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Posts by Ann-Marie Casserly
Article Safety
AGS SWG Call for Safety Alerts
11th Mar 2016 - by Ann-Marie Casserly
Tags: appeal Awareness industry lessons learnt proactive safety alerts
Dear Member,
MESSAGE FROM THE SAFETY WORKING GROUP CHAIRMAN – CALL FOR SAFETY ALERTS
The Safety Working Group would like to encourage the sharing of lessons learnt from accidents, incidents and near misses on a more regular basis. This information is normally obtained from members of the group raising issues during the meetings which often have directly affected their organisations or through discussing Safety Alerts. However, we rarely receive Safety Alerts and so often the issues we can discuss are limited to the experiences of the members of this working group which can be argued does not necessarily reflect the industry or membership as a whole.
The wider construction industry seems to be much better at issuing Safety Alerts but many of these are not related to AGS member's work and so often they are not relevant. It is the belief of the Safety Working Group that we are missing valuable 'lessons learnt' or an opportunity to raise awareness of current issues and we would like this to improve.
This is an appeal for the AGS membership to 'up its game' and to start being more pro-active in the generation of Safety Alerts. The issuing of Safety Alerts is a simple system which can be used to not only raise awareness of substandard products or poor practice but also to reiterate safety messages, provide lessons learnt and provide warnings. Some companies are reluctant to issue Safety Alerts as they believe that any accident, incident or near miss will look bad on them or clients may believe their organisation has unsafe practices. This is a very negative view of Safety Alerts whereas they should be looked at as a proactive approach to accidents, incidents and near misses and a desire to improve safety.
We would like to receive any Safety Alerts which have been issued to members but would also really like to receive Safety Alerts generated by our members. Please help.
For the Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists
JULIAN LOVELL
Chair of the Safety Working Group
Hard Shoulder, Near Miss. Stay Safe!
1st Feb 2016 - by Ann-Marie Casserly
Tags: Highways Near Miss Road safety Video Clip YouTube
Please click the below link to see a video clip of a near miss on the hard shoulder.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JiOETTsHWI
If you have any safety alerts you think AGS members would benefit from please forward them to the AGS Secretariat at ags@ags.org.uk. Please note Safety Alerts provided to the AGS will be shared among all members and made available on the website for visitors.
Article Loss Prevention
21st Dec 2015 - by Ann-Marie Casserly
Tags: copyright Intellectual Property Rights IPR Reports
The AGS has recently published a guidance document on Copyright issues arising from the use of consultants' reports and drawings in the planning process, please click here to down for free. It is based on a report prepared by Guy Lane of solicitors BLM following his presentation to the AGS members in March 2013. It gives a useful basic overview of the concepts of copyright protection in the UK and what works created by AGS members may be subject to copyright. A number of examples are given.
The topics covered include a description of the rights which copyright gives rise to, namely economic and moral rights, and who owns those rights and for how long. Infringement of copyright is discussed, as are defences to a claim of infringement, and remedies for infringement.
An important aspect of copyright law for AGS members is that regarding licences. It should not be necessary for the AGS member to give his client copyright in the member's work as a licence should be sufficient for the client to use the member's work for the project for it was intended. Some members might feel that this is unrealistic as their clients might expect that the copyright in the member's work would pass to them. However, giving the client ownership of the copyright in the work may inadvertently give away ownership of valuable know-how and/or stock-in-trade which the member then might not be able to use subsequently in other projects without himself breaching the client's copyright. The member should consider carefully before agreeing to such terms, and should discuss with the client the sufficiency of granting a licence rather than the copyright.
Members must also be careful in using material other than their own in their work. For example, using some short extracts from a report by another consultant supplied by the client, but for a different project, might breach the other consultant's copyright as it is unlikely that a licence would have been granted for its use on the current project. AGS members should be careful with the use of data from other sources, for example borehole logs, and ultimately should seek advice from their solicitors if there is any uncertainty over the intellectual property rights.
The AGS Loss Prevention Working Group would like to hear of any problems, experiences, comments or views members have in relation to copyright issues. If members would like to share this information then please contact the AGS at ags@ags.org.uk.
AGS Guide to Good Report Writing 2015
17th Dec 2015 - by Ann-Marie Casserly
Tags: definitions formatting good practice grammar language Report Report Style spelling
The AGS Guide to Good Practice in Writing Ground Reports has had a 2015 up-date and is now free to download, please click here.
Given that a large proportion of the product that AGS members sell is in the form of written reports, it is vital that this product is fit for purpose. Not only must reports be technically correct and prepared with due care and diligence, they should also look professional and act as an advert for the quality and competence of the author(s) and the Company publishing it.
The AGS guide provides advice to report authors and reviewers on report style, language and definitions. There is a considerable amount of detailed help on these issues in the appendices to the report that staff at all levels in member firms are well advised to read (and to return to).
Although the technical advice in our reports may be sound and competent, the value of that advice can be seriously devalued by some simple common errors in language, formatting, spelling or grammar. These errors often disproportionately adversely affect the perceived quality of the whole report including its technical competence and the advice presented.
My own magnificent seven "favourites" are;
1. Bullet points that do not follow the sense of the introductory phrase.
Activities on site comprise;
– There are unbunded oil storage tanks on site,
– A security guard with a big Alsatian.
2. Very long sentences with multiple verbs and subjects and which cannot be read without pausing for breath.
3. Sentences with no verb at all (and therefore make no sense).
An investigation report dated 2012 as part of a desk study.
4. The spurious use of capital letters.
A Total of fifteen Samples were analysed for a range of Determinands and Geotechnical Properties.
5. The use of vernacular or local dialect in written reports.
He should of ensured samples were taken.
I instructed the driller to carry out SPTs at 1m intervals innit.
6. Repetition.
My unofficial record is seeing "the site" fourteen times in eight lines of text.
7. Incorrect use of apostrophes.
Apostrophes are used to indicate possession or missing letters. They are not used in plurals [PAH's] or because there probably is' one in the sentence somewhere so with any luck you will get it in the right place.
When writing a report (or indeed any official document) if in doubt about phrasing, terminology, spelling or grammar;
i. Use the AGS Guide,
ii. Refer to a dictionary, thesaurus and guide to grammar (e.g. Fowlers) as appropriate, and
iii. Read (and enjoy) Eats, shoots & leaves (Lynne Truss).
And final, please advertise the free availability of the AGS Guide to Good Practice in Writing Ground Reports to all staff in your Company.
Prepared by Hugh Mallett, Loss Prevention Working Group Chair
Article Laboratories
GEOTECHNICAL LABORATORY TESTING TO BS EN ISO 17892: Briefing Note (updated December 2015)
Tags: Labs methodologies progress standards Technical Specifications test procedures
BSI recently published the first two Standards in the series BS EN ISO 17892 with a third standard to be published in the next few weeks. On the day they are published, they supersede the equivalent test methods in BS1377. This note is intended to keep you updated on progress on further Standards in the series. The note will be updated regularly.
In 2004 CEN and ISO published 12 documents in the series EN ISO/TS 17892. These are Technical Specifications, not full Standards, and as such their use is not mandatory. In 2010 CEN and ISO agreed to upgrade these to full EN and ISO Standards.
With CEN leading, and with active ISO participation, CEN Technical Committee 341 (currently Chaired by the UK's John Powell, and with BSI providing the Secretariat) appointed a Working Group (WG6, with the UK's John Masters and then Roger Brown as Convenor, and Alastair McKenzie as Technical Editor) with a mandate to re-write the 12 TS documents so that they get wide-spread acceptance world-wide.
The WG has been working for several years, and has the target to complete all 12 by the end of 2017 ahead of a planned up-issue of Eurocode 7 (BS EN 1997-1 and BS EN 1997-2). The WG consists of technical experts from more than a dozen countries, who are working together to write the Standards encompassing good practice from around the World, using routinely available existing equipment.
Once the WG has produced an acceptable draft, it is put into the public domain for comments in a process called "Parallel Enquiry" (parallel because CEN and ISO run it in parallel, but independently). Draft Standards are in the public domain and available for comment for several months. The WG then gets the comments back to address, either to incorporate into the draft if they agree with them, or to give reasons not to if they disagree. Once the draft is revised, it then goes back to the CEN and ISO Member countries for Final Vote. If successful, CEN and ISO translate the Standard and publish simultaneously in English, French, German and Russian.
UK Implementation:
As members of CEN, the UK must adopt and publish the new Standard within 6 months of publication by CEN and ISO, and simultaneously must withdraw any existing conflicting National Standard. With the first two, BSI published them the same day as CEN and ISO.
Testing can continue to the equivalent BS1377 methods, for example if a contract with a client requires it, but if so, they will need to be reported as for example "BS1377-2, Clause 3.2 – Superseded".
The list overleaf details the 12 Standards in preparation, and the current status of their progress towards publication. Note that the final choice of which test procedures will be in the EN ISO Standard for permeability has not yet been confirmed. Other test methods might be added after these 12, but no decisions have been made yet on what tests these should be.
New Standard Test Superseded/will supersede Current Status Publication
BS EN ISO 17892-1 Moisture/Water content BS1377-2, Sub-clause 3.2 Published 31/12/2014
BS EN ISO 17892-2 Bulk density BS1377-2, Sub-clauses 7.2, 7.3 and 7.4 Published 31/12/2014
BS EN ISO 17892-3 Particle density BS1377-2, Sub-cause 8.3 Approved for publication 15/01/2016 (1)
BS EN ISO 17892-4 Particle size distribution BS1377-2, Clause 9 At Formal Vote early 2016
BS EN ISO 17892-5 Incremental oedometer BS1377-5, Clause 3 Submitted for Formal Vote mid 2016
BS EN ISO 17892-6 Fall cone No BS equivalent Reviewing public comments mid 2016
BS EN ISO 17892-7 UCS test BS1377-7, Clause 5 Parallel Enquiry imminent (2) early 2017
BS EN ISO 17892-8 UU triaxial test BS1377-7, Clause 7 Parallel Enquiry imminent early 2017
BS EN ISO 17892-9 CID, CIU and CAU tests BS1377-8 (replaced in its entirety) Parallel Enquiry imminent early 2017
BS EN ISO 17892-10 Shear-box and ring-shear BS1377-7, Clauses 4, 5 and 6 Under revision in WG6 late 2017
BS EN ISO 17892-11 Permeability tests BS1377-5, Clause 5 and BS1377-6, Clause 5 Under revision in WG6 late 2017
BS EN ISO 17892-12 Plasticity Index tests BS1377-2, Clauses 4 and 5 Under revision in WG6 late 2017
ISO (but not CEN or BS) published an incorrect version on 25/11/2015. The corrected version is due to be published 15/01/2016.
"Imminent" means within the next few months
Future of BS1377:
Four clauses as noted above in BS1377-2:1990 have been withdrawn already. BS1377 will need substantial updating as a result of the publication of the above new Standards. However amendments to BS1377 will lag behind the publication of the replacements, so for example if you buy a copy of BS1377 today, the four withdrawn clauses will still be present. BSI is currently reviewing what will happen to BS1377 in the long run. The 12 new EN ISO Standards do not cover all tests currently in BS1377, so some of it will presumably need to remain in some form or other.
Differences to BS1377:
The EN ISO 17892 Standards contain a number of subtle differences to BS1377. Looking at Part 1 for example, the minimum masses for the water content test are different to BS1377 (although these now become recommended rather than mandatory) and there are minor reporting differences in the water content result (now required to be reported to one decimal place between 10% and 100% water content). And you will need to remember to now call it "water content" instead of "moisture content"!
UKAS are already assessing laboratories against the two new Standards for water content and bulk density. Laboratories with existing accreditation to the equivalent BS1377 method can convert their accreditation by a self-declaration, although not many have done so to date. Although the changes are subtle, labs will have to undertake a proper change-management process, including re-training of for the new methods.
UKAS currently believe this self-declaration mechanism should also be applicable to the further Standards as they are published for those labs already accredited to the equivalent BS1377 methods.
Article Loss Prevention Safety
Loss Prevention CDM 2015
8th Dec 2015 - by Ann-Marie Casserly
Tags: CDM 2015 loss prevention Principal Contractor Principal Designer safety
Image Credit: Ace Work Gear, http://www.aceworkgear.com/brands/portwest-workwear
There appears a general consensus that working for a commercial competent supply chain and client, CDM2015 is reasonably straightforward to comply with. Although the changes are significant, good contractors perform similar duties that have kept them safe in the past.
A competent client will appoint a Principal Designer (PD) and Principal Contractor (PC) in sufficient time for the ground investigation to be undertaken by a contractor using sufficient resources in accordance with the regulations. Everyone knows where they stand.
In other situations, a commercial client may not fulfil their duties for making the appointments; or for providing all the information needed to safely operate the site.
In such circumstances, the contractor may elect to undertake the duties that are missing to get the work done; adopting the PD/PC roles. In effect, treating a commercial client like a domestic client. (Hyperlink to HSE http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg411.pdf)
Where a domestic client appoints only a contractor, the duties are automatically transferred if they do not exist elsewhere. Contractors may think life-of-project organisations like builders/architects/structural engineers are better suited to PD/PC duties, and this is probably true but may be out of the member's control. Members could check whether any written agreements are in place before deciding whether to proceed. "
Contractors that do decide to take on a project in this way should recognise their additional duties (and competencies or otherwise), which can be discovered by looking at the regulations and the guidance. Some highlighted issues are presented below.
The contractor must ensure they have made the client aware of their own duties (either as commercial or domestic client), but also that they are taking on the additional roles (PD/PC) which may require extra resources. This should be done as part of the tendering process/offer of service, AND include details of when these roles will cease plus other limitations.
The contractor still needs to make wider arrangements to manage the site for the duration of the works by performing inductions, ensuring the site is secure, ensure suitable welfare arrangements are in place and generally comply fully with their part 4 duties under the regulations. They should also prepare a Construction Phase Plan (CPP) which will deal with how they intend to arrange the work and how they will manage foreseeable hazards both at and adjacent to the site.
The CPP should also identify any additional information that the contractor needs before starting work. If the client is not able to provide that information (e.g. services location, intrusive asbestos survey, ordnance assessment, etc.) then the contractor should arrange with the client for the work to be carried out.
Where the contractor carries out design work (e.g. temporary works including perimeter fencing, arranging traffic management, ground conditions assessment and alterations, excavation support, etc.) they should ensure they follow the principle of avoid the hazard or use a suitable control measure to minimise risk.
Without clear arrangements to the contrary, there is danger an early stage contractor could be assumed to be responsible for following phases of works. It is therefore important that where a contractor only is appointed, they clearly limit their role.
The following examples show where a contractor (PD/PC) might find unexpected resources required to comply with the regulations.
Obtaining service drawings & checking for unexploded ordnance
Managing extra contractors
Dealing with unexpected visitors
Maintenance of security or welfare where damage occurs
Changing investigation method due new information, unforeseen site conditions, or consequential events
It is probably the role of PD that introduces most uncertainty to the contractor because the role is generally unfamiliar to site staff. For instance, would using a borehole instead of a trial pit represent a clear-cut reduction in risk against striking a service, and is this a designer's decision under CDM 2015?
If you found this article helpful, you may find the AGS Client Guide on CDM2015 useful, to download for free please click here.
Article News Business Practice Executive
AGS BYELAWS
Tags: AGS Byelaws
They have been a long time in the making, but finally the AGS new byelaws are with us! Following a vote by members, in which the new byelaws were almost unanimously accepted, I am pleased to be able to announce that they will take effect immediately. However, we will continue with the same subscriptions format as used the last 2 years, for 2016 –requests have been issued. We anticipate that a revised subscriptions structure will be developed in the coming year to reflect the different composition of membership, in good time for the 2017 subscriptions request being issued. This should not result in increased costs for member companies, the changes in the Byelaws are intended to allow the AGS to reach more of the younger element within member organisations.
