text:
Ocimum basilicum L.
Ocimum anisatum Benth., Ocimum barrelieri Roth, Ocimum bullatum Lam., Ocimum caryophyllatum Roxb., Ocimum ciliare B.Heyne exHook.f., Ocimum ciliatum Hornem., Ocimum citrodorum Blanco, Ocimum dentatum Moench, Ocimum integerrimum Willd., Ocimum lanceolatum Schumach. & Thonn., Ocimum laxum Vahl exBenth, Ocimum medium Mill., Ocimum nigrum Thouars exBenth., Ocimum scabrum Wight exHook.f., Ocimum simile N.E.Br., Ocimum thyrsiflorum L., Plectranthus barrelieri (Roth) Spreng. [1]
Malaysia Ruku-ruku, selasih antan, selasih hijau, kemangi [2]
English Sweet basil, French basil, Réunion basil [3]
China Luo le [2]
India Bisva tulasi, varavara, manjariki (Sanskrit); babui tulsi, babul, bahari, barbar, kali tulsi, rihan (Hindi); baburi (Punjabi); dhala-tulasi (Uriya); bharbari (Santal); tiru-nitru (Malay); kukkatulas, bhu-tulasi, vebudipatri (Telegu); tirunirupachai, karandai, tirnut-patchi (Tamil); sabja, sada tulasi, tirnirupachai, tirunitru, tirunirrippachai, tirunutpatchi , tiviragandam, damaro, damro, nasabo, sabje (Gujarati); kama kasturi, kamkusturi, ramkasturi, sajjebiya, tulasigidda, tulasiya sasyajati (Kannada); ajaganothika, manjarika, munjariki, surabhi, tulasidevesha, tungi (Sanskrit) [2]
Indonesia Solasih (Sunda); telasih (Jawa); amping, kukuru (Minahasa) [3]
Philippines Solasi (Tagalong); bonak (Visaya) [2]
Thailand Horapha [2]
Laos Phak bua la pha, phak bua la phe, phak i tou [2]
Cambodia Chi sa [2]
Burma Pinsein, ziya apyu [2]
Sri Lanka Hintala, sawandalata, suwandutala [2]
Bangladesh Babuitulsi, baburi tulsi, debunsha, khubkalam [2]
Nepal Baavarii phuul, tulasii [2]
Japan Bajiru, mebouki, suiito bajiru [2]
United Arab Emirates Shahasfaram, habaq, haabaq nabati, alrihan, rihan [2]
Iran Firanj mushk, deban-shab, rayáahn, reyhan [2]
Israel Rehan [2]
Turkey Feslien [2]
Africa Basilie, basilikum [2]
France Basilic cultive, basilic, framboisin (Antilles); herbe royale, oranger des savetiers, pistou [2]
Germany Basilien-kraut, basilienkraut, basilikum, echtes basilienkraut, gartenhirnkraut, gewöhnliches basilienkraut [2] [3]
Croatia Bosiljak [2]
Czech Republic Bazalka pravá [2]
Netherlands Baziel, bazielkruid, koningskruid [2]
Finland Basilika [2]
Italy Basilico [3]
Norway Basilikum [2]
Portugal Alfavaca, alfavacao, basílico, hierba de vaquero, manjericão, manjerico [2]
Spain Albalaca, albahaca común , albahaca silvestre, ahábega, acimo [2][3]
Sweden Basilica [2]
Russia Bazilik, bazilik obyknovennyi, dushistye vasilki, dushki [2][3]
Serbia Bosiljak, bosiok, bosilje, faslidjan, maslidjan [2]
Slovakia Bazalka pravá, bazalky pravej [2].
Ocimum basilicum probably originates from Africa (Madagascar) or Northwestern India [4]. This plant naturalised throughout the tropics, subtropics and warm temperate areas [5]. It have been cultivated and distributed throughout the world including Egypt, Greece, Italy [5], Southern France, tropical Africa, tropical America and former Soviet Union [4][6].
O. basilicum is a member of Lamiaceae family. It is an annual herb, aromatic, erect up to 1 m height. It also characterised by a thick with brown taproot up to 6 mm in diametre. [5][7]
The stem erect, quadrangular, much branched, about 6 mm thick, the apex retrorse and puberulent, glabrous base, light green to dark purple in colour. The leaves simple with decussately opposite leaf, petiole 1-2(-4.5) cm long and narrowly winged at the apex. The leaf blade shape is ovate to elliptical, 1-5(-8) cm x 0.5-2(-4) cm in dimension, acuminate apex, base attenuate, the margin is sometimes dentate or subentire, the leaf smooth to slightly pilose, light green to purplish-green in colour. [5][7]
The inflorescence terminal, loosely arrange, up to 30 cm long, 3-flowered cymes, appear in verticilis form; 1-3 cm apart, bract oblonceolate to rhombic shaped, measures 3-11 mm x 1-3 mm, pilose. Pedicel 3-4 mm long, recurved at top, densely pilose with white colour. The calyx bilobed, tubular, upper lobe with a flat suborbicular 3.5 mm in diametre and canaliculate lower lobe measuring 3.4 mm long and sharply 4-toothed at top, densely glandular dotted, the tube located above ovary with a dense long-hair inside. The corolla tubular, two-lipped with 5-8 mm long, pilose outside of the corolla, white, whitish-purplish or creamy yellow in colour, 4-lobed at the upper of the lip with strong recurved at top, lower lip entire. Stamen 4, didynamous, slightly exserted, the stamen exceeding corolla by 2-4 mm, puberulent base. Pistil with a 4-lobed ovary, gynobasic style up to 9 mm long. [5] [7]
The fruit contain 4 distinct nutlets enclosed with the tube of persistent calyx. The nutlet ovoid, 1-2 mm x 1 mm in dimension, black to dark brown in colour. [5]
Figure 1: O. basilicum flowers are purplish and borne on terminal spikes.
Soil Suitability and Climatic Requirement
O. basilicum is suitable to be cultivated on most soils in Malaysia, preferably light textured soils such as loam and sandy loam or other soils of good drainage. It is not suitable on clayey or poorly drained soils. Bright day with longer sunshine hours is required for high essential oil production. [8]
Figure 2: O. basilicum crop on bris soils.
Field Preparation
Land Preparation
Land clearing, disc ploughing at 25-30 cm deep and followed by rotovation at 1-2 weeks later are needed. Christmas Island Rock Phosphate (CIRP) at the rate of 280 kg/ha is to be applied as a basal fertiliser. Field drainage system is required for areas that are easily waterlogged. [8]
Production of Planting Materials
O. basilicum is usually propagated by seedlings raised from seeds. About 200-300 g of seeds is required for one hectare planting. The seeds need to be sown in sowing trays and placed under in nursery house. The seedlings are ready for field planting after 6-7 weeks in the sowing tray or at 4 to 5-leaf stage. Using seedlings raised from shoot cuttings is also possible and the seedlings are ready for field plantings after four weeks. [8]
Figure 3: O. basilicum seedlings in planting tray ready for field planting.
Field Planting
The recommended spacing is 60 cm (between rows) x 30 cm (within a row), which is equivalent to 55,556 plants/ha. Planting should be done at the start of rainy season. [8][9]
Figure 4: Field planting at the planting distance of 60 cm and 30 cm between and within row respectively.
Fertiliser recommendation vary with soil types. On mineral soil, NPK (15:15:15) at 1.67 t/ha and N fertiliser at 240 kg/ha are recommended. Whereas on bris soil, chicken manure at 5 t/ha and NPK (12:12:17:2) at 2.5 t/ha fertilisers are recommended. The fertilisers are to be split-applied into several applications throughout its growing period. [8][9][10]
Weed control is done at 1-2 months intervals depending on weed population. It can be done by tillage operation during the early growth stage and then by careful herbicide sprays at later stages. Usually, the weed population becomes less as the crop foliage grows thicker.[8]
Sufficient water supply throughout the growth period is required for good crop growth. Thus, supplementary irrigation is needed in providing water at the early growth stage and during dry days. Sprinkler irrigation system is recommended for that purpose. [8][10]
Leaf rollers can cause a serious damage to a O. basilicum crop. Under very severe conditions, the leaves will fall off. The pests can be controlled by practising good sanitary practices especially during the preparation of planting materials. Diseases that are recorded to infest O. basilicum are leaf blight and wilts. These diseases can be avoided by not planting during the wet season. [8]
Harvesting for the essential oil production is carried out at 50% flowering stage or at 12 weeks after planting. It is done by cutting the plants at 15-20 cm above ground so that the remaining stems will produce new shoots and branches which again can be harvested after the next 12-14 weeks. A good O. basilicum crop can be harvested up to four times. Crop yield varies depending on variety and soil types. On mineral soil, line BM14 can produce four harvests at 50 t/ha of biomass or 182 kg/ha of essential oil with 0.35% oil recovery. However, on bris soil a local line can produce two harvests at 24.3 t/ha biomass or 36-48 litres/ha essential oil with 0.15-0.20% (volume/weight) oil recovery. [8][9][10]11][12]
Figure 5: The O. basilicum crop ready for harvesting.
