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Bafana
July 19, 2017 by Nie Cele	No Comments
Proceeding to the next round is important – Michael Morton
19 July 2017 – Michael Morton was enjoying his end of the season holiday break when he got a national team call-up for the second leg clash of the 2018 CHAN qualifier against Botswana, which will take place on Saturday, 22 July 2017.
The match will be played at the Moruleng Stadium in the North West Province at 15h00.
The Supersport United midfielder wasted no time and cut short his holiday to replace teammate Teboho Mokoena who had been recalled by his club.
"We were on holiday in Zanzibar because Supersport United had given us only ten days holidays so we went down there to get some downtime. But when the call came we were quick to change flights and head back, so its worth it," said Morton.
"It's amazing, it is always wonderful to get a call up to Bafana Bafana. I am proud again to be here. It means everything for every player to put on the South African jersey. It is almost like the highlight of your career. Every time it happens, it is something you remember, it is something you will keep for the rest of your life so I am extremely happy," added Morton.
He is no stranger to the senior men's national team. The last time he was here was October 2015 when Bafana Bafana faced Angola in the CHAN qualifiers – South Africa lost both matches 0-2 and 2-1 respectively.
"Similar circumstances – back in the CHAN again but pretty much a full calendar, so I am very excited to be here," he said.
Morton missed the first leg in Botswana, but is proud of the work done by his compatriots. He arrived in camp on Monday, 17 July – the same day Bafana Bafana returned from Botswana where they had scored a 2-0 win over the host nation.
"The guys did very well in the first leg, we just need to wrap it up at home. We want to win the game, but proceeding to the next round is the most important thing," said Morton.
This time around he is reunited with his former Stuart Baxter.
"It doesn't even feel like a former coach, because he was coaching us about three weeks ago, so it is weird to think of it like that. But it's nice to be back in the setup, his ways are very familiar and something I should be able to take on easily," he said.
"Stuart's ways are almost set in stone, you know exactly what you are going to get and what he expects from you. I think for the guys that have worked with him he is an easy character to work with, and the guys that are coming in will learn pretty quickly because he is a very good teacher and it is easy to adapt to his methods."
National team debut: v Angola, CHAN qualifier, 17 October 2015
Last game played: v Angola, CHAN qualifier, 24 October 2015
Caps per club: SuperSport United 2
Versatile player who can feature in defence or midfield, it is the latter where he is mostly found these days. Started his career at Orlando Pirates in the 2008/09 season but then spent two successful seasons on loan at Bidvest Wits. Morton was signed for Maritzburg United, where he captained the club, and spent another solid three seasons. He moved to SuperSport United ahead of the 2014/15 campaign. He was born in Blairgowrie, Johannesburg.
National Team Games Statistics
17 October 2015 vs Angola
CHAN qualifier
Sourced from the SAFA website.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home > Stamps > Year Issues > 2018 Issues > Harry & Meghan - A Celebration
Product Code: WF31
Brand: I.O.M. Post Office
A two stamp collection to celebrate the Royal Engagement
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle announce their engagement in the Sunken Garden of Kensington Palace.
The delight on the faces of the happy couple is apparent as they celebrate their engagement with an official photo call.
Text written by Austin Mewti-Mewse
Available in Mint condition and Cancelled to Order
Prince Harry 33, is known to be "thrilled" to be marrying Ms Markle the US actress 36, after an eighteen-month romance. The Palace was also the location for the Prince's proposal, at his Nottingham Cottage nestled in the Palace grounds.
Ms Markle's three-diamond engagement ring set on a band of gold was made by Her Majesty The Queen's Court Jeweller, Cleave & Company and designed by Prince Harry himself, using two stones which belonged to Princess Diana. At the centre is a diamond from Botswana, a country that holds a special significance for the Prince who has made numerous visits to the country since boyhood. Prince Harry will have a pivotal role within the Commonwealth, and both he and Meghan are interested in making it more relevant to younger people.
This very special set of two stamps features two beautiful images capturing the moment that Prince Harry and Meghan Markle announced their engagement with a photo call at Kensington Palace on 27th November 2018.
Country of Issue
EJC Design
Arthur Edwards
Austin Mutti-Mewse
Stamp Size
Offset Lithography
14 per 2cms
110gms PVA Gummed
Number of Stamps


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Breaking the Boundaries
Australian Activists Tell Their Stories
Edited by Yvonne Allen and Joy Noble
In collecting these stories, mostly from South Australia, Yvonne Allen and Joy Noble hope to provide ideas and inspiration to readers to encourage them to become active in their communities and to see that ordinary people can do extra ordinary things that can make the world a better and fairer place.
Both know what they are talking about. Allen's activism began with her opposition to the Vietnam War. She later became involved in the Women's Liberation Movement of the 1960s and 1970s and was the first coordinator of Adelaide's Women's Studies Centre in 1975.
Noble has worked as a social worker and administrator in South Australia and as a community worker with women in New Guinea. She was the first woman to be appointed regional director in the South Australian Department for Community Welfare in 1975.
The stories submitted and included in this publication clearly show that not all activists are unemployable, long-haired rabble rousers bend on destroying private property and having a good time while at it. All 46 contributors are far from this perceived stereotype.
Activists have come in many different guises: Aborigines, authors, bankers, barristers, blue and white collar workers, children, doctors, ex-politicians, farmers, gays, grandparents, hippies, housewives, lawyers, lesbians, newcomers, nurses, parents, politicians, professors, prostitutes, refugees, students and teenagers to name just a few.
Some of the activists have become well known for their work while others have contributed quietly but in a significant way. All of them have at some stage crossed and/or broken existing boundaries and spoken out about existing conditions in an attempt to change and improve them for their communities or marginalised people in Australia or anywhere else in the world. The stories not only show that there are many wrongs in this world but surprisingly also in Australia. Consequently there are many marginalised people and untold issues which are considered unjust or wrong.
Throughout Australia's history there have been issues which have caused people to become activists. It is only because of people becoming involved and actively doing something about them that conditions have improved. Not all have been successful but most have, even if it sometimes took many years for it to be achieved. In other instances conditions have improved but are still far from acceptable.
Among these issues are many which have now been forgotten and many of us don't even realise that it was once very different. During the last 50 years activist have protested, held meetings, written letters, printed flyers, marched, walked or did whatever was appropriate, or not, to voice their support or opposition to such issues as: air pollution, abortion, animal welfare, boat people, climate change, Coal Seam Gas, conscription, discrimination, equal pay, euthanasia, gay rights, GM food, logging, mining, Native Title Act, nuclear power and prostitution.
Other issues have been: protecting the Coorong, Kimberley, Nullarbor, Nuyts Reef, River Murray, and St Francis Island. Pine Gap, Pyramid selling, racism, saving the parklands from becoming parking lands, sand mining on Fraser Island, sexism, solar energy, Trees for life, uranium mining, Vietnam War and women's rights and the list could go on.
Some of these have affected only a small group of people while others were local council matters, State or National issues. Whatever the case, small or large, it was only because someone took an interest to right the wrong that it was changed. Khadija Gbla, who arrived in 2001 became an activist and worked successfully for the banning of Female Genital Mutilation in Australia. For her 'Being an activist is about being more than yourself. It is about creating a better world'. Khadija was listed in 2014 as one of the most influential women in South Australia.
Julian Burnside, AO QC is an Australian barrister, human rights and refugee advocate and author. He was awarded the 2014 Sydney Peace Price: 'For his brave and principled advocacy for human rights and for those wronged by government, for insisting that we respect our international legal obligations toward those seeking asylum, and for his unflinching defence of the rule of law as a means to achieve a more peaceful and just society'.
Not all accounts are from award winners or traditional activists, those who protested and did it the hard way. Some of the stories are from people who were active while still very young or much older but they all achieved their aims to improve conditions which were overlooked by the majority of people and governments as too hard.
Georgina Williams, born and raised on the Point Pearce Mission Station on Yorke Peninsula, was the eldest of 15 children and a descendant of Kudnarto, the first Aboriginal woman to legally marry a white settler in 1848. Her early life was that of an outcast on the fringe of whitefellas' society. Against all odds but with determination and courage she became a nurse and involved in the Aboriginal Advancement Activities, the first Aboriginal organisation in South Australia.
She understood 'how losing our lands that held our laws, our culture and our spirituality, and having to learn the whitefellas ways, was killing us as surely as the diseases, the axe and the plough the settlers had brought with them'. It also was the cause of 'much of the sickness and ill health we face and resulted in being forced out of our old ways of life. It has led most of us into intergenerational poverty and the loss or our spiritual relationship with our country'.
Jo Vallentine had a farming background in Western Australia and was educated at Loreto Convent boarding school. During her school years she polished shoes to earn money to help missions in Africa. After becoming a teacher she took part in the opposition to the Vietnam War, the Campaign against Nuclear Energy and joined the Quakers. Later she was involved in the campaign to save natural forests, the Aboriginal Treaty Support Group, Community Aid Abroad and many other worthwhile issues.
She and several other activists from all over Australia saw being a member of the government as a way of helping their causes. Jo was elected to the Senate. Others joined political parties before considering nominating for preselection as candidates, among them Margaret Reynolds. Political Lobbying has also been used by many and although not always successful it is still a strategy that makes the best impression for reform.
Activists learnt to use the media in an attempt to influence public opinion. One of the most spectacular and eventual successful action was the opposition to what was going on at Pine Gap near Alice Springs. It resulted in a world-wide media cover and the straining of some international relations. It was a long drawn-out affair which resulted in the arrest of 111 women activists during a very hot day in November 1983.
