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US Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Activities in Japan 1945 – 2015: A Visual Guide
Desmond Ball and Richard Tanter
Volume 14 | Issue 6 | Number 6
'Due to government secrecy, our citizens are often ignorant of the fact that our garrisons encircle the planet. This vast network of American bases on every continent except Antarctica actually constitutes a new form of empire -- an empire of bases.'
Chalmers Johnson, America's Empire of Bases
Nobody, probably not even the Pentagon, knows exactly how many military bases the United States maintains in foreign countries, or how many have come and gone in the past. Today, there are certainly more than a thousand, and still increasing, and expanding into new fronts, especially in Central Africa. A 'base' can mean many different things, but the ones that usually receive most attention are those where the mechanics of American power projection are most evident – US Marines on the ground or large weapons platforms in place or coming and going: warships, aircraft, submarines, and major ground force equipment. Important to scrutinise as these are, other, less conspicuous types of US foreign military facilities are arguably even more important in the US empire of bases. Before a missile can be launched, the target – and its role, characteristics, and defences - has to be known and found. There are different types and layers of intelligence that feed into such targeting matrices, ranging from flash time-sensitive observations through to the longterm maintenance of adversary electronic order of battle documents recording, for example, the location and capacities of opposition armed forces, air and missile defence radars, and their precise role in the event of combat. But all of this means that for those concerned to assess the consequences of US bases in foreign countries need to attend to signals intelligence bases whose constant and efficient functioning is a necessary prerequisite for power projection.
'Signals intelligence' or SIGINT is then one of the highest priorities for any military, and critical to US global operations. Signals intelligence bases range from huge Circularly-disposed Antenna Arrays or 'elephant cages' more than 400 metres in diameter picking up military transmissions from more than 7,000 kms away, to farms of parabolic antennas downlinking transmissions collected from the ground by SIGINT satellites in geosynchronous orbit, through to small antennas in embassies and consulates picking up local cell phone transmissions between towers. Signals intelligence interceptions are mainly classified as either communication intelligence (COMINT) made up of transmissions between people and electronic intelligence (ELINT) made up of other kinds of transmissions besides communication – such as radar emissions.
A key factor in the location and design of signals intelligence facilities is the type of signals they are attempting to intercept – especially their strength and frequency. Signal strength, for example, declines with the square of the distance from the transmitter to the receiver. Different frequencies behave differently as they pass through the earth's atmosphere and its changing conditions. Some are impeded by rain; others are reflected to a greater or lesser degree by layers in the ionosphere, enabling short-wave (High Frequency 3-30 MHz) radio signals to bounce around the world. 'Line of sight' (LOS) radio at VHF frequencies (30-300 MHz) and higher generally follow a straight line from the point of transmission until at a certain distance the curvature of the earth makes it impossible for the receiving station to pick up the signal. At a little above sea-level this is a matter of tens of kilometres. For a transmitter at an altitude of 1,500 metres, line of site range is more than 150 kms, depending on weather conditions.
The higher the frequency, the smaller the antenna diameter required to receive and transmit. On the other hand, the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength, and the greater demands for antenna precision and stability, especially from transmitters and receivers in motion.
As the military and commercial demand for bandwidth has grown rapidly, satellite communications, which are now critical for all advanced militaries, have moved progressively up the radio frequency spectrum to shorter and shorter wavelengths, from the Very High Frequency Range (VHF; 30 - 300 MHz) through Ultra High Frequency (UHF), Super High Frequency (SHF) and Extremely High Frequency (EHF; 30 – 300 GHz) range.
The US maintained signals intelligence (SIGINT) activities at about 100 sites in Japan during the Cold War, probably more than in any other country. In Japan today, about 1,000 US personnel are engaged in SIGINT, Information Operations, Internet surveillance and Network Warfare activities, mainly at Yokusuka, Misawa, Yokota Air Base in Tokyo, Camp Hansen and Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, and the US Embassy in Tokyo. The US SIGINT activities in Japan have directly supported US nuclear war planning, Korean War and Vietnam operations, and since September 2011, the 'Global War on Terror'. The technological developments over these seven decades have been stupendous. The end of the Cold War coincided with the beginning of the World Wide Web and the Internet age. Surveillance of the Internet and computer network systems became the highest priority. Intelligence became conflated with operations, with a proliferation of Information Operations (IO) and Cyber-warfare units. There has been no Japanese involvement in the US SIGINT activities, and no direct cooperation between US and Japanese SIGINT stations, apart from limited cooperation with respect to particular crises, and with the partial exception of Camelus at Camp Hansen since 2007. Japan is a Third Party to the UKUSA Agreements under which the US and Japan exchange certain designated intercept materials, including HF/VHF DF bearings, but excluding higher level cryptologic material.
The full version of this report provides accounts and photographs of more than 90 SIGINT bases operated by the US military in Japan since 1945. It draws on declassified official US documents, memoirs of former service personnel, Japanese reports, photographic interpretation, and extensive site visits for ground-truthing.
The US now conducts signals intelligence (SIGINT) and cyber-warfare activities at six places in Japan. Yokosuka Naval Base in Tokyo Bay, which was first opened as a US Navy SIGINT station in April 1946, now hosts the Navy Information Operations Command (NIOC), which provides SIGINT, Information Operations and Cyber-warfare support to the 7th Fleet HQ at Yokosuka. The SIGINT station at Misawa in Aomori Prefecture, which was established by the US Air Force in March 1951, became by the 1990s one of the largest in the world, hosting a huge AN/FLR-9 Circularly-disposed Antenna Array (CDAA), a large satellite communications (SATCOM) interception field, and the Misawa Cryptologic Operations Center (MCOC), involving large elements from the cryptological agencies of each Service, although the AN/FLR-9 elephant cage has recently been dismantled and the Service elements have departed. Yokota Air Base in metropolitan Tokyo, once the main base in Japan for US airborne SIGINT operations in the Far East, now hosts the office of the Department of Defense (DoD) Special Representative Japan (DSRJ), the senior representative of the National Security Agency (NSA) in Japan, and has become a major internet surveillance and Network Warfare centre. An enormous CDAA was constructed at Camp Hansen, in Okinawa, in 2002-06; it replaced the US Navy's giant AN/FRD-10 CDAA at Camp Hanza, which was built in 1962 and dismantled in 2007. Kadena Air Base in Okinawa is now the main base in Japan for US Air Force RC-135 and US Navy EP-3E SIGINT aircraft operating in the western Pacific. The NSA reportedly also maintains a special collection unit at the US Embassy in Tokyo.
The US maintained SIGINT activities at about 100 sites in Japan at various times over the period from 1945 to the mid-1990s, notwithstanding several rounds of rationalisation and consolidation. It probably had more SIGINT-related sites in Japan than in any other country during the Cold War. There were more US SIGINT sites in Western Europe than in the East Asian/western Pacific theatre during the course of that half century, but Japan hosted by far the most in the latter region.
As an NSA history of US cryptological activities during the Cold War noted in 1967, Japan was 'close to the enemy, an ideal SIGINT platform, and in a quasi-subordinate diplomatic status resulting from the American occupation'. Okinawa, still under US military administration until 1972, 'had become a virtual aircraft carrier for American SIGINT collection, with stations at Sobe, [deleted], Hanza and Kadena'.1
The US facilities varied enormously with respect to their sizes, capabilities, functions and productivity. Many of them were small and short-lived, especially during the early postwar period. Many minor direction-finding (DF) sites, in particular, were located in remote and isolated places, and maintained by only a few people. On the other hand, some stations were very large and involved major investments, such as the AN/FLR-9 CDAA and the Project Ladylove SATCOM (satellite communications) interception facilities at Misawa, the Navy's station at Kami Seya, and the AN/FRD-10 facility at Camp Hanza in Okinawa. Some became quite famous, such as Wakkanai, which intercepted the Soviet Air Force signals relating to the shoot-down of KAL Flight 007 over Sakhalin Island on 1 September 1983, portions of the tape recordings of which were played by President Ronald Reagan in a special address to the nation several days later, attracting world-wide attention to the facility. Camp Hanza was embroiled in local political controversy for more than three decades until the so-called 'elephant cage' was dismantled. The Ladylove SATCOM interception site at Misawa is featured on innumerable websites about NSA's Echelon civilian telecommunications monitoring program.
From fragmentary beginnings in 1945, within a couple of decades thousands of people were maintaining large antenna farms at more than 20 places, with many more minor sites. Among the larger sites, about 1,500 personnel were assigned to Kami Seya in 1960, Camp Hanza had about 500 personnel at its peak in the late 1960s and the 1970s, about 500 were stationed at Wakkanai in the late 1950s and the 1960s, some 865 personnel were at Onna Point in Okinawa in 1965, and more than 700 personnel were at the Joint Sobe Processing Station (JSPS) at Torii Station in Okinawa in 1968. There were more than 1,900 personnel at Misawa in 1983. A total of around 6,000 would have been engaged in SIGINT activities throughout Japan at the numerical peak in the late 1960s, with perhaps around 4,000 in the 1970s and 1980s. Many tens of thousands of US SIGINT personnel have served in Japan during the decades since 1945. As in the realm of information technology more generally, SIGINT establishments and operations have been transformed in both capacities and levels of efficiency. There are probably only about 1,000 US personnel engaged in SIGINT, Information Operations, Internet surveillance and Network Warfare activities in Japan today.
These include personnel from all three Services as well as civilian contractors. For example, the DSRJ facility at Yokota there are Army Information Technology Specialists, Navy communications technicians (CTs) and Communications Watch Officers, USAF
Special Collection Systems Senior Engineers (which 'provide RF and computer systems field engineering support'), and civilian Computer Information Security Managers from NSA at Fort Meade.
In the past the larger bases employed a number of Japanese nationals – Camp Zama, for example, employed more than a hundred in 1964, but the numbers are smaller today. However, none of these were engaged in operational matters. Rather, they provided
perimeter security, maintained the utilities such as power, water and sewage, and worked as grounds-keepers, cleaners, drivers, waste removalists, etc. Since the 1990s, as US communications and communications interception activities have increasingly moved to the Internet, the Japanese work-force has increased at many US
facilities, where they are increasingly employed in providing IT support, including maintaining connectivity with Japanese Internet service providers (ISPs) and telecommunications carriers.
US SIGINT activities in Japan have undergone enormous changes over the course of these seven decades, of which the personnel movements are a manifestation. They have been generated by short-term budgetary considerations, changes in US-Japan political relations, the exigencies of the Cold War and changes in the regional security environment, the demands of the US involvement in the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the 'global war on terrorism', technological developments, and organisational changes within the US intelligence community.
With regard to budgetary factors, defence cuts by the Eisenhower Administration in 1957-58 forced major contractions and rationalisations, including the movement of the Army Security Agency's HQ ASAPAC from Camp Oji in Tokyo to Hawaii and the deactivation of its SIGINT station at Fukakusa near Kyoto. HQ ASAPAC returned to Tokyo, at Camp Zama, in 1960, but was moved back to Hawaii in 1965, evidently for balance of payments reasons. According to an official history of the US Air Force Security Service (USAFSS), budget cuts forced the closure of its stations at Wakkanai, Hakata and Yokota in 1972.2 The deactivation of all Service SIGINT units at Misawa, announced in February 2014, was attributed to fiscal austerity measures by the Pentagon.3
Radio frequency spectrum. Source: Peter Miller, "Ka-Band – the future of satellite communication?", TELE-satellite & Broadband, 9 August 2007, pp. 12-14.
With respect to the impact of changes in the status and temperament of US-Japan political relations, the growth of Japanese political autonomy after the signing of the 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty and requests for the return of some of the relevant bases, especially remnants of the Korean War build-up, led to a round of contractions which coincided with the Eisenhower budget cuts. In the case of the USAFSS, for example, 'by 1958, Japan's growing autonomy called for the USAFSS to withdraw all facilities from the Japanese mainland except an augmented effort in the Misawa-Wakkanai complex'.4 The reversion of Okinawa to Japan in 1972 was accompanied by the transfer of some stations in Hokkaido to other parts of Japan, most importantly Wakkanai and Chitose, but also by the transfer of substantial activities to Okinawa.
The technological developments over these seven decades, with respect to both the means of communication and the techniques for interception of them, have been stupendous. They have generally involved a movement up the radio frequency (RF) spectrum to increasingly shorter wave-lengths but wider band-widths.
The means of communication moved up the spectrum from the High Frequency (HF) range (3 to 30 MHz), used for both Morse Code telegraphy and voice telephony, to Very High Frequency (VHF, 30 to 300 MHz), used for communications over shorter distances but increasingly used also by radars and air defence systems, to satellite communications, mainly operating in the Ultra High Frequency (UHF, 300 MHz to 3 GHz) and Super High Frequency (SHF, 3 to 30 GHz) bands, to the Internet.
Satellite communications bands. Source: Peter Miller, "Ka-Band – the future of satellite communication?", TELE-satellite & Broadband, 9 August 2007, pp. 12-14.
Correspondingly, all of the US SIGINT stations established in Japan in the immediate post-Second World War period were concerned with HF radio interception, using very large antenna systems to capture the HF signals, such as the large rhombic arrays installed at Kami Seya and Torii Station and, in the early 1960s, the CDAAs at Camp Hanza and Misawa.
ITU band
Frequency and wavelength in air
Example uses
Extremely low frequency
3–30Hz 100,000km – 10,000km
Communication with submarines
Super low frequency
30–300Hz 10,000km – 1000km
Ultra low frequency
300–3000Hz 1000km – 100km
Submarine communication,communication within mines
3–30kHz 100km – 10km
Navigation,time signals, submarine communication, wirelessheart rate monitors,geophysics
Low frequency
30–300kHz 10km – 1km
Navigation,clock time signals, AMlongwavebroadcasting (Europe and parts of Asia),RFID,amateur radio
Medium frequency
300–3000kHz 1km – 100 m
AM(medium-wave) broadcasts, amateur radio,avalanche beacons
3–30MHz 100 m – 10 m
Shortwavebroadcasts,citizens' band radio, amateur radio andover-the-horizonaviation communications, RFID,over-the-horizon radar,automatic link establishment(ALE) /near-vertical incidence skywave(NVIS) radio communications,marine and mobile radio telephony
Very high frequency
30–300MHz 10 m – 1 m
FM,televisionbroadcasts and line-of-sight ground-to-aircraft and aircraft-to-aircraft communications, land mobile and maritime mobile communications, amateur radio,weather radio
Ultra high frequency
300–3000MHz 1 m – 100mm
Television broadcasts,microwave oven,microwavedevices/communications,radio astronomy,mobile phones,wireless LAN,Bluetooth,ZigBee,GPSand two-way radios such as land mobile,FRSandGMRS radios, amateur radio
Super high frequency
3–30GHz 100mm – 10mm
Radio astronomy, microwave devices/communications, wireless LAN, most modernradars, communications satellites, cable and satellite television broadcasting,DBS, amateur radio
Extremely high frequency
30–300GHz 10mm – 1mm
Radio astronomy, high-frequencymicrowave radio relay, microwaveremote sensing, amateur radio, directed-energy weapon,millimeter wave scanner
Terahertzor Tremendously high frequency
THz or THF
300–3000GHz 1mm – 100 μm
Terahertz imaging – a potential replacement for X-rays in some medical applications, ultrafast molecular dynamics,condensed-matter physics,terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, terahertz computing/communications, sub-mm remote sensing, amateur radio
The Soviet Armed Forces began to use the VHF band in 1952, initially for air-to-air and air-to-ground communications. There were fewer places in Japan able to collect VHF traffic, although these few were very good. For operational reasons, the US Services were especially interested in electronic intelligence (ELINT) associated with Soviet air defences. The USAFSS installed VHF interception systems at Wakkanai in 1952, obtaining superb coverage of VHF communications around the La Perouse (or Soya) Strait and Sakhalin Island. Small VHF interception units were located at Okushiri Island, off Hokkaido's southwest coast, in 1953-57, and at Henashi Saki in northwest Honshu in 1955. The US Navy maintained a station for ELINT collection at Sakata, also facing the Sea of Japan, from 1956 to 1962. The most sophisticated ground-based system VHF/UHF intercept system was the USAFSS's AN/FLR-12, installed at Wakkanai in 1965-66. Because of line-of-sight limitations, VHF communications and ELINT are best collected by airborne systems, with SIGINT-equipped aircraft operating from such bases as Yokota, Misawa, Atsugi, and Kadena at different periods from the early 1950s through to the present day.
