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Report: Ravens to release veteran RB Ingram
Dave Naylor
A fix for the CFL's free agency problem
Players about to feel the crunch of CFL's massive revenue decline
A century later, Canadian football lands in familiar territory
Read more from TSN's columnists
Redblacks bringing back GM, coach for 2021
The Ottawa Redblacks will bring back general manager Marcel Desjardins, head coach Paul LaPolice and the entire football operations staff in 2021. Desjardins, Ottawa's GM since the team's inception in 2014, hired LaPolice as head coach following the 2019 season after the Redblacks cut ties with Rick Campbell.
Paul LaPolice and Marcel Desjardins , The Canadian Press
OTTAWA — The Ottawa Redblacks will bring back general manager Marcel Desjardins, head coach Paul LaPolice and the majority of the football operations staff in 2021.
Desjardins, Ottawa's GM since the team's inception in 2014, hired LaPolice as head coach following the 2019 season after the Redblacks cut ties with Rick Campbell.
LaPolice, who won a Grey Cup as offensive co-ordinator of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in 2019, hopes to coach his first game with the Redblacks next year after the 2020 CFL season was cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Redblacks finished a league-worst 3-15 last year after going to the Grey Cup in three of the previous four seasons, including a championship in 2016.
Desjardins said "everyone sacrificed to ensure continuity on the staff" after an overall reduction in compensation.
"This speaks to the type of people they are but also speaks to their belief in the unfulfilled potential for the 2020 season and how that will positively translate to the 2021 season," Desjardins said in a statement.
GM Marcel Desjardins, head coach Paul LaPolice and most of his staff will return in 2021, the Ottawa Redblacks announced Wednesday.
Desjardins will enter his eighth season as the only GM in Redblacks history. During his tenure Ottawa has reached the Grey Cup three times, winning in 2016.
LaPolice's coaching staff will include: Mike Benevides (defensive co-ordinator); Bob Dyce (special-teams co-ordinator); Bob Wylie (offensive line); Steve Walsh (quarterbacks); Alex Suber (receivers); Charlie Eger (running backs)' Greg Knox (defensive backs); Carey Bailey (defensive line); and Patrick Bourgon takes over as linebackers coach from Chris Tormey, who has retired.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 18, 2020


i) I had to turn down the job offer because with desk job it involved the field work also.
ii) I asked him to turn the volume down of the speaker.
iii) Why did you turn down the opportunity to work under her guidance?
iv) He turned down the request of customer for the print-out because his printer was not working that time.
The phrase "turn down" has more than one meaning. These are "to reject or refuse to consider an offer, a proposal, etc. or the person who makes it / to reduce the noise, heat, etc. produced by a piece of equipment by moving its controls" and phrase has been applied properly in all the sentences.
i) We are planning to take on computer engineers for our new branch in Delhi.
ii) She has taken on the project and has given assurance that it will be completed on time.
iii) Why did you take on the responsibility of organizing the event when you did not have the enough funds?
iv) We are not in a position to take on more contracts due to the limited stock of raw material.
The phrase "take on" has more than one meaning. These are "to accept some work or responsibility / to start to employ someone" and phrase has been applied properly in all the sentences.
i) Today father ticked me off because I broke the glass of window while playing cricket.
ii) It ticks me off a lot when I have to check the pending files of other desks.
iii) Why did you not tick off the questions in which you had doubts?
iv) I ticked off all the three switches but machine did not turn on.
The phrase "tick off" has more than one meaning. These are "to put the symbol ✓ next to something on a list to show that you have dealt with it / to speak angrily to someone who has done something wrong / to annoy someone" and phrase has been applied properly in i, ii and iii sentences.
i) The money he lent to his friends, added up to rupees sixty five thousand.
ii) I asked him to add up to one more shelf in the cupboard.
iii) "These files do not add up to the record of last six months," said the auditor.
iv) Last month, my daily expenses added up to rupees eight thousand.
The phrase "add up to" has more than one meaning. These are "to make a total amount of something / to lead to a particular result or to show something" and phrase has been applied properly in i, iii and iv sentences.
i) "I was just trying to help him in opening the can of juice but he lashed out at me," John said to his father.
ii) The Minister lashed out at Airport authority for not making the proper arrangement for general public.
iii) Today mom lashed out at domestic help for not preparing the breakfast on time.
iv) As per reports, company has planned to lash out rupees thirty lakhs on the launch of its new iphone.
The phrase "lash out" has more than one meaning. These are "to criticize someone or something angrily /to try to hit or attack someone suddenly and violently / Spend money extravagantly" and phrase has been applied properly in all the sentences.
i) Many people with their families turned out to watch the Republic Day Parade on foggy winter morning.
ii) Did you turn out the lights before closing the lab?
iii) When I turned out to my room, I found my morning breakfast there.
iv) We will have to increase our production capacity to turn out the 300 cooling fans a day.
The phrase "turn out" has more than one meaning. These are "to go somewhere in order to be present at an event or take part in an activity / to produce something, especially in large numbers / to switch a light or a source of heat off" and phrase has been applied properly in i, ii and iv sentences.
i) If the court's decision goes against them then they will have to wind up their company.
ii) He could not go against his parents' wishes and opted for science stream.
iii) Mr. Kevin did not go against his principles and ethnics and refused to negotiate on the issue.
iv) I went against the electricity pole on the road and reached the Super Market.
The meaning of the phrase "go against" is "if something such as a decision or judgment goes against you, you do not get the decision or judgment that you wanted / to resist or oppose somebody/something" and it has been applied properly in i, ii and iii sentences.
i) We will have to count on them for our product promotion progaramme.
ii) They count on me for all their data management and record keeping.
iii) After planting the saplings in a row, I counted on them.
iv) I have got promotion and my colleagues are counting on party and celebration.
The phrase "count on" has more than one meaning. These are "to depend on someone to do what you want or expect them to do for you / to hope or expect that something will happen or that someone will do something" and phrase has been applied properly in i, ii and iv sentences.
i) In order to establish yourself in the sports industry, you will have to grapple with many challenges.
ii) I cannot grapple with the lunch as I have taken heavy breakfast.
iii) "We have been grappling with the problem of material shortage from long time," said one of the manufacturers.
iv) When we used to live in Ajmer, we had to grapple with the problem of water crisis.
The meaning of the phrase "grapple with" is "Struggle to deal with or overcome (a difficulty or challenge)" and it has been applied properly in i, iii and iv sentences.
i) I am looking for a Gardener who has the knowledge about the different seasonal plants.
ii) He is in graduation final year and has started looking for jobs in Call centers.
iii) In the morning, I was looking for my key and finally got it in my cupboard.
iv) I am looking for the last over of the match.
The meaning of the phrase "look for" is "to hope to get something that you want or need / to search for someone or something" and it has been applied properly in i, ii and iii sentences.


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July 11, 2013 News & Politics | Chicagoans
This week's Chicagoan: Christopher Preissing, outsider-art heir
"[Charles Steffen] never had, as far as I know, any relationship with a woman. So he was naive about drawing female anatomy, so much so that he would just leave it blank."
By Anne Ford @allthingsanne
Christopher Preissing
A first-person account from off the beaten track, as told to Anne Ford.
"Charles Steffen was my uncle. He had a breakdown in 1952, when he was in his early 20s and in art school. He was diagnosed as a schizophrenic and institutionalized at Elgin State Hospital.
After he got out in 1963, he lived with his mother. His sister Rita and his brother George lived there too. The father had died. There was another brother, Francis, who had also been institutionalized, and he would come back every once in a while. They had a room for him in the basement, and they would unlock the basement door and let him in, but they would lock the door at the top of the basement. Yeah, it was kind of a crazy house.
But we always knew Charles as being very gentle. He was on medication that kept him pretty straight. He worked every day on his drawings at a big dining room table. He bought brown wrapping paper from Walgreens in a roll about 30 inches wide by 30 feet long, and he produced two or three drawings a day, mostly of his mother or some plants, sometimes of abstract things or nudes.
He never had, as far as I know, any relationship with a woman. So he was naive about drawing female anatomy, so much so that he would just leave it blank. Like there's a drawing of a nude, and there's just nothing drawn in between the legs.
His family didn't think much of his work at all. They thought he was wasting his time. At best they figured they'd let him draw just because it was therapy: "Well, it keeps him off the street."
The drawings started to pile up. Every few years he got rid of some of them, and whether his sister made him throw them away because she thought they were a fire hazard, or he thought they were no good and burned them, I'm not sure.
His mother died in '95, and George, Rita, and Charles had lived together for 60-some years and were tired of it. So they all went their own ways. Charles went to a small men's home in Uptown. He didn't have any room. He had this big pile of drawings, and they would have thrown them away.
When I found out what was going on, I talked to Charles and convinced him to let my wife and I store them—two carloads of drawings, all rolled up. Then he died after surgery for throat cancer. I knew I wanted to do something with his drawings, but I didn't know exactly what, so I decided to catalog them.
We started showing his work in 2006. He wrote on every drawing, and he always wrote about wanting a show, but he didn't know how to go about doing it. So part of what I've been trying to do is give him the show he wanted. His estate is represented now by Russell Bowman Art Advisory here in Chicago."
More Chicagoans »
Tags: Chicagoans, Charles Steffen, Christopher Preissing, Elgin State Hospital, schizophrenia, Walgreens, Uptown, art, drawings, nude drawings
This week's Chicagoan: Margie Lawrence, baseball artist
"Ted Williams was a handsome man; that's why he pops up in my art a lot."
by Anne Ford
More by Anne Ford
Changing abusive behavior gives domestic violence counselor hope
Luana Lienhart says 30 percent of her clients don't realize they're in abusive relationships.
Donald Trump impersonator: Just don't punch me, please
Dennis Alan has done ads in South Korea, Hong Kong, and Cairo, but has to avoid rallies and private parties for security reasons.
Meet Chicago's contest queen: She enters up to 100 sweepstakes a day—and once won $100K
"It's a bit like exercise: I enjoy it, but sometimes I'd rather skip it, but I do it anyway," Cynthia Kendall says.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Expanding the vision for Workforce Development Los Angeles County. Together we can make this happen.
Los Angeles County operates a variety of programs administered by the Area Agency on Aging (AAA) that provide information and services on a range of assistance for older adults and those who care for them.
In addition, the Adult Protective Services (APS) program is a 24-hour assistance program to investigate reports of abuse involving the elderly (65 +) and dependent adults (18 to 64) who have physical and mental impairments.
The Community and Senior Centers operate as a focal point for services, information and activities that promote increased community integration for adults, seniors and children of all ages. To learn more about the upcoming programs and events, visit a center and ask for a copy of our current daily activity schedule.
The mission of Workforce Development, Aging and Community Services (WDACS) is to connect communities and improve the lives of all generations in Los Angeles County. We achieve our mission through effective, partnership driven services and initiatives that: connect individuals to careers and employers to a skilled workforce; ensure the well-being of older and dependent adults in the community; and resolve conflict and improve human relations in our diverse County.


