The first was Honeyville Chocolate Milk Alternative. Available from and donated by Honeyville Grain. $12.99/can. 3 cups/gallon. Approximately $3.39/gal.
We used the same rating scale for the chocolate milks as we did for the regular milks. Taste was rated on a scale of 1-5 with 1 being the lowest and 5 being great tasting. There was also room for comments. We mixed both chocolate milks into a small amount of warm water, then added cold water to make the total volume we were mixing. Honeyville' Chocolate Milk Alternative scored an average of 3.93 with a range of 2-5. The most common score given was 5. If you are expecting Ovaltine (which I personally prefer over Quick) or the heavenly chocolate milk from the BYU creamery, this isn't it. Yes, we had children who didn't like this chocolate milk--I'm guessing they were expecting it to taste like the chocolate milk they have at home. Overall though, it had a very good chocolate flavor. It was a little "thinner" than regular chocolate milk and needed re-mixed after sitting overnight. Some thought the flavor was too strong and/or it was too sweet. You could use less mix to dilute the flavor, but it would also dilute the creaminess of the drink. One gal who works at the local restaurant said it reminded her of the chocolate ice cream mix for the soft serve machine before it's frozen.
The second chocolate milk mix was Morning Moos Chocolate Drink, available from and donated by Augason Farms. $11.82/can, 3 cups/gallon, approximately $3.09/gallon.
The Morning Moos chocolate drink was a little lighter in color when it was mixed up than the Honeyville drink. It looked a little more like regular chocolate milk. The flavor was good, but the texture still wasn't like chocolate milk. It scored an average of 3.43 on the taste score, with a range of 1-5 and the most common score split between 3 and 5. This variety also needed re-mixing after sitting, and some of the kids didn't like it either, although mine had no problem drinking either of the chocolate milks. We had some comments that it was very good and some that it was too sweet.
It was also interesting to note that the Honeyville can said it would make 15 quarts and the Morning Moos can said it would make 20 quarts, but they both mixed 3 cups to a gallon and both cans had 5 lbs of powder in them. I estimated you could get a little over 15 quarts (not quite 4 gallons) out of each can by using the recommended 3 cups of mix per gallon.
We actually found the way we liked either of these chocolate milk drinks best at our house was to mix half chocolate drink and half milk together. Even a powdered milk worked. It dulled the sweetness a little bit and added "milk" flavor and texture to it. Mixed half and half like that made it taste more like drinking the chocolate milks that are mixed into milk.
Overall, either of these drinks would be recommended and nice to have for a little treat in your food storage that also provides a good amount of vitamin A, vitamin D, and calcium. Thanks again to Honeyville Grain and Augason Farms for helping out with this experiment!
Click here to view the embedded video. Crayfish cannot support you as a primary food source. I have never seen anyone pull more than an appetizer worth from a single trap (but then again I'm from the North East) but as a protein and vitamin rich addition to your pasta or Ramen crayfish can help stretch out the larder you have. And they are delicious with Tabasco. But more importantly they are easily trapped, and a trap line is my preferred method of making meat in an emergency because it requires the least amount of time and energy, freeing me up to do all the other things that will need doing after TEOTWAWKI.
Trapper Arne's Crayfish Page is a good start on learning about harvesting these little morsels.
If you are anything like me you have probably been thinking about gardening since the first frost killed off the last of your summer produce makers. However many people are thinking about gardens these days. Seed supplies are running low and many are dreading the worst of this economic decline. Some even remark how recent legislations in the food industry threaten to cripple our food supplies. Still others just like the taste of really, really great food, fresh from their own little piece of earth. Either way, you may be thinking about a garden for the first time, or maybe re-planning your garden layout. In the past several years I have just put seeds in the ground wherever I had space. This year I am thinking more strategically about the garden, and as I look at the pile of seeds I have accumulated over the years I am wondering just where the heck I am going to put everything. So I got out the 300' measuring tape, some rope and some stakes to really put forward my plans.
If you are starting from scratch, you will want to survey your area. Look for a place that has full sun most if not all the day. How big you want your garden is strictly up to you, these basics should work for you. The very next thing you want to do is start tilling. Start tilling now! Now before you say, 'Oh wait, I need a tiller' think again. I have roughly 9,000 square feet of gardening area and I till everything with nothing more than a shovel. It's a great work-out, and it get's easier from one year to the next. In fact, I have shovel-tilled my garden for two years now, and this year my soil is so soft I could probably get away with not tilling at all. However I want to turn the earth for one or two more seasons before my heavy mulching plan goes into effect full time. But more about that later.
Shovel-Till: To shovel-till your garden, all you do is stick the spade in the earth and drive it with your foot all the way to the top of the shovel. Lever down on the handle, picking up grass, earth and all, then flip it over on top of itself. This exposes the roots of the grass and pretty much kills it for the most part, leaving the earth part facing up, the grass part facing down. I recommend shovel-tilling for a number of reasons, but the most important to me is that I believe you get a much better depth using the full 6" blade than a 6" depth setting on a tiller. With a shovel you get a TRUE 6" into the earth, however with a tiller, the tiller only reaches about 4" effectively despite what the depth setting is. The reason for this is that on the first pass, the tiller digs up about an inch to two inches of soil and fluffs it. As the dirt gets fluffed up this adds height to the earth-line which means that if it takes 2" of soil and fluffs it to 3" then your second pass is less effectively really only re-fluffing the soil you have already dug up. The reasoning behind my theory is that the first year I gardened I used a tiller. The very next year, I used only a shovel, and found that just below the 3" mark on soil depth I found a strata of earth that the tiller never touched in the previous year. To be fair however, I recommend using a tiller at least the first year, especially if you are just getting started. Makes that first year a bit easier. Otherwise shovel-till repetitively until you have your base gardening dimensions. I recommend a rectangular arrangement for the garden footprint, however many people do a number of different configurations, circles, triangles, squares, and even more complicated geometric patterns. If you go with the rectangle I prefer the garden to run east-west on the long side, and North to South on the short side. There is a reason for this.
East-West Orientation: There is a great deal of conversation behind the east-west orientation and a north-south one. Many believe that a east-west orientation does not allow for maximum sun-exposure for vertical gardening (a concept we will explore in a minute). There are three things that I take issue with on this subject. #1. If anyone has ever been outside in June, July and August here in the south you will find that escaping the sun is very difficult. The sun comes up in the east and sets in the west. Which theoretically means that in a trellised garden some rows will not get much in the way of morning or evening sun, however for about six hours or so between 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. everything will be getting hit with full on sun. I do not believe those early morning and late evening intervals are necessary for great food production. In addition, there really is NOT any time of the day where plants are not getting some kind of sun, whether direct or indirect. #2. There is some scientific research on sunlight utilization among garden plants and it appears that once a plant 'sees' some sun it gathers all it needs, then shuts down for several hours as a full day of sun is not necessary for energy production. If plants get all the sun it needs from the morning sun it then shuts down photosynthesis for the remaining day until energy stores are depleted. The metabolic cycle is then fired back up and more sunlight is gathered depending on how much sun the plant needs for energy then shut down again for the evening. #3. Sunlight is crucial for brix levels among sweeter fruits etc. Vineyards and Orchards require HUGE amounts of sun and I have seen these planted extremely close together. Vineyards for example are planted in all sorts of configurations, N-S and E-W without any fear of shading each other out. The one thing where I would accept the argument for N-S to E-W discussion is in the case of rain-forest type areas where cloud cover shields direct sun from plants. Vineyards will hardly make any sugar at all in grapes for Hawaii because there is so much yearly cloud cover. In fact, grapes from Hawaii have to be sprayed with a chemical in order for them to ripen enough for wine. However, here in the states as long as you do not plant your garden in the shade, you should be fine. Finally, and East-West orientation ensures maximum pollination for wind pollinated varieties such as corn.
PermaCulture: You could spend years research and reading up on the ideas of permaculture. However if there is one thing you should take from the idea is that you will want to #1: Create permanent raised beds. This does not mean you have to encase your garden with a smattering of 2X8 boards then fill them with dirt, but rather you just raise the level of the earth itself so that the area your plants grow in is higher than the earth around it. Most of the time the act of tilling itself raises the soil level just enough for you to be able to take advantage of the raised earth idea. Raising the earth creates a dome of earth in your bed that allows excess moisture to drain off so that your root zone doesn't become water-logged. In addition the raised bed also increase marginal surface area so that plants earlier in the year stay warmer in the cool, and cooler in the hot. I create 4' wide gardening zones, in which I can plant densly or not so densely. for example, if I were to garden peas, I could easily plant my peas in three distinct rows in every 4' wide gardening zone. With tomatoes which need a bit more room, I will plant 2 rows 20" apart within that 4' zone. These are permanent growing zones that you will develop and maintain year after year. In relation to these growing zones you will want to put in some kind of permanent paths so you do not ever walk on the growing zones. This ensures your soil stays soft and 'raised'. Every once in a while I have to step into a growing zone, but because I have hardly ever walked on a growing zone in over two years the soil there is very soft and doesn't really need tilling. Heavy mulching will help this as well, but more about heavy mulching later. Lastly, my permanent paths are roughly 24" wide, or two feet. This allows me to get between the growing zone easily enough with a wheel-barrow, while not taking up too much room in the garden.
Summary of Steps: #1: Determine full sun garden location. #2: assign either East-West or North-South orientation. (preferably East-West). #3: start tilling now. #4 begin to determine (at least in your head) the locations of permanent growing zones 4' wide and begin to hill these up in a raised be fashion. #5. Establish or begin to establish permanent paths.
Vertical Gardening: If this is your first garden, then you may be taking a lot of what I am writing about on pure faith. Be sure that you can do research to verify my theories here, much of what I am writing about has been partly as a result of painful learning (practical) combined with theoretical learning. However after several years of trials if there is one thing I have learned is that 'Vertical Gardening' is MUCH, MUCH more superior than any other kind of gardening in existence. There are a lot of reasons for this, but I will give you just a couple. #1: Vertical gardening is MUCH easier on the back and joints. Once your plants have gotten to production stage, pretty much all you do is walk down between the rows picking your pleasure right off the vines. #2. This means a couple of things, a: Choosing the right kinds of plants for your vertical garden, and b: building trellis systems. I am still experimenting with creating the perfect trellis-ing system, however I am closer this year for the perfect set-up in cost and practicality. This will most likely come at a later post, however with regard to 'a: Choosing the right kinds of plants' this is actually easier than you may think. Fortunately for us, most heirloom species grow indeterminately. That is to say, there are no natural growing restrictions. For example, just about all heirloom tomatoes will grow vines of up to nine feet or even more. Trellising these crops keeps fruit off of the ground and rotting, and provides better sun-exposure for the plant in general. In addition, there is more air-flow between plants reducing mold's and fungus diseases to non-existant. I have never had any kind of infestation on vertical vegetables. Cucumbers grow on vines that can be trellised, squash grow on vines that can be trellised, squashes grow on vines that can be trellised, melons grow on vines that can be trellised and beans grow on vines that can be trellised. Just be sure to select 'pole-type' beans. Most good heirloom beans such as Kentucky Wonder, Silverlake and others grow in a pole bean variety. Pole beans are also much more productive beans, the one caveat with pole beans is that you have to be sure to pick them in timely intervals or the pods get stringy. You have to plan a little with vertical gardening however, with regard to shorter plants like leafy-greens, and peppers. Be careful not to plant these within the vertical areas. Plant these according to height from the southernmost rows to North. That is to say, that all of your short leafy greens need to be in the southern-most rows, then your peppers in the next rows, then your eggplants and other taller varieties.