Sputnik 1, the first Soviet satellite (or Earth Space Vehicle), launched on 4 October 1957, transmitted telemetry on two frequencies, 20.005 and 40.002MHz. The first Soviet communications satellites, the highly-elliptical Molniya series, transmitted in the high part of the UHF band and bottom of the SHF band. Most international communications satellites transmit in the higher part of the SHF band. In the early 1960s, Wakkanai was equipped with a Trackmaster system for monitoring Soviet ESV (earth satellite vehicle) telemetry and voice communications from Soviet manned space flights. A more advanced system, code-named Bankhead II, was installed at Chitose in 1963. The Ladylove SATCOM interception system at Misawa was established in 1980 to monitor Soviet Raduga and Gorizont geosynchronous communications satellites, as well as the Molniyas, used for both civilian and military communications. In the early 1990s, with the end of the Cold War, the focus of the Ladylove operation shifted to international communications satellites, primarily carrying civilian telephony, facsimile ('fax') and e-mail traffic.
The end of the Cold War coincided with the beginning of the World Wide Web and the Internet age. Surveillance of the Internet and computer network systems became the highest priority. NSA broadened its collection activities from concentrating almost entirely on interception of information 'in motion', as electromagnetic waves travel through the ether, to also undertaking the collection and manipulation of information 'at rest', stored on computer databases, disks and hard drives.5 Intelligence became conflated with operations, with a proliferation of Information Operations (IO) and Cyber-warfare units – including the Navy's IO and Cyber-warfare units at Misawa and Yokosuka, and the DSRJ centre and the associated 315th Network Warfare Squadron at Yokota.
There have been a mind-boggling number of organisational changes involving US SIGINT activities during the post-War period. Overall, they have involved a fitful but indubitable trend toward greater centralisation and civilianisation, beginning with separate activities by the military SIGINT organisations, later called the Service Cryptologic Agencies (SCAs), progressing to multi-Service operations in the 1960s and increasing control and participation by the NSA at Fort Meade in Maryland.
The US had two Service SIGINT organisations at the end of the Second World War, the Army's Signal Security Agency, headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, and the Navy's OP-20-G, based in the Navy Department Building in Washington, D.C. The Signal Security Agency was replaced by the Army Security Agency (ASA) on 15 September 1945. The Navy's COMINT elements were collectively designated Communications Supplementary Activities (OP-20-2) on 10 July 1946; they became the Naval Security Group (NSG) on 28 January 1950. The US Air Force was established as a separate Service on 18 September 1947 and established its own SIGINT organisation, the Air Force Security Group on 23 June 1948, renamed the US Air Force Security Service (USAFSS), at Arlington Hall on 20 October 1948.
The Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA) was established by a directive from the Secretary of Defense on 20 May 1949, which placed it 'under the direction and control of the Joint Chiefs of Staff', to provide some coordination of the Service SIGINT activities. However, the AFSA was frustrated by poor Service cooperation, and, after it failed to provide any warning of the North Korean attack on South Korea on 25 June 1950 and the massive Chinese intervention on 25 October 1950, President Harry S. Truman directed on 13 December 1951 that its performance be reviewed and recommendations made to improve the effectiveness of US COMINT activities.6 The review team, chaired by George A. Brownell and known as the Brownell Committee, found that the AFSA was founded and functioned as 'a compromise', promoting some cooperation between the Service agencies but allowing them to operate as independent, vertically-organised agencies subject to the command and control of their respective Services.7
The report of the Brownell Committee led directly to the establishment of the NSA by Presidential directive on 24 October 1952. The NSA was placed organisationally within the Department of Defense, directly subordinate to the Secretary of Defense, and responsible for COMINT activities at the 'national' level, with Service prerogatives relegated to secondary status.8 However, the Services retained primary responsibility for operational and tactical COMINT activities, as well as for ELINT collection and processing, which they regarded as indispensible for operational planning.
It took several more years before the mechanics of Service support for NSA COMINT collection and processing activities could be agreed. This was effected in a major reorganisation in 1956, in which a dozen or so COMINT Communications Relay Centers (CCRCs) were established around the world, each providing relay services with from seven to more than 30 COMINT collection sites and command HQs. Later called CRITICOMM Relay Centers, two were located in Japan and Okinawa, providing connectivity with 11 major COMINT collection stations elsewhere in Japan/Okinawa.9
Among the SCAs, the USAFSS quickly grew to be the largest. It was renamed the Electronic Security Command (ESC) on 1 August 1979, the Air Force Intelligence Command on 1 October 1991, the Air Intelligence Agency (AIA) on 1 October 1993, and the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency (AFISRA) on 8 June 2007. The Army Security Agency (ASA) was reorganised into a new Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) in 1977. The NSG became the Navy Information Operations Command (NIOC) on 1 October 2005; it provides the components of the Navy's Tenth Fleet or Cyber Command, activated on 29 January 2010.
At the unit level, nomenclature changes have been frequent. In the case of the Air Force, units have been elevated from Flight to Squadron to Group to Wing, or reduced in backwards sequence. In the case of the Army, they have grown from Detachment to Company to Battalion to Brigade, or have shrunken vice versa. Wakkanai had nine designations from 1951 to 1972. Misawa had 20 from 1951 to 1978, and Kadena had 15 from 1955 to 1976.10 The units at Misawa and Kadena have since had many further name changes.
The US SIGINT units in Japan have performed a multitude of missions, from national through strategic, operational and even tactical levels, in conflict areas sometimes far from Japan. At the national level, the SIGINT stations at Wakkanai and Chitose were used to intercept the telemetry of Soviet ICBM test flights into the Pacific, as well as the telemetry transmitted by Soviet satellites. Airborne systems, beginning with RB-50s based at Yokota in the late 1950s and a special USASA unit based at Atsugi from 1963 to 1972, through to RC-135S Cobra Bell aircraft which use Kadena today, have intercepted telemetry transmitted from Russian, Chinese and North Korean missile tests. The large HF DF systems were able to precisely locate the sources of transmissions thousands of kilometers deep inside the Eurasian land mass, and track Soviet Naval flotillas and missile-carrying submarines in the broad expanses of the Pacific Ocean.
The US SIGINT activities in Japan have directly supported US nuclear war planning. Traffic analysis together with HF DF triangulations identified and provided the locations of enemy command and control centres and major military operating bases for targeting purposes. Precise and up-to-date Electronic Order of Battle (EOB) data concerning adversary air defences, collected by ELINT activities, is essential for planning bomber penetration routes. The Korean War and the Vietnam War generated requirements for operational and tactical SIGINT. During the Korean War, all US SIGINT stations in Japan were involved in support activities to a greater or lesser extent, but especially those at Johnson Air Base, Ashiya, Hakata and Fushimi Momoyama (Kyoto), each of which deployed contingents to Korea. As the war in Vietnam escalated in the early 1960s, it became the principal preoccupation of the activities at Kadena, Torii Station, Camp Hanza and Onna Point in Okinawa, as well as the Pacific Command (PACOM) ELINT Center at Fuchu near Tokyo. SIGINT units based at Kami Seya and Atsugi played direct roles in support of US/Coalition forces during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm in Kuwait and Iraq 1990-91.11
Since September 2011, all relevant US activities have been engaged in the 'Global War on Terror', especially the Network surveillance facilities at Misawa and Yokota. For example, units at the Ladylove facility at Misawa (the 373rd Intelligence Group in 2004 and NIOC Misawa in 2012) have been commended for their contributions, while a civilian sub-contractor at Ladylove stated in September 2013 that its activities there also helped 'to defeat global terrorism'.12
Throughout this whole period, the US SIGINT agencies were also responsible for a parallel mission, that of ensuring the security of US communications at all levels against interception and exploitation by potential adversaries. The first communications security (COMSEC) units were established in Japan in 1946, at Nagoya and Naha in Okinawa. The USASA sent the 50th Signal Service Detachment, a COMSEC unit, from Tokyo to Korea soon after US forces entered the Korean War.13 During the Vietnam War, the Navy maintained major COMSEC centres at Kami Seya (COMSEC 702) and Camp Hanza (COMSEC 704). More recently, as US forces have moved to the Internet for their own communications, including the Voice over Secure Internet Protocol (VoSIP) system for voice communications, NSA and the SCAs have established major centres in Japan for assuring the security of the Internet against hostile penetration. In Okinawa, for example, Network Operations and Security Centers have been located at Fort Buckner and Torii Station.
The Soviet military and intelligence organisations sought to determine the capabilities and purposes of the US SIGINT activities from the outset. Overflights of Wakkanai and Misawa by Soviet Air Force reconnaissance aircraft and MiG fighters were regular occurrences in the 1950s and 1960s. Japanese agents, from local Communists to bar-girls ('josans') were recruited as spies. Veterans have produced numerous novelized accounts of Soviet espionage activities involving local Japanese nationals at Wakkanai, Camp Oji, Shiroi, Yokota, Chitose and Misawa in the 1950s and 1960s.14 Two NSA employees, William H. Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell, who had served together at the NSG stations at Yokosuka and Kami Seya in 1951-54, defected to the Soviet Union in 1960, providing Moscow with first-hand accounts of the activities at those places.15 The capture of the USS Pueblo SIGINT collection ship by the North Koreans in January 1968 was a windfall, providing the Soviet agencies with current cryptologic materials as well as information about the roles of Kami Seya and the PACOM ELINT Center at Fuchu.16 Similarly, after a Kadena-based EP-3E SIGINT collection aircraft made an emergency landing on Hainan Island on 1 April 2001, its state-of-the-art equipment was disassembled and studied by Chinese technicians before it was returned to the US six months later.
There have been many tragedies. Twelve men died in a terrible fire which engulfed the Operations Complex at Kami Seya in September 1965. The airborne SIGINT collection missions could be especially dangerous. Eighty crew members died in just five incidents in the 1950s and 1960s – 33 aboard three aircraft based at Yokota were killed in deliberate shoot-downs by Soviet fighters (on 19 June 1952, 7 October 1952 and 29 July 1953), 16 others met an unknown fate somewhere over the Sea of Japan while on a flight from Yokota on 10 September 1956. A US Navy EC-121M SIGINT aircraft based at Atsugi was shot down by North Korean fighters, killing all 31 men aboard, on 15 April 1969. Several others died in other incidents in which the aircraft managed to land safely back in Japan.17 One crew member was killed when the North Koreans seized the Pueblo was seized in January 1968; all of the remaining 82 were brutally tortured while held in captivity over the next 11 months.18
Many major figures in the history of US SIGINT activities served in Japan at one time or another. Edward J. Snowden, the famous NSA 'whistle-blower', was stationed at the NSA post at Yokota from 2009 to 2012; he says that it was while he was at Yokota that he first appreciated the scale of NSA's global civilian Internet monitoring and data-mining activities and decided to expose them.27
The full report is available here [6MB].
Recommended citation: Desmond Ball and Richard Tanter, "US Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Activities in Japan 1945 – 2015: A Visual Guide", The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 14, Issue 6, No. 8, March 15, 2016.
Richard Tanter, Australia in America's Third Iraq War http://apjjf.org/2014/12/51/Richard-Tanter/4238.html
Vince Scappatura, The US 'Pivot to Asia', the China Spectre and the Australian-American Alliance
Richard Tanter, The US Military Presence in Australia: Asymmetrical Alliance Cooperation and its Alternatives
Richard Tanter, An Australian Role in Reducing the Prospects of China-Japan War over the Senkakus/Diaoyutai?
Thomas R. Johnson, American Cryptology During the Cold War, 1945-1989. Book II: Centralization Wins, 1960-1972, (Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, 1995), p. 306.
James E. Pierson, A Historical Study of the Organizational Development of United States Air Force Security Service, 1970-1974, (United States Air Force Security Service, Kelly AFB, San Antonio, Texas, 15 September 1974), p. 11.
Travis J. Tritten, 'Pentagon Budget Cuts Take First Toll in Japan', Stars and Stripes, 26 February 2014.
Josh Chapman, A Special Historical Study of the Organizational Development of the United States Air Force Security Service, 1948-1966, (HQ United States Air Force Security Service, San Antonio, Texas, 1 February 1967), pp. 35-36.
James Bamford, Body of Secrets: How America's NSA and Britain's GCHQ Eavesdrop on the World, (Century, London, 2001), p. 480.
George A. Brownell, The Origin and Development of the National Security Agency, (Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, California, 1981), pp. 30, 81.
Ibid., p. 64.
George F. Howe, 'The Early History of NSA', Cryptologic Spectrum, (Vol. 4, No. 2), Spring 1974, p. 17.
'Notes by the Secretaries to the Joint Communications-Electronics Committee', Revision of Interim Outline Plan for Telecommunications Support of National Security Agency, (JCRC 1371/1, 19 July 1956), Appendix C to Enclosure A.
Larry Tart, Freedom Through Vigilance: History of U.S. Air Force Security Service (USAFSS). Volume III: USAFSS Ground Sites in Alaska and the Far East, (Infinity Publishing, West Conshoshocken, Pennsylvania, 2010), pp. 1602-1604.
Douglas Easton, 'Gulf War Diary', NCVA Cryptolog, (Kami Seya Special Edition, Fall 1997), pp. 35-37; and 'VQ-1 History', U.S. Navy Patrol Squadrons.
Class Pedro Rodriguez, 'NIOC Misawa Changes Command', DVIDS, 15 June 2012; and 'Data Entry Operator 2 Job (Misawa, Aomori, JP)', Jobs77.
Dave Whitney, 'Torii/Sobe/Okinawa COMSEC Operations', Torii Tribune: Official Newsletter of ASA Okinawa, (Vol. 10, No. 2), July 2011, p. 3.
See, for example, Bill Person, The Ravenworks Sanction: A Novel, (BookSurge, 2004); W. T. Naud, Oji: Spy Girls at the Gate, (Grovesnor Square Press, Lucerne Valley, California, 2011); Donald Wertz Boyd, The 6924th, 1955-1956, (San Bernadino, California, August 2013); Robert S. Ruehrdanz, Chitose Road: A Novel, (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011); and George Welch, Insomnia Mimatsu: A Story of Love and Espionage in Misawa, (Booklocker, 2007).
Wayne G. Barker and Rodney E. Coffman, The Anatomy of Two Traitors: The Defection of Bernon F. Mitchell and William H. Martin, (Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, California, 1981), pp. 31, 35, 71.
Ed Brandt, The Last Voyage of USS Pueblo, (W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1969), p. 38; Trevor Armbrister, A Matter of Accountability: The True Story of the Pueblo Affair, (Coward-McCann, Inc., New York, 1970), p. 164; and Edward R. Murphy, Jr., Second in Command: The Uncensored Account of the Capture of the Spy Ship Pueblo, (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1971), p. 206.
Larry Tart and Robert Keefe, The Price of Vigilance: Attacks on American Surveillance Flights, (Ballantine Books, New York, June 2001), pp. 15-65.
Lloyd M. Bucher, Bucher: My Story, (Doubleday & Company, Garden City, New York, 1970), pp.210, 234-236, 317-318; and Trevor Armbrister, A Matter of Accountability, pp. 72-74, 250-253, 268-273.
'Captain Thomas H. Dyer', America's Navy; and Matthew M. Aid, 'US Humint and Comint in the Korean War: From the Approach of War to the Chinese Intervention', Intelligence and National Security, (Vol. 14, No. 4), Winter 1999, p. 50; 'The NSA Personnel Newsletter', Washington, D.C., March 1954, p. 3; and 'Capt Thomas H. Dyer, USN (1902-1985): 2002 Inductee', National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS).
'DLIFLC Hall of Fame (2006 and 2007)', DLI Foundation; and Larry Tart, Freedom Through Vigilance: History of U.S. Air Force Security Service (USAFSS). Volume III, pp. 1158, 1163, 1164, 1166-1167, 1272-1273.
Christopher Koons, 'Capt McGinnis Nominated for Cryptologic Hall of Honor', InfoDomain: Decision Superiority for the Warfighter, Fall 2008, pp. 18-19.
'Maj Gen Doyle E. Larson, USAF: 2009 Inductee', National Security Agency/Central Security Service Hall of Honor, 2009 Inductees; 'Major General Doyle Eugene Larson', U.S. Air Force; and 'General Larson Retiring, Successor Named', Hilltop News, 21 April 1983.
Jeffrey T. Richelson, The Wizards of Langley: Inside the CIA's Directorate of Science and Technology, (Westview, Boulder, Colorado, 2001), p. 81.
'Patrick M Hughes', LinkedIn.
Matthew Aid, 'New Commander of U.S. Navy SIGINT/Cyber Command', 14 February 2014.
Marjorie Censer, 'Government IT Contractors', Washington Post, 28 February 2011; and 'Centennial Character Sketch: Joan Dempsey', YouTube, 7 April 2014.
Luke Harding, The Snowden Files: The Inside Story of the World's Most Wanted Man, (Vintage Books, New York, 2014), pp. 37-39; and Glenn Greenwald, No Place to Hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S. Surveillance State, (Metropolitan Books, New York, 2014), p. 43.
Desmond Ball
Desmond Ball is Emeritus Professor at the Australian National University (ANU). He was a Special Professor at the ANU's Strategic and Defence Studies Centre from 1987 to 2013, and he served as Head of the Centre from 1984 to 1991.
Richard Tanter
Richard Tanter is Senior Research Associate at Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability and Director of the Nautilus Institute at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. A Japan Focus associate, he has written widely on Japanese security policy, including 'With Eyes Wide Shut: Japan, Heisei Militarization and the Bush Doctrine' in Melvin Gurtov and Peter Van Ness (eds.), Confronting the Bush Doctrine: Critical Views from the Asia-Pacific, (New York: Routledge, 2005). He co-edited, with Gerry Van Klinken and Desmond Ball, Masters of Terror: Indonesia's Military and Violence in East Timor.


