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by rpielke | June 29, 2007 · 1:49 pm
NOAA Cover Up Of US Historical Climate Network Surface Station Photographs
Since 2002 (see the AASC 2002 Annual Meeting minutes), we have been seeking to have photographs of the US Historical Climate Network (HCN) sites made available. The HCN sites are used as part of the diagnosis of the surface temperature anomalies on monthly and yearly time scales, as well as the United States contribution to the construction of the global average surface temperature trend used in climate assessments such as the 2007 WG IPCC Report (see Figure SPM.3a, for example).
NOAA, however, has consistently failed to provide these photographs. As result, several scientists have independently obtained photographs for specific locations (e.g.,
Davey, C.A., and R.A. Pielke Sr., 2005: Microclimate exposures of surface-based weather stations – implications for the assessment of long-term temperature trends. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Vol. 86, No. 4, 497–504
Mahmood, R. S. Foster and D. Logan, 2006: The GeoProfile metadata, exposure of instruments, and measurement bias in climatic record revisited. Int. J. Climatol., 26, 1091-1124),
and have identified significant siting problems with a number of locations. Since this HCN data is so central to the discussion of climate change, it is imperative that the actual locations where the data is being collected be adequately documented.
Recently, Anthony Watts has established a website [www.surfacestations.org] to record these photographs. He has worked to assure that the photographs are obtained appropriately.
As a result of this effort, NOAA has removed location information from their website as to where they are located. This information has been available there for years. NOAA wrote in an e-mail defining their new policy which reads
"Your inquiry was forwarded to me by our webmaster. I'm glad you've found MMS to be a useful tool in your research. MMS is our primary source of station metadata for National Weather Service Cooperative Observer and several other networks, and we are actively working to provide increased detail for a larger number of stations.
It sounds as though you've used the system enough that once you've located a station using the search, you're clicking on the station name hyperlink and opening a separate station details window. The managing party for a station has always been visible by clicking on the "Other Parties" tab. In the case of NWS Coop stations (the USHCN research network relies upon a subset of stations in the NWS Coop program), this is usually the NWS office that administers the site. This information was previously included at the bottom of the Identity tab's "form view," but was removed from that view early this week because in some cases it also revealed the name of the Cooperative observer.
Cooperative observers are volunteers who donate their time in the interests of the public good with a reasonable expectation that their personal information will remain private. It is the NCDC's policy to protect observer details, based upon Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Update, Vol. X, No. 2, 1989, which exempts the application of FOIA in certain cases and establishes privacy protection decisions in accordance with the Privacy Act of 1974 (2004 edition). This exemption applies when the personal privacy interest is greater than any qualifying public interest for disclosure.
If you have other questions regarding MMS, please feel free to contact me. I am often away from my desk, so my response may not be immediate."
This is clearly a procedure to avoid making these photographs available. Indeed, in the papers that have been published with photographs of these HCN sites, care was taken to not publish the address or name of the observer.
This failure to permit interested parties to obtain the photographs is even more distrubing as the photographs for most of the sites apparently already exist! I have found out that
"over 4 years ago there was a big push in the Cooperative Observer program to make sure that all 7000+ sites across the country were photodocumented. All 120 Data Acquisition Programs were equipped with high quality digital cameras. Most took photos. However, at the higher levels where they were developing the upload and archive system for the photos the issue of observer privacy was raised and as best we can tell the result was that those photos were not archived and certainly are not available."
This is a very disturbing development, as individuals in NOAA's leadership have used their authority to prevent the scientific community and the public access to critical information that is being used as part of establishing climate and energy policy in the United States.
The solution to this issue is, of course, straightforward. Either make the photographs where datasets are being used in research (i.e. the HCN sites), available, or permit others to take them. Privacy rules, such as not publishing the names and addresses of the observers, should be made, however, the photographs themselves, viewing the site, and views in the four orthogonal directions must be public. Volunteers who are HCN Cooperative Observers need to either grant this permission or not volunteer.
The new NOAA policy is a deliberate attempt to avoid presenting this information for scrutiny.
by rpielke | June 29, 2007 · 7:00 am
Guest Weblog By Robert Maddox
Dr. Robert Maddox is internationally recognized as an expert on mesoscale cloud systems, who has worked at the National Severe Storms Lab in Norman Okalhoma, and is now at the University of Arizona in Tucson. His characterizations of mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) was pioneering.
He has graciously agreed to write a guest weblog for Climate Science, as well as also post on his own website (madweather). Dr. Maddox's weblog is important since it provides another example of the lack of consideration by NOAA on the need for proper siting of instrumentation that is required to monitor weather and climate.
The weblog follows.
Comments on the NWS Radiosonde Replacement System (RRS) Robert A. Maddox 21 June 2007
I have recently become very concerned about several aspects of the NWS sounding program, in particular the RRS – see:http://www.ua.nws.noaa.gov/rrs_overview.htm. I have learned of this program because the upper-air sounding system at Tucson has recently been replaced, and also physically relocated. Until this happened, I was not really aware that such a program has been underway since summer 2005 (see Fig 1.) Given the important character and potential impacts of the RRS implementation on both climate and weather research and prediction, I would have assumed that the program would be highly visible and that widespread communication between the NWS and its private sector, academic, and research customers would have preceded implementation decisions. This appears to be a bad assumption. The last formal, NOAA-wide data users meeting was apparently held in the late 1990s. I discuss two aspects of the RRS program below.
Figure 1 – Map showing the NWS upper-air stations in the conterminous U.S. Purple underlining identifies the sites currently using the new RRS sondes. Green underlining indicates sites to be converted between now and September. The new sondes were first used at KLWX (8-1-05) and KSLC (9-20-05). The most recent conversions were at KMFL (5-7-07) and KTUS (6-4-07).
I. Relocation of the Tucson upper-air observing site (WMO 72274)
When the TUS NWS Office announced on their website that the upper-air site had been relocated to the roof of the NWS/USGS building on campus, I (a long-term user of upper-air data) was quite surprised and shocked. This change in the site location occurred after upper-air observations had been taken at the Tucson airport for 51 years. (The Tucson upper-air site was relocated from Davis Monthan AFB to the Tucson airport on March 1st of 1956.) The RRS relocation of the site on June 4, 2007, shifts the upper-air observing site from an open, surface location, reasonably representative of the desert, to the roof of a three-story building in an urban, artificial environment with tall buildings, trees, vegetation and irrigation (see Fig. 2). This relocation is not an NWS action that will preserve the long-term stability of the Tucson upper-air observations.
Figure 2 – Photo of the RRS white tracking dome on the roof of the NWS/USGS building. The view is to the west-southwest toward the city center from the roof of a five story U of A parking garage to the east of the NWS/USGS building.
Unfortunately, even though the NWS Office is on the University of Arizona campus, there were no discussions during the planning process for this possible move with the many weather and climate researchers on campus. The NWS apparently did not share any information publicly until the move was imminent. This is certainly a dismal example of communication and interactions amongst the management of the local NWS office and their academic neighbors, who are customers/users of the local and national NWS observational data. However, the relocation announcements "followed NWS procedures." But, the NWS official procedures are so ineffective that none of the major organizations that process and archive upper-air data from the NWS (e.g., FSL, NCAR RAP, and Univ. of Wyoming) appear to have been aware that the move happened. Soundings processed with bad elevation, latitude, and longitude data have been going into the upper-air archives since the move. As of this morning (June 21, 2007 at 1200 UTC) FSL still is processing the TUS sounding using the old station history data for the airport location, which is of course no longer operational!
Several of us from the Department of Atmospheric Science visited the NWS Office last week to learn more about the relocation and the new RRS system (many of the soundings taken from the new site have seemed quite bizarre). A look at the new system installation left me flabbergasted. The new site does not meet WMO guidelines for an upper-air site (see pages B-1-3 at http://www.ofcm.gov/fmh3/pdf/10-app-b.pdf ). The roof launch site has significant nearby obstructions – larger buildings NW to E within 50 to 500 or 600 yards (i.e., the stadium to the east). A nine story building towers above the 3rd floor roof launch site only about 600 feet to the north (Fig. 3). Additionally, the white-painted, roof-top site, where the new, required surface observing instruments [information at (http://www.ua.nws.noaa.gov/rsoisphotos.htm], have also been installed, is cluttered with everything from large heating and cooling systems venting air in close proximity to the surface sensors, to a variety of additional obstructions and antennas and a satellite dish (Fig. 4). Based on viewing the RRS installations on the roof of the NWS/USGS building, I feel that there is probably not as badly a selected upper-air site location in the rest of the nation. Note that the green tub or bowl in the Fig. 3 photograph is where the sounding balloon is inflated, out in the open and whatever weather might be occurring, as the person taking the sounding prepares for release. The wooden "gizmo" has been locally fabricated to allow the balloonist to move the balloon around on the roof, before final release, to try to account for wind direction and the location of higher buildings and obstructions. Tucson is apparently the only upper-air site in the country that does not have an enclosed structure for balloon inflation.
Figure 3 – Photo of two large U of A buildings located just to the north of the NWS/USGS building. See text for explanations of the green tub and wooden "gizmo" in the bucket.
Figure 4 – Photo of the new surface observing system installed on the roof of the NWS/USGS building looking east toward the U of A football stadium.
II. Instrument problems associated with the new Sippican sondes.
During our visit we also learned that the unusual soundings (e.g., Fig. 5 and Fig. 6) that began after the move were not only due to the unrepresentative local campus environment, nearby tall buildings, and the cluttered roof-top environment, but were also due to a hygrister problem on the new sondes (yes, the NWS did a concurrent change in both observing site location and sonde instruments at Tucson). I have also learned that the thermistor on the Sippican sondes frequently produces unreliable data.
It apparently is not coated with a hydrophobic agent, leaving it vulnerable to easy wetting and the subsequent effects of evaporation, freezing, and sublimation.
Figure 5 – Skew-T plot of TUS sounding for 1200 UTC June 16, 2007. Note that the very dry layer indicated by the purple arrow is due to hygrister problems of the Sippican sonde (sounding from UCAR RAP upper-air page).
Figure 6 – Skew-T plot of TUS sounding for 0000 UTC June 16, 2007. A very dry layer is present again above the surface. The temperature structure on the roof top, and just above, seems very strange (sounding from UCAR RAP upper-air page).
I am appalled that the installation process continues moving forward (refer back to Fig. 1), even though the data from the new sondes are not consistently reliable. Apparently the sensor inaccuracies are not systematic but are often related to the local conditions at the time of the flight (see Fig. 7 and all the sounding examples). Thus, it seems that significant, random noise is being introduced into the long-term, upper-air data archives. Examples of pathologically low dewpoint temperatures during the early minutes of flights are shown in the two TUS soundings above, and Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 show examples of soundings where the thermistor problems have created significant layers of meteorologically implausible data. The NWS has not informed users – be they private vendors, or university or government or private sector forecasters or researchers – of the Sippican sonde's instrument problems, and the new instabilities in both the real-time, upper-air data and their archives. The sensor problems and unrepresentative soundings going into the archives are not issues that the NWS should deal with essentially internally and seemingly in quasi-secrecy.
Figure 7 – Time series of integrated precipitable water (IPW) from GPS data (blue) for TUS from June 16 through June 21, 2007. The RRS sonde flights' IPW (red diamonds) for the same period are shown. For this period the RRS sonde data are consistently dry relative to the GPS IPW (both morning and evening flights) except that the morning flight on the 20th was strangely too moist (arrow indicates that diamond, which is almost off the figure – figure from NOAA FSL).
Figure 8 – An RRS sounding from Tallahassee, FL taken at 0000 UTC on July 7, 2006. There are many physically unrealistic layers present from the surface to 400 mb (sounding from the University of Wyoming upper-air web site).
Figure 9 – An RRS sounding from Chanhassen, MN taken at 1200 UTC on June 18, 2007. The data appear physically unrealistic from 700 to 500 mb (sounding from the University of Wyoming upper-air web site).
Filed under Guest Weblogs
New Study On The Prediction Skill Of The Multi-Decadal Global Climate Models
On May 31, 2007 there was an article in Nature by Harvey Leifert that was titled "Warmer world gets wetter – Satellite observations suggest climate models are wrong on rainfall".
Excerpts from the article read
"Global warming will increase worldwide precipitation by three times the amount predicted by current climate models, according to a study based on two decades' worth of satellite observations.
The discrepancy between the models and the data might mean that the models are wrong. Or it might be that two decades is not long enough to test their predictions…."
This study conflicts with the claims such as that of
Richard Seager, Mingfang Ting, Isaac Held, Yochanan Kushnir, Jian Lu, Gabriel Vecchi, Huei-Ping Huang, Nili Harnik, Ants Leetmaa, Ngar-Cheung Lau, Cuihua Li, Jennifer Velez, and Naomi Naik: Model Projections of an Imminent Transition to a More Arid Climate in Southwestern North America Published online 9 April 2007 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1139601] (in Science Express Reports)
as discussed on Climate Science (see and see).
The new study
Frank J. Wentz, Lucrezia Ricciardulli, Kyle Hilburn, and Carl Mears: How Much More Rain Will Global Warming Bring? Published online 31 May 2007 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1140746] (in Science Express Reports)
clearly shows that we have a poorer understanding of the climate system than has been communicated by assessments such as the 2007 IPCC Report.
The abstract of their paper reads