Additional Stuff: Now to be sure we have only covered the very, very basics here. One of the things you will absolutely want to do is document things. Document everything, in later years you will wish like crazy you had. For documentation I highly recommend 'low-tech', and nothing is better than 'Field Notes' brand notebooks. They are small and easy to carry, easy to store. I have nine that I use. I carry one with me at all times, this is my multi-use notebook that I use to jot down notes, ideas, and a myriad of information. I also have several others for different more specialized things. I have a 'gardening' book for just my garden stuff. Other things you may want to do is get a soil test done, but for right now you should be good to go until next posting.
Getting Some Seed Started: Getting some seed started: Check out the Iowa Preppers Network for some great video on seed starting.
In case you didn't see the link on our Facebook Page, we were recently featured on the Prepper Podcast. In listening to the show, we realized that there were a lot of things that we claimed to just let our husbands take care of that could actually be problematic in an emergency if they weren't home. So we decided to ask our handy (and handsome) husbands to teach us some of these things that we've always "left to them" in the past.
And of course, we wanted to share these "HOW-TO's" with all of you so that you can be prepared too. (If you have already purchased a Food Storage Made Easy Binder we will DEFINITELY be including these as handouts in the free updates). So let's get started!
In the event of an emergency, if you have identified a potential natural gas leak, it is important to shut off your natural gas and then report the leak to 911 or to your local gas company. Here is a quick video showing how to shut off your main gas valve as well as the gas to your furnace/water heater.
The gas company has to come and restart your service if you shut off the gas, so make sure you only do it IF you identify a leak. If there is no leak then it is not necessary to turn off your gas.
Stealth is the art of employing simple techniques and skills in the most effective manner possible to distract attention from your presence or your activities. Even if you are seen or heard, it should be in a way that would not distinguish you from any part of your surroundings. Stealth is the art of hiding in plain sight and will allow you to blend into your environment. When you become an insignificant part of your environment, you can literally disappear within the very nature of your surroundings.
S = Silence is your shield of protection that should be used generously.
T = Tune in to your surroundings with a total awareness of your environment.
E = Eliminate or reduce movements that may lead to unwanted exposure.
A = Adapt to adversity and be ready to deal with changing conditions.
L = Look for every possible advantage and see what others don't.
T = Think about the results before you act and use patience as a guide.
H = Hear what others don't, even when everything seems quiet.
Stealth Edible Landscaping With Unusual Berries, by K.W.
Want to eat a wolfberry? How about some vaccinium jam? Some chokeberry wine? They don't sound too appetizing, do they? Few people know it, but the fruits of these plants are not only edible, but delicious. They have unappealing names and don't look familiar to most Americans, so if you incorporate them into your landscaping you will have a supply of fresh, nutritious fruit that your neighbors won't recognize as food. This makes them ideal for people who must shelter in place in a small-town or suburban environment, where houses are close together and others can see what you have in your yard. In a worst-case scenario your vegetable garden may be raided and your apple tree might be picked clean, but the ravenous hordes will leave these fruits behind, assuming they are poisonous simply because they are unfamiliar.
Not everyone has a rural retreat with a spacious piece of land, so these berry bushes have the advantage of being relatively small and easy to fit into an ordinary yard. They all feature pretty flowers, shiny leaves, or other ornamental features that help them hide in plain sight, even in the most landscaped and manicured neighborhood.
All of these berries are sour, like cranberries, and like cranberries they become delicious once cooked or dried with sweetener. Their sourness comes from their high content of vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin E, and other nutrients. Most of them have more vitamin C than the same weight of oranges. These berries will not sustain life in the same way that grains and beans will, but they will provide a refreshing change of pace and will help keep your family healthy during a crisis.
These plants will grow over a wide portion of the United States; some will even grow in Canada. If a plant is not native to your area, you can still grow it if you can provide the temperature range, soil type, and moisture level that it requires. Each plant will grow in specific "Zones" of temperatures described by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. To determine what zone you live in and what you can grow, see the USDA's climate zone map.
This pretty little shrub is a member of the Rose family. In spring, it's covered with large white flower clusters that shine among its glossy, dark-green leaves. Later, the flowers develop into purple-black berries. The berries are quite sour, but with sweetening they can be used to make delicious jelly, juice, and even wine. They are nutritional powerhouses, extremely high in antioxidants and other healthful nutrients.
Aronia is native to the northeastern half of the United States and southeastern Canada, and will grow in Zones 3-8. It prefers moist, rich soil and full sunlight, but will grow in drier locations and part shade; it may not produce as many berries in these locations.
Two recipes for aronia jam appear on the web site of Raintree Nursery, which also sells the plants.
This is a vigorous bush or small tree that produces masses of vivid orange berries. The berries, which have a bright citrus-like taste to go with their bright orange color, are filled with vitamin A, C, E, and omega-3 fatty acids. During the Cold War, they were used in East Germany as a substitute for orange juice, and the plant is still widely cultivated in the former Soviet Union and eastern Europe.
Seaberry thrives in dry, sandy soil and full sun, and does not do well when shaded by other trees. It can grow in Zones 3-7. In order to produce fruit, you must plant at least two plants, one male and one female; male plants do not produce fruit, but feature brownish clusters of flowers. One male can pollinate up to eight female plants.
Seaberry is extremely thorny, so it can be used to create intruder-repelling hedges. Once established, the seaberry plant sends up vigorous shoots that will make a hedge even thicker and more impenetrable. The thorns make picking the berries somewhat difficult; one way around this is to cut off berry-filled branches and freeze them. Once frozen, the berries can easily be shaken off and used for juice or jam. When you extract juice from the berries, if you let the liquid settle it will separate into three layers: a creamy layer on top, oil in the middle, and juice and sediment on the bottom. Strain the juice through a coffee filter to remove the sediment and mix it with 6 parts water to one part juice, sweetened to taste.
A recipe for seaberry jelly appears on this web site.
For a recipe for seaberry schnapps, a drink that's popular in Europe, go to this web site.
This unassuming plant only grows to about 8 inches high, and it makes a beautiful edible ground cover. It is evergreen, holding its shiny, deep green leaves all year. It prefers shaded, moist, acidic soil, and will grow in Zones 2-8, although it doesn't do well in long, hot summers. It produces its crop of tangy, cranberry-like berries in the fall.
Lingonberry is native to the northern parts of Europe and North America and is closely related to cranberries and blueberries; it shares their refreshing tartness, and can be used just like cranberries, using the same recipes, to make a delicious sauce. It can also be used in muffins or to make jam. The berries are high in Vitamin C and Vitamin A, and the seeds contain omega-3 fatty acids.
Goji or wolfberry, is native to China, and has been used in Chinese medicine for centuries. In recent years, the dried berries have become available at health food stores, at very high prices. Goji is a bushy vine, or viney bush, that can grow to 12 feet high and 8 feet wide; pruning will make it more of a bush than a vine. Goji has beautiful light-purple flowers that eventually become bright-red berries, which hang among the leaves like little coral earrings. The berries, which can be eaten fresh or dried, have a sweet/sour, tangy taste that is somewhat like a mix of plum, tomato, carrot, raspberry, and other flavors.
Goji is relatively trouble-free to grow and does not mind poor soil or fairly cold winters, growing in Zones 5-9. It prefers a sunny location but will grow in light shade.
You can order goji plants from nurseries, but you can also grow your own plants from seed using the dried berries. The pulp of the berries has a chemical in it that prevents the seed from sprouting, so first soak the berries in water for a couple of days. When they're soft and mushy, carefully cut them open and scrape out the seeds. Put the seeds in a very fine strainer, like a tea strainer, and wash off all the pulp until the seeds are clean. Let them dry on a coffee filter or paper towel. Once they're dry, you can plant them by putting them on top of the soil in a prepared pot and then lightly sprinkling a thin layer of soil over them. Keep the soil moist and when they sprout, place them in the sun or under a bright fluorescent light bulb. When the plants are a few inches high, you can transplant them outside.
Here is a recipe for goji berry rice pudding.
Evergreen huckleberry is native to the western half of North America, growing from Alaska to California, but it can be grown in other parts of the country as well. The berries, which ripen in late fall, are similar to blueberries and can be dried, made into jam, juice, or pancake sauce, or cooked into delicious pies.
Because this bush keeps its glossy, dark-green leaves all year (except in the colder parts of its range), it's an excellent landscaping bush for plantings around a home. In spring it's covered in small white flowers. Evergreen huckleberry likes well-drained, acid soil and is one of the few fruits that actually thrives in shade. In shade, it can grow up to 6 feet high, whereas in sun it will only grow to about 3 feet high. It will grow in Zones 4-8.
Huckleberry can be used in any recipe for blueberries, but here is a recipe for huckleberry jam.
Black elderberry is an attractive, vigorous bush with feathery leaves; it can grow up to 12 feet high in a graceful fountain shape. The flowers are large, flat clusters, similar to Queen Anne's Lace, making the bush very pretty when they appear in June. The flowers are edible; dipped into batter and then fried, they make delicious fritters. If left on the bush, the flowers will eventually develop into clusters of BB-sized purple-black berries that hang down heavily when they ripen in September or October.
The berries are tiny and very tedious to pick one at a time, so to speed things up, it's best to pick the entire berry cluster, take it home, and then relax at the kitchen table while you "comb" the berries off their stems with a fork. Don't wear clothes you care about because they will become stained with purple. Elderberry likes to grow in moist, well-drained, sunny locations, and will grow in Zones 3-10.
Elderberry fruit doesn't taste very good fresh, and it gives many people a stomachache, but when the berries are cooked and the seeds strained out, they makes excellent syrup and jelly. Some people also make elderberry pie, leaving the berries whole; the pie is mildly crunchy from all the small seeds.