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The World's Most Famous (Fictional) Receptionists
There have been some pretty famous receptionists within the world of film and television. They are people who have stuck with us and have been continually within our minds through the strength of their characters, portraying strong, single-minded workers who have made the viewing experience worthwhile through mannerisms, speeches and humour. As an outsourced reception outfit, we love these receptionists and we'd love to share some of our favourites with you.
So here is a countdown of the top 5 receptionists ever seen in the world of film and TV and we begin with…
Miss Moneypenny, as is her official title, is the personal secretary to M who is head of British Intelligence. Throughout the James Bond movie franchise, Moneypenny has a flirtatious relationship with James Bond but has a limited role within the actual plot of the films. That is, up until 2012's Skyfall, in which we got to see Moneypenny in the field rather than answering calls and taking messages. Traditionally, her relationship with Bond was used to show a 'softer' side to Bond in comparison to his license to kill occupation. Moneypenny often gives subtle hints that she is in love with Bond but never professes her feelings openly towards him. Perhaps her new role is due to the amount of virtual PAs which MI5 can now employ, allowing Moneypenny's telephone answering duties to decrease and free up her time elsewhere. (Or maybe we're just stretching!). Her role within the novels is very limited, as her role for the films was expanded as most of her lines were a merger of other characters that Bond has met. Now that she has an even bigger role in the rebooted series, we can't wait to see what the future holds.
Pepper Potts (Iron Man)
Virginia "Pepper" Potts is the personal secretary/aide to Tony Stark who is the owner of Stark Industries. Throughout the comics, Potts' relationship with Stark is very much different to the one portrayed in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Pepper is involved in a relationship with Happy, Tony's head of security and personal bodyguard. They both leave Stark Industries pursuing a life of their own until events lead them back to Tony. However, within the films, Pepper is single and remains at Tony's side, eventually becoming CEO of Stark Industries after the death of Obadiah Stane and eventually becomes Tony's partner and girlfriend and a key part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
Joan Harris (Mad Men)
Joan Harris is seen as a femme fatale character; bold and sassy and is a woman that knows exactly what she wants. A strong-willed character, she has to put up with a lot considering it's the 1960s and she's a woman working in a male dominated office. It's very much a different environment to that which today's Virtual PAs face!
Dawn Tinsley (The Office)
Dawn's life as portrayed at the beginning of series 1 of The Office is as a receptionist at fictional paper merchants Wernham Hogg. She is engaged to Lee who she met at school and who works within the office warehouse. However, her relationship with Lee is shown as troublesome to her and she is in fact in love with Tim, an office worker. The two have a relationship that is seen as happy and the two constantly mock Gareth who is butt of their many jokes. By the time the Christmas Specials came around in 2003, Dawn had moved to the US with her fiancé Lee and when the BBC stepped in to offer them a way home for a reunion they took it. At the Christmas party, Tim and Dawn reignited their relationship and the audience got the happy ending they wanted but didn't think they would receive!
Janine Melnitz (Ghostbusters)
Janine Melnitz works as the Ghostbusters personal secretary and confidante who shares most of her screentime with Egon Spengler. Her role was increased in the second film, due to the unexpected popularity of the character.
Image Source.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tag: plant-based
'Food in the Anthropocene': new 'plant-focused' diet could save the planet
A new diet report, created by the EAT-Lancet Commission on Food, Planet, Health, has been proposed as a diet that could both poor global nutrition and avert environmental disaster caused by present-day food production methods.
The report states, "Because much of the world's population is inadequately nourished and many environmental systems and processes are pushed beyond safe boundaries by food production, a global transformation of the food system is urgently needed."
Key tenets of the diet include a radical change in food production, a great reduction in red meat consumption in traditional western diets, and a reduction in sugar consumption.
"Transformation to healthy diets by 2050 will require substantial dietary shifts." said Prof. Walter Willet, one of the leaders of the commission. "Global consumption of fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes will have to double, and consumption of foods such as red meat and sugar will have to be reduced by more than 50%. A diet rich in plant-based foods and with fewer animal source foods confers both improved health and environmental benefits."
The main bulk of the report itself is devoted to three sections, the goal, the targets, and the strategies. The goal stated by the EAT-Lancet Commission is 'To achieve planetary health diets for nearly 10 billion people by 2050″. The targets include and require red meat and sugar consumption to be cut in half globally, while the consumption of vegetables, pulses, fruit, and nuts, must double. This range is not universal, but geographically specific, stating that instead of halving their red meat intake, North Americans need to eat 84% less, and up their bean and lentil consumption six times. In Europe, we must reduce our red meat consumption by 77%.
The report is wise in it's differing estimations, noting that "some populations worldwide depend on agropastoral livelihoods and animal protein from livestock. In addition, many populations continue to face significant burdens of undernutrition and obtaining adequate quantities of micronutrients from plant source foods alone can be difficult"
The introduction of the report stated that their were four scenarios that could develop in the future; win-win, win-lose, lose-win, and lose-lose. According to the scientists behind the report, win-win would prevent the deaths of 11 million people worldwide, and prevent the collapse of the natural world, which is currently under an immense amount of pressure.
An example of the plant-focused, flexitarian plates that the report endorses. Source: EAT-Lancet Commission Summary Report
Our global food system is inherently broken, with distribution favouring wealthier countries, who both consume more than they need, and waste much. There are also issues with physical production, in terms of the environmental degradation caused by overfishing, and the footprint of the meat industry. Reducing meat and dairy products, or avoiding them altogether, may be the greatest way the individual can reduce their environmental footprint.
In a report published by Springmann et al, it was stated that a 90% drop in red meat consumption and reductions in other meat categories were essential to introduce into our lifestyles in an attempt to avoid the effects of climate breakdown.
"Humanity now poses a threat to the stability of the planet," said Prof Johan Rockström at the Stockholm Resilience Centre, Sweden, another author of the report. "[This requires] nothing less than a new global agricultural revolution." The 'planetary health diet' strongly recommends only one portion of red meat per week, the size of an average beefburger, and stresses that most protein should come from plant alternatives. The steep rise in plant-based and vegan diets in the last two years has shown that, at least in western countries, this change in protein source is highly possible, and no longer a 'radical' idea.
Willett emphasises that this is not a diet of 'depravation', but rather "a way of eating that can be healthy, flavourful and enjoyable."
To keep in line with the 2C limit of global warming set by the Paris Agreement we can assume that "world agriculture will transition toward sustainable food production, leading to a shift from land use being a net source of carbon to becoming a net sink of carbon. "
"Actions considered for reducing environmental impacts from food production." Source: EAT-Lancet Commission Summary Report
"Global food production threatens climate stability and ecosystem resilience." said Prof. Johan Rockström, of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research & Stockholm Resilience Centre. "It constitutes the single largest driver of environmental degradation and transgression of planetary boundaries. Taken together the outcome is dire. A radical transformation of the global food system is urgently needed. Without action, the world risks failing to meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement."
In all, the report advocates the 'Great Food Transformation'. "The data are both sufficient and strong enough to warrant immediate action. Delaying action will only increase the likelihood of serious, even disastrous, consequences. " The report outlines five strategies for this immense change:
Seek international and national commitment to shift toward healthy diets
Reorient agricultural priorities from producing high quantities of food to producing healthy food
Sustainably intensify food production to increase high-quality output
Strong and coordinated governance of land and oceans
At least halve food losses and waste, in line with UN Sustainable Development Goals
The report goes on to state that food will be the "defining issue of the 21st Century". Richard Horton and Tamara Lucas, editors at Lancet, wrote "Civilisation is in crisis. We can no longer feed our population a healthy diet while balancing planetary resources. If we can eat in a way that works for our planet as well as our bodies, the natural balance will be restored."
Posted on February 20, 2019 Categories Environment, featured, NewsTags animal agriculture, anthropocene, Culture, Deeply Good, Deeply Good Magazine, Eco-Friendly, Environment, environment blog, environmental journalism, environmental news, Environmentalism, Environmentalist, featured, flexitarian, food, food security, journalism, lancet commission, Literature, magazine, magculture, meat, paris agreement, planetary diet, plant-based, red meat, veganism, vegetarianism, WritingLeave a comment on 'Food in the Anthropocene': new 'plant-focused' diet could save the planet
The taxation of red meat is a needed measure to save lives, states new research
New research published in the journal Plos One, a peer-reviewed Open Access journal that publishes 'scientifically rigorous research', has stated that a taxation on red meat would save many lives and also raise large amounts of money for use in healthcare. The research found that 'Including the social health cost of red and processed meat consumption in the price of red and processed meat could lead to significant health and environmental benefits, in particular in high and middle-income countries.'
This new research, headed up by Dr Marco Springmann, who currently works on the Future of Food project at the Oxford Martin School, uses a standard economic approach, named 'optimal taxation, to calculate tax rates. The healthcare costs incurred by eating one additional portion of red meat is used to set the tax rate, in contrast to using the total healthcare costs that come about through red meat consumption.
While factually correct, it is still relatively unheard of that processed red meat had been classified as a carcinogen by the World Health Organisation in 2015, and yet despite this announcement, the consumption of red meat is on an upward trend, especially in western countries. For example, in the United Kingdom of 1961, the amount of meat consumption was 69.8kg. In 2002 it was 79.6kg. In the US of 1961, meat consumption per capita was 89.2kg, and in 2002 it was 124.8kg, and increase in 40 years of 35.6kg of meat.
The findings stated that, based on current trends, the health-related costs to society 'attributable to red and processed meat consumption in 2020 amount to USD 285 billion… three quarters of which were due to processed meat consumption'.
As the prices of processed meat increased by 25% on average under optimal taxation, and prices for red meat increased by 4% on average, the number of deaths attributable to these two foodstuffs decreased by 9% annually, with health costs decreased by 14%, valued at USD 41 billion.
These taxes were created relative to the amount of meat consumed and do not represent a flat global rate. The US would be one of the countries with the highest rates, for example, there would be a 163% levy on ham. Australian meat prices would be met with a 109% tax on processed, and a 18% tax on unprocessed meats. UK rates would 79% and 14% for those food-groups respectively.
'Change in the price of red meat (a) and processed meat (b) under cost-compensating taxation in relation to attributable health costs (%), change in deaths attributable to red and processed meat consumption (%)'. Image: Springmann, Mason-D'Croz, Robinson, Weibe, Godfray, Rayner, Scarborough.
"Nobody wants governments to tell people what they can and can't eat," Springmann said. "It is totally fine if you want to have [red meat], but this personal consumption decision really puts a strain on public funds. It is not about taking something away from people, it is about being fair."
The intensive method and global scale of meat demand and subsequent production is also an incredibly damaging industry to the living planet. In a critical report from a group at the University of Oxford published in May, it was stated that reducing meat and dairy products, or avoiding them altogether, is the single biggest way as an individual to reduce your environmental impact. In a similar report, also published by Springmann et al, it was stated that a 90% drop in red meat consumption and reductions in other meat categories are essential to introduce into our lifestyles in an attempt to avoid the effects of climate breakdown.
More than 80% of arable farmland is used for livestock, in both intensive and organic farms, but it produces just 18% of global food calories. We see this a drastic misuse of land, resulting in not only the willing destruction of native habitats, but the production of large amounts of greenhouse gases. Per 100g of beef produced, a further 105kg of greenhouse gases are created. It is possible that the recommended drop in red meat consumption is a conservative figure, and a route more beneficial to the environment would be to give up the foodstuff altogether, replacing it with plant-based alternatives.
These taxes proposed by Springmann et all, would mean a 16% reduction in the processed meat consumed globally, and would result in the greenhouse gas emissions produced by livestock to reduce by 110m tonnes annually.
Posted on November 9, 2018 January 24, 2019 Categories Environment, NewsTags climate breakdown, Deeply Good, Deeply Good Magazine, Eco-Friendly, Environment, Environmentalist, featured, food, Green Living, greenhouse gas, Literature, meat, plant-based, red meat, red meat tax, WritingLeave a comment on The taxation of red meat is a needed measure to save lives, states new research