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At last week's Lenape Regional High School District Meeting Lenape principal Tony Cattani and Shawnee Principal Matthew Campbell gave a presentation on the No Place for Hate Program that began several years ago.
Cattani could not say enough about the pride that the Lenape Regional High School District has when it comes to its diversity, whether that be dealing with ethnicity, socioeconomic status, religion, sexual orientation or even academic status.
"The big piece for us is that the students and staff are respecting all of these parties and working together to get an education," Cattani said.
The district got involved with No Place for Hate to educate the LRHSD community of its diversity by celebrating this diversity and promoting a mutual respect.
On Oct. 8 all four schools in the LRHSD were designated as No Place for Hate schools for the third consecutive year.
"We're extremely proud of that," Cattani said.
Part of the criteria to join the program is to do three programs at your respective school related to No Place for Hate.
These programs need to be created in advance so they can be approved by the Anti Defamation League, an agency that fights anti-Semitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals and protects civil rights for all.
Many of the schools did more than the minimum of three programs, putting together an upwards of 12 programs throughout the year.
As a benefit of their partnership with the ADL, the district receives a Youth Leadership Symposium each year that takes place at the University of Pennsylvania.
This will be the fourth year that the district has taken part in the symposium in which each school sends eight students. These kids listen to the keynote speaker and then break up into different groups where they are exposed to different ideas that they can then translate into new ideas for their respective schools.
This year each school put together a different banner for the "Resolution of Respect" activity that was hung in the school for back to school night for the parents to sign as well.
Another idea that the district does for this program is the "upstander" poster. An upstander is described by the schools as the opposite of a bystander or a person who will get actively involved in conflict instead of just watching.
"They're the ones that we want other students to emulate," Campbell said.
Each year teachers and coaches are asked to select these upstanders to be put on the posters. The posters are put up throughout the buildings, the community and in the middle schools for the younger kids to admire.
Other than these uniform activities that each school in the district take part in, there are also individual things that the schools do within themselves.
These activates are designed to give students perspective that they are all different but their uniqueness makes them the same. They promote respect and acceptance for students by having them break out of their comfort zones and pick the brains of different kinds of people.
These are characteristics that this district has been trying to instill into their students for many years as a lot of these activities were already in place before the district got involved with the ADL.
For the second year in a row LRHSD's Electronic Violence and Vandalism Reporting System and Harassment, Intimidation and Bullying numbers have gone down.
LRHSD showed a decline in the substance abuse category, the vandalism category and it's total recorded incidents.
There were zero instances of HIB during this period, which ranged from Jan. 1 to June 30 of last school year.


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Home »The Mitford Scandal: A Mitford Murders Mystery (The Mitford Murders #3) (Paperback)
The Mitford Scandal: A Mitford Murders Mystery (The Mitford Murders #3) (Paperback)
By Jessica Fellowes
This is book number 3 in the The Mitford Murders series.
#1: The Mitford Murders: A Mystery (Paperback): $16.99
#2: Bright Young Dead: A Mitford Murders Mystery (The Mitford Murders #2) (Paperback): $17.99
#4: The Mitford Trial: A Mitford Murders Mystery (The Mitford Murders #4) (Hardcover): $27.99
In The Mitford Scandal, the third book in the internationally bestselling Mitford Murders series from Jessica Fellowes, lady's maid Louisa Cannon accompanies Diana Mitford into a turbulent late 1920s Europe.
The year is 1928, and after the death of a maid at a glamorous society party, fortune heir Bryan Guinness seizes life and proposes to eighteen-year-old Diana, most beautiful of the six Mitford sisters. The maid's death is ruled an accident, and the newlyweds put it behind them to begin a whirlwind life zipping between London's Mayfair, chic Paris and hedonistic Berlin. Accompanying Diana as her lady's maid is Louisa Cannon, as well as a coterie of friends, family and hangers on, from Nancy Mitford to Evelyn Waugh.
When a second victim is found in Paris in 1931, Louisa begins to see links with the death of the maid. Now she must convince the Mitford sisters that a murderer could be within their midst . . . all while shadows darken across Europe, and within the heart of Diana Mitford herself.
JESSICA FELLOWES is an author, journalist, and public speaker. She is the author of The Mitford Murders novels as well as the New York Times bestselling official companion books to the Downton Abbey TV series. Former deputy editor of Country Life, and columnist for the Mail on Sunday, she has written for the Daily Telegraph, the Guardian, The Sunday Times, and The Lady. Jessica has spoken at events across the UK and US, and has made numerous appearances on radio and television. She lives in Oxfordshire with her family.
"A richly detailed period piece. . .[A] deft weaving of historical fact and imagined intrigue." - Kirkus
Publisher: Minotaur Books
Publication Date: November 3rd, 2020
Series: The Mitford Murders
Fiction / Mystery & Detective / Historical
Fiction / Mystery & Detective / Traditional
Fiction / Mystery & Detective / Women Sleuths
Hardcover (January 21st, 2020): $26.99
Library Binding, Large Print (March 1st, 2020): $44.79
CD-Audio (January 21st, 2020): $45.99


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UltraHydrate Rx Moisturizer Morning and/or evening, apply with light upward strokes to thoroughly cleansed, toned and treated face.


