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Home Fandom Amazing Histories, Fall 1928: The Fourth Quarter
Amazing Histories, Fall 1928: The Fourth Quarter
Doris V. Sutherland
A man – presumably a traveller, judging by the large pack on his back – recoils in fear. Accosting him is a gigantic red ant, rearing up and reaching out with its forelegs. Is this insect the product of humanity tinkering with the natural order of things? Or perhaps, as is hinted by the exotic backdrop to the scene, is it simply the local fauna of a land hitherto undiscovered by human explorers?
It was autumn 1928, and readers of Amazing Stories Quarterly would soon learn the answer to that question.
This issue opens with a guest editorial by Jack Williamson (who would begin his career as a prolific science fiction author in the December 1928 issue of Amazing) entitled "Scientifiction, Searchlight of Science". Williamson argues that science fiction "takes the basis of science, considers all the clues that science has to offer, and then adds a thing that is alien to science—imagination". He goes on:
Science has made hardly a single step that scientifiction has not foretold. And science, in return, has disclosed a million new and startling facts, to serve as wings for the scientifiction author's brain. Scientifiction takes a thousand accumulated facts and builds them into a real, impressive picture of ages past, whereby the future of the race may be foretold. It mounts a Time Machine and ventures through futurity, revealing the results of known conditions and tendencies. Science knows that life on other worlds is possible, but it remains for scientifiction to make the vision real, and to suggest the space flier to verify it.
Then science may build the flier, and see for itself. The boundless energy of the atom, the Fourth Dimension, the sub-universe below and the super-universe above, are scientific absurdities all, until scientifiction gives them reality. And science goes on, with scientifiction as the searchlight. Here is the picture, if we can but see it. A universe ruled by the human mind. A new Golden Age of fair cities, of new laws and new machines, of human capabilities undreamed of, of a civilization that has conquered matter and Nature, distance and time, disease and death. A glorious picture of an empire that lies away past a million flaming suns until it reaches the black infinity of unknown space, and extends beyond.
As it happens, a few of the science fictional concepts mentioned by Williamson shall be turning up in this issue's stories. Let us read on…
The World of the Giant Ants by A. Hyatt Verrill
"Scientifiction stories about ants have been written before", admits the editorial introduction, "But we unhesitatingly state that the present story, by the well-known writer, is no doubt the greatest ant story that has ever been conceived." The World of the Giant Ants is another lost-world story by A. Hyatt Verrill, who had previously explored similar territory in "Beyond the Pole", "Through the Crater's Rim" and "The King of the Monkey Men". According to the introduction, "practically the entire story was written in the South American jungle, during Mr. Verrill's latest expedition."
Dr. Benjamin Henden, a pioneering archaeologist, sets out to explore mysterious ruins in South America with his Jamaican servant Tom. There, Henden finds mummified remains of the Caucasoid race responsible for the structures; alongside the mummies are carvings depicting otherworldly creatures:
There are strange creatures that resemble dragons, or I might rather say pterodactyls; there are elephant-like creatures with claws and canine teeth; human beings or monkey-like creatures with tails and shaggy hair, and, very commonly, the figures of some insect-like thing with enormous jaws, six legs and no eyes. These are usually shown in connection with figures of semi-human beings with triangular heads, exaggerated bowed legs, immense outstanding ears, attenuated bodies and bald heads, or with monstrosities resembling overfed hippopotami with innumerable legs and antennae.
Heading into an underground tunnel, Henden, Tom and their native guides come to a stone door. After they pass through it suddenly closes behind them, activated by an unseen mechanism. On the other side is a strange new world, which Henden takes to be inside an extinct volcano, filled with enormous fungi that tower like trees. Before long the explorers have their first encounter with the local fauna when they come across what initially appears to be a giant snake:
Then, as I gazed, fascinated and incredulous, the thing reared its head. A huge, rough, dull-red head with immense expressionless staring eyes and vicious saw-toothed horny jaws. Seizing a thick fleshy leaf between these, the mandibles ripped through the leaf with the crunching noise I have mentioned. It was absolutely unbelievable, positively impossible, but true. The thing was a caterpillar, a monstrous gigantic larva fully ten feet in length!
The band then encounter one of the region's human occupants, who attacks the native guides:
That he was human or semi-human no one could doubt. But he was a monster, a being fit only for a nightmare, and with a shock I recognized him as the original of some of the weird figures I had found at Tupec. His head was hairless, misshapen and almost triangular in form, with immense outstanding ears. His body, thin almost to emaciation, was black as night and covered with close-growing wooly hair, and his short legs were enormously bowed. His back was towards me, and he was leaping about, with his immensely long arms aiming sharp, terrific blows at the Indians, who were already torn, and bleeding from dozens of deep wounds.
Henden is even more appalled when the figure turns to face him: "The great, staring, expressionless, lustreless, lidless eyes in the black triangular-shaped head; the huge, drawling mouth with flappy lips revealing toothless gums, and the utter absence of a nose, but with two yawning black holes for nostrils, were those of a fiend of the eternal pit, rather than of anything of flesh and blood." More of these figures arrive, taking Henden and Tom captive after killing the native guides. While held prisoner the explorers witness more giant insects, including a hornet and maggots, and Henden concludes that he has stumbled upon "a land where, for some inexplicable reason, evolution had proceeded along insect lines; where vertebrates had taken second place, and where the conditions of the rest of the world had been reversed and superinsects dwarfed and dominated man." Indeed, even the local people have an insect-like aspect to them:
To be sure they walked upright and possessed but four limbs and they had more or less human-like forms, but their heads and faces were totally unlike those of men; their eyes were distinctly insect-like; their digits were more claws than fingers; their immense ears savored of short, heavy antennae, and the manner in which the first one I had seen had continued fighting while apparently oblivious of his wounds, was astonishingly like the actions of a wounded insect. It was unthinkable, preposterous to even dream that they were insects; that any insect could have evolved or developed such humanlike characteristics.
But was it not possible that in this land, where I had abundant proof of conditions which favoured the dominance of insects, such vertebrates as there were might have assumed insect-like characters?
Henden and Tom are taken to what appears to be some sort of zoo, in which the insect-men keep interesting specimens that they have found. The explorers' new companions turn out to include a giant beetle, fly and nymph. After they escape by exploiting the insect-men's fear of fire (a plot device also found in Verrill's "King of the Monkey Men") Henden and Tom carry on their exploration of the strange world.
They meet more varieties of giant insect, including a particularly nasty meeting with gigantic ant-lions, although certain genera are absent from the ecosystem ("I saw no repiptera, none of the carnivorous predatory beetles, no termites, no arachnids other than a few spiders, no millipedes or centipedes and no mosquitos.") Insects are not the only giant animals: Henden describes giant snails, giant toads, and a few giant mammals (including "some sort of gopher or ground-squirrel" and "some creature I thought to be a hare or rabbit").
Much of what follows is a rather meandering narrative with a debt to Robinson Crusoe, as we see Henden and Tom crafting hammocks from cocoons, turning the mandibles of dead ants into bladed implements, deriving a tobacco substitute from the inner bark of a certain tree, and working out which animals are edible (they tuck into giant frog legs and broil the meat of an giant hare).
The story also inherits the racism of the Crusoe tradition. The black servant Tom, even at his most productive, is described in deeply stereotypical terms (he turns out to be good at making fires "for he had the primitive man's knack of such matters"). The rest of the time he defaults into the role of comically fearful black sidekick:
Tom glanced nervously about. "Wa-laa" he ejaculated, "Ah don't wantin' for to meet sco'pions an' tarant'las here 'bout, Chief. Nor cent'pedes neither. A cent'pede mos' surely be as big as dem bo'on'strictors, an' a sco'pion de bigness of a cow. No, Chief, Ah don't longin' fo' meet none of dem folk."
The insect-men, although belonging to an imaginary splinter-race, are repeatedly referred to as "blacks", "black savages" and in one case "semi-human blacks". Their society – if it can be called that – is formed along brutish lines with even their more civilised practices showing a marked aggression, as when they are seen "milking" giant aphids by violently hitting them with sticks until the insects secrete a greenish fluid. After noticing mounds of freshly-turned earth where corpses once were, Henden speculates that the savages might have burial practices ("I could scarcely believe that such primitive, degenerate beings would bother to do this, but there seemed no other explanation") only to learn that the bodies are actually being dragged underground by carrion-eating insects.