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Lighthouses of South Korea: Jindo
For most of its history, Korea was an independent kingdom, or at least an autonomous kingdom under Chinese influence. This came to an end in 1910, when Japan annexed all of Korea. At the end of World War II in 1945, the 38° parallel was established as the dividing line between U.S. and Soviet zones of occupation, and in 1948 separate civil administrations were established in the two halves of the country. The Korean War (1950-53) ended in a draw, with the armistice line falling close to the prewar 38° line. The Republic of Korea (ROK), commonly called South Korea, occupies the Korean peninsula south of the armistice line.
This page covers lighthouses of the island county of Jindo (formerly spelled Chindo) in Jeollanam Province, located on South Korea's southwest coast in the region formerly known as Jeolla or Cholla. Also included are several lighthouses located in the southern portion of the mainland county of Haenam. The coast of Jeolla faces southwest on the East China Sea and west on the Yellow Sea. It is an intricate and rocky coast, with numerous islands of all sizes offshore. Although there are several famous and historic lighthouses on this coast, most of the more modern lights are not well known.
Following several recent government reorganizations, navigational aids in the ROK are now regulated by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF). Lighthouses in Jindo are maintained by the Mokpo Regional Oceans and Fisheries Administration. In Korean, the word for a lighthouse is deungdae (등대); dan is a cape, do is an island, and hang is a harbor .
ARLHS numbers are from the ARLHS World List of Lights. Admiralty numbers are from volume M of the Admiralty List of Lights & Fog Signals. U.S. NGA List numbers are from Publication 112.
General Sources
Port of Mokpo - Lighthouses
Photos and information in English for the major lighthouses of the area.
Mokpo Beacon Photos
Photos posted by the Mokpo MOF office.
World of Lighthouses - South Korea
Photos by various photographers available from Lightphotos.net.
Online List of Lights - Korea
Coming soon: photos by various photographers posted by Alexander Trabas.
KAAN Major National Lighthouses
KAAN is the Korean Association of Aids to Navigation. Small photos and basic data, all in Korean.
Galdu Hang Light, Songcho, October 2008
Panoramio photo copyright nholt769; used by permission
Southern Haenam County Lighthouses
Note: Lighthouses of northern Haenam County are included on the Mokpo Area page.
Songji District Lighthouses
* Galdu Hang
2000. Active; focal plane 14 m (46 ft); green flash every 5 s. 11 m (36 ft) tapered square white concrete skeletal tower with gallery. A photo is above, MOF has a page for the lighthouse, Hyun Suhwan has a closeup photo, and Google has a satellite view. Inspired by the Eiffel Tower, this unusual light stands very close to the southernmost point of the Korean peninsula. Located at the end of the breakwater at Galdu, a small port in the village of Ttangkkeut ("Land's End") at the south end of Haenam County. Accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4279.36; NGA 17533.5.
Yangdo
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 23 m (75 ft); white flash every 5 s. 8.5 m (28 ft) octagonal white concrete tower. No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located on the south end of an island just off the extreme southwestern point of the Korean mainland, about 2.5 km (1.5 mi) west of Galdu Hang. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4279.35; NGA 17534.
Eobuldo
2001(?). Active; focal plane 16 m (52 ft); three white flashes every 7 s. 9 m (30 ft) hexagonal cylindrical skeletal tower with gallery. Entire lighthouse is white. A photo (fifth photo on the page) is available and Google has a satellite view. Located near the south end of an island off Eoran harbor. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4278.8; NGA 17535.
* Eoranjin (Eoran) Hang (Oran-ni, Oranchin) East Breakwater
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 12 m (39 ft); red flash every 6 s. 8 m (26 ft) square red concrete tower. Shin Hong-sik has a photo and Google has an indistinct satellite view. Located at the end of the west breakwater at Eoran, about 8 km (5 mi) northwest of Galdu Hang. Accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4279.2.
* Eoranjin (Eoran) Hang (Oran-ni, Oranchin) West Breakwater
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 12 m (39 ft); green flash every 6 s. 8 m (26 ft) round cylindrical white concrete tower. Shin Hong-sik has a photo and Google has an indistinct satellite view. Located at the end of the west breakwater at Eoran, about 8 km (5 mi) northwest of Galdu Hang. Accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4279; NGA 17536.
Munnae District (Myeongnyang Strait) Lighthouses
Pangtangseo (Pangtangso, Pangtang Rock)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 13 m (43 ft); red flash every 4 s. 13 m (43 ft) round tower with lantern and gallery, painted red. No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located on a rock in the Myeongnyang Strait, which separates Jindo from the mainland, about 4 km (2.5 mi) east of the Jindo Bridge. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4242; NGA 17604.
Nokdo (Nok Do, Nogto)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 27 m (89 ft); white flash every 4 s. 8 m (26 ft) round white concrete tower with gallery. No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located on the southern tip of the island, marking the southern approach to the Jindo Bridge, about 2.5 km (1.5 mi) southeast of the bridge. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4241; NGA 17600.
Imhado (Imha Do) (2?)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 21 m (69 ft); two white flashes every 6 s. 6 m (20 ft) round white concrete tower with double gallery. Several photos are available (halfway down the page) including the one at right, and Google has a satellite view. Another photo apparently shows an earlier light at this location. Located at the tip of an island projecting westward at the northern entrance to the Myeongnyang Strait. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4238; NGA 17608.
Imhado Light, Munnae, June 2012
Daum.net Creative Commons photo by balgurac
Jindo County: Jindo Island Area Lighthouses
Note: Jindo is the third largest island of South Korea. It is separated from Haenam County on the mainland by the Myeongnyang Strait, which is crossed by the Jindo Bridge. The strait narrows to about 300 m (330 yd) in width and is subject to very strong tidal currents.
Uisin and Imhoe Districts (South Coast) Lighthouses
Gujado (Guja-do, Hagujado, Ku Do)
1996. Active; focal plane 42 m (138 ft); two white flashes every 6 s. 8 m (26 ft) round white concrete tower. A photo is at right and Bing has a distant satellite view. Located at the southeastern end of an island about 10 km (6 mi) off the southeastern coast of Jindo. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4278.4; NGA 17544.
Pulmudo (Pulmu Do)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 45 m (148 ft); white flash every 4 s. 10.5 m (34 ft) round white concrete tower. No photo available but Bing has a satellite view. Located at the northwestern end of an island about 3 km (2 mi) off the southern tip of Jindo. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4246.5; NGA 17558.
Hangando
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 32 m (105 ft); two white flashes every 6 s. 8 m (26 ft) octagonal white concrete tower. No photo available but Bing has a satellite view. Located on an isolated high islet southwest of Jindo and about 4 km (2.5 mi) east northeast of Hajodo. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4246.51; NGA 17559.
Jangjukdo (Changjukdo, Changjukto)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 18 m (59 ft); white flash every 6 s. 8.5 m (28 ft) octagonal white concrete tower. A distant view is available and Bing has a satellite view. Located at the north end of an island in the strait between Jindo and Hajodo. Accessible only by boat, but ferries between Seomang and Hajodo pass close to this light. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4246.52; NGA 17559.5.
* Seomang (Somang) Hang South Breakwater
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 15 m (49 ft); two red flashes every 6 s. 10 m (33 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower. Entire lighthouse is red. A photo of the two Seomang lighthouses is available and Google has a satellite view. Seomang is the terminal for ferries to the more remote islands of Jindo County. Located at the end of the south breakwater of Seomang, at the southern end of Jindo. Accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4246.6; NGA 17581.
* Seomang (Somang) Hang North Breakwater
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 15 m (49 ft); green flash every 6 s. 10 m (33 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower. Entire lighthouse is white. A closeup (7th photo on the page) and another photo are available, a photo of the two Seomang lighthouses is available, and Google has a satellite view. Seomang is the terminal for ferries to the more remote islands of Jindo County. Located at the end of the south breakwater of Seomang, at the southern end of Jindo. Accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4246.65; NGA 17581.5.
Gujado Light, Jindo, April 2017
Google Plus photo by Олег О
Gogun and Jindo Districts (West and North Coast) Lighthouses
Geupchisan (Jindo Southwest)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 11 m (36 ft); two white flashes every 6 s. 8 m (26 ft) round white concrete tower. No photo available but Google has a distant satellite view. Located at the tip of a steep promontory at the southwestern tip of Jindo. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4246.55; NGA 17581.8.
Buldo (Puldo, Pulto)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 52 m (171 ft); white flash every 6 s. 10 m (33 ft) round white concrete tower. No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located on an islet off the western tip of Jindo, south of Gasado. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4232.6; NGA 17582.
Galduri (Kalduri)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 14 m (46 ft); two white flashes every 10 s. 11 m (36 ft) round concrete tower. Lighthouse painted black with one red horizontal band. No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located on an isolated rock about 1.6 km (1 mi) off the western tip of Jindo. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4233; NGA 17583.
Jeodo (Chodo, Cho Do)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 11 m (36 ft); two white flashes every 6 s. 8 m (26 ft) round white concrete tower. No photo available and the tower is not seen in Google's satellite view of the location. Located on the northwest point of an island off the central north coast of Jindo. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4234; NGA 17592.
Gudo (Ku Do)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 29 m (95 ft); white flash every 4 s. 7.5 m (25 ft) round white concrete tower. No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located on an islet about 5 km (3 mi) off the north coast of Jindo, guiding vessels toward the north end of the Myeongnyang Strait. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4236; NGA 17596.
Jindo County: Jodo Islands Lighthouses
Note: The Jodo district (Jodomyeon) includes a broad scattering of about 200 islands lying to the west and south of Jindo Island. Many of the islands are inhabited; the district has 33 villages and a total population of about 3300. The larger inhabited islands are accessible by ferry from Seomang on Jindo Island.
Boksacho (2)
2009 (station established 2003). Active; focal plane 17 m (56 ft); two white flashes every 10 s. 29 m (92 ft) round scientific platform supported by four robust piles. Structure painted black with a broad red horizontal band. A photo is at right and an excellent closeup photo (1/3 the way down the page) is available. This tower is an observing station of the Korean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Adminstration (KHOA). Located about 15 km (9 mi) southeast of the Jodo Islands and a similar distance northwest of the Chuja Islands. Accessible only by boat. Admiralty M4242.6; NGA 17549.
Boksacho Light
Korean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Adminstration photo
Gasado Area Lighthouses
Note: Gasado is an island about 5 km (3 mi) long and 3 km (2 mi) wide, located about 6.5 km (4 mi) off the west coast of Jindo. The island is the site of gold and silver mines, long inactive but now being reopened.
Gwangdaedo
2006. Active; focal plane 31 m (102 ft); white flash every 5 s. 13 m (43 ft) round white concrete tower. A view from the sea is available, another site has the same view (just over halfway down the page), and Bing has a satellite view. Located on the northern tip of an island about 8 km (5 mi) northeast of Gasado. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4234.5.
** Gasado (Kasado, Kasa Do) (2)
2008 (?) (station established 1915). Active; focal plane 75 m (246 ft); white flash every 15 s. 17 m (56 ft) octagonal cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and gallery, painted white, surrounded by an octagonal 3-story building. Fog horn (one blast every 45 s). A photo is at right, a Seoul newspaper has the same closeup, a portfolio of distant views is available, and Google has a satellite view. This is a staffed station and the Korea JoongAng Daily has an English language feature article on one of the keepers. The station is being developed as a tourist attraction, although no details are available. The original lighthouse was demolished. Gasado is an island about 5 km (3 mi) long and about 6 km (3.5 mi) off the west coast of Jindo; it is accessible by ferry from Mokpo. Located on a promontory at the southern tip of the island. Site open, tower status unknown. ARLHS SKR-042; Admiralty M4232; NGA 17584.
Gadeokdo (Gadogdo, Kadokdo)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 11 m (36 ft); two white flashes every 6 s. 8 m (26 ft) round white concrete tower. No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located at the southeastern end of an island about 5 km (3 mi) west southwest of Gasado. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4247.81; NGA 17585.
Manseo (Man-so)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 16 m (52 ft); two white flashes every 10 s. 14 m (46 ft) round concrete tower, painted black with one red horizontal band. No photo available and the light is not seen in Bing's satellite view. Located on a reef about 2.5 km (1.5 mi) northwest of the Gasado light station. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4234.8; NGA 17594.
Gasado Light, Gasado, Jindo County
Port of Mokpo photo
Hajodo Area Lighthouses
Note: Hajodo, the largest of the Jodo Islands, is about 7 km (4.5 mi) long and is located 8 km (5 mi) southwest of Jindo. A bridge links Hajodo to the neighboring island of Sangjodo, just to the north. A popular tourist destination, the island has a population of about 1800 and is readily accessible by ferry.
* Hajodo (Hajo-do, Hojodo)
1909. Active; focal plane 48 m (158 ft); white flash every 10 s. 14 m (46 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and gallery. Fog siren (blast every 55 s). Entire station painted white. Fog siren (one blast every 55 s). A photo is at right, Kim Hyungnam has a 2017 closeup photo, Park Hyung Kyu has a photo, and Bing has a satellite view. Located at the tip of a very sharp promontory at the northeastern tip of Hajo-do. Accessible by road. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS SKR-008; Admiralty M4246; NGA 17556.
Heukseo
2007. Active; focal plane 13 m (43 ft); three white flashes every 10 s. 17 m (56 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower, painted black with one yellow horizontal band, mounted on a round concrete pier. A distant view is available and Bing has an indistinct satellite view. Located on a reef about 1 km (0.6 mi) southeast of the Hajodo lighthouse. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4245.
Damchuseo
2016. Active; focal plane 18 m (59 ft); white flash every 4 s. 8 m (26 ft) octagonal white concrete tower. No photo available but Bing has a satellite view. Located on a small island about 2.5 km (1.5 mi) southeast of Hajado. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4249.91.
#Semog
Date unknown. Inactive since 2017 and apparently demolished. This was an 8 m (26 ft) round white concrete tower with gallery. Bing has a satellite view, but the light is not seen in Google's more recent satellite view. This light, marking the narrow passage between Hajado and Nabaedo, became redundant after the Nabaedo Light was installed. Located on the western tip of Hajodo. Site status unknown. ex-Admiralty M4247; NGA 17560.
Hajodo Light, Hajodo
Jodo District Public Information photo (no longer online)
Nabaedo
2015. Active; focal plane 10 m (33 ft); green flash every 4 s. 10 m (33 ft) round concrete tower painted green. No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located just off the eastern tip of Nabaedo, marking the narrow passage between Hajado and Nabaedo. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4247.1.
Gyeongseocho (Dang Dan)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 10 m (33 ft); two white flashes every 5 s. 10 m (33 ft) round concrete tower, painted black with one red horizontal band. No photo available but Bing has a satellite view. Located on a shoal east of the bridge joining Hajodo to Sangjodo. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4246.8; NGA 17557.
Gwanmaedo Area Lighthouses
Haesuseo (Haesu Seo, Haesu So)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 11 m (36 ft); two white flashes every 10 s. 11 m (36 ft) round concrete tower, painted black with one red horizontal band. No photo available but Bing has a satellite view. Located on a reef near the center of the southwestern island group, southwest of Hajodo. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4249.8; NGA 17562.
Geomado (Komado, Koma-do)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 50 m (164 ft); white flash every 4 s. 10 m (33 ft) round white concrete tower. No photo available but Bing has a satellite view. Located on a high islet at the southern end of the southwestern island group. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4249.7; NGA 17563.
Seogeochado Lighthouses
Note: Seogeochado is near the outermost edge of the Jodo Islands, about 13 km (8 mi) southwest of Hajado.
Seogeochado
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 30 m (98 ft); white flash every 6 s. 6 m (20 ft) round white concrete tower. No photo available but Bing has a distant satellite view. Located at the eastern tip of the island. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4249; NGA 17564.
* Seogeochado East Breakwater
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 14 m (46 ft); red flash every 4 s. 8.5 m (28 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower. Entire lighthouse is red. Several photos are available and Bing has a satellite view. Located at the end of the east breakwater of Seogeochado. Accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4249.2; NGA 17568.
* Seogeochado West Breakwater
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 14 m (46 ft); green flash every 4 s. 8.5 m (28 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower. Entire lighthouse is white. Photos and additional photos are available but Bing has a satellite view. Located at the end of the west breakwater of Seogeochado. Accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty M4249.4; NGA 17572.
Maenggoldo Area Lighthouses
Note: Maenggoldo and the neighboring island of Jukdo are the outermost inhabited islands of the Jodo Islands, about 5 km (3 mi) southwest of Seogeochado.
Byeongpungdo (Pyongpungdo)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 47 m (154 ft); white flash every 6 s. 9 m (30 ft) round white concrete tower. A photo (halfway down the page) is available and Google has a distant satellite view. Pyongpungdo is an island about 25 km (15 mi) south southwest of Jindo. Located at the southern tip of the island. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4250; NGA 17580.
Jukdo (Chukdo, Chuk-to)
1907. Active; focal plane 85 m (279 ft); white flash every 10 s. 9 m (30 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and gallery. Rotating aerobeacon. Lighthouse painted white. Fog horn (one blast every 35 s). A photo is at right and Bing has a distant satellite view. Located on a small island near the extreme southwestern corner of Korean territory, about 25 km (15 mi) southwest of Jindo. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4248; NGA 17576.
Jukdo (Chukdo) Light, Maenggoldo
Jeollanam Province photo
Byeonseo (Pyonso)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 11 m (36 ft); two white flashes every 5 s. 13 m (43 ft) tower, painted black with one red horizontal band. No photo available and the reef is not seen in Bing's satellite view. Located on a rock about 4 km (2.5 mi) southwest of Jukdo. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4248.5; NGA 17577.
Oebyongdo Area Lighthouses
Nurokdo (Nulogdo, Nulokdo)
2004. Active; focal plane 13 m (43 ft); white flash every 4 s. 8.5 m (28 ft) round white concrete tower. A photo is at right, another photo and two additional photos are available, and Bing has a satellite view. Located on an islet off the southeastern tip of Nurokdo, an island about 3 km (2 mi) south of Eoryongdo. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Admiralty M4247.5; NGA 17552.
Duryangseo (Turyangdo)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 12 m (39 ft); two white flashes every 10 s. 12 m (39 ft) round concrete tower, painted black with one red horizontal band. No photo available and the light is not seen in Bing's satellite view. Located on a shoal about 5 km (3 mi) west of Eoryongdo. Accessible only by boat. Admiralty M4247.6; NGA 17551.8.
Oebyeongdo
1907. Active; focal plane 81 m (266 ft); white flash every 10 s. 10 m (33 ft) octagonal concrete tower with lantern and gallery. Modern 2-story crew quarters building. Entire station painted white. No photo available but Google has a very distant satellite view. Oebyeongdo is an island about 16 km (10 mi) west of the southwestern end of Jindo. Located on the highest point of the island. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. ARLHS SKR-019; Admiralty M4247.7; NGA 17554.
Nurokdo Light, Nurokdo
Information available on lost lighthouses:
Notable faux lighthouses:
Adjoining pages: North: Sinan | Northeast: Mokpo Area | East: Wando | South: Jeju
Return to the Lighthouse Directory index | Ratings key
Posted January 9, 2008. Lighthouses: 41. Checked and revised January 6, 2019. Site copyright 2019 Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.