Breaking the Boundaries gives many possible ways on how to achieve improvements, what works and what doesn't. Raising public awareness and focusing attention by speaking out is definitely one of them as is setting directions of new or improved policy, legislation and services. Initiating or joining action groups, protests, boycotts and campaigns to bring about these changes have also resulted in success. Most of all the stories show that changes can, and have been, achieved by ordinary methods and ordinary people.
Review by Nic Klaassen
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Exclusive'90 Day Fiance' Star Yolanda Leak's Ex Josh Seiter Claims She Used Him to Gain 'Followers'
Dec 2, 2020 5:07 pm·
Classy and Sassy! Jinger Duggar Looks Chic in a Pantsuit With Heels
Janelle Brown Explains Why Meri Didn't Move in With Another Sister Wife
Jinger Duggar Rocks Heeled Boots and Skinny Jeans in Clip With Felicity
They do anything for clout? 90 Day Fiancé alum Yolanda Leak's ex-fiancé, Josh Seiter, exclusively opens up to In Touch following their split and reveals he believes the former TLC star used their relationship to try to "get on" the show for "another season."
"The only thing that makes sense of all of that nonsense is if she was trying to get another season of [90 Day Fiancé]," Josh, 33, tells In Touch in an exclusive video interview. "And she thought that attaching herself to someone with visibility and a social media [following], someone that had been on The Bachelorette and other shows, would get her that. And so 100 percent, I think the only reason she did any of this was also that she could get on the show and get a payday from it, which is ironic because that's what people accuse me of doing."
Courtesy Josh Seiter/Instagram; Courtesy Yolanda Leak/Instagram
The Bachelor Nation alum, who appeared on Kaitlyn Bristowe and Britt Nilsson's season 11, was involved in a whirlwind romance with Yolanda. He met the 52-year-old while on a birthday trip to her hometown of Las Vegas, where they crossed paths on the strip in August. "I thought she was sexy. I'm not gonna lie. I liked her eyes and her smile," Josh gushes.
Josh and Yolanda immediately started dating long-distance after he returned home to Chicago, communicating via text and social media. Their relationship quickly progressed, and the former couple got engaged in October. Josh says their relationship started to turn sour following their engagement. After Josh tattooed Yolanda's name inside of his right arm on November 6, he says she started to give him the cold shoulder and sending "one or two-word" responses to his messages or ghosting him for days.
"I confronted her and she's like, 'I gotta be honest.' She's like, 'That guy that I post, like my BFF, like we're actually together.' She's like, 'Yeah, he lives with me.' So it came straight from the horse's mouth," the mental health advocate claims about a man named Oscar Ghigliotty whom she refers to as her "BFF" on social media. Yolanda previously denied Josh's claims via an Instagram comment, claiming "not an ounce" of Josh's comments were true.
They split shortly after, and Josh announced their breakup via social media on November 20. He said throughout their whirlwind romance, he couldn't "shake the feeling something wasn't right" between them.
'90 Day Fiance' Catfish Story Lines That Belong on the MTV Series
Yolanda was introduced to TLC viewers during season 4 of TLC's 90 Day Fiancé: Before the 90 Days. Many of Yolanda's followers questioned her short-lived relationship with Josh, speculating that he was only with her because of her fame. Josh responds to the naysayers and says it was the other way around, claiming Yolanda's Instagram following only grew after they went public with their romance.
"I've always had a large social media following because I've been very vocal about mental health issues," Josh says. "I didn't have to fake a relationship with Yolanda Leak to get people to follow me. If anyone benefited from this, it was her. If anyone lost from this, it was me. I was in it for love. She was in it for a payday. People can think what they want. It speaks for itself."


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Newcastle United FC Transfer News
Revealed: The player Newcastle United are exploring January move for
It's Newcastle United notebook time and we have news on transfers and Martin Dubrvaka's next move
Newcastle United's Jetro Willems celebrates scoring his side's first goal of the game during the Premier League match at St James' Park, Newcastle. PA Photo. (Image: PA)
Newcastle United are interested in a return for left-back Jetro Willems.
Willems has made it clear that he would welcome a return to Tyneside but it's never been clear how strong the interest from the Magpies was in bringing him back. But the Notebook understands it is a possibility this month.
While Steve Bruce is looking at the loan market with finances tight the club are also exploring the possibility of bringing Eintracht Frankfurt's Willems back, among other options in a January where they will undoubtedly have to box clever.
The Holland international is available for a cut-price deal for teams who want to take him in January after rejecting a new contract offer from the Bundesliga side. He can sign a pre-contract agreement with clubs now.
Jetro Willems' latest Instagram post has Newcastle United fans talking
10 Jamal Lewis alternatives Newcastle United should look to sign in January and beyond
Willems made it clear in an Instagram post last week that he is match fit and has been for weeks. It's understood his club are reluctant to play him while he looks for a move away to restart his career.
A move would make sense for financial reasons - United would be getting a player for markedly less than the £10million deal they agreed when he originally joined on loan - and also add options at the back. The more attack-minded Willems, who is close to Allan Saint-Maximin, is a very different option to Jamal Lewis - who was signed for £15million in the summer.
Newcastle, of course, must sell or loan out players to create space in their squad before any deals can be arranged.
Jetro Willems is keen on joining Newcastle United permanently from Eintracht Frankfurt ahead of his contract expiration. (Image: (Photo by Serena Taylor/Newcastle United via Getty Images))
Seven Newcastle United first-team players are now free to discuss potential pre-contract deals with rival clubs as the January transfer window swung open.
Ciaran Clark, Jacob Murphy, Dwight Gayle, Federico Fernandez, Andy Carroll, Fabian Schar and DeAndre Yedlin are all into the final six months of their contracts - which allows rival clubs to strike deals.
But it's understood the club are fairly relaxed about the future of all seven, with talks under way with several about extensions.
Steve Bruce reveals defender he hopes will sign a new deal in January
Steve Bruce happy to hold on to DeAndre Yedlin - despite talk of January transfer window exit
Clark is set to be the next cab off the rank in terms of new deals with an agreement over a two-year extension close. Bruce praised the defender in quotes released on Friday.
Other first teamers are in line for new deals in the face of interest from other sides, including Fernandez and Murphy - who Newcastle do not want to lose on a free.
Gayle, who was rated at £15million just 18 months ago, is in a similar situation. There will be no shortage of takers for the striker.
Matty Longstaff's recall to the first team will disappoint a crop of interested clubs who wanted to take him on loan in January.
The midfielder's injuries and weight loss saw him wait months for a chance in the first team - and lead to Championship clubs making enquiries about him ahead of a possible loan.
But Newcastle are set to keep him at St James' Park after energetic displays against Liverpool and Manchester City.
Matty Longstaff of Newcastle United (Image: Newcastle United via Getty Images)
Martin Dubravka is in line to return to the Newcastle team for the FA Cup clash with Arsenal on January 9.
The Slovakia goalkeeper has not played this season after a serious heel injury but was back on the bench for the visit of Liverpool.
Steve Bruce confirmed in-form Karl Darlow is the current number one, which means Dubravka will have to wait for his chance. But the Cup tie gives him a chance to return.
United will field a strong side as Bruce looks to improve on last season's quarter-final place but Elliot Anderson, who has been involved on the bench in recent weeks, could feature.
Jetro Willems


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communications chemistry
Spatial and temporal scales of variability for indoor air constituents
Risk assessment of microplastic particles
Albert A. Koelmans, Paula E. Redondo-Hasselerharm, … Merel Kooi
Aerosol mixing state matters for particles deposition in human respiratory system
Joseph Ching & Mizuo Kajino
Mechanisms of ultrafine particle-induced respiratory health effects
George D. Leikauf, Sang-Heon Kim & An-Soo Jang
Open questions on the physical properties of aerosols
Bryan R. Bzdek, Jonathan P. Reid & Michael I. Cotterell
Extracting microplastic decay rates from field data
T. Metz, M. Koch & P. Lenz
Commercial toilets emit energetic and rapidly spreading aerosol plumes
John P. Crimaldi, Aaron C. True, … Anna K. Pauls
Non-respiratory particles emitted by guinea pigs in airborne disease transmission experiments
Sima Asadi, Manilyn J. Tupas, … William D. Ristenpart
Aerosol mixing state revealed by transmission electron microscopy pertaining to cloud formation and human airway deposition
Joseph Ching, Kouji Adachi, … Mizuo Kajino
Inferring long-distance connectivity shaped by air-mass movement for improved experimental design in aerobiology
Maria Choufany, Davide Martinetti, … Cindy E. Morris
Pascale S. J. Lakey ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-40731 na1,
Youngbo Won2 na1,
David Shaw ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5542-03343,
Freja F. Østerstrøm ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4125-33653,
James Mattila ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3152-51444,
Emily Reidy5,
Brandon Bottorff5,
Colleen Rosales ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8925-83525,
Chen Wang ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9565-87776 nAff13,
Laura Ampollini7,
Shan Zhou ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5031-10248,9,
Atila Novoselac10,
Tara F. Kahan8,11,
Peter F. DeCarlo ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6385-714912,
Jonathan P. D. Abbatt ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3372-334X6,
Philip S. Stevens5,
Delphine K. Farmer4,
Nicola Carslaw3,
Donghyun Rim2 &
Manabu Shiraiwa1
Communications Chemistry volume 4, Article number: 110 (2021) Cite this article
Reaction kinetics and dynamics
Historically air constituents have been assumed to be well mixed in indoor environments, with single point measurements and box modeling representing a room or a house. Here we demonstrate that this fundamental assumption needs to be revisited through advanced model simulations and extensive measurements of bleach cleaning. We show that inorganic chlorinated products, such as hypochlorous acid and chloramines generated via multiphase reactions, exhibit spatial and vertical concentration gradients in a room, with short-lived ⋅OH radicals confined to sunlit zones, close to windows. Spatial and temporal scales of indoor constituents are modulated by rates of chemical reactions, surface interactions and building ventilation, providing critical insights for better assessments of human exposure to hazardous pollutants, as well as the transport of indoor chemicals outdoors.
People spend on average 90% of their time indoors and even longer especially in their homes during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Concentrations of indoor gaseous compounds and aerosol particles are often much higher compared to outdoors owing to indoor emission sources including human activities such as cleaning and cooking1,2. Hypochlorite bleach is an effective disinfectant that kills a wide variety of microorganisms and is increasingly used to control infectious disease spread in various indoor locations including schools, hospitals, and residential buildings3,4. Following bleach use, a number of chlorinated compounds including hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and molecular chlorine gas (Cl2) can be released5,6, which are hazardous by causing skin lipid oxidation7 and cytotoxic injury in the respiratory tract4. The House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign8 has revealed that a series of multiphase reactions involving nitrite (NO2−) and ammonia (NH3) in the applied bleach onto a floor can lead to the formation of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) and chloramines (e.g., NCl3)5, which have strong irritation effects with the potential to damage tissues4. Bleach cleaning chemistry also produces several toxic compounds including isocyanates, cyanogen chloride, and chlorocarbons9. As such, bleach can pose an increased risk of respiratory infections and symptoms such as wheezing and asthma3,10.
Historically indoor air constituents have been assumed to become well mixed and homogeneously distributed after being introduced into ventilated indoor environments11. Hence, indoor measurements are mostly conducted at a single location in a room and at a fixed height and there have been only a few measurements of spatial and vertical distributions of gas pollutants and particulate matter12,13. While computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have been applied to resolve indoor air flows and spatial distributions of non-reactive indoor species14, indoor chemistry models often employ a box model with the concept of deposition velocity assuming that there is a well-mixed core region separated from indoor surfaces by boundary layers11. However, this assumption may not be warranted for reactive and short-lived species such as radicals and bleach cleaning products. To better quantify human exposure to indoor pollutants, it is essential to evaluate spatial distributions and temporal scales of emitted compounds, which are currently poorly understood.
To elucidate the spatial and temporal scales of variability of indoor air pollutants, in this paper we go far beyond earlier studies by integrating multiple indoor models including gas-phase chemistry modeling, multiphase kinetic modeling, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations15 to simulate extensive measurements of a bleach cleaning event from HOMEChem. We show that ∙OH radicals and bleach cleaning products exhibit spatial and vertical concentration gradients in a room as modulated by rates of chemical reactions, surface interactions, and ventilation.
Integrated modeling for HOMEChem measurements
We developed a multiphase kinetic model to treat formation and loss of bleach products to simulate gas-phase measurements performed during HOMEChem (Fig. 1a)5. It treats outdoor–indoor air exchange, gas-phase reactions, photolysis, wall loss, heterogeneous reactions at indoor surfaces and particles, and aqueous reactions in the aqueous bleach, while assuming that species would be mixed homogeneously in the room where the bleach was applied5 (see Supplementary Methods). Transport of semi-volatile species between the gas phase and the bleach requires transport through a boundary layer adjacent to the bleach surface, which is resolved explicitly in the model16. In addition, a detailed photochemical box model, the INdoor Detailed Chemical Model (INDCM) with the Master Chemical Mechanism, was used to quantify the radical production rates and refine the predicted radical concentrations17 (see Supplementary Methods). Most measurements were conducted at one location (P2) in the kitchen, while ∙OH was measured in the sunlit zone next to the window at P7 (see Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. 1).
Fig. 1: Integrated modeling of bleach cleaning events.
a A schematic of the kinetic model to simulate a cleaning event at the HOMEChem campaign. b The floor plan of the test house and computational fluid dynamics modeling geometry (Win: window, AHU: air handling unit, EA: exhaust air, OA: outside air). The yellow marks are solar radiation zones and blue marks are cleaning area. Nine points (P1–P9) at 1.5 m above the cleaning floor surface are the calculation points in CFD simulations. The vertical red line represents the cross-section used for the vertical maps presented in Fig. 2. c Temporal evolution of (i) OH, (ii) HOCl, (iii) NCl3, and (iv) NH3 as measured (red) and simulated by the CFD (dark blue), the INDCM (open markers in c (i)), and the multiphase kinetic model (open markers in c (ii–iv)). The error bars in (c) represent the 1σ precision of the OH measurements and are separate from the calibration accuracy (±18%, 1σ).
As shown in Fig. 1c, the results from these well-mixed models can be directly compared with the measurements. The INDCM model successfully captures ∙OH radical concentrations and the multiphase kinetic model reproduces the measured temporal variation of HOCl, NCl3, and NH3. These results, however, do not reflect the potential heterogeneous distribution of reactive species in an indoor space; a CFD model is necessary to resolve this. While the gas-phase chemistry model and multiphase kinetic model treat comprehensive and detailed chemistry, it is computationally too expensive and unfeasible to treat all of these gas and multiphase reactions in the CFD. To circumvent this hurdle, we constrained the CFD with key inputs from the detailed models: the INDCM provided production rates and reactivity of ∙OH radicals, while the multiphase kinetic model provided HOCl, ClNO2, NCl3, and NH3 concentrations right above the bleach surface over time as controlled by aqueous reactions in the bleach. These models also identified critical gas-phase reactions as well as specific photolysis rates, rate coefficients, and uptake coefficients to surfaces to be included in the CFD (Supplementary Methods and Supplementary Table 1).
By resolving spatial heterogeneity, the CFD model reproduces the dynamic concentration changes at the sampling points remarkably well (Fig. 1c). After the bleach containing NaOCl is applied to the floor for 10 min, HOCl is formed in the aqueous bleach and volatilized to the gas phase. HOCl undergoes heterogeneous reactions on acidic particles or indoor surfaces, leading to the formation of Cl2. In the aqueous bleach, HOCl reacts with nitrite (NO2−) that is largely present on indoor surfaces as a reservoir of HONO18, to generate ClNO2 which can partition into the gas phase. NH3, emitted by human occupants and off-gassing from building materials and indoor surfaces19, partitions into the aqueous bleach to participate in a series of reactions with HOCl to generate NCl35, leading to an increase of NCl3 and a decrease of NH3 in the gas phase. Afterwards, the bleach products decayed faster than the air exchange rate, which is also captured very well by accounting for deposition to indoor surfaces.
Model simulations reveal that the observed enhancement of ∙OH radicals during the bleach cleaning event can be mainly explained by a cascade of reactions initiated via Cl2 photolysis: the formed Cl radicals react with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to generate peroxy and alkoxy radicals, which propagate to HO2 and then ∙OH through reactions involving NO. Gas-phase model simulations indicate that this process accounts for >90% of ∙OH production, while ∙OH radicals can also be generated via photolysis of HOCl and HONO5. The generated ∙OH radicals react rapidly with a number of indoor gas-phase species including NOx and VOCs with an estimated ∙OH reactivity of 65 s−1 during the cleaning event (see Supplementary Methods). The remarkable level of agreement between measurements and simulations for radicals and reaction products has been made possible by effectively resolving complex physical and chemical processes as well as indoor air flow and spatial heterogeneity.
Horizontal and vertical distributions in Fig. 2 show that high concentrations of ∙OH radicals are confined only to the solar radiation zone where they are generated via photolysis, while their concentration is low in the dark zone due to depletion through loss reactions. However, the products of ∙OH radical reactions such as HCHO and OVOCs in these zones will have longer lifetimes, thus increasing the effective spatial impact of ∙OH radical production. HOCl, ClNO2, and NCl3 are emitted from the cleaning surface, resulting in vertical concentration gradients and higher concentrations in the living room compared to other rooms. Note that although the air handling unit circulates a fairly large amount of indoor air in the whole house at a mixing rate of 8 h−1 with all room doors open, the cleaning products are primarily concentrated in the living room. Even in the living room, these products are confined to the area near the corner (P1) because of the non-uniform indoor airflow, showing 30–50% higher concentrations than at other points. Cl2 also exhibits similar spatial distributions (Supplementary Fig. 2), reflecting that Cl2 is mainly produced where HOCl is more concentrated. NH3 is relatively homogeneously distributed, with a few ppb lower mixing ratio in the cleaning area compared to other rooms due to uptake into the bleach followed by aqueous reactions.
Fig. 2: Spatial distributions of bleach products.
Horizontal and vertical spatial distributions of (a) OH, (b) HOCl, (c) NCl3, and (d) NH3 at 18 min after the beginning of the cleaning. Horizontal maps represent 1.5 m above the floor and vertical maps represent sections with the red line in Fig. 1b.
Spatial and temporal variations of indoor species
Similar to the atmosphere20, indoor air can be regarded as a highly dynamic chemical reactor. A variety of chemical species is introduced and removed over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, depending on rates of ventilation, photolysis, chemical reactions, and deposition as well as room and building sizes1,2. We estimate half-lives of representative indoor chemical species by considering a typical air exchange rate of 0.5 h−1 and reaction rates with typical indoor concentration levels of ∙OH (3 × 105 cm−3), O3 (4 ppb), NOx (7 ppb), and VOCs (100 ppb) as well as typical photolysis and surface deposition rates (see Supplementary Table 2). Then, spatial scales or the average distance traveled can be estimated by considering a typical indoor air flow velocity of 0.03 m s−1, corresponding to an air exchange rate21 of 0.5 h−1. The results of this analysis are depicted in Fig. 3, in which three distinct scales emerged:
Microscale: Processes occurring on the spatial scale of <~0.1 m and affecting phenomena only in proximity to emission sources or locations where compounds are generated in tiny eddies of a centimeter or less. Near the emission sources, short-lived radical species (with lifetimes up to ~10 s) such as Cl, NO3, and ROx (=∙OH + HO2∙ + RO2∙ ) exhibit sharp spatial gradients and their temporal scales are determined mainly by reaction rates, and only marginally affected by deposition and ventilation rates (see Supplementary Methods).
Room scale: Processes that exceed the microscale but still occur within a room (~0.1–10 m). Moderately long-lived species (with time scales of ~10 s–10 min) such as NH3, NO, Cl2, and O3 would exhibit spatial gradients within a room. The temporal and spatial distributions of these species are controlled by both chemical processes and indoor air flow conditions. For NH3 and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) that may undergo reversible partitioning to indoor surface reservoirs18, the true spatial gradients are likely reduced from the model predictions due to surface emissions.
Building scale: Phenomena occurring in a plume on scales larger than a room (>~10 m), possibly affecting other rooms and the entire building by circulation and even being transported outdoors. Long-lived species such as VOCs, NO2, and CO2 are mostly well mixed within the indoor space. Their temporal scales are mainly controlled by ventilation rates. During HOMEChem, HONO was measured in two different locations (P2 and P7), showing very similar concentrations (see Supplementary Fig. 4)22.
Fig. 3: Spatial and temporal scales of variability for indoor species.
Spatial and temporal scales of gas-phase species and particulate matter with different particle diameters indoors with an air exchange rate of 0.5 h−1.
A better understanding of spatial distributions of indoor species is highly critical for accurate assessments of human exposure to indoor oxidants and SVOCs including toxic chlorinated and nitrogenated VOCs9,23. The widely applied concept of deposition velocity, which expresses the species flux density to the surface divided by its concentration in the uniformly mixed core region, may need to be revisited11 for simulating short-lived and moderately long-lived species. Note that this analysis of temporal and spatial scales implicitly assumes that spatial gradients are driven by a perturbation such as cleaning, cooking, and other activities at steady-state conditions; there will not be the same gradients in the absence of a perturbation. Spatial heterogeneity in photon fluxes also leads to spatial gradients of photoactive species. Resolving mass transport and chemical reactions in the boundary layer16 and on indoor surfaces would be required for an accurate description of deposition processes24.
The spatial scale indoors is several orders of magnitude smaller than for species in the ambient atmosphere20. Because of relatively low air exchange rates in residences, non-reactive gas-phase species remain indoors for 3–4 h. At higher air exchange rates that are often deployed in industrial buildings with mechanical ventilation, the temporal and spatial scales of moderately long-lived and long-lived species would both decrease as the species are transported to the ambient atmosphere at a faster rate (see Supplementary Fig. 3). A recent study has found that the use of volatile chemical products (VCPs, including pesticides, coatings, adhesives, cleaning agents, and personal care products) constitutes half of fossil-fuel VOC emissions in industrialized cities25. VCPs are mostly emitted indoors; however, they are transported outdoors, significantly affecting air quality through the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols25,26. The analysis in Fig. 3 implies that SVOCs may also be generated indoors and emitted to the ambient atmosphere depending on their reactivity and the ventilation conditions.
Figure 3 also includes spatial and temporal variations of particulate matter (PM) with different particle diameters of 3 nm, 10 nm, 1 µm, 10 μm, and 100 μm, which determine the particle deposition velocity and residence time in indoor environments14,27 (see Supplementary Table 2). For larger particles with a diameter of 100 µm, they settle to the floor in less than few seconds and within 1 m, mainly due to gravitational settling. Ultrafine particles (1–10 nm) are also relatively short-lived because of particle losses via Brownian and turbulent diffusion. Due to their high mobility, they readily stick to indoor surfaces or are scavenged by bigger particles. On the other hand, 1–10 µm particles are much more persistent in indoor environments with average residence times exceeding minutes and up to 1 h. Their residence times are comparable to the time scale of ventilation rates, so these particles can be transported to other people's breathing zone in indoor environments and can play a critical role as an airborne carrier of infectious pathogens such as SARS-COV228,29 as well as for exposure to thirdhand smoke species that have partitioned into indoor particles30.
In summary, we demonstrate that heterogeneous distributions of indoor air pollutants can exist for short-lived and moderately long-lived compounds, in contrast to the traditional assumption of homogeneous mixing. The spatial and temporal scales are controlled by gas-phase and multiphase reactions, deposition as well as indoor air flow and outdoor–indoor air exchange. Among these factors, surface interactions may be least characterized and quantified, despite their importance becoming increasingly clear24,31. Different surface and environmental conditions including temperature, humidity, light, and surface pH would be critical for heterogeneous reactions at indoor surfaces24,31 as well as surface stability of SARS-COV232. In addition, the presence of organic films on indoor surfaces can impact thermodynamics and kinetics of SVOC partitioning33,34. Further elucidation of these aspects will improve assessments on indoor air quality, human exposure to indoor pollutants, and indoor–outdoor transport of chemical compounds.
HOMEChem campaign
The House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) campaign and the bleach experiments that occurred during the campaign have previously been described in detail5,35. The campaign took place in a 111 m2 3-bedroom, 2-bathroom test house in Austin, Texas in June 2018. In this work we focus only on the bleaching experiment that occurred on the 8th June as part of a 'layered' experiment, meaning that cooking had happened prior to bleaching. A bleach solution was applied to the kitchen and living room floor, which had a combined surface area of 40 m2, at 17:35. Measurements of gas-phase species concentrations were made prior to and during the experiment using a variety of instruments including a time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (TOF-CIMS), a cavity ring-down spectrometer and a laser-induced fluorescence using the fluorescence assay with gas expansion technique instrument (LIF-FAGE). Two separate TOF-CIMS instruments were deployed to sample air from the kitchen (P2): one with utilizing iodide chemical ionization to measure HOCl, Cl2, ClNO2, and NCl3 and another utilizing acetate chemical ionization to measure HONO. The cavity ring-down measured NH3 sampled in the kitchen, while the LIF-FAGE instrument measured ∙OH, HO2∙, and HONO next to the living room window. Spectrally resolved solar irradiance was measured with a hand-held spectrometer collocated with the LIF-FAGE instrument. The air exchange rate during the period of the bleaching experiment on the 8th June was controlled by a heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system and was measured as ∼0.7 h−1.
The multiphase kinetic model treats various processes including air exchange, uptake to particulate matter and indoor surfaces, photolysis, gas-phase reactions and reactions in the aqueous bleach, and transport of semi-volatile species through a boundary layer above the floor (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Methods). The kinetic model provided inputs to the CFD model including the concentrations of HOCl, ClNO2, chloramines, and NH3 directly above the bleach surface at different times. The CFD model geometry was designed by mimicking air flow and emission conditions of the bleach products observed in the measurement campaign. The CFD model resolves a total of 11 chemical reactions (Supplementary Table 1), solar radiation through windows, surface uptake, and the turbulent indoor air flow (Supplementary Methods). Modeling of ∙OH concentrations was carried out using the INDCM (INdoor Detailed Chemical Model)17, a near-explicit photochemical box model constructed based on a comprehensive chemical mechanism. INDCM also treats exchange with outdoors, internal emissions, photolysis, and deposition to surfaces (Supplementary Methods).
The HOMEChem data is available at the OSF webpage https://osf.io/ykj27/.
The codes used to generate the data in the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Wong, J., Carslaw, N., Zhao, R., Zhou, S. & Abbatt, J. Observations and impacts of bleach washing on indoor chlorine chemistry. Indoor Air 27, 1082–1090 (2017).
Schwartz-Narbonne, H., Wang, C., Zhou, S., Abbatt, J. P. D. & Faust, J. Heterogeneous chlorination of squalene and oleic acid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53, 1217–1224 (2019).
Farmer, D. K. et al. Overview of HOMEChem: house observations of microbial and environmental chemistry. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 21, 1280–1300 (2019).
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Lakey, P. S. J., Eichler, C. M. A., Wang, C., Little, J. C. & Shiraiwa, M. Kinetic multi-layer model of film formation, growth, and chemistry (KM-FILM): boundary layer processes, multi-layer adsorption, bulk diffusion, and heterogeneous reactions. Indoor Air https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12854 (2021).
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We acknowledge Dr. Paula Olsiewski and Dr. Marina Vance for their leadership and the entire HOMEChem Science Team for conducting the experiment. This work was funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (G-2020-13912; G-2019-12306; G-2019-12442; G-2017-9944; G-2019-11404; G-2018-11062; G-2018-10083; G-2017-9796).
Present address: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
These authors contributed equally: Pascale S. J. Lakey, Youngbo Won.
Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Pascale S. J. Lakey & Manabu Shiraiwa
Department of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
Youngbo Won & Donghyun Rim
Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
David Shaw, Freja F. Østerstrøm & Nicola Carslaw
Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
James Mattila & Delphine K. Farmer
Department of Chemistry and O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
Emily Reidy, Brandon Bottorff, Colleen Rosales & Philip S. Stevens
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Chen Wang & Jonathan P. D. Abbatt
Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Laura Ampollini
Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Shan Zhou & Tara F. Kahan
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
Shan Zhou
Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
Atila Novoselac
Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Tara F. Kahan
Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Peter F. DeCarlo
Pascale S. J. Lakey
Youngbo Won
Freja F. Østerstrøm
James Mattila
Emily Reidy
Brandon Bottorff
Colleen Rosales
Jonathan P. D. Abbatt
Philip S. Stevens
Delphine K. Farmer
Nicola Carslaw
Donghyun Rim
Manabu Shiraiwa
M.S. and D.R. designed and oversaw the study. P.L. and M.S. conducted multiphase kinetic modeling. Y.W. and D.R. conducted CFD simulations. D.S., F.Ø., and N.C. conducted INDCM modeling. E.R., C.R., and P.S. conducted MCM modeling. J.M., E.R., B.B., C.R., C.W., L.A., S.Z., A.N., T.K., P.D., J.A., P.S., and D.F. conducted HOMEChem measurements. P.L., Y.W., D.R., and M.S. wrote the manuscript with inputs from all coauthors. All coauthors discussed the results and contributed to manuscript editing.
Correspondence to Donghyun Rim or Manabu Shiraiwa.
Peer review information Communications Chemistry thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.
Peer Review File.
Lakey, P.S.J., Won, Y., Shaw, D. et al. Spatial and temporal scales of variability for indoor air constituents. Commun Chem 4, 110 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-021-00548-5
A novel VOC breath tracer method to evaluate indoor respiratory exposures in the near- and far-fields; implications for the spread of respiratory viruses
Hooman Parhizkar
Mark Fretz
Elliott T. Gall
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology (2022)
Communications Chemistry (Commun Chem) ISSN 2399-3669 (online)


On this post I'll show how to retrieve information from nested XML.
-- Method #1: Query nested XML nodes by traversing backward and forward.
-- Method #2: Query nested XML nodes by using CROSS APPLY on appropriate node.
Method #2 is much more effecient than first one. As 1st method uses forward-backward traversal approach. The 2nd method uses APPLY operator which gets Nodes information from a specific parent.
This topic was also discussed on MSDN TSQL's forum few weeks back, link.


A long-anticipated field presentation scheduled today by the Arizona Forestry Division for the families of 19 incinerated Granite Mountain Hotshots – during which relatives are to be taken to the site where their loved ones perished — has been sharply criticized for failing to accurately portray what happened.
During the site visit, participants are to be taken to different locations on the fire site, and wildfire experts are to provide presentations of what they say is the best-available information about the events that led up to the deaths of the Hotshots on June 30, 2013, at Yarnell Hill.
A "facilitator guide" book also has been prepared that provides detailed information about key events on on the day of the fire and those that preceded it.
The tour and presentation are touted by the state as a way to provide the families facts about the fire and offer an opportunity for a healing experience.
"This product is a true legacy of your loved one that will educate firefighters across the nation and put them in the shoes and decision-making process of the Granite Mountain Hotshots," Don Boursier safety and logistics officer for the Forestry Division, states in a February 25 e-mail to families.
But one of the nation's leading wildfire fatality experts, who has participated in such events in the past, sharply criticizes the information to be presented as constituting an inaccurate and misleading portrayal of the events.
"I think the staff ride is an insult to all of [the Hotshots'] loved ones because [materials associated with it don't tell] the truth," says Ted Putnam, a retired wildfire fatality investigator and Chino Valley resident who has conducted an unofficial probe of the Yarnell Hill Fire. "The biggest tribute we should do for these firefighters is to tell the truth."
Putnam was provided a copy of the facilitator guide to be used during the staff ride by New Times, which obtained it from the state Forestry Division through an Arizona Public Records Law request.
Putnam contends he has direct information from multiple firefighter sources who were at the fire in conjunction with evidence contained in investigation reports that leave no doubt that the state Forestry Division ordered the Granite Mountain Hotshots to come off the mountain and go to Yarnell.
"I've been in this business longer and know more about this than anybody out there, and this all this screams at me they were ordered off the top [of the mountain]" Putnam says.
Putnam, a former "smoke jumper," served as an investigator on high-profile fatal wildfires including the 1990 Dude Fire in Arizona and the 1994 South Canyon Fire in Colorado. Putnam is considered a leading expert in wild-land fire entrapment and has been cited as a pioneer in advancing scientific knowledge on the subject.
He gained notoriety when he refused to sign the official accident investigation report for the South Canyon Fire, where 14 hotshots and smoke jumpers were killed, because he believed the report was untrue.
His claim directly contradicts the official version of events included in the Forestry Division's Serious Accident Investigation Report released in September 2013, and there is no mention of such an order in the upcoming staff ride document.
The SAI report concluded that no one knows why the crew descended from a safe, burned-over area called 'the black' on the top of the Weaver Mountains and dropped into a box canyon jammed with drought-stricken chaparral at the hottest time of the day with the wildfire approaching and a massive thunderstorm bearing down.
"No one realized that the crew left the black and headed southeast, sometime after [4:04 p.m.]," the SAI report states.
Putnam says the report's conclusion defies logic. He does not believe that Granite Mountain Hotshots Superintendent Eric Marsh would have ordered his men to leave their safe zone unless he was pressured by superiors to get the crew to the town of Yarnell. At the time the crew moved off the mountain, the fire was sweeping into Yarnell, forcing many residents to evacuate.
"Marsh's action makes no sense at all unless he was ordered off the top," Putnam says.
He says he cannot reveal his sources because they provided the information under the promise of confidentiality. But he says he will provide complete details in a formal setting under oath.
State Forestry Director Jeff Whitney requested a meeting early Monday with New Times to respond to Putnam's statements. But Whitney walked out of the interview without saying a word when a reporter began to set up a video camera to record what would be said.
A few minutes later, Joy Hernbrode, the division's deputy director for administrative services, spoke to New Times.
"I haven't seen any evidence that supports Mr. Putnam's claims, so I don't know what he's built his belief on," Hernbrode said. "But we have looked at all the evidence in the state report, the videos, and it is our opinion that there isn't any evidence that anybody was ordered off that mountain. However, if somebody has evidence of that, we definitely would like to see it."
Audio evidence has surfaced in records released by the Forestry Division that show Marsh was communicating about the crew's movements during a 30-minute period, when the SAI report states there were no verifiable communications from the crew.
A video clip shot by Blue Ridge Hotshot Ronald Gamble at 4:27 p.m. picks up an audio exchange between an unknown firefighter and Marsh. This also occurred during the period when the SAI report states there is was no verifiable communication by the crew.
Marsh's widow, Amanda, confirmed it was her late husband's voice.
Hernbrode said the video does not prove anybody ordered the crew to leave the mountain.
"I don't know who [Marsh is] talking to," she said. "More experienced fire folks than I have looked at that and could not conclude that was evidence that anybody ordered them off."
Additional evidence of communication between Marsh and other unknown firefighters during the reported blackout period also surfaced in background audio of an aerial firefighting effectiveness study that was conducted during the Yarnell Hill Fire.
These audio clips were included in the supplemental materials released with the SAI report but were not included in the formal report.
Today's staff ride is required under a June 2015 settlement agreement with 12 Hotshot families that filed a $220 million federal lawsuit against the Forestry Division. The agreement requires the state to pay the families a total of $600,000 while admitting no wrongdoing.
Among the records released by the division is the "Yarnell Hill Staff Ride Facilitator Guide, " prepared for a trial staff ride on February 17-18, and the guide for today's site visit by the Granite Mountain families.
OMNA International, a private contractor that specializes in preparing staff rides for wildfire-fatality sites, as well as for military battlegrounds, including Gettysburg, prepared the guides under a contract with the U.S. Forest Service, according to Bill Boyd, Forestry Division public-affairs and legislative officer.
The SAI report has been roundly criticized for its conclusion that nobody did anything wrong, despite 19 "elite" firefighters getting killed in a box canyon full of explosive desert scrub during rapidly changing weather conditions.
The guides provide no information concerning the events that led to Granite Mountain's entrapment that was not presented in the much-criticized SAI report.
Putnam says the SAI report – without directly saying so – essentially blames Granite Mountain Hotshot leaders Marsh and Steed for making unilateral decisions that led crew members to their deaths.
"They are saying virtually all the mistakes were made by Eric and Jesse and that the crew pretty much did this to themselves," Putnam says.
There's no question, Putnam says, that Marsh and Steed made a terrible decision to move the crew into the box canyon and that both men should have refused to follow any Forestry orders or directives requesting the move.
The guides also do not include reference to findings by the Arizona Division of Occupational Safety and Health in its investigation of the fire.
ADOSH issued two workplace safety citations against the Forestry Division for its mishandling of the blaze, which began on the evening of June 28, 2013. The citations later were dismissed in conjunction with the settlement agreement with the families.
The guide that will be presented to the families today does mention that a number of basic wild-land firefighting rules were violated by the Granite Mountain crew in the moments leading up to its entrapment, including the crew's moving through desert shrubs without a lookout and not knowing the location of the fire.
Kelly Zombro, a retired former deputy chief for CAL FIRE, who attended the February 17-18 trial staff ride, later wrote the division urging it to include a section where attendees review basic wild-land firefighter rules of engagement.
These include the "Ten Standard Orders and 18 Watchout Situations," as well as four key principles explained in a document called the LCES ("Lookouts, Communications, Escape Routes, and Safety Zones").
While Zombro's suggestion was ignored, the division and OMNA International incorporated some suggestions made by Mark Kaib, southwest deputy regional fire-management coordinator for the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, for the presentation to the families.
Kaib, in a detailed report of the February staff ride, questioned that guide's characterization that Granite Mountain was a very knowledgeable and accomplished crew in the type of terrain and vegetation that was present in Yarnell.
"That's a difficult one to support," he states.
Kaib also questioned whether Granite Mountain leadership allowed the threat to the Yarnell community, 45 miles from Prescott, to "blind their fire behavior situational awareness and risk-assessment process?
Wild-land firefighters, armed with picks and shovels,. should not be focused on protecting structures, many experts believe.
The facilitator guide to be presented to the families today includes several factual errors, leaves out a key event in the timeline, and misquotes a crucial conversation, among other shortcomings, including changing the times of critical events.
The guide incorrectly states that six inmates from the Yuma state prison were assigned to the Yarnell Hill fire on June 29. The inmates actually were from Lewis state prison. The six prisoners ran out of chainsaw fuel shortly before the fire jumped a two-track road on the afternoon of June 29 and began to rapidly expand. There's no mention of this in the guide.
In the description of Granite Mountain's workload in the days leading up to the fire, the guide states that the crew worked on a wildfire June 28, but ignores that it was assigned to a fire near Prescott on June 29 and reportedly worked 16 hours, according to billing records.
Nor is there mention that Sunday, June 30, was the crew's scheduled day off and that its members had worked 28 of the previous 30 days.
Both the February guide and the updated guide change a crucial conversation captured in a video by one of the hotshots moments before the crew left the top of the mountain and moved toward Yarnell by descending into a box canyon packed with volatile chaparral.
In a section called "Tactical Decision Game," the February guide asks participants to pretend they are Granite Mountain Hotshots Captain Steed — who had just received a radio call from Marsh, who earlier that day had been reassigned as a division supervisor — and discuss what the conversation means.
In fact, the dialogue between Marsh and Steed was much different, and suggests that there was a disagreement between the two men about a decision, perhaps on whether to move to Yarnell.
"Ah, I just, I'm just saying I knew this was coming when I called you and asked how your comfort level was. I could just feel it, you know," Marsh says.
A second video clip picks up the conversation a few seconds later. It's unknown why there is a gap in the video. In the second clip, Steed tells Marsh, at an unknown location but apparently in a place where he could not see the blaze, that "the fire had almost made it [to the] two-track road" on which they had hiked in that morning.
The facilitator guide does not address where Marsh might have been. Nor does it include subsequent information widely reported in 2015 that the crew's sole survivor, Brendon McDonough, heard Marsh and Steed argue over the group's radio frequency whether to move the men — with Marsh eventually ordering Steed, a former Marine, to do just that.
The two video clips were taken with Granite Mountain Hotshot Chris MacKenzie's Canon video camera. The camera survived the fire intact and was included in MacKenzie's list of belongings during his autopsy on July 2, 2013, by the Maricopa County Office of the Medical Examiner.
The camera, however, did not go directly from the medical examiner's office to the Serious Accident Investigation Team. Instead, it was sent to MacKenzie's father, who later discovered it still was functioning.
The Yavapai County Sheriff's Office was in charge of gathering evidence from the medical examiner's office and providing it to wildfire investigators.
Willis said in a July 23, 2013, interview at the deployment site, "We'll never know" why the crew moved off the mountain, continuing that he believed they were doing it to protect structures in Yarnell.
The family guide includes a 1930 essay, "The Courage to Be," written by John A. Lejeune and a one-page open letter to the city of Prescott written in March 2013 by Marsh during a period when the Prescott City Council was considering eliminating the crew.
Lejeune's essay glorifies the death of brave Marines who followed orders from a strong and just leader.
"If each man knows that all the officers and men in his division are animated with the same fiery zeal as he himself feels, unquenchable courage and unconquerable determination crush out fear, and death becomes preferable to defeat and dishonor," Lejeune states.
Marsh sought in his letter to define the hotshots and their work ethic.


Philippines (Philippine Airlines) Airbus A330-301 RP-C3332 (msn 188) SIN (Michael B. Ing), originally uploaded by Airliners Gallery.
Philippines (Philippine Airlines) (Manila) is being forced to cancel more flights today as the strike by the PAL Employees Association entered a new phase.
Copyright Photo: Michael B. Ing. Please click on the photo for additional information.
This entry was posted in Philippines (Philippine Airlines) and tagged Philippines (Philippine Airlines) on September 29, 2011 by Bruce Drum.
ANA (All Nippon Airways)-Air Nippon Boeing 737-781 WL JA14AN (msn 33883) BFI (Nick Dean) (to be renamed ANA Wings), originally uploaded by Airliners Gallery.
Air Nippon (ANA) (Tokyo) and ANA (All Nippon Airways) (Tokyo) are investigating an incident on September 6 on flight EL 140 between Naha and Tokyo (Haneda) with 117 passengers and crew on board a Boeing 737-700. Apparently the first officer mistook the rudder trim knob for the cockpit door lock to allow the captain back into the cockpit. According to this report by GMA News and Gizmodo, the action "caused the jet to roll and drop 1,900 meters in 30 seconds". According to internal investigations, "the narrow-body aircraft continued to roll until it reached 131.7 degrees to the left, leaving it almost belly-up".
Two flight attendants were injured.
Copyright Photo: Nick Dean. Please click on the photo for more information.
This entry was posted in Air Nippon, ANA-All Nippon Airways and tagged Air Nippon, ANA-All Nippon Airways on September 29, 2011 by Bruce Drum.
China Airlines (Taipei) on September 28, 2011 joined SkyTeam, the global airline alliance. The flag carrier was welcomed as the 15th member at a joining ceremony held in Taipei today.
While including the SkyTeam brand within its identity, China Airlines has also completely refreshed its brand image. The "Plum Blossom" logo and "Chinese Seal" have been integrated, promoting China Airlines' corporate identity in a simple, harmonized and modern design. The new logo will soon feature on all signboards, bulletins and travel products for passengers worldwide. China Airlines is also the first SkyTeam member airline to fly a Boeing 747-400 in SkyTeam livery colors. The aircraft was unveiled during the festivities at the ceremony.
Copyright Photo: Manuel Negrerie. Boeing 747-409 B-18206 (msn 29030) is the first Boeing 747-400 to wear the SkyTeam livery.
This entry was posted in China Airlines and tagged China Airlines on September 28, 2011 by Bruce Drum.
Kingfisher Airlines Airbus A319-131 VT-KFI (msn 2634) BKK (Guillaume Besnard), originally uploaded by Airliners Gallery.
Kingfisher Airlines (Mumbai) has announced it will exit its low-fare segment known as "Kingfisher Red" and concentrate on its premium international routes and services.
Kingfisher Red, known formerly as Simplifly Deccan and previously as Air Deccan, is the low-cost brand of Kingfisher Airlines.
Formerly known as Air Deccan, the airline was previously operated by Deccan Aviation. It was started by Captain G. R. Gopinath and its first flight operated on August 23, 2003 from Hyderabad to Vijaywada. It was known popularly as the common man's airline and Gopinath wanted every one to be able to fly cheaply.
On December 19, 2007, it was announced that Air Deccan would be acquired and merged with Kingfisher Airlines.
Since Indian aviation regulations prohibited domestic airlines from flying on international routes until they had operated in the domestic market for five years, it was decided to instead merge Kingfisher Airlines into Deccan Aviation, following which Deccan Aviation would be renamed Kingfisher Airlines. This was because Air Deccan was the older of the two airlines, and therefore would be the first to qualify for flying on international routes. The merger became effective in April 2008, with Vijay Mallya becoming the Chairman and CEO of the new company, while G. R. Gopinath became its Vice Chairman.
This entry was posted in Kingfisher Airlines and tagged Kingfisher Airlines on September 28, 2011 by Bruce Drum.
Emirates Airline Boeing 777-31H ER A6-EBM (msn 34482) LHR (Keith Burton), originally uploaded by Airliners Gallery.
Emirates Airline (Dubai) today announced a major new expansion plan for the United States, announcing new services to Seattle/Tacoma and Dallas/Fort Worth as well as enhancements to its premium customer experience at San Francisco International Airport (SFO).
Dallas/Fort Worth and Seattle/Tacoma International Airports will both be served by daily, nonstop flights from February 2, 2011 and March 1, 2012 respectively.
Starting February 2, 2012, EK 221 will leave Dubai daily at 0245, arriving at Dallas/Fort Worth at 0905. The return sector, EK 222, leaves Dallas/Fort Worth at 1150, arriving at Dubai International Airport at 1220 the following day.
From March 1, 2012, EK 229 will leave Dubai daily at 0950 and arrive at Seattle/Tacoma International Airport (SEA) at 1310. EK 230 will depart Seattle/Tacoma at 1710, arriving in Dubai at 1940 the following day.
Both services will be operated by Boeing 777 aircraft.
With a fleet of 157 aircraft and now also the largest A380 operator in the world, Emirates currently flies to 114 destinations in 67 countries.
Already the largest operator of Boeing 777 aircraft in the world, Emirates last year ordered an additional 30 777-300 ERs, bringing its total 777 passenger fleet commitments to 132 aircraft.
This entry was posted in Emirates Airline and tagged Emirates Airline on September 28, 2011 by Bruce Drum.
UTair Aviation (Russia) Boeing 737-8GU WL VQ-BQQ (msn 37552) BFI (Joe G. Walker), originally uploaded by Airliners Gallery.
UTair Aviation (Russia) (Khany Mansiysk) has signed an order for 40 Boeing Next-Generation 737 airplanes, comprised of seven 737-900 ERs and 33 737-800s. The agreement was previously announced at the 2011 Paris Air Show. The order is valued at $3.8 billion at list prices.
The Next-Generation 737s will be delivered with the Boeing Sky Interior.
Copyright Photo: Joe G. Walker. Please click on the photo for additional information.
This entry was posted in UTair and tagged UTair on September 28, 2011 by Bruce Drum.