I don't intend to comment on the content of the new byelaws in this brief article. I would however direct any members wanting further information on them, to the explanatory article produced by John Talbot who has done much background work in making these a reality.
Why a need for new byelaws?
The AGS is a trade organisation that exists to reflect industry. In doing so, the Association has a duty to ensure that the way in which it conducts itself reflects modern practice, but also serves members to its best ability. The revised byelaws and indeed members' structure of the AGS, reflect a belief that the association needs to engage and interact more effectively with both experienced practitioners, but perhaps more importantly, with the younger end of the profession.
For too long, industry as a whole has failed to provide enough relevant and readily accessible guidance and items of interest to young geo-professionals. Available forums have often been nothing more than talking shops for more senior industry practitioners and there has been little to stimulate either recent graduates or indeed students who are studying at HEI's.
In recognising that industry needs to engage with these young geo-professionals, the AGS has deliberately restructured the membership classes so as to provide better access to the Association. Other initiatives including a new website and easier access to both guidance notes and publications are aimed at ensuring that all practitioners regardless of career status, contractor, consultant or supplier, will find items of interest within the AGS.
Ongoing change
This transformation of the Association is not complete and will continue apace through 2016. For example, the Articles of Association require changing, partially so that they are aligned with the new Byelaws, but most importantly to comply with the current Companies Act 2006. The original Articles were drawn up in 1991, based on the former Companies Acts of 1985-89, so they are now well and truly obsolete. Several working groups within the AGS have been given mandates to look at both technical document offerings and marketing of the AGS and its services. We will be seeking input from all sections of the industry, to ensure that the AGS continues to be relevant and provides a service fit for the industry in future years.
The AGS has members who serve on all the major industry professional and learned bodies, including the ICE, Geological Society, Ground Forum, BGA, EGGS and the BDA to name but a few. By having such representation across the geotechnical and environmental sectors, the AGS committee is able to continue to keep abreast of all new developments and more crucially provide commentary and advice to members on matters of potential interest and, or, concern.
In summary then, the AGS is changing. However this is not change for change's sake but, as I have mentioned, rather to ensure that as a trade association, the AGS provides a service of value to its members, and crucially a service relevant to today's needs, but able to adapt to tomorrow's challenges.
Article Contaminated Land
The Specialist in Land Condition (SiLC) Register Scheme
13th Aug 2015 - by Ann-Marie Casserly
Tags: SiLC; Land Condition Record; LCR;
The Specialist in Land Condition (SiLC) Register Scheme was designed to support the use of the Land Condition Record (LCR), launched by the Urban Task Force in 1999 and to recognise the skills of those working in the broader land condition sector. It now provides a wider recognition of competence in the land condition field, but the LCR remains as a working tool.
A registered SiLC is a senior practitioner who has a broad awareness, knowledge and understanding of land condition issues. They can provide impartial and professional advice in their field of expertise and can verify the accuracy of a completed LCR.
The SiLC Register brings together professionals from a broad range of backgrounds who advise on land condition matters.
To become a SiLC you must have sufficient and relevant work experience since graduation and be a member of a professional body at an appropriate level. SiLCs are also required to complete an application and pass a written assessment and peer interview.
The application deadline for the next round of SiLC exams is on the 7th September 2015. The written test will take place between the 21st September and the 12th October 2015. Interviews will follow for successful candidates from the 30th November until 11th December 2015.
If you are interested in becoming a SiLC please visit their website for further information including fees, introduction days, the application form and candidate guidelines.
Duress or Commercial Reality?
Tags: clients commercial contract duress indemnity liability pressure
By Zita Mansi, BLM Solicitors
An AGS member queried whether he has any redress in circumstances where he is obliged to sign a contract with onerous terms in order to receive payment for work he has already carried out. The onerous terms might include, for example, provision of a Limit of Indemnity of £5million where the fee is only £5,000, the risk of which had not been priced into the fee agreed for the work, or long payment periods of 60 or 90 days.
In such a situation, the member must choose between agreeing to the onerous terms or suing the client for its unpaid fees (which is often a commercially unattractive option). The member queried whether this qualified as "duress".
The necessary ingredients for a successful economic duress claim are:
Pressure which is illegitimate;
This pressure is a significant cause inducing the "victim" to enter into the contract; and
The practical effect of the pressure is that there is compulsion on or a lack of practical choice for, the victim.
If the above ingredients are established then the victim of the duress is entitled to accept the term and later pursue a claim for undue influence in order render the contract void.
The courts have held, that "illegitimate pressure must be distinguished from the rough and tumble of the pressures of normal commercial bargaining." Cases where pressure has been considered "illegitimate" are those where the perpetrator has committed a crime, a tort or a breach of contract.
Establishing that the victim had no realistic practical alternative but to submit to the pressure is also a high hurdle to overcome. In the scenario described above, the AGS member could (a) refuse to commence work until satisfactory terms are agreed or (b) carry out the work and then sue the client for payment if reasonable terms cannot be agreed. Although these options are commercially undesirable, they are practical options nevertheless
Ideally, no AGS member would carry out any significant work unless and until satisfactory contract terms had been agreed in writing. However, there are many reasons why this may not happen in practice. For example, the works may be required urgently so that only the most basic terms, such as the scope of works, price and timescale, are discussed verbally beforehand. AGS members would do well to have a set of their own standard terms and conditions that can be quickly adapted and sent to their clients before commencing work, for use in such situations.
Members can also refer their clients to the AGS Client Guide on Limitation of Liability Clauses, and Professional Indemnity Insurance which may assist their negotiations.
Article Contaminated Land Loss Prevention
Deleterious Materials – Good Practice in Use and Specification
5th Aug 2015 - by Ann-Marie Casserly
Tags: Asbestos; Deleterious Materials; Contracts; Made Ground; Hazardous Materials;
Written by Hugh Mallett, Chair of the AGS Loss Prevention Working Group
Despite the publication of the British Council of Offices "Good Practice Guidance in the selection of construction materials (Ref 1) we are still seeing some contracts in which clauses prohibit the use of "deleterious materials". Typically, these clauses will then provide a list of prohibited materials, which usually includes asbestos.
This can cause particular issues when the earthworks on a site include the re-use of Made Ground (Fill). Typically analysis of this material on most sites in the UK will indicate that some samples of that material include asbestos containing materials. With an improved screening test (since about 2010) asbestos is often being detected in a proportion of samples of Made Ground at a large majority of sites. Typically the analyst reports that for samples subject to screening, whether or not any of the three main types of asbestos (amosite, chrysotile and crocidolite) are "detected" or "not detected". Further testing to quantify the amount of asbestos in the soil sample may often then reveal that a proportion of samples where asbestos was detected, the quantity of is <0.001% (the limit of quantification). Such a material would now fail to comply with a clause that prohibits the presence of "any deleterious materials".
As long ago as 1997, the BRE (Ref 2) and the BCO (Ref 3) published advice promoting a change in the practice of including lists of excluded materials in contract documentation. Those documents encouraged a change in emphasis from the exclusion of materials to ensuring good practice in their selection. Accordingly it became more common for contract documents to refrain from including exhaustive lists of prohibited materials, instead referring to the BCO and BRE reports, such as that presented below.
Prohibited Materials means any materials:
(a) which by their nature or application contravene any relevant British Standard or EU equivalent
(b) which contravene the recommendations of the British Council for Offices' publication Good Practice in the Selection of Construction Materials (2011) or
(c) which are generally considered to be deleterious within the building design professions in the UK at the time of specification or approval;
The Consultant further warrants to the Client that it has not specified for use and will use the standard of skill and care provided for in clause 3.1 not to specify for use and will use such reasonable skill and care consistent with the supervisory and inspection responsibilities to be undertaken as part of the Services to see that there shall not be used in the Works any materials which at the time of specification or use (as the case may be):
are known to be deleterious when used in the manner in which they are to be used (either to health and safety or to the durability of the Works); or
contravene any relevant standard or code of practice issued from time to time by the BSI Group or under a European directive relating to standards; or good building practice; or
do not accord with the guidelines contained in the edition of the publication Good Practice in the Selection of Construction Materials (British Council for Offices (BCO)), current at the date of specification or use.
Current difficulties
However, notwithstanding this good advice and the ready availability of relatively standard clauses of the type presented above, it is still not uncommon for some contracts to prohibit materials in a way that is not helpful. For example;
Contracts which attempt to indemnify the Client from "any proper costs claims damages losses penalties fines liabilities encumbrances liens costs or expenses which might be incurred or suffered by the owner or occupier of the Premises as a result of the existence of Hazardous Materials upon about above or beneath the Premises" and then defines "Hazardous Materials" as any substance which contains asbestos. From the discussion above, this would include almost all Made Ground where some asbestos (even if only present in trace amounts) is likely to be present.
Furthermore, clauses can require that "Works shall not include retention of asbestos or asbestos containing material (ACM) within made ground on the Premises where any Survey discloses ACM content greater than 0.1% w/w. In that event, Remediation Works must achieve a reduction of overall ACM within the made ground through controlled screening and picking below 0.1% w/w."
Firstly, it is difficult to demonstrate conclusively that ACM in Made Ground are above or below this threshold [due to sampling/ testing issues] and to define any areas where such contamination was present would be problematic and could become contentious. Secondly (and more importantly) – this requirement is contrary to the risk based approach to remediation that is current policy and which is promoted in the Good Practice guidance. Essentially, the provision requires that if there is Made Ground with ACMs in it at > 0.1% but that this soil is at depth (say >1m) and which will then be covered by a building or car parking and therefore presents no risk to anybody or the environment, nonetheless, it would have to be excavated, screened and the ACMs removed until you could conclusively demonstrate that the ACMs in the whole mass of soil were <0.1%. On a risk based remediation, all that would be required is that a record of the presence of the ACMs buried beneath the buildings/ car park was retained (e.g. in the Verification Report and recorded in the Health and Safety file) such that if in the future someone was to excavate into this material, the potential risks could be appropriately mitigated.
AGS Members are recommended to scrutinise clauses which refer to the selection / retention of materials which may be considered hazardous in particular circumstances. They should not agree to the inclusion of clauses which are contrary to the advice in the BCO document but should seek to include clauses which refer to and accord with the guidelines contained in the BCO "Good Practice in the Selection of Construction Materials" and /or include a qualifying phrase about the particular use of materials which may or may not be deleterious dependent upon specific use(s).
1. British Council for Offices. Good practice in the selection of construction materials 2011.
2. BRE. List of excluded materials – a change in practice. Digest 425. Sept 1997
3. British Council for Offices. Good practice in the selection of construction materials. 1997
BS5930:2015 – the new version of the Standard on Ground Investigation is now available
30th Jul 2015 - by Ann-Marie Casserly
Tags: BS5930 Code of practice ground investigation
Written by David Norbury – Independent Consultant and Chair of the Revision Panel
BS5930 has underpinned ground investigation practice in the UK and abroad since its original publication in 1981. The original version broke new ground by standardising for the first time many of the aspects of an investigation and was published at about the same time as international guidance from ISRM and IAEG on similar themes. This standard always had wider coverage by including guidance on selection of drilling methods, and covering field and laboratory tests.
The subsequent 1999 revision was an update to reflect the ongoing evolution of investigation methods. Since then there have been two major amendments 2007 and 2010) to incorporate the requirements of EN standards related to Eurocodes, specifically the standards associated with EN1997-2, in sampling, testing and soil and rock description. BSI rules do not permit additional amendments, and the decision was taken to undertake a full revision not only to include additional requirements relating to the Eurocodes but also to ensure that current best practice was incorporated throughout the document.
BS 5930:2015 presents an update on the requirements for the investigation of sites in order to assess their suitability for construction and to identify the characteristics of a site that affect the design and construction of the project. The Standard emphasises the importance of the evolving ground model and that ground investigation is not necessarily a linear process. It also considers related issues including the environment and the security of adjacent land and property.
According to the drafting panel, BS 5930 should be used on all investigations to help ensure:
geotechnical design and ground investigations are achieving the best results;
UK practitioners are carrying out their work in ground investigation and geotechnical design in accordance with the latest EN and ISO standards;
UK practitioners can export their skills to other countries where the same international standards are in use;
the most appropriate equipment is deployed to carry out ground investigation from selection of exploratory techniques, to methods of sampling, testing and measurement;
complete, accurate and informative description of the soils and rocks encountered; and
complete reporting of the investigation for use by others in the design chain whether by paper, pdf and digital data transfer formats.
Apart from changing the title from 'site' to 'ground' investigations, readers might not see much change in the content. However, a lot of effort has been input to update best and current practice, accommodate EN ISO standards and to cut repetition. Not least, the structure of the content has been significantly revised and the Section headings of the revised standard are listed below. Several of these sections have been raised from clause to section level, as denoted by an asterisk below, to better reflect their importance to the investigation process.
Preliminary considerations
Desk studies and field reconnaissance**
Planning ground investigations
Geophysical field investigations**
Description of soils and rocks
Field instrumentation**
Laboratory tests on samples
Reports and interpretation
Review during and after construction
The schedule of Annexes supporting the main text is as follows:
National safety legislation**
General information required for desk study
Notes on field reconnaissance**
Detailed information for design and construction
Ground Investigation in ground affected by voids *
Photographic records**
Integrated investigations**
The revision process started in late 2011 and was completed in late 2014 when the draft for public comment was issued. The pubic certainly commented with over 1000 comments being received – the largest number ever seen by BSI. A period of intense work in early 2015 saw these comments reviewed and incorporated ready for publication in July 2015. The four year period to revise such a large standard is testament to a lot of hard work by the members of the Panel listed here for the record:
David Norbury representing the Geological Society of London
David Entwisle representing AGS
Dick Gosling representing British Drilling Association
John Powell present as Chair of B/526/3
Andrew Ridley co-opted to writ on instrumentation
Mike Smith present to guide us on integrated investigations
Graham Taylor representing British Geotechnical Association
and with significant contributions from George Tuckwell on geophysics and Tom Phillips on safety, and not forgetting our patient editor Mary Groom.
Download your copy here.
Applying 2015 CDM Regulations to Ground Investigation
1st Jul 2015 - by Ann-Marie Casserly
Tags: AGS CDM 2015 CGL Construction Design Management ground investigation safety
Construction Design Management (CDM) updated their regulations earlier in the year to further improve health and safety across the construction industry and manage risk accordingly.
Is your Company up to speed with the new changes? Do you know how the new regulations affect ground investigation? Jo Strange, Technical Director of CGL and an active member of the AGS Loss Prevention Working Group, has written an insightful article in this month's Ground Engineering magazine on Applying 2015 CDM regulations to ground investigation. To read the article in its entirety, please click here
What are your thoughts on the new CDM regulations? Share your opinion on the AGS LinkedIn Group
The AGS Safety Working will be issuing guidance on CDM shortly, watch this space!