Postharvest Handling
Due to its essential oil volatility, the harvested biomass has to be quickly transported to a collection centre for immediate oil distillation process. Before distillation, the leaves are normally dried for 4-5 hours under the sunlight to reduce water content in the leaves and stems. [8]
Estimated Cost of Production
In Malaysia, the total production cost for a hectare of O. basilicum crop which can be harvested 4 times/year is estimated at RM32,000. It is made up of RM1,200, RM18,400 and RM9,500 of contract work, materials and labour costs respectively plus RM2,910 of unexpected cost (10%). Thus, for a crop with a yield of 182 kg/ha of essential oil, the production cost is RM176 per kg. The production cost was estimated based on the cost of current inputs during writing of this article. [8]
Methanol extract of O. basilicum leaves has been reported to contain flavone aglycones (e.g. salvigenin, nevadensin, cirsileol, cirsilineol, eupatorin, apigenin, acacetin, genkwanin, apigenin 7,4'-dimethyl ether, cirsimaritin, ladanein and gardenin B) [13]. O. basilicum leaves also has been reported to contain enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase [14].
Essential oil of O. basilicum leaves has been reported to contain linalool, methyl cinnamate, methyl cinnamate/linalool, methyl eugenol, citral, methyl chavicol (estragol), methyl chavicol/citral, 1,8-cineole, L-linalool, camphor, α-terpineol, geraniol, β-elemene, (E)-α-bergamotene, α-guaiene, β-humulene, germacrene D, (E)-β-guaiene, γ-cadinene, and δ-cadinene. [15][16]
Essential oil of O. basilicum flowers has been reported to contain myrcene, 1,8-cineole, L-linalool, (E)- linalool oxide, β-Elemene, and (E)-α-bergamotene. [16]
Essential oils of O. basilicum also has been reported to contain α-thujene, α-pinene, camphene, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, p-cymene, limonene, β-phellandrene, 1,8-cineole, Z-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, fenchone, linalool, camphor, citronellal, borneol terpinen-4-ol, myrtenal, myrtenol, citronellol, neral, geraniol, geranial, α-cubenene, β-elemene, E-caryophyllen, aromadendrene, α-humulene, aromadendrene (allo), cadinol tau, methyl eugenol, 1,8-cineol, ρ-cymene, limonene, β-ocimene, camphor, α-terpineol, cis-geraniol, linalyl acetate, bornyl acetate, α-copaene, β-cubebene, β-caryophyllene, α-bergamotene, γ-muurolene, germacrene D, β-selinene, bicyclogermacrene, and γ-cardinene. [17][18]
O. basilicum leaves and flowering tops has been reported to contain oxygenated monoterpenes (e.g. 1,8-cineole, linalool, camphor, terpinene-4-ol, α-terpineol, geraniol, and bornylacetate), aromatic oxygenated monoterpenes (e.g. eugenol and methylchavicol), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (e.g. β-cubebene, β-elemene, trans-caryophyllen, α-bergamotene, α-humulene, germacrene, germacrene D, γ-cardinene , δ-cadinene, α-selinene, β-selinene, and γ-elemene) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (e.g. spathulenol). Its essential oil has been reported to contain β-pinene, myrcene, (+)-limonene, and trans-β-ocimene. [19]
O. basilicum roots have been reported to contain rosmarinic acid. [20]
Seeds, leaves, flowers. [21][22][23][24]
O. basilicum which also known as 'selasih' or sweet basil is well known medicinal herbs in traditional chinese medicine preparation. The sweet basil has been traditionally recommended to be given in steam to stimulate the paralyzed parts [21]. The whole plant was taken for treatment from worms, stomach complaints, fever, cough and gout [22]. When the leaves are left underneath the pillow or bed sheet, it was said to improve insomnia, as well as tonic and vermifuge in general [25].
In particular, the leaves are effective for treatment of any common digestive problems. This can be done through decoction, juice or infusion. The decoction of 30 g of dried leaves help to settle the stomach and stimulates the production of milk in nursing, even used to bath the children who always cry at night [26]. A decoction of the leaves shall be given to an empty stomach to reduce throat pain and cough [27]. Boiling eight tea spoons of decoction from fresh leaves of sweet basil in two glasses of water for 15 minutes until the liquid is halved, take one part three times a day to treat cough. In cases of common cold, mix 1 tea spoon honey and ginger juice in a cup of decoction to help relief cold, asthma, influenza, bronchitis [28]. The decoction can also be part of hot boil basil tea used for heart diseases, hiccups, vomiting, nausea, and as a wash for ulcers. The tea, when cardamom powder to prevent malaria and dengue, reducing high body temperature [29]. To treat skin diseases, the leaves are pounded and the paste is applied to skin affected by fungus infection [30]. Other than that, infusions are said to be acting as a digestive-stomach spasms preventer, strengthen the nervous system by improving the blood circulation [26]. On the other hand, the ancestors in Italy made use of the leaves by crushing and sniffing them to calm dizziness [31]. The fresh leaves can also be rubbed or crushed in lime juices prior to application on laceration to indirectly heal the wound and gives minor pain relieving effects. In Bangladesh, where the sweet basil is named Ram Tulshi, the leaf juice has been traditionally applied on cuts and wounds 2 to 3 times daily [32]. In Andhra Pradesh of India, the juice of the leaves could be mixed with little amount of honey or can be directly poured into ear hole to cure ear ache [22][33]. The leaves are known to be good for diabetes whereby the juice from macerated leaves are taken to control diabetes [34].
The flowers of O. basilicum were used to reduce the pain in migraine. [23]
The seeds are said to give refreshing and sedative properties [22]. The seeds taken at times of menopause relieve disturbances due to menopause [35]. It was also said that the infusion of the seeds elevates treats gonorrhoea, infertility and sexual organs infection, other that used in cases of dysentery, diarrhoea, and haemorrhoids as a result of hard constipation [36]. The seeds, when soaked in water, they will become demulcent for digestive and genito-urinary tracts [37]. The seeds are crushed, decocted and drunk three times a day for 3-5 consecutive days to treat urinary disorders [30]. The mucilaginous seeds give off a cooling effect when given through infusion to ease gonorrhoea [38].
The roots are pounded with water to prepare decoction. 1 teaspoon of this decoction is taken thrice a day up to 7 days, gives relief for respiratory problem [24]. In Maharashtra of India, about two spoonful extract of root is mixed in one spoonful honey and it is given twice a day for eight days to control asthma [39].
Besides the medicinal value, various uses can be applied from this plant, especially its fresh and dried leaves that are used to impart a fragrant. The leaves can be used in a cooking and compliment to many soups and salads. It also have a special affinity with tomatoes to process as a paste or sauce. It is also planted as an ornamental plant. The flowers are also sold fresh as well as dried for potpourri. [5]
Other than that, the leaves of these plant contains essential oil and oleoresin that are commonly used in food industry to flavour baked goods, pickles, sauces, vinegar and meat product. Essential oil from this plant also had been used to modify the flavour of chartreuse liqueurs. The oil mostly used in cosmetics, dental and oral product. [5]
Antihypertensive activity
Extract of O. basilicum administered to renovascular hypertensive Wistar rats lowered both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (by 20 and 15 mm Hg respectively), cardiac hypertrophy and endothelin. [40]
Hepatoprotective activity
Dichloromethane extract of O. basilicum hairy roots culture administered to albino rats and in liver homogenate in vitro demonstrated hepatoprotective activity compared to oleanolic and ursolic acids. Six triterpene acids isolated from the extract (betulinic, oleanolic, ursolic, 3-epimaslinic, alphitolic and euscaphic acids) individually showed hepatoprotective activity through their antioxidant activities. [41]
Ethanol extract of O. basilicum leaves administered to H2O2-and CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in goat's liver decreased the levels of antioxidant enzymes (enzymatic and non-enzymatic). The extract also showed significant antilipid peroxidation effects., [42]
Hypolipidaemic activity
Aqueous extract of O. basilicum administered to Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidaemic rats showed reduction of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol at a much higher rate than fenofibrate. [43]
Ethanol extract of O. basilicum increased LDL-resistance to oxidation of copper (II) ion whilst decreased the accumulation of macrophage lipid droplets, newly synthesized esterified cholesterol (60%) and scavenger receptors activity (20-30%) in human macrophages. [44]
Antiplatelet aggregation activity
Aqueous extract of O. basilicum administered orally to rats inhibited the platelet aggregation which induced by ADP and thrombin in an arteriovenous thrombosis (AVT) model. This effect was found to develop progressively over 7 days and disappears over 3-7 days. [45]
Extract of O. basilicum also could suppress the elevated contractions induced by high cholesterol diet in thoracic aorta of rats. [46]
Antiproliferative activity
Essential oil of O. basilicum inhibited the growth of human murine leukemia (P388) cells lines (inhibition concentration at 50% of growth (IC50) of 0.0362 mg/mL) and showed the highest antiproliferative activity compared to the rest of 17 Thai medicinal plants using MTT assay. The extract also showed antiproliferative activity on human mouth epidermal carcinoma (KB). [47]
Hydroalcoholic extract of O. basilicum fresh leaves inhibited carcinogen-induced tumour incidence in both tumour models studied at peri-initiational stage. [48]
Antioxidant activity
Water and ethanol extract of O. basilicum showed antioxidant activity [49] as well as crude extract of the leaves in maceration of methanol: water: acetic acid [80:20:1] and the fractions [50]. Fractions of methanol extract of O. basilicum also showed antioxidant activity with the presence of rosmarinic acid was found to be responsible for the potent antioxidant activity [51]. Essential oil of the plants was also found to inhibit lipid peroxidation [52].