Henden eventually catches sight of what appear to be another people – not the black-skinned insect-like tribe, but a people "brown or reddish, like Indians" who cultivate fields and keep thatched huts. "If there were Indians, the chances were they would be peaceful. On all my expeditions I had never yet met a hostile Indian, except where they had suffered at the hands of whites or blacks". Getting closer, however, it turns out that these are not humans at all, and that he has (somewhat implausibly) mistaken for humans what are actually sapient ants:
Their color was a coppery-red; their great round heads were supported on necks so slender that it seemed impossible that they could support them. They had enormous chests, attenuated waists and short paunchy abdomens, and each had six, strong, powerful limbs. They were insects! Seven foot giants, thoroughly human in their attitudes, their occupation and in their surroundings, but unquestionably insects nevertheless.
Henden greets one of the ants ("In many ways, his actions were strikingly similar to those of strange Indians when meeting a civilized man for the first time; the actions of a man trying to make friends but still a bit suspicious") and comes to gain a greater understanding of their way of life:
The ant-men among whom I found myself were agricultural ants, very similar in habits to their little Texas cousins, but far more advanced, far more intelligent, and — as might be expected in a different environment — possessing certain distinct habits and characters. Evidently, too, they were, like most agricultural creatures, including human beings, peace-loving and friendly, and I felt sure that neither Tom nor myself had anything to fear.
Author Verrill finds the human-like insects more sympathetic than the insect-like humans and spends a good deal of space imagining a society for them. They have a form of central heating thanks to "a plant closely allied to the yeast-mold, which threw off heat". They are capable of growing corn and grain, which Tom and Henden mix with the honey of giant bees to make cakes from. The ants are able to communicate with each other soundlessly by use of "some vibratory or other waves emanating from their antennae", a seemingly telepathic ability so strong that it is even able to affect Henden at times ("It was a most remarkable sensation; something like the sensation one has, when, listening to a conversation in some utterly unknown and incomprehensible foreign tongue, a word is suddenly caught which is intelligible").
Henden concludes that in some ways the ants have a better society than humans, as in this passage in which Verrill takes the opportunity to share his thoughts on ecological practices
No doubt, also, the ants themselves destroyed countless larvae and eggs, as well as insects incapable of flight as they tilled the fields. Here again the ants exhibited intelligence and common sense m advance of our human farmers. Despite every effort of scientists and the government, our farmers still persist in destroying birds, mammals, reptiles and carnivorous insects, and as a result, are constantly fighting a losing battle with insect pests. Despite numberless pamphlets and monographs and widespread propaganda and lectures proving beyond question that birds of prey, crows, snakes and countless other forms of wild life—as well as innumerable insects—are the farmers best friends, the human agriculturalist will still adhere to his hide-bound superstitions, ideas and beliefs and will ruthlessly destroy the very creatures that if protected and encouraged, would save him countless thousands of dollars annually.
"[D]id the human race with all its super-intelligence, its boasted progress and enlightenment, really accomplish anything more than did these ants?" Henden wonders. "When all was said and done, were not all our lives, all our efforts, all our civilization, our wars, everything devoted to enabling us to eat, sleep, toil and propagate our species? And to what end? Men toiled that they might eat and sleep."
Meanwhile, Henden and Tom have more encounters with the local fauna. A giant tarantula and wasps turn up, while the hare-like creatures are found to be both marsupials and monotremes, having pouches and laying eggs. When Henden encounters gigantic tortoises, his conservationist streak manifests: "They were harmless, useless creatures provided by Nature with ample means of protection in lieu of means of defense, and yet I knew that, should civilized men ever invade this country, they would wantonly destroy these monstrous tortoises as ruthlessly as they had exterminated the giant turtles of the Galapagos. For the first time since entering the place, I felt thankful that it was not inhabited by my fellow men."
In the world of the insects, things are not always what they seem. What initially looks like a tree turns out to be a giant stick, while what appears to be a bunch of snakes turns out to be the tentacles of a giant, carnivorous plant. In one memorable scene, the characters catch sight of what seem to be fairies:
So fairylike were their pale, semi-transparent, graceful bodies, their gauzy iridescent wings and their flowing draperies, that even the most prosaic and non-imaginative person might have been converted to a firm belief in the existence of woodland sprites. Silently as wraiths, they circled and floated in the golden haze, their movements orderly and rhythmic, their motions graceful and following a well defined system, and as ephemeral and unreal as a fragment of gossamer rainbow.
But the deadliest creature to appear on the scene is another variety of giant ant, this time with most unusual physical characteristics: they have mammal-like eyes, well-developed ears, hand-like appendages on their middle legs and lobster-like pincers on their front legs. "That they represented an entirely new order of animal life," concludes Henden, "a peculiar connecting link between the true insects and the crustaceans, seemed certain, and yet their eyes and their actions appeared to be almost those of vertebrates".
These creatures attack and overrun the village of the black savages, taking the inhabitants captive. Tom also ends up as a prisoner, but the ants let Henden go free, apparently beecause he is white ("Possibly, I thought, these weird, puzzling, ferocious beasts might classify human beings by color alone"). Henden sets off to rescue Tom, who is able to fight back once "all the long dormant savage blood of his African ancestors was aroused". Tom's escape has unforeseen consequences: it encourages the savages to likewise escape and seek refuge with the agricultural-ants. The slave-owning ants, in response, lay waste to the agriculturalists – with Henden and Tom unaware of the massacre as they are busy investigating a ruin. Henden concludes that the structure was built by a people who later fled the valley and established Tupec, and finds jars inscribed with the pictorial history of the people.
The trip to the ruins completed, Henden and Tom find out what has happened to the agricultural-ants at the claws of the slave-owning ants. "Countless times in the past they must have suffered grievously from their natural foes", says Henden. "Still they continue to live on with a care-free, false sense of security. If ever there was a living proof of the fallacy of universal peace and international disarmament, it is these ants."
Henden's support for civil defence leads him to whip up an impromptu military: he domesticates bombardier beetles to fight off hostile ants with gas, trains giant dragonflies for aerial warfare and contemplates taming giant tortoises to use as army tanks. He even decides to form an alliance with his erstwhile enemies, the savages: "if men can train elephants, lions, seals and other creatures as they do, why, I reasoned, could I not train these savages to a far higher degree?" Tom is able to learn the savages' language ("probably because of some inherited aptitude for the tongue of his African ancestors") and furthermore, it turns out that the savages can communicate with ants:
I have come to the conclusion that it is some form of hypnotism, that these savages, only a step above the animals and insects, are much closer to the lower forms of life, mentally, than are we, and that their minds, although far below ours in development, are yet so immeasurably above those of the insects, that they can dominate the latter by will or hypnotic power.
But it turns out that the explorers have underestimated the intelligence of their opponents, and the slave-owning ants manage to outwit Henden's insect army. Tom, in particular, begins to wonder if their foes are more than mere insects ("Like all of his race, he is extremely superstitious, and while he had—by the greatest efforts of self control—overcome his dread of the agricultural ants, he still insisted the others were not real insects, but 'jumbies.'")
The agriculturalists' colony is badly damaged in the conflict, and while ants from neighbouring colonies arrive to help rebuild, the agricultural ants respond to the defeat by driving away their erstwhile allies Henden and Tom. The two explorers instead team up with a pair of savage: "They bred and matured so much more rapidly than other human beings, that I had no doubt that the undertaking to develop them would be far simpler and quicker than with barbarous races possessing more of the human attributes."
Together, they work on developing explosives from natural resources in the hopes of blasting open an exit to the enclosed world of the ants. But in a surprise twist, Henden and Tom are confronted with a militarised strain of the agricultural ants: "Not the ordinary, hard-working, peaceful creatures we had known, but highly specialized fighting units; ants developed, transformed—Heaven alone knows how—by some treatment of the larva? until, just as special treatment of a beegrub results in a queen, the larvae, instead of becoming ordinary workers, had become veritable warriors."
Henden suspects that these new ants are trying to prevent him from leaving. The agriculaturalists may have evolved fighting ability, but they have sacrificed their intelligence; their opponents, meanwhile, are also evolving. Trapped in the middle of an impending battle, Heden concludes that he is doomed, but holds hope that Tom might escape ("I believe he, with his latent savage instincts and his African ability to move stealthily in the darkness, might get safely through the red ants' lines"). In the final entry of his journal Henden reveals that his mortally wounded, and dies before he can pen his last words.