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text:
Home » Snyder's-Lance completes acquisition of Diamond Foods
Snack ProductsIndustry NewsChipsNuts & Trail MixesPopcornPretzels
Snyder's-Lance completes acquisition of Diamond Foods
KEYWORDS popcorn / potato chips / pretzels / snack industry / snack nuts
Snyder's-Lance Inc., Charlotte, NC, completed of its acquisition of Diamond Foods Inc., San Francisco, on Feb. 29. Per terms of the deal, Snyder's-Lance has acquired all outstanding shares of Diamond Foods in a cash and stock merger transaction. Diamond Foods stockholders received 0.775 Snyder's-Lance shares and $12.50 in cash per share of Diamond Foods.
The acquisition creates an international snack foods company with an innovative and diversified product portfolio. The addition of snack food brands such as Kettle Brand potato chips, KETTLE Chips, Pop Secret popcorn, Emerald snack nuts and Diamond of California culinary nuts positions Snyder's-Lance to compete more broadly and with enhanced capabilities. According to Snyder's-Lance, each of these brands brings unique strengths to support its strategic plan, while increasing its annualized net revenue to approximately $2.6 billion.
The transaction also expands Snyder's-Lance's overall footprint in "better-for-you" snacking and increases its natural food channel presence. The company reaffirmed estimated annualized synergies from cost savings of $75 million, with approximately $10 million to be reinvested in its growth plans. Snyder's-Lance expects the transaction to be immediately accretive to 2016 annualized earnings.
"We are very excited to have completed the acquisition of Diamond Foods and look forward to starting this new chapter in our company's history," says Carl E. Lee Jr., president and CEO of Snyder's-Lance. "Diamond has been a powerful industry leader in snack foods with exceptional brands, and we're excited to bring these two great teams together. With products that deliver exceptional taste, quality and innovation across our entire portfolio, we know the Diamond Foods brands will work perfectly alongside our Snyder's-Lance lineup. By bringing together the resources and expertise of the Snyder's-Lance and Diamond teams, we expect to see widening profit margins as we gain synergies and progress though our integration plans over the next 12 to 24 months. With the combined power of our sales teams, we will continue driving new product innovation as we broaden our geographic and consumer reach. We welcome the Diamond team to the Snyder's-Lance family and look forward to winning together."
Snyder's-Lance to acquire Diamond Foods
Snyder's-Lance completes divestiture of Private Brands
8th Avenue Food & Provisions Inc. completes acquisition of Ronzono Dry Pasta Brand from Riviana Foods
Snyder's-Lance introduces Clearview Foods Division

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Laravel Model Relationship between Students and Courses I have a Model Student and Course.
Here's what I am trying to get from those models,
Every student is enrolled to one course and the way I save it to the database is like below,
Student Info..., course_id... <- which is basically taken from the Courses table

I want to retrieve the Course name since I already have the course_id stored in the Students table.
I designed the model like:
//Course Model
class Course extends Model
{
    public function student(){
        return $this->belongsToMany('App\Student');
    }
}

//Student Model
class Student extends Model
{
    public function course(){
        return $this->hasOne('App\Course');
    }
}

But I don't know how to or what to do next, I am really new to Eloquent approach.
Need help.
I tried to retrieve the Course name using the code below :
$students = Student::all();

@foreach($students as $student)
   $student->course->name
....

but I think it is wrong, I'm only getting an error about unknown column

A: Instead of using belongsToMany for student relation in Course.php model,
Use hasMany function like:
//Course Model
class Course extends Model
{
    public function student(){
        return $this->hasMany('App\Student');
    }
}

//Student Model
Since, student belongs to course, you should use belongsTo instead of hasOne
class Student extends Model
{
    public function course(){
        return $this->belongsTo('App\Course');
    }
}

In order to optimize the query for retrieving all related courses, you can use with Eagar Loading relationship like:
$students = Student::with('course')->all();

@foreach($students as $student)
//If incase there are no course related to the student
   $student->course->name ?? null
....

A: Previous Code :
//Course Model
class Course extends Model
{
   public function student(){
      return $this->belongsToMany('App\Student');
   }
}

//Student Model
class Student extends Model
{
   public function course(){
      return $this->hasOne('App\Course');
   }
}

Replace with :
//Course Model
 class Course extends Model
 {
    public function students(){
       return $this->hasMany(Student::class); // '\App\Student' also ok
    }
 }

 //Student Model
 class Student extends Model
 {
    public function course(){
      return $this->belongsTo(Course::class);
    }
  }

Why belongsTo at Student Model ?

Inside : When a table primary key assign in another table as foreign key then you should add belongsTo this assigning table.
Here Courses table primary id assigned as foreign key at Students table

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Panel B: Representative Reported Pathogenic Polypeptide Mutations, non-LHON for various phenotypic presentations selected from over 250 reported variants. Additional reports are here.
Abbreviations AD = Alzheimer disease; ADPD = Alzheimer plus Parkinson disease; CPEO = chronic progressive ophthalmoplegia; DEAF = deafness, sensorineural hearing loss; ESOC = Epilepsy, Strokes, Optic atrophy, and Cognitive decline; EXIT: Exercise Intolerance; FBSN = Familial Bilateral Striatal Necrosis; HCM = Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy; MM = Mitochondrial Myopathy; MERRF = Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged Red Fiber Disease; MELAS = Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-Like Episodes; NAION = Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy; NARP = Neurogenic Muscle Weakness, Ataxia, and Retinitis Pigmentosa; NIDDM = Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus; PEM = Progressive Encephalopathy; PEO = Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia; PD = Parkinson Disease; SNHL = Sensory Neural Hearing Loss; SIDA: Sideroblastic Anemia. Ho = homoplasmic; He = heteroplasmic; Rep = Reported/provisional mutations that have been reported one or a few times in associated with disease but are not confirmed as pathogenic; P.M. = (point mutation/polymorphism) status indicates that some published reports have determined the mutation to be a non-pathogenic population variant.
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1. Blakely, E. L., de Silva, R., King, A., Schwarzer, V., Harrower, T., Dawidek, G., Turnbull, D. M. and Taylor, R. W. (2005). "LHON/MELAS overlap syndrome associated with a mitochondrial MTND1 gene mutation". European Journal of Human Genetics 13(5):623-627.
2. Kollberg, G., Moslemi, A. R., Lindberg, C., Holme, E. and Oldfors, A. (2005). "Mitochondrial myopathy and rhabdomyolysis associated with a novel nonsense mutation in the gene encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I". Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 64(2):123-128.
3. Moslemi, A. R., Darin, N., Tulinius, M., Oldfors, A. and Holme, E. (2005). "Two new mutations in the MTATP6 gene associated with Leigh syndrome". Neuropediatrics 36(5):314-318.
4. Wang, Q., Li, R., Zhao, H., Peters, J. L., Liu, Q., Yang, L., Han, D., Greinwald, J. H., Jr., Young, W. Y. and Guan, M. X. (2005). "Clinical and molecular characterization of a Chinese patient with auditory neuropathy associated with mitochondrial 12S rRNA T1095C mutation". American Journal of Medical Genetics 133A(1):27-30.
5. Kirby, D. M., McFarland, R., Ohtake, A., Dunning, C., Ryan, M. T., Wilson, C., Ketteridge, D., Turnbull, D. M., Thorburn, D. R. and Taylor, R. W. (2004). "Mutations of the mitochondrial ND1 gene as a cause of MELAS". Journal of Medical Genetics 41(10):784-789.
6. McFarland, R., Taylor, R. W., Chinnery, P. F., Howell, N. and Turnbull, D. M. (2004). "A novel sporadic mutation in cytochrome c oxidase subunit II as a cause of rhabdomyolysis". Neuromuscular Disorders 14(2):162-166.
7. Tarnopolsky, M. A., Simon, D. K., Roy, B. D., Chorneyko, K., Lowther, S. A., Johns, D. R., Sandhu, J. K., Li, Y. and Sikorska, M. (2004). "Attenuation of free radical production and paracrystalline inclusions by creatine supplementation in a patient with a novel cytochrome b mutation". Muscle and Nerve 29(4):537-547.
8. Crimi, M., Galbiati, S., Moroni, I., Bordoni, A., Perini, M. P., Lamantea, E., Sciacco, M., Zeviani, M., Biunno, I., Moggio, M., Scarlato, G. and Comi, G. P. (2003). "A missense mutation in the mitochondrial ND5 gene associated with a Leigh-MELAS overlap syndrome". Neurology 60(11):1857-1861.
9. Liolitsa, D., Rahman, S., Benton, S., Carr, L. J. and Hanna, M. G. (2003). "Is the mitochondrial complex I ND5 gene a hot-spot for MELAS causing mutations?". Annals of Neurology 53(1):128-132.
10. Pulkes, T., Liolitsa, D., Nelson, I. P. and Hanna, M. G. (2003). "Classical mitochondrial phenotypes without mtDNA mutations: The possible role of nuclear genes". Neurology 61(8):1144-1147.
11. Simon, D. K., Friedman, J., Breakefield, X. O., Jankovic, J., Brin, M. F., Provias, J., Bressman, S. B., Charness, M. E., Tarsy, D., Johns, D. R. and Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2003). "A heteroplasmic mitochondrial complex I gene mutation in adult-onset dystonia". Neurogenetics 4(4):199-205.
12. Temperley, R. J., Seneca, S. H., Tonska, K., Bartnik, E., Bindoff, L. A., Lightowlers, R. N. and Chrzanowska-Lightowlers, Z. M. (2003). "Investigation of a pathogenic mtDNA microdeletion reveals a translation-dependent deadenylation decay pathway in human mitochondria". Human Molecular Genetics 12(18):2341-2348.
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14. Varlamov, D. A., Kudin, A. P., Vielhaber, S., Schroder, R., Sassen, R., Becker, A., Kunz, D., Haug, K., Rebstock, J., Heils, A., Elger, C. E. and Kunz, W. S. (2002). "Metabolic consequences of a novel missense mutation of the mtDNA CO I gene". Human Molecular Genetics 11(16):1797-1805.
15. Campos, Y., Garcia-Redondo, A., Fernandez-Moreno, M. A., Martinez-Pardo, M., Goda, G., Rubio, J. C., Martin, M. A., del Hoyo, P., Cabello, A., Bornstein, B., Garesse, R. and Arenas, J. (2001). "Early-onset multisystem mitochondrial disorder caused by a nonsense mutation in the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome C oxidase II gene". Annals of Neurology 50(3):409-413.
16. Legros, F., Chatzoglou, E., Frachon, P., Ogier De Baulny, H., Laforet, P., Jardel, C., Godinot, C. and Lombes, A. (2001). "Functional characterization of novel mutations in the human cytochrome b gene". European Journal of Human Genetics 9(7):510-518.
17. Ravn, K., Wibrand, F., Hansen, F. J., Horn, N., Rosenberg, T. and Schwartz, M. (2001). "An mtDNA mutation, 14453G-A, in the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 associated with severe MELAS syndrome". European Journal of Human Genetics 9(10):805-809.
18. Wibrand, F., Ravn, K., Schwartz, M., Rosenberg, T., Horn, N. and Vissing, J. (2001). "Multisystem disorder associated with a missense mutation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene". Annals of Neurology 50(4):540-543.
19. Wong, L. J., Dai, P., Tan, D., Lipson, M., Grix, A., Sifry-Platt, M., Gropman, A. and Chen, T. J. (2001). "Severe lactic acidosis caused by a novel frame-shift mutation in mitochondrial-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit II". American Journal of Medical Genetics 102(1):95-99.
20. Andreu, A. L., Checcarelli, N., Iwata, S., Shanske, S. and DiMauro, S. (2000). "A missense mutation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in a revisited case with histiocytoid cardiomyopathy". Pediatric Research 48(3):311-314.
21. Carrozzo, R., Murray, J., Santorelli, F. M. and Capaldi, R. A. (2000). "The T9176G mutation of human mtDNA gives a fully assembled but inactive ATP synthase when modeled in Escherichia coli". FEBS Letters 486(3):297-299.
22. Karadimas, C. L., Greenstein, P., Sue, C. M., Joseph, J. T., Tanji, K., Haller, R. G., Taivassalo, T., Davidson, M. M., Shanske, S., Bonilla, E. and DiMauro, S. (2000). "Recurrent myoglobinuria due to a nonsense mutation in the COX I gene of mitochondrial DNA". Neurology 55(5):644-649.
23. Keightley, J. A., Anitori, R., Burton, M. D., Quan, F., Buist, N. R. and Kennaway, N. G. (2000). "Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and complex III deficiency associated with a stop-codon mutation in the cytochrome b gene". American Journal of Human Genetics 67(6):1400-1410.
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25. Andreu, A. L., Bruno, C., Dunne, T. C., Tanji, K., Shanske, S., Sue, C. M., Krishna, S., Hadjigeorgiou, G. M., Shtilbans, A., Bonilla, E. and DiMauro, S. (1999). "A nonsense mutation (G15059A) in the cytochrome b gene in a patient with exercise intolerance and myoglobinuria". Annals of Neurology 45(1):127-130.
26. Andreu, A. L., Hanna, M. G., Reichmann, H., Bruno, C., Penn, A. S., Tanji, K., Pallotti, F., Iwata, S., Bonilla, E., Lach, B., Morgan-Hughes, J. and DiMauro, S. (1999). "Exercise intolerance due to mutations in the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA". The New England Journal of Medicine 341(14):1037-1044.
27. Andreu, A. L., Tanji, K., Bruno, C., Hadjigeorgiou, G. M., Sue, C. M., Jay, C., Ohnishi, T., Shanske, S., Bonilla, E. and DiMauro, S. (1999). "Exercise intolerance due to a nonsense mutation in the mtDNA ND4 gene". Annals of Neurology 45(6):820-823.
28. Bruno, C., Martinuzzi, A., Tang, Y., Andreu, A. L., Pallotti, F., Bonilla, E., Shanske, S., Fu, J., Sue, C. M., Angelini, C., DiMauro, S. and Manfredi, G. (1999). "A stop-codon mutation in the human mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase I gene disrupts the functional structure of complex IV". American Journal of Human Genetics 65(3):611-620.
29. Clark, K. M., Taylor, R. W., Johnson, M. A., Chinnery, P. F., Chrzanowska-Lightowlers, Z. M., Andrews, R. M., Nelson, I. P., Wood, N. W., Lamont, P. J., Hanna, M. G., Lightowlers, R. N. and Turnbull, D. M. (1999). "An mtDNA mutation in the initiation codon of the cytochrome C oxidase subunit II gene results in lower levels of the protein and a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy". American Journal of Human Genetics 64(5):1330-1339.
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31. Pandya, A., Xia, X. J., Erdenetungalag, R., Amendola, M., Landa, B., Radnaabazar, J., Dangaasuren, B., Van Tuyle, G. and Nance, W. E. (1999). "Heterogenous point mutations in the mitochondrial tRNA Ser(UCN) precursor coexisting with the A1555G mutation in deaf students from Mongolia". American Journal of Human Genetics 65(6):1803-1806.
32. Rahman, S., Taanman, J. W., Cooper, J. M., Nelson, I., Hargreaves, I., Meunier, B., Hanna, M. G., Garcia, J. J., Capaldi, R. A., Lake, B. D., Leonard, J. V. and Schapira, A. H. (1999). "A missense mutation of cytochrome oxidase subunit II causes defective assembly and myopathy". American Journal of Human Genetics 65(4):1030-1039.
33. Valnot, I., Kassis, J., Chretien, D., de Lonlay, P., Parfait, B., Munnich, A., Kachaner, J., Rustin, P. and Rotig, A. (1999). "A mitochondrial cytochrome b mutation but no mutations of nuclearly encoded subunits in ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase (complex III) deficiency". Human Genetics 104(6):460-466.
34. Andreu, A. L., Bruno, C., Shanske, S., Shtilbans, A., Hirano, M., Krishna, S., Hayward, L., Systrom, D. S., Brown, R. H., Jr. and DiMauro, S. (1998). "Missense mutation in the mtDNA cytochrome b gene in a patient with myopathy". Neurology 51(5):1444-1447.
35. Comi, G. P., Bordoni, A., Salani, S., Franceschina, L., Sciacco, M., Prelle, A., Fortunato, F., Zeviani, M., Napoli, L., Bresolin, N., Moggio, M., Ausenda, C. D., Taanman, J. W. and Scarlato, G. (1998). "Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I microdeletion in a patient with motor neuron disease". Annals of Neurology 43(1):110-116.
36. Hanna, M. G., Nelson, I. P., Rahman, S., Lane, R. J., Land, J., Heales, S., Cooper, M. J., Schapira, A. H., Morgan-Hughes, J. A. and Wood, N. W. (1998). "Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency associated with the first stop-codon point mutation in human mtDNA". American Journal of Human Genetics 63(1):29-36.
37. Kennaway, N. G., Keightley, J. A., Burton, M. D., Quan, F., Libby, B. D. and Buist, N. M. R. (1998). Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy associated with a nonsense mutation in the cytochrome b (Abstract). In: UCSD Mitochondrial Medicine Conference. San Diego, California, USA. February 19-21, 1998.". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 63(1):49.
38. Tawata, M., Ohtaka, M., Iwase, E., Ikegishi, Y., Aida, K. and Onaya, T. (1998). "New mitochondrial DNA homoplasmic mutations associated with Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes". Diabetes 47(2):276-277.
39. Campos, Y., Martin, M. A., Rubio, J. C., Gutierrez del Olmo, M. C., Cabello, A. and Arenas, J. (1997). "Bilateral striatal necrosis and MELAS associated with a new T3308C mutation in the mitochondrial ND1 gene". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 238(2):323-325.
40. Gattermann, N., Retzlaff, S., Wang, Y. L., Hofhaus, G., Heinisch, J., Aul, C. and Schneider, W. (1997). "Heteroplasmic point mutations of mitochondrial DNA affecting subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase in two patients with acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia". Blood 90(12):4961-4972.
41. Dumoulin, R., Sagnol, I., Ferlin, T., Bozon, D., Stepien, G. and Mousson, B. (1996). A novel gly290asp mitochondrial cytochrome b mutation linked to a complex III deficiency in progressive exercise intolerance". Molecular and Cellular Probes 10(5):389-391.
42. Kennaway, N. G., Keightley, J. A., Burton, M., Hoffbuhr, K. and Buist, N. R. M. (1995). "Single fiber analysis of muscle from a patient with a microdeletion in the gene for cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunit III. (Abstract FC084)." EUROMIT III, The Third International Meeting on Human Mitochondrial Pathology, Chantilly, France:64.
43. Manfredi, G., Schon, E. A., Moraes, C. T., Bonilla, E., Berry, G. T., Sladky, J. T. and DiMauro, S. (1995). "A new mutation associated with MELAS is located in a mitochondrial DNA polypeptide-coding gene". Neuromuscular Disorders 5(5):391-398.
44. Thyagarajan, D., Shanske, S., Vazquez-Memije, M., De Vivo, D. and DiMauro, S. (1995). "A novel mitochondrial ATPase 6 point mutation in familial bilateral striatal necrosis". Annals of Neurology 38(3):468-472.
45. Kennaway, N. G., Burton, M. D., Hall, R. E., Johnston, W. S. W., Keightley, J. A., Salas, V. M. and Tindle, N. A. (1994). Mitochondrial myopathy and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency associated with a 15 bp deletion in the gene for COX subunit III. (Abstract 827)". Neurology 44 Suppl 2(4):A335.
46. Kosel, S., Egensperger, R., Mehraein, P. and Graeber, M. B. (1994). "No association of mutations at nucleotide 5460 of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase with Alzheimer's disease". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 203(2):745-749.
47. Manfredi, G., Bonilla, E., Schon, E. A., DiMauro, S. and Moraes, C. (1994). "A mitochondrial DNA missense mutation in the cytochrome oxidase subunit III gene associated with a progressive encephalopathy." Miami Short Reports 4:17.
48. Sakuta, R., Goto, Y., Nonaka, I. and Horai, S. (1993). "An A-to-G transition at nucleotide pair 11084 in the ND4 gene may be an mtDNA polymorphism". American Journal of Human Genetics 53(4):964-965.
49. Shoffner, J. M., Brown, M. D., Torroni, A., Lott, M. T., Cabell, M. R., Mirra, S. S., Beal, M. F., Yang, C., Gearing, M., Salvo, R., Watts, R. L., Juncos, J. L., Hansen, L. A., Crain, B. J., Fayad, M., Reckord, C. L. and Wallace, D. C. (1993). "Mitochondrial DNA variants observed in Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease patients". Genomics 17(1):171-184.
50. Lertrit, P., Noer, A. S., Jean-Francois, M. J., Kapsa, R., Dennett, X., Thyagarajan, D., Lethlean, K., Byrne, E. and Marzuki, S. (1992). A new disease-related mutation for mitochondrial encephalopathy lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes (MELAS) syndrome affects the ND4 subunit of the respiratory complex I". American Journal of Human Genetics 51(3):457-468.
51. Lin, F., Lin, R., Wisniewski, H. M., Hwang, Y., Grundke-Iqbal, I., Healy-Louie, G. and Iqbal, K. (1992). "Detection of point mutations in codon 331 of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 in Alzheimer's brains". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 182(1):238-246.
52. Petruzzella, V., Chen, X. and Schon, E. A. (1992). "Is a point mutation in the mitochondrial ND2 gene associated with Alzheimer's disease?". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 186(1):491-497.
53. Wallace, D. C., Shoffner, J. M., Brown, M. D., Torroni, A., Lott, M. T. and Cabell, M. (1992). "Mitochondrial DNA mutations associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease." American Journal of Human Genetics 51:A30.
The original version of this table was posted in 2006, reproduced with permission from PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MEDICAL GENETICS, 5/e. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd.


text:
Home News Divine intervention! Miracle of boy, 9, saved by his crucifix necklace that stopped stray bullet penetrating his chest as he played outside his Argentinian home
Divine intervention! Miracle of boy, 9, saved by his crucifix necklace that stopped stray bullet penetrating his chest as he played outside his Argentinian home
Tiziano was playing with family on New Year's Eve outside his home in Las Talitas
The nine-year-old was struck by a stray bullet and was taken to hospital
But he suffered only superficial injuries and was released within an hour
His family then found his broken crucifix on the ground beside the bulletA boy has cheated death after his crucifix necklace stopped a stray bullet from penetrating his chest in Argentina.
Tiziano, nine, was shot on the doorstep of his home in Las Talitas on New Year's Eve but was saved by what his mother described as a 'miracle'.
The youngster was celebrating the end of year festivities with his family and was playing with his sister and cousin.
A boy has cheated death after his crucifix necklace stopped a stray bullet from penetrating his chest in Argentina
Tiziano, nine, was shot on the doorstep of his home in Las Talitas on New Year's Eve but was saved by what his mother described as a 'miracle'
He felt a sudden pain in his chest and saw a bullet on the ground next to him.Tiziano was taken to hospital where doctors found only a superficial wound which was treated within an hour.After he returned home, the boy's aunt found his crucifix necklace on the ground.
The silver cross which Tiziano had received as a gift from his father David, 36, had a hole in the middle where the bullet had entered.
Tiziano was taken to hospital where doctors found only a superficial wound which was treated within an hour
The silver cross which Tiziano had received as a gift from his father David, 36, had a hole in the middle where the bullet had entered
The boy said he hadn't realised the crucifix had saved him until he saw the necklace which fell off in the shooting.
His mother Alejandra said Tiziano was blessed and is a blessing to her and his father.
She said: 'He is here thank God. For us it is a miracle.
'We took him to church, he talked to the Father, He told him that he has been blessed. Anything could have happened to him. For us it is a miracle.'
Local media have also described the story as a 'New Year's Miracle'.
The boy said he hadn't realised the crucifix had saved him until he saw the necklace which fell off in the shooting
His mother Alejandra said Tiziano was blessed and is a blessing to her and his father
Police have been informed and an investigation is underway to find out who fired the bullet.
They said: 'The event took place around 10pm on December 31 2020.
'A 9-year-old boy named Tiziano, from the neighborhood of Las Talitas, checked in with his father into the ER of the Baby Jesus Hospital in the southern part of the capital city with a superficial wound in the thorax, produced by a firearm.
'After being checked thoroughly by several doctors on staff for 48 minutes, the boy was released.'
Divine intervention! Miracle of boy, 9, saved by his crucifix necklace that stopped stray bullet penetrating his chest as he played outside his Argentinian home Reviewed by free heip on January 06, 2021 Rating: 5


Kason as a girls' name (also used more generally as boys' name Kason) is a variant form of Carson (Scottish, Gaelic): surname.
Kason is pronounced similarly to Casen and Cason. Other recommended sound-alike names are Caron, Carson, Daron, Kalan, Kalen, Kalin, Kaloni, Kalyn▼, Kamron, Karan, Karen▼, Karin▼, Karol▼, Karon, Karson, Karyn▼, Kas, Kasci, Kasee, Kasey▼, Kasha, Kasi, Kasia, Kasie, Kasja, Kaska, Kass, Kasse, Kassi, Kassy, Kasy, Kasya, Larson, Lison, Macon, Maison, Manon, Mason, Nanon and Season. These names tend to be more frequently used than Kason.


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The Mysterious Benedict Society Season 2 Greenlit
Disney+ has given the green light to The Mysterious Benedict Society Season 2, the streaming service announced today. You can check out the video announcement below! Based on the best-selling YA book series by Trenton Lee Stewart, the series follows four gifted orphans who are recruited by the eccentric Mr. Benedict. Created and written by …
Read More about The Mysterious Benedict Society Season 2 Greenlit
New on Disney+ August 2021: Movies, TV and Originals
The Walt Disney Company has revealed the Disney+ August 2021 release schedule, which includes new movies, TV shows and originals. The Disney+ streaming service features movies and shows from Disney, Pixar, Marvel, Star Wars, National Geographic, and more, alongside exclusive Disney+ Originals. Coming to the streaming service in August are Short Circuit Season 2, Marvel Studios …
Read More about New on Disney+ August 2021: Movies, TV and Originals
The Mysterious Benedict Society TV Spot and Posters from Disney+
Today, Disney+ announced that The Mysterious Benedict Society will premiere on Friday, June 25 with two episodes. You can check out the new character posters and TV spot for The Mysterious Benedict Society below. The new television spot highlights Tony Hale's dual roles of twin brothers Mr. Benedict and L.D. Curtain. After winning a scholarship …
Read More about The Mysterious Benedict Society TV Spot and Posters from Disney+
Disney+ July 2021 Movies, TV Shows and Originals
The Walt Disney Company has revealed the Disney+ July 2021 release schedule, which includes new movies, TV shows and originals. The Disney+ streaming service features movies and shows from Disney, Pixar, Marvel, Star Wars, National Geographic, and more, alongside exclusive Disney+ Originals. Coming to the streaming service in July are Behind the Attraction, Marvel Studios' Black …
Read More about Disney+ July 2021 Movies, TV Shows and Originals
The Mysterious Benedict Society Trailer and Key Art!
Kicking off National Streaming Day, Disney+ has released the trailer and key art for its upcoming original series The Mysterious Benedict Society. Based on the best-selling book series (check price at Amazon) by Trenton Lee Stewart, the show follows four gifted orphans who are recruited by the eccentric Mr. Benedict (Tony Hale) to save the …
Read More about The Mysterious Benedict Society Trailer and Key Art!
Disney+ June 2021 Movies, TV Shows and Originals
The Walt Disney Company has revealed the Disney+ June 2021 release schedule, which includes new movies, TV shows and originals. The Disney+ streaming service features movies and shows from Disney, Pixar, Marvel, Star Wars, National Geographic, and more, alongside exclusive Disney+ Originals. Coming to the streaming service in June are Marvel Studios' Loki, Pixar's Luca, Marvel …
Read More about Disney+ June 2021 Movies, TV Shows and Originals
Disney+ Sets Premiere Dates for Star Wars: The Bad Batch, Loki and More
At today's Television Critics Association Winter Press Tour, Disney+ paneled some of its upcoming series, including the Disney+ Original Series Big Shot, Loki, The Mighty Ducks: Game Changers, Star Wars: The Bad Batch, and much more. The streaming service unveiled spring and summer premiere dates for new scripted series including Star Wars: The Bad Batch, …
Read More about Disney+ Sets Premiere Dates for Star Wars: The Bad Batch, Loki and More
The Mysterious Benedict Society Moves from Hulu to Disney+
The Mysterious Benedict Society, based on the award-winning and bestselling book series by Trenton Lee Stewart, will be coming to Disney+ in 2021. This series was originally developed for Hulu. The show stars Emmy Award winner Tony Hale (Veep, Arrested Development) in the titular role and features a standout ensemble of young actors. Placed undercover …
Read More about The Mysterious Benedict Society Moves from Hulu to Disney+


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This is the ONE! Be ready to fall in love with this sparkling duplex style 2 story home. Enjoy the feeling of a single family home with a large lot, attached garage and only one adjoining neighbor. Recently updated 2 bed/2 bath with new carpet, luxury vinyl flooring, stainless steel appliances, interior paint, windows and water heater. Be ready to move in and enjoy. This home offers one of larger lots in the community. Plenty of yard to enjoy and space for the pup to stretch their legs. A short walk and you can enjoy the sunset over the water at Ken Mitchell Park. All this and more only 20 minutes from DIA and downtown Denver. This is a must see! Do not miss out. BROKERS....see brokers notes.


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Republic Services Further Reduces Carbon Emissions Through Increased Usage of Renewable Natural Gas in its Fleet; Greenhouse Gas Fleet Emissions to be Reduced by 110,000 Metric Tons of CO2e, Supporting the Company's Goal of Overall Fleet Emission Reductions
PHOENIX – Republic Services, Inc. (NYSE:RSG) announced today that the Company will increase its usage of renewable natural gas (RNG) by three times what it used in 2016 through an expanded agreement with Clean Energy Fuels Corp., (Nasdaq: CLNE). This enables Republic to reduce its fleet emissions by approximately 110,000 metric tons of CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) over a three-year period, which is equal to planting 2.8 million trees or removing 23,200 cars from the road1. RNG has the lowest carbon intensity of all commercially available transportation fuels2.
"As the operator of the eighth largest vocational fleet in the country, we have a number of initiatives to reduce overall fuel usage, including our continued commitment to operating compressed natural gas (CNG)-powered trucks," said Pete Keller, vice president of recycling and sustainability. "We are committed to keeping our planet clean, and work hard every day to decrease vehicle emissions across our fleet through intelligent routing, our One Fleet maintenance initiative, and the use of renewable fuels. Together, these initiatives will help us to reach our goals of reducing fleet greenhouse gas emissions."
Clean Energy's Redeem™ brand of RNG fuel will be deployed across Republic's CNG-fleet in 20 states. Redeem is derived from biogenic methane or biogas, which is methane that is generated by the decomposition of organic waste in landfills or digesters. The methane gas is then processed, purified and sent into the interstate natural gas pipeline and made commercially available to Clean Energy customers.
As part of the Company's Blue Planet™ sustainability initiative, Republic is continuing to build durable practices and programs across its sustainability platform to further improve its environmental and social impacts through decreased vehicle emissions, innovative landfill technologies, use of renewable energy, community engagement and employee growth opportunities.
Nationwide, Republic operates a fleet of more than 2,500 CNG vehicles and 38 natural gas fueling stations. Republic's CNG fleet helps to save roughly 18 million gallons of diesel fuel annually. Republic has set a company sustainability goal of reducing fleet greenhouse gas emissions by 3 percent by 2018.
About Republic Services
Republic Services, Inc. is an industry leader in U.S. recycling and non-hazardous solid waste. Through its subsidiaries, Republic's collection companies, recycling centers, transfer stations and landfills focus on providing effective solutions to make proper waste disposal effortless for its 14 million customers. We'll handle it from here.TM, the brand's promise, lets customers know they can count on Republic to provide a superior experience while fostering a sustainable Blue PlanetTM for future generations to enjoy a cleaner, safer and healthier world.
For more information, visit the Republic Services website at RepublicServices.com. "Like" Republic on Facebook at www.facebook.com/RepublicServices and follow on Twitter @RepublicService.
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Clean Energy to Provide 86 Million Gallons of RNG to One of Nation's Largest Transit Systems, San Diego MTS
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Agriculture and Businesses Come Together to Work with Congress to Incentivize Alternative Fuel Adoption
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Effortless beauty & epic landscape, unspoiled nature and enchanting forests – Bosnia has it all.
It is most intriguing for its East-meets-West atmosphere born of blended Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian histories. Experience the unique atmosphere of this multicultural city, which brings together Oriental architecture, Mediterranean air and Balkan beauty, its cascading rafting rivers, waterfalls and bargain-value skiing in its mostly mountainous landscapes.
Enjoy beautiful views of the Elaphite Islands and the Pelješac peninsula. Later, catch a glimpse of Bosnia-Herzegovina and take in views of the Neretva Delta.
Arrive at Sarajevo International Airport, transfer to hotel.
Should you arrive at the hotel earlier than 3 pm check in time , enjoy the hotel facilities till your room is made ready for you. Complete check-in formalities and relax.
Breakfast at Hotel Full Mostar/Blagai tour.
Visit the city where East and West combine at the beautiful turquoise-colored river Neretva. Experience the unique atmosphere of this multicultural city, which brings together Oriental architecture, Mediterranean air and Balkan beauty. On the way to Mostar, enjoy beautiful views of the Elaphite Islands and the Pelješac peninsula. Later, catch a glimpse of Bosnia-Herzegovina and take in views of the Neretva Delta.
Starting in the morning, after breakfast get ready to explore the former capital of Bosnian Kingdom, unique town of Jajce. Our first break will be in small Ottoman town Travnik, known for its Fortres from 16th century. You will be amazed by the Ottoman architecure still visible everywhere you look.
Heading towards Jajce and driving over the mountains, you will be able to enjoy very beautiful scenery. The first thing you see once you get to Jajce is its magnificent 17-meter high waterfall in the very heart of the town, making Jajce one of the most unique towns in the world. Jajce is a royal town and an open-air museum built on the confluence of 2 great rivers – the Pliva and the Vrbas, lakes, watermills, and beautiful nature is waiting for you.
After breakfast at hotel. Proceed for Trebevic mountain tour, here you can enjoy the most beautiful panorama. It was connected with Sarajevo by the cable car which was destroyed during Bosnian war and siege of Sarajevo. Mountain is known for competition in bob and sledging. For that purpose huge concrete construction has been built in the middle of mountain. Pictures are amazing and bob sleigh become one of most recognizing landmarks of Sarajevo.
Breakfast at hotel, spend rest of your day at leisure.
Breakfast at hotel, check-out, transfer to Sarajevo International Airport.
Transfer to Sarajevo International Airport.


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Q: What is significance of the term " hiding " in the method hiding concept in java? The question has been put up to discuss around the term hiding which is associated with static methods in java.
Whenever a static method with the same signature is defined in the parent and the child class, the child class method is said to have hidden the method in the parent class. My question is around the usage of hiding, as we know static methods would be accessed by the class name or if we try to create a reference (which is a bad practice), method would be called based on the reference type. So how does hiding comes into picture, take example of below code:
public class Animal {
    public static void testClassMethod() {
        System.out.println("The static method in Animal");
    }
}

public class Cat extends Animal {
    public static void testClassMethod() {
        System.out.println("The static method in Cat");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Cat myCat = new Cat();
        Animal myAnimal = myCat;
        Animal.testClassMethod(); // prints The static method in Animal
    }
}

Can someone please explain how child method has hidden the parent method here? (parent method is being called using parent reference, so how does hiding comes into picture)

A:
How has the child method hidden the parent method here?

As you said, by defining a static method with the identical signature.

How does hiding comes into the picture?

Cat.testClassMethod();

Some may expect the invocation of the parent method here (by analogy with polymorphism). But the idea of hiding by class methods is different:

If a class C declares or inherits a static method m, then m is said to hide any method m', where the signature of m is a subsignature (§8.4.2) of the signature of m', in the superclasses and superinterfaces of C that would otherwise be accessible (§6.6) to code in C.
  ...
  A hidden method can be accessed by using a qualified name or by using a method invocation expression (§15.12) that contains the keyword super or a cast to a superclass type.
  ...
class Super {
    static String greeting() { return "Goodnight"; }
    String name() { return "Richard"; }
}
class Sub extends Super {
    static String greeting() { return "Hello"; }
    String name() { return "Dick"; }
}
class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Super s = new Sub();
        System.out.println(s.greeting() + ", " + s.name());  // Goodnight, Dick
    }
}

JLS 10 - 8.4.8.2. Hiding (by Class Methods)

This example is perfect to show the difference between overriding and hiding. At the same time, it is a bad practice demonstration - calling static methods on an instance.
I will try to make it clear by providing another example.
Since public static methods are inherited, the following snippet
class Animal {
    public static void testClassMethod() {
        System.out.println("The static method in Animal");
    }
}

class Cat extends Animal {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Cat: I don't have own method, probably I inherited it from the parent.
        //      O, yes. I can call it.
        Cat.testClassMethod();
    }
}

prints
The static method in Animal

Now we're going to add testClassMethod to Cat.
class Animal {
    public static void testClassMethod() {
        System.out.println("The static method in Animal");
    }
}

class Cat extends Animal {
    public static void testClassMethod() {
        System.out.println("The static method in Cat");
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Cat: I have two version of the method: mine and the inherited one.
        //      The caller specified my class name, so he wanted my version.
        //      I will call my method hiding the parent method.
        Cat.testClassMethod();

        // If he wanted Animal's version, he would write
        Animal.testClassMethod();

        // or (DON'T DO THIS)
        ((Animal)new Cat()).testClassMethod();
    }
}

A: This demonstrates exactly why it's a bad practice to intend to hide a static method. The method is chosen statically, at compile time, without any consideration for the actual instance type.
I suppose the take home phrase should be "hiding is not overriding... and don't do it", to mean that Java doesn't even look at the object/instance (only looking at the declared type):
Cat myCat = new Cat();
Animal myAnimal = myCat;
Animal.testClassMethod();
myAnimal.testClassMethod(); //bad to do, but you can see it uses the declared "Animal" class

Cat.testClassMethod(); //Uses method in Cat
myCat.testClassMethod(); //Uses method in Cat

((Animal) null).testClassMethod(); //Uses Animal method, doesn't look at instance
((Cat) null).testClassMethod(); //Uses Cat method, doesn't look at instance

Now the interesting part: what if you remove the method from Cat?
All of these invocations will still work, using the Animal method, which means that:

*

*It's a very bad practice to hide static methods

*It's equally bad to use class instances to invoke static methods, because in the case of hidden methods, it's easy to be misled...

To answer the question: hiding is illustrated with Cat.testClassMethod() or myCat.testClassMethod(), which invokes the static method based on the declared type. When there's no testClassMethod() in Cat, Java calls the parent's.

A: All final, static and private methods and variables use static binding and are bonded by compiler. Static binding uses Type information for binding (in this case Animal).
So, in your case myAnimal.testClassMethod(); will print the static method in Animal because declared type is Animal.

A: static methods don't take part in dynamic binding (polymorphism).
static methods aren't overritten, static methods are hidden by the subclass.
someone who calls Cat.testClassMethod() might expect the behaviour of Animal.testClassMethod()
So Cat.testClassMethod() is hiding Animal.testClassMethod()


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How Much Coop Space Do Your Chickens Really Need?
Put your city rabbits to work. Consider raising angora rabbit breeds for their wool.
Angora rabbit breeds produce angora wool, which is used for creating fiber arts.
While many rabbit owners enjoy raising fancy rabbits for showing, many people have discovered the joy of raising rabbits for wool. And why not? You can enjoy the daily companionship of your rabbits while also reaping the benefits of their annual wool production—wool that is perfect for fiber-art enthusiasts.
There are 47 rabbit breeds officially recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders' Association, but only a few of these breeds exhibit angora wool, the type used for fiber arts. Angora rabbits produce super-soft wool that can be harvested again and again, year after year, just as is the case with the shearing of sheep.
An ancient rabbit breed that produces ample quantities of wool, the English Angora is one of the smaller angora rabbit breeds, weighing in at 5 to 7 pounds. The English Angora is noted for requiring extensive grooming.
Another ancient rabbit breed, the French Angora is known for producing wool that is a bit coarser than that of the English Angora. The French Angora does, however, require less grooming than the English Angora. The French Angora weighs in at 7½ to 10½ pounds.
You guessed it—the Giant Angora is the largest of all the angora rabbit breeds, weighing in at about 9½ pounds. The Giant Angora is only found in one color: ruby-eyed white.
Approximately the same size as a French Angora, the Satin Angora rabbit breed boasts a wool with a marvelous satin sheen. Satin Angoras produce less wool for harvesting.
Don't overlook the Jersey Wooly, which is a dwarf rabbit breed with angora wool. It weighs in at less than 3½ pounds. Obviously, the wool production of a Jersey Wooly cannot possibly compete with that of the larger rabbit breeds, but the diminutive size of the Jersey Wooly makes it easy to care for. It also makes a nice "starter" rabbit breed for anyone wanting to get started with angora rabbits on a small scale.
If you're serious about raising angora rabbits, then you must be prepared for the grooming commitment. The long, flowing wool of angora rabbits needs regular (even daily) attention in order to keep it in prime condition. This rigorous grooming commitment is not something you encounter with the short-coated rabbit breeds, such as the Mini Rex or Dutch.
The basic parameters for feeding rabbits apply to angoras as well, but it's important to provide ample quantities of hay for your angora rabbits. The fiber in the hay helps to keep their digestive systems in good working order and can help to prevent wool block (an internal blockage of hair). Many angora breeders recommend papaya tablets as an additional way to reduce the chances of wool block.
Wool You Join the Fun?
Generally speaking, you can harvest your angora wool by shearing each rabbit or plucking the fur by hand three or four times per year. (One exception, Giant Angoras typically need to be sheared rather than plucked). Wool harvesting does not hurt or harm the rabbits in any way. In fact, it's essential for keeping their coats in prime condition. A good rule of thumb is to figure that the average rabbit will produce 8 to 32 ounces of wool per year (except for the Jersey Wooly, of course).
Angora wool is excellent for spinning and weaving, and you might not produce more than you will want to utilize yourself. However, if you do find yourself with abundant quantities of surplus wool you should have no trouble marketing it to eager fiber-art enthusiasts.
About the Author: Samantha Johnson is the author of The Field Guide to Rabbits (Voyageur Press, 2008) and How to Raise Rabbits (Voyageur Press, 2009). She has been a rabbit enthusiast for nearly 20 years.
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