This antioxidant activity has been found to have antigenotoxic potential which was shown by essential oils of the plants and its major constituents, Linalool. [53].
O. basilicum also has been reported to exhibit significant activity in superoxide radical and nitric oxide radical scavenging, indicating their potent antioxidant effects. [42]
Anti-inflammatory activity
Fixed oil (non-volatile oil) of O. basilicum dried seeds showed significant anti-inflammatory activity by blocking both cyclo-oxygenase and lipo-oxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. [54]
Tincture of O. basilicum reduced the total leukocyte count and monocyte percentage; activated the circulating phagocytes by significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. [55]
Antiulcerogenic activity
Powder, aqueous and methanol extract of O. basilicum fresh aerial partsadministered to aspirin-induced gastric ulcers in Sprague-Dawley male albino rats (170-200 g) showed anti-ulcerogenic activity by decreased in productions of acid and pepsin which enhances gastric mucosal strength. [56]
Essential oil of O. basilicum dried seeds administered to aspirin (500 mg/kg, po), indomethacin (20 mg/kg, po), 50% ethanol (500 mg/kg, po), reserpine (5 mg/kg, im), serotonin (10 mg/kg, sc), and stress-induced ulceration in Wistar albino rats (140-200 g) and histamine-induced (500 mg base ip) ulceration in guinea pigs (300-400 g) showed significant antiulcer activity by inhibiting the lipoxygenase, histamine antagonistic and antisecretory activities. [57]
Chemomodulatory activity
Ethanol:water (80:20) extract of O. basilicum fresh leaves (200 or 400 mg/kg bw) administered orally to Random-bred Swiss albino mice (8–9 weeks old) for duration of 15 days has been studied on the inducibility of detoxifying parameters in hepatic and extrahepatic organs and influence of O. basilicum on DMBA-induced mouse skin papillomagenesis. The results showed the extract increased the activity of phase II enzyme (which associated with detoxification of xenobiotics) whilst inhibited the activity of phase I enzyme. It also protects against oxidative stress via the elevation of antioxidative defense enzyme, while significantly reduced the specific activity of LDH and the level of lipid peroxidation, thus significantly reduced the DMBA and B(a)P-induced papillomagenesis. [48]
inducing drug detoxification enzymes such as GST and DTD, as well as in blocking carcinogen-activating phase I enzymes (Henderson et al. 2000). It also protects against oxidative stress via the elevation of antioxidative defense enzyme, while significantly reducing the specific activity of LDH and the level of lipid peroxidation. All these effects considered together might result in
Anticonvulsant activity
Essential oil of O. basilicum fresh aerial parts administered intraperitoneally to pentylenetetrazole, picrotoxin, and strychnine-induced seizures in Swiss Albino mice showed anticonvulsant activity with ED50 values of 0.615 mL/kg, 0.436 mL/kg, and 1.27 mL/kg, respectively. [58]
Antimicrobial activity
Essential oil of O. basilicum showed antibacterial activity against several Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Compounds isolated from the essential oil such as linalool, methylchavikol, methylcinnamat, linolen, methyl chavicol, gitoxigenin, trimethoquinol, beta-guaiene, aciphyllene, alizarin, naphthaline, (-)-caryophyllene, and mequinol also showed antibacterial activity. [59][60][61][62][63][64][65]
Essential oil of O. basilicum fresh plant materials showed antifungal activity against the activities of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Mucor sp. with minimum inhibitory dose was 30.0 µL/400 mL air space, compared to control that contains water instead the oil. [66]
Antiviral activity
Crude aqueous, ethanol extracts and selected purified components (apigenin, linalool and ursolic acid) of O. basilicum whole plant showed active antiviral activity against DNA viruses of Herpes viruses (HSV), adenoviruses (ADV) and Hepatitis B virus as well as RNA viruses (Coxsackie B1 (CBV1) and enterovirus 71 (EV71). Ursolic acid showed the strongest activity against HSV-1 (EC50 = 6.6 mg/L; selectivity index (SI) = 15.2), ADV-8 (EC50 = 4.2 mg/L; SI = 23.8), CVB1 (EC50 = 0.4 mg/L; SI = 251.3) and EV71 (EC50 = 0.5 mg/L; SI = 201), whereas apigenin showed the highest activity against HSV-2 (EC50 = 9.7 mg/L; SI = 6.2), ADV-3 (EC50 = 11.1 mg/L; SI = 5.4), hepatitis B surface antigen (EC50 = 7.1 mg/L; SI = 2.3) and hepatitis B e antigen (EC50 = 12.8 mg/L; SI = 1.3) and linalool showed strongest activity against AVD-II (EC50 = 16.9 mg/L; SI = 10.5). [67]
Essential oil and linalool isolated from the essential oil of O. basilicum dried leaves (2 mg/mL and 300 µg/mL, respectively) showed potent antiparasitic activity against Giardia lamblia cultured in TYI-S-33 medium with 100% inhibition of the parasite growth after one hour incubation of linalool. [68]
Insecticidal activity
Essential oil of O. basilicum caused 80% mortality of adult beetles (Callosobruchus maaculatus) after 12 hours fumigation and reduced the egg hatch rate to 3% and adult emergence to 0%. Its aromatized powder inhibited the growth of beetles after 48 hours application with LC50 of 65 µL/g. [69]
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Botanical Online. Basil properties. [homepage on the internet]. c1999-2016. [updated 2015 Feb 9; cited 2015 Feb 12] Available from: http://www.botanical-online.com/medicinalsocimumangles.htm
Packiaraj P, Suresh K, Selva Kumar S, Sarguna Sundaram S, Pounraj P. Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants used by rural peoples of Nilakottai Taluk, Dindigul District, TN, India. Bioscientia Botanica. 2014;1(1):9-14.
Pardo-de Santayana M, Pieroni A, Puri RK, editors. Ethnobotany in The New Europe: People, health and wild plant resources. New York: Berghahn Books, 2013; p.102.
Murugan K, Murugan P, Noortheen A. Larvicidal and repellent potential of Albizzia amara Boivin and Ocimum basilicum Linn. against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Insecta:Diptera:Culicidae).Nat Prod Rad. 2007;98(1):198-201.
Joshi AR, Joshi K. Indigenous knowledge and uses of medicinal plants by local communities of the Kali Gandaki watershed area, Nepal. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;73(2000):175-183.
Pieroni A, Quave CL. Traditional pharmacopoeias and medicines among Albanians and Italians in Southern Italy: A comparison. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;101(2005):258-270.
Azad AK, Mahmud MR, Parvin A, et al. Ethnomedicinal surveys in two Mouzas of Kurigram District, Bangladesh. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;3(10):1607-1620.
Krishna NR, Varma YNR, Saidulu C. Ethnobotanical studies of Adilabad District, Andhra Pradesh, India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2014;3(1): 18-36.
Esha RT, Chowdhury MR, Adhikary S, et al. Medicinal plants used by tribal medicinal practitioners of Three Clans of the Chakma Tribe residing in Rangamati District, Bangladesh. Am-Eurasian J Sustain Agric. 2012;6(2):74-84.
Sharma R. Improve your health with dry fruits and medicinal plants. Mumbai: Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd., 2005; p. 55.
Yaniv Z, Dudai N, editors. Medicinal and aromatic plants of the Middle-East. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2014; p. 33.
Svoboda R. Ayurveda: Life, health and longevity. New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 1992; p. 233.
Panhwar AQ, Abro H. Ethnobotanical studies of Mahal Kohistan (Khirthar National Park). Pak J Bot. 2007;39(7):2301-2315.
Kanthale PR, Biradar SD. Ethnomedicinal plants and their utilization by tribals of Mahur Range Forest of Nanded District of Maharashtra, India. Indian J Nat Prod Res. 2012;3(4):578-581.
Umar A, Imam G, Yimin W, et al. Antihypertensive effects of Ocimum basilicum L. (OBL) on blood pressure in renovascular hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res. 2010;33(7):727-730.
Marzouk AM. Hepatoprotective triterpenes from hairy root cultures of Ocimum basilicum L. Z Naturforsch C. 2009;64(3-4):201-209.
Meera R, Devi P, Kameswari B, Madhumitha B, Merlin NJ. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of Ocimum basilicum Linn. and Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. against H2O2 and CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in goat liver. Indian J Exp Biol. 2009;47(7):584-590.
Amrani S, Harnafi H, Bouanani Nel H, et al. Hypolipidaemic activity of aqueous Ocimum basilicum extract in acute hyperlipidaemia induced by triton WR-1339 in rats and its antioxidant property. Phytother Res. 2006;20(12):1040-1045.