After another display of lackluster attacking football, more pressure mounted on Manchester United as they were denied victory by a stern and courageous PSV side at Old Trafford.
Manchester United probed, but were unable to convert the all important goal. Jesse Lingard posed the biggest threats, however he missed a sitter in the second half.
PSV retained a compact defensive structure and often opened up United's defence on the counter attack; Propper and Pereiro pioneered attacking moves but failed to put David De Gea under any real pressure.
Man Utd: De Gea; Darmian, Smalling, Rojo, Blind; Schweinsteiger, Schneiderlin; Lingard, Rooney, Memphis; Martial.
PSV: Zoet; Arias, Bruma, Moreno, Brenet; Hendrix, Guardardo, Pröpper; Narsingh, De Jong, Locadia.
Both sides were happy to operate in a slow, methodical opening 10 minutes with PSV accepting United's dominance in possession. Louis van Gaal's side often probed, but the Dutch heavyweights piled numbers behind the ball in their solid and compact frame to make it difficult for United as tributes to the late, great George Best who passed away ten years to that day.
United maneuvered the ball around the park well, and a bombing run followed by a dnagerous cross from Darmian put PSV on edge. Rooney failed to get a touch on it, but from the following corner after United recycled the ball, Lingard was unable to complete an attempted over-head kick after Darmian once again whipped an inviting ball in.
PSV continued to sit back while Van Gaal's men looked to increase the pressure. Martial, in the middle, latched onto the cross Rooney pulled back but The Frenchman's dummy piqued Lingard's attention at short-notice and the England youngster was unable to get a solid touch on the ball.
After being pinned in their own half for the majority of the opening 20 minutes, the Dutch heavyweights seized an opportunity to counter. Propper, on the right flank, breezed past two United defenders and bombed forward also exchanging crisp passes with Locadia. The swift move caught The Red Devils off guard and resulted in Hendrix curling an intriguing shot towards the right side of goal but De Gea stretched far to gather in midair.
Propper was having fun at Old Trafford; bombing through the middle with pace and opening United's defence up. Schweinsteiger and Schneiderlin, alone in the centre, were being exposed by their lack of pace time after time.
Towards the end of the first half, space began to open up and both teams agreed to end-to-end football. Moments after PSV attacked, Martial's toe-poke shot forced a good save down low from Zoet after latching onto Lingard's rebounded shot.
Minutes before half time, United gradually upped the tempo in search of a breakthrough. The attackers probed, and lingered around the area while the final chance of the half came through Memphis' shot which was parried away by Zoet.
After a dull and lackluster first half, United seeked an early goal to settle nerves. Martial retrieved possession down the right and whipped in a zipping cross for Lingard who looked to glance a header into the far corner but his effort slid across goal.
With the match evenly poised, Louis van Gaal made his first substitutions of the game. Marouane Fellani replaced Bastian Schweinsteiger while Memphis Depay made way for Ashley Young.
As fans grew even more frustrated, United began to tire and enabled PSV to launch late attacking moves. Rooney was robbed at the edge of the area, allowing the visitors to counter through Propper. He scorched down the middle and picked out Locadia, but his shot was rushed and skittled wide of goal.
Moments later, United's best chance of the game fell for Lingard - but his frustrating finishing continued. Blind initially played a pass through to Young, whose deflected cross fell for Lingard but he agonizingly failed to slot home from 12 yards and further epitomise United's lack of final product.
They probed and probed, but Van Gaal's men continuously failed to pose big threats in the final third. Rooney pinging long balls up to Fellaini, the 'Plan B', was a clear example of the dreadful nature of United's slow and methodical play.
The final whistle sounded, but it was emphatically overshadowed by a raucous round of boos as Louis van Gaal trudged off his seat and the teams exited the field. Manchester United now require a result at Wolfsburg to advance to the Last 16.