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All the web's a stage: Scholar Joshua Braun on what we show and what we choose to hide in journalism
Joshua Braun is a media scholar currently pursuing his Ph.D in Communications at Cornell. His work is centered at the intriguing intersection of television and the web: He's currently studying the adoption of blogging software by network news sites, and the shifts that that adoption are bringing about in terms of the relationship between one-way communication something more conversational. At this spring's IOJC conference in Austin, Braun presented a paper (pdf) discussing the results of his research — a work that considered, among other questions:
As journalistic institutions engage more and more fully in interactive online spaces, how are these tensions changing journalism itself? How do the technical systems and moderation strategies put in place shape the contours of the news, and how do these journalistic institutions make sense of these systems and strategies as part of their public mission? What is the role of audiences and publics in this new social and technical space? And how do journalistic institutions balance their claim to be "town criers" and voices for the public with the fact that their authority and continued legal standing depend at times on moderating, and even silencing the voices of individuals?
The whole paper is worth reading. (You can also watch Braun's IOJC talk here.) But one aspect of it that's especially fascinating, for our purposes, is Braun's examination of TV-network news blogs in the context of the sociology of dramaturgy (in particular, the work of Erving Goffman).
News organizations are each a mix of public and private — preparing information for a public audience, but generally doing so in a private way. As with a theater production, there's a performance going on for the audience but a big crew backstage. Blogging represents a potential shift in this dynamic by exposing people and processes that would otherwise be kept hidden behind a byline or a 90-second news piece.
And the blogging interplay — between presentation and communication, between product and process, and, perhaps most interestingly, between process and performance — is relevant to any news organization trying to navigate familiar journalistic waters with new vessels. I spoke with Braun about that dynamic and the lessons it might have to offer; below is an edited transcript of the conversation.
Megan Garber: I'm intrigued by the idea of theater dynamics you mention in the paper — in particular, the distinction between backstage and front-stage spaces for news performances. Can you explain that in a bit more detail?
Joshua Braun: This is Steve Hilgartner's idea. He took this idea of stage management from classic sociology, which has normally been an interpersonal theory, and decided it worked for organizations. He looked at the National Academy, and noticed the way in which they keep all their deliberations effectively secret and then release a document at the end that gives the consensus opinion of the scientific community. And there are two aspects of that. One is that it's intended to protect the integrity of the process. So when you're a big policy-advisory body like the National Research Council, you have senators who will call you and tell you they don't want you working on something; you'll have lobbyists who'll want to influence your results; you'll have, basically, a lot of political pressure. So there's this aspect in which this system of enclosure — in the Goffman/Hilgartner metaphor — this keeping of things backstage, really is meant to protect the integrity of the process.
But it also has the other effect, which is that it also gives the illusion of the scientific community speaking with a single voice. So basically, all the messy process of sausages being made — and all the controversial issues that, by definition, the National Research Council is dealing with — you don't see reflected in the reports. Or you see it in very official language. So it gives them a tremendous amount of authority, this illusion of the scientific community speaking with one voice, and they cultivate that. I was actually a graduate fellow at the National Academies, and they definitely want that — they recognize that the authority of the documents rests on that.
And many organizations that deal with information and knowledge production, including journalism, operate in this way, frequently. The publication of the finished news item and the enclosure of the reporting process — there's a very real sense that that protects the authority of the process. So if you're investigating a popular politician, you need that. And at the same time, it protects the brand and the legal standing and the authority of the organization, and bolsters that. Those things are very reliant on this process of enclosure, oftentimes.
And so what you see in the new media spaces, and these network experiments with blogging, is that sort of process. They've taken a medium that they themselves talked about in terms of accountability and transparency and openness and extended it to this traditional stage management process. They continue to control what remains backstage and what goes front-stage. And there are good justifications for doing that. But they've also extended that to the process of comment moderation. You'll get pointed to a description of why comments are moderated the way they are — but you'll never see exactly why a comment is spammed or not. That's not unique to the news, either. But it's an interesting preservation of the way the media's worked for a long time.
And this has been described by other scholars, as well. So Alfred Hermida has a really neat piece on blogging at the BBC where he talks about much the same thing. He uses different terms — he talks about "gatekeeping," as opposed to this notion of stage management — but it's a pretty robust finding across a lot of institutions.
And I don't want to portray it as something unique to journalism. This process of self-presentation and this performance of authority is widespread — and maybe necessary to journalism. I think the jury's out on that.
MG: Definitely. Which brings up the question of how authority is expressed across different media. Does broadcast, for example, being what it is, have a different mandate than other types of journalism?
JB: Right. One of the remarkable things about broadcast news is the amount of stage management that you see in the traditional product. So if you look at an organization like ABC News, for instance — before their recent mass layoffs — they have several dozen correspondents: 77 or so people. But they have 1,500 total staff. And when you're producing for a visual medium, you're very selective about what appears on front-stage — this mise-en-scène of network news: what appears on camera and what ends up on the cutting-room floor, and so on. The vast majority of their newsgathering operation — the desk assistants and the bookers and the people who do all the pre-interviewing and the off-air correspondents — are people who never appear on-air. No network is its anchor.
So there's that aspect, in which a large portion of the news ecosystem isn't visible to the public — and there's an argument to be made that having a small set of news personalities with whom audiences can identify is good for the product — and there are a lot of organizations where the vast majority of people involved in things don't really speak. So that was one of the interesting aspects of looking at the blogging efforts of network news: Once that somewhat natural distinction between on-air and off-air talent and support staff disappears, who becomes visible online?
And you do have a lot of producers, a lot of bookers and other types of professionals who appear on the blogs, which is a really fascinating thing. The blogs are an extension of the stage management thing, but also a challenge to that model.
Image from daveynin used under a Creative Commons License.
Tags: Uncategorized academia academic research Alfred Hermida authority blogs cable news Cornell University Erving Goffman gatekeeping International Online Journalism Conference IOJC Joshua Braun network news performance sociology stage management transparency
ABC News teams with Facebook for Katrina coverage
If you go to the ABCNews.com homepage right now (12:30 p.m. EDT), you'll see something unusual: the news network's coverage of the five-year anniversary of Hurricane Katrina, streamed exclusively online — in real time. The coverage includes a couple of pre-produced pieces, but for the most part it's live: ABC correspondents David Muir, Robin Roberts, and Bob Woodruff, on the ground in New Orleans, talking with residents, interviewing former mayor Ray Nagin, and otherwise employing shoe leather in the service of memory.
But the network's coverage will be participatory and conversational in a way that TV news often tries, but fails, to be: ABC is using Facebook Connect to stream its Katrina coverage to its website. As a result, for the next half hour, "you're going to be to see people liking it and commenting on it in real time," says Brian Braiker, part of ABCNews.com's social media team.
It's not often, leaving aside CNN's Facebook-hosted stream of the Obama inauguration (and Rick Sanchez's "Latest from Twitter" shout-outs) that networks' televised content and their online interfaces merge so explicitly. And ABCNews's foray into the field of platform integration is very much an experiment at this point. "This is sort of like a trial run for the elections," Braiker says. "We're going to go really big for that…whatever wrinkles there are obviously will be smoothed out before the election."
That doesn't mean the experiment is casual. ABCNews' Facebook partnership "is all part of a broader, more detailed and in-depth social media strategy," Braiker notes, "in how best to tell stories through all these emerging media." Today "is the first salvo in an ongoing experimentation with a lot of this new and social media stuff that we want to integrate as much as we can into our coverage — and make it different and better than everyone else's."
Tags: Small post ABCNews.com Brian Braiker cable news CNN engagement Facebook Facebook Connect network news Rick Sanchez social media


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Leigh David Bromby, född 2 juni 1980 i Dewsbury i England, är en engelsk professionell ungdomstränare i Leeds United. Han är en före detta fotbollsspelare och försvarsspelare för Leeds och har dessutom spelat i Sheffield Wednesday, Watford och Sheffield United innan han köptes av Leeds 2009.

Referenser

Engelska fotbollsspelare
Födda 1980
Spelare i Sheffield Wednesday FC
Spelare i Mansfield Town FC
Spelare i Norwich City FC
Spelare i Sheffield United FC
Spelare i Watford FC
Spelare i Leeds United FC
Män
Levande personer
Personer från Dewsbury

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Home / Blog / Do I Need a Water Softener?
All of the sinks in my house have a consistent orange ring around the drain, our faucets are covered with white flakes, and my skin is always itchy and dry. These were just a few complaints I had the year we moved into our home. It took some time to solve the mystery but, thanks to the miracle of Google and the water experts in my life; I discovered that we had hard water.
Experts in the water industry can perform a test to determine the level of hardness of your water. However, there are several clues that can help you decide if your water is hard and if you are in need of a water softener.
All of these frustrating symptoms have a cure. There are chemicals that can be added to your H2O to remove the minerals but, the preferred method is a water softener. Water softeners work by exchanging the ions in the calcium and magnesium with sodium. The sodium ions are provided by a water softener via a rock type salt and resulting brine. Water softeners attack and eliminate scale and the resulting buildup of white or orange deposits.
All of the above will save you money!
What about the water softener salt?
Sodium chloride (salt) or potassium chloride (a type of salt) will be needed for your water softener. Softener salt is usually sold in large bags by water distributors. Steer clear of pellets sold at big box stores as they tend to lack the purity necessary for optimal performance of your softener.
The amount of water softening salt you will need is determined by your water usage. The national average is about 1.5 bags per month (50 lb bags). To ensure proper maintenance of your unit you should check the softener salt levels on a regular basis. Keeping the salt level about four inches above the water level in your tank is optimal. You will most likely need to refill the water softener salt about every other month.
I grew up in the country with well water. It was not uncommon to find considerable rust like stains on my clothing after washing. We had a high amount of iron in our water and were forced to use an "iron out" additive to solve the problem. But, it only addressed iron, not the calcium and magnesium. Luckily, times have changed, and there is a rust free water softener salt option. Using rust free water softener salt will ensure that you have perfectly soft water with reduced iron as well.
Use high-quality salt from a water expert.
Do not add water softener salt until the tank is almost empty.
Use iron out annually to clean the unit.
Water softeners are a long-lasting appliance but, to keep yours around even longer it is important to perform proper maintenance. Water softeners can last up to 20 years if all the above steps are taken.
Should I drink bottled or filtered water?
Reverse osmosis vs. filtration: which water is best?


Read more to familiarize yourself with different fraud detection techniques and how it can easily ruin a business.
There are many small businesses that do not have any ant-fraud policy detection training for employees nor management. Many small businesses can be more prone to fraud because of this. One single fraud can easily ruin a small business.
Here are some helpful tips for yourself and for your employees about different fraud detection techniques.
Fraud can happen anywhere in a company. A single person can commit it, or individuals can work together. They can happen in accounting, sales, upper management, customer service, finance, and other areas.
Different types of fraud can be check tampering, billing schemes, skimming of cash, misappropriation of assets, and even modifying physical documents.
Most employees that commit fraud will demonstrate behavior that can be warning signs to be recognized by managers. No matter how much training an individual receives, it is important to stay on top of them. If an employee has experienced an unexpected financial change, it could create pressure to put them in a desperate spot.
Often, employees who commit this type of fraud can be repeat offenders and might have already been charged or convicted by a previous employer.
There are ways to prevent this, and this is where we come in. By using LegalScreen, our affordable and accurate background checks will weed out any potential hire convicted of committing this crime. DO NOT let these individuals into your workplace. DO NOT try and make these hires yourself without performing a simple background check.
We have screening solutions starting under $20! Choose one of our screening packages or even customize your own.


