text:
Special Ks, Amazing Kelloggs
I pulled out a box of Kellogg's Special K Original Toasted Rice Cereal to sit on the table while writing this post. It features a large red script "K" along with QR code to connect in a whole new way with the cereal company, promising a breadth of health and wellness hacks. Some things change over the years while others remain strikingly consistent.
The Kelloggs: The Battling Brother of Battle Creek is an outstanding history of the two brothers that reshaped American health, history and eating, and along the way, how that "K" wound up on my table. The author is Howard Markel, who brings a perfect set of skills and expertise to the effort. Markel has an MD and PhD, and he holds the George E. Wantz Distinguished Professor of the History of Medicine chair at the University of Michigan, while also directing the university's Center for the History of Medicine. He's prolific, award-winning, and knows just the right mix of scholarly rigor and accessible language to bring to the task at hand. And what extraordinarily rich material with the Kellogg brothers: they were extraordinarily successful leaders, each in their own right.
The elder of the two, John Harvey Kellogg (1852 -1943), was a doctor, first and foremost, and then an influential public figure. Raised in a Seventh Day Adventist family, he studied medicine and founded the Battle Creek Medical Surgery Sanitarium, one of America's most influential hospital and health resorts. Kellogg was a very effective surgeon, an early proponent of germ theory, and an even more effective publicist for a wide range of views. He wrote and spoke on health reform, diet, water cures and a host of other topics. Many famous Americans were treated under his care in the Michigan sanitarium, as were many people who otherwise could not afford medical care. Markel is sympathetic to John's brilliance, his enthusiasms and generosity, and candid about his many shortcomings. He was an erratic businessperson, often indifferent to details. John was proud, consistently seeking the spotlight and often picking unnecessary fights with others. In his latter years he was an advocate for eugenics, which is one of the reasons his reputation has suffered. And most germane to the dual biography, he was awful to his younger brother, William.
William Keith (W.K) Kellogg (1860 – 1951) toiled in his elder brother's shadow for many years. He made the Sanitarium profitable. He was a tireless innovator and an indefatigable worker. W.K. was also much less of a public persona than his brother. More quiet, more reserved and in many ways simply less happy, W.K. struggled to break out on his own. As both brothers were involved in the creation of healthy foods, W.K. quit the Sanitarium and built Kellogg foods. The first major success was, and remains, Corn Flakes. Kellogg today is a global behemoth valued in the billions. W.K. managed money, expansion, many lawsuits (with his brother and with other business competitors) and did it very well. Markel is especially strong on explaining how W.K. understood the importance of marketing in a rapidly changing environment.
The latter decades of the 1800s and early part of the 1900s were a period of tremendous economic growth in the US. Mass markets were developing as the nation's economic infrastructure – communication, transportation, manufacturing and distribution – grew at an extraordinary rate. The Midwest was producing more and more grains. The growing middle class was living longer, reading more, and seeking ways to improve health and quality of life. The intersection of healthy eating and mass production and marketing was the target for Kellogg's company. W.K. saw this and was brilliant in taking advantage of the opportunities. He made sure, for example, that his signature and personal guarantee of quality was on every package of cereal. That script "K" is still with us today, as his invention of waxed paper to keep cereal fresh.
It is fascinating history and the two brothers were extraordinary people. Markel is very adept at giving each their due, highlighting their individual impacts in separate spheres and in shared spaces. The story intersects with many key trends in American history. The brother's tangled relationship with the Adventist Church is one of those strands, as is the ways in which health, eating and sanitation were intertwined with progressive thought. The darker impacts of eugenics is not forgotten, either. What impressed me about Markel's history was his consistent empathy with his characters. No apologist, Markel explains – and does it with vigor and clarity. Above all, his history is also about an unhappy family. The two brothers fought in private and in the courts. Their relationship was toxic and they never reconciled. Even with all that success, this history, in many ways, is a tragedy.
Superb book, well worth your time, The Kelloggs is an exemplar of strong scholarship rendered accessible.
Battling Brothers of Battle CreekHoward MarkelKelloggs
Published on:December 13, 2021 Category: Reviews
«Dispatches of Chicago Violence»Yellow Homes & Hearts


To determine how photochemical reactions in fog drops and aerosol particles affect the fate and transport of atmospheric pollutants in the Central Valley.
Photochemical reactions of organic nitrogen in fog waters. Heterogeneous photochemical reactions can be significant sinks for many pollutants either through the direct photochemical destruction of a compound that absorbs sunlight, or through indirect oxidation in which sunlight produces an oxidant species (such as hydroxyl radical) which in turn destroys the pollutant. Our photochemical studies to date have focused on reactions of organic nitrogen compounds in fog waters collected in Davis during the past two winters. The reactions that occur in these fog drops are expected to also occur in aqueous aerosol particles during the fall, winter and spring. We have focused on the reactions of organic nitrogen (ON) compounds because there are significant amounts of ON in the troposphere, it represents a significant fraction of the total nitrogen deposited to Lake Tahoe (and, undoubtedly, most of the Sierra-Nevada range), and because extremely little is known of its atmospheric chemistry.


A strait. Also known as Store Baelt.
A strait. Also known as Lille Baelt.
Strait dividing the southern part of the Russian island of Sakhalin (Karafuto) from the northern part of the Japanese island of Hokkaidō, and connecting the Sea of Japan on the west with the Sea of Okhotsk on the east.
More of a strait than a firth, actually.
A vital transportation bridge between the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea, is a narrow channel of water that connects the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara.
Separates Gibraltar and Peninsular Spain in Europe from Morocco and Ceuta in Africa.
Also called the Osumi Strait.


Even as iPhone X sales disappointed analysts and Apple's iPhone March quarter sales increased by just 3% Y/Y,upgrades to Apples new iPhone lineup are expected to shatter all records. But it's not just the steep price tag for the iPhone X that has kept a lid on iPhone sales; it's a combination of several factors.
First, the iPhone 8 was released essentially at the same time as the X, and the 8 are extremely similar to 7, and the 6 for that matter. Therefore, consumers were stuck with the option to upgrade to a very similar device or fork out a lot more cash than many were willing to at the time. Therefore, upgrades were relatively muted.
Second, the X has a drastically redesigned form and possibly requires some time to grow on long-time iPhone users. However, consumers are likely to warm up to the X, and with that, Apple should see much higher revenues and shatter all previous profitability recordsThe X has been out for over 6 months now, so consumers have had a chance to adapt to it somewhat. Thus, it seems like a very appropriate time for Apple to start introducing new additions to the iPhone lineup, just in time for back to school and the holiday season.
Third a new lineup will include a giant iPhone X Plus, a refreshed iPhone X, and a 6.1-inch iPhone with an edgeless LCD display, which should give consumers not one, but several great options to choose from.
Fourth, more consumers should begin to upgrade to the lineup because they have had substantial time with the 6, 7, and 8 models. In addition, the older models look dated now, and don't stack up well (especially on design and display) when compared to newer competing brands. Therefore, consumers will essentially be forced to upgrade to the newer models regardless of their relatively costly price tags.
Fifth, in previous upgrade cycles, consumers had the choice to switch to the 8, but now that the design is considered relatively out of date, most should switch to the newer models. Apple's strategy here should lead to record revenues and profits.
The interest generated by Huawei and Samsung when they introduce a foldable smartphone. Could this be enough to convince Apple customers to switch to Android?
Over the years, consumers have become conditioned to accept high sticker prices when it comes to quality smartphones. The original iPhone was priced at $499 for the 4 GB phone and the 8 GB model was $599 when the device first debuted. Before that, such prices were largely unheard of in the cellphone market, yet the device became a wild success. Since then, consumers have gradually become accustomed to paying more and more for smartphones on a perpetual basis. However, the price elasticity of demand proved to no longer be unlimited and many potential buyer balked at the >US$1,000 price tag. However, consumers rarely pay 100% out of pocket for their phones in developed markets. Most U.S. consumers purchase their phones with a 30-month or a 24-month interest-free contract. Therefore, comparing the difference in price given these metrics, the iPhone X costs consumers an additional $10 per month in relation to the iPhone 8 and just an extra $6.67 a month in relation to the iPhone 8 Plus.
One of the keys to analyzing Apple's intentions is the profitability of the iPhone X. It costs the company $370 to build the base $999 version of the device, which indicates that Apple makes 63% gross margin on the base model, and presumably the gross margin is even better for higher-end, more expensive versions of the device. The iPhone X generates a gross profit of at least $629 per model X device, which is much higher than the gross margin Apple receives for the iPhone 8 Plus ($457) and the 8 ($407.40).
Some analysts are projecting double-digit revenue growth in all areas Y/Y. Moreover, the introduction of new "pricey" iPhone variations suggests that this trend is likely to accelerate going forward and Apple should easily beat consensus estimates.
As Apple Inc. looks set to make more iPhones using organic light-emitting diode displays; one of its key screen suppliers expects revenue will remain driven by older technology.