My name is ramanuj singh and I am raising funds for poor children of rural area.I have decided to provide all the materials for food, textiles, books and education through a tireless effort to improve the quality of the lives of the poor children of landless people of rural areas. Along with that, I have decided to lift their standard of living. There is no obstacle in the education of poor children.Arrangements of five teachers are very important so far only two teachers have made available. Number of children has gone up to 170 (one hundred and seventy) and the children of poor people of villages have to arrange to come and bring them to school, school bus is very important With the decision to educate all children , there is another plan i have made to reveal the talent of these children through game, but it is important to have a playground for this game, now it is necessary to manage the playground. It was not easy to decide to decorate it as a diamond, due to poverty,they got the greatest help in bringing education materials and sports material to school.I have organized awareness programs between these people in which children are distributed books, pens, clothes, sports goods (football,basketball,cricket,hockey etc).The have also organised the program every week to sharing the Daily needed things to these rular area people.We have attached this to the mainstream of the society and we have picked up their talent and power to ride them. Even if gentlemen like you get support then my dream will come true and their (rular area people) quality of life will improve. This is a section of society, I do not want to take the name of the caste because there is only one race of human beings that is only humanity. The way of living the lives of thesr poor is different,if i explain these all things in words the heartbeats will increase. Through the educated Economic Services Charity of Mahagirab,you invite all of you to cooperate with financial assistance. by donating in the service to the poor, with great grace to register your participation for the welfare of human life. I have taken the responsibility of making God's work successful only by becoming the medium and completing it in a good manner. There is a dire need for financial cooperation. Therefore, it is in tireless efforts to make this work successful by appeasing to you.Please help us raise the required amount by clicking on the donate button and/or sharing this fundraiser with family and friends.
Your share could be as good as a donation for Ramanuj Singh!
Not everyone can afford to take care of their loved ones. Ramanuj Singh's life can only be saved by donations made by kind people like you.


Based on research gaps identified during our stakeholder meetings in the spring of 2018, we commissioned 3 overview papers. Faculty and student teams completed these literature review and overview papers during summer and early fall 2018.
Fiscal Zoning: Why Does it Happen? How Often Does it Happen? And Does it Need to Happen?


text:
Late Night Laughs: Marcel Lucont + Ed Gamble
Elgar Room at Royal Albert Hall, Kensington
This is comedy at its best
"Fresh, accessible and hilarious."
- The Guardian (on Marcel Lucont)
The multi-award-deserving Frenchman (Chortle Award 2015, Fringe World Award 2013, Amused Moose Award 2012) has been touring the world with his dry wit, bawdy chansons and exquisite sex poetry. He invades the Royal Albert Hall with one thing in his mind and that's to make you laugh. For this one he joins forces with Chortle Award-winning Ed Gamble, star of E4's Almost Royal and the Peacock and Gamble podcast. Gamble returns with a brand new stand-up show about why it's hip to be square. He's a prophet, a shaman, and a wildly inaccurate blurb writer. As seen on Russell Howard's Good News (BBC Three) and Edinburgh Comedy Fest Live (BBC Three). Over 18s only. Please arrive on time as latecomers may not be admitted. This event takes place in the Elgar Room and has cabaret-style unreserved seating. Enter via Door 8 of the Royal Albert Hall. Ticket Face value is £15.00 with £1.30 in fees.


text:
Jhon Andrés Córdoba Copete (Istmina, Chocó, Colombia, 11 de mayo de 1993) es un futbolista colombiano que juega como delantero en el F. C. Krasnodar de la Liga Premier de Rusia.

Su padre es el exfutbolista colombiano Manuel Acisclo Córdoba, campeón con Independiente Santa Fe, que también jugó de delantero, durante 17 años como profesional logró marcar 144 goles.

Trayectoria

Envigado F. C.

Un canterano del Envigado F. C., Córdoba hizo su debut profesional con el club en el torneo  apertura 2011, jugó solo 2 partidos y no pudo anotar un solo gol. A pesar de ello, Córdoba fue todavía tenido en cuenta para jugar la Copa Colombia 2011, logrando anotar contra equipos tradicionales como el Independiente Medellín y Once Caldas. Sin embargo, Envigado terminó último en su grupo, por lo tanto, fue eliminado de la copa. A partir del torneo finalización 2011, Córdoba estuvo como titular en el once inicial. Después de su estallida temporada con Envigado, Córdoba anotó 5 goles en 18 apariciones. Su partido más notable fue una derrota por 3-2 ante Once Caldas, en el que anotó un doblete.

Córdoba defendió con éxito su lugar a partir del torneo Apertura 2012. Terminó la temporada como máximo goleador de Envigado con 6, el logro de esta cifra en 16 partidos.

Jaguares de Chiapas
Después de una temporada impresionante con Envigado, Córdoba fue firmado por el club mexicano del Jaguares de Chiapas, el 9 de julio de 2012. Hizo su debut el 20 de julio de 2012 contra Tigres de la UANL. Después de pasar 4 meses en México, Córdoba finalmente anotó su primer gol en el triunfo por 4-0 ante San Luis. En Chiapas tuvo una discreta actuación anotando tan solo dos goles, uno de ellos en la Copa de México en un total de 21 partidos.

España
El 2 de septiembre de 2013 se anunció que se uniría al Espanyol de España. El acuerdo consistiría en un préstamo por un año con una opción de compra de 3,5 millones de euros.

El 30 de noviembre, Córdoba anotó su primer gol en un partido contra la Real Sociedad. Después, el 25 de enero, anotó su segundo gol en un partido contra el Valencia C. F. Terminó la temporada con cuatro goles tras un total de 28 partidos. El Espanyol finalmente no ejerció la opción de compra que tenía por Córdoba.

El 12 de agosto de 2014 firmó un contrato de cinco años con el Granada C. F., también español. Córdoba debutó y marcó con su nuevo club en la cuarta jornada de liga, el 20 de septiembre en una victoria por 0-1 ante el Athletic de Bilbao.

Alemania
El último día de mercado del verano de 2015 se confirmaba la cesión por una temporada al Mainz 05 de la 1. Bundesliga con una opción de compra sobre el colombiano. Debutó el 23 de septiembre en la derrota de su equipo por la mínima diferencia frente al Bayer 04 Leverkusen entrando al minutos 81 por la sexta fecha. Su primer gol lo marcaría el 20 de febrero en la derrota 3-2 al Hoffenheim. Marcaría el 2 de marzo el gol de la victoria como visitantes 2-1 sobre el Bayern Múnich completando tres partidos consecutivos marcando.

Su primer gol internacional lo marcaría por la Liga de Europa de la UEFA el 29 de septiembre de 2016 en la victoria como visitantes 3-2 sobre el Qäbälä anotando un minuto después de haber ingresado.

El 28 de junio de 2017 es presentado como nuevo jugador del histórico F. C. Colonia de la 1. Bundesliga. Debuta de manera oficial el 12 de agosto con gol de tiro penal en la goleada 5-0 sobre Leher por la Copa de Alemania. Debuta en la Liga de Europa de la UEFA con gol en la derrota 3-1 en su visita al Arsenal F. C. inglés, marcándole a su compatriota David Ospina.

El 16 de septiembre del 2018 marca su primer gol en la nueva temporada en la derrota 3-5 como locales frente a Paderborn 07. Su primer doblete lo marca el 10 noviembre en la goleada 8-1 sobre Dinamo Dresde. El 8 de febrero de 2019 marca su primer  hat-trick  como profesional en la goleada 4-1 sobre F. C. San Pauli saliendo como la figura del partido. El 6 de mayo del mismo 2019 marcaría su segundo hat-trick en la victoria como visitante del Colonia 0-4 frente al Greuther Fürth válido por la fecha 32 del campeonato de liga, fecha en la cual alcanzaría el título de la 2. Bundesliga junto al club consiguiendo llegar por primera vez a 20 goles en una temporada en su carrera, además de lograr el ascenso directo a la 1. Bundesliga.

El 11 de agosto en el debut de la temporada 2019-20 marca gol en el empate a tres goles contra Wiesbaden en el clasifican por penales en Copa. Su primer gol en Liga lo hace el 8 de noviembre en la derrota como locales 1-2 contra Hoffenheim, el 30 de noviembre marca sobre los últimos minutos el gol del empate a un gol contra el F. C. Augsburgo. El 21 de diciembre marca el gol de la victoria por la mínima sobre otra gran histórico, el Werder Bremen. El 18 de enero marca su primer doblete de la temporada en la victoria 3-1 sobre el VfL Wolfsburgo, vuelve a marcar doblete el 22 de febrero en la goleada 5-0 como visitantes ante el Hertha Berlín además de dar una asistencia, siendo la figura del partido.

El 15 de septiembre de 2020 es presentado como nuevo jugador del Hertha de Berlín de la 1. Bundesliga firmando hasta el 2024, los clubes no dieron el precio de las transferencia pero se dio un aproximado de 20 millones de euros. Debuta el 19 de septiembre marcando gol al minuto 90 para sentencia el 4 por 1 final como visitantes ante el Werder Bremen ingresando en el segundo tiempo por Krzysztof Piątek, el 4 de octubre marca nuevamente en la derrota 4-3 contra el Bayern de Múnich siendo el tercer gol que le marca al club más grande de Alemania, vuelve a marca el 24 en la derrota 2-1 contra el R. B. Leipzig.

Krasnodar
El 23 de julio de 2021 se confirmó su marcha del fútbol alemán para jugar en el F. C. Krasnodar ruso por un precio alrededor de los 20 millones de euros.

Selección nacional

Categorías inferiores
Córdoba fue convocada al Sudamericano Sub-20 de 2013 para representar a  con la camiseta número 9. Debutó con gol contra  dándole la victoria por 1-0. En el juego contra  marcaría doblete en la goleada 6-0, aunque no logró anotar muchas buenas oportunidades que se le dieron. Por lo tanto, no fue seleccionado en el juego final de la fase de grupos contra , donde Colombia ya estaba clasificado para la siguiente ronda.
Luego anota contra  dándole la victoria por la mínima que le permitió encabezar el grupo. Al final lograron ser campeones del Sudamericano donde Córdoba sería una de las figura con cuatro goles.

Córdoba participó con el equipo nuevamente para el Torneo Esperanzas de Toulon de 2013, donde no logró marcar un solo gol. A pesar de esto, Colombia logró convertirse en el subcampeón del torneo.

En mayo de 2013 sería convocado para disputar el Mundial Sub-20, debutaría contra  en el que desperdició muchas oportunidades mientras que Colombia perdía 1-0, finalmente logró marcar un gol en el minuto 78, lo que resultó en un empate 1–1. En el último partido de la fase de grupos marca de tiro penal en la goleada 3-0 contra El Salvador.

Torneos internacionales

Categoría mayores
El 3 de octubre de 2020 fue convocado a última hora por la  para las primeras fechas de las eliminatorias a Catar 2022 contra  y  en reemplazo de Luis Díaz por el técnico Carlos Queiroz, al final no debutaría en ningún partido.

Participaciones en Eliminatorias al Mundial

Estadísticas

Hat-trick

Palmarés

Títulos nacionales

Títulos internacionales

(*) Incluyendo la selección.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha en Soccerway

Nacidos en Istmina
Delanteros centro de fútbol
Futbolistas de Colombia
Futbolistas del Envigado Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Chiapas Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Querétaro Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Dorados de Sinaloa
Futbolistas del Real Club Deportivo Espanyol en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Granada Club de Fútbol en los años 2010
Futbolistas del 1. FSV Maguncia 05 en los años 2010
Futbolistas del 1. FC Colonia en los años 2010
Futbolistas del 1. FC Colonia en los años 2020
Futbolistas del Hertha Berlín en los años 2020
Futbolistas del FC Krasnodar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The average Indian fashion consumer today takes as many cues from an international supermodel as from Bollywood celebrities, contributes annually the booming wedding industry, and finds answers to their wardrobe needs online. To make an impact on the buyer, a designer today has more boxes to tick than ever—celebrity approval, instant availability of the product and transparency in means of production.
The economy of fashion is balanced on the dual scales of vanity and practicality. While the selling point is based on utopian aspirations, increasing uncertainty has the consumer grounding their choices in reality. Designers and buyers, therefore, have had to evolve their business modules to adapt. We spoke to the key players in the industry about the new moves.
Veteran designer Tarun Tahiliani believes that the increase in spending power has been the decisive factor in changing the consumer's mentality. "This has meant a more exacting customer in terms of fit, finish and quality of product, as the new Indian has become increasingly aware of global standards of quality," he says.
According to Tahiliani, weddings still remain the crux of the fashion business here. "Indian bridal wear is a niche market in the sense that only Indians and the Indian diaspora across the world have an interest in buying [from that segment]. Nonetheless, it probably accounts for 70 per cent of an Indian designer's repertoire. Indians spend much more on their wedding wear than the rest of world," says Tahiliani.
"The industry is in transition. The 'See Now, Buy Now' model is becoming more and more prevalent because of the internet and social media," says Tina Tahiliani Parikh, executive director of the multi-brand store, Ensemble. "It is a well-known fact that a lot of top fashion houses world over are rethinking their strategies in light of this. They are also more aware of the fact that fast fashion brands put trends from the runway onto racks much faster than couture brands," she says.
Designer Manish Malhotra, one of the biggest names in the industry, has invested in e-commerce heavily over the last couple of years. While a vast majority of his clientele frequent the designer's boutiques for their couture needs, his designs are available on several e-commerce platforms as well. "Our strategy so far has been to strike a balance between both worlds. Our newest collections can be found on shelves in-store and online just a couple of days after a show," he says.
Anita Dongre's business includes her main line Anita Dongre, Global Desi, AND, Grassroot by Anita Dongre and jewellery brand Pink City crafted by Jet Gems. In her coterie of labels that include accessible mall staple stores, NGO collaborations and bridal go-tos, Dongre's unique model targets consumers of varying ages and income brackets.
Focus on social media has always been important to her brand, but her learning curve was when the Duchess of Cambridge was spotted in a dress by her label and the overnight demand for it was such that brand's website crashed from the excessive orders. "We have a lot of customers come in with pictures of celebrities demanding the same [garment]. It's not that there is a dearth of the fashion conscious, but the response an outfit has when worn by a celebrity is incomparable," says the designer.
"I think consumers are more thoughtful and considered in making buying choices, be it what they wear, or for that matter what they eat," says Maithili Ahluwalia, owner, CEO and creative director of Bungalow 8. Anita Dongre's label Grassroot by Anita Dongre is consciously focusing on ethical means of production. "There is a definite demand for ethical fashion, but we still have a long way to go for this to be a mass shift," says Dongre.


Petros Chrisostomou constructs hybrid spaces, combining the concerns of artist, sculptor and curator. His work, as much sculptural as photographic, draws inspiration from concepts of hyperreality. These works not only revel in signs and symbols – the simulacra of contemporary life, they transcend that postmodernist trope of the simulacrum, offering distinct traces of the skewed realities of the Dadaists or fantasies of the Surrealists.
These qualities are underpinned and stabilised by the architectural accuracy of his miniature interiors, which draw from broad influences, from classical Palladian or a White Cube gallery space, to the contemporary commercial kitsch of fast-food joints, or even a depiction of his childhood home as in the 18 Fortis Green series. The self-constructed model interiors contain life-size objects and within this context, the objects are transformed into oversized sculptures, surreal representations of themselves.
Petros Chrisostomou doesn't have any exhibitions.
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Shown here in unfinished Maple. Store you wine 3 different ways with 42 bottles in lattice style racking plus 1 display row of bottles and 1 horizontal shelf. Shown with decorative solid wood top option.