Bravo E, Amrani S, Aziz M, Harnafi H, Napolitano M. Ocimum basilicum ethanolic extract decreases cholesterol synthesis and lipid accumulation in human macrophages. Fitoterapia. 2008;79(7-8):515-523.
Tohti I, Tursun M, Umar A, Turdi S, Imin H, Moore N. Aqueous extracts of Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) decrease platelet aggregation induced by ADP and thrombin in vitro and rats arterio--venous shunt thrombosis in vivo. Thromb Res. 2006;118(6):733-739.
Amrani S, Harnafi H, Gadi D, et al. Vasorelaxant and anti-platelet aggregation effects of aqueous Ocimum basilicum extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;125(1):157-162.
Manosroi J, Dhumtanom P, Manosroi A. Anti-proliferative activity of essential oil extracted from Thai medicinal plants on KB and P388 cell lines. Cancer Lett. 2006;235(1):114-120.
Dasgupta T, Rao AR, Yadava PK. Chemomodulatory efficacy of basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum) on drug metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes, and on carcinogen-induced skin and forestomach papillomagenesis. Phytomedicine. 2004;11(2-3):139-151.
Gülçin I, Elmastaş M, Aboul-Enein HY. Determination of antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. Family Lamiaceae) assayed by different methodologies. Phytother Res. 2007;21(4):354-361.
Dorman HJ, Hiltunen R. Ocimum basilicum L.: Phenolic profile and antioxidant-related activity. Nat Prod Commun. 2010;5(1):65-72.
Jayasinghe C, Gotoh N, Aoki T, Wada S. Phenolics composition and antioxidant activity of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(15):4442-4449.
Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Simin N, Anackov G. Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some lamiaceae spices and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(5):1822-1828.
Berić T, Nikolić B, Stanojević J, Vuković-Gacić B, Knezević-Vukcević J. Protective effect of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) against oxidative DNA damage and mutagenesis. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(2):724-732.
Singh S. Mechanism of action of antiinflammatory effect of fixed oil of Ocimum basilicum Linn. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999;37(3):248-252.
Benedec D, Pârvu AE, Oniga I, Toiu A, Tiperciuc B. Effects of Ocimum basilicum L. extract on experimental acute inflammation. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2007;111(4):1065-1069.
Akhtar MS, Munir M. Evaluation of the gastric antiulcerogenic effects of Solanum nigrum, Brassica oleracea and Ocimum basilicum in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1989;27(1-2):163-176.
Singh S. Evaluation of gastric anti-ulcer activity of fixed oil of Ocimum basilicum Linn. and its possible mechanism of action. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999;37(3):253-257.
Ismail M. Central properties and chemical composition of Ocimum basilicum essential oil. Pharma Biol. 2006;44(8):619-626.
Wan J, Wilcock A, Coventry MJ. The effect of essential oils of basil on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens. J Appl Microbiol. 1998;84(2):152-158.
Koga T, Hirota N, Takumi K. Bactericidal activities of essential oils of basil and sage against a range of bacteria and the effect of these essential oils on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microbiol Res. 1999;154(3):267-273.
Opalchenova G, Obreshkova D. Comparative studies on the activity of basil -- an essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L.--against multidrug resistant clinical isolates of the genera Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas by using different test methods. J Microbiol Methods. 2003;54(1):105-110.
Suppakul P, Miltz J, Sonneveld K, Bigger SW. Antimicrobial properties of basil and its possible application in food packaging. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(11):3197-3207.
Kristinsson KG, Magnusdottir AB, Petersen H, Hermansson A. Effective treatment of experimental acute otitis media by application of volatile fluids into the ear canal. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(11):1876-1880.
Ahonkhai I, Ba A, Edogun O, Mu U. Antimicrobial activities of the volatile oils of Ocimum bacilicum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae) against some aerobic dental isolates. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2009;22(4):405-409.
Hossain MA, Kabir MJ, Salehuddin SM, et al. Antibacterial properties of essential oils and methanol extracts of sweet basil Ocimum basilicum occurring in Bangladesh. Pharm Biol. 2010;48(5):504-511.
Edris AE, Farrag ES. Antifungal activity of peppermint and sweet basil essential oils and their major aroma constituents on some plant pathogenic fungi from the vapor phase. Food/Nahrung. 2003;47(2):117-121.
Chiang LC, Ng LT, Cheng PW, Chiang W, Lin CC. Antiviral activities of extracts and selected pure constituents of Ocimum basilicum. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2005;32(10):811-816.
de Almeida I, Alviano DS, Vieira DP, et al. Antigiardial activity of Ocimum basilicum essential oil. Parasitol Res. 2007;101(2):443-452.
Kéita SM, Vincent C, Schmit J-P, Arnason JT, Bélanger A. Efficacy of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. and O. gratissimum L. applied as an insecticidal fumigant and powder to control Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.). J Stored Prod Res. 2001;37(4):339-349.


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Series 4 Reversions
Rottingdean and Volks Electric Railway
Rottingdean and Volks Electric Railway Coast
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Coastline of the United Kingdom
Mark Horton (archaeologist)
Rottingdean
Volk's Electric Railway
Norman Conquest
Dover to Selsey Bill
We love to be beside the sea.
It's where we're free to express ourselves,
and it's shaped our lives through thousands of years of trade,
migration and war.
But it's the mix of people in Britain
that really connects us to the wider world.
From Beachy Head to Brighton, the chalk cliffs form a barrier
with only a few natural breaks.
One chink in this coastal armour is at Rottingdean.
It's been an obvious temptation to invaders and marauders for centuries,
but Mark Horton has been drawn here by Rottingdean's hidden treasures.
For me one of the best things about the coast
is the way low tide reveals lost secrets of the sea.
I'm looking for clues to a mad piece of Victorian engineering.
An electric railway that ran under the sea.
It was built by engineer Magnus Volk in 1896.
He wanted to create an electric railway
that could run along the beach, even at high tide.
Quite how he did it
would only become clear to me once the tide has gone out.
So I've time to look into why he would want to build it here
in the first place.
Volk, the son of a German emigre,
wasn't the first person with foreign connections
to influence the town.
By the Saxon pond, next to a Norman church,
the connections go even further.
Sue, Glenda and Catherine from the local Preservation Society
want me to see the former home
of a celebrated son of the British Empire
who put Rottingdean in the public eye.
I look like a rubbernecking tourist!
-So who's house is that?
-Rudyard Kipling's.
-Did they really bring ladders to look inside?
-No, no.
One of the local pubs ran a double-decker horse-drawn omnibus
for the tourists, and they came round,
parked outside the wall, the tourists rushed to the top deck
and looked over the wall at Kipling, and this is where he was standing.
Kipling arrived in 1897, already a household name.
His most famous work, The Jungle Book,
had been published three years before.
And did Kipling living here, did it make a more famous place?
Absolutely, he brought all his famous friends, artistic friends,
and suddenly tourism started,
people wanted to see them, so they flocked here.
Rottingdean, popular with day-trippers,
now had celebrity status, a boon for Volk and his electric railway.
And now, exposed by the tide, is what I've come to see.
Ian Gledhill has written a history of Volk's eccentric railway.
Ian, this is completely mad!
It is unbelievable that there should be a railway along the beach.
The track ran on these concrete blocks, this is one set of tracks
and there was another set further over.
-You can see its line running along here.
-Yes, four rails,
two rails on here, and two over there, 18 feet between the two,
it had the widest track gauge of any railway ever built.
It stretched for three miles towards Brighton.
The track was underwater at high tide,
so what sort of train could run on it?
This is a model made by Magnus Volk in 1893.
The final one looked somewhat different from that,
but that was his first idea of it.
Isn't that wonderful? It must have been an extraordinary sight.
It was absolutely enormous.
It stood on legs 24ft high, the deck was 50ft long,
on the top was a cabin that could carry 30 passengers in comfort
with stained-glass windows, chandeliers.
Can I just ask the simple question?
-It operated by electricity.
-Yes.
It's going underwater. How did it work?
Well, there was an overhead wire mounted on posts alongside the track,
the current came through the motor and the return was through the rail,
so that meant at high tide, it was through the sea itself,
but there wasn't a Health & Safety Executive in those days.
I don't know what they'd have said if he'd proposed it now.
And this is the only footage of Volk's creation, the Daddy Longlegs,
as it came to be known, at high tide.
But the Daddy Longlegs was created as an extension
to a railway Volk was already operating in Brighton.
This is him on the footplate on its opening day.
Over 125 years later,
it's still running along the seafront in Brighton.
I'm curious to know about Volk the man.
His granddaughter, Jill Cross, remembers him from the 1920s.
He was a very inventive person.
His house was the first one in Brighton to be lit with electricity.
Also he was an honorary radiographer
at the Children's Hospital.
As a teenager, Jill used to visit her grandfather
at his workshop, which is still being used by the railway today.
Such a small door.
Well, he wasn't very big himself.
About 80 years since I came here last.
What was this space used for?
They had the dynamos here
to power the electric railway.
Nearly there.
So, Jill, do you almost expect to see your grandfather there?
Yes, sitting at his desk, and keeping an eye on things out there,
watching the trains go up and down.
That's wonderful.
You can see why he chose this spot for his office.
Oh, yes, to see what's going on.
That's good.
So Volk's original railway is still here, but what happened to his Daddy Longlegs?
MAN: There was the most appalling storm in 1896.
Daddy Longlegs fell over and was totally destroyed,
and it had only run for six days.
Imagine the frustration Magnus Volk must have felt!
But he re-built it, and it ran for another four years after that.
That must have cost investors a huge sum of money?
It was probably half a million pounds in modern terms to re-build it,
and it never made money after that, which was one of the reasons why it didn't last.
In the end, Volk had to abandon the Daddy Longlegs,
because he couldn't afford to move the tracks to make way
for new coastal defences.
His electrifying attempts to conquer the waves were claimed by the sea.
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Various types of machinery have been exported to many countries and regions all over the world, such as, Australia, America, Sri Lanka, India, Russia, South Africa, Peru, Kuwait, Singapore, Germany, France, United Arab Emirates, Philippines, Thailand, Lebanon and so on. All of these products have been well received by our customers. Here are some success cases for you reference. And if you want to know more details,please don't hesitate to send us email for more quotation.


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John Hutchins "Happy Jack" Bellman (March 4, 1864December 8, 1931) was an American major league baseball catcher. He played professionally for the St. Louis Browns.

Bellman was born in Taylorsville, Kentucky. He played one game for the St. Louis Browns, on April 23, 1889.

Bellman died on December 8, 1931, in Louisville, Kentucky and is interred at Calvary Cemetery in Louisville.

References

External links

Baseball Almanac
MLB.com

1864 births
1931 deaths
Baseball players from Louisville, Kentucky
St. Louis Browns (AA) players
Major League Baseball catchers
19th-century baseball players
Frankfort (minor league baseball) players
Altoona Mountain Cities players
St. Joseph Reds players
Danville Browns players
Dallas Tigers players
Houston Mud Cats players
Fort Worth Panthers players
People from Taylorsville, Kentucky

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Have you been wondering how you can serve God by ministering to the Body of Christ today?
Therefore, if you are looking for a place where you can minister to the Body of Christ, look for a Christian Church or any group of Christians.
Simon the Pharisee invited Jesus to his house for the Bible tells us that One of the Pharisees invited Him to eat (Luke 7:36) but chances are that this woman was not invited to the Bethany home of Simon because she was publicly known As a sinner. (Luke 7:37) But, even though she was uninvited, she still chose to come forward and minister to the Body of Christ by washing His feet.
She seized that opportunity when Jesus was in her city to come forward and serve Him. She did not procrastinate and decide to wait for a more private venue or for when Jesus was just alone with His disciples to come and minister to Him because she probably recognized that that "perfect" opportunity to serve Him when the circumstances were "just right" may never come her way.
Therefore, if you see an opportunity to minister to the Body of Christ in your city, grab it and run with it. Do not wait for a better day or a better time or a better place or a better gathering because that time and place that you think is not good, may actually be the best in God's eyes.
Therefore, swing into action immediately you know of an opportunity to serve your local Body of Christ because you do not know if that opportunity will ever present itself to you again.
In addition, understand that by missing it, you may actually miss out on all your blessings the way this woman would have missed out on hers if she had decided not to minister to the Body Christ that specific hour of that day and in that venue.
Therefore, look around in your city for those who are hungry, thirsty, alienated, naked, sick and imprisoned and begin ministering to them.


Livingston Energy Innovations assists utilities, research institutions, technology companies and other organizations that are leading the way in energy efficiency and related advanced technologies. From our base in the San Francisco Bay Area, we provide consulting, capacity-building and advisory services to support delivery of advanced energy initiatives with maximum impact.
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Have you ever thought about pampering your pooch with a weekly massage? It may sound a bit extreme to some, but the trend is catching on. Heal Pet Massage Therapy based in Portland, Oregon helps to heal pets that are in pain by means of the power of massage therapy and similar services are popping up all across the US. Pet pain may vary from stress from boarding when you are away, in order to stiff important joints from aging or perhaps an energetic day at the park. Believe it or not, The International Association of Animal Massage & Bodywork has a certification program that allows people to learn the art of properly massaging animals.
Rubi, the founder of Heal Animal Massage Therapy " target="blank" Heal Animal Massage therapy, is actually helping pets feel refreshed and back to normal. She travels right to your door so that you can provide a massage session in the comfort of your own home or will visit Doggie Daycares in her hometown. Another service she provides is a "basic dog therapeutic massage class for owners". This class teaches the basics of pet gardening for owners to use on their pets when necessary. Portland Tv news station KOIN-TV lately aired a story about Rubi's massage therapy regarding dogs. Check it out HERE. Opportunity knocks once. So when we got the opportunity to write on Joint Pain, we did not let the opportunity slip from our hands, and got down to writing on Joint Pain.
Many people now nights are looking for a more cost-effective way for looking after their particular pets. Massage therapy is a great approach that works for boosting your pet's immune system, helping them to inhale better and relieving pain from stiffened joints " target="blank" stiffened joints. This all natural technique also helps the pet's circulation and digestion. Plus, an interesting reward to be able to massaging your pet is the reduction of excessive scar tissue. This in turn means better flexibility to your pet. Coordinating matter regarding to Joint Pain took a lot of time. However, with the progress of time, we not only gathered more matter, we also learnt more about Joint Pain.
Services such as Heal Animal Massage therapy are great sources to help you try something new to make your aging pet feel far better when in pain. And if you are adventurous sufficient, you don't have to continuously pay someone like Rubi to perform pet massage on an ongoing basis if you take a class or two to be able to learn how to do it yourself. When your pet is in pain, it's worth a try! This article will help you since it is a comprehensive study on Gout.
Gout is a very painful rheumatic condition related to osteoarthritis which has no remedy, but has effective management techniques. The most traditional form of treatment is medication prescribed by a physician. However, there are alternative treatments that can be administered either in place of, or even as a complement in order to, a doctor's care. Regardless of what method is used, it is always wise to discuss your intention with your doctor before you make any decisions and to begin treatment as soon as the condition has been diagnosed. Gout can worsen over time and also trigger significant build up of uric acid when left untreated. This can lead to kidney disease, permanent damage to the joints, and more severe arthritis.
Exercise Physical exercise is essential for proper metabolism of toxins through the body, dunwoody college of technology to reduce stress are suggested as well. Several studies have shown that being overweight can increase one's risk for gout through several-fold, and also plays a part in hypertension associated with gout. An excellent exercise regarding gout patients will be swimming, along with yoga.
Supplements There are several supplements available which are known to reduce inflammation and uric acid in the bloodstream. Turmeric and ginger work well anti-inflammatory supplements, and may also ease the pain and edema. Fish oil supplements which contain omega-3 oils have been 7 secret weapons to win the war of arthritis inflammation and and pain as well. Foods that contain omega-3 include soy, fish, walnuts as well as fortified foods such as eggs. Other supplements to take into account for prevention and treatment based on the research for gout include selenium, vitamins A and E and aspartic acid. The results of one reading this composition is a good understanding on the topic of Gout Attacks. So do go ahead and read this to learn more about Gout Attacks. .
Water as well as other Fluids Your organs need to be working well in order to flush the uric acid out of the body, so it is highly recommended that a person with gout eat at least two liters of water per day. Dehydration can most certainly lessen kidney function and cause uric acid to build up. Numerous studies have shown that cherry juice (100%) can reduce acute gout attacks and birch leaf, celery, as well as parsley juice enhance flushing of uric acid from the walls and tissues. Alcohol could improve uric acid by speeding up the metabolism of purines causing impairment of the kidney and liver function, so it should be avoided if at all possible.
Diet There are a few simple changes that one can make in the diet to decrease the uric acid levels in the bloodstream and joints, and also help manage other disorders often experienced by gout patients. Those issues contain high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, diabetes and obesity. Limiting purine-rich foods such as beef, pork, lamb, sardines, anchovies, kidney, liver and meat gravies will be recommended. The addition of raw fruits and vegetables such as celery, tomatoes and fruits can reduce inflammation and acidity, and will also be a great source of nutrition. Writing an article on Uric acid testing foremost priority while thinking of a topic to write on. This is because Uric Acid are interesting facts about arthritis our lives, and are needed by us.
So you might be a gout sufferer worrying about how to reduce uric acid in your body, but you don't want to resort to taking pharmaceuticals immediately. That is a very smart and healthy way of thinking, as drugs might have side effects in the long run that might damage you. Luckily for you there are natural and healthy steps you can take to lower the risk of having painful gout attacks. Just make it a habit to follow these tips.
It might mean saying no to your favorite dish or dragging yourself to the gym or health club. But I am sure you'll agree that this is a worthy trade-off to the excruciating pain of suffering from gout. It is the normal style of writers to add additional information with the intention of lengthening the length of an article. However, we have provided a short and concise article with only required information on Uric Acid Levels.
Yes, it's as simple as that. Water dissolves uric acid and helps the kidneys and your excretory system maintain a healthy level of it in your body. Make it a point to drink 2 - 3 liters or 8- 10 glasses of water daily, evenly spaced throughout the day. I know I don't have to remind you to not try to drink it all at once. We were rather indecisive on where to stop in our writings of Uric Acid. We just went on writing and writing to give a long article.
You are looking for more ways to prevent gout attacks and get rid of excess uric acid, visit ***** Put an end to the suffering and commence learning how to deal with gout.
Uric acid may be the byproduct formed when your body breaks down and metabolizes purines. Purines are organic compounds found in the genetic structure of plants and animals. That means all kinds of food have purines, though several foods include more purines than others, and as a result produces more uric acid when they are digested. The value of this composition is achieved if after reading it, your knowledge on Uric is greatly influenced. This is how we find out that the meaning of Uric has really entered you!
Is just common sense to watch what food you eat and know very well what foods to avoid with gout.
This will help lower your uric acid levels as well as prevent your gout from appearing.
Gout occurs when too much uric acid builds up in the blood and uric acid crystals precipitate in the cooler parts of the body such as the joints of the hands or feet. High levels of uric acid may also build up as lumps under the skin known as tophi, or as kidney stones. Uric Acid is a waste product of the oxidation of purines which are constituents of nucleic chemicals such as Dna. Uric acid is normally excreted in the urine to maintain a concentration of uric acid in the blood of roughly 4 mg/dL. When the focus exceeds 7 mg/dL, crystals of monosodium urate start to form in the tissues. This condition is known as hyperuricemia.
How is Gout Diagnosed? Gout is clinically determined based on family history, specific symptoms, and laboratory tests. Diagnosis of gout is confirmed by the determination of high levels of uric acid in the blood, monosodium urate crystals in the fluid of an inflamed joint, more than one attack of acute arthritis, and the involvement of only one joint such as the bottom, ankle, or knee.
Allopurinol, probenecid, and also colchicine poisoning sometimes prescribed in daily doses to reduce the risk or lessen the severity of future episodes. Allopurinol blocks the formation of uric acid, probenecid decreases the frequency of attacks of gout through increasing the kidney's excretion of uric acid, and colchicine may relieve swelling and help prevent the frequency of gout attacks. These drugs speed the elimination of uric acid from the body, and they also slow down the rate at which it is produced, nevertheless they may cause nausea or skin rashes as side effects. .
What are the symptoms of Gout? The symptoms of gout are redness of a joint, accompanied by inflammation, stiffness, and intense pain. Many people experience their first gout attack in the big toe, but some other joints such as the ankles, wrists, fingers, or arm may be affected. The pain may be so severe that even the pressure of bed sheets may be intolerable. A gout attack can be brought on by alcohol, or foods full of purines like shellfish, caviar, sardines, anchovies, meats, or organ meats that are commonly used in sausages. A study over a 12-year period of 47,000 adult men revealed that those who had the most red meat or seafood elevated their risk of gout by as much as 50%. 6 Many gout attacks get better within a few days, even without treatment, and they may not recur for many months or years.
Read more on Home remedies for Joint Pain and Home remedies for Sciatica and also visit on Baba Ramdev Medicines Corticosteroids, for example prednisone, are recommended for severe cases of gout. Even though these kinds of steroids can provide relief, they also have serious side effects, including thinning bones, poor wound healing, along with a weakened immune system. Cortisone injections into an affected joint are generally limited to no more than three each year because of the side effects.
How is Gout treated? Because gout episodes are so painful, patients requirement some kind of gout treatment, even though the treatments for gout are not very effective and have undesirable side effects. The most common treatments include the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, indomethacin and naproxen. Aspirin is not used because it aggravates hyperuricemia by growing uric acid retention. 17 These types of medications can cause stomach pain, bleeding and ulcers, and past a certain dosage, they do not provide additional relief.
More and much more gout victims are turning to natural gout home remedies in preference to be able to mainstream drug-based drugs which are expensive, have a range of nasty side effects, and only work whilst being taken. And there are a whole range of natural remedies for gout that you can take.
But, because baking soda is high in sodium you must change to a salt-free diet while taking this particular gout home remedy.
And if you suffer from high blood pressure, you must talk to your doctor for their permission before taking it.
This natural remedy can work so successfully because it has the ability to dissolve uric acid crystals in the joints. It also can duke university more soluble so it's excreted more easily. And, because it is taken with lots of water, helps your own kidneys to purge excess uric acid out of your body. .
And gout prevention is paramount because recurring gout can at some point leave you with long term shared damage and even kidney problems.
The trouble is that, when you have had only one attack, you are right now very likely to have more.
Thinking of life without Gout Remedies seem to be impossible to imagine.
This is because Gout Remedies can be applied in all situations of life.
You add 1/2 teaspoon of baking soda to be able to a large glass of water as well as mix thoroughly until completely dissolved. Then drink a glass first thing in the morning, one every 2 to 4 hours during the day, and then one glass before bedtime. Repeat until the symptoms have gone. Note: don't exceed 4 teaspoons in a 24 hour period.
But, of course, it can only be used during a gout attack. You can't take it on a daily basis to try to prevent attacks. Just as a book shouldn't be judged by its cover, we wish you read this entire article on Uric before actually making a judgement about Uric.
As a result of the inability to sense pain, small fractures begin to develop in areas of stress such as the arch of the foot. The normal response to a fracture is swelling and increased blood flow (reflex vasodilatation) to the affected area of bone. The increase in blood flow tends to 'wash away' calcium from the fracture site, resulting in weakening of the bone and more fractures. If the normal defensive device, pain, stays absent, a cycle of increasing fracture activity starts with progressive fall of the supporting bone.
Increased blood circulation to an area within response to inflammation Rocker bottom foot - a prominence which forms on the sole or even bottom with the foot as a result of the collapse with the arch A rolling stone gathers no moss. So if I just go on writing, and you don't understand, then it is of no use of me writing about Gout! Whatever written should be understandable by the reader.
Diabetes mellitus Tabes dorsalis (neuropathy caused by syphilis Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Tumors of the spinal cord Degenerative change with the spinal cord or peripheral nerve Amyloid Familial-hereditary neuropathies including Charcot-Marie Toothe Disease, Hereditary sensory neuropathy and Dejerine-Sottas Disease Pernicious Anemia.
Lavine LS, Grodinsky AJ: Current ideas review: electrical stimulation of repair of bone tissue.
The most common area of the foot to be effected by a Charcot joint could be the middle arch.
Charcot joints can also develop on the rearfoot and ankle but are much less common.
Thomas, Springfield, Il 1966 Giurini JM: Applications and use of in-shoe orthoses in the conservative management of Charcot foot deformity.
Cleveland M: Surgical fusion of unstable joints due to neuropathic disturbance.
The differential diagnosis for this condition should include; Arthritis rheumatoid and osteoarthritis Bone tumor Diabetic osteolysis Writing is something that has to be done when one is in the mood to write. So when we got in the mood to write about Gout, nothing could stop us from writing!
Symptoms: The symptoms of Charcot joints vary considering the location and severity of the situation. The initial sign is localized edema swelling) of the joint or joint parts. The actual edematous area may exhibit increased temperature change. Often, the first noticeable indicator which a patient with advanced sideline neuropathy will notice is the fact that their shoes have become stronger or these people have difficulties fitted into a pair of shoes that have fit well for some time. It is with much interest that we got about to write on Gout. So we do hope that you too read this article with the same, if not more interest! .
Type 2 - Chopart's joints and subtalar joints - 30-35%.
Any ability to perceive pain may lead to a more prompt diagnosis because of patient's concern relating to their abilities to complete an average day. Total loss of deep pain sensation may delay early diagnosis. Charcot joints are easily confused with osteoarthritis, which can be taken care of much less aggressively than a Charcot joint.
The hallmark of treatment of Charcot joints is early diagnosis and prevention. The signs and findings of Charcot joints vary so that each case requires careful evaluation. Therapy of Charcot joints of the feet may include rest, casting and also non-weight bearing to allow adequate time for fracture healing. Total contact casting or the use of a Charcot Restraint Orthotic Walker (CROW) are common in stages one and two. The goal is to limit weight bearing to enable progression to stage three. This progression can take from several weeks as much as 6 months. Electrical stimulation, or even bone excitement, is a trendy adjunct to be able to non-weight bearing or sending your line. We were actually wondering how to get about to writing about Gout. However once we started writing, the words just seemed to flow continuously!
Pap J, Myerson M, GirardP, et al: Save you with arthrodesis in intractable diabetic neuropathic arthropathy of the foot and ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Am 75:1056, 1993 It is rather inviting to go on writing on Gout. however as there is a limitation to the number of words to be written, we have confined ourselves to this. However, do enjoy yourself reading it.
The description of Charcot joints dates back in order to 1703 when neuropathic osteoarthropathy was first described by W. Musgrave. Charcot is credited for his work in 1868 for describing gait anomalies of patients with syphilis (tabes dorsalis). Jordan, in was the first to describe a relationship of diabetes to neuropathic arthropathy. Do not judge a book by its cover; so don't just scan through this matter on Gout. read it thoroughly to judge its value and importance.
Reinherz RP, Cheleuitte ER, Fleischle JG: Identification and treatment of the diabetic neuropathic foot.
1966 Eichenholz proposed a group of Charcot joints which is broken down into three distinctive stages. Stage one, or the development stage, shows debris surrounding the joints on xray. Stage one can develop over a period of days to weeks which is radiographic change that occurs in response to unperceived trauma. Stage two is the coalescence stage. In stage two, the bone begins to heal with assimilation of debris and healing of large fracture fragments. Stage three, often called the reconstruction or reconstitution stage, note a reduction in bone turn over and reformation of stable bone structure. Stage 0 has been added in 1999 by Sella and Barrette to include patients who exhibit clinical the signs of Charcot arthropathy but have yet to show radiographic changes.
Surgical procedures for Charcot joints are often challenging not only due to the complexity of this condition but also due to the fact that these patients are usually poor surgical applicants due with health problems (co-morbidity). Surgical procedure may include reconstruction of the arch and/or joint fusion. Frequently, surgical procedures are used to return the foot to a shape that can be accommodated by regular base wear. Stage three Charcot deformities often result in lumps, bump as well as unusually shaped feet as a result of bone changes. Reshaping the foot may be used to remove a boney prominence on the top or bottom of the foot. Isn't it amazing how much information can be transferred through a single page? So much stands to gain, and to lose about Gout through a single page.
Type 5 - The forefoot. Charcot joints are often not diagnosed until they create one other issue that affects a patients normal routines. These may be as simple as a good inability to fit into shoes, or as severe as an infected ulceration of the foot. By this stage, the Charcot deformity has in all likelihood progressed to a point where there is massive displacement of the bones and joints in addition to multiple displaced fractures.
Grady, J.F., et al: The use of electrostimulation in the treatment of diabetic neuroarthropathy J. Am. Podiatric Med. Assoc. 90( : 287-294, 2000 Sinha, S., Munichoodappa, C.S., Kozak, G.P: Neuroarthropathy Charcot Joints) in diabetes mellitus. Medicine (Baltimore) It is rather interesting to note that people like reading about Gout if they are presented in an easy and clear way. The presentation of an article too is important for one to entice people to read it!
The group proposed by Brodsky in 1992 consists of the location of the Charcot joint and it is commonly used in clinical practice these days.
Type 4 - Multiple elements of the foot and/or ankle.
This is why we have written this composition on Gout with no corrections for the reader to be more interested in reading it.
Bone scans are helpful in the early phases of Charcot joints and are sensitive indicators of hyperemia (increased blood flow to the area of the fracture). Surface skin temperature is probably the most reliable indicator of the activity of the fractures. Most doctors do not keep the necessary equipment to be able to measure skin temperature but merely measure with direct touch to be able to sense the presence or lack of warmth. As the information we produce in our writing on Gout may be utilized by the reader for informative purposes, it is very important that the information we provide be true. We have indeed maintained this.
Any situation that plays a part in the loss of sensation of the foot may be considered a cause for a Charcot joint.
The presentation of an article on Gout plays an important role in getting the reader interested in reading it.
Lavery La, Armstrong DG, Walker SC: Healing rates of person suffering from diabetes foot ulcers associated with midfoot fracture due to Charcot's arthropathy. Diabet Med 14:46, 1996 Time and tide waits for no man. So once we got an idea for writing on Gout, we decided not to waste time, but to get down to writing about it immediately!
Symptoms of Gout Unexpected discomfort, usually beginning during the night. Patients describe it as an intolerable beating or amazing discomfort. Joint seems to be heated as well as red, very smooth to the contact. A heated may or may not be associated with a gouty osteoarthritis strike. :D.
Most From Risk? Men between the age types of 40-75 Women after menopause Achievable Got Link People with high-cholesterol, excellent veins strain, kidney problems, and diabetes A lot of imagination is required in writing. People may think that writing on Gout is very easy; on the contrary, knowledge and imagination has to be merged to create an interesting composition.
More than half of the patients in the study wore footwear that was 12 months or older and showed excessive wear patterns. Choosing better footwear can make a difference in gout pain. Colcrys prescription can also help by blocking irritation as well as minimizing a gout attack, usually within 12-24 hours. Combine this with a trip to the shoe store and you will be walking without pain before you know it. Who Should Use Custom Orthotics? Custom orthotics are an ideal way to customize your shoes without needing to get a new pair. They are fantastic for the following: Everyday walking or around-the-house use Desk or office jobs with minimal walking Jobs that require a lot of walking Sports performance Unfortunately, out of the box inserts may be insufficient for those who have lifts in their shoes, regarding those that have suffered some forms of spinal cord or back again injuries or even have other severe physical issues. Custom made suit orthotics are a valuable advancement in the field of shoe technology and manufacturing. We use our feet on a daily basis, and it pays to do all we can to further improve their health and performance.
Foot problems can cause pain in the legs, back and other areas of the body. Problems with the feet can significantly impede freedom. Everyone should remain aware of their foot health to ensure they are able to be involved in the most of simple of actions.
Shoes can put pressure on the ball-of-the-foot. It is best to choose a comfortable shoe that will absorb some of the pressure on the ball-of-the-foot and relieve foot pain. Sports strolling shoes are used to help alleviate the pressure on the ball-of-the-foot. These walking shoes could be combined with gel insoles to ease the pain.
Gout remedy and Shoes for the Condition. Shoes should be selected to support and stabilize the arch. Insoles and orthotics may also help people with arch problems. Running shoes and support thong sandals tend to be recommended if you have arch support difficulties.
There is a discomfort in the ball of the foot when wearing shoes and socks. There may also be pain upon impact with foot problems. Coordinating matter regarding to Gout took a lot of time. However, with the progress of time, we not only gathered more matter, we also learnt more about Gout.
This is common with diabetes victims and should be monitored closely.
Metatarsalgia can occur from diabetes or bone irregularities. Imbalance in the foot's bones is the most common cause of imbalance. An abnormally long bone or a stress fracture can cause metatarsalgia. Arthritis may also be a cause of this common disease. High impact sports such as jogging also causes problems with metatarsalgia. Aging or calluses may also play a role. This article will help you since it is a comprehensive study on Gout.
Symptoms. A lot of people with flat feet simply feel a general discomfort. Foot pain often begins on the foot's inner border. Foot misalignment can cause pain in the ankles, back again and knees. Bones may failure over time. The ligaments and tendons that support the foot and ankle should be strong to prevent bone collapse. Or else, people may develop ankle sprains and heel spurs. Weakness in ligaments and tendons also contribute to the development of arthritis.
Foot pain can be alleviated along with yellow onychomycosis, insoles and other innovative support items. Those with foot pain should consider preventative measures plus consult with a podiatrist to find out the best treatment options. There is no need to suffer when there are treatment plans available. Find relief from a local podiatrist today. Isn't it wonderful that we can now access information about anything, including Gout form the Internet without the hassle of going through books and magazines for matter!
Arch Pain Arch pain can be extremely uncomfortable.
If the feet are usually out of alignment, other parts of the body are also affected and experience pain.
Lack of arch support can affect the back because the pressure is shifted to other parts of the foot.
Flat feet should not be left untreated.
Some people have flat feet at birth and others develop it at an early age.
Patients with diabetes should engage in a significant amount of exercise. Running shoes are recommended for this purpose. Daily, feet ought to be inspected for blisters and bleeding. Patients should also wear healing footwear. This may include diabetes socks and slippers. Wide toe-box shoes tend to be recommended for maximum comfort and ease. The more you read about Gout, the more you get to understand the meaning of it. So if you read this article and other related articles, you are sure to get the required amount of matter for yourself.
Diabetes Diabetes pervades the entire body, as well as signs can even manifest in the feet. This is a result of decreased insulin levels and increase blood glucose levels. With regard to proper diagnosis, a blood test from the doctor is required. Opportunity knocks once. So when we got the opportunity to write on Gout, we did not let the opportunity slip from our hands, and got down to writing on Gout.
Fractures of the calcaneus (heel bone) is the most common tarsal bone fracture. Most calcaneal fractures occur as the result of a fall from a height greater than 14 feet. Calcaneal fractures are common among roofers and rock and roll climbers. The second most common contributing cause to these types of traumatic fractures are automobile accidents. Calcaneal fractures are most commonly found in males age 30-50 y/o.
Treatment of calcaneal stress fractures varies with the severity of the crack and the degree of pain.
Operative involvement is rarely indicated.
Healing of calcaneal stress fractures can be prolonged and may require a period of several months in order to heal.
Parker JC. Injuries of the hindfoot. Clin Orthop 1977; Palmer I. The mechanism as well as treatment of fractures of the calcaneus: open reduction with the use of cancellous grafts. J Bone Joint surg 1948;30-A( :2-8 Thinking of life without Gout seem to be impossible to imagine. This is because Gout can be applied in all situations of life.
Calcaneal fractures have a track record of being difficult to treat gout have frustrated doctors for decades. The problem for calcaneal fractures is in trying to rebuild the fracture in order that healing may take place. The calcaneus will be much like an egg; an outer firm shell and soft on the inside. As a result, the calcaneus often shatters when broken. Calcaneal repair not only requires re-apposition of multiple crack patterns, but also calls for restoration of the subtalar joint. The particular subtalar joint is the interface between the calcaneus and also talus and is a primary load bearing joint of the base. In some cases, further joint surfaces may be affected (the calcaneal cuboid joint) but are of lesser importance because of their limited weight bearing tasks.
Nomenclature: Calcaneus - The actual bone with the heel Subtalar Joint - (STJ) the joint between the two major bones of the rearfoot, the talus and calcaneus. The particular STJ is a common site of residual joint disease pursuing calcaneal fractures. Just as a book shouldn't be judged by its cover, we wish you read this entire article on Gout before actually making a judgement about Gout.
Back Pain and Two Wheeler Riders; How they are affected?
Biomechanics: The biomechanics of calcaneal stress fractures has not been defined.
Due to the fact that most calcaneal stress fractures happen due to a random traumatic incident, no defined pathway to the cracks has been set up.
Symptoms: The diagnosis of a calcaneal stress fracture is usually based upon pain in which remains following an incident of trauma.
Sometimes a calcaneal stress break will have a good insidious onset, but a majority of with have a serious onset.
Edema (swelling) and erythema redness) may or may not be present.
The most common symptom of a calcaneal stress fracture, and the one sign that can help to be able to differentiate tension fractures from fasciitis, is the nature of the pain. Stress fracture pain is constant. It hurts when a person's body weight is first applied and continues to hurt. Pain due to plantar fasciitis is sharp at the start of weight bearing but soon subsides, to be able to a diploma, more than 5-10 minutes life is short. Use it to its maximum by utilizing whatever knowledge it offers for knowledge is important for all walks of life. Even the crooks have to be intelligent!
Two classifications are used for the classification of calcaneal fractures. The Rowe classification and the Essex-Lopresti group both describe calcaneal fractures. The Essex-Lopresti classification describes subtalar joint depressive disorder fractures (very extreme fractures) in much more detail than the more commonly used Rowe group. Plain xrays and CT scans are often used to determine the extent and classification of calcaneal fractures.
Hermann OJ. conservative therapy for fractures of the os calcis.
Used as the active substance in bone scans.
Anatomy: The calcaneus is very firm upon its' outer surface but soft and spongy on the inside, much like a great egg.
It is really an unusually shaped bone with numerous surfaces making up the support for the subtalar joint and the calcaneal cuboid joint.
Type 3 - Oblique fracture not concerning the subtalar joint Type 4 - Body crack involving the subtalar joint Whenever one reads any reading matter likeGout, it is vital that the person enjoys reading it. One should grasp the meaning of the matter, only then can it be considered that its reading is complete.
Plain x-rays may be able to see a calcaneal crack, but quite often, due to the lack of disruption of the bone, plain films lack the ability to 'see' the fracture. As fractures heal, many times the healing process can be seen on plain x-ray films. The healing process will increase the amount of calcium around the break. This process of calcification typically requires about 4-6 weeks to see on plain x-ray, consequently, periodic follow-up x-rays may aid in diagnosing a stress fracture of the heel.
Type A - Tongue type Type B - Joint depression type Stress fractures of the calcaneus Stress fractures of the calcaneus are typically the result of a sudden abrupt injury but can occur without a history of trauma. The most common injury seen our practice is a fall from a height of more than 6 ft. A stress fracture of the calcaneus is a condition that is often overlooked as a differential diagnosis of heel pain. Plantar fasciitis (allen college heel spur syndrome) is so common that a lot of health care providers will defer to plantar fasciitis as a primary diagnosis when analyzing heel pain. A good patient history, as well as particularly one that notes the onset and character of the pain, is very important when distinguishing between plantar fasciitis and calcaneal stress fractures. Gout proved to be the foundation for the writing of this page. We have used all facts and definitions of Gout to produce worthwhile reading material for you.
Severe cases of joint depression fractures (Rowe type 4 and additional surgery may be required to fuse the subtalar joint.
If the subtalar joint is significantly damaged in the injury, blend of the stj will be the only solution.


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Q: On load pull matching/tuning of the output of a power amplifier, the insertion of a filter and an isolator or circulator Suppose I have a power amplifier already output matched for maximum power and ready to be connected to an antenna.
Now suppose I decided to insert a notch filter at the PA output to suppress a signal, that would make the amplifier see a different impedance, thus possibly changing its performance.
Can I remedy for that by inserting an isolator or a circulator  between the PA output and the filter?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Home Gossip Actor Spencer List and his Siblings. Know about his family.
Actor Spencer List and his Siblings. Know about his family.
Arjun Sedai Sun Dec, 2016
Spencer List who is an American actor was born on April 6, 1998, in Florida to father John List and mother Suzanne List. There are 4 members of the family including Spence brother, Phoenix List. John and Suzanne.
Spencer is blessed with a happy family. The Happy and understanding family is what everybody wants but only a few are lucky as Spencer. Currently, the family dwells in New York, US.
Spence List' Family
Every celebrity fans want to see his idol and family having a good time during holidays. Further List's sister believes that whose family game together unites forever. What an interesting philosophy. The family really had a great time at Wii U Console which is known for its Wii Party U and Super Mario 3D World.
Spence with his twin sister and family on his 15th birthday
Spencer List' Biography
List born in Florida moved to capital city New York when he turned 4. He debuted to his career in the early stage starting in 2003 and still active. Till today List has appeared in more than 400 commercials for various corporations.
He is prominent from Fringe series which broadcast from Fox. Since then he has cast in several popular roles that have increased his fame. In 2016, he appeared in the film titled Hard Sell on the role of Jamie and show Bunk'd as Eric in Episode, Luke's Back.
Spencer and twin sister Peyton R. List
Spencer and Peyton List are twin brother and sister. The best thing to know is both are an actor and both are popular. Spencer is said to be one minute younger than his twin sister. Taking about Peyton she has grown up into a beautiful model and actress of 19. She is renowned for her role Emma Ross in Jessie which telecast on the Disney Channel.
Spencer and Peyton
Peyton R. List affair with actor Cameron Boyce
She was romantically linked with an American actor named Cameron Boyce who is about 1 year younger than her. As per the source, she dated Boyce from November 2012 to the month of April 2015. Currently, this young and sexy actress Peyton is single.
Peyton & Cameron Boyce
Spencer prom and his affair
Spencer says he is single and has not dated anyone. It can be true but never the same as we know life continuously takes the turn over the period of time. For the first time, he ever went to prom was Aileen Deras. It would be more interesting and breaking news if they fall in love someday. We hope him to see together with a charming mate next to him in the coming days.
Aileen Deras and Spencer
Source: j-14
List and his Younger Brother Phoenix
Phoenix before fame grew to play baseball and basketball but later he followed the brother's footsteps to be a famed TV series and film actor.
List with his twin sister and brother
Source: Getty Images
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Home Loans Dora FL
Dora Florida Home Loans | Most Competitive Mortgage Rates In Florida
MERS- Walker Case CA
Daniel leal-olivas/afp/getty images)
Acute respiratory syndrome (sars)
Organization expressed concern
Emirates.
Electronic registration systems
Holding company merscorp holdings
With respect to MERS, the plaintiffs claimed that MERS' assignment of the loan's deed of trust to U.S. Bank was improper and invalid, and as a result U.S. Bank's appointed trustee, California.
California Precedent: The latest of these court decisions came down in California on May 20, 2010, in a bankruptcy case called In re Walker, Case no. 10-21656-E – 11. The court held that MERS could not foreclose because it was a mere nominee; and that as a result, plaintiff Citibank could not collect on its claim.
Democrats: Still The Party Of Oppression Trump: Democrats Are The Party Of Slavery, Segregation. – Trump: Democrats Are The Party Of Slavery, Segregation, & Oppression Originally posted at RealClearPolitics . At a rally Tuesday night in Everett, Washington, GOP presidential nominee Donald Trump referenced the Democratic Party's role in the history of slavery and racial oppression and said he was proud to represent "Abraham Lincoln's.
This situation is called a "true default" because more than 30 days have passed since the petitioner (the spouse/partner that started the case) served the petition and summons, and: The respondent (the other spouse/partner) did not file a response (so he or she "defaulted"),
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Tracking the Bank Settlements: A Nonprofit Backed by Banks A pedestrian walks past a branch of Barclays bank in central London on July 25, 2018. (daniel leal-olivas/afp/getty images) How Trump's Political Appointees Overruled Tougher Settlements With.
The report said in a worst-case-scenario situation, such a pandemic could kill between. severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Ebola, Zika, plague,
The World Health organization expressed concern Wednesday about the recent sharp rise in MERS cases in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab emirates. Between them, the two countries have announced nearly.
They can make sure you filled it out properly before you move ahead with your case. You can also hire your own lawyer to review your papers or to get legal advice, either with your entire divorce case, or just the parts of it that you may need more help with (called "limited scope representation" or "unbundling").
Mortgage electronic registration systems, Inc. (MERS) is an American privately held corporation. On October 5, 2018, Intercontinental Exchange (NYSE: ICE) and MERS announced that ICE had acquired all of MERS. MERS is a separate and distinct corporation that serves as a nominee on mortgages after the turn of the century and is owned by holding company merscorp holdings, Inc., which owns and.
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