The World of the Giant Ants is a good example of A. Hyatt Verrill's strengths, telling as it does a ripping yarn in a richly-textured world of evolutionary oddities, and also his weaknesses: the thick strain of racism is hard to miss. If you can get past its unfortunately dated aspects this remains an engaging mixture of adventure, science and horror, driven by a sincere passion for exploration:
Also it struck me forcibly, for the first time in my life, that man's desire to explore, to see strange sights, to discover amazing facts, was not a question of personal gratification or a thirst for individual knowledge, but was really due to an inherent, egotistical vanity; a love of publicity and a longing to be applauded, praised and regarded as famous by his fellow men.
"Stenographer's Hands" by David H. Keller
Jerome Smith, president of Universal Utilities, is determined to improve the productivity of the stenographers he employs. For help, he turns to Dr. Billings, a biologist and sociologist. While Billings previously provided a dictation machine, this turned out to be flawed ("All of our men spoke English, but they all had a different accent, and none spoke as perfectly as the actor. The machine typed exactly what they spoke, but the letters it produced were certainly queer affairs") and so Billings tries to come up with a new solution:
For the next month, Dr. Billings and his subordinates studied the race of stenographers. He found that practically every statement that Jerome Smith had made about them was correct. Those who were capable ceased to be mere stenographers and filled offices of trust as private secretaries. They ceased to function as mere letter writers. Many married. The dull ones remained dull. Gaps in the ranks were easily replaced by very ordinary material from business colleges. Replacements were frequent and the yearly turnover large. The average office worker was fairly capable but absolutely undependable. Most of them had ambitions and day dreams, but these did not extend in the direction of writing a perfect letter. A few grew old in the service, but most changed occupations before twenty-five. Socially, they were middle class, poorly housed, inadequately fed, but rather elegantly dressed.
Then, inspired by a dream, Billings hits upon an idea: breeding a new and improved race of stenographers. "When man wanted to develop the carrier pigeon for speed, the trotting horse for racing, the pointer dog for hunting and the cow for increased milk production, he bred them. Burbank bred a spineless cactus—we will breed errorless stenographers!"
Billings argues that "there are certain undeveloped areas in the brain, especially in the frontal lobes, and that, as the use of the hand increases, these lobes will correspondingly be developed to greater usefulness." Furthermore,
If we can develop new sections of the cortex, deepen the grooves between the convolutions, we can produce stenographers who are more nearly errorless. If we can breed them for accuracy and speed, we will have creatures as highly specialized as the racing horse or the bird-dog. These stenographers will remain faithful to their work, because they will be so bred that they will never want to do anything else, even if they are able.
The scheme devised by Billings is to encpurage male and female stenographers to marry each other by offering comfortable living arrangements (so long as each half of the couple passes an efficiency test). While the parents are working, their children shall be brought up in community nursaries and schools that train them from an early age to become stenographers, marry other stenographers, and repeat the cycle. As the generations pass, the pool of stenographers will be perfected. The company president dismisses this idea on the grounds that it would take too long to achieve a result. But Billings has a solution to this issue, as well – a method of artificially accelerating the children's growth:
With these foods we will incorporate certain chemicals, especially some obtained from the ductless glands. Thus, the growth of the babies will be accelerated. They will mature more rapidly than the average children. The first generation will be ready to marry at sixteen, whereas, the next generation will be working at ten and marrying at fourteen. Eventually, these specially bred stenographers will be doing full duty at six and marrying at eight.
Billings assures Smith that the stenographers will be obedient and easily-controlled:
When the realization comes, it will be too late to resist. They will have only one ambition then—one primitive urge—to write perfect letters. Then they will only want to sleep and eat and work. All initiative will be gone except the desire to take dictation and write perfect letters. They will be machines, but human—they will know the difference between to and too and two. Can they be controlled? Why, Mr. Smith, the only strike you will ever have will come when you are unable to supply them with work!
The scheme goes ahead, and the story skips forward two hundred years. Mirabella Smith, daughter of the company's current president, decides to abandon college and become a stenographer. Her father, scoffing, shows her the mechanised lives of the company's stenographers:
Mirabella stifled a swelling groan-like scream, mingled with nausea, as she looked into the cell of human machines. Live beings—god-like with the most lovely, most perfect, long-tapering fingers she had ever seen—hands, the sight of whose beauty summoned worship; but ere the sacred rite was completed, those emaciated faces, bulging foreheads, staring eyes, hideous expressions met the view. She was sick. Her ancestors had done it—martyred humanity for commercial greed.
She begins yearning for simpler times, when she could have become a different sort of stenographer: "one of the old-fashioned kind I have read about, the gossiping, gumchewing, error-making, soda-water-drinking, flirtatious kind of a girl, who went into the business world for the thrill she received." Meanwhile, the company's stenographers begin making large numbers of mistakes for no obvious reason. After her father dies, Miravella takes over and reveals that the selectively-bred workforce has ended up with large-scale nocturnal epilepsy. "I will try to make the lives of the new stenographers happy", she says, "but never again will any effort be made to interfere with the normal progress of nature in the breeding of human beings."
Although very of-its-time, "Stenographer's Hands" is nonetheless further evidence that David H. Keller was one of the most interesting authors to have been picked up by Gernsback. Here, Keller returns to one of his favourite themes: the mechanisation of society, as seen in "The Psychophonic Nurse" and "The Revolt of the Pedestrians". The latter story makes for a particularly close comparison, as it also involves the artificial evolution of humanity and a character turning out to be an atavistic throwback (in this case, the physician who marries Mirabella is revealed to be descended from the eugenically-created stenographers, but through a chance mutation is indistinguishable from a normal person).
Perhaps the most notable thing about the story is its negative portrayal of eugenics, coming at a time when many science fiction authors worked on the assumption that a benevolent eugenics programme would naturally be part of a future society. The editorial introduction predicts that "Stenographer's Hands" will be controversial:
Here is a story that no doubt will arouse a good deal of controversy. It probably will be denounced in many quarters while in others it will be praised to the skies. We live in a machine age. Only efficiency and accomplishment is of any importance in our present scheme of life. Everything works along the stencil line nowadays. We wear the same clothes, of which several thousand are cut with the same die; we wear the same sort of shoes, all made by the same machines and all alike, including the polish; we eat the same sort of food, coming out of the same cans, by the million; we read the same kind of literature, printed by the thousand and the hundred-thousand.
The stamp of the machine is upon our bodies and upon our minds. We all act alike, and come very near thinking alike. It seems to be quite the thing for all of us to be as exactly alike as we possibly can be. If ire vary this formula, ever so little, we become conspicuous at once, which is not always to our liking.
"Four Dimensional Transit" by Bob Olsen
This is Bob Olsen's fourth story for Amazing about four-dimensional technology, following on from "The Four-Dimensional Roller Press", "Four Dimensional Surgery" and "Four Dimensional Robberies". This time around, Professor Banning expresses his passion for transport.
"Rapid transit is the world's greatest humanizing influence", says Banning to his assistant Bryan. "It wipes out boundaries of states and nations. It breaks down racial and religious prejudices. It clears up misunderstandings and cements friendships among all the people on earth. It is the only means through which the millennium of universal peace can be attained." He announces that his latest plan is to build a machine capable of circumnavigating the globe in a single day, and also raises the possibility of space travel.
Discussing current attempts at space travel, Banning argues that shooting people into space via a projectile in the manner of Jules Verne would be impracticable ("To leap in a single instant from a position of rest to a speed greater than eight miles per second would hurl the bodies of the passengers against the rear wall of the rocket with such force that they would be instantly crushed to death.") He then cites real-life engineers Andre Mas and Drouet – along with Gernsback's Science and Invention magazine – as he outlines a more plausible means of getting into space.
His idea, as it happens, hinges upon the development of a four-dimensional rudder. After all, Bryan and Banning have created previous devices for interacting with the fourth dimension; why not use this technology as a means of transport?
The rudder is built ("It is rather difficult for me to describe this peculiar device without using the terminology of hyper-space, which would he unintelligible except to a student of higher mathematics") but it still needs a vessel. Joined by Colonel Charles Berghlin they succeed in building the plane – which incorporates a sophisticated new motor that runs on a novel variety of synthetic fuel – and dub their craft the Spirit of Youth. They are able to attach the rudder, and subsequently find that four-dimensional travel gives them an unusual perspective on the world:
The insides of all buildings were visible to us. They looked like doll houses that are open at the tops or fronts, so that all the furniture and other objects inside the rooms are plainly visible. The most peculiar thing was that the roofs and the nearest walls did not look transparent or totally absent as they should logically have been in order to expose the interiors to our gaze. On the contrary, they seemed to be as solid and substantial as the rest of the buildings.