These party cups are decorated with one of Liberty's world famous floral patterns with its mix of classic style and cool colours.
Pack contains 12 hot or cold party cups.
Pack size: 3 x 9 inches.
A special Meri Meri Woodland Cake Toppers set. Create a woodland scene in style with these cute cake toppers featuring a deer, mushrooms and pine trees, crafted in natural wood with a painted finish. It will make decorating your cakes as easy as 1,2,3!
Create a set of hilarious Christmas characters with this balloon kit, with Santa, elf, snowman and reindeer styles. The balloons come in different colors with balloon sticks and and lots of paper pieces embellished with shiny gold foil. Pack contains 8 balloons, 4 balloon sticks, decorative pieces, tissue paper, sticker sheet and instructions.Balloon size: 16 inches.Pack size: 6 x 16 x 2 inches.
Make your own spooky cupcakes this halloween. This kit includes 2 designs of cupcake cases and 4 designs of spooky toppers including witch, vampire, monster and pumpkin styles. Pack contains 24 cupcake cases in 2 styles and 24 toppers in 4 styles.


The Blue Door is located on YMCA's front lawn. Behind it lies an entire world of love and giving between the three monotheistic religions from all parts of the city. Behind this door you will find a second-hand clothing and household goods store. Everyone is invited to come and buy at a symbolic price, volunteer in arranging the store, bring clothes in good condition, have a cup of tea and cookies or simply to say hello. All proceeds go to buying food for the needy. Welcome, the door is open!


Kids' summer camps are putting literacy programs on the schedule, to keep educational skills sharp year-round.
Kids' summer camps add academic and literacy programs to keep educational skills sharp all year long.
September. Educators have learned that students can lose up to 2.5 months of reading progress during the summer if they're not partaking in skill-building literacy activities.
Recognizing this phenomenon, many camps are implementing programs to help combat the so-called "summer slide." One national effort is the Explore 30 Camp Reading Program, a two-year-old American Camp Association (ACA) initiative that helps camps and youth development organizations jumpstart a reading program. In exchange for encouraging 30 minutes of daily reading, Explore 30 camps can get free children's books and magazines from leading publishers, incentives for campers who complete reading challenges and activity ideas for incorporating reading into summer fun-and-sun.
When it joined Explore 30 in 2011, Western Family YMCA Camp Wassaqui (formerly Wahoo) in Newark, DE collected donated books from Y members and hired literary specialist Kristy McCrea to build literacy activities into the daily camp schedule. McCrea sees each of the 400 campers for 30 to 45 minutes a few times per week, runs reading challenges and writing sessions, and leads weekly walking trips to the local library. "In some cases this program gave campers their very first experience with a library outside of school and their first library card," reports Pamela Kennedy, the Y's associate executive director. Wassaqui campers have many ways to log reading minutes and earn prizes. Sports campers read local newspapers' sports sections, and older kids read to the younger groups. "We saw the campers begin to bring in their summer reading books and read them during down times or group reading time," says McCrea.
At Camp Towanda, a 91-year-old overnight camp in Honesdale, PA campers from 6 to 17 participate in Explore 30 and can get tutored in all school subjects. "We have many teachers on staff who encourage overall life skills," says owner and director Mitch Reiter. To fulfill the camp's Explore 30 commitment, "During rest hour and free play we announce and encourage campers to read at our library, on the porch of our house or in our pine tree-shaded reading area," he explains.
If your child's camp doesn't participate in Explore 30, check to see if your local library or school district offers summer reading books to borrow or purchase, and encourage your kids to take books to camp. Libraries and bookstores such as Barnes & Noble often reward children who enroll in their summer reading programs and reach their goals with a free book or gift certificate.
Ellen Warren writes for the American Camp Association Keystone field office serving Pennsylvania and Delaware. Learn more at Acacamps.org/keystone and Campparents.org.