"Climate models and satellite observations both indicate the total amount of water in the atmosphere will increase substantially due to global warming at a rate of 7% K-1. However, the climate models predict global precipitation will increase at a much slower rate of 1-3% K-1. A recent analysis of satellite observations does not support this prediction of a muted response of precipitation to global warming. Rather, the observations suggest that precipitation and total atmospheric water have increased at about the same rate over the last two decades."
Of course, this study conflicts with the findings of
Smith, T. M., X. Yin, and A. Gruber (2006), Variations in annual global precipitation (1979–2004), based on the Global Precipitation Climatology Project 2.5° analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06705, doi:10.1029/2005GL025393,
where they write for the period 1979–2004 that precipitation tends
"have spatial variations with both positive and negative values, with a global-average near zero.�
Indeed, the diversity of observational results exemplifies our large remaining uncertainty of both the models and observations.
Filed under Climate Models
by rpielke | June 27, 2007 · 12:12 pm
New Scitizen Weblog On The Importance of Heterogeneous Human Climate Forcings Has Been Published
A new weblog has been published on Scitizen as part of my monthly column on that website. The title is
The Importance of Heterogeneous Human Climate Forcings on Skillful Prediction of Regional Climate
The abstract reads.
"The role of heterogeneous human climate forcings as they affect skillful prediction of regional climate variability and change was inadequately reported on in the 2007 IPCC WG1 Report. This column briefly discuses why these forcings are so important in altering tropospheric weather patterns."
Filed under Climate Change Forcings & Feedbacks, Climate Science Reporting
Simulated And Observed Variability In Ocean Temperature And Heat Content by AchutaRao Et Al
There is a new paper on comparing ocean heat content changes with model simulations of this change, as well as an effective analysis of the role of the observation system on diagnosing this climate metric (thanks to Willie Soon and Inkstain for alerting me to the article). The paper is
AchutaRao, K. M., M. Ishii, B. D. Santer, P. J. Gleckler, K. E. Taylor, T. P. Barnett, D. W. Pierce, R. J. Stouffer, and T. M. L. Wigley, 2007: Simulated and observed variability temperature and heat content. 10768–10773 PNAS June 26, 2007 vol. 104 no. 26.
The abstract reads,
"Observations show both a pronounced increase in ocean heat content (OHC) over the second half of the 20th century and substantial OHC variability on interannual-to-decadal time scales. Although climate models are able to simulate overall changes in OHC, they are generally thought to underestimate the amplitude of OHC variability. Using simulations of 20th century climate performed with 13 numerical models, we demonstrate that the apparent discrepancy between modeled and observed variability is largely explained by accounting for changes in observational coverage and instrumentation and by including the effects of volcanic eruptions. Our work does not support the recent claim that the 0- to 700-m layer of the global ocean experienced a substantial OHC decrease over the 2003 to 2005 time period. We show that the 2003–2005 cooling is largely an artifact of a systematic change in the observing system, with the deployment of Argo floats reducing a warm bias in the original observing system."
The paper emphasizes that ocean heat content is the appropriate climate diagnostic to monitor global warming or cooling; e.g. see their statement at the beginning of their paper,
"Observations suggest that the world's oceans were responsible for most of the heat content increase in the earth's climate system between 1955 and 1998",
and they extend their analysis through 2006 in the new paper. This need to focus on ocean heat content changes has been a major recommendation of Climate Science (e.g. see # 4).
Their paper also identified a problem with the diagnosis of ocean cooling which was independently found by Lyman et al (see).
However, there are issues in this paper that the authors are silent about.
1. In Figure 5 in their paper, there appears to be a lack of significant continued warming in recent years. Since the ocean heat content changes can be used to diagnose the radiative imbalance of the climate system (see and see), this indicates at most only a small radiative warming recently. This lack of warming is at variance to their claim that the model results and the observations are consistent. The paper spent time (appropriately) questioning the Lyman et al 2006 study, but did not pursue the significance of this mismatch between the observations and the predicted more-or-less monotonic warming by the models.
2. The authors' confidence in the models provides a hypothesis that can be tested over the next few years to confirm or refute the predictive skill of their models. The challenge is for them to show they can skillfully predict the recent (last few years) lack of global -average ocean warming, as well as its change over the next few years. As posted on Climate Science in the weblog
A Litmus Test For Global Warming – A Much Overdue Requirement,
this real time comparison between models and observations is an essential test that is required to accept their model predictions as skillful.
In the Climate Science weblog, I posed the following question,
"What is the magnitude of ocean heat storage changes each year?"
and added
"For global warming to occur, the heat, as measured in Joules, needs to increase each year.
The heat accumulation for the period from 2002 to the present and into the future needs to be a high priority. For example to sustain a global warming rate of 1 Watt per meter squared since 2002 for the following ten years requires the accumulation of 1.6 *10**23 Joules within the climate system."
3. The authors should have presented both their model results and observations in units of Watts per meter squared (as recommended in Pielke 2003). The model forcings should have been separated into terms of radiative forcing and radiative feedback.
The reason to separate is so they can compare with the 2007 IPCC Statement for Policymakers which gives a mean value of 1.78 Watts per meter squared (see Figure SPM.2) for the "Global average radiative forcing (RF) estimates and ranges in 2005". The radiative forcing diagnosed from the observed ocean heat content changes includes both the radiative forcing and the radiative feedbacks (e.g. the water vapor feedback).
Unfortunately, the AchutaRao et al paper is silent on this issue. See also
The Net Climate Feedbacks Must Be A Negative Effect On The Global Average Radiative Imbalance If The IPCC Conclusion Of Net Anthropogenic Radiative Forcings Is Correct.
Thus while this peer reviewed paper is a constructive contribution to the debate, it did not address other key questions for which it has the results to accomplish. Climate Science recommends that the authors take this next step in their assessment.
A New Excellent Paper- A Review Of Vegetation–Atmosphere Interactions And Their Influences On Mesoscale Phenomena
There is an excellent review paper that provides further documentation of the first-order role of land surface processes within the climate system. The paper is
McPherson,Renee A., 2007: A review of vegetation–atmosphere interactions and their influences on mesoscale phenomena.Progress in Physical Geography 31(3) DOI: 10.1177/0309133307079055
"Vegetation strongly influences exchanges of energy and moisture between land and
atmosphere through (1) the vegetation's response to incoming radiation and its emission of longwave radiation (2) the vegetation's physical presence, and (3) the plant's transpiration. These processes affect the diurnal temperature range, processes in the atmospheric boundary layer, cloud cover, rainfall, differential heating, and atmospheric circulations. This paper overviews how vegetation interacts with surface energy and moisture budgets and reviews both observational and modelling studies that examine how vegetation affects weather and climate on the mesoscale (ie, phenomena 10s to 100s of kilometres in horizontal size)."
Among the conclusions, Dr. McPherson writes,
"The transformation of regional vegetation coverage to different land uses, especially the substitution of native forest with cropland, can result in local or regional climate changes as significant as those ascribed to the enhancement of atmospheric greenhouse gases by humans. Hence, it is important that scientists help policymakers put into perspective the consequences of various sources of weather modification."
This important role of vegetation as a component of the climate system was recognized, for example, by the 2005 National Research Council Report titled Radiative Forcing of Climate Change: Expanding the Concept and Addressing Uncertainties , but was not appropriately reported on in the 2007 IPCC WG1 Report (i.e. see Chapter 8 and Chapter 9). Dr. McPherson has provided a very effective peer reviewed publication that documents an important climate change issue that the IPCC inadequately communicated to policymakers to policymakers.
Additional Evidence On The Bias In The IPCC WG1 Report On The Assessment Of Near-Surface Air Temperature Trends
As a further example of the selective use of papers by the IPCC WG1 Report, I summarize here the sequence of papers and comments on the role of land-use change on near-surface air temperature trends.
The original paper
Kalnay E., and M. Cai, 2003: Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate. Nature, 423, 528-531
resulted in vigorous comments on their conclusions including two Comments published in response in Nature;
Trenberth, K.E., 2004: Rural land-use change and climate. Nature, 427, 213, doi:10.1038/427213a. doi:10.1175/JCLI3612.1.
Vose, R.S., T.R. Karl, D.R. Easterling, C.N. Williams, and M.J. Menne, 2004: Impact of land-use change on climate. Nature, 427, 213-21
The originnal Kalnay and Cai paper and the two Comment were reported on in Chapter 7 of the 2007 IPCC WG1 Report.
However, Cai and Kalnay responded to the Trenberth and Vose et al Comments in the same Nature issue, but their Reply WAS NOT Cited in the 2007 IPCC WG1 Report! This Reply is
Cai, Ming and Eugenia Kalnay: 2004 Climate (communication arising): Impact of land-use change on climate Nature 427, 214 (15 January 2004) | doi:10.1038/427214a
This is certainly not an example of presenting the diversity of published perspectives on this issue.
Moreover, there have been follow up peer reviewed papers on this issue which appeared in time for the 2007 IPCC Report. They were, however, ignored. These papers include:
Kalnay, E., M. Cai, H. Li, and J. Tobin, 2006: Estimation of the impact of land-surface forcings on temperature trends in eastern United States J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 111, No. D6, D06106.
Objective views on this sequence of events must conclude the Report is biased.
Error In The Economist On Their Coverage Of Climate Issues
The Economist is an excellent publication. However, as I have communicated before on Climate Science, it is occasionally inaccurate in its coverage. This occurs very clearly in the June 23rd-27th issue in an otherwise very good article.
The article is "Arnie's uphill climb" and the error is in their insert "Where smog comes from". The data that they present is "California's greenhouse-gas emissions by end-use sector, 2004%".
However, it is incorrect to refer to "greenhouse-gas" as "smog"! As defined by the American Meteorological Society's Glossary of Meteorology, the definition is
"smog—As originally coined in 1905 by Des Voeux: a natural fog contaminated by industrial pollutants, a mixture of smoke and fog. Today, it is the common term applied to problematical, largely urban, air pollution, with or without the natural fog; however, some visible manifestation is almost always implied. Smogs are constituted in great variety, but a major dichotomy exists between the photochemical smogs of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons emitted mainly by automobile engines and, on the other hand, the sulfur-laden, sometimes deadly, smogs produced by the large-scale combustion of fuel oil and coal. Both types contain carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and a variety of particulates. See Los Angeles (photochemical) smog, London (sulfurous) smog."
It is unclear if the author of this figure unintentionally used the wrong word, or if it was used to draw a greater attention to the figure. It either case, it is an error.
Filed under Climate Science Misconceptions, Climate Science Reporting
More On The Suppresion Of Climate Change Views
There is an Online NewsHour interview entitled
"Oregon Global Warming Skeptic Finds Controversy"
with the header
"Oregon state climatologist George Taylor does not believe that global warming is due to human activity. Now, Oregon Gov. Ted Kulongoski wants him to stop using the state climatologist title. NewsHour correspondent Lee Hochberg reports from Oregon and Washington on the controversy."
It is worth listening to (or reading the transcript) as it shows how politicians are seeking to usurp the ability of scientists to present the diversity of views on climate (thanks to Jim Angel to alerting us to it). George Young is certainly well qualified as a climatologist (he was President of the American Association of State Climatologists for two years and has been the state of Oregon NOAA recognized State Climatologist for years.
Whether one agrees or not with Mr. Taylor (or the other climatologists whose voices are being stifled), this is an inappropriate politicalization of climate science to promote a particular view.
Important New Paper On The Urban Effect On Temperature And Other Climate Metrics
There is an important new paper that has appeared which adds significantly to the understanding of the role of urban areas within the climate system.. The paper is
Jin Menglin, J. Marshall Shepherd and Christa Peters-Lidard, 2007: Development of a parameterization for simulating the urban temperature hazard using satellite observations in climate model, Nat Hazards DOI 10.1007/s11069-007-9117-2 [subscription required].
Click to access fulltext.pdf
"Abstract Urban surface temperature is hazardously higher than surrounding regions (so-called urban heat island effect UHI). Accurately simulating urbanization-induced temperature hazard is critical for realistically representing urban regions in the land surface- atmosphere climate system. However, inclusion of urban landscapes in regional or global climate models has been overlooked due to the coarse spatial resolution of these models as well as the lack of observations for urban physical properties. Recently, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations illustrate important urban physical properties, including skin temperature, surface albedo, surface emissivity, and leaf area index, It is possible to identify the unique urban features globally and thus simulate global urban processes. An urban scheme is designed to represent the urban-modified physical parameters (albedo, emissivity, land cover, roughness length, thermal and hydraulic properties) and to include new, unique physical processes that exist in urban regions. The urban scheme is coupled with National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Land Model Version 2 (CLM2) and single column coupled NCAR Community Atmosphere Model CAM2/CLM2 to assess the mechanisms responsible for UHI. There are two-steps in our model development. First, satellite observations of albedo, emissivity, LAI, and in situ observed thermal properties are updated in CLM2 to represent the first-order urban effects. Second, new terms representing the urban anthropogenic heat flux, storage heat flux, and roughness length are calculated in the model. Model simulations suggest that human activity-induced surface temperature hazard results in overlying atmosphere instability and convective rainfall, which may enhance the possibility of urban flood hazard."
Excerpts read,
"More importantly, although a single urban region may not result in a large impact on global climate, the collective impact of all urban regions on the global climate system is as yet unknown and unstudied. Jin et al. (2005a) show that zonal mean UHI has 1–3 degree warming over the Northern Hemisphere latitudes, implying that the collective UHI may be a significant contributing factor in the overall global warming signal."
"The current urban scheme does not include potentially important urban land-atmosphere feedbacks, in particular, urban aerosols' impacts on surface insolation and aerosol-cloud rainfall interactions over urban regions. Therefore, the presented urban impacts are limited to those resulting from changes in the urban surface only. Future model development on coupled urban land-atmosphere interactions is essential for fully understanding the extent of urban impacts."
The role of urban areas within the climate system is yet another human climate effect whose role was minimized in the 2007 IPCC WG1 Report.