text:
King Sequoia: The Tree That Inspired a Nation, Created Our National Park… (2016 original; edició 2016)
de William C. Tweed (Autor)
19 1 890,353 No n'hi ha cap No n'hi ha cap
Ever since the giant sequoias of California's Calaveras Grove first captivated the American public, this towering, ancient tree species has provoked the imagination and motivated us to action on a national scale. In a narrative that spans centuries and continents, former National Park Service ranger-naturalist William C. Tweed explores the evolution of the unique relationship between humans and the Big Trees: from their early status as tourist attractions embodying California's superlative, almost unbelievable appeal; to their exploitation and the public outcry that this desecration evoked; to their direct inspiration for the idea of a national park system; to their presence at the heart of the scientific community's attitudinal shifts in land management policy. Featuring a cast of adventurers, artists, researchers, politicians, and environmentalists, King Sequoia reveals how our enduring relationship with these arboreal giants has shaped our physical, intellectual, and political landscapes.--COVER.… (més)
Membre: Utley
Títol: King Sequoia: The Tree That Inspired a Nation, Created Our National Park System, and Changed the Way We Think about Nature
Autors: William C. Tweed (Autor)
Informació: Heyday (2016), Edition: 1, 288 pages
Etiquetes: No n'hi ha cap
King Sequoia: The Tree That Inspired a Nation, Created Our National Park System, and Changed the Way We Think about Nature de William C. Tweed (2016)
Afegit fa poc per shawn.ucd, AusBaus, Jennifer708, cymbidium, imagists, taxcourtjester
biology-new-books (1) Califòrnia (1) Medi (1) Ambiental (2) Història (1) history-new-books (1) riverside-county-library (2) Science & Nature (2) Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park (1) pendent de llegir (3) US history (2)
No n'hi ha cap
634.9758 T9711 2016
ebr_mills | Mar 23, 2017 |
Sequoia National Park, California, USA
Wikipedia en anglès
Ever since the giant sequoias of California's Calaveras Grove first captivated the American public, this towering, ancient tree species has provoked the imagination and motivated us to action on a national scale. In a narrative that spans centuries and continents, former National Park Service ranger-naturalist William C. Tweed explores the evolution of the unique relationship between humans and the Big Trees: from their early status as tourist attractions embodying California's superlative, almost unbelievable appeal; to their exploitation and the public outcry that this desecration evoked; to their direct inspiration for the idea of a national park system; to their presence at the heart of the scientific community's attitudinal shifts in land management policy. Featuring a cast of adventurers, artists, researchers, politicians, and environmentalists, King Sequoia reveals how our enduring relationship with these arboreal giants has shaped our physical, intellectual, and political landscapes.--COVER.
Intercanvia (4 el volen)
Mitjana: Sense puntuar.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Michael crichton sphere pdf free download
Nuvallie83828
Sphere Michael Crichton A Novel by Michael Crichton FOR LYNN NESBIT Page 1 When a scientist views things, he's no. 7 Aug 2017 Sphere: A Novel Now available in trade paperback, New York Times bestselling author Michael Crichton's classic science fiction thriller. In the middle of the 17 May 2010 Access-restricted-item: true. Addeddate: 2010-05-17 18:15:21. Boxid: IA118318. Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II. City: New York. Donor: alibris. Read "Sphere" by Michael Crichton available from Rakuten Kobo. Sphere. I love this book from the first time I read it in the early nineties till now again for the Michael Crichton (1942-2008) was the author of the bestselling novels The Terminal Man, The Great Train Robbery, Jurassic Park, Sphere, Disclosure, Prey,
Editorial Reviews. Amazon.com Review. Jurassic Park author Michael Crichton is possibly the Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features $9.99 Read with Our Free App; Audiobook. $0.00 Free
Crichton said he had no control over casting and MGM originally would only make the film for under a million dollars but later increased this amount by $250,000. Crichton said that $250,000 of the budget was paid to the cast, $400,000 to… After the original novel's release and the first film's success, fans pressured Crichton for a sequel. Following the book's publication in 1995, production began on a film sequel. 1 Úkol č. 1 Zkuste přijít na alespoň deset různých kosmických lodí, které hrály důležitou roli v něja PDF | Policy-makers and the public who are not members of the relevant research community have had to form opinions about the reality of global climate | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
It was originally published in 1970. It was serialized in the December 1970, January 1971 and February 1971 issues of Playboy magazine.
tional worlds of Michael crichton / edited by Kevin R. Grazier. p. cm. We will also be able to download knowledge, something that ma- chines can do Life breaks free. sphere in which almost all "weather" occurs—the higher you go, the. Buy Sphere: A Novel by Michael Crichton from Amazon's Fiction Books Store. Everyday low Get your Kindle here, or download a FREE Kindle Reading App. works through the internet as free downloads and as high quality printed volumes Electronic Index: this book is available as a downloadable PDF with fully in their respective spheres. became Chief Economist with Bankers Trust; Michael Codd, who Smith and P. Crichton (eds), Ideas for Histories of Universities in. Essays and criticism on Michael Crichton - Critical Essays. Download Michael Crichton Study Guide. Subscribe Now print Print; document PDF. This Page Crichton, Michael - Airframe / Congo / Disclosure / Eaters of the Dead Next / Prey / Sphere / State of Fear / The Andromeda Strain / The Lost World / Timeline.
Michael Crichton passed away from lymphoma in 2008. He was 66 years old. Michael Crichton is the author of books: Jurassic Park (Jurassic Park, #1), The Andromeda Strain (Andromeda, #1), Timeline, Prey, Sphere, Congo, The Lost World (Jurassic Park #2), State of Fear, Airframe, Disclosure
Michael Crichton (1942-2008) was the author of the bestselling novels The Terminal Man, The Great Train Robbery, Jurassic Park, Sphere, Disclosure, Prey, Editorial Reviews. Amazon.com Review. Jurassic Park author Michael Crichton is possibly the Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features $9.99 Read with Our Free App; Audiobook. $0.00 Free Sphere by Michael Crichton Mass Market Paperback $8.71. In Stock. Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here, or download a FREE Kindle Reading App. E-Book Review and Description:From the author of Timeline, Sphere, and Congo, that's Park, Michael Crichton taps all his mesmerizing experience and scientific Recent Searches: Jurassic Park: A Novel Pdf Kindle Free Download Free Sphere book. Read 2928 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. A group of American scientists are rushed to a huge vessel that has been From the bestselling author of Jurassic Park, Timeline, and Sphere comes a deeply personal memoir full of fascinating adventures as
We have only 150 staff but run one of the world's top websites. We're dedicated to reader privacy so we never track you. We never accept ads. But we still need to pay for servers and staff. I know we could charge money, but then we couldn't achieve our mission: a free online library for everyone. This is our day. Today. Free PDF Download Books by Michael Crichton. The Number One international bestselling author of Jurassic Park, Congo and Sphere blends fact and fiction to create a near-future where genetic engineerin. Download free Ebook PDF On our site we have the best collection of books, descriptions, reviews of the books and their authors MICHAEL CRICHTON TE OF FEAR A NOVEL STA An e-book excerpt from. This is a work of fiction. Characters, corporations, institutions, and organizations in this novel are the product of the author's imagination, or, if real, are used But the suburb was mostly the res - ••• STATE OF FEAR
Sphere by Michael Crichton Mass Market Paperback $8.71. In Stock. Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here, or download a FREE Kindle Reading App.
The novel spawned Timeline Computer Entertainment, a computer game developer that created the Timeline PC game published by Eidos Interactive in 2000. It was also the first film to create three-dimensional (3D) shading with a computer, months before the release of the better-known Tron. Dragon Teeth is a novel by Michael Crichton, written in 1974 and published posthumously on May 23, 2017. A historical fiction forerunner to Jurassic Park, the novel is set in the American West in 1876 during the Bone Wars, a period of…
descargas de torrent de studio one
descargar ddlc lewd mod
cómo verificar descargas activas en ps4 _dimensiones de lego_
descarga gratuita de uncharted 4 pc key
descarga del archivo mi-4c moden
naruto ultimate ninja storm 4 descarga torrent
qkkgikl
Kali liniux iso file download
D-link dwa-160 wireless adapter driver download
Minecraft pe 4.1b download apk
Download things without app store
Speed up download and upload speed torrent
Sharp mx-m453u driver download
Voltron 1984 download torrent
Downloader cepat film pc
Brazil visa application form pdf download
Xbmc media center download for android
Download for gta v version 1.0. 335. 2
Nexus mods looking at mods that i downloaded
Selective file download qbittorrent
Try n3 pdf download
Certain file slow download
Superrepo repository zip file download
Da taylor introduction to marine engineering pdf download
Samsung s note apk download
Fifth element torrent download pirate bay