Elderberry syrup is said to help the immune system fight off viruses by preventing viruses from attaching to cell walls in the body. It's also an excellent source of Vitamin C. Health food stores sell elderberry syrup, but it's much more cost-effective to make your own.
One caution about elderberry: all parts of the bush except the flowers and the ripe fruit are poisonous. For safety, eat only the flowers and the fully ripe, cooked fruit. Do not eat "red" elderberry varieties, as they are poisonous. Only black varieties are safely edible.
A recipe for elderberry jelly appears on this web site.
If you make the recipe without the pectin, what you have is elderberry syrup; it will keep, once canned, for a long time.
This web site has recipes for elderflower fritters, elderflower juice drink, and elderberry soap.
The plants in the Ribes family include currants, gooseberries, and jostaberries (a cross between the two). They all have juicy, tangy fruit that makes excellent juice, wine, and pies; black currant has a particularly rich, musky flavor. They grow in moist, well-drained soil, and unlike many fruiting plants, they enjoy shade and do very well when planted along the shaded north side of a house. In addition, gooseberries tend to be very thorny, so they can be an excellent intruder-repellent when planted under a ground-floor window.
These fruits are widely used in Europe, but are unfamiliar to most Americans because their cultivation was outlawed in the United States for most of the 20th century. This was because currants are a host for a virus that attacks white pine trees and other pines that bear their needles in clusters of five; they were banned to prevent the destruction of valuable timber. The federal law has since been repealed, but several states still prohibit growing these fruits. However, in many cases even these states will allow people to plant varieties of black currant that are resistant to the virus. These varieties include "Consort," "Titania," "Crusader," and "Coronet" black currants. There are no resistant varieties of red currants, gooseberries, or jostaberries, so if you're concerned about the laws or if you have pines growing in your area, check with your local agricultural extension office before planting them.
This web site has seven pages of recipes using currants.
The recipes given here are only a tiny sample of what's available on the internet. If you grow any of these plants, take time to find and print out the recipes you like so you will have them when you need them.
All of these plants have many varieties that have been bred for different characteristics. Some varieties may have larger or sweeter fruit, may have larger or smaller growth, may ripen earlier or later, or may be adapted to unusual climates or specific soils. It's best to check with several nurseries to see what varieties are available before buying a particular plant, because through research, you may find one that will be especially strong and productive in your area. If you live in a very cold or very warm zone, nurseries that are located within your zone are your best bet for finding plants that are especially adapted to your conditions.
There is a little known method used by American Special Forces to clean wounds that may be of great benefit to Survivalists in the event of an emergency. This is by intentionally introducing live maggots into the soft, damaged tissue wound. This process provides an effective cleaning of the tissue within the wound, successful disinfection and generally promotion faster healing.
Throughout the pages of history this theory has been employed from the Mayan Indians to the Aboriginal tribes of Australia. The process can be traced back even further to the Renaissance era where military men would develop a wound and maggots started to colonize it. The doctors of these men would notice a marked reduction in the mortality rate associated with those soldiers when compared with those that never developed the maggots.
Even during our own American Civil war a Doctor Joseph Jones noted that neglected wounds which filled quickly with maggots improved drastically after the worms destroyed the dead tissues leaving only the good surrounding areas unaffected. The techniques continued to be recognized even up into the 1st World War. It was shown that when a soldier was found after being left on the battlefield for an extended period of time their flesh wounds would rapid improvement after application of maggot to the affected area. Research has shown that in the 40's there were over 300 hospitals that used maggots in their wound programs. This strain of green bottle flies used eventually was nickname "Medical Maggots".
To use this method you would need to wrap the maggots in a dressing which is placed over the patient's wounds for several days. Although the maggots may be permitted to move freely within the wound the dressing must be maintained in such as manner as to allow air to permeate the material thus providing oxygen to sustain the maggots' life. It is impossible for the maggots to reproduce within the wound since they are only in the larval stage at this point and their reproduction cycle is reserved for the adult flies. It is of vital importance however that when performing the final cleaning of the wound you must make certain that all maggots have been removed.
The basic idea of all this is for a large number of maggots to consume the necrotic or damaged tissue while leaving the healthy tissue alone. The great part of using maggots for disinfecting a wound is that they are especially effective even on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Maggots have been shown to destroy a wide range of bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus and group A and B streptococci.
So now you have an effective method of infection control and wound healing that could be accomplished under many less then desirable conditions. Use this information carefully and do some additional research on your own.
Question: Do you really need a BOB?
I came across Death Valley Magazine earlier this week; it's a daily blog targeted towards private military contractors and those who want to be PMCs. It's a fun read (profanity alert though for the sensitive) and the blog's authors/contributors approach some of the conventional survival/urban survival concepts with their own, no-BS point of view. I like it, though your mileage may vary.
In this article, they ask the question - do you really need a bug out bag ? They point out that the bug out bag is intended to be the one thing that you grab on your way out the door; basically you hear that trouble is coming and have to be out the door, now.
So in my opinion the reasons for having a BOB don't really pan out, in just about every instance where you are supposed to use one you can't. And the times you would need to evacuate you would have far enough advance notice that you would have time to pack an entire car or fortify your current location.
So what do you guys think? Do you need a bug out bag, or is it a niche item, overemphasized by the survival/prep gurus of the world in an attempt to get you to buy more gear?
Ok, let's face it, bad things happen to good people. I learned that shortly after I started by Bail Bonds business... I've seen people get in trouble and have to "disappear" for a short time. Just a couple points to cover in case this ever happens to you.
Always try to be the "Grey Man". Avoid the lifestyle bumper stickers at all costs. The ones that were successful at hiding, all drove average vehicles, wore nothing that would stand out and did nothing to draw attention to themselves.
Cash is king, while I do have some gold & silver put back, on the run or short term bugging out, use only cash. Split it up in your gear, don't keep it all on your person. Now the only exception to this that I've seen, that actually worked, was a Money Card. The woman was running from a violent relationship, her sister was putting money on a Walmart prepaid card, which works like a Visa for the most part, but you really have to trust the person applying the funds as they may have access to the card history.
IF you decide to travel with a firearm, I would keep it limited to something compact and easily hidden. While I would MUCH rather have an M4 and a chest rack full of mags, I keep it to a quality handgun & mags VERY well hidden.
Prepaid cell phone. If you find yourself in need of communicating, this is the ONLY way to go. Even then, use it enough and "they" can track it. Keep it short and sweet.
It really helps to have some sort of GPS in your vehicle, getting lost can lead to all kinds of problems. Follow the traffic laws, more people are found by your average traffic cop doing his job than by Hi speed warrant teams.
Unless you a have very deep pockets, you're going to need a source of income, and having a job on the books will not cut it, if you plan on staying free for any amount of time. So it's more often than not, it's going to be something in the building trades. Now, with the Job Market being what it is, unless you have usable skills, you may have some trouble finding something.
Find out where the Day Labor's hang out, you will be with a bunch of Hispanics, but if you are Legal & speak English, you should have a better chance at finding something. Something else that has worked, find a construction site and offer to do clean up afterwords. Salvaging cans and scrap metal is an option too. Just keep in mind you're trying to stay alive and free, not trying to compete with Donald Trump.
Keeping your expenses low. Living in your vehicle can be done and is being done a lot more than most people realize. Staying in a hotel will eat up funds and assist in getting you found. The successful one's I've spoke with, most were Van Dwellers, shopped as places like Aldi's and live cheap. I've added a link to a guy who lived successfully in his little Toyota Pickup for quite awhile to give you some idea's..
Use common sense, keep your head low and be the Grey Man..
There really isn't much else to say. One significant point I just want to rehash is to think about who is looking for you. The implications are significant because who is looking for you (how they look) plus their motivation and resources/ reach will dictate how you need to act.
I can not help but reiterate that having a functional vehicle with up to date tabs (registration) is essential. Nothing flashy but the turn signals/ lights/ etc need to work. Also it is worth noting that having a valid license and insurance card is essential. Unless there is a warrant for your arrest if you have the right basic paperwork all but the worst traffic violation (driving 100 in a school zone or hitting someone) is handled with a simple ticket. Don't have that stuff and your likely going to face arrest and have your vehicle impounded and things will likely go downhill from there.
Personally I think everyone should keep some cash around. For an average person a months worth of cash expenses is a good start and not a bad finish. If something weird is going on that is plenty to take a sudden 10 day vacation, particularly if you keep expenses down. Lets face it some lifestyles and jobs are a bit more prone to potential problems than others are. For a person with more risk having a higher percentage of their total assets on hand in physical cash would be prudent.
When it comes to guns a good pistol with some mags is probably the way to go. Keep in mind that you are worried about basic self protection, not fighting off zombies. In a case extreme enough that your disappearance is going to be lengthy having a cache with some firepower would be wise. In many areas of the US even if a cop asks if you have a gun saying "Yeah I have a Glock/ 1911in my backpack/ trunk (depending on the region)" will not raise suspicion. However having 2 semi automatic rifles, a shotgun, a sniper rifle and a carbine sitting on the back seat might cause problems.
When it comes to communicating with friends and family it really depends so much on who is looking for you. If anything short of a widespread law enforcement search or heaven forbid men who have split their adult lives between the back woods of FT Bragg and the 3rd world then a quick pre paid call to tell Momma that you will be away for awhile but are safe would be fine.
I like the van/ truck idea.
Edited to include: Three more things jumped out at me while pondering this through the day.
First is about essential prescription medications. I am not highly informed on this topic but between meth maggots/ the abuse of prescription drugs in general, insurance and computers I do not think it is not so easy to discretely purchase meds these days. This is yet another reason to have some extra lying around, at least a 30 day (and ideally 90-180 days) supply.
The last two are really just a bit more explanation of my thoughts on the "Grey Man" concept. I am sorry but aside from loitering around alleys and other obvious non typical behavior the biggest thing cops seem to profile is appearance. While certainly not always the case often scum bags dress like scum bags. Having a normal average appearance with decent clean clothes helps a lot. If you want to avoid police scrutiny instead of looking like a member of Pantera or somebody on the Discovery Channels gang special look like a normal clean cut guy. The sort of boring guy you won't look twice at or remember seeing.
Going along with the "Grey Man" theme DO NOT BREAK ANY LAWS YOU ABSOLUTELY DON'T HAVE TO! Think about it. You have gone to great lengths to disappear for awhile. This is not the time to enjoy a nice cold roadbeer or punch the loudmouth jerk at the next table or try and get some weed. in a strange town or whatever. The "Grey Man" follows the rules, all of them, all the time, or at least it seems like he does. This is part of why he is so boring and nobody is interested in him.