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text:
Королівство Бутан — конституційна монархія. Правляча династія, яка прийшла до влади в 1907 році, встановила абсолютну монархію. З 1950 року королі поступово проводили курс демократизації суспільства. У Бутані главою держави є король. Виконавчу владу здійснює уряд Бутану, очолюваний прем'єр-міністром. Законодавча влада належить двопалатному парламенту: верхня палата — Національна рада і нижня палата — Національна асамблея. 22 квітня 2007 року був опублікований королівський указ, який, напередодні виборів до Національної ради, скасовував заборону на політичні партії. У 2008 році в Бутані була прийнята перша сучасна конституція.

Суверенітет
У мешканців Бутану історично ніколи не було сумнівів щодо їх національного суверенітету. Бутан ніколи не був колонізований. Однак геополітичні інтереси Бутану завжди були тісно пов'язані з Індією, а до цього з Британією. Бутан розглядався як сюзерен Британії, створений під час її колоніальної історії. Зовнішня та оборонна політика проводилася відповідно до договору з Британією від 1910 року. Бутан не накладав на себе істотних зобов'язань. Однак наслідком договору стала самоізоляція країни. У 1949 році, після здобуття Індією незалежності, Бутан та Індія підписали договір, за яким Індія погодилася не втручатися у внутрішні справи Бутану, а Бутан погодився «керуватися порадами уряду Індії у зовнішніх відносинах» (стаття 2). Договором також були передбачені вільна торгівля і видача злочинців між двома країнами.

Хоча основні міжнародні відносини Бутану пов'язані з Індією, він у той же час прагне затвердити свій суверенітет, не втрачаючи гарних відносин з Індією.

У статті 2 договору 1949 року не приділялась увага іншим зовнішньополітичним зв'язкам Бутану і його спробам демаркації кордону з Китаєм.

У лютому 2007 року індо-бутанський договір про дружбу був істотно переглянутий, були усунуті всі сумніви про суверенітет і незалежність Бутану.

Органи влади
Згідно з конституцією Бутану влада складається з трьох основних органів — виконавчої, законодавчої і судової, крім цього існує неполітична Комісія у справах монастирів (Dratshang Lhentshog) школи Друкпа Каг'ю. Світська і релігійна влада в країні єдині і виражені в особі Друк Г'ялпо (короля Бутану).

Поділ світської влади не є абсолютним. Є також багато незалежних комісій, агентств та інституцій, які працюють за межами цих органів, таких як Королівське валютне управління Бутану і виборча комісія. Є також установи, членами яких є представники більш ніж одного органу влади, такі як суди. Деякі міністерства в уряді, такі як Міністерство внутрішніх справ і культури, делегують повноваження у допоміжні департаменти. Контроль над законодавчою владою переданий місцевим органам влади.

Виконавча влада

Главою держави є Друк Г'ялпо («Драконовий Король»). Хоча його титул є спадковим, він повинен піти на пенсію по досягненню 65-річного віку, він також може бути відправлений у відставку консенсусом з 2/3 голосів членів парламенту. До 2008 року існував аналогічний процес зречення відповідно до якого короля могла право змусити відректися від престолу однопалатна Національна асамблея (Цогду).