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Posts tagged 'Michael Mukasey'
Mukasey on NSA Report: Changes Will Hurt Ability to Monitor Threats.
By Melissa Clyne
Former U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey says the recommended changes to National Security Agency surveillance programs by a presidential commission are unnecessary and will only hinder the NSA's ability to protect the nation.
The five-member panel made up of intelligence and legal experts appointed by President Barack Obama recommended last week that massive phone and internet records collected by the NSA should be held by a private consortium or with the companies from which the information was acquired. If the NSA felt compelled to access the data, it would be required to obtain a court order.
"In other words, if investigators want to check a telephone number they should be required to scurry around to each individual provider — AT&T, Verizon etc. — to run the check, possibly against data bases that are inconsistently arranged, with consequent loss of time and efficiency," Mukasey writes in op-ed piece for The Wall Street Journal.
Calling it "an experiment," that could seriously damage an important program designed to target terrorist communications and activities, he says there is simply no justification for it because the panel found no violations of privacy rights during its review.
"The panel's investigation of the National Security Agency found — as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court found before them — that the occasional unintentional violations of guidelines were stopped once they were detected," he writes.
Mukasey also mocks critics of the NSA's collection of phone and Internet communications who contend the agency could use the information to profile individuals or or gather sensitive personal information.
"No evidence suggests that any such thing has been proposed or done, and indeed the 22 people at NSA who have access to the data are forbidden to use metadata in any fashion other than to run it against suspect telephone numbers," he says.
Mukasey also takes issue with the recommendation that U.S. intelligence operations should not target non-U.S. persons outside of the United States based solely on their political or religious views. He says that could in some cases prevent the targeting of groups and individuals who declare as a "religious obligation to kill Americans."
The president has yet to sign off on any of the recommendations contained in the commission's report.
Obama Task Force: Limit NSA Snooping on Americans
Snowden: Obama's Spy Review Panel a Self-Protective Sham
United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
Michael Mukasey: NYC Stop-and-Frisk Decision 'Unfortunate'.
Former U.S. Attorney Michael Mukasey says a judge's ruling that the New York Police Department's stop-and-frisk policy is unconstitutional was wrongheaded and will eventually be reversed.
"[The] decision was probably expected but is really unfortunate," Mukasey told "The Steve Malzberg Show" on Newsmax TV.
"This judge has taken on herself the authority to essentially regulate the New York City Police Department."
In her decision, U.S. District Judge Shira Scheindlin called the policy in which police officers can stop and search anybody they suspect of involvement in a crime "indirect racial profiling," resulting in discrimination against blacks and Hispanics.
"No one should live in fear of being stopped whenever he leaves his home to go about the activities of daily life," Scheindlin said in her ruling.
The judge also ordered the appointment of an independent monitor and changes to current NYPD procedures.
"[She would] require that the police department have a pilot program … in which police would carry cameras on their bodies — based entirely on statistics — when what the law requires is an intent to discriminate," Mukasey said.
But Scheindlin's decision lies on shaky legal ground, according to Mukasey, who served 18 years as a judge of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York.
"I don't know about [it going to] the Supreme Court. If I had to bet, I would certainly bet that it's going to be overturned," he said.
"This is going to have the durability of one of those $3 umbrellas that you buy in New York and they collapse as soon as the wind kicks up."
New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, who says stop-and-frisk has resulted in a lower crime rate, plans to appeal Scheindlin's ruling.
On the subject of U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder's order that federal prosecutors no longer seek maximum sentences for some low-level, nonviolent drug offenders, Mukasey believes it defies logic.
"It's interesting, not particularly logical, but interesting. If there are sensible proposals to be made for diminishing the amount of incarceration, I'm all for them. If there are sensible proposals to be made for eliminating mandatory minimums, I'm all for that," he said. "But saying you're not going to enforce the law isn't the way to do it … If we want to get rid of those [mandatory minimums] then the way to do is to pass another law getting rid of them."
See the Steve Malzberg Show on Newsmax TV each weekday live by Clicking Here Now
You can listen to the Steve Malzberg Show each weekday live from 3-6 PM ET on SiriusXM 244.
By Bill Hoffmann
Human Rights News.
Mayor of New York City
Scheindlin
Shira Scheindlin
United States federal judge
Former AG Mukasey: Holder Has Wrong Approach on Mandatory Sentences.
Former U.S. Attorney Gen. Michael Mukasey agrees with current A.G. Eric Holder's goal to end mandatory sentencing, but he thinks it should be done through passing new laws, not by just ignoring the current ones.
"Mandatory minimums impose a certain rigidity in sentencing that's not appropriate in the individual case," Mukasey said Monday on CNN's "The Lead with Jake Tapper."
Congress has already passed a law that says judges don't have to follow mandatory minimums if certain criteria are met, such as the defendant having no criminal history and if there was no violence involved, Mukasey explained.
But that law applies at the sentencing stage, he said. Holder is ordering prosecutors to apply it at the charging stage "when you know very little about a defendant, right after he's arrested, and many of those criteria may not be met."
Mukasey said that when he was attorney general under President George W. Bush he discussed eliminating mandatory minimums with Congressional committees. But it was a "non-starter at that time," he said, "I think because politicians, let's face it, get elected by being tough on crime."
Holder announced the new policy Monday in a speech to the American Bar Association in San Francisco. The move is a major policy shift against the "War on Drugs" begun by President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s.
Mukasey said he would be happy to work with Holder to find proper ways to change mandatory sentencing laws.
By Greg Richter
Former Atty Gen. Mukasey: NSA Leaker's Claims 'Irrational'.
The leaking of secrets doesn't serve to keep Americans safer, says former Attorney General Michael Mukasey. Instead, it helps terrorists avoid detection.
Writing in The Wall Street Journal, Mukasey, who served as the nation's top law enforcement officer during the last two years of George W. Bush's presidency, called claims of pervasive spying "downright irrational."
People from the left and right tend to unite when the government wants to collect data, even for counterterrorism efforts, Mukasey says. But he says their fears are unjustified.
The type of data being collected is not invasive, he argues, and a relatively small number of people have access to it. Add to that the huge responsibility that those people using the data have to keep the country safe — and the lack of time they would have for using it for improper purposes — and any reasonable person would have no need to fear, he says.
Still, he admits, it is theoretically possible that information could be misused, something he says would be "both a shame and a crime."
But to deny that information to intelligence agencies because of the chance of misuse makes as much sense "as it does to deny guns to police because they could be turned on the innocent."
The programs don't violate the Constitution, Mukasey says. The Fourth Amendment bars "unreasonable searches and seizures" and states that "no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause" which must be established by an affidavit and must describe "what or who is to be seized, and from where."
The first clause mentioned does not prevent warrantless searches, he says, only "unreasonable" ones. "And the second simply creates a warrant requirement that is read, with some exceptions, to bar evidence at trial if it is obtained without a valid warrant."
For those concerned with the United States seizing foreign communications, Mukasey notes that the Constitution and U.S. laws protect U.S. citizens and not anyone else.
"Foreign governments spy on us and our citizens. We spy on them and theirs," he writes. "Welcome to the world."
Edward Snowden, the National Security Agency contractor employee, caused real damage when he leaked information on how the United States tracks down terrorist activity, Mukasey says. "Every time we tell terrorists how we can detect them, we encourage them to find ways to avoid detection."
But Mukasey says it isn't just "whistleblowers" who are leaking classified information. President Barack Obama boasted in May 2011 that Osama bin Laden's hideout yielded lots of valuable intelligence, "which alerted anyone who had dealt with bin Laden and thereby rendered much of that material useless."
In June 2012, reports on the United States helping plant the malware Stuxnet in Iran's nuclear facilities included discussions that took place in the White House Situation Room.
Further, Obama has defended the phone tapping and PRISM programs revealed just last week.
"There is little doubt, Mukasey said, "that we will be treated to further disclosures to prove that these programs were successful."
Mukasey
White House Situation Room
Fmr. Attorney General Mukasey: Boston Bombers 'Did Not Act Alone.
The two brothers in the Boston Marathon bombings undoubtedly had help in planning and executing the deadly explosions, former U.S. Attorney General Mike Mukasey believes.
And there's no question the surviving brother, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, deserves to be put to death if he is convicted, Mukasey told Newsmax TV's "The Steve Malzberg Show.''
Story continues below.
"I am convinced that the two of them did not act alone. I'm not talking about the three indicted [on Wednesday]. I'm talking about before, because the creation of those bombs and other materials wasn't entry level work,'' said Mukasey, who served under President George W. Bush.
"They functioned with others … This guy is a poster child for the death penalty when you consider what he did and the planning it took.''
Mukasey said the criminal complaints announced today against two of the three teens — both non-citizens charged Wednesday with obstructing justice — shows the government has major problems in enforcing immigration policy.
"You take a look at the criminal complaints. Two of these guys were in the country on student visas. They were already marked for deportation. They were supposed to have been deported,'' he said.
"Apparently there was some legal proceeding ongoing and they were out and going to school. This is not the act of a couple of guys covering for somebody's underage drinking or violating a curfew or cheating on an exam.
"This was a horrific crime and they covered it up … So it's pretty grim.''
See the Steve Malzberg on Newsmax TV each weekday live by Clicking Here Now
Sirius XM Radio
Steve Malzberg
United States Attorney General
Bush Attorney General: It Was Jihad.
The Boston Marathon bombings were unmistakably a jihadist act, says former U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey. But the Obama administration has disbanded the CIA interrogation group charged with investigating these plots, leaving America more vulnerable than ever to future threats.
Those who feel the only threat from brothers Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev has been eliminated now that one is dead and the other is in custody for the rest of his life can rest easy, Mukasey writes in an op-ed piece published in The Wall Street Journal Sunday.
"But if your concern is over the larger threat that inheres in who the Tsarnaev brothers were and are, what they did, and what they represent, then worry — a lot."
One big worry, Mukasey notes, is how the High-Value Interrogation Group (HIG) will even do its job.
The group was formed by the FBI after the so-called "underwear bomber" was Mirandized in 2009. President Barack Obama had disbanded the CIA interrogation program that might have run the interrogation of the bomber. The two programs aren't even remotely similar in their tactics and goals, suggests Mukasey, who served in the Bush administration from 2007 to 2009.
The FBI has "bowdlerized" its training materials at the request of such Muslim Brotherhood-affiliated groups as the Council on American Islamic Relations (the very controversial CAIR) and the Islamic Society of North America, writes Mukasey. They no longer even mention references to militant Islamism.
"Does this delicacy infect the FBI's interrogation group as well?" he asks in the op-ed, entitled "Make No Mistake, It Was Jihad."
"Will we see another performance like the Army's after-action report following Maj. Nidal Hasan's rampage at Fort Hood in November 2009, preceded by his shout 'allahu akhbar' — a report that spoke nothing of militant Islam but referred to the incident as 'workplace violence'?
"If tone is set at the top, recall that the Army chief of staff at the time said the most tragic result of Fort Hood would be if it interfered with the Army's diversity program," Mukasey writes.
Mukasey wonders whether the probe will look into the FBI's own previous questioning of Tamerlan, which was made after questions were raised by a foreign government, presumably Russia, about radical leanings.
"Tamerlan Tsarnaev is the fifth person since 9/11 who has participated in terror attacks after questioning by the FBI," Mukasey writes.
Another worry: The Tsarnaevs obviously were conducting a suicide operation, Mukasey says, though not the type in which one blows himself up along with his intended victims. Rather, the brothers went about it "in the way of someone who conducts a spree, holding the stage for as long as possible, before he is cut down in a blaze of what he believes is glory."
It had been widely accepted that such attacks were unlikely on American soil since organizers would find it hard to find enough spiritual support to keep would-be suicide attackers focused.
"That analysis went out the window when the Tsarnaevs followed up the bombing of the marathon by murdering a police officer in his car — an act certain to precipitate the violent confrontation that followed," Mukasey writes.
Smaller, less complicated crimes have been attempted since 9/11 because the United States has stepped up its defenses. Mukasey points to the Times Square attempted bomber. These smaller events are still intended to send a message of terror.
But that message may be lost on a president who seems preoccupied with Islamic sensibilities, Mukasey suggests, and not American security.
"There is also cause for concern in the president's reluctance, soon after the Boston bombing, even to use the 't' word—terrorism—and in his vague musing on Friday about some unspecified agenda of the perpetrators, when by then there was no mystery: the agenda was jihad."
For five years there have been claims that Americans need to learn how to change the Muslim world's perception of the United States. Few have focused on a more important question: why we are hated, Mukasey writes.
The ideology of hatred extends at least to the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in the early part of the 20th century, according to Mukasey.
"The ideology has regarded the United States as its principal adversary since the late 1940s, when a Brotherhood principal, Sayid Qutb, visited this country and was aghast at what he saw as its decadence."
Qutb was especially shocked by the freedom that women had at the Colorado college he attended. One of the most influential Muslim thinkers of the last 100 years, his inner circle mainly consisted of influential politicians and intellectuals in Egypt and other countries. Many of his writings were required reading in the curricula of the Arab world's finest universities.
The first World Trade Center bombing in 1993, U.S. embassy attacks in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998, the bombing of the USS Cole in 2000, and the 9/11 attacks were all fueled by hatred of American values that has its roots in Qutb's writings, Mukasey writes.
Despite this, no outreach is extended to critical Muslim organizations in the United States, such as the American Islamic Forum for Democracy, that speak out against the totalitarian Islamic ideology, he points out.
"There are Muslim organizations in this country, such as the American Islamic Forum for Democracy, headed by Dr. Zuhdi Jasser, that speak out bravely against that totalitarian ideology. They receive no shout-out at presidential speeches; no outreach is extended to them," he adds.
"One of the Tsarnaev brothers is dead; the other might as well be. But if that is the limit of our concern, there will be others," he concludes.
High-Value Interrogation Group
Islamic Society of North America