Hope you enjoyed this post as much as I did. Please give the VP some kudos for being nice enough to share his knowledge with us.


Were you looking for Voorheesville-NY job results?
Click Here to search for Voorheesville-NY in our 2.4M jobs.
Online Resumes with "Voorheesville NY"
We couldn't find any CV, Curriculum Vitae and Online Resumes with the term "Voorheesville NY".


text:
TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING
Table of Contents - Issue
ISSUE DOI: 10.21522/TIJNR.2015.06.02
[Download Full Issue]
Use of Un-Prescribed Drugs and Traditional Medications among Pregnant Women Attending Primary Health Centres in Kano, Nigeria
Author: Gambo I. M
DOI: 10.21522/TIJNR.2015.06.02.Art001
[ABSTRACT] [Full-Text PDF] [REFERENCES]
The use and misuse of drugs in Sub Saharan region are of public health concern. Exposures to un-prescribed drugs and traditional medications are frequent and create a great danger in pregnant women. The use of herbal medicines has been on the increase in many developing and industrialized countries. The study examined the use of traditional medications and un-prescribed orthodox medicines for gestational mothers. A descriptive cross-sectional design & inferential statistic were employed for the study and a total sample of one hundred and ninety-six was used. A standardized data collection form was employed based on the World Health Organization criteria and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS Version 22.The result showed that most of the respondents were between the age of 22- 27 years with the mean age of 24 years and majority of the respondents (63.3%) used both un-prescribed drugs and traditional medicines during pregnancy, while 27.0% used only un-prescribed drugs and 9.7% use only traditional medications. More so, the results revealed that pain killers' drug were the leading cause for misused. Also, the results demonstrated a significant relationship between respondent's awareness of harm associated with use of un-prescribed medications and educational status, (P < 0.01). The study concluded a wide spread use of un-prescribed drugs and traditional medications among pregnant women and therefore, recommend the need for health education and massive campaign with community involvement against the wrong practices by both the healthcare practioners and the government.
[1]	Abubakar, A. B and LalefAlhadri, A. Y (2017). Seeking access to health information: the dilemma of woman community in Rural Malaysia. The Journal of Nigerian Medical Practitioners Vol. 54.No. 4. (56- 62).
[2]	Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. WHO Model Formulary.www.rphworld.com/link-475.html Accessed on 27th April, 2010. Drugs in pregnancy and Breastfeeding www.safefetus.com Accessed on 25th April, 2010.
[3]	Bagshave, A.F. Mama G. Mingola E.U (2018). The use and Abuse of Drugs and Chemical in Tropica Africa. The Pharmaceutical Journal 2018: 102:70-82.
[4]	Ajzen, I. (2015). From Intentions to actions: A theory of Planned Behavior. In J. Kuhl& J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behaviour. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag.
[5]	Adamu M, Salihu H. M (2012). Barriers to the use of antenatal and obstetric care services in rural Kano Nigerian.J. obstet, Gynecol. 22 (6) 600 – 3.
[6]	Alaba O. A, Alaba O. B, (2017). Malaria in rural Nigeria: Implications for the Millennium Development Goals. Africa Development Review 2017, 21 73 – 85.
[7]	Cadanio, B. Replace Misinformation with facts about Herbal Medication: Patient Care, 2010; 9:64-87.
[8]	Canova, E.A. Herbal Agents and over-the-counter Medications in Pregnancy. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol Metab – 2013; 17(2): 237-51.
[9]	Erinosho, O.A. (2010). Healthcare and Healthcare Services in Nigeria. Africa Development Foundation, Washington, pp: 1-25.
[10]	Ewhrudjakpor, C. (2018). Cultural factors blocking the utilization of orthodox medicine: A case study of Warri Area in Delta State of Nigeria. Rev. Sociol., 14(1) 103 – 119.
[11]	Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) (2011). Saving newborns lives in Nigeria: Newborn Health in the context of the integrated Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Strategy, by Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria, 2011.
[12]	Fakeye, T.O. Adisa R, Musa I.E. Attiude and use of Herbal Medicines among Pregnant Women in Nigeria. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013; 9:53.
[13]	Feyisetan B. J (2011). The need to investigate disease – specific and other health related cultural beliefs in child mortality studies. Proceedings of the international seminar on Morbidity, Mortality and Social Policy: A focus on the young and the elderly, held in Bello Horizone, Brazil, December 13 – 15.
[14]	Feyisetan, B. J (2010). Issues in an examination of the relationship between maternal education and child mortality. IDRC: Proceeding of a workshop held in Accra on Research issues in Child Health and Child care.
[15]	Foster, S. (2011). Treatment of malaria outside the formal health services. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 98(1), 29-34.
[16]	Garro, L. (2012). On the rationality of decision-making studies: Part 1: Decision models of treatment choice. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 12(3):319-340.
[17]	Gilliland M. J, Phillips M. M, Raczynski J. M, Smith D. E, Cornell C. E, Bithner V (2011). Health care seeking behaviors (in J. M Raczynski& R. J Diclemente, eds. 2011: Handbook of health promotion and academic/plenum disease prevention). New York: kluwer 99 – 1122.
[18]	Greenwood, B.G. (2012). Cold or Spirits? Ambiguity and syncretism in Moroccan therapeutics in the social basis of Health and Healing in Africa. (Feierman, S. & Janzen, J.M., eds.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
[19]	Idehen, C. O., (2017). Insight into Benin traditional methods of Disease Prevention. Cited in The Journal of Pan African Studies, Vol no 8, June 2017. P 188.
[20]	Iyalomhe, G.B.S. (2011). The practice of traditional African medicine in Nigeria. J. Afric. Traditions Development, 1(2), 81-93.
[21]	Levine, Robert A., Sarah E Levine and Beatrice Schnell (2011). "Improve the women: Mass schooling female literacy and worldwide social change". Harvard Edu. Rev 71 (1): 1 – 50.
[22]	Nash Ojanuga, D. & Gilbert, C. (2014). Women's access to health care in developing countries. Social Science & Medicine, 35(4):613-617.
[23]	Olujimi, J. (2016). Significant factors affecting patronage of health facilities by rural dwellers in Owo Region. Nigeria. Soc. Sci., 1(3), 206-215.
[24]	Saleh, A. G and Lasis, F. A (2011). Information needs and information seeking behavior of rural women in Borno state, Nigeria. http://www.richs.gov/lib
[25]	Sallah, E. (2011). Traditional medicine in Nigeria today. The Herbal Doctor. J. Afric. Med., 1(2), 32-39. Say, S.E., Thomson, R. (2013). The importance of patient preferences in treatment decisions - challenge for doctors. B. M. J., 327, 542-544.
[26]	Igbiks, T., Joseph, A. Fadare., A. Omole-Ohonsi (2011). Use of herbal Medicine among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in tertiary hospitals in Northern Nigeria. Journal of gynecology & obstetrics, 200-220.
[27]	National Bureau of Statistics: Annual abstract of statistics; Federal Republic of Nigeria (2011). 44-45.
Fear of Susceptible to Infectious Disease Experienced among the Hospitalized Patients in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar
Author: Emilia James Oyira
This study sought to investigate the fear of susceptible to infectious disease experienced among the hospitalized patients in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. Two research questions one hypothesis were used. Do hospitalized patients in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar have fear of susceptibility to infectious disease? What support do hospitalized patients in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar received from family. The hypothesis states that; there is no significant relationship between fear among hospitalized patients and the support they received from family members. Literature was reviewed based on the research variables. The research instrument used in collecting data for analysis was a questionnaire administered to one hundred (100) hospitalized patients in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. Their responses were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and Pearson product moment correlation analysis and the following results were obtained, Results in Table 3 indicated that 68(68%) of the respondents agreed that they have received a significant support from their family members during the period of their hospitalization while 32(32%) disagreed. 24(24%) said the financial support they received from family members was too minimal while 76(76%) said it was not. 78(78%) agreed that their family members frequently visited them while 22(22%) disagreed. The above data, therefore, showed that hospitalized patients in UCTH, Calabar received both moral and financial support from family members. In line with the views expressed by the patients. It was recommended that more nurses should be employed to help avoid contacting the communicable disease. This implies that, the nurses would be able to manage two patients at a time instead of taking care of a large number of patients.
[1] Bassavanthapa, B. T. (2008). Community health nursing (2nd ed.). New Delhi. India: Jay Pee Brother's medical publisher (p) Ltd.
[2] Berman, A., Snyder, S., Kozier, B. and Erb, G. (2008). Fundamentals of nursing, concept, process and practice (8th Ed.). United States of America: Courier Kendaville p. 450.
[3] Brandy, N. (2004). A portrait of family with a member labeled schizophrenia. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation Cabe Western Reserve University.
[4] Hornby, A. S. (2001). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of current English (6th Ed.) New York: Oxford University press.
[5] Oyira, E. J., Mgbekem, M. A. & Edet, O. B. (2016). Factors associated with discharge against medical advice among patients in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar. Global Journal Series University of Calabar.
[6] Oyira, E. J. & Bassey, E. O. (2016). Psychosocial problems of hospitalized patients in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar-Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Advancement in Bioscience Vol. 6, No.1. pp 35-43
[7] Romi, T., and Melemed, S. (2007). Including the family of patient with mental illness in treatment: a model for assessment J. Fem psychother (18) 11-26.
[8] Sheth, H. C. (2005). Common problems in psychosocial rehabilitation. Internal Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 10 (1) 53-60.
[9] Singer, H. K. and Ruchinska, R. A. K. C. (2000). The psychological impact of end-stage lung disease. Chest Journal, 120-1246-14.
[10] Tijani, A. W. and Aneni, L. U. (2009). Assessment of psychosocial problems of hospitalized patients: West African Journal of Nursing (20) 1.
[11] Weisman, A. G., Neucherlein, M. J. and Snyder, K. S. (2003). Controllability perceptions and reaction to symptoms of schizophrenia: A within family comparison of relative with high and low expressed emotion. Journal of abnormal psychology 109, 167-171.
[12] Weller, B. F. (2005). Nurses dictionary for nurses and health care workers. (24th Ed.) United Kingdom Elsevier science limited.