Another amazing thing was that we seemed to be able to view the objects beneath us from all directions at once. For instance, I caught a fleeting glimpse of a red-faced corpulent human biped dressed in his B.V.D.'s and manipulating his body into ridiculous postures. I swear that at one and the same time I could see the top of his head, the soles of his feet, his right and left sides, his chest and his back.
After a test trip, Banning publicly announces his intention of circumnavigating the world. This provokes the scorn of Pontius Bragg, "the most colossal bluff, four-flusher and egoist that ever tried to get his name in the papers", who wagers $20,000 that the Spirit of Youth will fail in its venture.
At this point, "Four Dimensional Transit" clearly takes its cue from Jules Verne's Around the World in 80 Days (indeed, the interior illustrations even depict Banning as looking rather like Verne). But then comes a twist when the vessel heads into space: "WE ARE FLYING THROUGH SPACE ABSOLUTELY INDEPENDENT OF ANY DIRECT CONNECTION WITH THE EARTH OR ANY OTHER BODY!" Banning decides to take advantage of this situation by going on a trip around the moon – allowing the story to crib from another Verne novel, Around the Moon. Once the crew get up close and personal with the satellite, author Bob Olsen invokes his model by name:
If I were writing a piece of extravagant fiction, and had the creative imagination of a Jules Verne or an Edgar Allan Poe to help me, I could undoubtedly make a fascinating and amazing chapter out of what we were supposed to see on the moon.
I could clothe it with grotesque vegetation and people it with preposterously queer beings. I could describe the peculiar buildings and fantastic monuments of a departed race of former inhabitants. Gigantic insects and abortive monsters could be made to prowl amid lakes of blood and mountains of glittering jewels. Had there been any such freaks on the moon, we could easily have distinguished them clearly—even without the aid of our telescope.
But what's the use of idle speculation? My job is that of a historian rather than a fabricator of colorful yarns—so I'll have to stick to the truth. Much as I regret to report them, the facts concerning what we saw on the moon were exceedingly drab and uninteresting.
From the perspectives of the crew, the manoeuvre takes place over more than a month – but this turns out to be a trick of four-dimensional travel, and once thy get back on Earth, they find that the journey was short enough for Banning to win his bet.
The story's reliance on Jules Verne underlines how Bob Olsen had trouble coming up with plots to showcase his vision of four-dimensional technology – and by this point, the vision was not exactly new. That said, the heavy use of equations lend "Four-Dimensional Transit" some interest as an early example of hard science fiction.
"When the World Went Mad" by Ronald M. Sherin
Russian scientist Professor Ivan Teranhoff has discovered a means of obtaining atomic energy "by subjecting small quantities of specially prepared or activated hydrogen to conditions analogous to those found in stars of spectral class A and B—that is to say, a vacuum with the highest possible temperature." His goal is to use this energy for powered space-flight, and he builds a spherical vessel for such a purpose. Then, both professor and craft go missing – and the media, dismissing his theories of space-travel, treats his disappearance as a mystery.
Things soon take a stranger turn. Teranhoff is located in the Andes, and the effects of his latest experiments become all too apparent: the Earth's rotation begins speeding up, and gravity is lessening. "Science, which had hitherto been man's chief benefactor, was no longer merely a useful servant; it had now become master of the earth; not metaphorically, but in grim earnest."
The military sends planes and ships to the professor's hideout, with disastrous results:
"My God!" exclaimed the pilot excitedly, "they've found him."
Hardly had the words been uttered when a thin bluish ray of light leaped suddenly from the earth, striking the lower machine. For a moment the plane appeared to be suspended lifeless in the air. Suddenly, without warning, it was seen to crumple, and a second later only a charred and twisted mass was plunging to the ground. Not the slightest noise accompanied its destruction.
Another scientist, Professor Jopplin, reacts scornfully to the military's manoeuvres: even if they succeed in killing Teranhoff, he argues, the earth will still be spinning out of control. The efforts are futile, in any case, as Teranhoff escapes in his spaceship – his alteration to Earth's rotation having finally given him enough momentum to reach space. Down below, the world is left to its gravitational fate:
Suddenly, a large stone edifice began to totter upon its foundation. As it occupants became aware of the movement their stupefaction was succeeded by cries of horror and consternation. Gradually the heavy building freed itself from its supports, rising perceptibly above the ground. In another instant scores of other buildings could be seen rocking under the same influence. The entire city of Quito, it appeared, was about to leave forever the planet which had given it birth.
But the day is saved when Professor Jopplin makes it to Teranhoff's subterranean laboratory and reverses his machine.
Mad scientists had appeared in the magazine plenty of times before, but "When the World Went Mad" gives us a particularly pristine specimen: an inventor willing to destroy all of humanity purely to get his spacecraft to launch, apparently unmoved by the prospect of returning from his experiments to a desolate world. The pulpish story is well-enough told that the absurd elements become part of the fun. Author Ronald M. Sherin, who previously wrote "The Lost Comet" for Amazing, subsequently disappeared from science fiction.
"The Gravity King" by Clelland J. Ball
In the year 1940 aeroplane magnate Elias Craig receives a letter from an inventor who claims to have developed a new means of flight via the repulsion of gravitation. Craig and his cohorts head off to see a demonstration of the experimental vessel as a scale model (which turns out to resemble a submarine with no conning tower) after which the inventor reveals something of his personal story. He describes how he had previously come up with a new design for an aeroplane, only for his plans to be stolen by his acquaintances; the resulting scuffle led to him being imprisoned for ten years while his former colleagues profited from his labours.
At that point, those assembled in the room recognise the inventor: he is Jim Rodman, and the colleagues who stole his plans were the men of Elias Craig's aeroplane company. Craig tries to depart the room, only to find that the model vehicle is not the only thing to be hovering in air:
He strode to the door and jerked it open, then stood petrified with amazement. Gone was the narrow hallway—gone were the stairs—the room in which he stood, hung five thousand feet in midair, far above the quiet moonlit streets of the city. Craig's eyes bulged with fear and unbelief. He rubbed them violently, thinking himself the victim of a troubled dream. But no, it was reality—-the room, like Mahomet's Coffin, hung suspended between Heaven and Earth.
It turns out that the room is just one chamber of a full-sized flying machine, the Gravity King, and the inventor announces his intention of abandoning his captives on an Antarctic island. Craig shoots a gun at him, only to destroy the vessel's controls and send the entire craft, along with its occupants, shooting into space: "Insane terror filled their eyes, and reason tottered, but the 'Gravity King,' unheeding, hurtled upward like a metallic demon released from the pit, and was lost forever in the illimitable reaches of space."
This story, reprinted from a 1922 edition of Science and Invention, is slight; but the short length, broad characters and memorable imagery all work together to make it a success. The character type of the swindled genius was not common in Amazing at this point, and so Jim Rodman stands out as one of the more sympathetic mad inventors to have appeared in the magazine.
Readers' Editorials
Although Jack Williamson's piece received pride of place at the front of the magazine, it was not the only reader editorial submitted to the magazine. Towards its end, the issue publishes a number "inspiring or educational letters" which discuss not the specific stories running in the magazine, but the broader topics of science and science fiction.
Victor L. Osgood muses about the speedy development of science and technology in recent centuries ("Houdini nor Marconi nor the Wright brothers were possessed of the devil, yet they would have been burned at the stake a short while ago if they had performed their respective deeds there"). He goes on to praise science fiction as a "carrier of scientific knowledge" and a "furtherance of interest among the disinterested" before listing some of the elements that might accompany the educational factor ("A little love and sex is sometimes included, for they will always stand out as a source of interest in life, but they are not treated sordidly in scientifiction… Thrills and adventure are unlimited to the writer of scientifiction because he is not held down to human experiences and to the realm of known possibilities").
James T. Brady Jr. traces the history of science fiction, starting with Aristophanes' The Clouds, moving through the Arabian Nights, Bergerac, Swift, Poe, Verne, Wells, Luis Senarens, A. Merritt, Garrett P Serviss and A Hyatt Verrill; after this he gets into a bit of a mess ("Germany has Wollstonecraft, who wrote 'Frankenstein'). George McLeod Winsor, Arthur B. Reeve and Hugo Gernsback round off the list. W. Melvin Goodhue offers a more thorough history of the science fiction field, and contemplates the future development of the genre:
Is scientifiction changing? So simple was the original idea, better expressed probably by Jules Verne than by Edgar Allan Poe, that one would not expect change of an innocent thing like prediction in pleasant narrative form. Yet we may see a faint outline of different stages of development, rather more logical than chronological, for some authors have almost jumped to the higher stages, and some authors may never reach them, though they write forever.