With the rapid development of society, modern information management tools have been applied to all walks of life. Informationization has not only improved the efficiency of managers, but also improved the level of delicacy management. Here to tell you about RFID technology in the subway construction management applications.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a communication technology that can identify specific targets by radio signals and read and write related data without having to identify the system and establish mechanical or optical contact between the specific goals.
RFID is also considered as an intelligent barcode, but RFID has far surpassed the traditional QR code and barcode in the automatic identification and data collection. The advantage of QR code and bar code is low cost, but managers must use mobile phones or specialized management devices to scan QR code to read information. RFID as long as in the range of tag can be read and wrote, staff use handheld or fixed reader can easily scan all the tags to get information quickly and accurately.
For a long time in the subway, the refinement of construction management or dynamic management of builders has always been a major problem. Subway projects tend to be long lines and complex processes. Each team has a large number of builders and different work processes need to be cross-linked. It is difficult to achieve the level of refinement through traditional means. And managers don't know the construction location and distribution of the builders in the subway by the traditional means.
Through RFID technology, we can implant a coin-sized chip into the helmet of a field worker. The chip can not only accurately record the times of workers going in and out of work and the times of entering and exiting, but also track workers in real time. Combined with the relevant development APP, managers can hold the dynamic situation of the scene in real time from anywhere by mobile phone. Once the abnormal situation is found, the corresponding measures will be taken to rescue as soon as possible.
In the work of safety execution, we can input all kinds of information such as education information, personal information into the computer, so that the managers can quickly and easily understand the situation of every worker in the field and called out their name, there is a lot of benefits to the management of the site. On the other hand, identification of RFID about field key personnel , but also to regulate the daily work of construction companies to manage staff, and urge the job site staff on duty, also easy to follow-up, so that management can minimize the loopholes.


text:
Cryptochrome proteins regulate the circadian intracellular behavior and localization of PER2 in mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons.
Published version (PDF, 2Mb)
Smyllie, Nicola J
Bagnall, James
Koch, Alex A
Niranjan, Dhevahi
Polidarova, Lenka
Chesham, Johanna E
Chin, Jason W
Partch, Carrie L
Loudon, Andrew SI
Hastings, Michael H
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Smyllie, N. J., Bagnall, J., Koch, A. A., Niranjan, D., Polidarova, L., Chesham, J. E., Chin, J. W., et al. (2022). Cryptochrome proteins regulate the circadian intracellular behavior and localization of PER2 in mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 119 (4) https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2113845119
The ∼20,000 cells of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the master circadian clock of the mammalian brain, coordinate subordinate cellular clocks across the organism, driving adaptive daily rhythms of physiology and behavior. The canonical model for SCN timekeeping pivots around transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFL) whereby PERIOD (PER) and CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) clock proteins associate and translocate to the nucleus to inhibit their own expression. The fundamental individual and interactive behaviors of PER and CRY in the SCN cellular environment and the mechanisms that regulate them are poorly understood. We therefore used confocal imaging to explore the behavior of endogenous PER2 in the SCN of PER2::Venus reporter mice, transduced with viral vectors expressing various forms of CRY1 and CRY2. In contrast to nuclear localization in wild-type SCN, in the absence of CRY proteins, PER2 was predominantly cytoplasmic and more mobile, as measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Virally expressed CRY1 or CRY2 relocalized PER2 to the nucleus, initiated SCN circadian rhythms, and determined their period. We used translational switching to control CRY1 cellular abundance and found that low levels of CRY1 resulted in minimal relocalization of PER2, but yet, remarkably, were sufficient to initiate and maintain circadian rhythmicity. Importantly, the C-terminal tail was necessary for CRY1 to localize PER2 to the nucleus and to initiate SCN rhythms. In CRY1-null SCN, CRY1Δtail opposed PER2 nuclear localization and correspondingly shortened SCN period. Through manipulation of CRY proteins, we have obtained insights into the spatiotemporal behaviors of PER and CRY sitting at the heart of the TTFL molecular mechanism.
FRAP, Cry1, Scn, Nuclear Retention, Intracellular Mobility
Medical Research Council (MC_U105170643)
NIGMS NIH HHS (R35 GM141849, R01 GM107069)
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/P017347/1)
PMC8795536, 35046033
External DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2113845119
This record's URL: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/334252
Licence URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Except where otherwise noted, this item's licence is described as Attribution 4.0 International