[13] WHO, (2020). Health Topics "Infectious Diseases". Retrieved from https://www.who.int/topics/infectious_diseases/en/
Effectiveness of Psycho-Education Program for Knowledge of Family Caregivers of Patient's with BAD at El-tigani El-mahi Psychiatric Teaching Hospital, Sudan, 2017- 2019
Author: Mohammed Ateeg Abdelrahman Ahmed
Background: Psycho education is among the most effective of the evidence-based practices that have emerged in both clinical trials and community settings, it showed weighed excellent benefits when administered to those with bipolar affective disorders, reducing both re-hospitalization rates and decreasing the number of days a person spends in the hospital .Aim: The study aim at assessing the effectiveness of psycho-education for family caregivers of patients with bipolar affective disorders at El-Tegani El-Mahi psychiatric teaching Hospital, Sudan, October 2017 to March 2018.Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental pre/post-tests hospital based, the sample consisted of (73) family caregivers who were all available at the hospital during the period of the data collection. They selected by total cover of all family caregivers close with patients. Data was collected by the use of Structured questionnaire to assess the family caregiver knowledge by likert scale, data was analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.and presented figure and tables. Results: the study revealed that the mean score of knowledge before the psycho-education: 28.9. Their knowledge is poor according to compared with the overall mean knowledge post psycho-education were 73.0 with (p.value=,000).Conclusion & recommendation: Psycho education highly significance and improved the knowledge among the family caregivers of the patients with Bipolar Affective Disorders, the recommended establishment of collaborative relationship with families and educational interventions by the nurse under the guidance of the Psychiatric Hospital.
[1] Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, Jönsson PD, 2011 May. Et al, Outcomes of an educational intervention for the family of a person with bipolar disorder: a 2‐year follow‐up study. 1;18(4):333-41.
[2] study: trial design and protocol. BMC psychiatry., Simpson S, 2009 Aug, et al, The Bipolar Interactive Psychoeducation (BIPED12;9(1):50
[3] Journal of psychiatry., Chadda RK. ,2014 Jul; Caring for the family caregivers of persons with mental illness. Indian , 56(3):221.
[4] Statute of Limitations Decisions, Valverde, Jennifer Rosen. (2013) A Poor IDEA: Cement Second-Class Remedial Scheme for Low-Income Children with Disabilities in the Third Circuit." Fordham Urb. LJ 41: 599."
[5] The British Journal of Psychiatry, Dinos, Sokratis, (2004): et al. "Stigma: the feelings and experiences of 46 people with mental illness: qualitative study." 184.2, 176-181.
[6] Casamassima F, 2011, et al, Prophylactic efficacy of psychoeducation for mood disorders: Journal review of the evidence and future directions. Medicographia.; 33:195-201.
Perception and Utilization Status of Insecticide Treated Net among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar (UCTH)
Insecticide Treated Net (ITN) is use for the prevention of mosquito bites causing malaria. The study sought to investigate the perception and utilization of insecticide treated net among pregnant women attending antenatal care in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. To successfully carry out the study, research questions and hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. Literature was reviewed based on the research variables. The research instrument used in data collection was a questionnaire designed by the researchers which was administered on 150 pregnant women in UCTH who formed the sample for the study. Their responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages and contingency chi-square. The following results were obtained. Result of findings as presented in table 4 indicate that 93(62%) of the respondents said they have heard about ITN before while 57(38%) said they have not. 90(60%) said they have seen it while 60(40%) said they have not. 96(64%) said ITN is a major tool for prevention of malaria while 54(36%) said it was not. 98(65.3%) said ITN has health benefits while 52(34.7%) said it does not. 108(72%) said the reason for treating the nets with insecticide is to irritate and repel mosquitoes while 42(28%) said it was not. It was observed that in spite of their knowledge of ITN, pregnant women in UCTH did not utilize insecticide treated bed nets. It was recommended that ministry of health should intensify enlightenment campaign on the utilization of ITN.
[1] Abebe, A. Teshome, G. M., Girmay, M. Meshesha, B. Seife, B. & Aklilu, S. (2008). Assessment of distribution, knowledge and utilization of insecticide treated nets in selected malaria prone areas of Ethiopia: Ethiopia journal of health development. Vol 22(3), 268-274.
[2] Abdulla, S. Armstrong, S. Nathan, R. Mukasa, O. Marchant, T., Smith, T. Tanner, M. & Ledger, C. (2009). Impact on malaria morbidity of a program supplying insecticide treated nets in children aged under 2 years in Tanzania: community cross sectional study. British medical journal, V. 332(35), 270-273.
[3] Ahorlu, C., Dunye, S., Afari, E., Koram, K. & Nkrumah, F. (2008). Malaria related belief and behaviours in southern Ghana: implications for treatment, prevention and control. Tropical medicine and international health Vol 2(5), 488-499.
[4] Akpan, S. S. (2007). The popularity of insecticide-treated bed nets as a preventive method of malaria control among residents in Calabar Municipality, Cross River State, Nigeria: Tropical doctor Vol 37(3), 192-3.
[5] Alaii, J. Hawley, W. Kolczac, M. Ter Kuile, F. Gimning, J. & Vulvule, J. (2003). Factors affecting use of permethrin-treated mosquito nets during a randomized controlled trial western Kenya: America journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. Vol 68(4), 149-160.
[6] Alaii, J. Ven Den Borne, H. Kuchur, P. Hawley, W. Mwenesi, & Vulule, J. (2007). Perception of mosquito nets and malaria prevention before and after a randomized western Kenya: American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene Vol. 68(5), 142-148.
[7] Alaii, V. Van Den Borne, H. Kuchur, P. Shelley, K. Mwenesi, H. & Vulule, J. (2007). Community reactions to the introduction of permethrin-treated mosquito nets for malaria control during a randomized controlled trial in northern Kenya: American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, Vol. 68(4), 128-136.
[8] Amoran, O. E., Senbanjo, I. O. & Asagwara, C. E. (2011). Determinants of insecticide treated net use among youth corps members in Edo State, Nigeria: BMC public health, Vol. 11(1), 28-30.
[9] Astatkie, A. & Feleke, A. (2009). Utilization of insecticide treated nets in Arbaminch Town and the Malaria villages of Arbminch Zuria District Southern Ethiopia. Ethiopia: Journal of health development, Vol. 24(1), 15-24.
[10] Baume, C. A. & Maria, M. C. (2007). Intra-household mosquito net use in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal and Zambia: are nets being used? Who in the household uses them? American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, Vol. 77(7), 963-971.
[11] Brieger, N. Onyido, A. Sexton, J. Ezike, V. Bresman, J. & Ekanem, O. (2008). Monitoring community responses to malaria control using insecticide-impregnated mosquito nets, curtains and residual spray at Nsukka, Nigeria: Health Education Research, theory and practice. Vol. 11(2), 133-145.
[12] Clarke, S. E. (2009). Do untreated bed nets protect against malaria? Transactions of the society of tropical medicine and hygiene. 95:457-462.
[13] Edelu, B. O., Ikefuna, A. N., Emodi, J. I. Adimora, G. N. (2010). Awareness and use of insecticide treated bed nets among children attending clinic of UNTH Enugu-the need for an effective mobilization process. African health sciences, 10(2),1-2.
[14] Federal Ministry of Health (2006). National malaria control programme, Abuja: A 5-year strategic plan-2006-2010. available on _HYPERLINK "http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/../nigeria.pdf"_ www.rollbackmalaria.org/../nigeria.pdf_.
[15] Felema, G. (2007). Assessment of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) utilization among children under five years of age and pregnant women of Adama Woreda, Oromia Regional state Ethiopia: American journal of tropical medicine, 64(2), 85-96.
[16] Ghebreyesus, J. A., Deressa, W. Witten, K. H., Getachew, A. & Saboxa, T. (2006). Malaria, in behane, V, Hailemariam, D & Kloos, H. (eds) Epidemiology & Ecology of health and disease in Ethopia: Shama Book, Addia Ababa.
[17] Guyah, H., Ochola, S. & Snow, R. (2007). Too poor to pay: changing for insecticide treated nets in highland Kenya. Tropical medicine and international health 9(10),846-852.
[18] Korenromp, E. Miller, J., Cibulskis, R. Cham, M. Alnwick, D. & Dye, C. (2008). Monitoring mosquito net coverage for malaria control in Africa: possession vs use by children under 5 years. Tropical medicine and international health. Vol. 8(8), 693-703.
[19] Lengeler, C. (2009). Insecticide treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Available on Cochrane database systRev CD000363.
[20] Mnzara, C. C. (2007). Comparison of house spraying and insecticide treated nets for malaria control. Bulletin of the world health organization, 78(12), 1389-1307.
[21] Musa, O. I. Salaudeen, G. A. & Jimoh, R. O. (2009). Awareness and use of insecticide treated nets among women attending antenatal clinic in a northern state of Nigeria: Journal of the Pakistan medical association, 59(6), 354-8.
[22] Ndjinga, J. K. & Minakawa, N. (2010). Importance of education to increase the use of bed nets in villages outside:Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo malaria journal, 9(10), 1-10.
[23] Ng'anga, P. Jayasinghe, G., Kimoni, V. Shilitu, J. Kabutha, C. Kabuage, L. Githure, J. & Mutero, C. (2009). Bed net use and associated factors in rice farming community in central Kenya. Malaria journal, 8(6) 4-10.
[24] Nuwaha, F. (2007). Factors affecting the use of mosquito nets in mbarara municipality of western Uganda. American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 65(6), 877-882.
[25] Ogbeide A.O., Aruoture I., Wagbatsoma V.A. (2014). Utilization of Insecticide Treated Net Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Etsako East Local Government Area of Edo State. Vol.15 No.2 pp 106-116.
[26] Okrah, J. Traore, C. Pale, A. Summerfield, J. Muller, O. (2007). Community factors associated with malaria prevention by mosquito nets an exploratory study in rural Burkina Faso: Tropical medicine and international health, 7(3)240-48.
[27] Rhee, M. Sissok, M., Perr, S. MeFarlard, W. Parsonnet, J. & Doumbo, O. (2005). Use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) following a malaria education intervention in Piron, Mali: a control trial with systematic allocation of households. Malaria journal, 4(35), 15-29.
[28] Roll Back Malaria (2005). Global strategic plan 2005-2012. Geneva: Roll Back Malaria.
[29] Rowland, M. Bouma, M. Ducornez, D. Durrani, Rozendaal, J., Schapira, A., & Sondorp, E. (2008). Pyrethoid impregnated mosquito nets for personal protection against malaria for Afghan refugees. Transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene, 90(1), 357-61.
[30] Schellenber, A, Abdulla, S. Minja, H. Nathan, R. Mukassa, O. & Marchant, T. (2008). KINET: A social marketing program of treated nets and net treatment for malaria control in Tanzania with evaluation of child health and long-term survival. Transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene, 93(1), 225-231.