The first stage, with its good taste and simplicity, needs no comment. In the second stage we have isolated specialization. Corresponding to tragedy in ordinary fiction, we have stories showing a dark future for civilization; to comedy, a dark present and alluring future. More personal subdivision has appeared in love stories, humorous stories, dramatic tragedy, O'Henry [sic] endings, etc
The third stage was totally unexpected. Several stories appeared lending a peculiar emphasis to beauty. We thought when we started one of those stories that it was a sensual Arabian Nights dream of riotous beauty. But we found the author trying to express an elusive thought, an uncrystallized goal, and trying, he gained artistic taste, and succeeding he did not produce a mere fairy tale, but thrilled us with a new phase of art—shall we call it esthetic [sic] scientifiction?
Daryl McAllister also predicts the future development of science fiction: "We believe further, that much development is coming in the use of psychology and the mind as themes, and that mental and spiritual forces will be more commonly dealt with. These elements belong to the subject as surely as the latest model space flyer".
What is science fiction good for? "Ceasless realiarion and endless inspiration" should he the goal of science fiction, argues J. A. Coomes, and so stories "implying that evolution and science are fundamentally destructive [should] be curtailed in favor of those of greater inspirational value". The letter cites Stanton A Coblentz's "The Sunken World" as an example of the second category.
R. C. Smith waxes lyrical about the genre: "A destination is chosen among the innumerable planets of space. Our giant ship, true to the directional impulses given by the operator points her nose in space. Our chosen destination rushes to meet us at an unbelievable speed. We land upon the strange surface of this foreign land. Many are the adventures we meet with. Strange creatures are met, some with intelligence for below ou own, some with intelligence as far superior."
C. E. Caulkins is concerned with definitions: "Scientifiction… should mean that it should be emphasized that it does mean a statement of virtual possibilities that after they have become or been found to be actual, science can and will classify, dissect and otherwise take the credit for 'discovering'".
H. A. Frazier takes things in a theological direction: "Man does not create the iron or steel which goes to make the great locomotive or the dream that runs it. He merely changes and adapts it to his own ideas. the power of creation has, and always will belong to the Supreme Architect alone and man is merely fulfilling his destiny in adopting it to his own needs and uses."
Gilson Willets submits a piece of fiction as his editorial, opening with two co-workers arguing over the magazine's contents:
"That magazine published the most ridiculous, absurd and insipid stories that have ever been placed before the public," remarked an executive whose entire life had been spent in the prosaic confines of a San Francisco Office.
"Why feel that way?" I inquired.
"Because it published trash, rot, piffle! The pictures are enough to warn any sane person not to waste time reading it"
"They call the stories 'Scientifiction,' meaning scientific fiction. They don't claim them to be possible, and readers like myself find many potential scientific conquests in them"
"Scientific conquests be damned! You've been telling me of machines that travel through space—sunken cities—fourth dimensions—visiting other planets. Bah! It's all rot! A fine young man like you should find a more educational way to spend his time"
The twist revelation after all this is that the conversation takes place in the future, with a moon landing scheduled to take place in a few days' time.
On a slightly different topic, B. S. Moore has an anecdote about an invention that failed to take off:
A fellow reader once came to me with an object that roughly resembled a telescope. He explained that it was an arrangement of lenses for the purpose of peering into the fourth dimension. Of course I laughed as i gazed through it. He wanted to try it out in the projection room where I work. He believed the carbon light and the lens would disclose the fourth dimension between the machine and the screen. The experiment failed, and I must confess I was almost as disappointed as he.
"Your Viewpoints"
As well as the area for readers' editorials, the issue features a standard letters section for feedback on the magazine's contents.
"I usually read before I go to sleep, and i found that after reading a story I could lie awake for hours just thinking if the different ideas expressed in it" says Elthu Shott. Simon Becker declares that the magazine "is surely proving a cultural benefit to myself" although he requests "fewer stories by Verne and Poe and those other old timers. These stories may have been good fifty years ago, but are old and no good now." Dady A. Ghandy enjoys the magazine despite the trouble he goes through to get it in Bombay, although he admits to preferring the short stories: "what I don't like is the crowding out of good-sized stories by very long ones". High school freshman Louis Gardner submits a clipping about perpetual motion, although this is not reprinted in the magazine.
Francis D. Uffelman praises "The Sunken World" by Stanton A Coblentz before trying to work out how thick a glass dome would need to be to protect an undersea city. Clement Van Velsor also has comments on the physics of this story ("when the water was rushing in through the crack why did not the surrounding edge give way under the strain, and the water rush to and inundate everything at once…?") Meanwhile, Cadet Douglas Riecks of the Kemper Military School takes Earl T. Bell's "The Moon of Doom" to task for its depiction of air flight.
Everett Beran points out a plot hole in R. F. Starzl's "Out of the Sub-Universe", arguing that increasing the size of the microscopic people would not have extended their lifespans; the editor responds with the plea that "Although the stories are supposed to embody correct science, there must be room for fancy and invention".
James Whiting Saunders praises the Amazing Stories Annual, both for its fiction from A. Merritt, Austin Hall, A. Hyatt Verrill and Edgar Rice Burroughs and for its cover ("I wish you would design the cover design of the Quarterly after that of the Annual, ie, the arrangement of words. It was much more novel and dignified.") He then goes on to provide assessments for various stories that run in Quarterly.
"It has always seemed to me a little childlike, for a person of normal intelligence to wish to be amazed" writes L. G. Townsend. "It is a hard thing to explain, but I have had the feeling myself, when picking up your publication, that I was afraid someone was watching me—like a grown man found playing with his small son's toy train." He goes on to compare Amazing with its newsstand rival Weird Tales ("The only difference seems to be, that they occasionally print morbid articles and stories which lack the sparkle and science of your contributions. I hope that your magazine never becomes 'weird'")
William G. Moore questions the magazine's covers ("many people have a 'Bug a Boo' about purchasing literature with a as wild, fantastic covers") but predicts great things to come for the publication ("I believe the day will come, when people who sneer at it today and consider it a compilation of nonsense, will say Amazing Stories was the pioneer and forerunner of present day literature.'") Harry R. Wickline has a different verdict on the covers: "I can't see why so many of the readers delight in tossing brickbats at you. They speak of your covers, if it hadn't been for the cover, I don't believe I ever would have noticed the magazine." Baldwin Aneiand, meanwhile, questions the title "I think it would be better to change the name of our [sic] magazine to 'Scientifiction' as I think the name Amazing Stories gives many people a wrong impression, making them class it with 'Weird Tales,' 'Mystery Stories,' etc"
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Author, Playwright, Artist and Cartoonist
Manjula Padmanabhan
Manjula Padmanabhan (b. 1953), is an author, playwright, artist and cartoonist. She grew up in Europe and South Asia, returning to India as a teenager. Her plays include LIGHTS OUT and the MATING GAME SHOW. Her play HARVEST won the first ever Onassis Award for Theatre, in 1997, in Greece. She writes a weekly column and draws a weekly comic strip in Chennai's "Business Line". Her books include UNPRINCESS, GETTING THERE and THE ISLAND OF LOST GIRLS. She lives in the US, with a home in New Delhi.
Prose & Plays
This is a list of Manjula's Prose & Plays.
Hachette India, 2020. An updated version of the travel memoir first published by Picador, in 1999. The author spent five months in Germany and Holland, chasing after weight loss, enlightenment and two tall Dutchmen.
BLOOD AND LAUGHTER
Collected Plays, Vol I / Hachette India, 2020. Six full length plays, including Lights Out and Harvest. General Introduction common to both books, plus separate introductions to individual plays.
LAUGHTER AND BLOOD
Collected Plays, Vol II / Hachette India, 2020. 20 short performance pieces, including Hidden Fires and The Wish. General Introduction common to both books, plus separate introductions to individual plays.
Worldview Editions. A stand-alone edition of the author's first play.
MOUSE ATTACK
Hachette India, 2019 (Author's name on the cover is Magnolia). Arvee, a white laboratory mouse, finds friendship and adventure in his new life as a house pet.
MOUSE INVADERS
Hachette India, 2019 (Author's name on the cover is Magnolia) When a new threat looms over his friends, Arvee, the white laboratory mouse must find a way to save them all.
Hachette India, 2017. The Onassis award winning play about selling organs, souls and human dignity in the global market place.
THE ISLAND OF LOST GIRLS
Published by Hachette India, 2015. In a chaotic future world, a man risks everything, including his own body, to find safe haven for his precious young daughter.
Published by Hachette India, 2015 (second edition). Meiji is the last little girl left alive in a country ruled by a brotherhood of savage Generals.
ASTRO-NUTS, an intergalactic comedy
Hachette India Children's Books, 2015 (originally entitled GENERAL ASSEMBLY, published by Scholastic India in "Plays for Schools" 2007). Furious words and feisty characters fill the stage in this Young Adult play about the first delegation from Earth to address an Inter-Galactic conference.
THREE VIRGINS
Zubaan, 2013. A collection of short stories including FEAST, about a European vampire visiting India for the first time.
UNPRINCESS!
Penguin Books India, 2005. Three profusely illustrated stories about three funny, feisty and fearless girls.
DOUBLE TALK
Penguin Books India, 2005. A collection of SUKI cartoon strips from the pages of the Sunday Observer, Bombay, 1982-1986.
KLEPTOMANIA
Penguin Books India, 2004. A collection of short stories: flavourful, funny, disturbing.
This is a list of Manjula's Collaborations.
GOLLANCZ ANTHOLOGY
Singular visions of the future that will thrill, amuse, startle and intrigue. On an ordinary morning, the citizens of Karachi wake up to find the sea missing from their shores. The last Parsi left on Earth must find other worlds to escape to when debt…
Wild Verses of Wit and Whimsy
An alphabet symphony that doesn't play by any rules! From A to zany Z, the 26 letters freely frolic in nonsense verse along with Manjula Padmanabhan's witty and refined illustrations. Funny and perceptive at once, this book is an invitation to a joyous, liberating and…
This is a list of Manjula's Illustrated Books.
ANIMAL ALPHABET
Tulika Books, 2021 Twenty-six animals, one for each alphabet, with pictures and rhymed verse!
Pooni At The Taj Mahal
Tulika Books, 2017. On a trip to the Taj Mahal, Minnie secretly brings Pooni along though animals aren't allowed in. But wait – the naughty cat slips off on her own adventure!
MAMA, WHAT IS THE NIGHT?
Tulika Books, 2017. A little girl learns about the creatures of the night, through pictures and verse.
SHRINKING VANITA
Tulika Books, 2016. A killer asteroid and a little girl with a plan to save the Earth!
Tulika Books, 2013. A picture puzzle book in which young readers must pick a number of different figures from amongst groups of similar ones.
THE WORLD TOUR MYSTERY
Tulika Books, 2011. A picture-travel and puzzle book in which a family of six travels around the world. Young readers can try to figure out their itinerary from clues in the pictures.
SAME & DIFFERENT
Tulika Books, 2010. A picture puzzle book in which young readers must find the two matching figures amongst a group of similar images.
WHERE'S THAT CAT?
Tulika Books, 2009. Children's picture book in which a little girl goes out on the streets, looking for her little orange cat, Pooni.
I AM DIFFERENT!
Tulika Books, 2007. A picture puzzle book in which young readers must pick out the single element that is different from all the others in a group.
A VISIT TO THE CITY MARKET
National Book Trust, 1986. A textless picture book in which mother and her two children go shopping at their local market, encountering a number of characters and creatures along the way.
This is a list of Manjula's Out of Print Books.
Macmillan Childrens Books, 2004 (Author's name on the cover: Manjula Padma). When a new threat looms over his friends, Arvee, the white laboratory mouse must find a way to save them all.
Macmillan Childrens Books, 2003 (Author's name on the cover: Manjula Padma). Arvee, a white laboratory mouse, finds friendship and adventure in his new life as a house pet.
HIDDEN FIRES
Seagull Books, 2003. Five short and provocative dramatic monologues about communal strife, identity and human dignity.
THIS IS SUKI!
Duckfoot Press, 2000 (out of print). A collection of SUKI cartoons from the pages of The Pioneer, New Delhi, mid-1990s.
Picador India, 1999 (first edition, Picador UK & India). A travel memoir, set in the mid '70s, when the author spent five months in Germany and Holland chasing weight loss, enlightenment and two men.
Kali for Women, 1998 (this edition out of print). The Onassis award willing play about selling organs, souls and human dignity in the global market place.
HOT DEATH, COLD SOUP
Kali for Women, 1996 (out of print). A collection of short stories, including A GOVERNMENT OF INDIA UNDERTAKING about a govt. department of reincarnation.
INDRANI AND THE ENCHANTED JUNGLE
Thomson Press, 1979.
AKBAR AND BIRBAL
India Book House, 1977.
Suki Online
© 2021 Manjula Padmanabhan. All Rights Reserved.

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HouseOfNames > Moorman > English
Moorman History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms
Origins Available: English , Scottish
Early Origins of the Moorman family
The surname Moorman was first found in Suffolk where they held a family seat as Lords of the Manor. The Saxon influence of English history diminished after the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The language of the courts was French for the next three centuries and the Norman ambience prevailed. But Saxon surnames survived and the family name was first referenced in the year 1275 when Ralph Moorman held estates in that county.
Early History of the Moorman family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Moorman research.
Another 86 words (6 lines of text) covering the years 1327, 1379, 1455, 1487, 1490, 1554, 1504, 1530 and 1510 are included under the topic Early Moorman History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Moorman Spelling Variations
Spelling variations of this family name include: Moorman, Moreman, Morman and others.
Early Notables of the Moorman family (pre 1700)
Another 47 words (3 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Moorman Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Moorman family to the New World and Oceana
Moorman Settlers in United States in the 17th Century
Zachariah Moorman, who arrived in South Carolina in 1671 [1]CITATION[CLOSE]
John Henry Moorman, aged 28, who landed in Missouri in 1845 [1]CITATION[CLOSE]
Contemporary Notables of the name Moorman (post 1700)
Charles Harwood Moorman (1876-1938), United States federal judge
Henry DeHaven Moorman (1880-1939), American politician, U.S. Representative from Kentucky
Maurice "Mo" Moorman (b. 1945), American college and professional NFL football player who played from 1968 through 1973
Cyril "Sonny" Moorman (b. 1955), American power Blues guitarist
Madeline Charlotte Moorman Garside (1933-1991), American cellist and performance artist
Lt. General Thomas Samuel Moorman (1910-1997), fifth Superintendent of the United States Air Force Academy
Brian Donald Moorman (b. 1976), American NFL punter
Frederic William "F.W." Moorman (1872-1919), English professor of English at Leeds University in England
John Richard Humpidge Moorman (1905-1989), English divine, ecumenist, and writer, Bishop of Ripon (1959 to 1975)
Haskell Moorman Monroe Jr. (1931-2017), American educator and university administrator, President of the University of Texas at El Paso (1980–1987) and the University of Missouri (1987–1993)
Historic Events for the Moorman family
USS Arizona
Mr. Russell Lee Moorman, American Seaman Second Class from California, USA working aboard the ship "USS Arizona" when she sunk during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7th December 1941, he died in the sinking [2]CITATION[CLOSE]
Pearl Harbour: USS Arizona Casualties List Pearl Harbour December 7, 1941. (Retrieved 2018, July 31st). Retrieved from http://pearl-harbor.com/arizona/casualtylist.html
Suggested Readings for the name Moorman
Johnson-Moorman Family Connections by Jesse Bryan.
Moorman Family Crest Products
Moorman Armorial History With Coat of Arms
Moorman Coat of Arms & Surname History Package
Moorman Family Crest Image (jpg) Heritage Series
Moorman Coat of Arms/Family Crest Key-chain
Moorman Coat of Arms/Family Crest Coffee Mug
Moorman Armorial History with Frame
Moorman Framed Surname History and Coat of Arms
^ Pearl Harbour: USS Arizona Casualties List Pearl Harbour December 7, 1941. (Retrieved 2018, July 31st). Retrieved from http://pearl-harbor.com/arizona/casualtylist.html


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Q: WINDOW_UPDATE HTTP/2 frame At what frequency should WINDOW_UPDATE frame be sent by receiver?
I have test HTTP/2 client which establishes the HTTP/2 with HTTP/2 server and does Magic, SETTNGS frame (64K window size) exchange. Now client is not able to send more than 64K size data to server.

A:
At what frequency should WINDOW_UPDATE frame be sent by receiver?

At whatever frequency the receiver decides. You don't have to acknowledge every message, but also shouldn't wait until the full window has been used up.
Nghttp (a popular HTTP/2 library, server and client), for example, sends it when 50% of the window has been used up:
int nghttp2_should_send_window_update(int32_t local_window_size,
                                      int32_t recv_window_size) {
  return recv_window_size > 0 && recv_window_size >= local_window_size / 2;
}

I have test HTTP/2 client which establishes the HTTP/2 with HTTP/2 server and does Magic, SETTNGS frame (64K window size) exchange. Now client is not able to send more than 64K size data to server.

I'm not surprised if the server had not send a WINDOWS_UPDATE frame to allow the client to send some more data. That's the point of WINDOWS_UPDATE frame - to avoid inundating a party who is unable to keep up. However it is up to the receiving party (the server in this case) to send the WINDOWS_UPDATE frame to tell the client it is able to send more. So this is not in your control if you are only testing using a HTTP/2 client.

A: According to the HTTP2 specification the WINDOW_UPDATE frame needs to be sent to adjust your sending window. The initial state is described here:

When an HTTP/2 connection is first established, new streams are created with an initial flow-control window size of 65,535 octets. The connection flow-control window is also 65,535 octets. Both endpoints can adjust the initial window size for new streams by including a value for SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE in the SETTINGS frame that forms part of the connection preface. The connection flow-control window can only be changed using WINDOW_UPDATE frames.

According to my reading of the specification you need to send a WINDOOW_UPDATE any time you'd exhaust the window buffer. This is described in an example as follows:

For example, if the client sends 60 KB immediately on connection establishment and the server sets the initial window size to be 16 KB, the client will recalculate the available flow-control window to be -44 KB on receipt of the SETTINGS frame. The client retains a negative flow-control window until WINDOW_UPDATE frames restore the window to being positive, after which the client can resume sending.

So as a sender you need to adjust the window buffer size any time you'd otherwise exhaust the window buffer. You need to keep track of how much data you're sending and the current window buffer size and send WINDOW_UPDATE's accordingly.

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...a blueprint for the shape of jazz to come.
Scotty Hard
Producer Scotty Hard, well known for his groundbreaking work which ranges from Wu Tang Clan to Medeski Martin and Wood, has utilized some of world's greatest jazz musicians on his recording and created an album that melds deep funk, modern jazz, and keyboard wizardry.
Medeski and Shipp's relationship dates back to their days at the New England Conservatory of Music, where they were students together. Taking quite different paths to success since then, each has established their niche in the modern era of jazz: Shipp as a leader in modern jazz, and Medeski in the wildly successful band Medeski, Martin, and Wood (MMW).
On Radical Reconstructive Surgery, Scotty Hard's vision has been fully realized with this first recording of Medeski and Shipp playing together with the stellar rhythm section of William Parker on the bass, and Nasheet Waits on drums with additional drumming by Mauricio Takara. DJ Olive also lays down his considerable turntable skills to complete the line up for this historic project.
Scotty Hard's Radical Reconstructive Surgery – John Medeski, Matthew Shi
© 2021 Thirsty Ear.
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Home Nick Mason's SOS 2022 May 21st - ALEXELA CONCERT HALL / KONTSERDIMAJA, TALLINN, ESTONIA (rescheduled)
May 21st - ALEXELA CONCERT HALL / KONTSERDIMAJA, TALLINN, ESTONIA (rescheduled)
Capacity: 1,829
Address of venue: Estonia puiestee 9, 10148 Tallinn, Estonia. MAP
Website: kontserdimaja.ee
Due to the critical success of the four initial shows in May 2018, held in tiny venues in London's Camden and Putney, Nick Mason's Saucerful Of Secrets announced a full European tour for September that year. The expanded shows for the full tour were even more highly acclaimed, and it came as no surprise when further dates for 2019 were announced. The insatiable demand for more dates, in more locations, has resulted in the band carrying on from where they left off, with shows for 2020 taking the music to new fans, as well as those who have already experienced the show, eager for more!
Tickets go on sale at 9am UK/10am CET on Monday, February 10th, through www.piletilevi.ee.
UPDATE, 18th March, 2020: Due to the COVID-19/Coronavirus pandemic, this concert, along with the others on the 2020 tour, has been re-scheduled; tickets remain valid for the new date so there should be no need to contact the venue for clarification or to change the ticket. At this stage, the revised date has not been confirmed but we are expecting this very shortly, and will update this page accordingly.
UPDATE, 11th May, 2020: This concert has now been rescheduled into 2021, and tickets remain valid for this new date.
UPDATE, 31st March, 2021: This concert has now been rescheduled into 2022, and tickets remain valid for this new date.
Last Updated ( Wednesday, 31 March 2021 )


I was considering buying a Crystalyte 409 26" wheel and running it on 66v volts. I was just considering 20 or 25 amps. Is this wise? Fast? Powerful? Has anyone tried this?
I don't know about hub motors but my motors in my pocket bikes draw a lot of juice when i over volt them.
as much as 10-20 more amps then it normaly draws.
You might get more responses if you post this in the "Bicycles and Pedelecs" section.
Sorry, without any additional information (such as how much current the motor draws for what speed in what conditions) I can't really say if it is better running the motor at higher voltage for you. If the current limit would be met when running a lower voltage system under x conditions, than running a higher system voltage under the same x conditions will result in no added power or speed because the controller just limits the voltage to keep the current from exceeding a predefined level.
That should work great. I'm not sure what top speed to expect, but there's a simulator to predict it somewhere. I'll try to find it.
Also, why would a motor pull more current at higher voltage? I would have expected the opposite, i.e. 500W at 48V requires half the amps of 500W at 24V.
Okay I ordered everything. I ended up buying the Roadrunner Motor 26 inch Wheel from BernsonEV.com for 229. I confirmed from multiple places that the wheel is basically a 408 wheel but heavier spokes and a couple other improvements. I also ordered the 36-72v 20 amp instant start controller from powerridestore.com for 122.50.
I also called Evdepot the distributor of the crystalyte motors and asked about the roadrunner having the same connectors as a normal 408 but he couldn't tell me for sure. I also asked him about running it at 72 volts and he told they burned up a couple motor and that is why they don't carry them. I told him I was only running the 20 amp one and he said that changed everything. He didn't even know they had a 20 amp one, they had done their original testing with 72v at 40 amps (almost triple the power I want to run). In the end I think I will be okay, I very excited and am finally progressing in to the Bicycles and Pedelecs arena. I will eventually post up my results and setup when everything gets here.
its been a few weeks. I'm currious if this has worked out. How well does the motor do on 66v?
I agree with Klaus; voltage will never be limited by a current limit. There is a maximum power output, of 1440 Watts in this case.
Ha well your right it has been a couple weeks and I actually still have not got a the 409 yet. I couldn't find anyone willing to sell me one for under 330 dollars so I am still looking but it seems I'm finally getting close. I'll keep you all post.
Well, if you haven't bought it yet, you might consider looking at one of the double tapped motors. there aren't many places that carry them, but Poweridestore.com does. I'm running a 4012/408 on a 700c wheel. having a choice of which winding to run for any given situation is nice, and the cost was only about $30 higher. The 4012 is low speed, high torque, and gets me up steep hills and quickly across intersections on busy roads. the 408 is fast.
If you go back and look at how they used to limit the motor current and control speed then it becomes clear.
Before "chopper" controllers they added large high-power resistors in the circuit to resist the flow of current. Adding the resistor resulted in a lower voltage across the motor terminals. If you want to reduce current flow (and control power) you have to limit the voltage being applied across the motor terminals.
The voltage that can be applied to the motor that will "make it" draw a certain amount of current depends on the motor speed. The higher the speed, the more voltage that would need to be applied, because the motor is also a generator. Applying ohms law and the difference between the voltage applied and the voltage the motor is generating gives how much current it will draw.
Okay it took me almost two months to get it but I finally got a hold of a 409 motor. I purchased only the motor so now I have to get it built into a rim and I leave for Europe in 8 days ARG, so many projects so little time. I going to try to get it built up local before I leave but I will have to see what happens.
WELL I am finally back from my 5 week adventure through Europe and I had a great time and have caught up with my friends and family. NOW it 's time to start back up my e-bike project. I got my motor mounted in to a 26" rim by the power-ride store since I thought they would have the experience to do it right. I covered all the shipping cost on top of the build costs and it turned out costing about the same as getting it done locally, but I figure it would be okay since again "they had the experience". Well I looked at my rim today and the spokes seem pretty darn loose. Most are sort of snug but others can be moved fairly easily. In contrast with all my professionally build MTB rims the spokes on this 409 would be loose. So I'm not sure if this is how they normally do this and expect for me to get it trued up but I am pretty ticked off.
So today I got a hold of temporary bike to test out the whole system. I got everything strapped to the frame and first tested the motor on 33v. The results were fairly lethargic with poor acceleration and poor top speed. So with that option completely tossed I went ahead and started production on a 66v wiring harness for my A123 packs. After about an hour I completed the wiring harness and I loaded up my backpack with batteries, hooked up to the bike, and rolled outside. Now my first impression: VERY WICKED! Off the line the acceleration is not very impressive but at about 15 mph then crankin' to full throttle the acceleration is amazing. I topped out at about 30.5 mph but it was starting to get late so I was not willing to really push it. I tried a couple hills in my area and the bike could hold over 20 mph up most. This vehicle is by far my fastest I've had.
Now tomorrow I plan on running some more controlled tests and getting my drain brain up and running so I can get some consumption numbers for you all. I plan on getting some pics of my permanent setup but this current one is just embarrassing but I might show you all anyways. So keep watching and post any questions.
Are you bypassing the battery management circuit on your battery packs and re-connecting it when charging or have you been able to run your setup (2p2s) through the BMS?
As you can see my parallel configuration bypassed the BMS and I am using the same packs. The same connections are being used in the 2s 2p pack therefore it is also bypassing the BMS also. Charging is explained in the other posting.
Well I have ran about 1500 watt hours through the motor now and have found I absolutely love it. It has a perfect balance of speed and torque hitting up to 30 mph (no assist) and climbing the hills in my area with ease.
So far I am being very throttle heavy and am getting about 33 watt/h per mile or about 6 miles on 3 ah at 66v. The 20 amp controller seems to handle all the power just getting warm and peggin out at 25.6 amps peak (1600+ watts!!!) The motor after a full throttle runs gets pretty warm to the touch but never hot enough to not keep my hand on it indefinitely.
I have been watching craigslist like a hawk to find a good donor bike so I can finally have a finalized clean setup. I will be making a fresh thread of my finalized set up with lots of photos and hopefully some videos too!
Thanks very much for the link to this thread. Sorry to bother you, I am new here and somehow missed this great information. I am looking forward to seeing your new thread.
I have some Dewalt batteries in transit and now believe that it will be safest to bypass the BMS circuit boards and reserve them only for recharging. After I get some experience with my bike, I plan to experimentally dig into the BMS circuit and see if it is feasible to use the batteries without modification.
We repaired your above here link, it should work properly now.
I am running a 408 on 66 volts without bypassing the controller. However, I use four Dewalts. The other week I used just two and everything went fine until I tried to do a wheely and overamped a controller. I have since fixed it and continue to run without bypassing the controller. Somebody needs to test these controllers to find out what their current limit is. A fuse would probably protect them, eliminating the need to bypass them.
By controller do you mean the battery management circuit? A guy over on the rc forums reverse engineered one of the bms circuits and found a 15 amp fuse on the out put. Ill try and find the link.
has more to do with current.
For some reason they wanted to max out current.
So in theory you want very low resistance windings. This requires lower voltage and high current power source.
If you go to higher voltage, smaller wire, more turns you loose current , and torque.
So 5v x 100 a = 500 Watts and 500v x 1a = 500 Watts don't result in the same motor one has alot more torque.
Then again these days there are super conductors so perhaps all this old stuff is obsolete.
That is an interesting link. It shows that the two large blade receptors on either side of the battery connector make it possible to bypass the BMS and directly connect to the battery. Unfortunately, you are limited by a 15 amp fuse buried in the BMS board's epoxy potting. It looks like it may be possible to internally bypass the fuse with a wire between the battery's negative terminal and the negative blade receptor, but I am not sure that it is worth the effort. It would allow you to free the batteries of any external wiring making it easier and faster to pull the batteries for recharging, but you would have to build a frame for each battery that connects it with a homemade two bladed connector. I have checked the Dewalt parts site ( http://www.dewaltservicenet.com/ServiceNet/logon.asp ) and have not been able to find a part number for the connector; they only offer higher level assemblies that include the connector which are not cost effective.


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Home » Waterless Urinal Firm Makes Splash
Waterless Urinal Firm Makes Splash
| By Daniel Schoonmaker |
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GRAND RAPIDS — The Palace of Auburn Hills became the latest high-profile location to embrace Falcon Waterfree Technologies' signature product last month with the installation of 50 no-flush urinals.
Falcon president Jay Troger likes to joke that his product is good luck for sports teams — it's in a number of other recent championship venues as well, including the Rose Bowl (college football), St. Pete Times Forum in St. Petersburg, Fla. (hockey), and Pro Player Stadium in Miami (baseball).
In fact, since adding the Rose Bowl to its client list two years ago, Falcon has amassed a list of thousands of locations that have installed its water-free urinal. Other notables include Six Flags Amusement Park, General Motors Corp., the San Diego Zoo and Penn State University, among many others.
A client list like that helps when considering that the product they're selling is a urinal that doesn't flush.
"We intentionally sought out as early prospects places that would have high visibility and high credibility," Troger said. "It was very intentional, because people will say if it's good enough for the Rose Bowl, this is good enough for my office.
"Not only because the Rose Bowl is a prestigious place but also because people know that at the Rose Bowl there are 100,000 people using the restrooms at the same time at halftime, and if they can handle that, it should be able to handle the traffic in my office."
The waterfree urinal is a streamlined urinal without the crevices created to hide the water holes of flush urinals. The urine flows directly into a cartridge sitting atop the drain, which funnels all urine through a floating liquid sealant. The liquid seal creates an airtight barrier between urine and the restroom to prevent odors from escaping the drain, but allows urine to pass through because the sealant is lighter than water.
The urinal is odor-free with no moving parts and no water waste. The only maintenance is routine cleaning of the fixture and replacement of the cartridge every 7,000 uses, usually two to four times a year.
Although the water savings will more than likely pay for the cost of the urinal in a short amount of time, the idea is still always a hard sell initially.
"Once someone has used one, it becomes a non-issue," Troger said. "I was talking to someone not long ago who said, 'Look, this is a great idea but I can't believe it's not disgusting. I would hate to use one.'"
It turned out that that person had been to a game at the Rose Bowl only weeks before.
Urinals manufactured today are required to use no more than a gallon of water; older urinals use as many as three gallons. The average urination is four ounces, 98 percent of which is water.
"It's an insanely wasteful use of water," Troger said. "You're talking about gallons of water to flush away a couple of grams of uric salt."
On top of that, because there is less water in which bacteria can breed, no cracks for it to hide in, no places for urine to accumulate or the back-blast of a flush that can send bacteria across the length of a restroom, water-free toilets are not only odorless but more hygienic as well.
Although the concept has been around for 50 years, it has only recently begun to earn a significant market share. There are other manufacturers of water-free toilets, but Falcon's is the only model with a cartridge that does not require periodic additions of sealant.
Ditmar Gorges designed the patented cartridge, and the company formed around that invention a little less than a decade ago. The first half of Falcon's existence was spent largely in research and development and marketing trial and error, but the past three years have seen tremendous growth. In fact, Troger likes to think that was when the company actually began. That was when it moved its U.S. headquarters to Grand Rapids, a major new investor came on board, and Troger took over as president.
The international sales office remains in Los Angeles. Although the urinal itself is currently manufactured abroad, Troger is hopeful that the cartridge will soon be manufactured in Michigan.
Albeit from a small base, Falcon's sales this year at the end of the second quarter were six times that of the previous year. Sales for this year are projected to fall in between $8 million and $12 million.
The recent success has come in large part to a marketing agreement with Sloan Valve Co., the industry's leader in urinal valves, both manual and automatic.
"They were our natural enemy," Troger said. "At least we assumed they'd be our natural enemy; our urinals don't have flush valves. But they didn't want to be fighting water conservation."
Sloan has begun to sell its own line of water-free urinals, produced by Falcon under the Sloan banner.
Another partner, Alexander Marketing Services, has aided in the marketing of the product line. The campaign that Alexander created recently won a 2004 Pro-Com Award from the Business Marketing Association, the Award in Excellence for a Total Communications Program under $200,000.
Not only are many of the installations that Falcon serves high profile, but there are some high-profile members on its board as well. Former Vice President Al Gore and former Mayor of Los Angeles Richard Reardon both serve on Falcon's board of directors, drawn to the company through their conservation interests.
Daniel Schoonmaker
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Dumstergravy obtained Charged Sandstone Band.
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Rakimzz obtained Charged Sandstone Band.
Ximmy obtained Darkwood Sentinel's Breeches.
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Kanikou obtained Ignition Mage's Fuse.
Pyclops obtained Kul Tiran Cannonball Runner.
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