text:
Fire Aviation
News & commentary about aerial firefighting, air tankers, and helicopters
Drone/UAV/UAS
State/PrAlabamaAlaskaAlbertaArkansasArizonaBritish ColumbiaCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandManitobaMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew South WalesNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaNorthwest TerritoriesOhioOklahomaOntarioOregonPennsylvaniaQueenslandRhode IslandSaskatchewanSouth AustraliaSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVictoriaVirginiaWashingtonWestern AustraliaWest VirginiaWisconsinWyomingYukon Territory
CountriesAustraliaCanadaChileChinaFranceGreeceNew ZealandPortugalRussiaSpain
Topics737747accidentAvro RJ85BAe-146Be-200BlackhawkC-130ChinookCH-47CL-415crashDC-10HC-130HK-MAXLODDMAFFSMD-87night flyingP2VP3S2TS-61SEATSherpaSmokejumpers
Air tanker pilot dropped retardant on his own neighborhood
Author Bill GabbertPosted on January 14, 2022 January 15, 2022 Categories Fixed wingTags Almeda Drive Fire, DC-7, OregonLeave a comment on Air tanker pilot dropped retardant on his own neighborhood
A month later the DC-7 retired from firefighting
Almeda Drive Fire, Sept. 8, 2020. KDRV photo.
In lining up the DC-7 air tanker for his first retardant drop on the Almeda Drive Fire southeast of Medford, Oregon on September 8, 2020, Pilot Scot Douglas looked out of the window of Tanker 60 and saw his wife and daughter hosing down their yard. The fire was spreading north toward his neighborhood pushed by 40 to 45 mph winds out of the southeast. The wind aligned with the Interstate 5 corridor as it burned through communities like a blowtorch for 8 miles, starting north of Ashland and tearing through the cities of Talent and Phoenix.
Map of the Almeda Drive Fire
His neighborhood was evacuated. His family went to Ashland with friends and he spent that night in a Medford motel. It wasn't until he made more drops the next day that he saw his home had survived.
DC-10 dropping on the Almeda Drive Fire in southern Oregon. Screenshot from video by Helga Descloux September 8, 2020.
It is not common for air tankers to drop on densely populated communities. Former Oregon Department of Forestry District Forester Dave Larson told KDRV that as homes started to burn in large numbers and thousands of residents became threatened, he had to make a quick decision.
"It was a fast-moving fire," says Larson, "and those resources like the air attack were in the air over by the Grizzly Fire and immediately diverted that call because of the conditions that day."
"With the air tankers it's pretty rare to drop on cities," says Larson, "that way it came down to a tactic. Because of evacuations, trying to slow the fire down and steer it away from people trying to get out of there because the roads were closed."
Although the residential areas where the air tankers dropped were not under ODF jurisdiction, Larson gave the order anyway as officials on the ground and in the sky saw the increasing threat to human lives.
On November 19, 2020 Jackson County authorities estimated that 2,357 residences were destroyed in the 3,200-acre Almeda Drive Fire.
Devastation from the Almeda Drive Fire in the area of Phoenix and Talent in southern Oregon. Screenshot from video shot by Jackson County on September 8, 2020.
Five weeks later on October 14 Tanker 60, a DC-7B (N838D), completed its last season as an aerial firefighting machine and departed from Medford, Oregon when the contract with the state of Oregon ended. Tim Crippen, who took the photo below, said it gave a wing wave to the tanker base as it passed by en route to Madras, Oregon.
Tanker 60, a DC-7B, retires from firefighting. Photo by Tim Crippin October 14, 2020.
NWCG Standards for Aerial Supervision revised
Author Bill GabbertPosted on January 14, 2022 Categories Fixed wing, HelicoptersLeave a comment on NWCG Standards for Aerial Supervision revised
The National Wildfire Coordinating Group has just published a revision of the Standards for Aerial Supervision. The document has been on a schedule to be updated every three years.
From the NWCG:
The NWCG Standards for Aerial Supervision establishes standards for aerial supervision operations for national interagency wildland fire operations. These standards:
Promote safe, cost-efficient, and effective aviation services in support of agency and interagency goals and objectives.
Support standardization of Aerial Supervision operations, training, certification, and currency.
Standardize Aerial Supervision mission procedures to enhance safety, effectiveness, efficiency, and professionalism.
Provide guidance on aerial firefighting strategy, tactics, and risk management.
Provide or reference other performance support materials for aerial supervisors.
Supplemental documents for the NWCG Standards for Aerial Supervision, PMS 505, are found at https://www.nwcg.gov/publications/505. These documents are separate to enable the use and editing of forms and logs as appropriate.
California proposes to purchase more Firehawks and expand real time wildfire mapping capability
Author Bill GabbertPosted on January 12, 2022 January 13, 2022 Categories Fixed wing, HelicoptersTags budget, California, Firehawk, FIRIS, HC-130H10 Comments on California proposes to purchase more Firehawks and expand real time wildfire mapping capability
They also want to add 54 surge engines, 4 more Firehawks, 10 contract helicopters, and 10 additional dozers
FIRIS aircraft, Orange County, California. Jan. 27, 2020.
The proposal for California's next budget during the 2022-2023 fiscal year beginning in July includes funding to expand the capabilities of a real time fire mapping system. A pilot program for the Fire Integrated Real-Time Intelligence System (FIRIS) first got off the ground September 1, 2019 thanks to funding secured in the 2019-2020 California state budget by Assemblywoman Cottie Petrie-Norris (D-Laguna Beach).
At that time the state of California partnered with the Orange County Fire Authority in securing $4.5 million in state funds for technology that increases the real-time information and situational awareness available to the firefighters and other first responders and managers on all-hazards events, including wildfires. It has the capability of making real time aerial video available to personnel on the ground so that they can make better evacuation, strategic, and tactical decisions and increase the safety of personnel.
FIRIS can also transmit near real time fire perimeter and heat maps to a supercomputer at the University of California San Diego that runs WIFIRE spread projections based on the data collected by the aircraft. The output estimates where the fire will be in the next six hours and can adjust for successful fire suppression actions by firefighters on the ground and in the air. This intel allows for more timely and accurate decision making for resource allocation and evacuations.
The 150-day pilot program in 2019 started with $4.5 million. Now that it has proved its worth, the Governor's proposed budget for next fiscal year would allocate $36 million to expand the capacity of FIRIS, making it more available to first responders across the state.
More helicopters, dozers, and engines
The FY 2022-2023 draft budget includes funds to augment the state's aviation program until the seven HC-130H Coast Guard aircraft will be fully converted to air tankers, expected in 2023. As best as we could determine, no retardant delivery systems have been installed in any of the aircraft. Some of them most likely still have a need for depot level maintenance.
The budget would appropriate $45 million annually for three years to secure exclusive use contracts for ten additional privately owned exclusive use helicopters that could carry 1,000 to 2,000 gallons of water or retardant.
The proposed budget includes $99 million in 2022-2023 and $11.7 million ongoing to purchase four additional helicopters. California is already two-thirds of the way toward replacing CAL FIRE's 12 Vietnam War-era Huey helicopters with new Sikorsky S70i Firehawks. Eight of the new ships are already in the state, but some may not have been officially accepted yet by the contracting officers. Four more are still being built by Sikorsky or outfitted for firefighting by a company in Colorado. If the new purchase is approved by the legislature it would increase the number of recently purchased Firehawks to 16 when they are all delivered.
Forest Health
The draft budget allocates $243 million in 2022-2023 and $245 million in 2023-2024 for a comprehensive package to increase the pace and scale of forest health activities and reduce wildfire risk.
Firefighting helicopter crashes in Argentina killing two
Author Bill GabbertPosted on December 29, 2021 Categories HelicoptersTags Argentina, LODDLeave a comment on Firefighting helicopter crashes in Argentina killing two
Map showing heat and smoke detected by a satellite at a wildfire in Argentina near Nahuel Huapi National Park.
A helicopter under contract to the government of Argentina crashed Wednesday, Dec. 29 while working on a wildfire in the Patagonia region of the country according to local press reports. The two on board, a pilot and a mechanic, were killed.
The Bell 412 helicopter went down near Quillen, a lake in Neuquen province.
More than 200 personnel are assigned to the fire which has burned 9,900 acres (4,000 hectares) in or near Nahuel Huapi National Park.
The Federal Council of the Environment (Cofema) of Argentina and the Argentine Ministry of the Environment have declared an emergency throughout Argentina for the last 12 months due to drought and the risk of fires.
We send our sincere condolences to the family, friends, and co-workers of the two firefighters.
Single engine air tanker assists firefighters on a wildfire near Denver
Author Bill GabbertPosted on December 28, 2021 December 28, 2021 Categories Fixed wingTags Colorado, SEAT, T-86127 Comments on Single engine air tanker assists firefighters on a wildfire near Denver
Ice on the landing gear of Air Tanker 861 after dropping water on the Oak Fire, Dec. 27, 2021. Photo by Chief Pilot Chris Doyle.
Monday afternoon December 27 a fire southwest of Denver burned 152 acres and prompted evacuations.
The Oak Fire was reported around 2 p.m. southwest of Columbine, southwest of the C470 highway which was temporarily closed. West Metro Fire said it started near the C470/Kipling intersection west of the Westerly Apartments in an open space area with several trails and heavy foot traffic. The specific cause is still under investigation. The evacuations were cancelled Monday evening.
Oak Fire, on the southwest side of Denver, Dec. 27, 2021. Photo by West Metro Fire.
A single engine air tanker from CO Fire Aviation was mobilized from Fort Morgan, Colorado, flown by the company's Chief Pilot Chris Doyle. The Air Tractor took off at 3:46 p.m. and 20 minutes later landed at Northern Colorado Regional Airport NCRA near Fort Collins to get a load of plain water which took about 10 minutes. It then made the 19-minute flight south to the fire where it quickly sized it up, dropped the water just before sunset, and returned to NCRA.
Air Tanker 861 (N803NZ) drops on the Oak Fire Dec. 27, 2021. Still image from West Metro Fire video.
Flight path of Air Tanker 861 (N803NZ) while working the Oak Fire Dec. 27, 2021. FlightAware.
The fire was driven by strong winds. Buckley Air Force Base on the east side of Denver recorded 22 to 28 mph out of the south with gusts to 35 while the relative humidity was in the high 20s with the temperature in the high 30s. However it was cooler on the other side of the city at a higher elevation near the fire, judging from the ice seen on the landing gear in the photo above.
Firefighters always get a lot of satisfaction conducting a mobile attack. The videos below show how an engine drives near the edge of the fire while one or two firefighters operate nozzles while walking, sometimes one in front of the engine and another picking up what's left behind the truck. Or a second engine could followup, making sure all the heat near the edge is extinguished.
Two strike teams have been ordered. Firefighters hitting flames near 470. pic.twitter.com/ym8LzFdYjy
— WestMetroFire (@WestMetroFire) December 27, 2021
The #OakFire has slowed somewhat, but it's still being driven by strong winds. There are no air resources available in the region. Neighboring fire districts are assisting on the ground. Two buildings at the Westerly Apts have been evacuated. 1/2 pic.twitter.com/XwmpxkR8cW
Oak Fire, Dec. 28, 2021. Photo by West Metro Fire.
Ride with a single engine air tanker as it drops near Borger, Texas
Author Bill GabbertPosted on December 18, 2021 December 18, 2021 Categories Fixed wingTags SEAT, Texas2 Comments on Ride with a single engine air tanker as it drops near Borger, Texas
Video from the cockpit
North 207 Fire as seen from the cockpit of a single engine air tanker, around Dec. 15, 2021. Image from Jim Watson's video.
Jim Watson of GB Aerial shot this video of a retardant drop from a single engine air tanker as it dropped on the North 207 fire in the Texas panhandle between Borger and Pampa on December 16, 2021.
The fire burned 23,810 acres, most of it on December 15, 2021.
More information about the fire.
Forest Service says there's not enough time to issue new helicopter contracts for 2022
Author Bill GabbertPosted on December 17, 2021 December 17, 2021 Categories Contracting, HelicoptersTags 10-year contract10 Comments on Forest Service says there's not enough time to issue new helicopter contracts for 2022
A current helicopter solicitation that is now paused was offering 1-year contracts
With the FAA control tower in the background, crews prepare helicopters at the Hopps Helibase for the day's missions on large fires around Colville, WA August 25, 2015. Photo by Tom Story.
With the expiration of contracts for firefighting helicopters looming, the US Forest Service began the lengthy process of issuing new contracts for 2022 on July 7, 2021 with the posting of a "presolicitation." The new concept was based on a one year contract. The FS would have had the option at their discretion to extend it further in one year increments, up to 9 years for Call When Needed (CWN) helicopters and up to 4 years for Exclusive Use (EU) ships.
In addition to just a one year guarantee, there were new requirements for equipment to be added to the aircraft requiring significant additional expenditures for the private companies bidding on the services.
There are reports that some potential vendors were very unsatisfied with the changes. The FS contracting office posted more than a dozen versions of the presolicitation between July 7 and December 6.
Finally on December 13 they threw in the towel, saying, "The USFS has determined there is not enough time for an adequate response from industry, a complete evaluation by the government, and ultimately timely award prior to the start of 2022 mandatory availability periods."
Here is the full text from the December 13 update:
The intent of the USFS for acquiring helicopter services for 2022 is as follows:
1. Basic Ordering Agreements (BOAs) for 28 – Type 1 helicopters having 120-day mandatory availability periods.
2. 6-month Exclusive Use (EU) contract extensions for 34 – Type 2 helicopters with contracts expiring in 2022, utilizing BOAs for remaining EU line items.
3. 6-month EU contract extensions for Type 3 helicopters with contracts expiring in 2022, utilizing BOAs for remaining EU line items.
4. The USFS will continue to review and refine the Multiple Award Task Order Contract (MATOC) solicitation. The USFS intends to make parent awards Summer/Fall 2022, with task orders being competed/awarded after parent awards.
The USFS has determined there is not enough time for an adequate response from industry, a complete evaluation by the government, and ultimately timely award prior to the start of 2022 mandatory availability periods.
The December 13 update did not mention CWN helicopters, so we asked USFS Fire Communications Specialist Stanton Florea about their status. He replied:
The existing Call When Needed (CWN) Basic Ordering Agreement (BOA) will be utilized for both Type 1 and Type 2 CWN helicopters. The BOA will be used as noted for both Exclusive Use (EU) and CWN Type 1 contracts in 2022. We will award the EU 28 120-day Mandatory Availability Period Type 1 contracts using the CWN BOA to fill the 28 EU line items.
Moving to 10-year contracts for firefighting aircraft was mentioned several times in an April 15 hearing before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, featuring U.S. Forest Service Chief Vicki Christiansen and her testimony.
"One thing I've been dealing with," Rep. Mike Simpson said, "are the aviation assets of the Forest Service… Are we going to have a clear outline for the next 10-year plan for what the Forest Service needs in terms of air assets? How the five and ten year contracts you're looking at will affect us and benefit us and what we need to put into our budget to so that the Forest Service has the necessary equipment to address these wildfires?"
"We are studying the question about going to a 10-year contract, what the pros and cons are," Chief Christiansen said." We're nearly complete with that report. It will be going through clearance in a matter of a few days and it will be getting to the committee here shortly. So we'd be glad to discuss more about air tankers. But we think we are really on the right track with our air tankers."
In September an article on Fire Aviation about this current presolicitation included an opinion from the vendor of a Type 3 helicopter who requested to remain anonymous in order to avoid retribution from the agency. Here is an excerpt:
"This draft Request for Proposal is such a massive and violent change from what has been requested in previous contracts that most operators aren't going to be able to handle it. We operate Type III helicopters and are now faced with 40+ pounds of equipment (costing over $60k per aircraft) to meet minimum requirements – things that we really don't need like a Traffic Avoidance System (but the ADS-B they required last year isn't good enough) and a loudspeaker (because yelling at the fire helps?). Oh, and don't glance over the cockpit camera, which they want even on restricted category bucket ships. The cheapest camera we could find is $10,000. How's about an STC for personal electronic devices, only available from one company, nobody else in the industry even knows what the hell the STC is or is for! But you better pay for it, USFS says!
"Once we get all of that figured out, turns out that the increase in performance specifications at 7,000′ / 30°C combined with the added equipment pretty much eliminates legacy ships from meeting performance requirements. They essentially want a Sky Crane to do a Jet Ranger's job. A lot of the operators that will get pushed out because of this RFP do a lot of irrefutably safe work when fire season peaks, or when resource work is needed, with excellently maintained legacy platforms at great value to the taxpayers."
Less than three months after Forest Service Chief Christiansen said the agency was going to release a report "shortly" about the feasibility of moving to 10-year contracts, they issued a presolicitation for helicopter contracts that guaranteed one year. (Fire Aviation has requested a copy of the report.)
In December, 2017 the US Forest Service cancelled a five-year EU contract it had issued the previous year for two CL-415 water scooping air tankers. So a one year contract with each additional option year at the discretion of the agency with unreliable congressional funding is not a concept that makes potential vendors feel all warm and fuzzy.
That year the FS also reduced the number of Type 1 helicopters on EU contract from 34 to 28 and cancelled a solicitation for up to seven large air tankers, citing a lack of funding.
In 2018 when the Forest Service began issuing one-year contracts for air tankers we wrote:
Few if any vendors can simply write a check to purchase and convert an air tanker, so they have to convince a lender to give them large sums of money usually even before they have a contract with the USFS. With this new one-year contract policy, obtaining those funds could be even more difficult.
Below is an excerpt from the Missoulian:
"They're only offering a one-year contract," said Ron Hooper, president of Missoula-based Neptune Aviation. "We can't go to the bank with a one-year contract to finance airplanes. They just laugh at us."
Even if a vendor received a guaranteed five-year contract it can be difficult to establish and implement a long-term business plan that would make sense to their banker and the solvency of the company.
These one-year firefighting aircraft contracts need to be converted to 10-year contracts, and the number of Type 1 helicopters must be restored to at least the 34 we had for years.
Chief Pilot for the USFS, Abraham Fandrich, retires
Author Bill GabbertPosted on December 13, 2021 December 13, 2021 Categories Fixed wingTags Abraham Fandrich1 Comment on Chief Pilot for the USFS, Abraham Fandrich, retires
Abraham Fandrich, USFS Chief Pilot, retires. KPAX-TV image
Abraham Fandrich, the Chief Pilot for the US Forest Service, retired last month. Before he landed a Forest Service plane for the last time as a full time USFS employee, he made a low pass over the Helena Regional Airport streaming smoke in a King Air 250, a tactic usually used for marking targets for air tankers.
After serving as a mechanic for the National Guard, he became a helicopter pilot in 1980 and transitioned to fixed wing aircraft about 25 years later.
He plans to continue flying — in his own plane.
Thanks and a tip of the hat go out to Jerry.
Fire Aviation Recent Articles
Check out our sister site, Wildfire Today
Have a fire aviation news tip? Click here
Subscribe to Fire Aviation via Email
Enter your email address to subscribe and receive notifications of new posts by email. There is no cost, and in case you change your mind each email has an unsubscribe button.
Archives Select Month January 2022 (3) December 2021 (10) November 2021 (12) October 2021 (14) September 2021 (5) August 2021 (13) July 2021 (21) June 2021 (15) May 2021 (16) April 2021 (12) March 2021 (17) February 2021 (16) January 2021 (9) December 2020 (13) November 2020 (10) October 2020 (16) September 2020 (20) August 2020 (22) July 2020 (24) June 2020 (21) May 2020 (24) April 2020 (23) March 2020 (15) February 2020 (17) January 2020 (21) December 2019 (17) November 2019 (20) October 2019 (14) September 2019 (21) August 2019 (39) July 2019 (27) June 2019 (22) May 2019 (20) April 2019 (16) March 2019 (16) February 2019 (10) January 2019 (14) December 2018 (17) November 2018 (17) October 2018 (13) September 2018 (17) August 2018 (26) July 2018 (22) June 2018 (16) May 2018 (18) April 2018 (15) March 2018 (23) February 2018 (21) January 2018 (14) December 2017 (17) November 2017 (14) October 2017 (13) September 2017 (18) August 2017 (22) July 2017 (34) June 2017 (22) May 2017 (32) April 2017 (25) March 2017 (19) February 2017 (19) January 2017 (32) December 2016 (24) November 2016 (11) October 2016 (9) September 2016 (14) August 2016 (26) July 2016 (27) June 2016 (28) May 2016 (36) April 2016 (24) March 2016 (33) February 2016 (30) January 2016 (12) December 2015 (21) November 2015 (13) October 2015 (22) September 2015 (27) August 2015 (36) July 2015 (49) June 2015 (31) May 2015 (30) April 2015 (24) March 2015 (24) February 2015 (19) January 2015 (23) December 2014 (21) November 2014 (18) October 2014 (26) September 2014 (21) August 2014 (30) July 2014 (26) June 2014 (26) May 2014 (29) April 2014 (15) March 2014 (25) February 2014 (15) January 2014 (20) December 2013 (14) November 2013 (16) October 2013 (23) September 2013 (17) August 2013 (26) July 2013 (19) June 2013 (24) May 2013 (21) April 2013 (12) March 2013 (15) February 2013 (10) January 2013 (16) December 2012 (11) November 2012 (17)
We love comments. Click here for the rules.
Capt LD on California proposes to purchase more Firehawks and expand real time wildfire mapping capability
Phil on California proposes to purchase more Firehawks and expand real time wildfire mapping capability
Joe Hill on Living our best life: reflecting on smokejumper Tim Hart's passing
Tom D on California proposes to purchase more Firehawks and expand real time wildfire mapping capability
Maghreb on California proposes to purchase more Firehawks and expand real time wildfire mapping capability
Do you appreciate Fire Aviation?
Fire Aviation Proudly powered by WordPress