[31] Simon, J. Larson, B., Zusman, A. & Rosen, S. (2005). How will reduction of tariff and taxes on insecticide treated mosquito nets affect household purchases Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 80(11) 892-899.
[32] UNICEF (2006). Malaria a major cause of child death and poverty in Africa.
[33] WHO/UNICEF (2005). Africa malaria. Report 2005. World health Organization/UNICEF.
[34] WHO/UNICEF (2007), World malaria report. Available on WHO/HTM/MAL12005.1102.
[35] World Health Organization (2002). Malaria in pregnancy. Available on: RBM info sheet _HYPERLINK " http://www.rbmwho.int."_ www.rbmwho.int._. Date assessed: January 2012.
[36] World Health Organization (2006). What is malaria RBM info sheet _HYPERLINK "http://www.rbmwho.int.lastupdatejan2007"_www.rbmwho.int.lastupdatejan2007_.Date assessed: January 2012.
Impact of Septic Bundle on Critically Ill Patients Outcomes: Scoping Review
Author: Dalia Zaki Rehbeini
Objective: This review is aimed to evaluate the effect of implementing the septic bundle on critically ill patients' outcomes.
Methodology: Cochrane Collaboration, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed were searched, covering the period 2008 to 2019. Only cohort, case-control and randomized controlled trial studies with full text in English were eligible. Studies that discussed the effect of implementing the septic bundle on critically ill patients' outcomes were only included.
Results: Out of 1,551 articles searched, and after screening inclusion and exclusion criteria; ten articles only were met the inclusion criteria which have considered the effect of implementing a septic bundle on critically ill patients' outcomes. All of these ten studies revealed a significant effect of the septic bundle on the clinical outcomes of critically ill patients especially mortality.
Conclusion: This review confirmed that implementing septic bundle for critically ill patients has been significantly reduced outcomes which are length of hospital stay, length of stay at emergency department, mortality probability, admission to the intensive care unit and mechanical ventilation.
[1] Alvaro-Meca, A., Jiménez-Sousa, M. A., Micheloud, D., Sánchez-Lopez, A., Heredia-Rodríguez, M., Tamayo, E., Resino, S., Group of Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic) (2018). Epidemiological trends of sepsis in the twenty-first century (2000-2013): an analysis of incidence, mortality, and associated costs in Spain. Population health metrics, 16(1), 4.
[2] Amland, R. C., & Sutariya, B. B. (2018). Quick Sequential [Sepsis-Related] Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) and St. John Sepsis Surveillance Agent to detect patients at risk of sepsis: an observational cohort study. American Journal of Medical Quality, 33(1), 50-57.
[3] Andaluz, D., & Ferrer, R. (2017). SIRS, qSOFA, and organ failure for assessing sepsis at the emergency department. Journal of thoracic disease, 9(6), 1459.
[4] Carvas, J. M., Canelas, C., Montanha, G., Silva, C., & Esteves, F. (2016). Impact of Compliance with a Sepsis Resuscitation Bundle in a Portuguese Emergency Department. Acta medica portuguesa, 29(2), 88-94.
[5] Dellinger, R. P., & Hussain, S. (2017). From Barcelona to New York: 15 years of transition of sepsis performance improvement. Journal of thoracic disease, 9(10), 3453.
[7] Farrell, C., & Casserly, B. (2018). Sepsis, the earlier the better, 3-to 1-hour bundle. Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, 2.
[8] Garnacho‑Montero J, Gutiérrez‑Pizarraya A, Escoresca‑Ortega A et al (2013) De‑escalation of empirical therapy is associated with lower mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 40(1):32‑40. doi:10.1007/s00134‑013‑3077‑7
[9] Gasim, G. I., Musa, I. R., Yassin, T., Al Shobaili, H. A., & Adam, I. (2016). Sepsis in Buraidah Central Hospital, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International journal of health sciences, 10(2), 175-81.
[10] Gotts, J.E., & Matthay, M.A. (2016). Sepsis: Pathophysiology and clinical management. British Medical Journal, 353. https//doi: 10.1136/bmj. i1585
[11] Gül, F., Arslantaş, M. K., Cinel, İ., & Kumar, A. (2017). Changing definitions of sepsis. Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation, 45(3), 129.
[12] Gyawali, B., Ramakrishna, K., & Dhamoon, A. S. (2019). Sepsis: The evolution in definition, pathophysiology, and management. SAGE open medicine, 7, 2050312119835043.
[13] Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2017). Timing of antibiotics. Retrieved from http://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/Measures/TimingofAntibiotics.aspx
[14] Kaplan, L. J. (2015). Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. Retrieved from emedicine.medscape.com/article/168943-overview
[15] Kim, M., Watase, T., Jablonowski, K. D., Gatewood, M. O., & Henning, D. J. (2017). A Sepsis-related Diagnosis Impacts Interventions and Predicts Outcomes for Emergency Patients with Severe Sepsis. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18(6), 1098.
[16] Kleinpell, R. (2017). Promoting early identification of sepsis in hospitalized patients with nurse-led protocols.
[17] Kleinpell, R. M., Schorr, C. A., & Balk, R. A. (2016). The new sepsis definitions: implications for critical care practitioners. American Journal of Critical Care, 25(5), 457-464.
[18] Kleinpell, R., Blot, S., Boulanger, C., Fulbrook, P., & Blackwood, B. (2019). International critical care nursing considerations and quality indicators for the 2017 surviving sepsis campaign guidelines. Intensive care medicine, 45(11), 1663-1666.
[19] Kumar A (2016) Systematic bias in meta-analyses of time to antimicrobial in sepsis studies. Crit Care Med 44: e234–e235.
[20] Le Conte, P., Thibergien, S., Obellianne, J. B., Montassier, E., Potel, G., Roy, P. M., & Batard, E. (2017). Recognition and treatment of severe sepsis in the emergency department: retrospective study in two French teaching hospitals. BMC emergency medicine, 17(1), 27.
[21] Lester, D., Hartjes, T., & Bennett, A. (2018). CE: A Review of the Revised Sepsis Care Bundles. AJN The American Journal of Nursing, 118(8), 40-49.
[22] Levy, M. M., Evans, L. E., & Rhodes, A. (2018). The surviving sepsis campaign bundle: 2018 update. Intensive care medicine, 44(6), 925-928.
[23] Lindo, M. M. (2017). Evaluation of Automated Reminders to Reduce Sepsis Mortality Rates.
[24] Machado, F. R., Ferreira, E. M., Schippers, P., de Paula, I. C., Saes, L., de Oliveira, F. I., Tuma, P., Nogueira Filho, W., Piza, F., Guare, S., Mangini, C., Guth, G. Z., Azevedo, L., Freitas, F., do Amaral, J., Mansur, N. S., Salomão, R., SPDM against sepsis project (2017). Implementation of sepsis bundles in public hospitals in Brazil: a prospective study with heterogeneous results. Critical care (London, England), 21(1), 268. doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1858-z.
[25] Maclay, T., & Rephann, A. (2017). The impact of early identification and a critical care–based sepsis response team on sepsis outcomes. Critical care nurse, 37(6), 88-91.
[26] Mayr, F. B., Yende, S., & Angus, D. C. (2014). Epidemiology of severe sepsis. Virulence, 5(1), 4-11.
[27] McColl, T., Gatien, M., Calder, L., Yadav, K., et al. (2016). Implementation of an Emergency Department Sepsis Bundle and System Redesign: A Process Improvement Initiative. JCMU, 0(0), 1-10.
[28] Meade, C. (2018). Intensive Care Unit Nurse Education to Reduce Sepsis Mortality Rates.
[29] Memon, J. I., Rehmani, R. S., Alaithan, A. M., El Gammal, A., Lone, T. M., Ghorab, K., & Abdulbasir, A. (2012). Impact of 6-hour sepsis resuscitation bundle compliance on hospital mortality in a Saudi hospital. Critical care research and practice, 2012.
[30] Milano, P. K., Desai, S. A., Eiting, E. A., Hofmann, E. F., Lam, C. N., Menchine, M. (2018). Sepsis Bundle Adherence Is Associated with Improved Survival in Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 19(5), 774.
[31] Neviere, R., Parsons, P. E., & Finlay, G. (2017). Sepsis syndromes in adults: Epidemiology, definitions, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and prognosis. Monografía en Internet]. Wolters Kluwer: UpToDate.
[32] Postelnicu, R., & Evans, L. (2017). Monitoring of the physical exam in sepsis. Current Opinion in Critical Care,23(3), 232-236. doi:10.1097/mcc.0000000000000403
[33] Prasad, P. A., Shea, E. R., Shiboski, S., Sullivan, M. C., Gonzales, R., & Shimabukuro, D. (2017). Relationship between a sepsis intervention bundle and in-hospital mortality among hospitalized patients: a retrospective analysis of real-world data. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 125(2), 507-513.
[34] Rhodes, A., Evans, L. E., Alhazzani, W., Levy, M. M., Antonelli, M., Ferrer, R., ... & Rochwerg, B. (2017). Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive care medicine, 43(3), 304-377.
[35] Rhodes, A., Phillips, G., Beale, R., Cecconi, M., Chiche, J. D., De Backer, D., Girardis, M. (2015). The surviving sepsis campaign bundles and outcome: Results from the International Multicenter Prevalence Study on Sepsis (the IMPreSS study). Intensive Care Medicine, 41(9), 1620-1628.
[36] Singer, M., Deutschman, C. S., Seymour, C. W., Shankar-Hari, M., Annane, D., Bauer, M., ... & Hotchkiss, R. S. (2016). The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). Jama, 315(8), 801-810.
[37] Tulli, G. (2019). Diagnosis and Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: An Evidence-Based Review. In Practical Trends in Anesthesia and Intensive Care 2018 (pp. 137-178). Springer, Cham.
[38] van Vught LA, Klein Klouwenberg PM, Spitoni C, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and attributable mortality of secondary infections in the intensive care unit after admission for sepsis. JAMA. 2016;315(14):1469-1479.
[39] Walsh, J. (2017)
Effect of Nursing Intervention on Knowledge of Diabetes Mellitus among Pregnant Women Attending Selected General Hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria
Author: Ademuyiwa I. Y
Inadequate knowledge of Diabetes mellitus (DM) in Pregnancy among diabetic pregnant women could lead to poor skill about self-care, failure to seek timely medical attention and failure to follow medical prescriptions, which could lead to complications and sometimes death of mother and/or fetus/baby. This study seeks to assess the effect of nursing intervention on Knowledge of DM among diabetic pregnant women attending two general hospitals in Lagos Island, Lagos State, Nigeria.
This study utilizes one group pretest- posttest experimental research design. The purposive sampling technique and total enumeration sampling size method that included seventy-five participants were used for the study. Instrument for data collection consisted of seven demographic data and forty- two (42) test questions. The study was carried out in three sessions: pre-intervention, intervention and the evaluation sessions over a period of six weeks. Paired t test was used to determine significance level between pre and post-intervention knowledge. Ethical approval and consent were obtained from Babcock University Health Research Ethical committee and Lagos State Heath Service Commission respectively.
The results revealed that most of the participants were between the ages of 21 and 45 (88%); most of them had tertiary education (70.7%); most of them (57.3%) had family history of DM. Results also revealed that pre-intervention knowledge among diabetic women was poor (0.28) and the post intervention knowledge was good (0.83). Paired t test results (t= 36.20, p = 0.000) revealed a significant difference between pre-intervention and post-intervention knowledge. This shows that nursing intervention was effective.
[1] Adoke, A. U., Shehu, C. E., Nwobodo, E. I., Ekele, B. A., Sabir, A., & Umar, A. G., 2018, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Outcome of Pregnancy among Women Attending Antenatal Care Clinic in North-Western Nigeria. The Journal of Middle East and North Africa Sciences, 4(6), 27-32.
[2] Ajayi, G., Adegbola, O., & Oseni, O., 2015, Prevalence of gestational diabetes using 50 gram glucose challenge test 1 hour result in 1204 cases in Lagos. Zeitschrift für Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie, 219, 5-6.
[3] Babah, O. A., Owie, E., Ohazurike, E. O., & Akinajo, O. R., 2018, Prevalence and pattern of medical disorders in pregnancy at the time of delivery at Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. Sub-Saharan African Journal of Medicine, 5, 93-98.
[4] Berger, H., Gagnon, R., Sermer, M., Basso, M., Bos, H., Brown, R. N., . . . Walsh, J. D., 2016, Diabetes in Pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol, 38(7), 667-679.
[5] Coton, S. J., Nazareth, I., & Petersen, I. A., 2016, Cohort study of trends in the prevalence of pregestational diabetes in pregnancy recorded in UK general practice between 1995 and 2012. BMJ, 6, 1-6.
[6] Fawole, A. O., Ezeasor, C., Bello, F. A., Roberts, A., Awoyinka, B. S., Tongo, O., . . . Ipadeola, A. 2014, Effectiveness of a structured checklist of risk factors in identifying pregnant women at risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 17 (4), 495-501.
[7] Izugbara, C.O., Wekesah, F. M. & Adedini, S. A, 2016, Maternal Health in Nigeria: A Situation Update. African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya.
[8] John, D. H., Awoyesuku, P. A., MacPepple, D. A., & Kwosah, N. J., 2019, Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Maternal and Fetal Outcomes at the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH), Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 31(9), 1-16.
[9] Kanguru, L., Bezawada, N., Hussein, J., & Bell, J., 2014, The burden of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Glob Health Action, 7(2), 6-13.
[10] Khiyali, Z., Manoochri, M., Khani, J. A., Babaei, H. A., & Mobasheri, F., 2017, Educational Intervention on Preventive Behaviors on Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant Women: Application of Health Belief Model. International Journal of Pediatrics, 5 (5), 4821-4831. Kuti, M. A., Abbiyesuku, F. M., Akinlade, K. S., Akinosun, O. M., Adedapo, K. S., Adeleye, J. O., & Adesina, O. A.,2011, Oral glucose tolerance testing outcomes among women at high risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of clinical pathology, JCP2010.
[11] Liu, J., Xie, X., & Guo, Y., 2017, Effects of health education intervention at gestation period on pregnancy outcome of diabetes mellitus patients. Biomedical Research, 28 (18), 7950-7954.
[13] Monir, N., Zeba, Z., & Rahman, A., 2018, Comparison of knowledge of women with gestational diabetes mellitus and healthy pregnant women attending at hospital in Bangladesh. J Sci Found, 16(1), 20-26.
[14] Muche, A. A., Olayemi, O. O., & Gete, Y. K., 2019, Prevalence and determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus in Africa based on the updated international diagnostic criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Public Health, 77(36), 1-20.
[15] Mwanri, A., Kinabo, J., Ramaiya, K., & Feskens, E., 2014, Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in urban and rural Tanzania. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 103, 71-78.
[16] Olajide, T. E., Nwaokocha, C., Aina, F., Ogunfowokan, O., & Awoniyi, A. M., 2017, Effect of Nurse-led Training on Self-management of Diabetes among Diabetic Patients Attending Medical Outpatient Clinic in General Hospital Odan, Lagos State, Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 24(9), 1-8.
[17] Song, C., Li, J., Leng, J., Ma, R. C., & Yang, X., 2016, Lifestyle intervention can reduce the risk of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev.. 17(10), 960-969.
[18] Sun S. and Luo H., 2016, The influence of PBL health education and early nursing intervention on treatment compliance and pregnancy outcome of gestational diabetes mellitus. Med Innov, 22, 73-76.
[19] Ubangha, L. O., Odugbemi, T. O., & Abiola, A. O., 2016, Diabetes mellitus: Identifying the knowledge gaps and risk factors among adolescents attending a public school in Lagos State. Journal of Clinical Sciences, 13, 193-198.
[20] Utz, B., Assarag, B., Essolbi, A., Barkat, A., El Ansari, N., Fakhir, B., . . . De Brouwere, V., 2017, Improving detection and initial management of gestational diabetes through the primary level of care in Morocco: protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Reproductive Health, 14(1), 75.
[21] World Health Organisation, 2019, Trends in maternal mortality: 2000 to 2017: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. Geneva: WHO Press.
[22] World Health Organisation, 2016, WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. Geneva: WHO Press.
Barriers to the Application of the Nursing Process in the Regional Hospital Bamenda-Cameroon
Author: Loh Stanley Yuh
The nursing process remains one of the unique pillars that confer nursing autonomy as a profession. However, implementation of the nursing process in the Regional Hospital Bamenda remains a challenge. This study set to assess barriers to the application of the nursing process at the Regional Hospital Bamenda-Cameroon. The specific objectives were to determine the demographic factors of nurses; identify the institutional factors and to find out the socio-cultural factors that hinder the implementation of the nursing process. A cross sectional study was carried out using a convenient sample of 65 nursing staff. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires with Pearson reliability coefficient of 0.87. The data were analysed using SPSS. The study revealed that 68% of the participants did not know the steps of the nursing process. Advancing age and longevity of nurses; rejection and lack of support of nursing process, non- recognition of those who make an effort, inadequate monitoring; inadequate resources; and nursing peers, family, religion and culture hindered implementation of the nursing process. The nursing process was viewed by all participants as time-consuming and others, 92% as tedious. Implementation of the nursing process was found to be negatively affected by demographic institutional and sociocultural factors. Within the perspectives of this study, the nursing care plan needs to be vulgarized as a professional tool in the hospital, client satisfaction with nursing services evaluated and an observational study carried out using patients' records to improve on the objectivity of this study.
[1] Afolayan, Donald, Baldwin, Olayinka and Babafemi (2013). Evaluation of the utilization of the nursing process and patient outcome in psychiatric nursing: case of psychiatric hospital Port Harcourt. Advances in applied science research pp34-43.
[2] Alfaro-LeFevre, R. (2016). Applying nursing process: a step-by-step guide (6th edition) Lippincott, Philadelphia.
[3] Alfaro-LeFevre, R. (2016). Applying nursing process: a tool for critical thinking (7th edition) Lippincott, Philadelphia, Williams and Wilkens.
[4] American Nurses Association (2009). The nursing process: a common thread among all Nurses, retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org.
[5] Berman A & synder S.J. (2012). Kozier & Erb's foundamentals of nursing: concepts, process and practices (9th edition).
[6] Brandalize, DL & Kalinowski (2015) Nursing process: experience in the implementation of the diagnostic phase. Cogitare enferm, 10(3), 53.
[7] Carlson s. (2010). A practical approach to the nursing process. The American journal of nursing. 72, 1589-91.
[8] Coverston, C.R.., Harmon, K.R., & Malner, A.A (2014). A comparison of Guatemalan and USA nurses' attitudes towards nursing. International nursing review, 51(2), 94-103.
[9] Dalsasso, G.T.M., Barra, D.C.C., Pease, F., Debetio, Rios and Marinho (2013). Computerized nursing process: methodology to the establish associations between clinical assessment, diagnosis, intervention and outcomes. Rev.ed.enferm USP, 47(1), 238-45.
[10] Department of nursing (2009) nursing sub-sector strategic plan of 2001-2015: nurses can make a difference in reversing the trends in Cameroon ministry of public health.
[11] Fisseha, H., Fessehaye, A, Fikadu, Semarya and Alemseged (2014). Application of the nursing process and its affecting factors among nurses.
[12] Granero-Mollina, J., Fernabdez-sola, Peredo de Gonzales, M.H., Aguilera-Manrique, MollinedoMallea and Hasson (2012). The impact of an educational intervention on nursing staff ratings of quality of older people care: a perspective, controlled intervention study. International journal of nursing studies, 46(4), 470-78.
[13] Hagos, Alemseged, Barhe, and Aregay (2014). Application of the nursing process and its affecting factors among nurses working in menkelle zone hospital, northern Ethiopia. Nursing research and practice, 8. http://dx.doi.org/0.1155/2014/675212.
[14] Lukes E, (2010). The nursing process and program planning. AAOHN; 58:5-7.
[15] Mahmoud, M.H & Bayoumy, M.H (2014). Barriers and facilities for execution of nursing process from nurses' perspective ISSN 2320-5407. International journal of advanced research, 2(2), 300-315.
[16] Mamseri, R.A. (2012). The nursing process as a means of improving patients care (master thesis) university of South Africa.
[17] Manal, H.M., & Hala (2014). Barriers and facilities for execution of nursing process from nurses' perspective international journal of Advance research, 2(2), 300-315.
[18] Momoh, M.A and Chuku (2010). Factors that militate against the use of the nursing process: a hospital-based study. Continental J. pharmaceutical sciences, 4, 6-9.
[19] Nyatichi M.L. (2012). Factors influencing use of the nursing process in Naivasha District Hospital. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/8259
[20] Pokorski, Moraes, M.A, chiarelli, constanzi and Rabelo, E.R. (2009). Nursing process: from literature to practice. What are we actually doing? Rev latino-am Enfermagem, maio-junho, 17(3). 302-307.
[21] Potter, P.A., & Perry (2017). Basic nursing (6th edition). St. Louis: Mosby.