Дже Кхемпо є вищим релігійним ієрархом Бутану і главою Комісії у справах монастирів (Dratshang Lhentshog). Він вважається найближчим і найавторитетнішим радником короля Бутану. 71-м і нинішнім Дже Кхемпо є Трулку Джігме Чхоеда.

Главою уряду Бутану є прем'єр-міністр. Прем'єр-міністр призначається партією, що отримала більшість місць у Національній асамблеї.

У 1998 році виконавчі повноваження короля були передані уряду. Кандидати в міністри обираються Національною асамблеєю на п'ятирічний термін з членів законодавчих зборів. Уряд очолюється прем'єр-міністром. Прем'єр-міністр переобирається щорічно з п'яти кандидатів, які наберуть найбільшу кількість голосів. У 2005 році в проєкт Конституції Бутану було включено положення про двопартійну демократичну систему, яке було прийнято через чотири роки. Раніше кандидатів у міністри висував король, а обирала Національна асамблея на п'ятирічний термін. Існувала також Королівська консультативна рада, члени якої призначалися королем.

Законодавча влада

Згідно з Конституцією 2008 року, законодавчу владу обирають на загальних виборах. Бутанський парламент двопалатний, складається з Національної ради (верхня палата) і Національної асамблеї (нижня палата).

До 2008 року законодавчою владою Бутану був однопалатний Цогду. У ньому було 150 депутатів, які обиралися на трирічний термін по одномандатних округах, 34 призначених депутатів і 10 членів від буддійських ченців. Відмінною особливістю виборчого права того часу було те, що один голос мала не окрема людина, а родина.

Політичні партії і вибори

У Бутані за політичними партіями, виборами і референдумами спостерігає виборча комісія, незалежний урядовий контрольний орган.

Кандидати повинні бути неупередженими, проте політичні партії можуть різко критикувати кандидатів на місця в Національній асамблеї. Партія, що отримала більшість місць, призначає прем'єр-міністра. Першим і нинішнім прем'єр-міністром Бутану є Джігме Тінлей, який очолює Партію миру і процвітання.

Впливовими політичними групами є буддійське духівництво; етнічні непальські організації, які проводять військові антиурядові компанії; індійське співтовариство торговців і Об'єднаний фронт за демократію у вигнанні.

Судова влада

Правова система Бутану заснована на законах, прийнятих Шабдрунгом Нгаванг Намґ'ялом в XVII столітті під впливом англо-індійського загального права. Згідно з конституцією 2008 року, судова влада складається з Верховного суду, Вищого суду і двадцяти судів дзонгхагів . Додатково, суди дунгхагів є судами першої інстанції. Вищий суд є судом першої апеляції, а Верховний суд є судом вищої інстанції. Верховний суд також має первісну юрисдикцію над конституційними питаннями і питаннями державного значення, переданими на розгляд королю. Судді Верховного та Вищого судів призначаються королем.

До 2008 року в Бутані остаточною апеляційною інстанцією був король, а місцеві суди розглядали тільки незначні злочини. Королівський Вищий суд був вищою судовою інстанцією в країні і володів первісною юрисдикцією у двадцяти дзонгхагах. Судді призначалися королем і могли бути відкликані в будь-який час.

Правова система

Система кримінального правосуддя полягає в судовому розгляді колегією суддів. Прокурор прагне отримати визнання провини з обвинувачених. Якщо це відбудеться швидко, вирок може бути м'яким. Якщо провина очевидна, але обвинувачений відмовляється визнати це, вирок може бути, відповідно, важче. Судді можуть припинити справу через відсутність доказів у будь-який час. Нинішнє законодавство більш жорстко вимагає необхідності доказів провини, забезпечуючи захист від тривіального або помилкового звинувачення. Обвинувачені в дрібних кримінальних злочинах можуть бути судимі окружним суддею ().

В Бутані не діють рекомендації Міжнародного суду ООН.

Адміністративно-територіальний поділ

Бутан розділений на 20 районів (дзонгхагів): Бумтанг, Вангді-Пходранг, Гаса, Дагана, Жемганг, Лхунце, Монгар, Паро, Пемагацел, Пунакха, Самдруп-Джонгхар, Самце, Сарпанг, Тронгса, Трашіганг, Трашіянгце, Тхімпху, Хаа, Ціранг, Чукха.

Участь у міжнародних організаціях
Бутан є членом організацій: АзБР, Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, План Коломбо, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, ФАО, G-77, МБРР, ІКАО, МАР, Міжнародний фонд сільськогосподарського розвитку, МФК, МВФ, Intelsat, Інтерпол, МОК , МТС, Рух неприєднання, ОЗХО, СААРК, ООН, ЮНКТАД, ЮНЕСКО, ЮНІДО, ВПС, ВООЗ, ВОІВ, ВМО, Всесвітня туристична організація.

Збереження традиційної культури

Кодифікація бутанської культури сходить до Шабдрунга Нгаванг Намґ'яла, тибетського лами і воєначальника, що об'єднав Бутан в єдину національну державу в XVII столітті. Нгаванг Намґ'ял прагнув об'єднати країну не тільки політично, але й культурно. Він впровадив Дріглам Намжа — правила поведінки та етикету. Ці правила були покликані заохочувати прояв бутанської ідентичності.

У 1960-х роках владою Бутану були введені 5-річні плани по збереженню і зміцненню національних традицій, так як значна частина населення Бутану, в основному молодь, піддалася впливу зовнішніх культур і течій. На цей період також припадає помітне збільшення іммігрантів з Непалу та Індії, більшість з яких осіли на півдні серед лхоцампа.

До 1980-х років уряд зрозумів необхідність забезпечення домінування культури нгалоп. У 1989 році уряд рекомендував носіння одягу згідно з Дріглам Намжа. Всі громадяни були зобов'язані дотримуватися дрес-коду (ґхо і кіра) в громадських місцях в робочий час. Цей указ викликав обурення у індуїстів лхоцампа, які були проти носіння одягу нгалоп. Але уряд не вважає за потрібне послаблювати вимоги, щоб не виникло проблем в демографічному та культурному плані. Через етнічну напруженість в таборах біженців в Непалі до 2008 року, за оцінками, налічувалось 107 000 біженців та осіб, які просять притулку, в основному лхоцампа. На січень 2010 року, за оцінками, їх залишалося 90 078 осіб.