Wizz Air (wizzair.com) (Ukraine) Airbus A320-232 UR-WUB (msn 3741) AYT (Nik French), originally uploaded by Airliners Gallery.
Wizz Air (wizzair.com) (Ukraine) (Kiev) will drop the Kiev (Kyiv)-Stockholm (Skavsta) route on November 1. The company operates two Airbus A320s.
Copyright Photo: Nik French. Please click on the photo for additional details.
This entry was posted in Wizz Air (Ukraine) and tagged Wizz Air (Ukraine) on September 28, 2011 by Bruce Drum.


Competition for business is getting so tight that putting off dealing with a call or email for less time than it takes to have a sandwich break can cost your firm thousands according to an annual bellweather survey of the nation's firms.
A year ago the survey revealed firms had a two hour window to respond to enquiries or risk losing business. Twelve months on and that figure is falling dramatically with one in seven UK companies saying they now demand a response in just 30 minutes.
And the report estimates that the average cost to businesses of opportunities lost via slow response stands at £18,840 per business (a rise of 5% year on year).
The city where the 30 minute time-bomb is most likely to apply is Birmingham where one in five now expect a response within half an hour. Other cities where the 30 minute time-bomb is becoming increasingly normal are Manchester (18%), Newcastle (18%), Cardiff (17%) and London (17%).
But leading author and 'e' expert Matt Beaumont believe senior management can't shoulder responsibility on their own and staff need to share responsibility in being available to respond wherever and whenever is needed to meet the customer's needs. That's backed up by the survey where 58% of the working nation believe that all employees, not just senior management, need mobile email access in the future to combat the problem.
So what can you do to ensure your business is as responsive as it can be during the credit crisis?
What can you do to help your boss and what do they need you to do to make sure your business doesn't fall victim to the business timebomb?
Leading author Matt Beaumont and Vodafone's Bryony Clow join Jane Constantinis live online at http://www.webchats.tv/chats/Business/30minutesandcounting/ on Wednesday June 11th at noon to discuss answer your questions.
Click here to submit questions before the chat.


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Communist Party of Britain Marxist-Leninist
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Workers Magazine
Home » News/Views » Coastal communities fight for a future
Coastal communities fight for a future
Workers March/April 2018
Once the jewel of the north west, Blackpool has become a byword for deprivation. Photo seeshootatrepeat / shutterstock.com.
Brexit is an opportunity to revitalise Britain's coastal communities, which have taken a beating after they were tricked into the EU Common Fisheries Policy in 1973.
Despite all the promises made when Britain joined the EU, our coastal communities lost their marine and other industries to deindustrialisation and recession. And in 2016 millions of people living on the coast voted Leave. They felt they were losing their identity and the quality of life they had before joining the "Common Market". Now they are fighting to regain control of fishing rights.
Industry and tourism, also crucial for the economies of coastal communities, have suffered badly during our membership of the EU. They should now be possible to revive, and there are signs of revival already.
When in 1882 digging started on the Channel Tunnel in Sangatte, it was soon halted because, it was said, Queen Victoria feared invasion. She seems to have had a point. Dover and Folkestone are angry towns today: EU free movement has put an unsustainable strain on town centres and the freight yards of Kent.
Media surveys such as "Turning the Tide" (2013) talk of "communities on the edge" or "on the fringes of Britain". From Blackpool in the north-west to Hastings in the south-east, they have become dumping grounds for the unemployed and the unwell. Hastings became the suicide capital of Britain for a while.
The seaside is inseparably identified with working class Britain. From the historic Lancashire mill workers' Wakes Weeks to the engineers' Factory Fortnights, workers and their families migrated annually to the sands of Blackpool, Berwick or Rhyl for health and relaxation. From London families travelled to Southend or Clacton. Industry, rail, and holidays by the sea went hand in hand. Today, trade union conferences contribute to the seaside economy.
Britain's long coastline is a unique national asset for recreation. Its terrain is diverse, from rugged cliffs, marshes and wetlands, to sandy beaches and urban waterfronts lined with grand Regency and Victorian hotels and convalescent homes.
As tourism diversified away from seasonal bucket-and-spade holidays, new health-giving possibilities opened up: walking or cycling the coastal paths of East Anglia, the Gower Peninsula, or Fife in Scotland; sea-kayaking, scuba diving, water-skiing, kite-surfing, bird-watching…
While others bemoaned the referendum result, the tourist board VisitBritain quickly took a positive approach, happy to refocus on domestic rather than foreign holidays. The grim image depicted by Bill Bryson of a small backward island staffed by penny-pinching landladies could be put to rest.
Private Hire Vehicle licence rules could be relaxed to allow hotels to shuttle visitors seamlessly "the final mile" to and from train stations and ports. B&Bs and local events could apply for a licence to sell alcohol. Hotels might even offer currency exchange (subject to the EU Money Laundering Directive).
'Our ports faced outwards to the world for hundreds of years and must do so again...'
The Coastal Communities Fund (delivered via the Big Lottery Fund) is said to have increased the number of visitors to the English coast by 2 million since 2012. A National Coastal Tourism Academy has been set up in Bournemouth. Employment in tourism is growing faster than in Britain as a whole. Art galleries and striking modern architecture as at Margate or St Ives attract visitors to the coast.
Brighton is a typical seaside town that maintains itself through tourism. The engineering and light industry that used to support the town has gone (though R&D continues). For a while, they put their trust in finance, and companies like American Express and some of the insurance companies opened offices – now closed down.
But coastal towns cannot survive on tourism alone, even if it revives. Without the bedrock of industrial production, Britain cannot survive in the long term. EU regional policy and rules forbidding state aid gave governments an excuse to wash their hands of struggling steelworks and manufacturing in general. Many of these are on the coasts. Brexit cannot come too soon for Port Talbot and the rest of Wales, for Hull, Sunderland and the north-east.
The closure of coal mines and shipyards, compounded by the EU squeeze on fishing, has forced Fife to look to tourism for survival. On the Firth of Forth the port of Grangemouth survived a petrochemical crisis three years ago. The area is now buoyed up by jobs in tourism and the digital economy. The Kent coast slumped with the loss of coal mining and now looks to tourism.
Docklands all around Britain have been rejuvenated for pleasure and education, as at Cardiff, Bristol, Liverpool, Hull – their maritime history consigned to museums. Our ports faced outwards to the world for hundreds of years and must do so again. The development of ports will be important – for exports and fewer imports. And the expansion of regional airports is a priority.
A radical approach to training, with extended apprenticeships, is needed to overcome the barriers of seasonal fluctuations in employment, low pay, and the reluctance of private capital to invest where profits are too modest to satisfy capitalist greed.
Universities have established themselves around Britain's coast and should play their part in developing local economies. Initiatives such as the Coast to Capital Growth Fund could be replicated across the country to develop research centres, as at Sussex and Brighton universities, for automotive systems and emissions, clean energy, life-sciences, 5G connectivity and other digital projects.
The herring town of Lowestoft has just been chosen as one of the latest Heritage Action Zones. But this is not an accolade: its major employers are now in wholesale or retail. Its health ratings according to the 2011 census were worse than the average for England as a whole and the population includes a higher than average number of unskilled workers.
'Survival is due to the ingenuity and resilience of a people – no thanks to capitalism...'
Yet others play as much of a seafaring role as ever: Great Yarmouth diversified from herring fishing to gas and oil exploration second only to Aberdeen. Its harbour is converted to a container port handling grain, cars and aggregates, and it provides Britain's main service base for wind farm maintenance. Another east coast port, Felixstowe, has developed from Edwardian resort to the largest container port in Britain.
Portsmouth recently welcomed the Royal Navy's biggest ship, an aircraft carrier newly built and launched at Rosyth. Defence, independent of the EU and the US, must be part of our post-Brexit planning.
Most coastal towns have an industrial, as well as agrarian hinterland, with the potential for new jobs and modern industry. If the status of farm work can be raised, buying power could lift the economy of nearby resorts.
Survival is due to the ingenuity and resilience of a people – no thanks to capitalism. No thanks to the EU. If the EU had been good for us, we would not be witnessing the misery of coastal blight.
Thankfully organisations have sprung up to fight for regeneration. The Coastal Communities Alliance with its "Seafront Strategy" is one of these. In June 2017 they vowed, "We will rebuild." Likewise the Fish Market Alliance reported in the local Suffolk paper: "Today laid the cornerstone for a new beginning for the fishing industry in Lowestoft....The goal is simple: we want 200 miles of sea and all the fish within it...Brexit is a fantastic opportunity to rebuild a multi-billion pound industry."
Those who seize the opportunities of independence early will outwit the doom-mongers Soros and Blair.
An inclusive combined manufacturing and tourism strategy – one that is less of a lottery, that casts its net wider than London and the south-east, beyond the over-subscribed cathedral cities, or the so-called "northern powerhouse" – could integrate towns and resorts into a nationwide plan.
Investment should include flood defences, coastguard patrol, social housing and transport. Fishing and boatbuilding communities such as those around the East Anglian coast have been cut off ever since Beeching wielded the axe. Now they are by-passed by the London-Cambridge science and technology corridor, while the channel tunnel by-passes the Kent coast.
Although the A303 expressway will make a difference, Cornwall and Devon badly need re-routed high speed rail: rough seas regularly wash away part of the only line connecting them to London.
To take full advantage of Britain's coastline, people right across the country need the restoration of rail and bus links.
In short, build on the past, but look to the future.