StatNews #78 What is Survival Analysis?
Ask us anything! We can help you find answers to your questions, resources for your projects, or refer you to other experts.... The slope a regression model represents the average change in Y per unit X: The slope of !0.54 predicts 0.54 fewer helmet users (per 100 bicycle riders) for each additional percentage of children receiving reduced-fee meals.
As the definitions and concepts of corporate-level and business-unit level strategies are vary, from authors observations there is a need to get responses from the business world, what are their views introduction to logic irving copi 14th edition pdf download � A study of larger units than isolated words and sentences, and new basic units of analysis: texts, discourses, conversations or communicative events. � Extension of linguistics beyond grammar towards a study of action and interaction.
The slope a regression model represents the average change in Y per unit X: The slope of !0.54 predicts 0.54 fewer helmet users (per 100 bicycle riders) for each additional percentage of children receiving reduced-fee meals. contemporary linguistic analysis 8th edition answer key pdf Units of Analysis The Basics * I�m going to cover the following topics. I�ll begin with an illustration that hopefully lays out the issues behind units of analysis before moving to definitions and elements of the unit of analysis.
A unit is the unit of analysis for an effect if and only if that effect is assessed against the variation among those units. It's not easy to come up with a less technical definition, but most of the time the units of analysis are the smallest units that are independent of each other or the smallest units for which all possible sets are equally likely to be in the sample .