Див. також
 Конституція Бутану
 Політичні партії Бутану

Примітки

Політика Бутану

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Safe Harbor is a Christian therapeutic boys school using a maritime academy as the backdrop and tool for helping at-risk teenage boys. – educational consultants and boarding schools with therapy.
Safe Harbor, founded in 1984 in Jacksonville, Florida is a residential program utilizing the waterfront as a therapeutic residential and educational environment for troubled teenage boys. Since it's inception the Safe Harbor program has provided each boy with the mental, physical and spiritual strength to succeed in life. Life on the water provides serenity and peace, but also unequaled opportunities for life.
Safe Harbor came about "accidentally" 30 years ago when a judge asked the founders, Robbie and Doug Smith, to care for a troubled boy on their large sailboat, instead of that boy being sent to juvenile hall for the weekend. The judge, a friend of Doug's, wouldn't take "No" for an answer, even though the Smith's were retired and about to embark on a worldwide trip on their boat. The success of that weekend triggered more pleas by the judge for the Smith's to help more boys. Eventually, a larger organization was launched and formalized as a nonprofit in 1984. Safe Harbor is now an established maritime-based boarding school for troubled boys. It uses maritime principles and seamanship as a therapeutic model for helping turn around boys who are getting into trouble at home, school or with the law. Safe Harbor provides a safe, stable, structured, alternative to therapeutic boarding schools and harsher juvenile programs.
Today, Safe Harbor offers a unique program for at-risk boys to live aboard vessels and learn seamanship and maritime skills while studying for their high school diploma. The program offers exceptional education for teens who are not thriving in their current school. We achieve a very high success rate with these boys, which means you enjoy the peace of mind knowing that your child is receiving the structure, stability, guidance, discipline, love as well as the academic and vocational training he needs. Contact us for our screening application and program description for troubled teens.
Safe Harbor is a nonprofit organization that is unparalleled in its ability to create men of character, integrity, and vision. Each cadet learns responsibility by working and living on their own boat, gaining success in the maritime environment, learning to captain their own vessel and leading to successes in other areas of life.
Your teen is taught these skills by our staff of professionals.
For the last 30 years, more than 1,000 boys have dropped anchor and found peace on the shores of the Saint James River in Jacksonville, Fla. This is where they found the Safe Harbor Boys Home.
Tyler, who is now 18, arrived at the home 15 months ago. He had spent years on a path of crime, drugs, and bad behavior.
These days, Tyler dreams of becoming a chef and owning his own restaurants. Like so many of his Safe Harbor peers, the home is where Tyler found hope and the chance to sail away his troubled home.
"It's definitely one of those once in a lifetime experiences where you do it, and you are going to look back on it the rest of your life," said Will, another young man who has been at Safe Harbor a little more than a year.
Will spent months skipping school before he found the home. He hated high school, but these days he dreams of being a mechanic and going to college.
Water is at the center of each of the boy's new structured experience. Executive Director Robbie Smith is one of the captains steering the successful ship. By her side is her husband Doug, who is the program director. This is their life's work, but neither takes a salary.
Neither of the Smiths planned to open a boys home in 1984. Fast forward 25 years, and the story of how it began is the focus of an original Hallmark Channel movie. "Safe Harbor" premieres on the cable network Saturday, May 30. Check local listings.
The film begins with the pair preparing to sail the country on their yacht after selling Doug's successful business and retiring early. Before they can begin their adventure, a friend who Robbie knew from her career as child therapist, asks them to look after two teenage boys in trouble.
Safe Harbor has a 95 percent success rate. In the last 25 years, the residential high school program has grown to include lessons in welding and nautical upholstery. Between their studies, the boys learn to build hydroplane racing boats and learn to prepare all the meals at the home. Safe Harbor can accommodate 15 boys at a time. There are 12 in the program now. Each boy lives aboard his very own boat and is fully responsible for all the upkeep.
As a kid, Doug spent lots of time close to the water. Doctors diagnosed his father as a paranoid schizophrenic, and that drove Doug to run away from home as a teenager. He spent many nights sleeping under Jacksonville's Maine Street Bridge.
A dog also kept Doug company while he was living on the street. When a police officer shot his dog, Doug assaulted the officer. A group of fishermen saved him from jail. They encouraged a judge to send him to seaman school.
"The only thing important in this world is people," Doug explained.
He believes his troubled past prepared him to serve the boys of Safe Harbor.
"God has shown me where the true treasure lies," he said.
Steve Barnes was one of the first residents of Safe Harbor. He arrived from a juvenile detention center in 1985. He can see himself and his anger, dramatized in the film. He traded his anger for peace shortly after arriving at the home. More than 20 years later, he has traded a successful journalism career for a life as a Florida politician. He is also a husband and the father of three girls. He says he owes his success to the Smiths.
Waves of change start with a ripple. Doug and Robbie now hope the television movie that tells their story will inspire others.
Robbie Smith talks with some of the boys living at Safe Harbor Academy while her husband, Doug, talks with staff members. The Smiths are retiring June 30, 2014.
Robbie and Doug Smith were preparing for a round-the-world sailboat cruise in 1982 when they and their Jacksonville-based boat temporarily took in a few troubled boys to work on the water.
They never went on that cruise.
What was supposed to be a yearlong detour turned into a 32-year career. Since the couple founded the Safe Harbor Maritime Academy, a Christian therapeutic boarding school for boys, they have helped about 1,100 at-risk boys turn their lives around.
But last year, Doug Smith, 61, had a stroke, which led him and his wife, 57, to ponder the future. They said in a recent interview that they love their "boys," but the slower pace and freedom of retirement beckoned.
"I'm too old for this," Doug Smith said.
So they named a new Director to lead the privately funded academy's second act.
Robbie Smith is a licensed mental health counselor. Her husband is a licensed clinical pastoral counselor and an ordained minister.
At Safe Harbor, located on the banks of the St. Johns River near Blount Island, boys ages 14 to 17 find direction via the Smith doctrine of structure and stability, discipline and caring. They learn maritime skills and receive vocational training while studying for their high school diploma.
Some of the school's 30 donated boats are used as sleeping quarters for the boys. Others are used in the school's maritime career training program.
The school has about 15 boys at any one time, mostly from the East Coast. Most stay a year, some as long as four. About a third of graduates enter military service and about 70 percent further their education after leaving.
Steve Barnes arrived in 1985 at age 16.
He said he began getting in trouble in middle school, trying to fit in by drinking, smoking marijuana, skipping school and running away. He spent six weeks in a juvenile detention facility, six weeks in inpatient drug treatment. He did "major soul-searching" and became a Christian, but said he still didn't know how to proceed.
His parents feared a return to his old ways if he came home. Safe Harbor was recommended and Barnes stayed there until his 18th birthday.
Barnes, who now lives in Sanford, ultimately became a high school and college graduate and a journalist. He was elected to countywide office, ran unsuccessfully for the Legislature and is now an investor and consultant, husband, father and mentor.
"Without the skills and confidence I learned at Safe Harbor, I would never have even attempted these challenges. … I would likely be dead or in prison today," he said.
Julian, 18, Celso,16, and Josh, 17 — their last names were withheld at the request of the academy — are among the Smiths' last group of boys.
They are preparing to graduate from the program, to be followed in coming months by new residents selected. Like Barnes, they said they initially chafed against the discipline and rules but have come to realize the positive effects.
Josh said he has learned the importance of "thinking through things," considering consequences before acting. Celso said he has learned the importance of "thinking ahead" and setting goals.
The Smiths, they said, have built them up.
"They do whatever they can to help you," said Julian.
The Smiths said they find such appreciation gratifying and are particularly touched when the boys-turned-men keep in touch after they leave, as Barnes has done. They are aware that boys view them as tough when they are under their thumbs but relish hearing from them later that they came to appreciate the Smith doctrine, Robbie Smith said.
"They call me warden," she said of her current charges.
Then she noted their open, waterfront, marina-like surroundings. "Look around. It's not like they're in jail," she said.
After June 30, the Smiths plan to travel for a few months.
They then will return to live on the Safe Harbor property but separated from the daily operations. They will assume ambassador roles, traveling near and far to raise funds and awareness.
Doug Smith said they could hang up a new counseling shingle.
Should you need help finding Christian boarding schools, affordable boarding schools, boarding high schools, boarding schools for troubled boys, please let us know. Safe Harbor is among the top therapeutic schools, our therapeutic boarding schools for boys; one of few residential treatment centers and residential schools for teens that is affordable. As a home for troubled boys it serves at-risk boys, we help boys in Florida, Georgia, in Kentucky, in Tennessee, in Missouri, in Louisiana, in Arkansas, and in Texas. Plus, in the Midwest in Michigan, in Ohio, in Indiana and in Illinois. Mostly, troubled teens from homes along the east coast including in Virginia, in North Carolina, in South Carolina, in Pennsylvania, in New Jersey, in Massachusetts and in New York are provided counseling and therapy.
Safe Harbor is a Christian therapeutic boys school using a maritime academy as the backdrop and tool for helping at-risk teenage boys.


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include(hunter_pick_scheme)

hunter_add_version(
    PACKAGE_NAME
    Thrift-Asio
    VERSION
    "0.1-m0"
    URL
    "https://github.com/lucmichalski/thrift_asio/archive/0.1-m0.tar.gz"
    SHA1
    463564d96442c214d21faa28a3ca229962ca086c
    )

hunter_cmake_args(
    Thrift-Asio
    CMAKE_ARGS
    WITH_STATIC_LIB=ON
    WITH_SHARED_LIB=OFF
    BUILD_TESTING=OFF
    BUILD_COMPILER=OFF
    BUILD_CPP=ON
    BUILD_C_GLIB=OFF
    BUILD_JAVA=OFF
    BUILD_PYTHON=OFF
    BUILD_HASKELL=OFF
    BUILD_LIBRARIES=ON
)

hunter_pick_scheme(DEFAULT url_sha1_cmake)
hunter_cacheable(Thrift-Asio)
hunter_download(PACKAGE_NAME Thrift-Asio)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Ta oferta pracy jest nieaktualna od 16 września 2018. Sprawdź aktualne oferty.
in a multinational, young and energetic surrounding.
If you want to be a part of a rapidly changing environment and dynamic processes or you want to be in touch with stakeholders from all over the world and develop your skills as a subject matter expert - S&F is for you!
It offers you a chance to develop your organizing and coordination skills as well as great interpersonal and communication abilities what allow us to create a family-like atmosphere and establish long lasting relationships with global clients.


text:
17-626. Same; general powers. Any such corporation shall have the power:
(a) To cause such examination and survey for its proposed works to be made, as may be necessary to the selection of the most advantageous site, route or routes, and by its officers, agents or servants to enter upon the land of any person for the purpose of making such examination and survey;
(b) to take and hold such voluntary grants of real and other property as may be made to it to aid in the construction, maintenance and operation of its said works;
(c) to receive the aid of any other party by gifts, written obligations, pledges and mortgages of such other party or parties;
(d) to construct its works upon, along, connecting with or away from any stream of water;
(e) and to obtain, store and deliver water to any other party or parties for use in irrigating land, or for conveyance and delivery to others for such use, at such rates and terms for its services and facilities as such corporation, by its bylaws and regulations, may prescribe, which rates and terms shall be reasonable and nondiscriminating.
Such corporation shall have the power to borrow such sums of money as may be necessary for constructing, maintaining and operating its works, and to issue and dispose of its bonds on account of any amount so borrowed, and to pledge and mortgage its real and other property and franchises to secure the payment of any debt contracted by it for the purposes aforesaid.
History: L. 1933, ch. 155, § 2; March 22.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Xfinity drivers Ross Chastain, Jeremy Clements involved in confrontation during red flag
By Daniel McFadinApr 22, 2017, 3:48 PM EDT
Xfinity Series drivers Ross Chastain and Jeremy Clements were involved in a pit road confrontation during a red flag for rain Saturday at Bristol Motor Speedway.
The moment, a culmination of "off-the-track" incidents between the drivers and a run-in during the Fitzgerald Glider Kits 300, resulted in Clements visiting the infield care center during the red flag. Clements was seen leaving the medical center wearing sunglasses. He returned to his car.
Chastain, who drives the No. 4 Chevrolet for JD Motorsports, recounted his side of the incident to Fox Sports 1 and admitted he instigated it during the race while running with Clements' No. 51 Chevrolet.
"With our two teams, we run together every week, nose to tail, one in front of the other, and we've run into each other for three years now," Chastain said. "Had a bunch of off-the-track stuff happen, I've been good with it. Feel like I've been the bigger man in a lot of the cases. I started it today. Got into it when (Darrell Wallace Jr.) and (Brennan Poole) were trying to wreck each other. Getting into (Turn) 1, I pushed (Clements) up, went on by him and ran the bottom and pulled away.
"Then the caution came out for rain and he got on my back bumper on the frontstretch and tried to wreck us. I told my owner Johnny, 'When we get out, I'm going to go talk to him, but I'm not doing anything in the car. I don't want to crash a race car.
"We got out, and I kind of forgot about it to be honest. Somebody grabbed me by my shoulders and kind of pushed me. I just turned around and saw who it was. I hope he realizes now that he can talk, we can talk, but you can't grab someone by the shoulders. That happened before and I said right then I wouldn't let it happen again. What's done is done. … But I didn't want to go look for it, but I've got to stand up for myself at some point."
In 2015, Ryan Reed came up behind Chastain and shoved him after the Xfinity race at Iowa Speedway.
NASCAR has said it will meet with both drivers after the race. Chastain was running 19th and Clements in 20th when the red flag came out on Lap 162.
https://twitter.com/earlneikirk/status/855860094239735808


Canada is a favorite spot to explore the wonders of fishing. Canada fishing trips assure a fly-fishing enthusiast tremendous fishing opportunities that are structured to take fun-filled, exciting adventure. And not only are there placid and beautiful lakes and rivers for fly-fishing, but also for any kind of fishing you care to enjoy. The options are endless.
Though Canada is rich in bodies of water, finding the one best suited for your individual taste is important before arranging a fishing trip. Weather is a major factor, and you will need a detailed map, first aid kit and all the necessary fishing equipments.
To have a clear idea about the best season for fishing is the next important consideration. Sturgeon fishing season is year round, whereas salmon, trout and Varden fishing are in season according to the area. Other species also have their peak seasons; inquire with the locals.
Columbia river fishing trips offer the seasoned as well as the experienced angler the very best fishing experiences they can get any where in the fishing world. There is something to lading a fierce wrestling Steelhead or reeling in that sixty pound Sturgeon that measures close to five feet long. The sheer delight of landing the American Shad is just out of this world, and you can get all this and more on your Columbia river fishing expedition.
The rivers of Columbia are untouched by humans and twist and curve through twelve hundred miles from America's Pacific Northwest and wind their way through the country to flow into the Pacific Ocean, the Columbia River been featured in many documentaries and Hollywood productions through the ages. Such is the attraction of this river that thousands of anglers visit the river every month to try their luck at luring and hooking the giant fish the river is home to.


