among the companies that did receive VC investments in Q3, by far the largest announced deal benefitted U.S. developer Cypress Creek Renewables, which raised $200 million.
But as of Q3, Mercom reports that clean energy companies across the board are seeing depressed stock valuations as the top three markets – China, the United States and India – struggle with trade wars an policy changes.
"Decline in solar demand around the globe has had a strong effect on corporate financing activity in solar especially with most solar company stocks in negative territory at the end of the third quarter," said Raj Prabhu, CEO of Mercom Capital Group.
There are some caveats to the gloom presented in this report. The first is that Mercom, like anyone in this industry, can only report deals that have been announced. For example, Longi has built tens of gigawatts of ingot and wafer manufacturing capacity in China over the last few years, and got the money to do that from somewhere. However, the movement of capital in China can be more opaque, and if a company is merely reinvesting capital from its own revenues, this will not show up.
But the recent market changes have hit everyone, including Longi.
"China's solar policy change, resulting in a lower solar target and a cut in solar subsidies, has affected the solar supply chain globally," notes Prabhu. "The solar cell and module oversupply situation, due to China policies, has hit manufacturers. Solar trade tariffs have weakened project pipelines in India, the U.S. market is also not expected to grow significantly this year. All these factors are reflected in the solar public company stocks, most of which are down in 2018 making fundraising challenging."
And as manufacturing in particular continues to burn the fingers of investors, many have moved to solar projects. Mercom reports that announced large-scale project funding crossed $11 billion for the first nine months of 2018, and Prabhu notes that project mergers and acquisitions have been particularly robust, with 24 GW of projects changing hands.
"Solar projects continue to be a coveted asset class in the investment community as generating solar assets are now considered mature, producing low risk, attractive returns over 25 years," Prabhu explains.
This maturity is reflected by who now owns many of these assets. While in previous years many large developers built yieldcos to hold completed solar and wind projects, as widely reported by pv magazine most of those held by solar companies have been sold off to asset managers, such as Capital Dynamics' acquisition of 8point3 Energy Partners and Brookfield's acquisition of TerraForm Power and TerraForm Global.
Christian Roselund
Christian Roselund served as US editor at pv magazine from 2014 to 2019. Prior to this he covered global solar policy, markets and technology for Solar Server, and has written about renewable energy for CleanTechnica, German Energy Transition, Truthout, The Guardian (UK), and IEEE Spectrum.
More articles from Christian Roselund


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