Head Football Coach Jesse Pierce runs a practice.
Head Football Coach Jesse Pierce announced his decision to leave his coaching position after two seasons with the team, stating that he while he loves being a Wolf, he hopes to spend more time with his family. He formally announced his resignation to football players and parents in an email on April 3.
"Football is something that I love very much, but because of it, I have sacrificed a considerable amount of time with my own family. With my older son starting middle school in the fall, I have made the decision that I need to step away from the game to spend more time as a husband and father to my wife and children," Pierce wrote.
Players, coaches, and students around the school alike were shocked to hear the news, but they nonetheless respect their coach's decision.
"I mean you got to do what you got to do, and although it was a shock to me and most of my teammates, obviously something wasn't clicking and I respect his decision no matter what," junior Jack Lochner said.
Parents of football players were also saddened by the news, as many respected Pierce as a coach.
"I was pretty sad when I learned that Coach Pierce was resigning because he was a very good man–both on and off the field–who taught the boys many valuable life lessons on not only for football, but [for] real life," Christina Kastrinakis said.
For Athletic Director Dr. Dana Krilich, the search for a new coach began right away.
The athletic department will evaluate applications from both internal and external applicants who will commit to improving the football program.
"We are open to hiring both internal and external candidates. What is important is finding who is the best fit for our student-athletes. I strongly believe that our athletes benefit from having an in-building coach. Whoever the candidate ends up being, I would hope they work in our building in some capacity in addition to coaching," Krilich said.
The application process is currently in effect, and the job posting will close on May 3. Regardless of who ends up with the role, stakeholders are looking for improvements to the program.
"I just hope that the school can find someone who cares just as much as [Pierce] does about the growth of the boys and their team," Kastrinakis said.
"My hopes for our football program is that we find a coach who will be here for the long haul, who is willing to put in the time and effort to rebuild our program," Krilich said.
Coach Pierce was the man. I will always love you coach pierce!


text:
You are here: Home › Could Development Factor into Rogers Centre Renovations?
Could Development Factor into Rogers Centre Renovations?
By Zach Spedden on August 23, 2018 in Major-League Baseball, News
While the Toronto Blue Jays have not unveiled plans for a Rogers Centre renovation, there are questions as to whether ballpark upgrades could be tied to a development plan.
The sense for the last several years has been that the Blue Jays will eventually move forward with a renovation to Rogers Centre. The retractable-roof ballpark was something of a marvel when it first opened as the SkyDome in 1989, but its amenities are considered out-of-date by current Major League Baseball standards. While the Blue Jays have acknowledged their interest in a future renovation, the club has not announced formal plans to date.
A renovation project would surely lead to changes inside the ballpark, but perhaps Rogers Centre and Blue Jays owner Rogers Communications Inc. could also be involved a larger development initiative. Blue Jays president Mark Shapiro seemed to hint at ownership's interest in the surrounding area during a Pitch Talks event in April, while Rogers Centre boasts a strong location in downtown Toronto. There are a few challenges, however, as Rogers owns the ballpark but not the land underneath, which is controlled by the Canada Lands Company (CLC) and is zoned only for the facility. There could be some alternatives, however, and the Rogers family has previously been involved in large real estate development. More from Sportsnet:
Precious little land beyond the footprint of the building falls under the Toronto Stadium Lands lot, which includes areas to the north, south and east of the building, but not the small square abutting the condo tower to the west, which is controlled by CLC. There's a hotel attached to the north side of the stadium which could perhaps be transformed, but that would be complicated given that it's a separate business.
The only area where there's some space is in Roundhouse Park to the southeast of Rogers Centre, which is controlled by the City of Toronto. The city's Real Estate Services Division administers the site, which houses a museum, a brewery and an entertainment and gaming venue.
One idea floated by a political insider is that Rogers Communications could try to jump into the city's discussions around Rail Deck Park, an ambitious project that would cover the railway tracks from Bathurst Street to the west and Blue Jays Way to the east with a park. The project is still in its infancy stages, but it's believed the city would need investments from the private sector in order to complete it….
A real estate venture wouldn't be unprecedented for the Rogers family, which in 2016 invested in a $1.5-billion condo project in Mississauga. That investment came outside the company, which became a strategic vendor for the project.
There has been a trend of MLB teams being involved in development initiatives around their ballparks. The Battery Atlanta adjacent to the Atlanta Braves' SunTrust Park is one example, and a future instance could be the development concept the Colorado Rockies are currently pitching for an area outside of Coors Field. The Texas Rangers, meanwhile, are a partner in Texas Live!, a mixed-use development that surrounds Globe Life Park and will serve the retractable-roof Globe Life Field when it opens in 2020.
As for the inside of the Rogers Centre, the Blue Jays could look to make the facility more baseball friendly. The Rogers Centre was originally designed as a multi-purpose venue so that it could also host the Toronto Argonauts (Canadian Football League). The Argonauts no longer use Rogers Centre, however, as they moved into an expanded BMO Field in 2016. It would also seem that a Rogers Centre renovation could lead to additions such as social spaces and other modern amenities.
RELATED STORIES: Manfred Weighs in on Condition of Rogers Centre; Blue Jays Continue Push for Rogers Centre Renovation; Blue Jays Still Planning Rogers Centre Renovation; Dirt infield on tap for Rogers Centre; Blue Jays considering grass field at Rogers Centre
St. Pete selects Rays/Hines team for Tropicana Field redevelopment
San Diego Padres set to cut off season-ticket sales
MLB preps for Sinclair bankruptcy restructuring
Angel Stadium future uncertain after Moreno decides to keep Angels
New looks at 2023's Rogers Centre upgrades
major league baseball, mlb, rogers centre, rogers communications, toronto blue jays
Council Favors Pewaukee Baseball Complex in Straw Poll
Seven Finalists Unveiled for New Green Bay Moniker


text:
package org.apache.commons.math3.stat.inference;

import org.apache.commons.math3.distribution.ChiSquaredDistribution;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.DimensionMismatchException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.MaxCountExceededException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.NotPositiveException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.NotStrictlyPositiveException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.OutOfRangeException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.ZeroException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.util.LocalizedFormats;
import org.apache.commons.math3.util.FastMath;
import org.apache.commons.math3.util.MathArrays;

/**
 * Implements G Test
 * statistics.
 *
 *
This is known in statistical genetics as the McDonald-Kreitman test.
 * The implementation handles both known and unknown distributions.

 *
 *
Two samples tests can be used when the distribution is unknown a priori
 * but provided by one sample, or when the hypothesis under test is that the two
 * samples come from the same underlying distribution.

 *
 * @version $Id: GTest.java 1416643 2012-12-03 19:37:14Z tn $
 * @since 3.1
 */
public class GTest {

    /**
     * Computes the G statistic
     * for Goodness of Fit comparing {@code observed} and {@code expected}
     * frequency counts.
     *
     *
This statistic can be used to perform a G test (Log-Likelihood Ratio
     * Test) evaluating the null hypothesis that the observed counts follow the
     * expected distribution.

     *
     *
Preconditions:

     *
Expected counts must all be positive.

     *
Observed counts must all be ≥ 0.

     *
The observed and expected arrays must have the same length and their
     * common length must be at least 2.

     *
     *
If any of the preconditions are not met, a
     * {@code MathIllegalArgumentException} is thrown.

     *
     *
Note:This implementation rescales the
     * {@code expected} array if necessary to ensure that the sum of the
     * expected and observed counts are equal.