Welcome to, Be the Light podcast. This podcast is about building a positive momentum of change and healing by shining the light on teachers and wisdom so that we can be inspired to be the Light in our own life.
Many people are looking for ways to be happier and have more peace. We are all meant to find our purpose and shine our light into the world. We are being called to bring healing, light, and the goodness that is in all of us deeper into our lives. Our world needs us, and it is time to listen.
Hosted by Maria Kammerer, Professional Reiki Teacher/ Practitioner with over 16 years of experience in supporting people in healing. We will be sharing wisdom, teachings, meditations, happiness life hacks and wonderful moments with you. This is an invitation to find different teachers or practices that may resonate with you to help you to grow and expand your inner light.
Huge appreciation goes out to Max Raphael at True Resonance for being all around musical genius for this project and sound engineer. His musical intellect and healing sounds create that sacred space within the podcasts that help resonate these powerful messages. Please check out his work at www.trueresonance.net.
So grateful for my community for the continued encouragement, love and support without them this project would not have happened. So blessed and thankful to all the bright lights that have been a part of this offering of love and wisdom. A special thank you to the incredible teachers for sharing their time, wisdom and inspiration. We are so blessed to be alive during this time and to be able to offer and share these gifts with you.
Photo credits go to Lucia Harmon, Max Raphael,Sarah Dailey and Kent Pilcher.
We need positive things to focus on. It helps remind us of the good that is in the world and keeps us on a momentum of happiness.
This introduction into the podcast series: Be the light by your host Maria Kammerer. She extends an invitation to listen deeply. To focus on your peace that is always present in you, ending with a guided meditation.
Reiki has been that way of healing for me. Reiki, translated means spiritual energy, it is a system that helps us to let go of anger and worry and uncovers our peace and wholeness. In my direct experience the system of Reiki is a path of transformation – it opens us up to the knowing that in each of us is: true-self, wisdom, light, compassion, and healing. Reiki allows us to heal ourselves, and through each of us, we can be part of healing the world.
There has been a lot of expansion on this journey. Let us continue to Be the Light for others; and listen to the teachings of current spiritual leaders and practitioners; expanding and cultivating the power of Healing, Light, and Peace that is our true nature.
A conversation with Sister Insight, a monastic, Dharma teacher and student of Thich Nhat Hanh at Plum Village Mindfulness Center in the South of France. She shines the light on the many benefits of being conscious of our breath and shares a simple Mindful breathing practice.
This conversation was recorded on location at Plum Village Mindfulness Center. We are so grateful to Sr. Insight for her beautiful sharing of the importance of mindful breathing. If you want to find out more about Plum Village and Mindfulness practice visit their website www.Plumvillage.org.
Sister Rising Sun is a monastic, a Dharma Teacher and student of Thich Nhat Hahn at Plum Village Mindfulness Center. Sister Rising Sun shares the practice of repairing our relationship with ourselves and others called beginning anew. She reminds us we have an opportunity to look deeply at ourselves, our habits and relationships with a fresh perspective.
A conversation with Joyce Singh, a member of the Order of Interbeing and sangha builder. The Order of Interbeing is a community around the world of monastics and lay people who have committed to living their lives in accordance with the Fourteen Mindfulness Training, a distillation of the Bodhisattva (Enlightened Being) teachings of Mahayana Buddhism.
We invite you to enjoy the sound of the wind blowing through the aspen trees as Joyce shines the light on the gifts of practicing mindfulness in community or sangha.
This conversation was recorded on location at Plum Village Mindfulness Center, Upper Hamlet. We are so grateful to Thich Nhat Hahn for his compassionate teachings, to the Plum Village Sangha, and to Joyce Singh for her warmth and for opening up her heart to those around her. If you want to find out more about Plum Village, or the Order of Interbeing please visit their website www.Plumvillage.org.
A conversation with Christine Cheung, a member of the Order of Interbeing, Teacher, Author, and Business owner of Mindful Joyful Parenting. Christine shares a happy moment with me, her story of transforming suffering, and spontaneous singing. Hope you enjoy and remember that no matter how hard things can be there are many conditions for happiness present in this moment.
This conversation was recorded on location at Plum Village Mindfulness Center, New Hamlet. We are so grateful to Christine Cheung for her mindfulness practice, for sharing her wisdom and compassion with us. Grateful to Thich Nhat Hahn for his compassionate teachings, for the Plum Village Sangha, and to all the dear teachers that have come before us. If you want to find out more about Plum Village, or the Order of Interbeing please visit their website www.Plumvillage.org.
A conversation with Maryke Steenbergen, a mindfulness practitioner and massage therapist from Holland. Maryke shines the light on her favorite mindfulness practice with us, the practice of silence. Silence is a place for us to rest and nourish ourselves. We are so grateful to Maryke for her deep mindfulness practice and for sharing her peace and understanding.
This conversation was recorded on the train from Plum Village to Bordeaux at the end of the 21 day retreat the Soulmate of a Buddha. Grateful to Thich Nhat Hahn for his compassionate teachings, for the Plum Village Sangha, and to all the dear teachers that have come before us. If you want to find out more about Plum Village, visit their website www.Plumvillage.org.
A conversation with Frans Stiene, co-founder of the International House of Reiki and world authority on Reiki as practitioner, teacher, researcher, and author. His books include Reiki Insights, The Inner Heart of Reiki and many other impact-full titles.
This conversation was recorded on location at Pendle Hill Quaker Retreat Center in Philadelphia during a four day Reiki retreat. Grateful to Frans Stiene for his many teachings and for his living example of Being Reiki in the world. If you want to find out more about Frans and the International House of Reiki please visit his website at www.IHReiki.com.
Grateful to Max Raphael of True Resonance, www.trueresonance.net, for producing this Podcast and for donating his beautiful music for the intro & outro.


Blog VISITING AUSCHWITZ - BIRKENAU FROM KRAKOW: All You Need To Know.
6 | How long does it take to visit Auschwitz?
"Is Auschwitz really worth visiting"?
These are just a few of the many questions I have received during the years via email and comments, after I literally poured my heart out by writing about my experience of visiting Auschwitz on the 2nd of September 2015. I wrote that blog post almost immediately after my visit, and it's more about the emotional side of the experience, the numbness, the emptiness of that place.
1| TAKING PICTURES IN AUSCHWITZ – BIRKENAU: SELFIES & THE "DARK TOURISM" DILEMMA.
Sign at Auschwitz I to stop people getting too close to the electric fences.
People and journalists label this kind of trips (including Auschwitz) as "Dark Tourism".
Personally? I HATE THIS LABEL. Not sure why, but to me is a way of saying that we are "commercializing death". Auschwitz, as I see it is NOT a touristic place at all.
Yes, there is obviously a "business" behind it. Organized tours, fees to pay and so on, but ultimately, they are just means to an end.
People should go (independently or with organized tours) not because they are casual "curious tourists". In that case, I would highly recommend them to stay at home or imagine for a second to have lost a dear one, or their entire family in that place.
The majority of the people I saw while visiting the concentration camps were not there to see a place where millions of innocent souls were killed just out of morbid curiosity. That would be just … wrong.
Visiting Auschwitz is so much more than that, and you (hopefully) will realize it as soon as you'll set foot in that damned place. If you visit with the right mindset, your life will never be the same again, you will learn a lot and see with your own eyes (probably without understanding it completely) what men are capable of doing to each other.
That's WHY IT IS SO IMPORTANT TO VISIT AUSCHWITZ.
I can't even comment on this photo.
Unfortunately, if the Nazi were capable of such atrocities, it will come as no surprise that some people actually go to these places and lightly take selfies in front of the victims' hair or in the gas chamber at Auschwitz I. I witnessed such appalling behaviors and I talk about it on my article of my own experience.
When I decided to finally visit Auschwitz, I thought about whether bringing my professional camera to the site or not FOR DAYS.
I wondered if it was the right choice to take pictures in there, but then I realized that by taking those pictures, I wanted to try and convey the pain and suffering that went on in there.
The thought of being in the photo didn't even cross my mind. What would be the purpose of splashing my face in a photo with a background of horror and pain?
When we insert ourselves in a picture, that picture becomes a "souvenir". And there is nothing more wrong than taking a "souvenir" photo at Auschwitz.
If you must take a picture, do it with a more noble purpose, maybe to remember how you felt (even if I can assure you, there is no need to look at a picture to go back to that place in your mind, but at least you are no disrespecting the victims and their families).
Look at it this way: How would it make you feel if you had lost a dear one and a bunch of idiots were taking smiley selfies in front of the grave of that person? Enough said.
Needless to say, going to Auschwitz to take a smiley selfie is NOT the reason you should be there. I feel ashamed for these people and I wish there was a way to give a massive fine to them.
This way, the word "Dark Tourism" would maybe have a totally different meaning, even if I doubt I would ever change my mind about the wording used to describe why people should be visiting these places.
One of the many controversial selfies taken at Auschwitz. I personally find it completely disrespectful.
In the cellars of Block 11, called by prisoners "The Block of Death". In the cellars, there was the camp detention house.
In the area of the security check of visitors and their hand luggage.
I decided to embed this video of people laughing and taking selfies at Auschwitz because it's truly horrifying. If you go there please, REMEMBER WHERE YOU ARE AND SHOW A LITTLE RESPECT FOR ALL THE SUFFERING THAT WENT THROUGH IN THERE.
Selfies are allowed, but discretion must be used at all times. I personally don't recommend taking selfies in any circumstances, as a sign of respect to the victims. This is even more important in the forbidden areas (I saw people taking selfies when no one was looking) and also in the only crematorium still existing in Auschwitz I).
You can't use the flash or tripods inside the units in the museum.
PLEASE NOTE THAT ALL THE OTHER CHAPTERS ARE STILL MISSING AS I'M WORKING ON THE LAYOUT OF THE ARTICLE RIGHT NOW. THANKS FOR YOUR PATIENCE.