An Evaluation of Antenatal Screening Services Provided in Health Facilities of Lundazi District, Zambia
Author: Patricia Mambwe
Background: Provision of quality Antenatal care requires holistic screening and timely treatment to prevent neonatal and maternal mortalities.
Methods: A facility based cross- sectional study evaluated antenatal screening services offered in Lundazi District, Zambia. The study was conducted between October 2019 and June2020. Study units comprised 5 health facilities, 60 ANC mothers and 75 ANC providers. The study used facility audit, observation and self-administered questionnaires.
Results: The study found that ANC mothers could not be weighed in all the health facilities due to dysfunctional weighing scales. Facilities lacked Multistix for urine testing. Facilities could not test for blood grouping or screen blood for Rhesus factor. One facility could not screen for HIV and Malaria as reagents were out of stock. Another facility could not screen Haemoglobin levels for anaemia as the Hamacue machine was dysfunctional. Routine ultrasound was not done in all the five facilities.
Conclusion: Lack of functional equipment and essential supplies used for screening ANC mothers for any abnormality is a significant missed opportunity for early diagnosis and timely treatment of medical conditions. Reinforcing this component improves provision of quality antenatal care. Therefore, increased Antenatal care coverage requires a simultaneous scale-up of ANC equipment, supplies and drugs.
[1] Ameh et al., (2012) Status of Emergency Obstetric Care in Six Developing Countries Five Years before the MDG Targets for Maternal and New born Health accessed from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3516515/#pone.0049938-WHO1 retrieved on 9/8/2020 @ 17:50 hours
[2] Conrad et al., (2011) Compliance with focused antenatal care services: Do health workers in rural Burkina Faso, Uganda and Tanzania perform all ANC procedures? Tropical Medicine & International Health 17(3):300-7 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02923.x accessed from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51862112_Compliance_with_focused_antenatal_care_services_Do_health_workers_in_rural_Burkina_Faso_Uganda_and_Tanzania_perform_all_ANC_procedures#read on 16/8/2020 @ 16:50 hours.
[3] Ejigu et al., (2013) Quality of antenatal care services at public health facilities of Bahir-Dar special zone, Northwest Ethiopia accessed from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4231347/ retrieved on 9/8/2020 at 12:52 hours.
[4] Fraser, D.M. and Cooper, M.A. (Eds.) (2009) Myles' Textbook for Midwives E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences, Amsterdam. ISBN 0443072353.
[5] Haruna. U, Dandeebo. G and Galaa. Z (2019); Improving Access and Utilization of Maternal Healthcare Services through Focused Antenatal Care in Rural Ghana: A Qualitative Study accessed from https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9181758 on 14/11/19 at 16:50 hours.
[6] Joshi C, Torvaldsen S, Hodgson R, Hayen A. (2014) Factors associated with the use and quality of antenatal care in Nepal: a population-based study using the demographic and health survey data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014; 14:94 accessed from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24589139 on 25/2/2020 @ 03: 09 hours.
[7] Katemba. B. M, Bwenbya. P, Hammonga. E. T, Chola. M and Jacobs. C (2018), Demand side factors associated with quality antenatal care services: A case study of Lusaka district, Zambia. Front Public Health. 2018 Oct 9; 6:285. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00285 retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30356734 on 16/11/19 at 06:37 hours.
[8] Kyei N, Chansa C, Gabrysch S. Quality of antenatal care in Zambia: a national assessment. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2012) 12:151. 10.1186/1471-2393-12-151 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] accessed on 10/10 2019 @ 22:00 hours.
[9] Lama et al., (2020) Assessment of facility and health worker readiness to provide quality antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum care in rural Southern Nepal accessed from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12913-019-4871-x on 9/8/2020 @ 13:57 hours on 29th September 2020.
[10] Libingi. M, Ngoma. C, Banda. Y (2019) Antenatal care: assessing Zambian midwives' knowledge and skills African Journal of Midwifery and Women s Health 13(2):1-7 DOI: 10.12968/AJMW.2017.0040 accessed from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332994432_Antenatal_care_assessing_Zambian_midwives'_knowledge_and_skills#read on 16/8/2020@ 16:00 hours.
[11] Lungu F, Malata A, Chirwa E, Mbendera I. Quality assessment of focused antenatal care services in Malawi. Afr J Midwifery Womens Health. 2011;5(4): 169–75. Accessed from https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/ doi/abs/10.12968/ajmw.2011.5.4.169 on 25/2/2020 @ 21: 18 hours
[12] Mansur et al., (2014) Quality of Antenatal Care in Primary Health Care Centers of Bangladesh accessed from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4266789/ on 9/8/2020 at 09:30 hours.
[13] Mchenga. M., Burger. R and Dieter von. F (2019) Examining the impact of WHO's Focused Antenatal Care policy on early access, underutilisation and quality of antenatal care services in Malawi: a retrospective study, Open access journal accessed from https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12913-019-4130 accessed at 06:08 AM on 23/2/2020
[14] Milltenburg. A. S, Van der Eem. L, Nyanza. E. C, Pelt. S, Ndaki. P et al., (2017), Antenatal care and opportunities for quality improvement of service provision in resource limited settings: A mixed methods study accessed on 16/11/19 at 06:57 hours from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?type=printable&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0188279
[15] Nyarko P, Birungi H, Arma-Klemesu M, Arhinful D, Deganus S, Odoi-Agyarko H, Brew G. Acceptability and Feasibility of introducing The WHO Focused antenatal care package in Ghana. Washington DC: Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health; 2006 accessed from https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1399&context=departments_sbsr-rh on 25/12/2020.
[16] Phommachanh et al., (2019), Improvement of Quality of Antenatal Care (ANC) Service Provision at the Public Health Facilities in Lao PDR: Perspective and Experiences of Supply and Demand Sides Accessed from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6647136/ on 13/6/2020 at 23:53 hours.
[17] Pilitteri, A. (2010) Maternal and Child health nursing: care of child bearing and child rearing family (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
[18] Ricci. S. (2013) Maternity, New born, and Women's Health Nursing (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN- 13:978-1-60831-801-8
[19] World Health Organization (2018) "Maternal Mortality Factsheet, http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality.
[20] World Health Organization (2016), The world health report. making every woman and child count: policy brief one: integrating maternal new born and child health programmes, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, accessed from https://www.who.int/whr/2005/whr2005_en.pdf @ 20:45 hours on 25/2/2020.
[21] Yusuf. M. and Saidu. I. (2015); Relationship of Antenatal Care with the prevention of Maternal Mortality among pregnant women in Bauchi State Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Research & method in Education (IOSR – JRME) e-ISSN: 2320 -7388, p-ISSN: 2320 – 737: 11 (4) pp 35 -38 accessed from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bb2f/82355297f8b54ac3e71276dcc8bb7845c0c7.pdf on 10/10/2019 @ 15:37 hours.
Advantages of Cooperative Learning: A Systematic Review
Nursing education is responsible for the production of competent nursing staff with the collaborative skills required by the workforce. Nursing recruitment and retention requirements have made nursing education more challenging. Consequently, alternative teaching methods are being explored in nursing education to narrow the gap between workforce requirements and training. This article contains literature review conducted to examine the advantages of cooperative learning. The purpose of this study is to survey the advantages of cooperative learning using articles outlining the advantages of cooperative learning. A literature search with focus on studies published between 2009 and 2018 was undertaken from four electronic databases. Identified articles were pruned with the help of the Prisma (2009) Flow Diagram. Forty-five articles were identified, 15 reviewed and 11 considered eligible for this study. Significant differences were found in favour of cooperative learning, between the various teaching methods in almost all the studies. Additionally, cooperative learning was noted to markedly enhance human development. The studies reviewed concluded that cooperative learning was better than traditional teaching methods like lecture as cooperative learners were noted to display higher achievements and positive social interdependence than their peers from traditional methods. These results are important for both nursing administrators/managers and faculty in planning lessons; hiring and assigning faculty respectively. The implications of this study are that nursing curricula should be designed to incorporate cooperative learning as a means to enhance learning and hiring of nursing faculty should be based on the appropriate display of cooperative learning skills.
[1] Cloud T, (2014) Cooperative learning in the classroom, Journal on Best Teaching Practices pp7-8 http://teachingonpurpose.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Cloud-T.-2014.-Cooperative-Learning-in-the-Cla
[2] Cornelius-Ukpepi, BU, Aglazor, GN & Odey, CO (2016): Cooperative Learning Strategy as Tool for Classroom Management. Advances in Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol 2, No.2 Pp 67-76.
[3] Dembilio-Villar T, González-Chordá VM, Cervera-Gascch A, & Mena-Tudela D. (2018) Cooperative Learning and Hand Disinfection in Nursing Students. Invest. Educ. Enferm.; 36(2): e09. DOI: 10.17533/udea.iee.v36n2e09.
[4] Goyak, AM (2009). The Effects of Cooperative Learning Techniques on Perceived Classroom Environment and Critical Thinking Skills of Preservice Teachers. A PhD Dissertation, from https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/ on 05/01/2020.
[5] Johnson DW, Johnson RT. (2018). Cooperative Learning: The Foundation for Active learning Chapter 5. accessed from http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81086.
[6] Laal M, & Ghodsi SM (2012) Benefits of collaborative learning. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 31 (2012) 486–490. From https://www.researchgate.net/publication/22476654. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.091.
[7] Li, M. P. & Lam, B. H. (2013) The active classroom. The Hong Kong Institute of Education. Retrieved from https://www.eduhk.hk/.../cooperativelearningcoursewriting_LBH%. (Coop learning (EDUHK) 07/20/2019.
[8] Molla E. & Muche M. (2018). Impact of Cooperative Learning Approaches on Students' Academic Achievement and Laboratory Proficiency in Biology Subject in Selected Rural Schools, Ethiopia. Hindawi Education Research International Volume 2018, Article ID 6202484, accessed from https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6202484 Accessed from https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2016.1259389.
[9] Penn State University, USA (2017). IT Learning & development Centre of Penn State University: Benefits of cooperative learning. How can cooperative learning benefit you and your group? Accessed on 10/01/2020 from www.tutorials.istudy.psu.edu/cooperativelearning/cooperativelearning6.html.
[10] Sijali, KK (2017) Effectiveness of cooperative learning for improving learners' proficiency level of English language in secondary level education in Nepal. Journal of NELTA, Vol 22 No. 1-2.
[11] Slavin. RE (2010). The nature of learning. Chapter Seven: Co-operative learning: what makes group work work? Doi: 10.1787/1789264086487-9-en accessed 05/01/2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299820851_Cooperative_learning_what_makes_group-work_work.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl