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Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants Market Size By Types( Water Based, Solvent Based, Hot-Melt, Others ), By Application( Packaging, Construction, Automotive, Others ), Industry Trends,Share,Statistics and Forecast 2023 - 2030
Published Date: Jan, 2023 | 278 Pages | Report ID: MRI_165532
Polyurethane adhesives and sealants market growth
Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants Market Size By Types( Water Based, Solvent Based, Hot-Melt, Others ), By Application( Packaging, Construction, Automotive, Others ), Industry Trends,Share,Statistics and Forecast 2023 - 2030 (Special Offer 30% Discount!)
ID : MRI165532 | Date : Jan, 2023 | Pages : 278 | Region : Global | Publisher : Ri
This report studies the Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants market size (value and volume) by players, regions, product types and end industries, history data 2018-2022 and forecast data 2023-2030; This report also studies the global market competition landscape, market drivers and trends, opportunities and challenges, risks and entry barriers, sales channels, distributors and Porter\'s Five Forces Analysis.
The recent report, Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants market fundamentally discovers insights that enable stakeholders, business owners and field marketing executives to make effective investment decisions driven by facts – rather than guesswork. The study aims at listening, analysing and delivering actionable data on the competitive landscape to meet the unique requirements of the companies and individuals operating in the Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants market for the forecast period, 2023 to 2030. To enable firms to understand the Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants industry in various ways the report thoroughly assesses the share, size and growth rate of the business worldwide.
The study explores what the future Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants market will look like. Most importantly, the research familiarizes product owners with whom the immediate competitors are and what buyers expect and what are the effective business strategies adopted by prominent leaders. To help both established companies and new entrants not only see the disruption but also see opportunities. In-depth exploration of how the industry behaves, including assessment of government bodies, financial organization and other regulatory bodies. Beginning with a macroeconomic outlook, the study drills deep into the sub-categories of the industry and evaluation of the trends influencing the business.
Forecast year 2023-2030
Unit Value (USD Million/Billion)
Segments Covered Key Players, Types, Applications, End-Users, and more
Major Players 3M, BASF, DowDuPont, Arkema, H.B. Fuller, Henkel, Sika, Huntsman, Illinois Tool Works, Hexion, Eastman Chemical, Ashland, Scott Bader
Industry Coverage Total Revenue Forecast, Company Ranking and Market Share, Regional Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, New Trends, Business Strategies, and more
Overview of Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants Market
In depth Analysis of Market dynamics and Major factors
Complete Revenue Data and Forecast Analysis
Market Share Analysis of key market Participants
Key Market elements delivered with a Complete Analysis
Current Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants Market Scenario with future projections
Global and Regional Analysis with consideration of all parameters
Region Wise classification identifying the key players in terms of Country positioning
In-depth understanding of product requirements and market needs and demands
Region Analysis North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa
Tables, Figures, and Charts 278
The industry experts have left no stone unturned to identify the major factors influencing the development rate of the Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants industry including various opportunities and gaps. A thorough analysis of the micro markets with regards to the growth trends in each category makes the overall study interesting. When studying the micro markets the researchers also dig deep into their future prospect and contribution to the Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants industry.
A high focus is maintained on factors such as demand and supply, production capacity, supply chain management, distribution channel, product application and performance across different countries. The report not only offers hard to find facts about the trends and innovation driving the current and future of Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants business, but also provides insights into competitive development such as acquisition and mergers, joint ventures, product launches and technology advancements.
The Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants market is segmented on the basis of Types, Applications, Key Companies, Regions & Countries.
Hot-Melt
Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants Market
Get All Statistics
Market By Region
Asia-Pacific [China, Southeast Asia, India, Japan, Korea, Western Asia]
Europe [Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland]
North America [United States, Canada, Mexico]
Middle East & Africa [GCC, North Africa, South Africa]
South America [Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Peru]
The Global Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants Market study report will provide valuable insight with an emphasis on the global market including some of the major players such as
DowDuPont
Arkema
Illinois Tool Works
Hexion
Eastman Chemical
Scott Bader
A quick look at the industry trends and opportunities
The researchers find out why sales of Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants are projected to surge in the coming years. The study covers the trends that will strongly favour the industry during the forecast period, 2023 to 2030. Besides this, the study uncovers important facts associated with lucrative growth and opportunities that lie ahead for the Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants industry.
Our market analysis also entails a section solely dedicated to such major players wherein our analysts provide an insight into the financial statements of all the major players, along with product benchmarking and SWOT analysis. The competitive landscape section also includes key development strategies, market share, and market ranking analysis of the above-mentioned players globally.
Customization of the Report
Our research analysts will help you to get customized details for your report, which can be modified in terms of a specific region, application or any statistical details. In addition, we are always willing to comply with the study, which triangulated with your own data to make the market research more comprehensive in your perspective.
This Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants market report holds answers to some important questions like:
• What is the size of occupied by the prominent leaders for the forecast period, 2023 to 2030? What will be the share and the growth rate of the Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants market during the forecast period?
• What are the future prospects for the Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants industry in the coming years?
• Which trends are likely to contribute to the development rate of the industry during the forecast period, 2023 to 2030?
• What are the future prospects of the Polyurethane Adhesives and Sealants industry for the forecast period, 2023 to 2030?
• Which countries are expected to grow at the fastest rate?
• Which factors have attributed to an increased sale worldwide?
• What is the present status of competitive development?
To check our Table of Contents, please mail us at: [email protected]


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Q: How to extract values from annual raster layer stack and use the raster that is closest in time I have many point locations with time-date stamps and 18 raster layers each containing the annual NDVI values from the year 2002 till 2019. I want to extract the values for the locations from the raster layer of the year similar to the year of the location time stamp.
Example:
location1 time stamp 12.04.2003 --> extract value from raster layer 2003
location2 time stamp 12.06.2012 --> extract value from raster layer 2012
This is a sample of my location data (EPSG 3035):
  X id areas sex      x_      y_ case                time
1 1  1    13   f 4141879 2762606    1 2010-11-16 00:59:00
2 2  1    13   f 4142395 2759956    1 2010-11-16 21:59:00
3 3  1    13   f 4143634 2761615    1 2010-11-17 04:59:00
4 4  1    13   f 4143171 2761593    1 2010-11-17 11:59:00
5 5  1    13   f 4144488 2762547    1 2010-11-17 18:59:00
6 6  1    13   f 4143885 2761944    1 2010-11-18 08:59:00

First I created a raster stack with all 18 raster layers and added the date for each layer:
#create raster stack NDVI
setwd("E:/MA_2Try/annual_NDVI/average")
grids <- list.files("E:/MA_2Try/annual_NDVI/average" , pattern = "*.tif$")
NDVI_stack=stack(grids)

#Add years to stack
dt<-as.data.frame(
  as.POSIXct(c('2002-01-01','2003-01-01','2004-01-01','2005-01-01','2006-01-01',
               '2007-01-01','2008-01-01','2009-01-01','2010-01-01','2011-01-01',
               '2012-01-01','2013-01-01','2014-01-01','2015-01-01','2016-01-01',
               '2017-01-01','2018-01-01','2019-01-01')))

NDVI_stack <- setZ(NDVI_stack, dt[,1], "SampleDate")

Here is the resulting info for raster [[1]]
> NDVI_stack[[1]]
class      : RasterLayer
dimensions : 4125, 5503, 22699875  (nrow, ncol, ncell)
resolution : 250, 250  (x, y)
extent     : 3530500, 4906250, 2229250, 3260500  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
crs        : +proj=laea +lat_0=52 +lon_0=10 +x_0=4321000 +y_0=3210000 +ellps=GRS80 +units=m +no_defs
source     : ndvi_average_2002.tif.tif
names      : ndvi_average_2002.tif
SampleDate : 2002-01-01

How can I achieve this?

A: You can try something like this:
library(raster)
library(sf)
rast <- raster::raster(matrix(1:100, ncol=10), xmn=0, ymn=0, xmx=10, ymx=10)
s <- stack(rast,rast/100,rast*100)
s <- setZ(s, c('2010-01-01','2011-01-01','2013-01-01'), "SampleDate")

pt1 = st_point(c(0,1))
pt2 = st_point(c(1,1))
d = data.frame(id = 1:2,sex=c("m","f"),date = c("2010-11-16 00:59:00","2011-11-16 21:59:00"))
d$geom = st_sfc(pt1, pt2)
df = st_as_sf(d)

myex <- function(rst,point){
  ex <- as.list(1:nrow(point))
  for (i in 1:nrow(point)) {
    year_p <- as.integer(lubridate::year(point[i,]$date))
    diff <- abs(year_p-as.integer(lubridate::year(unlist(rst@z))))
    index <- which(diff==min(diff))
    ex[[i]] <- raster::extract(rst[[index]],point[i,],include_cols=colnames(point))
  }
  ex <- as.data.frame(do.call(rbind,ex))
  ex$id <- point$id
  return(ex)
}

myex(s,df)

where the output looks like this:
    V1 id
1 10.0  1
2  0.2  2

The idea is to choose the layer with the minimum difference between the point's date and the layer's date and use it for the extraction. Here I use a for loop, but it is possible to use lapply or one of its parallel versions (such as snowfall::sfLaplly). Moreover, if you create a small buffer around points, you can substitute raster::extract with exactextract::exact_extract, which is way faster

A: Here is how you can do that with terra (but it should be easy to adjust for raster)
Example data
library(terra)
s <- rast(system.file("ex/logo.tif", package="terra"))
names(s) <- 2010:2012
pts <- matrix(c(14.53, 70.41, 12.93, 53.8, 60.21, 47.41), ncol=2, byrow=TRUE)
time <- as.POSIXct(c("2011-11-16 00:59:00", "2010-01-16 00:59:00", "2010-11-16 00:59:00"))

Get the layers (years) that you want from the time stamps and match them to the layers. A simple approach would be to round up the year if the month > June:
y <- format(time, format='%Y') |> as.integer()
m <- format(time, format='%m') |> as.integer()
y <- y + (m > 6)
y
#[1] 2012 2010 2011

Now use extract
e <- extract(s, vect(pts), layer=as.character(y))
e
#  ID layer value
#1  1  2012   253
#2  2  2010    73
#3  3  2011    14

With raster you could this last step like this:
ee <- extract(s, pts)
ee
#  2010 2011 2012
#1  255  255  253
#2   73   74   60
#3    6   14   27

j <- match(y, names(s))
j
#[1] 3 1 2

ee[cbind(1:nrow(ee), j)]
#[1] 253  73  14

But note that raster may pre-pend "X"s before the layernames of they start with a character between 0 and 9.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Surry County is located in the heart of North Carolina's Yadkin Valley wine region and home to more than a dozen wineries. Visitors receive a true "wine country experience" thanks to a variety of scenic vineyards tucked in the rolling countryside. Options range from small, boutique wineries to North Carolina's largest family-owned estate winery.
It was here in Surry County that NC's first federally-designated American Viticultural Area - the Yadkin Valley AVA - was born in 2003. Spearheaded by Charlie and Ed Shelton of Shelton Vineyards, that designation solidified the Yadkin Valley as a bona fide wine region and spurred growth of wineries in the valley.
The growth of the Yadkin Valley AVA has certainly been felt in Surry County.
Thirteen wineries now operate in the county: Adagio, Carolina Heritage, Elkin Creek, Grassy Creek, Herrera Vineyards, Hutton Vineyards, JOLO Vineyards, Old North State, Round Peak, Shelton Vineyards, Slightly Askew, Stony Knoll and Surry Cellars.
Two more wineries, Jones von Drehle and McRitchie, are located just outside the county and work closely with their counterparts in Surry County.
Together, these 15 wineries comprise the Surry County Wine Trail. To receive a free trail guide, click here.
Each of Surry's wineries has an interesting story, from the state's first certified organic winery at Carolina Heritage Vineyards to the officially-designated North Carolina Century Farm at Stony Knoll Vineyards, which has been in the same family since 1896.
Shelton Vineyards, meanwhile, is the state's largest family-owned estate winery.
Another strength of Surry wineries is location. Yadkin Valley features a temperate climate, loamy soil, and latitudes similar to Napa Valley. Elevations range from 800 to 1,200 feet, ideal for growing French vinifera grapes. These grapes, also known as European vinifera, make up roughly 70 percent of the area's grapes, with muscadines making up much of the remainder. This differentiates the Yadkin Valley from other NC regions, where muscadines are predominant and produce sweeter wines.
Yadkin wines showcase the classic varietals, such as: Chardonnay, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Franc, Pinot Grigio, Viognier and Riesling. Malbec and Tannat also play an important role in the valley, along with some hybrid grapes, such as Cynthiana, Traminette and Chambourcin.


The Norwegian whitefish processor added the new build to its fleet in the first quarter of 2014.
Havfisk's Gadus Neptun was delivered in the first quarter of 2014 as a freezer trawler for whitefish and shrimp.
The vessel is outfitted for all-year-round bottom pelagic trawling operations and has two fish receiving bins at its processing facility, as well as H&G, bycatch and gut processing equipment.
Catch is stored at the onboard freezing hold, which has a capacity of 1200m3.
Owner Havfisk ASA managing owner, owned by Norland Havfiske AS, Norway.
Click here for a virtual tour on board Gadus Neptun.


Drlipstickgeek. – Lifestyle. Makeup. Book Reviews. Poetry.Recipes.
Lifestyle. Makeup. Book Reviews. Poetry.Recipes.
Lakme Absolute Argan Oil Serum Foundation Natural Almond 06.
Scary Stuff ; An Anecdote.
Happy 1 Year Blogging Anniversary .
Walk on the beach; Musings.
Parent ; A poem on Post Partum Depression.


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Рибонуклеотид представляет собой нуклеотид, содержащий рибозу в качестве пентозного компонента. Считается молекулярным предшественником нуклеиновых кислот. Нуклеотиды являются основными строительными блоками ДНК и РНК. Сами рибонуклеотиды являются основными мономерными строительными блоками для РНК. Дезоксирибонуклеотиды, образующиеся в результате восстановления рибонуклеотидов ферментом рибонуклеотидредуктазой (RNR), являются важными строительными блоками ДНК. Существует несколько различий между дезоксирибонуклеотидами ДНК и рибонуклеотидами РНК. Последовательные нуклеотиды связаны друг с другом с помощью фосфодиэфирных связей.

Рибонуклеотиды также используются в других клеточных функциях. Эти специальные мономеры используются как в клеточной регуляции, так и в передаче сигналов клетками, как показано в аденозинмонофосфате (AMP). Кроме того, рибонуклеотиды могут быть преобразованы в аденозинтрифосфат (АТФ), эквивалент энергии в организмах. Рибонуклеотиды могут быть преобразованы в циклический аденозинмонофосфат (циклический АМФ) для регулирования гормонов в организмах. В живых организмах наиболее распространенными основаниями для рибонуклеотидов являются аденин (A), гуанин (G), цитозин (C) или урацил (U). Азотистые основания подразделяются на два исходных соединения, пурин и пиримидин.

Строение

Общая структура
В состав рибонуклеотидов входят: остаток фосфорной кислоты, пентозный сахар рибоза и азотистое основание, в котором нуклеиновой основой может быть аденин, гуанин, цитозин или урацил. Без фосфатной группы состав нуклеиновой основы и сахара известен как нуклеозид. Взаимозаменяемые азотистые нуклеиновые основания получены из двух исходных соединений, пурина и пиримидина. Нуклеотиды представляют собой гетероциклические соединения, то есть они содержат по меньшей мере два разных химических элемента в качестве членов своих колец.

И РНК, и ДНК содержат два основных пуриновых основания, аденин (A) и гуанин (G), и два основных пиримидина. Как в ДНК, так и в РНК одним из пиримидинов является цитозин (С). Однако ДНК и РНК отличаются по второму основному пиримидину. ДНК содержит тимин (T), а РНК содержит урацил (U). В некоторых редких случаях тимин встречается в РНК, а урацил — в ДНК.
Вот 4 основных рибонуклеотида (рибонуклеозид 5'-монофосфат), которые являются структурными единицами РНК.

Сравнение дезоксирибонуклеотидов ДНК и рибонуклеотидов РНК
В рибонуклеотидах сахарным компонентом является рибоза, в то время как в дезоксирибонуклеотидах сахарным компонентом является дезоксирибоза. Вместо гидроксильной группы у второго углерода в рибозном кольце она заменена атомом водорода.

Оба типа пентоз в ДНК и РНК находятся в форме β-фуранозы (замкнутого пятичленного кольца), и они определяют идентичность нуклеиновой кислоты. ДНК определяется как содержащая 2'-дезокси-рибозную нуклеиновую кислоту, в то время как РНК определяется как содержащая рибозную нуклеиновую кислоту.

В некоторых случаях ДНК и РНК могут содержать некоторые второстепенные основания. Метилированные формы основных оснований наиболее распространены в ДНК. В вирусной ДНК некоторые основания могут быть гидроксиметилированными или глюкозилированными. В РНК минорные или модифицированные основания встречаются чаще. Некоторые примеры включают гипоксантин, дигидроурацил, метилированные формы урацила, цитозин и гуанин, а также модифицированный нуклеозид псевдоуридин. Также наблюдались нуклеотиды с фосфатными группами в положениях, отличных от 5'-углерода. Примеры включают рибонуклеозид 2', 3'-циклические монофосфаты, которые являются изолируемыми промежуточными продуктами, и рибонуклеозид 3'-монофосфаты, которые являются конечными продуктами гидролиза РНК определёнными рибонуклеазами. Другие варианты включают аденозин 3',5'-циклический монофосфат (цАМФ) и гуанозин 3',5'-циклический монофосфат (цГМФ).

Последовательное связывание нуклеотидов
Рибонуклеотиды связаны друг с другом с образованием цепей РНК посредством фосфодиэфирных связей. 5'-фосфатная группа одного нуклеотида связана с 3'-гидроксильной группой следующего нуклеотида, создавая основу из чередующихся остатков фосфата и пентозы. На каждом конце полинуклеотида нет фосфодиэфирной связи. Фосфодиэфирные связи образуются между рибонуклеотидами с помощью фермента РНК-полимеразы. Цепь РНК синтезируется от 5'-конца до 3'-конца, поскольку 3'-гидроксильная группа последнего рибонуклеотида в цепи действует как нуклеофил и запускает гидрофильную атаку на 5'-трифосфат входящего рибонуклеотида, высвобождая пирофосфат в качестве побочного продукта. Из-за физических свойств нуклеотидов остов РНК очень гидрофильный и полярный. При нейтральном рН нуклеиновые кислоты сильно заряжены, поскольку каждая фосфатная группа несет отрицательный заряд.

И ДНК, и РНК построены из нуклеозидфосфатов, также известных как мононуклеотидные мономеры, которые термодинамически менее склонны к объединению, чем аминокислоты. Фосфодиэфирные связи при гидролизе выделяют значительное количество свободной энергии. Поэтому нуклеиновые кислоты имеют тенденцию к самопроизвольному гидролизу в мононуклеотиды. Предшественниками РНК являются GTP, CTP, UTP и АТФ, которые являются основным источником энергии в реакциях переноса групп.

Функция

Предшественники дезоксирибонуклеотидов
Ученые считают, что РНК появилась раньше ДНК.

Восстановление рибонуклеотидов до дезоксирибонуклеотидов катализируется рибонуклеотидредуктазой. Рибонуклеотидредуктаза (RNR) является важным ферментом для всех живых организмов, поскольку она отвечает за последний этап синтеза четырёх дезоксирибонуклеотидов (dNTP), необходимых для репликации и репарации ДНК. Для реакции также требуются два других белка: тиоредоксин и тиоредоксинредуктаза. Рибонуклеозиддифосфат (NDP) восстанавливается тиоредоксином до дезоксирибонуклеозиддифосфата (dNTP).

Общая реакция такова: рибонуклеозиддифосфат + NADPH + H+ -> дезоксирибонуклеозиддифосфат + NADP+ + H2O.

Чтобы проиллюстрировать это уравнение, dATP и dGTP синтезируются из ADP и GDP соответственно. Сначала они восстанавливаются с помощью RNR, а затем фосфорилируются нуклеозиддифосфаткиназами до dATP и dGTP. Рибонуклеотидредуктаза контролируется аллостерическими взаимодействиями. Как только dATP связывается с рибонуклеотидредуктазой, общая каталитическая активность фермента снижается, поскольку это означает обилие дезоксирибонуклеотидов. Это ингибирование обратной связи отменяется, как только АТФ связывается.

Различение рибонуклеотидов
Во время синтеза ДНК ДНК-полимеразы должны отбирать компонентов против рибонуклеотидов, присутствующих в гораздо более высоких концентрациях по сравнению с дезоксирибонуклеотидами. Крайне важно, чтобы была избирательность, поскольку репликация ДНК должна быть точной для поддержания генома организма. Было показано, что активные сайты ДНК-полимераз семейства Y отвечают за поддержание высокой селективности в отношении рибонуклеотидов. Большинство ДНК-полимераз также оснащены для исключения рибонуклеотидов из их активного сайта через объемный остаток боковой цепи, который может стерически блокировать 2 '-гидроксильную группу рибозного кольца. Однако многие ядерные репликативные и репаративные ДНК-полимеразы включают рибонуклеотиды в ДНК, предполагая, что механизм исключения несовершенен.

Биологические функции в клетке
 Требуются для синтеза РНК,
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Now Reading: Building Trust
As Texans face the skyrocketing cost of housing, community land trusts offer the promise of permanent affordability. You just have to give up ownership of your land.
Gustavo Huerta
Regina Daniels moved into her house in Acres Homes in September. She's loved the neighborhood ever since her family moved there when she was in high school.
By Megan Kimble
Early last year, Regina Daniels decided it was time to buy a house. She'd been renting a three-bedroom apartment off Antoine Drive in Houston's Acres Homes neighborhood, an area she's loved ever since her family moved there when she was in high school. "It's homey," she says. "Neighborly." Unincorporated until 1974, Acres Homes was originally marketed to black Houstonians as "a bit of genteel country," named for the acre of land you'd get with your house. Though it's just 20 minutes northwest of downtown, the neighborhood is quiet, sheltered by stands of pine trees and the occasional farm.
But the rent at Daniels' apartment was about to go up again—she was already paying $1,200 a month—and she was tired of moving her three kids to a new place every time it did.
So she started looking at houses in the neighborhood, where the median list price had climbed above $200,000. "I was going to have to make some major sacrifices," Daniels says. "I was going to end up mortgage-broke." She considered Habitat for Humanity, but it wasn't building in the area. One day, Daniels got a call from a friend, who told her about the Houston Community Land Trust (CLT), a newly formed nonprofit selling affordable homes in the neighborhood.
Within two months, Daniels had moved into a brand-new three-bedroom house just south of Little York Road.
On a humid night in October, her 5- and 6-year-old sons, Matei and Keeland, wriggle around the living room and list all the things they love about their new house. Matei likes the backyard, where there are three trees, where sometimes the ball goes over the fence, where he steps on ants and stares at the clouds in the sky. "I can tell you which weather it is," he says, proudly.
Daniels pays $725 a month for her home, $675 of which goes to the bank for the 30-year mortgage on the house. The remaining $50 goes to the Houston CLT for the 99-year ground lease on the land, which the nonprofit owns.
Daniels' home in Acres Homes was one of the first built in partnership with the Houston CLT, which retains ownership of the land. Gustavo Huerta
It doesn't bother Daniels that she doesn't own the land under her house. "It used to be the only thing I could think about was which money I was going to move around in order to take care of things," she says. Now she can think beyond her next payment—to save for retirement, to pay for the braces her daughter needs.
Texans have seen the cost of housing skyrocket over the past decade. As a result, populations of "at-risk groups"—low-income residents and black and Hispanic families—have declined in city centers and concentrated in outlying suburbs, where housing is cheaper. In January, an analysis by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas found that Houston has gentrified faster than any other Texas city, with neighborhoods near downtown seeing spikes in median income as affluent people moved in. But no city is immune. The same thing has happened in Austin and Dallas and, to a lesser extent, San Antonio, where change appears all but inevitable.
Cities have largely struggled to protect affordable housing in gentrifying neighborhoods. Once the engine of capital revs up and investors begin to speculate on a plot of land's future value, the machine is hard to stop. The community land trust model offers an elegant solution: By separating ownership of a house from the land beneath it, you can ensure the home remains affordable—permanently.
Since 2011, every big city in the state has either established or is working to establish a community land trust. Austin has two. A Dallas nonprofit and the City of San Antonio are both actively working to start CLTs. Smaller cities are following suit; even advocates in Abilene—population 122,999—are looking at the model as housing costs creep up.
The force behind Houston's CLT is Tom McCasland, director of the city's Department of Housing and Community Development. When he started his job in 2016, he quickly became frustrated with the limitations of traditional housing assistance programs, which offer down payment support to low-income homebuyers or subsidies to developers who commit to preserving affordability for a certain number of years. Once a homebuyer moves or the period of affordability expires, the unit returns to the open market, often jumping in price and erasing the effects of any public subsidy.
Map by Drue Wagner.
"It felt like we were on a treadmill and the treadmill was turned up too high," McCasland says. "We had more units rolling out of affordability and into the open market than we were putting in. The affordable housing crisis was just getting bigger and bigger despite us working as hard as we could to try to address it."
In November 2018, the Houston City Council approved $1 million to start the Houston CLT as an independent nonprofit, with the goal to build or convert 1,100 homes into the trust over five years. If successful, Houston's CLT would surpass the country's largest, the Champlain Housing Trust in Burlington, Vermont, which was established in 1984 with the support of then-mayor Bernie Sanders and today holds 615 houses and 2,300 apartments.
Now McCasland's department builds houses on formerly vacant or tax-delinquent property held by the Houston Land Bank, which has earmarked 260 abandoned properties across the city for affordable single-family housing. Qualifying homebuyers—families who make less than 80 percent of the area's median income—can choose to pay roughly $180,000 for a house and the land. Or they can put the land into the Houston CLT and pay for just the structure, about $80,000, and agree to a resale restriction that limits how much the home can appreciate in value.
People presented with this choice have overwhelmingly decided to buy CLT homes—of the 16 that had been sold as of February, 12 had gone into the land trust. "This isn't just about one individual homebuyer," says Ashley Allen, executive director of the Houston CLT. "It's about protecting and preserving communities as a whole. Even if you win the lottery tomorrow and sell the house to move into your mansion, someone else is going to be able to benefit. People who are community-based people, who have been in a community forever, that resonates with them."
In 1879, a journalist in San Francisco named Henry George published a book called Progress and Poverty. In it, George noted that the appreciation in the value of unimproved land was often the result of a communal effort—a new commercial district, a railroad—rather than individual enterprise, and yet it was the individual landowner alone who profited. "Why should a man benefit merely from the act of ownership, when he may render no services to the community in exchange?" George asked.
His conclusion: "The great cause of inequality in the distribution of wealth is inequality in the ownership of land."
He proposed a land-value tax that would redistribute the wealth generated by undeveloped land to the community, while preserving private ownership of (and profit from) the improvements built on that land—buildings, farms, factories. George proposed eliminating all other taxes in favor of this single tax on land, a mechanism he asserted would redistribute wealth without hampering economic development. Progress and Poverty became a bestseller, catalyzing the creation of numerous "single tax" colonies everywhere from Delaware to Israel based on community ownership of land and individual ownership of improvements.
"This isn't just about one individual homebuyer. It's about protecting and preserving communities as a whole."
Eighty years later, in the early 1960s, civil rights activists in rural Georgia were struggling to build a movement of sharecroppers, black farmers who worked and lived on white-owned land. An activist and reverend named Charles Sherrod had been organizing sit-ins and voter registration drives, knocking on doors across the state. But, as he recalled in a 1981 interview, he kept hearing the same thing: "What are you going to do if I get kicked out of my house?" The threat of eviction was real—black people had been kicked out of their homes for less than registering to vote. "The only solution that one could come to would be that we have to own land ourselves," he said.
But at the time, even black farmers who did own land were losing it at alarming rates. From 1954 to 1964, according to the U.S. Census of Agriculture, nonwhite farmers in Georgia lost 65 percent of their land. "The whole effort was to try to make sure we developed a system so that the land would always be there, so that the land would be owned by everyone," Shirley Sherrod, Charles' wife, tells me.
The system they eventually built was inspired by George's vision of communal land tenure. New Communities, widely regarded as the first community land trust in the country, would be "a nonprofit organization to hold land in perpetual trust for the permanent use of rural communities," according to its founding documents.
In 1969, the nonprofit organized the purchase of 5,735 acres outside Albany, Georgia—at the time, the largest parcel of black-owned land in the country. They planned to build more than 500 homes, a school, and a health center, but first, they needed money to pay for the land. So they started farming. Fifteen families moved into existing structures, and many more showed up to help build the fledgling community. Together, they built a greenhouse, nursery school, and grocery store. Families came from all over Lee County to help pick peas or harvest okra on the farm, says Phillip Davis, who grew up in a small cinder block house on the property.
"The great cause of inequality in the distribution of wealth is inequality in the ownership of land."
The farm thrived for seven years, until a drought hit in 1976. When the community applied for an emergency loan from the local Farmers Home Administration, Shirley remembers, a white supervisor said: "You will get a loan here over my dead body." In 1985, they lost the farm to foreclosure.
By then, the community land trust model had spread across the country, becoming an increasingly urban phenomenon, writes James Meehan in Reinventing Real Estate: The Community Land Trust as a Social Invention in Affordable Housing. At the first national CLT conference in 1987, 24 land trust representatives showed up; by 2006, there were 162 CLTs operating across the country. Last year, according to a report by Fannie Mae, there were 225 community land trusts operating across the United States, representing 20,000 rental units and 15,000 homeownership units.
In October, people from many of those CLTs gathered in Albany for the 50-year anniversary of New Communities. "You have to keep working and have faith that things will work out," Shirley tells the 200-odd people gathered in a giant white tent erected at the crest of a rolling property. A banner welcomed cars turning right onto the former plantation: "This land was owned by the largest slave owner in Georgia and is now owned by the descendants of slaves."
In 2009, as part of a class-action lawsuit alleging that the USDA had discriminated against black farmers, New Communities won a $12.8 million settlement. Now, on this 1,600-acre parcel of land, they're farming again: Squash and collards grow alongside satsuma mandarins and muscadine grapes. There are more than 8,000 pecan trees planted in orchards across the property, the ground dappled with spotted husks.
"It's tough to ingrain in people to think of 'we' versus 'I,'" Charles and Shirley's son, Kenyatta, tells me as we stand in the shade below a sprawling live oak. "You have to bring them onto the property, then they get it—that no one person can do all this on their own. When you share it, it's still part yours."
Growing up in East Austin in the 1970s, Johnny Martinez used to ride his bike past a field off Tillery Street—he remembers it because of the giant pecan tree in the distance. "I always wanted to go back there," he says. But the tree was behind a fence and the field was full of debris, so he never did. Martinez grew up; he got married and divorced, started raising his 8-year-old daughter on his own, and went to school to become an HVAC tech, moving in and out of apartments as the companies he worked for as a maintenance supervisor offered discounted rent.
The complex he works at now on 11th Street, across from Franklin Barbecue ("I go to work at 7:30 and there's already a line"), charges $1,800 per month for a studio apartment. The neighborhood he grew up in "has changed big-time," he says. "It has its ups and downs. The down is that affordable housing is no more in East Austin, trust me."
Johnny Martinez grew up in East Austin and says he would never be able to afford to live in the neighborhood were it not for GNDC. Nicole Mlakar
Before that was the case, in the early 2000s, Martinez ran into a high school classmate who worked for Guadalupe Neighborhood Development Corporation (GNDC), an affordable housing nonprofit in East Austin. At the time, the average home in the area was selling for $84,000, compared with $142,000 citywide. The issue was vacancy, the cratering of a neighborhood as longtime residents moved out and commercial developers moved in from downtown. Since 1983, GNDC had been buying homes in foreclosure or at cost, rehabilitating them using city funds, and selling those homes back to people from the neighborhood. If a homeowner decided to sell the home, GNDC had the right of first refusal to buy it back and resell it to another low-income buyer. They weren't worried about the home appreciating in the meantime: "No one wanted to live over here anyway," says Mark Rogers, GNDC's executive director. "These people did because that's where they'd always been."
He was disabused of that notion in 2005, when he got a call from a couple who had purchased a home from the nonprofit two years earlier for $105,000. They wanted to sell and had already gotten an offer—for $213,000. It was far more than GNDC could afford. "We realized, this doesn't work anymore," Rogers says. His realization was prescient. Home prices would only continue to climb across East Austin, doubling from a median of $235,000 in 2010 to $481,000 today.
Heather Way, a University of Texas law professor then working with affordable housing nonprofits across the state, had heard about the community land trust model. "This kind of structure of severing the land and the real property is done all the time in the commercial real estate market, but for homeownership, for Texas, it had been a new form," she says.
Way, Rogers, and others worked with state Senator Royce West to define and enable community land trusts in the state's property code, finally passing a bill in 2011. In 2012, GNDC built the first CLT home in Texas—a tidy mint-green A-frame house with three big windows and a white wraparound porch on the corner of Willow and Navasota streets. The nonprofit now has 18 owner-occupied homes scattered throughout East Austin, with 14 more under construction. The City of Austin has a land trust now, too, with 17 homes across the city and another 20 scheduled for construction this year.
After GNDC built its first community land trust home, "The real question was, how are we going to get TCAD [Travis County Appraisal District] to value this?" Rogers says. Appraising the house was relatively straightforward: A deed restriction limited how much the house could be sold for in future years—a value TCAD could tax. The land was more complicated. The trust's 99-year ground lease prevented both the family and GNDC from selling the land on the open market. How do you value land that can't be sold?
"It's tough to ingrain in people to think of 'we' versus 'I.' You have to bring them onto the property, then they get it—that no one person can do all this on their own. When you share it, it's still part yours."
After years of wrangling, TCAD agreed to tax the land based on the nominal rental income GNDC was earning from its ground leases, currently $300 a year, saving CLT homeowners thousands of dollars in property taxes. Rogers and Way have tried for the past two legislative sessions to pass a bill that would formalize CLT appraisals statewide. "That would be revolutionary," Rogers says. "Texas would be way ahead of the rest of the country."
In 2011, GNDC started developing a former dumpsite off Tillery Street. It had acquired most of the 11-acre parcel in 2005 in tax foreclosure and planned to build a CLT subdivision with 54 single-family homes, four duplexes, and 24 townhouses. In 2015, Rogers asked Martinez, who was working for GNDC by this time, if he wanted to buy a home. "I said, of course I would," Martinez says. Three years later, he moved into a three-bedroom, two-and-a-half bathroom house on Father Joe Znotas Street. He pays $890 a month for the mortgage and $2,100 a year in property taxes; his sister, meanwhile, is struggling to keep up with the nearly $7,000 tax bill at their mom's old house on Canterbury Street. (Because TCAD uses a different valuation method, CLT homes don't affect the property values of surrounding market-rate homes.)
Martinez is happy to be back in the neighborhood he grew up in. If the weather is nice, after work, he rides his bike down Tillery and over to Cherico Street, past Govalle Elementary, where he went to school. Standing in his backyard, he can see the pecan tree in his neighbor's front yard—the same one he used to bike past all those years ago. "Now I'm right next to it," he says. "Kinda weird."
He's grateful for his home. But he's occasionally skeptical about its future. "If you plan on staying and handing it down to your kids, you are kind of leery of what's going to happen after 100 years," he says. The ground lease tied to his home is renewable and transferable to his heirs, but, he says, it's awkward not to know for sure. "You try not to put too much thought into it because it's a long way away."
Martinez's concern echoes a common critique of community land trusts: How secure can you really be if you don't own the land below your home?
"I question the premise that anyone actually individually owns their land," says Jason Webb, a senior specialist at Grounded Solutions Network, a national membership organization of community land trusts. "If you don't pay your taxes, what happens? The taxman is going to come and take your entire property, not just the land." If you don't pay your mortgage, the bank will do the same.
That is precisely what happened during the Great Recession, which disproportionately impacted homeowners of color. A 2011 study of the housing crash found that Hispanic and black households lost 66 percent and 53 percent of their wealth, respectively, between 2005 and 2009; the average white family lost just 16 percent.
"Our program only allows a family to build wealth at this very incremental pace. I think people balk at that. They're like, 'You're holding folks back.'"
In 2018, Grounded Solutions partnered with the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy to examine the efficacy of shared equity homeownership programs like CLTs. The study, which looked at 4,108 properties across 20 states over three decades, found that foreclosure rates in shared equity homes were astonishingly low: 99 percent of shared equity homeowners avoid foreclosure.
But like any investment, there are fewer downsides to a CLT home precisely because the upsides are so limited. "Our program only allows a family to build wealth at this very incremental pace," says Nina Culotta, the housing director at the Houston CLT. "I think people balk at that. They're like, 'You're holding folks back. You're not allowing people to enjoy the full benefits of being a homeowner.'"
Of course, families of color were lawfully excluded from enjoying the full benefits of being homeowners for more than half a century. The consequences of that exclusion are still reverberating today. According to the Federal Reserve, the median net worth for a white household is $171,000, compared with $17,600 and $20,600 for black and Hispanic households, respectively, a disparity that can be attributed at least in part to low rates of homeownership among black and Hispanic families.
"We are trying to provide opportunity to a population that has historically not had an opportunity to enter the housing market," says Ashley Allen of the Houston CLT. A CLT home is a starting point, Allen says—a stepping stone between renting and owning. "Even if you're not building [as much] wealth through the actual home, you're building wealth by being able to save. You're building wealth by having stability and being able to pay your mortgage and having something left over."
Ashley Allen, executive director of the Houston CLT, says a CLT home can be a stepping stone for families. Gustavo Huerta
According to the U.S. Census, the average homeowner's household wealth is $228,200, compared with $2,523 for the average renter. People in CLT homes fall somewhere in between: The average shared equity homeowner accumulates $14,000 in equity during their time in the home.
Allen says the land trust gets pushback from people who have already benefited from traditional homeownership. "One of our biggest critics was a VP at Bank of America," she says. "Of course, you don't need this program!"
Over the past couple of years, Rogers, of GNDC, says, he's started to get calls from city planners in unexpected places—Lubbock, La Grange—who have seen housing costs rise rapidly while incomes remain stagnant. The time to invest in a land trust, he says, is before gentrification hits, when land can still be acquired affordably. He still kicks himself for turning down two riverfront lots in Austin selling for $16,000 apiece two decades ago.
That's exactly what's driving advocates in Abilene to push for a CLT. Although the average rent there is still only $745 a month, it's beginning to climb. "Gentrification is a slower process here, but it is starting to happen," says Rosten Callarman, who is working with neighborhood groups to start a CLT. "If we're learning anything from the larger markets, it's that now is the time to get ahead of it."
Taped to the bright white door of Stephanie Dickerson's house in Acres Homes is a swatch of royal purple paint. After two decades of renting, Dickerson is delighted that she doesn't have to ask permission to paint her door. "As you can see, I like color," she says. "Purple is a color of wealth, but it's wealth in spirit, not wealth in money. Your home is peaceful, your heart is peaceful."
Inside the house on Bethune Drive, peace does not yet reign supreme, as Dickerson's 2-year-old grandson, Zayden, careens up and down the (pistachio green) hallway. Dickerson's son, Patrick, recently moved back to Houston from San Diego with his partner and two kids; they're staying with Dickerson until they find a place of their own.
Dickerson, who moved into her house in July, was initially skeptical of the land trust model. "How are you going to own the house but don't own the property?" she asked her aunt, who'd told her about the Houston CLT. "But when I was able to get the house for the amount that I got it for, I was like, that makes a lot of sense."
Acres Homes wasn't her first choice of neighborhood—she had been living in Humble, near the airport, and works in The Woodlands. But that's where the land trust had homes, and Dickerson wanted a home.
Stephanie Dickerson, with her 15-year-old son, Alexzander, is the first in her immediate family to own a home. Gustavo Huerta
That's about to change. Starting this spring, qualified homebuyers will be able to search for houses on the open market anywhere in the city. If the house meets certain standards—it can't be more than 10 years old or in a flood plain—the city will provide roughly the same subsidy it's putting into new-construction homes if the buyer puts the home into the Houston CLT. If successful, this so-called homebuyer choice program would radically and rapidly expand the number of CLT homes across the city. "We get calls every day: 'When are you coming to our community?'" Allen says. "This would be an opportunity to create affordability in communities that we know are rapidly changing."
Many people still balk at the investment required by a CLT—in Houston, the city puts in roughly $105,000 per home. "The question all along has been: Is this scalable?" McCasland says. "We won't know until we try. Yes, the upfront subsidy is expensive, but if you spread that out over the five-plus families that are going to be living there for the next 30 years, it starts to become a very reasonable subsidy—in fact, far more reasonable than our current interventions."
In 1950, the average family income in the United States was $2,990, while the average home cost $7,400, equivalent to two and a half years of income. In 2018, the median household earned $63,179, while the median home sold for $325,275, representing more than five years' worth of income. One reason for that growing divide is the rising price of land. According to a 2017 study, "rising land prices explain about 80 percent of the global house price boom that has taken place since World War II."
As housing costs skyrocket across the United States, Henry George's notion of socializing the wealth generated by land has begun to appear more and more reasonable, supported by economists and urban planners across the country. "George's idea was if you tax the full rental value [of land] then no one would buy land just in the expectation that the price would go up in the future," says Joan Youngman, a senior fellow at the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. "Because, as the price went up, the tax would go up. You would only benefit from what you did with the land."
A community land trust is one way to remove the profit motive from land ownership; a land tax is another. Either way, the fundamental question now facing cities across the country is one George asked more than a century ago. Who benefits from the rising price of land?
Homeownership has transformed how Dickerson sees her life. She has a day job, but now that she has a home office and a stable mortgage, she's working to start her own business doing medical billing. When she works for herself, she'll finally be able to go on vacation—she wants to go to Cameroon, where her ancestors are from.
She is also the first in her immediate family to own a home. Four months after Dickerson moved in, she still occasionally calls her mom just to whisper, "Mom! I got a house."
Her mom replies, whispering too: "You got a house."
This story was supported by the Solutions Journalism Network, a nonprofit organization dedicated to rigorous and compelling reporting about responses to social problems.
This story is the from our special issue on housing. This issue also marks the start of our new housing beat.
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A Democratic Socialist Damn Near Won the Texas Primary: It took a small army of politicians and pundits to stave Bernie Sanders off.
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In 'Barn 8,' an Unsparing Look at the Industrial Chicken Industry: Deb Olin Unferth's darkly comic novel imagines a chicken heist gone wrong—and takes on the factory farming industry.
Do you think free access to journalism like this is important? The Texas Observer is known for its fiercely independent, uncompromising work—which we are pleased to provide to the public at no charge in this space. That means we rely on the generosity of our readers who believe that this work is important. You can chip in for as little as 99 cents a month. If you believe in this mission, we need your help.
Megan Kimble is executive editor at the Observer and the author of Unprocessed: My City-Dwelling Year of Reclaiming Real Food. Follow her on Twitter @megankimble.
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Cineplex Store launches new official Xbox app
Apps Movies Xbox Xbox 360 Xbox One
Laurent Giret
Movie on-demand service Cineplex Store has launched a new app on both the Xbox 360 and the Xbox One. If you're not familiar with it, it's a Canadian service that offers over 1000 new release and catalog titles from major Hollywood, Canadian and International studios to rent or buy. The service seems to be only available in Canada as of today, and Canadian users will need to have a Cinexplex Store account to use the app.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fg9reF8qej8
The Cineplex Store app allow users to rent or buy movies directly from their console, and it is also integrated with Kinect to control playback with the wave of a hand or through voice commands. Furthermore, every purchase or movie rental will grant users SCENE points, which is a Canadian Entertainment rewards program, to purchase or rent movies on Cineplex Store. Lastly, the app should feature exclusive deals for Xbox users.
To download the app, log in to your Xbox Live account on your Xbox 360 or Xbox One and then browse or search for the Cineplex Store app on the Xbox Store. If you live in Canada, let us know in the comments if you're looking forward to use this app on your Xbox.
WhatsApp for Windows phones updated, fixes WhatsApp Web connection issues
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for different climate, different construction techniques and programmes should be adopted, so that the climatic characteristics of winter decoration construction and give full play to its advantages. Shichuang decoration company's professional and technical head of the research team told reporters that the traditional winter decoration should resolve problems that can occur in winter, such as carpentry, sewing, PuTTY scraping is not too thick, wall and floor tiles warm before they are posted. At present, many decorating companies have rolled out a feasible solution, also after three years of effort, using 12 kinds of technology solutions, 120 model test comparison, sorting out the success of many scientific construction methods.
according to its introduction, prior to construction, the influence of temperature and humidity on the materials and processes to varying degrees, decoration company with humidification, heating equipment in the field, adjust the construction site and environment, to meet the technological requirements and on wood, tiles, paint and other materials are classified and closed three days later in a State of constant temperature and humidity to be constructed. Finished with three days of indoor and outdoor ventilation, careful observation there is no unexpected changes. As long as you pay more attention to common problems in winter, we can guarantee the successful completion of the home.
Solution: the primary material used in decoration, especially timber, 3-5 days of indoor heating equipment need to be planted in order to evaporate due to the variations in temperature and produce water. To do is to let the moisture content of the wood close to the level in the House, to avoid deformation of wood in the decoration.
veneer cracking solution: decorative panels shipped to site, use dry towel to wipe dust, brushing the varnished back twice in a row. All decorative Panel should be flat, the bottom pad is a large circuit board, top is a large Board, unable to stand, so that you can prevent Panel cracking and warping.
Solution: not dry brush paint PuTTY, walls easily "sweats" even large crack, Windows open for ventilation, preferably between 10 o'clock in the morning until 4 o'clock in the afternoon. During this time the temperature is relatively high, can prevent new Putty to freeze. First time after the PuTTY to dry completely, and then approved a second PuTTY. After the second PuTTY dry completely, then carefully polished with sandpaper.
Solution: plasterboard operations, the moisture content of the wood joist must be below 12%, and keel must be strong, can appear a little loose so that you can prevent the plasterboard ceiling cracks. Gypsum Board, gypsum board joints between the wall between places, leave a gap of about 0.5 cm, seasoned with plaster and LaTeX caulking, then double up kraft paper, puttying, prevents cracking plaster line.
solution programme: if met Shang Gale cooling weather, should not be for oil work industry, because winter sand larger, paint and paint not dry Shi easy attached dust, should note select no wind of weather for brushing, guarantee paint Shi coated of environment temperature not below 5 degrees Celsius, varnish Shi coated Shi of environment temperature is not below 8 degrees Celsius, should strictly according to products description in the of temperature Shi coated. To prevent grains of sand falling on the painted surfaces, you want to close all Windows and doors.
Solution: winter decoration, door, window joints should not be too small, so as to avoid tense summer thermal expansion, doesn't stay closed. Putting in hardwood floors, to set aside about 2 mm joints around, furniture, you also need to set aside 0.1 mm left and right of the interface, and joints in floors and walls with floor layering form transitions, can better deal with the disadvantages of wall and floor gap is too large.


text:
Dates and Tickets
The Man of Mode; or, Sir Fopling Flutter
Written by George Etherege
Directed and produced by Christopher Shipley
Phill Jenkins
Dorimant
Phill Jenkins is an actor, painter, and musician studying fine art at MICA. He is happy to return for his third production with Rivals of the West.
Isabel Seckman Gadd
This is Isabel Seckman Gadd's first production with Rivals of the West. She is a sophomore photography major and film/video concentrator. Isabel has participated in theater productions since the age of 9, with parts in amateur productions including "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and "Angels In America." She dreams of becoming an accomplished photographer, film writer/director, and cinematographer.
Nick Daly
Sir Fopling Flutter
Nicholas Daly is an actor, artist, and musician. He is currently a junior painting major at MICA. This is Nicholas's first theater performance and he is very excited to be wearing such a nice wig.
Sarah Middleton
Mrs. Loveit
Sarah Middleton is a sophomore general fine arts major. This is her first production with the Rivals of West. She is very excited to be acting the role of Mrs. Loveit and to be working with such a talented group of actors, costumers, and designers.
Teresa Rodriguez
Teresa is a senior general fine arts and humanistic studies major. She has acted in numerous productions since she was in 5th grade, but this is her first major role. Teresa is honored and elated to have the opportunity of playing Belinda!
Maria Victa
Maria is a sophomore GFA/MAT major from Bethesda, Maryland. For years, she only worked on tech for shows such as "The Wizard of Oz" and "Romeo & Juliet." She started acting for the first time this year in the ensemble of "The Rocky Horror Picture Show."
McKinley Wallace III
McKinley Wallace III is a senior painting major. This will be his first-ever theater performance! He is overwhelmed with excitement to have the opportunity to work with such a diverse cast.
Anna Christiano
Lady Townley
Anna Christiano is a sophomore illustration major. She has been involved in the theater since the age of 10, and performed in 13 amateur productions before coming to MICA. This is her third production at MICA, and her first time performing with Rivals of the West.
Anastasia Silva
Lady Woodvil
Anastasia Silva is a sophomore illustration major at MICA. This is her first production with Rivals of the West.
Peter Favinger
Young Bellair
Peter Favinger is a senior drawing major with a concentration in theatre. This will be his third MICA Rivals of the West production. You may have seen him at last year's performance as Orin Scrivillo in "Little Shop of Horrors!"
Noah Packard
Old Bellair
Noah Packard is a sophomore studying interdisciplinary sculpture at MICA.
Taz Achey
Orange Woman / Epilogue
Taz Achey is a foundation student who has been hooked on acting since playing Charlie Brown in 3rd grade. Since then, she has performed in every play and musical she can find with gusto, and doesn't plan to stop any time soon.
Will Blankin
Handy / Prologue
Will Blankin is a junior interactive arts major and an avid participant in drama. "The Man of Mode" is Will's fourth time acting in a theater production at MICA; previous plays include "Dancing At Lughnasa," "All New People," and "Vanya, Sonia, Masha and Spike." For his senior year, Will plans to take further part in MICA's productions in order to fulfill the requirements of the new theater concentration.
Lucas Nelson
Lucas, a general fine art major with a theatre minor, has been participating in theatre for a little more than six years. Though most of his experience has been in tech, he has also acted in productions and done numerous improv shows. He is happy to be performing with Rivals of the West this year.
Tania Garcia
Tania Garcia is a senior photography major with a penchant for graphic design. She is thrilled to be a part of this performance. This is her not just her first theatre production at MICA, but it is also her first ever.
Anna Joe
Anna has been a producer for a local musical group for over four years. She is very excited to be on stage for the first time.
Director / Producer
Christopher Shipley (Ph.D., University of Chicago) is a professor of humanistic studies at MICA, where he has taught drama courses for nearly 30 years. In 2008, he created "The Play's the Thing," the cross-disciplinary course responsible for this year's offering of "The Man of Mode; or, Sir Fopling Flutter."
Melanie Lester
Costume Director
Melanie Lester ('02) joins Rivals of the West as Costume Director for this spring's production of "Man of Mode." She is a costume designer/fabricator and teaches "Garment Design and Production" and "Costume" at Maryland Institute College of Art.
Kuo Pao Lian
Kuo Pao Lian received his Master of Architecture at Texas Tech University and has taught for MICA in the disciplines of design, build, and visual communication. Aside from his own design build practice, he also works as a set designer for a number of local film and episodic productions.
Kris Messer
Kris Messer holds an MFA in playwriting from Brown University and a Ph.D. in Theatre History and Performance Studies from the University of Maryland. She has acted, directed, and done dramaturgical work in many settings. She teaches at MICA and other area schools, and adores working with Rivals of the West. She could not be happier to be a part of this production team.
Rachel Jacoby
Rachel Jacoby is a senior animation major with a concentration in theater. This is her seventh performance at MICA, and third year as stage manager with Rivals. She also serves as the president of the MICA Thespian Club, where she directs the yearly fall play.
Rae Koch
Rae Koch is a sophomore fiber major with a theater concentration. This is her second year with Rivals and third show at MICA. In addition to being a lover of theater, she works as a barista and runs a small business making handmade teddy bears out of recycled blankets.
Tori Munoz
Associate Technical Director / Lighting Designer
Tori Munoz is a senior art history major. Within her seven productions at MICA, she has served as a stage technician, technical director, lighting designer, and stage manager and is currently vice president of the Thespian Club. Tori works as an electrician and board operator at Baltimore Theatre Project and Everyman Theatre.
Q-Mars Haeri
Assistant Producer
Q-mars Haeri is a Critical Studies graduate student at MICA. He moved to Baltimore from Tehran in 2014, where he was the artistic director of Vaahe Art Group. This is his first collaboration with the Rivals.
Sean O'Brien
Sean O'Brien is a sophomore general fine arts major with a concentration in interdisciplinary theatre at MICA. Sean is a passionate and driven student leader, and hopes to pursue theatre management after graduating.
Mubtasin Zaman
Hair and Makeup Designer
Mubtasin is a sophomore graphic design major from Long Island. His job is to assist in creating the physical appearance of the characters. He's been a working makeup artist for three years and has designed the makeup for many shows, including "Little Shop of Horrors" and "The Wizard of Oz."
Nathan Best
Lighting Instructor / Performance Space Technician
Nathan Best has previously been the lighting designer for Cockpit In Court's "Me and My Girl" and "Gypsy," assistant technical director for CCBC's "Upon His Back He Carries Them," stage manager of CCBC's "The Servant Of Two Masters" and "Beyond Therapy," and technical director/set designer for "The Perfume Counter," "Buried Child," and "I Hate Hamlet." Nathan currently works as Performance Space Technician at Maryland Institute College of Art.
Tori Munoz, Cara Wohnsigl, Stacy Luskin
The Art department is responsible for interpreting the script and translating it into functional stage design. From initial sketches and architectural drawings to scale-models, the Art department will transform the BBOX into a contemporary take on 17th-century London.
Construction Department
Emma Tabachnick, Ben Iluzada
The Construction department is in charge of transforming the design plans into the physical set.
Scenic Department
Masha Khoruzhik, Christopher Shenton
The Scenic department is responsible for designing, treating, and decorating all of the surfaces in the set.
Props Department
Jennifer Denham, Ella Lee
The Props department is responsible for facilitating the collection of objects the actors will interact with in the production. From sourcing and manipulating objects as well as fabricating original pieces, Props works closely with each department to create a cohesive aesthetic.
Set Decoration Department
Shirley Zhang, Violette Liu
The Set Decoration department is in charge of all the non-interactive furniture and stage positioning, and works closely with all other departments.
Susannah Cai, Sammie Jeansun Roh
The Lighting department handles designing, hanging, and lighting the show by working closely with the Art, Scenic, and Costumes departments.
Graphic Design and Marketing Department
Amadeus Guchhait, Asama Sangiamkittikul, Jenny Jung
The Graphic Design and Marketing department creates a brand identity for the play and handles publicity. In addition to creating print materials, this department manages the Rivals of the West's web presence, connects with local media, and works closely with the Photography and Videography department for advertising.
Photography and Videography Department
Helen ReFalo, Shirley Zhang, Christopher Shenton
The Photography and Videography department handles documenting the show as well as aiding in the promotion of it. They are excited to be able to bring something new to the Rivals of the West.
Costume Department
Katy Kincade, Jen Bae, Ariel Pond, Jenny Adams, Sara Keller, Ashley Lian, Erin Dowd, Kat Zotti, Olivia Tran, Lo Ashford, Chanel Cruz, Ronesha Davis
The Costume Crew handles design, construction, alteration, and care of costumes, shoes, and accessories to help express the characters and enhance the overall look of the play. The costumers are very excited to be working with a large crew.
© 2020 Rivals of the West


text:
William Noel Lundgreen
Franklin, Oneida, Idaho, United States
The Life of William Noel
When William Noel Lundgreen was born on 6 March 1891, in Franklin, Oneida, Idaho, United States, his father, William Lundegren, was 28 and his mother, Emeline Handy, was 20. He married Lillian Minnie Jenson on 20 September 1917, in Preston, Franklin, Idaho, United States. They were the parents of at least 1 son and 2 daughters. He lived in Preston, Oneida, Idaho, United States in 1900 and Oneida, Idaho, United States in 1910. He died on 20 September 1924, in Ogden, Weber, Utah, United States, at the age of 33, and was buried in Ogden, Weber, Utah, United States.
Learn about William Noel's homeland.
Put your face in a costume from William Noel's homelands.
Lillian Minnie Jenson
Marriage: 20 September 1917
Myrtle Lillian Poulson
Florence Emaline Lundgreen
Glen Magnus Lundgreen
Preston, Franklin, Idaho, United States
William Lundegren
Emeline Handy
Lydia Jane Lundgreen
Meda Lundegren
Elmo Lundgreen
Ina Lundgreen
1896 · Plessy vs. Ferguson
A landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities if the segregated facilities were equal in quality. It's widely regarded as one of the worst decisions in U.S. Supreme Court history.
1898 · The Ogden Utah Sugar Factory Opens
The Ogden Utah Sugar Factory harvested sugar from beets because sugar cane was hard to grow in northern Utah. During World War, it was hard to get sugar beet seeds, so the company started to harvest the seeds of the beets they were using. The Company merged with a factory in Logan to create the Amalgamated Sugar Company which is still operational today.
1901 · Assassination of Mckinley
President William McKinley was shot at the Temple of Music, in the Pan-American Exposition, while shaking hands with the public. Leon Czolgosz shot him twice in the abdomen because he thought it was his duty to do so. McKinley died after eight days of watch and care. He was the third American president to be assassinated. After his death, Congress passed legislation to officially make the Secret Service and gave them responsibility for protecting the President at all times.
Lundgreen
Swedish: ornamental name composed of the elements lund 'grove' + gren 'branch'.
Lungren
William N Londegren in household of William Londegren, "United States Census, 1910"
Noel Lundgreen, "United States Census, 1920"
Noel Lundergreen in household of William Lundergreen, "United States Census, 1900"


text:
package org.sagebionetworks.bridge.sdk.integration;

import org.junit.AfterClass;
import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.junit.Test;

import org.sagebionetworks.bridge.rest.api.ForConsentedUsersApi;
import org.sagebionetworks.bridge.rest.api.ParticipantsApi;
import org.sagebionetworks.bridge.rest.exceptions.ConsentRequiredException;
import org.sagebionetworks.bridge.user.TestUser;
import org.sagebionetworks.bridge.user.TestUserHelper;

import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
import static org.sagebionetworks.bridge.rest.model.Role.DEVELOPER;
import static org.sagebionetworks.bridge.util.IntegTestUtils.TEST_APP_2_ID;

import org.joda.time.DateTime;

public class SessionRefreshTest {
    private static TestUser user;
    private static TestUser app2Developer;

    @BeforeClass
    public static void createUser() throws Exception {
        user = TestUserHelper.createAndSignInUser(SessionRefreshTest.class, false);
        app2Developer = TestUserHelper.createAndSignInUser(SessionRefreshTest.class, TEST_APP_2_ID, DEVELOPER);
    }

    @AfterClass
    public static void deleteUser() throws Exception {
        if (user != null) {
            user.signOutAndDeleteUser();
        }
        if (app2Developer != null) {
            app2Developer.signOutAndDeleteUser();
        }
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
    @Test
    public void testReauthenticationThrowsConsentException() throws Exception {
        // User starts out signed in. Initial call succeeds.
        user.getClient(ParticipantsApi.class).getUsersParticipantRecord(false).execute();

        // Sign user out.
        user.signOut();

        // Call should succeed again. Sign-in happens again behind the scenes
        try {
            user.getClient(ForConsentedUsersApi.class)
                    .getScheduledActivitiesByDateRange(DateTime.now().minusDays(2), DateTime.now()).execute();
            fail("ConsentRequiredException expected");
        } catch (ConsentRequiredException e) {
            // this is expected
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void testReauthenticationAcrossStudies() throws Exception {
        // Use developer from the Shared app to test across studies. Initial call succeeds.
        app2Developer.getClient(ParticipantsApi.class).getUsersParticipantRecord(false).execute();

        // Sign user out.
        app2Developer.signOut();

        // Call should succeed again. Sign-in happens again behind the scenes
        app2Developer.getClient(ParticipantsApi.class).getUsersParticipantRecord(false).execute();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


LeTourneau University psychology professor Dr. Vicki Sheafer has been selected as one of the top 23 psychology professors in the state of Texas by www.State.States.org. The website reports that top professors in the field of psychology research extensively, inspire, teach, and even help the community. The professors chosen stand out for their academic achievements, awards and impressive research. Sheafer was selected for her proven excellence in research, instruction, and community/campus service.
As a premier post-secondary educator and scholar, Sheafer also recently won the Frank Costin Memorial Award for Excellence in teaching for using drama to enhance student learning of classic experiments in social psychology. Sheafer adapted a technique of having undergraduate social psychology students develop dramatic scripts to describe their research, then present the play to the class. Her research results showed that students enjoyed both participating in the activity and also watching the plays of others, and that it allowed them to be creative, caused them to work hard and was interesting and helpful.
"Dr. Sheafer exemplifies the excellence we seek at LeTourneau University, where faculty are not only great scholars, but also great teachers who see both as mutually important," said Steven D. Mason, associate provost and dean of faculty.


Visiting artist Chris Martin was the inspiration behind this piece. During a studio visit, he exclaimed that my patch-work paintings from the MFA show needed to be outside!! I agreed completely. Together we placed it outside in the grass outside the Church studio building. Chris then picked up some leaves from a nearby bush and arranged them on the painting, letting them fall naturally into the creases.
For the next few days I revisited the piece, rearranging leaves and lighting it at night. It was liberating to work outdoors again.


text:
Character and Color
Edward Hudgins
January 17, 2003 -- "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character."
Two things are significant about this statement from Martin Luther King's 1963 civil rights speech. First, it succinctly identifies the principle by which individuals should evaluate one another. And second, it is a principle that has been abandoned by most black leaders and ignored by all too many black Americans who claim to honor what King stood for.
Let's start by defining what is meant by character. Character is created through our choices and resulting moral habits, based on a code of values. Thus, for example, an individual might decide that the only way to live a happy, prosperous, and fulfilling life is always to face the truth, whether pleasant or not—indeed, to seek it out. Perhaps that individual, rather than acting rashly, submits emotions—anger, frustration, hate, lust—to examination to make certain that reactions to them are in keeping with his or her basic principles. Perhaps that individual does not assume that the world owes him or her a living and thus plans and trains for a career. Perhaps that individual bounces back from disappointments, persevering even in the face of unfairness and prejudice. Perhaps that individual practices self-reflection, readily acknowledging and correcting personal mistakes and taking joy and pride in his or her achievements.
Such an individual's character personifies the virtues of rationality, honesty, temperance, personal responsibility, fortitude, and integrity.
But the most important fact about our character is that we each create it for ourselves, through our own free choices. That's why individuals deserve praise for their moral achievements and condemnation for their moral failings. Yes, it is helpful if individuals have the advantage of good parents and family, good teachers, and a good, supportive culture. Yet there are plenty of individuals who have these advantages but who turn out rotten, while others who lack them turn out well.
This individualist understanding of character stands in stark contrast to a racist approach. Race and ethnicity are accidents of birth and tell us nothing about how to judge any given individual. Racism insults and degrades all individuals by judging them as members of a biological group rather than on their own achievements. No individual of moral character would want to judge others or be judged by such a standard.
Dr. King rightly fought against government laws that treated individuals differently based on skin color. Fortunately, those laws have been gone for many decades. And fortunately, most whites now accept Dr. King's standard of moral character rather Jesse Jackthan skin color as the measure of individuals. But unfortunately, most black leaders in America today have taken up the ugly racist ethos that they fought in whites.
They want governments to use race as a basis for special favors, affirmative action, and handouts. Men and women of high moral character would neither need nor want such ill-gotten alms. Of course, the welfare state, which forcibly redistributes wealth based on group membership, fosters and institutionalizes such racism. Few black leaders celebrate the free market that allows blacks to prosper to the limits of their abilities and ambition. And most, by ignoring the need for moral character and telling other blacks that they're not responsible for their situation in life, have promoted the broken families, dysfunctional communities, and mindless, violent culture that indeed makes it harder for many blacks to progress.
Some black leaders use race for straight-out extortion; Jesse Jackson shakes down guilty businessmen by threatening to scream "racism" the way a whore might try to shake down a virtuous man by threatening to scream "rape." Johnnie Cochran and Al Sharpton want "reparations" for slavery, demanding that whites who never owned slaves, and whose great grandfathers might have died in the war that abolished slavery, pay money to blacks who never were slaves. Worst of all, such criminal proposals are passed off as "enlightened" and "moral" to the morally confused of all races.
No man or woman of character would associate with such racist policies, premises or practices. Fortunately, many African-Americans of character are thinking for themselves, pursuing careers not based on their race but rather on their individual interests and competencies, and succeeding well—Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice are two recent standouts. It's fitting that King's birthday was inauguration day for Michael Steele, Maryland's first black lieutenant governor, who is a Republican who understands that character and sound morals are prerequisites for any individual who wishes to flourish.
It is time for all Americans, and especially black Americans, to appreciate Dr. King's words and to finish the job of creating a society in which individuals truly are judged by the content of their character.
Race and Immigration
Waiting for Gershon
Bloomberg Takes Sweetness out of Life


text:
Deep Fake Neighbour Wars review: This rage-baiting show isn't funny or weird enough
Nick Hilton
Idris Elba! Kim Kardashian! Ariana Grande! Greta Thunberg! Rihanna! Adele! The cast list of ITV's new comedy is impeccable. It would be right up there with Glengarry Glen Ross or Pulp Fiction if it weren't for one snag: those famous faces appear only via deep fake technology, which super-imposes their beloved features onto the profiles of actors (who are doing middling vocal impressions of them). This is the world of Deep Fake Neighbour Wars, a show that mixes comedy and technology with as much success as Dave Chapelle welcoming Elon Musk as his warm-up act.
It's essentially a mockumentary version of naff reality TV, like Nasty Neighbours and Fear Thy Neighbor. Petty domestic disputes that escalate into (in this case, slapstick) violence. The twist here is that the participants have the faces (and names) of well-known celebrities. They don't, however, have the careers of those celebrities, and they only possess a smattering of their character traits. For every Kim Kardashian (Francine Lewis) who's obsessed with sunbathing in Lewisham, or Greta Thunberg (Katia Kvinge) who's monomaniacal about electricity wastage, there's a pernickety Idris Elba (Aurie Styla) trying to grow coriander or a cackling Conor McGregor (Al Foran) who wants to celebrate Christmas all year round.
It is, therefore, basically an impressions show, and it styles itself thus. "Our celebs are all played by actors," a title card informs us at the beginning, before introducing the central gimmick. "Their faces are all DEEP FAKED." Putting aside the ethics of deep fakery for a moment, this does cut the task of the impressionist in half. This is not Ronni Ancona contorting her entire being to become Nigella Lawson, or Alistair McGowan inhabiting Richard Madeley like some parasitic host. Instead, the craftsmanship of the puppets is handed over to AI technology, which produces a result that, unlike the grotesque caricatures of Spitting Image, is pretty much a… spitting image. Where's the fun in that?
ITV knows that Deep Fake Neighbour Wars is bad. They knew it from the second it was pitched and the instant they commissioned it. The point of Deep Fake Neighbour Wars is that it's bad. It is a premise of such stupid simplicity that it has the quality of a B-movie, like Snakes on a Plane or Killer Klowns from Outer Space. It is begging its viewers to post incredulous social media takes; to share clips of scaffolder Ariana Grande shimmying in Southend on TikTok or Snapchat or wherever kids hang out these days. It is intended to incite irritation and elicit one-star reviews. And so, to some extent: job done.
Where the job of Deep Fake Neighbour Wars is less comprehensively done, is in the task of being a competent sketch show. There is a spark of madness to the premise, the idea of using deep fake technology, that in the right hands might have worked. But the show is incapable of raising even the faintest chuckle. "I'm beginning to regret my move to South-East," moans bus driver Kim Kardashian, in the closest DFNW comes to a one-liner. "I miss North West." The rest of the show is so cheaply made, and so aggressively underwritten, that, even at just 20-minutes, it makes you intensely conscious of your own mortality. The show's sense of humour is, ultimately, derived from a belief that viewers will find something intrinsically funny about seeing a paunchy Idris Elba (often shown from behind, for, presumably, budget reasons) hurling pot plants in anger, or a teen mum Greta Thunberg electrocuting herself.
"Breaking the internet really made us take a hard look at our behaviour," announces a sombre Kim at her conflict resolution session with Idris. In the language of the show, the sight of a 50-year-old man slipping over in his garden in Catford has broken the internet. I'm afraid it's not so easy, either in real life or in the world of television sketch comedy. For all that Deep Fake Neighbour Wars began life as a cynical, rage-baiting project, it just isn't funny or weird enough to put a dent in the internet. Trying to make something so bad it's good is a dangerous undertaking – and Deep Fake Neighbour Wars leaves that mission resoundingly half-finished.
Paris Hilton Flaunts a See-Through Naked Dress, Bra, and Underwear in New Instagram Pics
Paris Hilton had a baby via surrogate this week, and she also dropped photos of her toned legs and abs in a naked dress. She doesn't love traditional workouts.
Gisele Bündchen Has Officially Returned to Her Supermodel Roots With These Dramatic & Ultra-Daring Purple Swimsuit Photos
Gisele Bündchen the supermodel is back in a big way. Just months after her divorce from Tom Brady, the 42-year-old fashion superstar is ready for her return to the industry that made her a household name. Bündchen is back from her Costa Rica trip, where she was spotted with her rumored beau Joaquim Valente, and […]
Twitter Is Going Wild over This Video of Anne Hathaway Dancing Like Nobody's Watching
"I am not the same person I was before I saw this video."
Hilary Duff Wore the Riskiest Red Carpet Dress and Fans Couldn't Stop Staring at Her
'How I Met Your Father' season 2 cast member Hilary Duff had everyone talking when she wore a sexy plunging magenta dress to a Los Angeles red carpet event.
'Yellowstone' Star Lainey Wilson Shut Down the 'Tonight Show' in a Lacy Crop Top
Yellowstone star Lainey Wilson performed on The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon. She sang "Wait in the Truck" with Hardy. See her outfit here.
This TikTok of Anne Hathaway Dancing at Valentino's After Party Is Rightfully Going Viral
Anne Hathaway rightfully went viral after her appearance at Valentino's haute couture fashion show in Paris Wednesday—not just for her outfit but for her dance moves.
Months after Olivia Wilde and ex Jason Sudeikis endured allegations from their children's nanny, the former couple were seen sharing a hug in Los Angeles. Learn about their Jan. 27 embrace.
Jordyn Woods responds to woman who spent $400 on her new clothing line and compared it to the 'clearance section of Shein'
Jordyn Woods' new clothing line, Woods by Jordyn, launched on Monday with three dresses, each priced at $123.
'1923' star Harrison Ford hopes to work with wife after she left the spotlight for 20 years to raise their son
Harrison Ford opened up about wanting to work with wife Calista Flockhart on a future project. She has been out of the spotlight 20 years while she raised their son, Liam.
What Happened When Prince Harry Brought Meghan Markle to Visit Princess Diana's Grave
In Spare, Harry writes about the moment he brought "the girl of my dreams home to meet mum."
Katy Perry said she declined to work with Billie Eilish because she thought her song 'Ocean Eyes' was boring: 'Huge mistake'
In a TikTok of Perry shared by 102.7 KIIS FM Friday, Perry said she wasn't initially impressed by the 2015 song by Billie Eilish.
Why Meghan Markle Has Purposely Been 'Laying Low' Following Harry's 'Spare' Release
A source told US Weekly that Meghan Markle has retreated from the spotlight as Harry's book Spare makes waves.
"Appalled" Kristin Cavallari Apologizes to Ex Stephen Colletti for Cheating on Him
Laguna Beach's Kristin Cavallari apologized to Stephen Colletti on the Jan. 24 episode of their Back to the Beach podcast after realizing she was unfaithful to her co-star.
Tom Brady and Vivian Joined By David Beckham and Harper for Sweet Daddy-Daughter Double Date
Longtime friends Tom Brady and David Beckham got together for dinner in Miami with their daughters, Vivian and Harper, in tow
Conor McGregor 'could have died' after being hit by a car: 'It wasn't my time'
Conor McGregor got hit by a car while riding his bicycle, and said he 'could have been dead'
Conor McGregor OK After Being Hit by Car While Biking: 'Could've Been Dead'
Thank you God, it wasn't my time – Conor McGregor says car knocked him off bike
MMA's Conor McGregor Says He "Could've Been Dead" After His Bike Gets Hit By Car


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Q: Presentationally finite group "extensions" Fix a group $G$ and fix a presentation of $G$ as $\langle X\mid R\rangle$. A presentationally finite extension of $G$ is any group that can be presented as $H=\langle X\cup X'\mid R\cup R'\rangle$, where $X',R'$ are finite. (Mind, the natural homomorphism $G\to H$ may not be injective. If necessary, we can restrict ourselves to cases where it is.)
For example, the presentationally finite extensions of the trivial group are the finitely presentable groups.

Question: Is there an existing name for this kind of group homomorphism/extension?

Unless I've missed something, it's not very hard to see that this does not depend on the choice of presentation of $G$ (sketch: adding extraneous generators to $X$ and the corresponding generation relations to $R$ does not change the isomorphism type (over $G$) of $\langle X\cup X'\mid R\cup R'\rangle$, neither does adding any relations that follow from the existing ones; thus, we can just add all elements of $G$ plus any number of their copies we want, and all relations true in $G$ about them and then remove any redundant ones we do not want to obtain all possible presentations).
Thus, this is really a property of the map $G\to H$ (or the extension $G\leq H$ if the map is injective) and not of a particular presentation.
I'm mostly interested in the case of finitely generated groups, but I think the idea works just as well for arbitrary groups, of arbitrary cardinality.
(Another way to describe this is simply as the groups of the form $H=(G*F)/N$, where $F$ is a free group of finite rank and $N$ is finitely generated as a normal subgroup of $G*F$, such that $N\cap G$ is trivial if we demand that the map $G\to H$ actually be injective.)

A: The kind of presentation you are  giving is called a relative presentation and has been studied extensively by Steve Pride and his coauthors. So relatively finitely presented over $G$ is probably the best name (I didn't search his papers to see if he uses this term.)

A: I'm not aware of any widely used term for this in the context of groups, but in analogy with the usage in algebraic geometry and commutative algebra, you could say that a morphism of groups $G\to H$ is "of finite presentation" if $H$ arises from $G$ by adding finitely many generators and relations, and call $H$ "finitely presented over $G$"


Jake is a terrific teacher. I look forward to working with him (I plan to get more practice and theory from an online course and start working with Jake early next year).
Nice people/nice facility. Multiple rooms available for lessons and to practice for performance.


I read this article and found it very interesting, thought it might be something for you. The article is called Bad Brains and is located at http://cuffarohits.com/bad-brains/.
INFO: Shot for Maverick Records packaging and publicity.


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