Bank Loan Interest Rate 2.48%. Excellent Condition Included Major. No Further Repair Needed. Very Comfort Drive. Very Spacious And Clean Interior. Call And Make An Appointment, Don't Miss It.
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Lars Akerlund is a composer, musician, member of the EMS (Elektronische Music Studio) and Fylkingen (collective broadcasting room) in Stockholm. His music works with the limits of sound, the errors due to saturation and compression of the vibration. For this carte blanche, you propose to the composer Kasper T Toeplitz to join him on a sound and visual evolutionary installation, through the program of two artists in the exhibition that evolves randomly between pieces, sound, film and composed generative music .


text:
Yucamani es un volcán ubicado al sur de Perú en la cordillera Barroso, en la jurisdicción política del distrito de Candarave, provincia de Candarave, departamento de Tacna. Su cima está a 5 558 msnm, con un volumen de 25.78, se ubica en las coordenadas geográfica .

Este volcán tuvo su última erupción el . Hoy día se le considera inactivo o apagado. Por su tipo de erupción es un volcán del tipo estratovolcán.

El volcán presenta un bosque de Queñual, el matorral desértico montano y el pastizal de puna.

Flora y fauna
La flora que encontramos en las paredes de este volcán es la típica de las zonas de altura de este clima (subtropical andino) con ichu, yareta, queñua y formaciones herbáceas en los bofedales.

La fauna está compuesta por animales como polla de agua, parihuana, huallata, tojo o roedor del bofedal, llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, cóndores, vizcachas, chinchillas o el ñandú.

Leyenda
Para los incas, el volcán Yucamani y el Tutupaca eran hermanos que pelearon por una mujer y en su pelea estuvieron arrojando bolas de fuego durante varios días y noches, hasta convertirse en piedra.

Véase también
 Arco volcánico del Perú
 Anexo:Volcanes del Perú

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Observatorio Vulcanológico del Sur (OVS) del Instituto Geofísico del Perú
 Observatorio Vulcanológico del INGEMMET (OVI)

Volcanes del departamento de Tacna
Estratovolcanes de Perú
Cincomiles andinos de Perú


text:
Tag: OK Go
Future of Music Series: Internet Streaming Revenue
Posted by Joe
In Internships
Any discussion on the future of artist compensation is incomplete without mentioning the potential for revenue generated by internet streaming. The performing rights organizations (ASCAP, BMI, and SESAC) collect and distribute performance revenue for the owners of copyrighted musical works. Those entities do not however collect revenue for the online streaming of sound recordings owed to owners of the sound recording copyright. This responsibility has been exclusively granted by The Copyright Royalty Board (under the authority of the Library of Congress) to the non-profit organization, SoundExchange. SoundExchange collects digital performance royalties generated by the streaming of sound recordings over satellite radio (like Sirius XM), internet radio (like Pandora), and cable television music channels, on behalf of featured recording artists, master rights owners (like record labels), and independent artists who record and own their masters.
Future of Music Series: The Role of Video
Artist compensation has changed, and artists who previously used touring and record sales as primary sources of income, are compelled to find additional revenue streams. Can the exposure opportunity offered on YouTube for music videos result in noteworthy revenue? Can it help to establish your artist identity? The popular rock band OK Go made a rather unintentional entre into the world of online music videos with a video that cost just a few dollars to create. The band created the video unbeknownst to the label, and when they showed it to the head of digital marketing, he said, "If this gets out, you're sunk." The label was obviously wrong, and OK Go eventually became famous, not only for their music, but also for the treadmill, marching band, and end love YouTube videos among others. Band member, Damian Kulash, spoke on Tuesday at the 2010 Future of Music Policy Summit sponsored by the Future of Music Coalition here in Washington DC.
As for OK Go, the videos have undoubtedly added to the band's revenue though the exact amount is difficult to measure. Damian says that OK Go has a video fan base that consists of some people who "would never buy a ticket for a rock show" and "some of the people who watch our videos don't even know that we are a band." Still he says that a segment of video fans do purchase tickets, merchandise, and downloads. As for sponsorship and product placement in the videos, Damian said that while the band exercises caution in this area, OK Go is able to show potential marketers exactly how many hits their videos are likely to generate, which means potential revenue for the band, even after what ranges from a $5,000 investment for the treadmill video to over $400,000 for another.
I asked Damian which comes first, the music or the video, and he insists that the music still comes first.
"Music has always been a social and passionate engagement for me," he says. "The music simply provides a backdrop for the video that the band envisions and really lives a life of it's own."
The band's creativity also extends beyond music and video to merchandise sales. For example, to connect with fans (more than for the revenue generating opportunity), OK Go sold thirteen of the marching band outfits in their video for about $90 a piece.
Other artists attending the Summit, felt like musician Rebecca Gates who said, "I struggle with the combination of audio and video because I am a musician and it's about what you hear. I am not a filmmaker. . . "
Perhaps the most important point that came out of this discussion was that video is a choice. It is not the only way to promote an artist's work and create revenue, but it is one effective way.
Shai Littlejohn
Shai Littlejohn is an attorney in the music industry, singer-songwriter and Professional Music major at Berklee. She is currently interning with the Future of Music Coaliton, an artist's rights lobby and advocacy group in Washington DC. Though late November, Shai will work as an integral member of the coalition team in developing, organizing and promoting both the Future of Music Policy Summit as well as the Dear New Orleans Benefit Rock Show.
Follow Shai on Twitter for continuing tips and updates on music law and policy at https://twitter.com/ShaiMusic.
Future of Music Series: The Shrinking Pie
Future of Music Series: Setting the Stage on Music Policy
Future of Music Series: Shai Littlejohn
No one knows for certain how artists will survive the relentless climate of the digital age. Many areas where the rivers of nickels once flowed are now streams of fractions of pennies. People are simply accustomed to free music now- legal or otherwise. Unfortunately, free music does not pay for instrument repair, mortgage, rent, production costs, or health insurance. This laundry list may not impact life as a student, but within days of graduation the realities of life dictate that students find a way to earn a living too.


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text:
Поиск геохимический — теория, объясняющая эффективность геологического поиска полезного ископаемого при помощи химических средств. Существует много моделей в зависимости от способа поиска: гидрогеохимического, биогеохимического, литогеохимического, электрогеохимического и др. Единая теория геохимического поиска объясняет эффективность миграцией повышенного числа катионов к дневной поверхности от любой погребенной аномалии, месторождения, в результате разницы потенциалов между атмосферой и литосферой. Поэтому наиболее эффективно при любом способе поиска исследовать электроподвижную форму индикатора. В области гипергенеза аномалия постоянно разрушается, поэтому необходимо вести поиск не по абсолютным значениям концентрации элемента, а по соотношениям элементов индикаторов, мультипликативным коэффициентам.

См. также
 Потоки рассеяния

Литература
 Бенсман В. Р. Поисковая геохимия в республике Беларусь. \\ Природные ресурсы. 1999. № 4. Минск. С, 124—137

Геохимия
Горное дело: процессы и операции


text:
Q: Emoji encoding in R this is the first time I´m working with text containing Emoji character so my question might be very basic but I couldn´t find a solution yet.
I have a .txt file exported from WhatsApp on Android and sent to my PC (Windows). The data looks somethng like this:
chat <- c("05.10.17, 22:55 - Person A: Hey, whats up? 😳😄","05.10.17, 22:55 - Person A: I heard about your problem 😅🙄😂","05.10.17, 22:56 - Person B: What? From whom?🙈","05.10.17, 22:57 - Person A: Your mom...","05.10.17, 22:59 - Person B: ðŸ˜ðŸ˜"","05.10.17, 22:59 - Person B: ðŸ˜ðŸ˜"")
chat

.
[1] "05.10.17, 22:55 - Person A: Hey, whats up? 😳😄"
[2] "05.10.17, 22:55 - Person A: I heard about your problem 😅🙄😂"
[3] "05.10.17, 22:56 - Person B: What? From whom?🙈"
[4] "05.10.17, 22:57 - Person A: Your mom..."
[5] "05.10.17, 22:59 - Person B: ðŸ˜ðŸ˜""
[6] "05.10.17, 22:59 - Person B: ðŸ˜ðŸ˜""

What I want to do is replace the Emoji characters with a text-representation that is easily readable, so I want something like this:
[1] "05.10.17, 22:55 - Person A: Hey, whats up? [[SMILEY1]][[SMILEY2]]"
[2] "05.10.17, 22:55 - Person A: I heard about your problem [[SMILEY2]][[SMILEY3]][[SMILEY2]]"
[3] "05.10.17, 22:56 - Person B: What? From whom?[[SMILEY3]]"
[4] "05.10.17, 22:57 - Person A: Your mom..."
[5] "05.10.17, 22:59 - Person B: [[SMILEY2]][[SMILEY2]]"
[6] "05.10.17, 22:59 - Person B: [[SMILEY2]][[SMILEY2]]"

I found a dictionary online, mapping the Emojis to Text descriptions here, so I imported it in R:
# Import the List of all WhatsApp Emojis including their description
Emojis <- read.csv(url("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/iorch/jakaton_feminicidios/master/data/emojis.csv"),header = T, encoding = "UTF-8", stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
Emojis

# Pimp Description for better visibility later on
Emojis[,2] <- paste("[[Emoji:",Emojis[,2], "]]")
Emojis

Now I tried to replace all the matches of Emoji[,1] in chat with Emoji [,2]:
require(qdapRegex)

CleanMessage <- chat

for(i in seq_along(Emojis[,1])){

      CleanMessage <- lapply(CleanMessage,rm_default, clean = TRUE, pattern = Emojis[i,1], replacement = Emojis[i,2])
}

CleanMessage

However, my ouput looks exactly the same...can somebody point me to the error?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


5th sentence, 74th page: But -.
Lief, Barda and Jasmine are on a perilous quest to find the seven lost gems of the magic Belt of Deltora. Only when all gems have been restored to the Belt can Deltora be freed from the tyranny of the evil Shadow Lord.
Four gems have been found. Now, though grave news reaches Lief fro home and he longs to return, the quest must continue. To find the fifth stone the heroes must venture almost to the border of the Shadowlands, and plunge into the darkness and terror of the realm of the monstrous toad Gellick – Dread Mountain.
This was a great next step on Lief's journey around Deltora. As the group continues onwards and their success increases, so does the danger that they find themselves in. This time, they find themselves meeting mysterious legends, finding the true story of Doom's past and solving the mystery of the Grey Guards' blister balls.
I loved the Kin – they're a gorgeous kangaroo-type creature that is believed extinct, and help Lief, Barda and Jasmine on their journey in a fantastic manner. As with everything on this journey, there is a sense of destiny and fate in the path that they take. Not only are they able to uncover the fifth gem, but they also dismantle another one of the Shadowlords plans and schemes. This journey is no longer just about finding the seven gems of the belt, but also showing the extent of the Shadowlords dark tyranny.
I loved the ease with which this book could be read. Yes, I know that it is aimed at a younger generation, but it is the perfect book for late at night when I can't sleep, but still want to read. It's easy, fun and has just enough mystery that you still have to think while turning from page to page.


PVC is the third most widely produced polymer, but in terms of extrusions, PVC is probably the most frequently extruded rigid plastic. Its low cost, recyclable properties and versatility for both indoor and outdoor use make rigid PVC (uPVC) extrusions a popular choice for a wide range of applications.
PVC is a hard polymer that can be further enhanced using impact modifiers.
Its strong chemical resilience means PVC can be easily welded, glued and fused to itself – ideal for joints in pipes. Its resistance to corrosion makes extruded uPVC profiles, sections and trims suitable for outdoor environments.
PVC also has good insulation properties for low voltage electrical uses.
Rigid PVC is widely used in construction for water and waste pipes, conservatories, gutters, cladding, wall and door protection and window frames due to its excellent thermal properties and stability.
In transport applications uPVC is used externally for vehicle bodies, caravans and boating, and internally for creating pleasing aesthetics, since it is available in many colours and surface finishes.
In the retail sector point of sale displays, storage racks, ticket strips and poster grippers are all produced from extruded rigid PVC.
Download our fact sheet on rigid PVC profiles, sections and trims here. Alternatively, complete our enquiry form or call our technical sales team on +44 (0)1342 312 714.


text:
<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Gedmo\Tests\Translatable\Issue;

use Doctrine\Common\EventManager;
use Doctrine\ORM\Query;
use Gedmo\Tests\Tool\BaseTestCaseORM;
use Gedmo\Tests\Translatable\Fixture\Issue138\Article;
use Gedmo\Translatable\Entity\Translation;
use Gedmo\Translatable\Query\TreeWalker\TranslationWalker;
use Gedmo\Translatable\TranslatableListener;

/**
 * These are tests for translatable behavior
 *
 * @author Gediminas Morkevicius <gediminas.morkevicius@gmail.com>
 */
final class Issue138Test extends BaseTestCaseORM
{
    public const ARTICLE = Article::class;
    public const TRANSLATION = Translation::class;
    public const TREE_WALKER_TRANSLATION = TranslationWalker::class;

    /**
     * @var TranslatableListener
     */
    private $translatableListener;

    protected function setUp(): void
    {
        parent::setUp();

        $evm = new EventManager();
        $this->translatableListener = new TranslatableListener();
        $this->translatableListener->setTranslatableLocale('en');
        $this->translatableListener->setDefaultLocale('en');
        $this->translatableListener->setTranslationFallback(true);
        $evm->addEventSubscriber($this->translatableListener);

        $this->getDefaultMockSqliteEntityManager($evm);
    }

    public function testIssue138(): void
    {
        $this->populate();
        $dql = 'SELECT a FROM '.self::ARTICLE.' a';
        $dql .= " WHERE a.title LIKE '%foo%'";
        $q = $this->em->createQuery($dql);
        $q->setHint(Query::HINT_CUSTOM_OUTPUT_WALKER, self::TREE_WALKER_TRANSLATION);

        // array hydration
        $this->translatableListener->setTranslatableLocale('en_us');
        // die($q->getSQL());
        $result = $q->getArrayResult();
        static::assertCount(1, $result);
        static::assertSame('Food', $result[0]['title']);
    }

    protected function getUsedEntityFixtures(): array
    {
        return [
            self::ARTICLE,
            self::TRANSLATION,
        ];
    }

    private function populate(): void
    {
        $repo = $this->em->getRepository(self::ARTICLE);

        $food = new Article();
        $food->setTitle('Food');
        $food->setTitleTest('about food');

        $citron = new Article();
        $citron->setTitle('Citron');
        $citron->setTitleTest('something citron');

        $this->em->persist($food);
        $this->em->persist($citron);
        $this->em->flush();

        $this->translatableListener->setTranslatableLocale('lt_lt');
        $food->setTitle('Maistas');
        $food->setTitleTest('apie maista');

        $citron->setTitle('Citrina');
        $citron->setTitleTest('kazkas citrina');

        $this->em->persist($food);
        $this->em->persist($citron);
        $this->em->flush();
        $this->em->clear();
    }
}


At Renaissance we pride ourselves on supporting independent, indigenous, and intriguing businesses who reflect our values of living life to discover. That's why we love partners like Rig Hand Craft Distillery, who not only live our lifestyle but are just as passionate about it.
Rig Hand opened in 2014 as the Greater Edmonton Area's first craft distillery. They have now distilled over 40 different types of vodka, rum, whiskey, gin, moonshine and cream liqueur right in Nisku, just minutes away from us at Renaissance. Every bottle is inspired by the locale as is obvious from the unique oil rig shape of the glass itself. Every spirit is born from locally sourced ingredients and their largest grain supplier is Schneider Farms, a fourth generation family farm just 2 miles from the distillery. They are "Alberta in a bottle." Family and locality is at the core of everything Rig Hand does. Right next to those two values is definitely fun.
We had the joy of meeting Seymour at Day of Discovery at the Renaissance on June 5th. There's a long story with Seymour that you hear if you visit him, but to cut the story short: you will end up having a few drinks with Seymour and you will get closer to him than you expect.
Our Navigators at Renaissance can easily plan your distillery tour and tasting for groups of all sizes. Whether it's a quick hour long afternoon break to kick start the mind, or an evening at the distillery with Renaissance catering and live entertainment, we can make it happen. We know you want your meetings and events to be anything but ordinary. With our partnership with Rig Hand Craft Distillery we promise to create inspired, unscripted moments that won't be forgotten.
Between distilling over 40 different types of spirits, having a large fully licensed tasting room, and Seymour, Rig Hand Craft Distillery makes for the perfect adult field trip. Ask your Renaissance representative or Navigator for more details. Don't worry, we'll sign the permission slips.


Israel has mandatory army service. Most people get drafted at the age of 18, and serve between 2 years (minimum for women) and decades (as a military career), so the army is very much a part of Israeli culture, language and the common experience. In almost every conversation involving more than two Israelis, the IDF (Israeli Defense Force) inevitably and casually comes up at some point, often in a sentence like "Moshe? Moshe Bubbleblum? Yeah, I know him from the army!".
When talking to people outside of Israel, though, the situation is a bit different. Whenever my time in the IDF comes up in a conversation with someone here (London, that is), I feel like they're imagining something similar to the second panel above, inspired by the Badass Israeli Soldier Girl trope that pop culture likes to employ.
While many soldiers – women, too – serve in combat roles that are probably not so different to that second panel (but with better cover I hope), there are countless non-combative roles in any army, in various degrees of badassness. My badass sister trained soldiers in driving and maintaining APCs. My other badass sister was a physical fitness trainer for soldiers in combat roles. Way further down the spectrum, I taught soldiers computer-programming in a nice air-conditioned room, so they could design software to teach other soldiers how to do badass things. All these roles are important, but some of them look and feel a lot more like a desk job than an action movie.
So when I mention my IDF service and notice that look, like on Lily's employees' faces, I feel like I'm getting some unspoken undeserved credit. But hey, this one time, in boot camp, I totally fired an M-16.
Eran: And I'm a certified tank commander. Life is weird.
Yes, apparently Lily works in construction.
In today's new podcast episode, we welcome our new followers, and explain some of the decisions behind the working of the strips.


Deposition Author(s): Spinelli, S., Tegoni, M., Frenken, L., van Vliet, C., Cambillau, C.
Spinelli, S., Tegoni, M., Frenken, L., van Vliet, C., Cambillau, C.
Camelids, camels and llamas, have a unique immune system able to produce heavy-chain only antibodies. Their VH domains (VHHs) are the smallest binding units produced by immune systems, and therefore suitable for biotechnological applications through heterologous expression. The recognition of protein antigens by these VHHs is rather well documented, while less is known about the VHH/hapten interactions. The recently reported X-ray structure of a VHH in complex with a copper-containing azo-dye settled the ability of VHH to recognize haptens by forming a cavity between the three complementarity-determining regions (CDR). Here we report the structures of a VHH (VHH A52) free or complexed with an azo-dye, RR1, without metal ion. The structure of the complex illustrates the involvement of CDR2, CDR3 and a framework residue in a lateral interaction with the hapten. Such a lateral combining site is comparable to that found in classical antibodies, although in the absence of the VL.
Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS and Universités d'Aix-Marseille I and II, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille Cedex 20, UMR-6098, 13402, France.