Brexit: from ideas to action - Manchester
Break clean for fishing
The battle is only just beginning
How to protect the environment (and why the EU makes things worse)
Manifestoes and the art of misleading
As communists, we stand for an independent, united and self-reliant Britain run by the working class – the vast majority of the population. If that's what you want too, then come and join us. Read more
Enter your email address below and click "Sign Up" to get your regular news update from the CPBML. It's free, and we won't use your email address for anything else. (NB: you will be sent an email asking you to confirm your sign-up – if you don't see it, check your spam folder.)
CPBML public meetings
Thursday 13 February 2020 19:30 to 21:30
Manchester, Thursday 13 February, 7.30 pm
A special discussion event, Upstairs meeting room, The Britons Protection, 50 Great Bridgewater Street M1 4GX
We cannot rely on politicians to keep Brexit on track. Coming after the General Election, this event will be different from the usual CPBML public meetings. It will be designed to maximise discussion and participation from the audience, and come up with ideas for action. Free entry.
Tuesday 3 March 2020 19:30 to 21:00
London, Tuesday 3 March 2020, 7.30 pm
A CPBML public meeting in the Bertrand Russell Room, Conway Hall, Red Lion Square, London WC1R 4RL.
We are often told we must stay in the EU "to protect our environmental rights". And yet we constantly read that the environment has grown worse over the past few decades – when Britain was a member of the EU. Both refrains cannot be right. Come and hear an independent approach to the environment in a lively talk – and then join in the discussion. Free entry.
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This article provides an overview of a symposium sponsored by the University of Missouri Center for the Study of Dispute Resolution in 2007 that featured leading practitioners and scholars to analyze innovative models of lawyering, including Collaborative Law and other processes. The authors include David Hoffman, Nancy Welsh, Julie Macfarlane, Richard Shields, Pauline Tesler, Scott Peppet, Forrest ("Woody") Mosten, Jeanne Fahey, Kathy Bryan, Lawrence McLellan, and John Lande. The articles address issues including: teaching law students to "feel" like lawyers and not just "think" like them, using "conflict resolution advocacy" (which is not necessarily oriented to the courts), developing lawyers' professional orientation in practice, working with non-legal professionals, complying with ethical requirements in Collaborative Law, obtaining clients' informed consent to use Collaborative Law, providing Collaborative Law to low-income parties, using settlement counsel techniques in business disputes, using a variation of Collaborative Practice called Cooperative Practice, and overcoming tensions within the dispute resolution field.Several major themes run through the symposium articles.


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Alisha Chinai, Indian pop singer.
Alisha, a character in the Hindi film Pyaar Impossible!
Alisha Bailey in Misfits (TV series).
Means "beauty, charm, grace" in Sanskrit.
Pravah is the Sanskrit name which means Stream, Wind, Air or..
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Yoga with bunnies: Here's how you can try out this class in Muncie
Audrey J. Kirby
MUNCIE, Ind. — Studio Exhale has pulled another trick out of its hat.
We've heard of yoga with cats. Then, it was yoga with goats. And this year, just before Easter, Muncie has its chance to take a yoga class with about 20 long-eared, bushy-tailed partners: Netherland Dwarf bunnies.
Stephanie Hutchison, studio co-owner and yoga instructor, said she and her co-workers are "really heavy on other peoples' suggestions," and these unique styles of yoga are products of various ideas from across the country.
From the outside, it might not seem like the animals help. As some can see in photos from last year's event with goats, many spent the time playing and taking selfies. But Hutchison said there are benefits just from showing up.
► NEED A RECAP?: Here's how yoga with goats went at the Muncie animal shelter
"We may not have a lot of yoga going on," Hutchison said jokingly. "But there are other types of healing with the animals."
Part of that healing includes introducing beginners to a new type of exercise. The class is open to those at all levels of yoga, and while some might not try yoga on their own, Hutchison said having the animals entices them and eases them in. Then comes that feeling of accomplishment after trying something new.
The event takes place Saturday, March 31, at Studio Exhale, located at 103 N. High St. Cost is $10 a person, with proceeds going to Muncie Animal Care and Services.
As of March 5, around 19 had signed up, which means the first session at 11 a.m. is sold out. Another session is available from 1-2 p.m. Hutchison said there isn't necessarily a strict limit on class size, and organizers will attempt to fit as many participants as possible, but she's limiting sessions to those two. If the response is good, she said she will decide whether to hold more sessions on future weekends.
Those interested can call 765-760-8788.
So, we've seen cats, goats, and soon, bunnies. What's next? Hutchison said she has always wanted to try yoga with sloths.
Until then... here's last year's galleries of yoga with goats and yoga with cats.
Audrey Kirby is a digital producer at the Star Press. Follow her on Twitter @ajanekirby, and email her story ideas: ajkirby@muncie.gannett.com.


Do you have too much stuff? Clutter, collections, clothes, books, toys, old stuff, new stuff?
This week on All the Best we look at the complicated relationship humans have with the things they own. We meet a woman who left behind all her things and life in the city to live in the New South Wales bush for a year. We help people with an unmanageable amount of stuff pack their things away, and go buying with a vintage store owner who leans into the clutter, and the finds treasure in other hoarders' cast-offs.
I'm sure we've all had a friend who has excused their messy house by saying they're a hoarder. And then you get there and there are a couple of magazines stacked on their coffee table, maybe a few too many chipped mugs in the kitchen. What makes these people different from the hoarders we see in the paper or on TV, the ones where bric a brac spills out the windows and onto the front lawn? Zacha Rosen asked his brother to explain. He was part of a task force that looks at hoarding as a mental illness.
Some people have more trouble getting rid of their things. So much trouble that they hire some help.
In 2010 Claire Dunn was living in the city with a job, a partner, and a life very removed from the wild. She left it all behind for a year to live without things, and the people she knew, deep in the New South Wales bush land. She told Jess O'Callaghan about her year without matches.
If you keep going down Chapel Street, past the designer stores, froyo bars and nail salons you'll find an chaotic shop overflowing with vintage clothing, jewellery, paintings and bric a brac. Inside you'll find owner Helen Round, equally as eclectic and colourful as her wears. Jess and Lily chatted to her about her obsession with collecting.


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Home / 100.1 FM and AM 1020 KDKA / News / National / Federal report faults Southwest Airlines and FAA on safety
Federal report faults Southwest Airlines and FAA on safety
Photo credit (AP Photo/Ross D. Franklin, File)
By Associated Press NewsRadio 1020 KDKA
February 12, 2020 02/12/2020 1:11 am
DALLAS (AP) — Southwest Airlines continues to fly airplanes with safety concerns while federal officials do a poor job overseeing the airline, a government watchdog said Tuesday.
The airline has flown more than 150,000 flights on 88 jets it bought on the used-plane market and which had unconfirmed maintenance histories, the Transportation Department's inspector general said in a report. That put more than 17 million passengers at risk, according to the report.
In 2017, FAA inspectors began finding "potentially serious gaps" in Southwest's process for verifying the condition of the planes, including major repairs that weren't documented and maintenance records that didn't meet FAA standards.
Meeting U.S. standards normally takes up to four weeks per plane, but people hired by Southwest approved 71 of the planes on the same day, the inspector general said.
Southwest said 80 of the planes have been inspected and returned to flying, and the last eight are undergoing maintenance.
The FAA gave the airline until this summer to bring the planes in compliance with federal rules because it accepted Southwest's argument that the issues were low safety risks, the inspector general said. The watchdog office added that FAA has not given its inspectors enough guidance on reviewing risk assessments and evaluating an airline's safety culture.
"As a result, FAA cannot provide assurance that the carrier operates at the highest degree of safety in the public's interest, as required by law," the inspector general said. That is so even though "FAA representatives — ranging from senior executives to local inspectors — expressed concerns about the safety culture at Southwest Airlines."
Southwest said it has taken steps to address the report's key findings, and it "adamantly" disagreed with the critique of its safety culture.
"Southwest maintains a culture of compliance, recognizing the safety of our operation as the most important thing we do," airline spokeswoman Brandy King said in a statement. The airline works "to improve each and every day, any implication that we would tolerate a relaxing of standards is absolutely unfounded."
The report is another setback for the FAA, which is being investigated by Congress for its approval of the Boeing 737 Max, the plane that was grounded after two crashes killed 346 people. Critics have said the agency is too cozy with airlines and aircraft manufacturers.
Sen. Roger Wicker, R-Miss., chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee, said the report highlighted "very concerning lapses in FAA's safety oversight." He said his committee is investigating many of the same issues.
The inspector general said the FAA accepted Southwest's justification that any lapses at the carrier "were low safety risks." It said the agency has failed to strike a balance between collaborating with industry and managing safety safety risks.
"FAA cannot provide assurance that the carrier operates at the highest degree of safety in the public's interest, as required by law," the report said.
The FAA agreed with all 11 of the inspector general's recommendations to improve oversight of Southwest, including new training for inspectors who monitor the nation's fourth-biggest airline.
The inspector general began investigating FAA's oversight of how Southwest handles risk after an engine explosion caused a passenger's death in April 2018.
The review found a number of problems. In addition to insufficient maintenance records on used planes, for nearly two years Southwest frequently failed to give pilots correct information about the weight and balance of loads on their planes, which the inspector general called an important safety lapse.
Last month, the FAA proposed a $3.9 million fine for improper weight calculations on more than 21,500 flights. Southwest can fight the penalty.
Southwest has said it has improved its system for calculating weight and balance of cargo.
The report also said FAA did not evaluate Southwest's risk assessment after a hard landing last year during dangerous gusty winds — higher than Southwest pilots are trained for — at Bradley International Airport in Connecticut. Both wings of the Boeing 737 were damaged when they hit the runway during the first of three attempted landings before pilots flew to another airport, where they landed safely.
The incident was first reported last month by The Wall Street Journal.
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