     *
     * @param observed array of observed frequency counts
     * @param expected array of expected frequency counts
     * @return G-Test statistic
     * @throws NotPositiveException if {@code observed} has negative entries
     * @throws NotStrictlyPositiveException if {@code expected} has entries that
     * are not strictly positive
     * @throws DimensionMismatchException if the array lengths do not match or
     * are less than 2.
     */
    public double g(final double[] expected, final long[] observed)
            throws NotPositiveException, NotStrictlyPositiveException,
            DimensionMismatchException {

        if (expected.length < 2) {
            throw new DimensionMismatchException(expected.length, 2);
        }
        if (expected.length != observed.length) {
            throw new DimensionMismatchException(expected.length, observed.length);
        }
        MathArrays.checkPositive(expected);
        MathArrays.checkNonNegative(observed);

        double sumExpected = 0d;
        double sumObserved = 0d;
        for (int i = 0; i < observed.length; i++) {
            sumExpected += expected[i];
            sumObserved += observed[i];
        }
        double ratio = 1d;
        boolean rescale = false;
        if (Math.abs(sumExpected - sumObserved) > 10E-6) {
            ratio = sumObserved / sumExpected;
            rescale = true;
        }
        double sum = 0d;
        for (int i = 0; i < observed.length; i++) {
            final double dev = rescale ?
                    FastMath.log((double) observed[i] / (ratio * expected[i])) :
                        FastMath.log((double) observed[i] / expected[i]);
            sum += ((double) observed[i]) * dev;
        }
        return 2d * sum;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the observed significance level, or  p-value,
     * associated with a G-Test for goodness of fit comparing the
     * {@code observed} frequency counts to those in the {@code expected} array.
     *
     *
The number returned is the smallest significance level at which one
     * can reject the null hypothesis that the observed counts conform to the
     * frequency distribution described by the expected counts.

     *
     *
The probability returned is the tail probability beyond
     * {@link #g(double[], long[]) g(expected, observed)}
     * in the ChiSquare distribution with degrees of freedom one less than the
     * common length of {@code expected} and {@code observed}.

     *
     *
 Preconditions:

     *
Expected counts must all be positive.

     *
Observed counts must all be ≥ 0.

     *
The observed and expected arrays must have the
     * same length and their common length must be at least 2.

     *

     *
     *
If any of the preconditions are not met, a
     * {@code MathIllegalArgumentException} is thrown.

     *
     *
Note:This implementation rescales the
     * {@code expected} array if necessary to ensure that the sum of the
     *  expected and observed counts are equal.

     *
     * @param observed array of observed frequency counts
     * @param expected array of expected frequency counts
     * @return p-value
     * @throws NotPositiveException if {@code observed} has negative entries
     * @throws NotStrictlyPositiveException if {@code expected} has entries that
     * are not strictly positive
     * @throws DimensionMismatchException if the array lengths do not match or
     * are less than 2.
     * @throws MaxCountExceededException if an error occurs computing the
     * p-value.
     */
    public double gTest(final double[] expected, final long[] observed)
            throws NotPositiveException, NotStrictlyPositiveException,
            DimensionMismatchException, MaxCountExceededException {

        final ChiSquaredDistribution distribution =
                new ChiSquaredDistribution(expected.length - 1.0);
        return 1.0 - distribution.cumulativeProbability(
                g(expected, observed));
    }

    /**
     * Returns the intrinsic (Hardy-Weinberg proportions) p-Value, as described
     * in p64-69 of McDonald, J.H. 2009. Handbook of Biological Statistics
     * (2nd ed.). Sparky House Publishing, Baltimore, Maryland.
     *
     *
 The probability returned is the tail probability beyond
     * {@link #g(double[], long[]) g(expected, observed)}
     * in the ChiSquare distribution with degrees of freedom two less than the
     * common length of {@code expected} and {@code observed}.

     *
     * @param observed array of observed frequency counts
     * @param expected array of expected frequency counts
     * @return p-value
     * @throws NotPositiveException if {@code observed} has negative entries
     * @throws NotStrictlyPositiveException {@code expected} has entries that are
     * not strictly positive
     * @throws DimensionMismatchException if the array lengths do not match or
     * are less than 2.
     * @throws MaxCountExceededException if an error occurs computing the
     * p-value.
     */
    public double gTestIntrinsic(final double[] expected, final long[] observed)
            throws NotPositiveException, NotStrictlyPositiveException,
            DimensionMismatchException, MaxCountExceededException {

        final ChiSquaredDistribution distribution =
                new ChiSquaredDistribution(expected.length - 2.0);
        return 1.0 - distribution.cumulativeProbability(
                g(expected, observed));
    }

    /**
     * Performs a G-Test (Log-Likelihood Ratio Test) for goodness of fit
     * evaluating the null hypothesis that the observed counts conform to the
     * frequency distribution described by the expected counts, with
     * significance level {@code alpha}. Returns true iff the null
     * hypothesis can be rejected with {@code 100 * (1 - alpha)} percent confidence.
     *
     *
Example:
 To test the hypothesis that
     * {@code observed} follows {@code expected} at the 99% level,
     * use

     * {@code gTest(expected, observed, 0.01)}

     *
     *
Returns true iff {@link #gTest(double[], long[])
     *  gTestGoodnessOfFitPValue(expected, observed)} < alpha

     *
     *
Preconditions:

     *
Expected counts must all be positive.

     *
Observed counts must all be ≥ 0.

     *
The observed and expected arrays must have the same length and their
     * common length must be at least 2.
     *
 {@code 0 < alpha < 0.5}

     *
     *
If any of the preconditions are not met, a
     * {@code MathIllegalArgumentException} is thrown.

     *
     *
Note:This implementation rescales the
     * {@code expected} array if necessary to ensure that the sum of the
     * expected and observed counts are equal.

     *
     * @param observed array of observed frequency counts
     * @param expected array of expected frequency counts
     * @param alpha significance level of the test
     * @return true iff null hypothesis can be rejected with confidence 1 -
     * alpha
     * @throws NotPositiveException if {@code observed} has negative entries
     * @throws NotStrictlyPositiveException if {@code expected} has entries that
     * are not strictly positive
     * @throws DimensionMismatchException if the array lengths do not match or
     * are less than 2.
     * @throws MaxCountExceededException if an error occurs computing the
     * p-value.
     * @throws OutOfRangeException if alpha is not strictly greater than zero
     * and less than or equal to 0.5
     */
    public boolean gTest(final double[] expected, final long[] observed,
            final double alpha)
            throws NotPositiveException, NotStrictlyPositiveException,
            DimensionMismatchException, OutOfRangeException, MaxCountExceededException {

        if ((alpha <= 0) || (alpha > 0.5)) {
            throw new OutOfRangeException(LocalizedFormats.OUT_OF_BOUND_SIGNIFICANCE_LEVEL,
                    alpha, 0, 0.5);
        }
        return gTest(expected, observed) < alpha;
    }

    /**
     * Calculates the Shannon
     * entropy for 2 Dimensional Matrix.  The value returned is the entropy
     * of the vector formed by concatenating the rows (or columns) of {@code k}
     * to form a vector. See {@link #entropy(long[])}.
     *
     * @param k 2 Dimensional Matrix of long values (for ex. the counts of a
     * trials)
     * @return Shannon Entropy of the given Matrix
     *
     */
    private double entropy(final long[][] k) {
        double h = 0d;
        double sum_k = 0d;
        for (int i = 0; i < k.length; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < k[i].length; j++) {
                sum_k += (double) k[i][j];
            }
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < k.length; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < k[i].length; j++) {
                if (k[i][j] != 0) {
                    final double p_ij = (double) k[i][j] / sum_k;
                    h += p_ij * Math.log(p_ij);
                }
            }
        }
        return -h;
    }

    /**
     * Calculates the
     * Shannon entropy for a vector.  The values of {@code k} are taken to be
     * incidence counts of the values of a random variable. What is returned is

     * ∑pilog(pi

     * where pi = k[i] / (sum of elements in k)
     *
     * @param k Vector (for ex. Row Sums of a trials)
     * @return Shannon Entropy of the given Vector
     *
     */
    private double entropy(final long[] k) {
        double h = 0d;
        double sum_k = 0d;
        for (int i = 0; i < k.length; i++) {
            sum_k += (double) k[i];
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < k.length; i++) {
            if (k[i] != 0) {
                final double p_i = (double) k[i] / sum_k;
                h += p_i * Math.log(p_i);
            }
        }
        return -h;
    }

    /**
     *
Computes a G (Log-Likelihood Ratio) two sample test statistic for
     * independence comparing frequency counts in
     * {@code observed1} and {@code observed2}. The sums of frequency
     * counts in the two samples are not required to be the same. The formula
     * used to compute the test statistic is

     *
     *
{@code 2 * totalSum * [H(rowSums) + H(colSums) - H(k)]}

     *
     *
 where {@code H} is the
     *
     * Shannon Entropy of the random variable formed by viewing the elements
     * of the argument array as incidence counts;

     * {@code k} is a matrix with rows {@code [observed1, observed2]};

     * {@code rowSums, colSums} are the row/col sums of {@code k};

     * and {@code totalSum} is the overall sum of all entries in {@code k}.