Looking for the best romantic movies? Need a sensual video to watch in front of the fire? Trying to find a list of the best romantic comedies? From the Twilight series to When Harry Met Sally to The Wedding Date, browse our movie reviews, watch previews and get romantic!
Each page has the alphabet at the top and bottom. Click on a letter to find movie listed under that letter.
Browse brief romantic movie descriptions and my personal review.
To go to Netflix (for romantic movie rentals), click on the text link under the picture.
To go to Amazon (to purchase romantic movies), click on the picture.
To view products like movie posters, books and movie paraphernalia, click on the additional links.
To shop for Romantic Movies and Romantic Movie Collections to browse and buy, go to our Romance Movies Store. Buying romantic movies in collections is a great way to add to your romantic movie library without breaking the bank!
I think I am probably the world's biggest fan of romantic movies. I never get tired of them. D. (bless his heart) likes to watch other things besides romantic movies, so we alternate romances with action adventures, dramas, comedies and thrillers.
Whenever it's my turn to choose; I always pick Romance Movies. I just have to decide if I want to see a Romance Classic, a Romantic Drama, a Romantic Comedy, a Foreign Romance, an Indie Foreign Romance, an Indie Foreign Steamy Romance, or all of the above!
We used to be video store junkies. We would spend hours trudging up and down the aisles looking for movies to watch. Then we would stand in line and cringe at the "new release" prices. And then, to add insult to injury, nine times out of ten it seems like we returned them late and had to pay late fees. They sure loved us at the video store!
We live over 30 minutes from the nearest video rental store. Sometimes we would feel like watching a movie (romance movies! romance movies!) but couldn't really justify the trip into town. Since we don't watch TV, we would have to go without or dig into our "previously viewed" collection; not always so desirable!
Then one day, several years ago, we had a conversation with my father who was (and is) a Netflix subscriber. He said that the monthly fee that he pays is more than worth the comfort and ease of ALWAYS having a movie to watch that he has chosen WHENEVER he wants. He told us how the movies are delivered straight to his mailbox for free and how when he is done he just drops the postage paid red envelope into any mailbox. The new movies he has selected show up within another day or two.
It sounded too good to be true, but we looked into it and signed up for a Netflix FREE TRIAL Offer . Needless to say, we were sold and have been happy Netflix customers ever since. I really can't say enough good about their program. It fits perfectly into our lifestyle and no more standing in line at the video store!
What works for me is to go onto the Netflix website and spend some time browsing the impressively vast selection, watching the previews and selecting my movies. I check out the new releases and the various romance movie genres like I then put them in my queue: One for D, one for me, one for D, one for me, etc. That way, I don't have to even think about what's coming. I've done all the choosing from the comfort of my home computer.
I like that we can keep them as long as we want, too. Sometimes we get busy and don't get around to watching many movies. No problem. It's great having the movies available any time we're "in the mood".
We subscribe to their "3 at-a-time (Unlimited) Plan". That means that we can watch as many movies as we want in a month while having three at home at one time.
On the unusual occasions that we have received a broken DVD or even more rarely, an unplayable one: All you have to do is go on the website and report the problem and they send you a replacement the very next day! You don't have even have to send the bad one back.
We have a satellite connection for our internet (rural living has it's joys...) and the connection isn't very fast. With a more "regular" connection we would also be able to take advantage of their "online viewing" program. Subscribers to the 3 at home program are eligible for umpteen hours of online movie watching every month...and it's FREE!
Another great feature that we can use when we are going to be out of town for an extended holiday (I like the sound of that, don't you?)is the Account Hold feature. You can place your account on hold for 7-90 days and avoid the monthly charge. Is that cool or cool?
So, the next time you are wishing you had a good romantic movie to watch: RENT movies from Netflix!
Hey! What about making my OWN Romance Movies Collection?
There are some movies that I like so well, I watch them over and over again. After I have rented them once through Netflix and decided that I MUST OWN THIS ROMANTIC MOVIE, I go to AMAZON to buy it (and other) Romantic DVDs to add to my Romantic Movies Collection. Do you suppose there is a 12 step program for people like me? "Hi. I'm Sara and I'm a Romance Movies-a-holic..."
Check out our romantic movie quote database and discover pages and pages of free movie quotes! It's easy to search movie quotes alphabetically by title or simply browse our list of movie quotes and unearth some romantic gems. Find those great movie quotes NOW!


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/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/articles/coronaviruscovid19relateddeathsbydisabilitystatusenglandandwales/24january2020to9march2022
Updated estimates of coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by disability status, England
Updated estimates of coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by disability status, England: 24 January 2020 to 9 March 2022
Estimates of differences in coronavirus (COVID-19) mortality risk by self-reported disability status for deaths occurring up to 9 March 2022, using linked data from the Office for National Statistics' Public Health Data Asset.
This is the latest release.
View previous releases
Perrine Machuel, Seth Thomas, Josephine Foubert
Overview of COVID-19 related deaths by disability status
Age-standardised mortality rates involving COVID-19 by self-reported disability status
Risk of death involving COVID-19 by self-reported disability status
Difference between the risk of death involving COVID-19 during the coronavirus pandemic waves by self-reported disability status
Coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by disability status data
Data sources and quality
View all data used in this Article
In this publication, we use self-reported disability status from the 2011 Census; those who said in the Census that their day-to-day activities were "limited a little" or "limited a lot" are referred to as "less-disabled" and "more-disabled" respectively, whereas people reporting no limitation to their activities are referred to as "non-disabled".
Between 24 January 2020 and 9 March 2022 in England, the rates of deaths involving coronavirus (COVID-19) for both disabled and non-disabled people significantly decreased between the second (12 September 2020 to 11 June 2021) and third waves of the coronavirus pandemic (12 June 2021 to 9 March 2022), with rates falling below levels seen in the first wave (24 January 2020 to 11 September 2020).
In each wave of the coronavirus pandemic, age-standardised mortality rates involving COVID-19 for more- and less-disabled people of both sexes remained higher compared with non-disabled people.
When modelling the risk of death involving COVID-19, after adjusting for age, residence type, geography, socio-economic and demographic factors, health characteristics, and vaccination status, a significantly greater risk of death remains for all disabled people compared with non-disabled people; this remains largely unchanged across the three waves of the coronavirus pandemic.
The risk of death involving COVID-19 was 1.4 times greater for more-disabled men and 1.3 times greater for less-disabled men, compared with non-disabled men.
The risk of death involving COVID-19 was 1.6 times greater for more-disabled women and 1.3 times greater for less-disabled women, compared with non-disabled women.
Statistician's comment
"Death rates involving coronavirus (COVID-19) decreased for both disabled and non-disabled people between second and third waves of the pandemic. However, today's analysis shows a continued elevated risk of COVID-19 mortality in disabled people compared with non-disabled people, which remains largely unchanged across the three waves of the pandemic. No single factor explains this elevated risk and this analysis suggests it is down to a range of disadvantages experienced by disabled people"
Julie Stanborough, Deputy Director Health and Life Events, Office for National Statistics.
2. Overview of COVID-19 related deaths by disability status
The Office for National Statistics (ONS) previously published an analysis of deaths involving coronavirus (COVID-19) by self-reported disability status and learning disability status in the article: Updated estimates of coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by disability status, England: 24 January to 20 November 2020. The previous release used linkage of death registrations to the 2011 Census to account for demographic, socio-economic, geographic and health characteristics also associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection and death.
In previous releases we have reported on deaths by learning disability status. We have not included that analysis in this report as we are developing a programme of work drawing on, among others, Census 2021 data and linkage of administrative data sources. The aim is to provide estimates for different impairment types to reflect the variety of experiences among disabled people, including learning disability.
We explore whether differences in the risk of COVID-19 mortality between disabled and non-disabled people have changed over the course of the coronavirus pandemic and vaccination programme. Therefore, analyses have been extended to cover deaths occurring up to 9 March 2022 and stratified by coronavirus pandemic waves:
Wave 1 - deaths occurring between 24 January and 11 September 2020
Wave 2 - deaths occurring between 12 September 2020 and 11 June 2021
Wave 3 - deaths occurring between 12 June 2021 and 9 March 2022
This article presents a summary of findings and highlights statistically significant differences in mortality rates between disabled and non-disabled populations. Please refer to the accompanying datasets for detailed breakdowns of analysis.
We compared the relative risk of death involving COVID-19 by self-reported disability status across all three waves of the coronavirus pandemic after adjusting for age, place of residence, geography, socio-economic and demographic factors, and health characteristics. Reflecting the progress of the vaccination roll out, our analysis of the second wave further adjusts for first and second vaccination doses, and the third wave adjusts for first, second and third doses. We do this by linkage to vaccination data from the National Immunisation Management Service (NIMS) for vaccination occurring on or after 8 December 2020.
Estimates for the third wave are provisional, as the third wave may extend beyond the study period. Also, it is possible that some deaths involving COVID-19 that occurred in this period have not yet been registered. Similarly, some vaccinations administered during the study period may not yet have been recorded.
3. Age-standardised mortality rates involving COVID-19 by self-reported disability status
Figure 1: More-disabled people had the highest age-standardised COVID-19 mortality rate compared with less- and non-disabled people across all three waves of the coronavirus pandemic
Age-standardised mortality rates for deaths involving COVID-19 with 95% confidence intervals, by sex and self-reported disability status, stratified by waves, England: 24 January 2020 to 9 March 2022
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Office for National Statistics (ONS) figures are based on death registrations involving COVID-19 up to 23 March 2022 for people aged 30 to 100 years occurring between 24 January and 9 March 2022 that could be linked to the 2011 Census and General Practice Extraction Service Data for Pandemic and Planning Research.
Deaths were defined using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Deaths involving COVID-19 include those with an underlying cause, or any mention, of ICD-10 codes U07.1 (COVID-19, virus identified), U07.2 (COVID-19, virus not identified) or U09.9 (Post-COVID condition).
Disability status was defined according to the 2011 Census question; "Are your day-to-day activities limited because of a health problem or disability which has lasted, or is expected to last, at least 12 months? - Include problems related to old age" (Yes, limited a lot; Yes, limited a little; and No).
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Disabled people were identified based on their self-reported disability status in the 2011 Census. A distinction was made between those who reported that their day-to-day activities were "limited a little" or "limited a lot" as a result of a long-term health condition. These two categories are referred to here as "less-disabled" and "more-disabled" respectively, whereas people reporting no limitation to their activities are referred to as "non-disabled". The distinction between less-disabled and more-disabled is based solely on 2011 Census data and not inferred from any other information. Therefore, it only implies a difference based on self-reported activity restrictions.
Figure 1 presents annualised age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs) involving coronavirus (COVID-19) among both men and women aged between 30 and 100 years. ASMRs allow populations with different age structures to be compared fairly. Disability is more common in older populations; therefore, it is important to adjust for population age structure in this way. In addition, using annualised rates enable periods of different length to be compared fairly. We adjust for time to be able to compare coronavirus pandemic waves of different duration.
Disabled people had a higher rate of death involving COVID-19 across each wave of the coronavirus pandemic, between 24 January 2020 and 9 March 2022, compared with non-disabled people.
More-disabled men had a statistically significantly higher rate of death involving COVID-19 than less-disabled men across each wave; a similar pattern was reflected in disabled women.
In the third wave of the coronavirus pandemic (deaths occurring between 12 June 2021 and 9 March 2022), there was a decrease in the absolute rates of death for disabled and non-disabled people, compared with the first and second waves. However, the relative rates of death between disabled and non-disabled people did not decrease between the second and third wave of the pandemic.
Relative to non-disabled men, mortality rates were 3.1 times higher for more-disabled men in the second wave of the coronavirus pandemic (303.7 per 100,000 person-years in non-disabled men compared with 942.1 per 100,000 person-years in more-disabled men). This raised rate of death for more-disabled men persisted in the third wave.
The mortality rate for more-disabled women was 3.8 times higher than for non-disabled women in the second wave of the coronavirus pandemic (670.2 compared with 174.7 for non-disabled women). In the third wave of the pandemic, the mortality rate for more-disabled women was 4.6 times higher (246.8) than the rate in non-disabled women (54.1).
On average, across all waves, mortality rates for less-disabled men were almost twice as high as rates for men who are not disabled (1.8 times, 1.9 times and 1.9 times, for waves 1, 2 and 3, respectively). Similar patterns were seen in the relative rates for less-disabled women, whereby their rates were 2.0 times, 2.0 times and 2.1 times higher than in non-disabled women across the three waves.
4. Risk of death involving COVID-19 by self-reported disability status
We used statistical models (Cox proportional hazards regression) to estimate how differences in the risk of death involving coronavirus (COVID-19) changed when adjusting for a range of factors affecting both the risk of infection and the risk of death if infected. This approach helps us to understand which factors may be driving the differences in mortality by disability status.
We report hazard ratios (HR) for each disability status relative to the non-disabled group. The HR is a measure of how much greater or lesser the risk of death involving COVID-19 is in the two disabled groups compared with non-disabled people. A HR greater than 1 indicates a greater risk of death involving COVID-19 compared with the reference group (non-disabled people). A HR less than 1 indicates a lower risk of COVID-19 mortality relative to the reference group.
In our baseline model, we present HRs adjusted for age only (model 1). We then adjust for:
type of residence (private household, care home, or other communal establishments), in our second model
geography (local authority district and population density of the Lower layer Super Output Area), in our third model
demographic and socio-economic factors (ethnicity, deprivation, household characteristics, socio-economic measures and occupational exposure), in our fourth model
the number of hospital admissions and the number of days spent in admitted patient care (derived from hospital records since April 2017) and the presence of pre-existing health conditions (derived from primary care records since January 2000), in our fifth model; the model also allowed for the effect of all these health-related factors to vary depending on whether the individual is aged 70 years or over
vaccination status (we allow vaccination status to vary for each person in our study population, in the period from 8 December 2020 to 9 March 2022), in our sixth model
Figure 2: Elevated COVID-19 mortality risk for disabled people was lower after adjusting for personal, household, occupational and health characteristics, but remained significantly higher than for non-disabled people
Hazard ratios for deaths involving COVID-19 for disabled men and women relative to non-disabled people of the same sex, adjusting for age, residence type, geography, socio-economic and demographic factors, health characteristics, and vaccination status, England: 24 January 2020 to 9 March 2022
Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for age, residence type, geography (local authority and population density), socio-economic and demographic factors (ethnicity, area, household composition, socio-economic position, highest qualification held, household tenure, and occupation indicators - including keyworkers, exposure to disease and proximity to others), health (hospital admissions since April 2017 and pre-existing health conditions identified from primary care records since January 2000) and vaccination status (from 8 December 2020 onwards).
Office for National Statistics (ONS) figures based on death registrations up to 23 March 2022 of people aged 30 to 100 years that occurred between 24 January 2020 and 9 March 2022, that could be linked to the 2011 Census and General Practice Extraction Service Data for Pandemic Planning and Research.
Similar to our previous publication, after adjusting for age only, men and women from both disabled groups were at a greater risk of death involving COVID-19 compared with non-disabled people. Further stepwise adjustment for residence type, geography and socio-demographic characteristics accounts for a substantial decrease in the elevated COVID-19 mortality risk for disabled people of both groups and both sexes, relative to non-disabled people (Figure 2).
This decrease in relative risk was greater for more-disabled individuals compared with less-disabled individuals. Adjusting for age only, the relative risk of death was 3.1 times higher for more-disabled men relative to non-disabled men. This raised risk of death was 2.1 times higher after adjusting for residence type, geography and socio-economic characteristics. In comparison, when adjusting for age only, the raised risk of death for less-disabled men was 1.9 times higher compared with non-disabled men, and 1.6 times higher after adjusting for the same additional characteristics.
A similar trend was seen between more- and less-disabled women. After adjusting for age only, the corresponding relative risk for more-disabled women was 3.6 times higher compared with non-disabled women, and 2.4 times higher after further adjusting for residence type, geography and socio-economic characteristics. In comparison, less-disabled women had a risk of death 2.0 times higher after adjusting for age, and 1.7 times higher adjusting for the same additional characteristics.
Several factors may explain the greater decrease in relative risk for more-disabled people, when accounting for age, residence type, geography and socio-economic characteristics. More-disabled people might be disproportionately exposed to a range of disadvantageous conditions reflected in our residence type, geographic and socio-demographic variables.
More-disabled people might be more likely to live in a communal establishment, or be in contact with a keyworker, two variables included in our residence type and socio-demographic characteristics (see Updated estimates of coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by disability status, England methodology for further details). These factors are known to increase the risk of COVID-19 related death. Adjusting for these characteristics may highlight a difference in the exposure to disadvantageous circumstances faced by more-disabled individuals, relative to less and non-disabled people.
After controlling for age, residence type, geography and socio-demographic factors, we control for pre-existing conditions and hospital admissions. Subsequently, the relative risk of death decreased from 2.1 to 1.4 times higher for more-disabled men compared to non-disabled men, over the whole of the coronavirus pandemic period. Adjusting for health characteristics, the relative risk of death for less-disabled men also significantly decreased compared with non-disabled men. Similar patterns were also seen for more- and less-disabled women, compared with non-disabled women.
In contrast, further adjusting for vaccination status (Figure 2) does not significantly decrease the elevated risk of COVID-19 death for all disabled individuals of both sexes, relative to their non-disabled counterparts. This shows that the differences in the proportions of disabled and non-disabled people who have received the same number of vaccinations does not further explain the elevated risk of COVID-19 related death faced by disabled people.
Where the risk remains broadly the same after adjusting for vaccination status, it does not mean the vaccine is not effective. It simply means differences in vaccination coverage between the groups do not explain observed differences in mortality risk. For analyses of vaccine effectiveness, see Monitoring reports of the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination on GOV.UK.
For all disabled people, an unexplained elevated risk of COVID-19 mortality remained after adjusting for relevant factors: age, residence type, geography, socio-demographic factors, health characteristics and vaccination status, relative to non-disabled individuals. Fully adjusted models revealed men and women from both disabled groups were at greater risk of death involving COVID-19 compared with non-disabled people (Figure 2).
Fully adjusted models further show the risk of death involving COVID-19 for more- and less-disabled men were 1.4 and 1.3 times greater, respectively, than for non-disabled men. The corresponding risks for women were 1.6 and 1.3, respectively. More-disabled women were at a statistically significantly higher risk of death than more-disabled men. Adjusting for all relevant factors accounts for the difference in the elevated risk of COVID-19 death between less-disabled men and less-disabled women. More-disabled people of both sexes faced the highest risk of COVID-19 mortality, followed by less-disabled people.
Our previous analysis in Updated estimates of coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by disability status, England: 24 January to 20 November 2020 revealed that adjusting for age, residence type, geography, socio-economic and health characteristics fully accounted for the elevated risk of death observed between less-disabled and non-disabled men.
In this release, despite adjusting for similar factors, a smaller but statistically significant elevated risk of death remains for less-disabled men, compared with non-disabled men. This may be because of a number of reasons, among others, this release extends the period of analysis to 9 March 2022, and features vaccination status. In addition, we used an updated version of the General Practice Extraction Service (GPES) Data for Pandemic Planning and Research (GDPPR), which means the models are not strictly comparable over different releases. No changes were made to the way we define disability. Please refer to Updated estimates of coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by disability status, England, methodology for more details.
We find that no single factor explains the elevated risk of death involving COVID-19 among disabled people. For both sexes, and for both more- and less-disabled people. The largest reduction in the risk of death was achieved by accounting for socio-economic and geographic characteristics and pre-existing health and hospital admissions in the model. The former group of factors included region, ethnicity, area deprivation, household composition and occupation, all of which affect the risk of death involving COVID-19. Therefore, it can be inferred that a large part (but not all) of the increased risk is because disabled people are disproportionately exposed to a broad range of generally disadvantageous circumstances compared with non-disabled people.
5. Difference between the risk of death involving COVID-19 during the coronavirus pandemic waves by self-reported disability status
Figure 3: Elevated COVID-19 mortality risk for disabled people (relative to non-disabled people) remained largely unchanged during the first, second and third waves of the coronavirus pandemic
Hazard ratios for deaths involving COVID-19 for disabled men and women relative to non-disabled people of the same sex, in the first (24 January to 11 September 2020), second (12 September 2020 to 11 June 2021) and third (12 June 2021 to 9 March 2022) waves of the coronavirus pandemic, adjusting for age, residence type, geography, socio-economic and demographic factors, health characteristics, and vaccination status, England
Cox proportional hazards models (adjusted for age, residence type, geography, socio-economic and demographic factors, health variables, and vaccination status (in wave two and three only), stratified by first (24 January to 11 September 2020), second (12 September 2020 to 11 June 2021) and third (12 June 2021 to 9 March 2022) waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.
To explore whether the relative differences in the risk of coronavirus (COVID-19) mortality between disabled and non-disabled people changed over the course of the coronavirus pandemic, we examined deaths across three defined infection waves. We used our fully adjusted models, adjusting for age, residence type, geography, socio-demographic and health characteristics, and vaccination status from 8 December 2020 (see Updated estimates of coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by disability status, England, methodology for more information).
Figure 3 shows the hazard ratios (HR) for disabled men and women in the first, second and third waves of the coronavirus pandemic. The excess risk of death involving COVID-19 mortality for all disabled people, relative to non-disabled people remained unchanged between waves one, two and three.
6. Coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by disability status data
Dataset | Released 9 May 2022
Estimates of differences in coronavirus (COVID-19) mortality risk by disability status for deaths occurring up to 9 March 2022, using linked data from the Office for National Statistics Public Health Data Asset.
Age-standardised mortality rates
Age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs) are used to allow comparisons between populations that may contain different proportions of different ages. The 2013 European Standard Population is used to standardise rates. We use annualised rates, which means that ASMRs are calculated per 100,000 person-years at-risk and can be interpreted as mortality rates per 100,000 population per year.
Cox proportional hazards regression model
The Cox proportional hazards regression model is a multiple regression procedure that measures the association between a time-to-event outcome and a characteristic of interest (such as disability status). It also adjusts for other characteristics expected to be associated with the outcome.
A hazard ratio (HR) is a measure of the relative differences in the instantaneous rate of mortality between groups. A HR greater than 1 indicates the rate of mortality is higher, and likewise, less than 1 lower, in the population group under study compared with a reference group.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) deaths
Deaths involving coronavirus (COVID-19) include those with an underlying cause, or any mention, of International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes U07.1 (COVID-19, virus identified), U07.2 (COVID-19, virus not identified) or U09.9 (post-COVID condition). A doctor can certify the involvement of COVID-19 based on symptoms and clinical findings - a positive test result is not required.
To define disability in this publication, we refer to the self-reported answers to the 2011 Census question, "Are your day-to-day activities limited because of a health problem or disability which has lasted, or is expected to last, at least 12 months? - Include problems related to old age" (Yes, limited a lot or yes, limited a little or no). The limited a little and limited a lot categories are referred to in this article as "less-disabled" and "more-disabled" respectively, whereas people reporting no limitation on their activities are referred to as "non-disabled". The distinction between less-disabled and more-disabled is based solely on 2011 Census data and not inferred from any other information. Therefore, it only implies a difference based on self-reported activity restrictions.
This is slightly different to the current Government Statistical Service (GSS) harmonised "core" definition. This identifies a "disabled" person as someone who self-reports having a physical or mental health condition or illness that has lasted or is expected to last 12 months or more that reduces their ability to carry-out day-to-day activities.
The GSS definition is designed to reflect the definitions that appear in legal terms in the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and the subsequent Equality Act 2010.
The statistical significance of differences noted within the release are based on non-overlapping confidence intervals.
8. Data sources and quality
These analyses use data from the Office for National Statistics' (ONS) Public Health Data Asset (PHDA) and build on the methods used in previous publications. The PHDA combines 2011 Census records, death registrations, Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and primary care records retrieved from the General Practice Extraction Service (GPES) Data for Pandemic Planning and Research (GDPPR), with England coverage only. We linked vaccination data from the National Immunisation Management Service (NIMS) to the PHDA based on NHS number to adjust for vaccination status.
Information about these data sources, how they have been linked, and the methods used for previous publications can be found in Updated estimates of coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by disability status, England, methodology.
The study population consisted of people aged 30 to 100 years in England who were alive on 24 January 2020 and could be linked to the 2011 Census and primary care records for current NHS patients. People aged under 30 years were excluded because their living circumstances are more likely to have changed since the 2011 Census.
People living in both private households and communal establishments (such as care homes) in the 2011 Census were included in the analysis. Care home residence status was updated using the NHS Patient Register 2019 for people who were recorded as living in a private household in the 2011 Census but had subsequently moved into a care home.
The primary strength of the study is using nationwide linked population-level data. The data combine a rich set of demographic and socio-economic factors from the 2011 Census with death registrations data, pre-existing health conditions from electronic health records, and vaccination status from the National Immunisation Management System. Unlike studies based only on electronic health records, our study relies on self-identified disability, reflecting an individual's perception.
The Public Health Data Asset (PHDA) only contains information on people who were enumerated at the 2011 Census. It therefore excludes:
people living in England in 2011 but not taking part in the 2011 Census (estimated to be about 5%)
respondents who could not be linked to the 2011 to 2013 NHS Patient Registers (5.4% of census respondents)
people who have immigrated since 2011
people who registered with a general practitioner after the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, as we only account for pre-coronavirus pandemic health characteristics
The measure of disability and many of the socio-demographic variables were derived from the 2011 Census. Consequently, information bias is likely to happen as many older people will have developed disability in the last decade and yet will remain recorded as not disabled. While transitions out of activity limitation are also possible, this is less likely bearing in mind that reported disability tends to increase with age. As such, these contrasts should be treated as conservative estimates of differences.
In addition, some of the socio-demographic characteristics might have changed since the 2011 Census and may not accurately reflect individuals' circumstances during the coronavirus pandemic. To mitigate measurement error, we restricted our analysis to people aged 30 years and over.
10. Related links
Updated estimates of coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by disability status, England: 24 January 2020 to 20 November 2020
Estimates of differences in COVID-19 mortality risk by self-reported disability status and diagnosed learning disability status for deaths occurring up to 20 November 2020, using linked data from the 2011 Census, death registrations, and primary care and hospital records.
Updated estimates of coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by pandemic wave and disability status, England: 24 January to 28 February 2021
Dataset | Released 26 July 2021
Estimates of differences in COVID-19 mortality risk by self-reported disability status for deaths occurring up to 28 February 2021, using linked data from the 2011 Census, death registrations, and primary care and hospital records across each wave of the pandemic.
Disability pay gaps in the UK: 2021
Article | Released 25 April 2022
Earnings statistics for disabled and non-disabled employees in the UK, using regression analysis to provide more insight into factors that affect pay.
Outcomes for disabled people in the UK: 2021
Outcomes for disabled people in the UK across a number of areas of life, such as employment, education, well-being, loneliness, crime and social participation. Statistical indicators based on annual data from various sources.
Coronavirus and the social impacts on disabled people in Great Britain: March 2020 to December 2021
Article | Released 2 February 2022
Analysis of the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on disabled people in Great Britain during periods throughout the pandemic from March 2020 to December 2021. Based on estimates from the Opinions and Lifestyle Survey.
Contact details for this Article
health.data@ons.gov.uk


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Photo of children at Sunnylands Primary in our new school allotment pictured with Fiona Newell our school gardener and Roberta Hardy from Sunnybank Nursery.
Roz McFeeters, Principal of Sunnylands Primary School said "Through Carrickfergus in Bloom we have received vouchers for the garden centre which have been put to good use in creating our new planting area in our grounds. We are currently growing potatoes, carrots, cauliflowers, lettuce and much more. The children are enjoying the 'hands on' experience and have learned much from Mrs. Newell's regular visits. As a result Sunnylands is certainly in Bloom at the moment!"