     *
     *
This statistic can be used to perform a G test evaluating the null
     * hypothesis that both observed counts are independent

     *
     *
 Preconditions:

     *
Observed counts must be non-negative.

     *
Observed counts for a specific bin must not both be zero.

     *
Observed counts for a specific sample must not all be  0.

     *
The arrays {@code observed1} and {@code observed2} must have
     * the same length and their common length must be at least 2.

     *
     *
If any of the preconditions are not met, a
     * {@code MathIllegalArgumentException} is thrown.

     *
     * @param observed1 array of observed frequency counts of the first data set
     * @param observed2 array of observed frequency counts of the second data
     * set
     * @return G-Test statistic
     * @throws DimensionMismatchException the the lengths of the arrays do not
     * match or their common length is less than 2
     * @throws NotPositiveException if any entry in {@code observed1} or
     * {@code observed2} is negative
     * @throws ZeroException if either all counts of
     * {@code observed1} or {@code observed2} are zero, or if the count
     * at the same index is zero for both arrays.
     */
    public double gDataSetsComparison(final long[] observed1, final long[] observed2)
            throws DimensionMismatchException, NotPositiveException, ZeroException {

        // Make sure lengths are same
        if (observed1.length < 2) {
            throw new DimensionMismatchException(observed1.length, 2);
        }
        if (observed1.length != observed2.length) {
            throw new DimensionMismatchException(observed1.length, observed2.length);
        }

        // Ensure non-negative counts
        MathArrays.checkNonNegative(observed1);
        MathArrays.checkNonNegative(observed2);

        // Compute and compare count sums
        long countSum1 = 0;
        long countSum2 = 0;

        // Compute and compare count sums
        final long[] collSums = new long[observed1.length];
        final long[][] k = new long[2][observed1.length];

        for (int i = 0; i < observed1.length; i++) {
            if (observed1[i] == 0 && observed2[i] == 0) {
                throw new ZeroException(LocalizedFormats.OBSERVED_COUNTS_BOTTH_ZERO_FOR_ENTRY, i);
            } else {
                countSum1 += observed1[i];
                countSum2 += observed2[i];
                collSums[i] = observed1[i] + observed2[i];
                k[0][i] = observed1[i];
                k[1][i] = observed2[i];
            }
        }
        // Ensure neither sample is uniformly 0
        if (countSum1 == 0 || countSum2 == 0) {
            throw new ZeroException();
        }
        final long[] rowSums = {countSum1, countSum2};
        final double sum = (double) countSum1 + (double) countSum2;
        return 2 * sum * (entropy(rowSums) + entropy(collSums) - entropy(k));
    }

    /**
     * Calculates the root log-likelihood ratio for 2 state Datasets. See
     * {@link #gDataSetsComparison(long[], long[] )}.
     *
     *
Given two events A and B, let k11 be the number of times both events
     * occur, k12 the incidence of B without A, k21 the count of A without B,
     * and k22 the number of times neither A nor B occurs.  What is returned
     * by this method is

     *
     *
{@code (sgn) sqrt(gValueDataSetsComparison({k11, k12}, {k21, k22})}

     *
     *
where {@code sgn} is -1 if {@code k11 / (k11 + k12) < k21 / (k21 + k22))};

     * 1 otherwise.

     *
     *
Signed root LLR has two advantages over the basic LLR: a) it is positive
     * where k11 is bigger than expected, negative where it is lower b) if there is
     * no difference it is asymptotically normally distributed. This allows one
     * to talk about "number of standard deviations" which is a more common frame
     * of reference than the chi^2 distribution.

     *
     * @param k11 number of times the two events occurred together (AB)
     * @param k12 number of times the second event occurred WITHOUT the
     * first event (notA,B)
     * @param k21 number of times the first event occurred WITHOUT the
     * second event (A, notB)
     * @param k22 number of times something else occurred (i.e. was neither
     * of these events (notA, notB)
     * @return root log-likelihood ratio
     *
     */
    public double rootLogLikelihoodRatio(final long k11, long k12,
            final long k21, final long k22) {
        final double llr = gDataSetsComparison(
                new long[]{k11, k12}, new long[]{k21, k22});
        double sqrt = FastMath.sqrt(llr);
        if ((double) k11 / (k11 + k12) < (double) k21 / (k21 + k22)) {
            sqrt = -sqrt;
        }
        return sqrt;
    }

    /**
     *
Returns the observed significance level, or
     * p-value, associated with a G-Value (Log-Likelihood Ratio) for two
     * sample test comparing bin frequency counts in {@code observed1} and
     * {@code observed2}.

     *
     *
The number returned is the smallest significance level at which one
     * can reject the null hypothesis that the observed counts conform to the
     * same distribution.

     *
     *
See {@link #gTest(double[], long[])} for details
     * on how the p-value is computed.  The degrees of of freedom used to
     * perform the test is one less than the common length of the input observed
     * count arrays.

     *
     *
Preconditions:
     *

Observed counts must be non-negative.

     *
Observed counts for a specific bin must not both be zero.

     *
Observed counts for a specific sample must not all be 0.

     *
The arrays {@code observed1} and {@code observed2} must
     * have the same length and their common length must be at least 2.

     *

     *
 If any of the preconditions are not met, a
     * {@code MathIllegalArgumentException} is thrown.

     *
     * @param observed1 array of observed frequency counts of the first data set
     * @param observed2 array of observed frequency counts of the second data
     * set
     * @return p-value
     * @throws DimensionMismatchException the the length of the arrays does not
     * match or their common length is less than 2
     * @throws NotPositiveException if any of the entries in {@code observed1} or
     * {@code observed2} are negative
     * @throws ZeroException if either all counts of {@code observed1} or
     * {@code observed2} are zero, or if the count at some index is
     * zero for both arrays
     * @throws MaxCountExceededException if an error occurs computing the
     * p-value.
     */
    public double gTestDataSetsComparison(final long[] observed1,
            final long[] observed2)
            throws DimensionMismatchException, NotPositiveException, ZeroException,
            MaxCountExceededException {
        final ChiSquaredDistribution distribution = new ChiSquaredDistribution(
                (double) observed1.length - 1);
        return 1 - distribution.cumulativeProbability(
                gDataSetsComparison(observed1, observed2));
    }

    /**
     *
Performs a G-Test (Log-Likelihood Ratio Test) comparing two binned
     * data sets. The test evaluates the null hypothesis that the two lists
     * of observed counts conform to the same frequency distribution, with
     * significance level {@code alpha}. Returns true iff the null
     * hypothesis can be rejected  with 100 * (1 - alpha) percent confidence.
     *

     *
See {@link #gDataSetsComparison(long[], long[])} for details
     * on the formula used to compute the G (LLR) statistic used in the test and
     * {@link #gTest(double[], long[])} for information on how
     * the observed significance level is computed. The degrees of of freedom used
     * to perform the test is one less than the common length of the input observed
     * count arrays.

     *
     * Preconditions:

     *
Observed counts must be non-negative.

     *
Observed counts for a specific bin must not both be zero.

     *
Observed counts for a specific sample must not all be 0.

     *
The arrays {@code observed1} and {@code observed2} must
     * have the same length and their common length must be at least 2.

     *
{@code 0 < alpha < 0.5}

     *
     *
If any of the preconditions are not met, a
     * {@code MathIllegalArgumentException} is thrown.

     *
     * @param observed1 array of observed frequency counts of the first data set
     * @param observed2 array of observed frequency counts of the second data
     * set
     * @param alpha significance level of the test
     * @return true iff null hypothesis can be rejected with confidence 1 -
     * alpha
     * @throws DimensionMismatchException the the length of the arrays does not
     * match
     * @throws NotPositiveException if any of the entries in {@code observed1} or
     * {@code observed2} are negative
     * @throws ZeroException if either all counts of {@code observed1} or
     * {@code observed2} are zero, or if the count at some index is
     * zero for both arrays
     * @throws OutOfRangeException if {@code alpha} is not in the range
     * (0, 0.5]
     * @throws MaxCountExceededException if an error occurs performing the test
     */
    public boolean gTestDataSetsComparison(
            final long[] observed1,
            final long[] observed2,
            final double alpha)
            throws DimensionMismatchException, NotPositiveException,
            ZeroException, OutOfRangeException, MaxCountExceededException {

        if (alpha <= 0 || alpha > 0.5) {
            throw new OutOfRangeException(
                    LocalizedFormats.OUT_OF_BOUND_SIGNIFICANCE_LEVEL, alpha, 0, 0.5);
        }
        return gTestDataSetsComparison(observed1, observed2) < alpha;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub