Help command will give us details of available commands.
List command will list all available resources followed with id.
Drop command delete a source entry referenced by name or id. As per example in /list command, Let's delete first entry.
Save all snippets source to a file.
Var command list the declared variables and their values.
Method command list the declared methods and their signatures.
Imports command will list all imports available in JShell.
Type command list the declared types.
Env command view or change the evaluation context. The evaluation context is the class path.
Using env command we can add third party libraries to classpath and can be used for further execution. Reset command unsets context.
| Setting new options and restoring state.
Hisory command shows what we have typed before.
Edit a snippet or snippets of source in an external editor.
The editor to use is set with /set editor.If no editor has been set, a simple editor will be launched.


text:
Duke University and Duke University Health System require all students, faculty and staff to receive the COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. After you have officially accepted a position at Duke, you may request a religious or medical accommodation.
DIRECTOR OF HEALTH AND SAFETY, OFFICE OF UNDERGRADUATE HEALTH AND SAFETY SUPPORT-OUE
Requisition Number:: 170854
Durham, NC, US, 27710
Personnel Area: UNIVERSITY
Duke University:
Duke University was created in 1924 through an indenture of trust by James Buchanan Duke. Today, Duke is regarded as one of America's leading research universities. Located in Durham, North Carolina, Duke is positioned in the heart of the Research Triangle, which is ranked annually as one of the best places in the country to work and live. Duke has more than 15,000 students who study and conduct research in its 10 undergraduate, graduate and professional schools. With about 40,000 employees, Duke is the third largest private employer in North Carolina, and it now has international programs in more than 150 countries.
Occupational Summary:
This role reflects Duke's commitment to and investment in the health and safety of our undergraduates participating in experiential education activities off-campus. The OUE-UHSS Director of Health and Safety reports to the Assistant Vice Provost for Undergraduate Education – Experiential Education (AVP-EE) and, as leader of Undergraduate Health and Safety Support (UHSS), provides strategy and vision for risk assessment and mitigation and health and crisis preparedness, faculty leader training, and response plans for undergraduate programs and students undertaking Duke- sponsored travel domestically and abroad. The role works directly with Duke leadership and relevant units to provide 24/7/365 emergency response for the Global Education Office (study abroad/away) and Duke Immerse, as well as other Duke programs with experiential components. As a unit director, this role oversees the UHSS budget and manages UHSS staff.
(20%) The OUE-UHSS Director of Health and Safety coordinates with relevant units on campus, as well as U.S. and international partners, to refine and apply principles of international travel emergency preparedness and response plans for Duke-sponsored undergraduate travel. The Director ensures that Duke-supported travel supported by UHSS is compliant with laws, regulations, Duke policies, and current industry-recognized best practices related to health and safety for off-campus programming.
(20%) The OUE-UHSS Director of Health and Safety conducts risk assessments as needed for current or prospective Duke experiential education program locations. The Director assists OUE program managers and other administrators in mitigating identified risk factors in Duke- supported travel.
(20%) The OUE-UHSS Director of Health and Safety serves as UHSS's first responder to all crises abroad and at domestic sites, including after-hours calls to the UHSS 24/7/365 hotline. The Director continuously monitors the political, health, safety, and security conditions abroad in locations where faculty leaders and students are conducting Duke-sponsored travel. The Director apprises relevant University administrators of changing safety conditions abroad and recommends and manages appropriate and timely responsive actions.
(15%) The OUE-UHSS Director of Health and Safety provides vision and leadership in ensuring that all faculty and staff members are executing and adhering to UHSS's health and safety policies and protocols. The Director partners with Duke units and administrators (such as Student Health, CAPS, General Counsel, Student Affairs, Corporate Risk Management, and the Police Department) to plan, develop, and implement health and safety training workshops and orientation programs for faculty leaders, administrators, overseas agents, and professional groups involved in Duke-sponsored student travel.
(5%) The OUE-UHSS Director of Health and Safety conducts regular after-action reviews following incidents in a continuous effort to identify new approaches/strategies for crisis management, and to ensure that staff and agents are following UHSS procedures and protocols.
(5%) The OUE-UHSS Director of Health and Safety is responsible for the development and implementation of the UHSS unit budget.
(5%) The OUE-UHSS Director of Health and Safety recruits, trains, supervises, and manages performance of assigned staff.
(5%) The OUE-UHSS Director of Health and Safety summarizes, analyzes, and reports key trends and statistics regarding health/safety problems experienced by Duke undergraduates traveling under the UHSS umbrella, and recommend preventive actions as necessary. The Director provides timely and thorough reports to GEO management regarding systemic or particular safety concerns.
(3%) The OUE-UHSS Director of Health and Safety secures and maintains adequate and effective systems to support diverse models of Duke-supported undergraduate travel.
(2%) The OUE-UHSS Director of Health and Safety creates and delivers presentations to various audiences regarding UHSS's health, safety, and security protocols. The Director responds to
inquiries from constituents regarding UHSS's health, safety, and security policies, protocols and resources.
Master's Degree. Demonstrated leadership, operational, and management experience. Strong understanding of study abroad/experiential learning operations, higher education, global crime and safety concerns, risk assessment protocols, and emergency response coordination. Strong independent judgment, planning, and decision-making skills. Ability to stay calm under pressure and exercise diplomacy during crisis resolution. Ability to communicate clearly, effectively, tactfully with individuals at all levels. Strong written, organizational, and interpersonal communication skills. Ability and discipline to handle confidential and personal information with discretion. Incorporates an anti-racist and anti-oppressive lens into work responsibilities and processes. Experience working directly with people from diverse racial, ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Ability to serve as an advocate for individuals of all ethnicities, genders, ages and backgrounds.
Desired Qualifications:
JD. Five to eight years' related experience in a relevant field such as study abroad, student program management, emergency coordination, law, international travel and security, campus crisis management, and/or risk management. Risk management certification or formal legal training. Experience developing or revising policies and procedures in a university setting. Experience developing emergency plans and coordinating international crisis response efforts.
NOTE for Job Announcement: The OUE Division of Experiential Education is committed to creating an accessible, supportive environment and an educational experience that recognizes diversity and cultural competence as integral components of academic excellence. Candidates who can contribute to that goal are encouraged to apply and to identify their strengths in this area.
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion are core values. We believe that the educational environment is enhanced when diverse groups of people with diverse ideas come together to learn. Applicants whose work incorporates a global perspective and a demonstrated commitment to issues of diversity in higher education are particularly encouraged to apply.
Work requires and in-depth knowledge of academic program planning, development, and implementation generally acquired through completion of a Master's degree program.
Work requires two years of experience in academic and/or administrative capacity to become familiar with various academic, co-curricular, programmatic and/or administrative activities. OR AN EQUIVALENT COMBINATION OF RELEVANT EDUCATION AND/OR EXPERIENCE
Nearest Major Market: Durham
Nearest Secondary Market: Raleigh

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The driver aggression previously saw top cars battle it out in a realistic manner. Accidents do occur in this sport, if you're in the wrong position, your opposition isn't simply going to forgive you. I find that the AI after the recent patch 1.04 have really ruined the experience. At 100% difficulty, I've managed to just divebomb my way from 20th to 10th on the opening lap, with the haas, when I shouldn't even be anywhere near 10th at the end of the race regardless. I went from consistent P7s to challenging race wins at the same difficulty and car level, just because of the passiveness of the AI. I loved seeing Hamilton and Vettel battle it out early on in the race making moves on eachother, one of them eventually spinning out, being able to pounce on other drivers, when two of them are battling infront of you, the safety car being called out randomly and not because of player error.
Please revert the driver aggression. I felt as though it was a massive step forward in this series, and I'm extremely sad to see it go.
you could dive bomb from the beginning.. infact you could dive bomb before the game came out (in beta) as per the 2 weeks of videos by youtubers showing it.
What were the tracks and weather conditions where you could dive bomb and AI being passive. Do you have any video of this?
My AI seem the same as pre-patch.
Drive as if it was real and you could get hurt or cause an accident. Pass if there is a clean opportunity where you know you won't damage the car. You wouldn't do it if there was no flashback and no restart allowed so drive like that and if you do have an accident just live with it and drive into the pits and change your strategy.
while this is excellent advice, if they can't help themselves dive bombing into corner 1 lap 1, they won't live with 'bugger i broke my nosecone' even a little bit, (flashback / replay to the rescue) but will complain about the AI and how it ruins immersion. ::frowning: go figure.
Did they change anything in the AI? I thought this was unsubstantiated, we saw some vids where AI gave space rather than cause an accident, left me a little non-plussed. I didn't notice anything personally but I'm aware there are many who have raced the AI a heck of a lot more, so perhaps there is something there.
I can't tell, I put too much into McLaren and now they are untouchable lmao! When I race the AI only Alonso can give me pressure! But then I have been doing every practice programme and session bar P3! It will make moving to Williams that much more fun, I think they are the only team in my career mode that haven't progressed! Racing McLaren at basic state was unreal but it could be because of that.
Since patches and progression I have seen a few times AI backing out, not by much but still putting the brakes on more than normal, but it could be just that my car is now too fast for them that it seems I'm dive bombing them ;) Only once Alonso backed off me, there was plenty of room but not sure if it was because of a teammate thing in an AI command? Or if it was just an unusual line I took out of the corner (still had plenty of room but not sure how much wiggle room the AI have to do moves with).
So I understand why people are bringing up this AI de-aggression thing. I'll personally find out as soon as I move to Williams..
If moving to a much less competitive car brings back the hard fight I'll just make sure I don't do so much R&D next time round. Maybe just quali and race.
The AI do back out if they know they have lost the corner. You have to be alongside them not nose by back wheel. Even then sometimes they will try to go around the outside of the corner and will make mistakes occasionally (running wide / locking up). My only complaint is that they will drive into your rear when their front wheel is by your rear wheel. On most tracks you can get away with this and just give them space and try to outbreak them in the next corner but around Monaco it pretty much means a race ending crash as they just ram you off. In general the AI is better than last year but that tendency to hit you from behind is still there. Must be a hard balance for Codies to strike otherwise they would have sorted it no doubt.
How can one disagree with anothers evidence if they haven't seen the evidence for themselves yet?
It is possible things can change without some knowing, its also possible some formats could have different changes.
Although videos are always helpful to see any changes people are facing. Maybe comparison video if any good at playing with video mixing software.
I don't see anything different. And I think the devs would state it in the patch notes if they changed something this big.
While I don't know much about coding and game production, I am pretty sure, that there is a risk that by changing the code for a certain part / process / general thing, you risk alterering something else in the game too as a result due to the nature coding works. Could be that it's not included in the patch notes, because it was unintentional. I for one however didn't notice a change in the AI in patch 1.05 and I played on multiple tracks, although I haven't played 1.06 yet so cant comment.
Maybe if they would've changed something with the codint of the AI it could happen, but they did not touch the AI either.
They should really do research on the "Placebo effect" with Codemasters F1 games. Every year its the same thing with people creating fantasies of things that happen (or don't happen) when patches come out.
Its quite fascinating to observe.
I should post some videos of the AI fighting me like crazy and taking the inside line so I can't pass. Also them battling each other hard side by side through 2 laps. Dive bombing me at the start etc.
Have yet to see any difference with Ai personally.
Nope AI was the same for me. I had the update mid race in China and still had a lap by lap battle with Verstappen until he drove into Gasley on the final lap whilst lapping him.
THIS! It's becoming so frustrating when people pick up on things after each patch that don't exist... And we wonder why some things remain unfixed or slow to be fixed. It's probably because their time is occupied investigating people's imagination!


Informa, publisher of Food Insider Journal, announced the winners of its 6th Annual SupplySide CPG Editor's Choice Awards. The SupplySide, Food Insider Journal and Natural Products INSIDER content team selected one consumer packaged goods (CPG) product for achievements in innovation and market impact in 27 categories and announced the winners at SupplySide West 2017 during the SupplySide CPG Editor's Choice Awards Presentations, Sept. 27-28, at the Mandalay Bay Resort in Las Vegas.
Informa, publisher of Food Insider Journal, announced the winners of its 6th Annual SupplySide CPG Editor's Choice Awards. The SupplySide, Food Insider Journal and Natural Products INSIDER content team selected one consumer packaged goods (CPG) product for achievements in innovation and market impact in 27 categories and announced the winners at SupplySide West 2017 during the SupplySide CPG Editor's Choice Awards Presentations, Sept. 27-28, at the Mandalay Bay Resort in Las Vegas.
"This year's Editor's Choice Awards judging saw the team narrow down the field from hundreds of products to only five on the short list in each category," said Heather Granato, vice president, content, in Informa's Global Health & Nutrition Network. "The winning items stood out for bringing a combination of factors to the table, from taste and delivery method to innovation in ingredients and cutting-edge science. They truly represent category leaders and set a high bar for next year's program."
For 20+ years, SupplySide has helped dietary supplement, food, beverage, personal care, cosmetic, animal nutrition and pharmaceutical professionals find information to explore, discover, innovate and market their next best-selling product.
Click to view the image gallery of winners: Food & Beverage and Supplements.


"Each month Perkulatte delivers you the most unusual coffee from all around the globe to your letterbox - saving you the hassle of dashing to the shop every time. What's more, the boxes are packed at the very last moment before delivery so the coffee beans always arrive as fresh as they can be - you can taste it.
I was a big fan of the packaging that Perkulatte arrives in; a sturdy, sleek black sleeve - which gives off an air of luxury - it looks very classy in your kitchen! It's finished off with Perkulatte's branding and an insightful label on the back to provide you with more information about your monthly coffee.
The label informs you where your coffee has come from, how it was grown, the delicious flavours it's packing, and what strength it is. It's nice to know where the coffee I'll be drinking has come from! This month's delivery was shade grown and washed in Peru, and I can look forward to "chocolate and sweet caramel notes" in each brew.
The coffee bag is resealable to make sure it remains fresh throughout the month. I needed a cafetiere to enjoy this coffee, as I chose cafetiere grind, which is helpfully circled on the front of the packet. If you're a coffee-enthusiast like me, you'll probably have a cafetiere knocking around in your house already, but if you don't, you can treat yourself to one. That said, they also offer whole bean, espresso grind, filter grind or AeroPress grind options.
There's also a sticker on the back of the packaging inviting you to 'Share your coffee moment' with the hashtag #perkulattecoffee. I really like the community feel of this and will definitely be browsing and adding to that hashtag later!
The subscription box size is one 240g bag of fresh coffee each month. The volume remains the same throughout your subscription but each month brings a different type of coffee to those you've previously tried, so you get a lovely surprise to open every time! There are no options to choose your preferences on the coffee, which I think would be a useful option, but I've been so impressed with the taste of this month's box that I'd happily let Perkulatte select my roasts for me again!
A rolling monthly subscription to Perkulatte is £8.50 per month for a 240g bag of delicious fresh coffee delivered to your door, which is worth it for avoiding the supermarket hassle alone. You also have the option to pay quarterly, every six months, or annually - whichever works best for you. Perkulatte typically despatches four days after the 1st of each month and delivery is free which is another win.
In summary, I love the fact Perkulatte delivers direct to my door and surprises me with different flavours and blends with every package - a nice surprise to enjoy every month that doesn't break the bank! Likewise, I think it would also make an excellent and thoughtful gift for a friend or loved one with a coffee obsession.
Furthermore, the team at Perkulatte strongly believe in Fair Trade, so they only deal directly with farmers and local roasters instead of resellers leaving me confident that the people who've made my delicious coffee are being fairly paid.
I've tried a lot of coffee in my time and can be a little fussy (sometimes), but I was so impressed with Perkulatte's delivery that I might let someone else do the choosing for me more often! The coffee itself was delicious, flavoursome and perfect for perking me up before a day at work. I think the price is reasonable considering every package is delivered to your house, free of charge. Plus, for me, the flavour justifies the cost, and I'd probably pay a lot more for a decent month's worth of coffee in honesty!"
Give your taste buds a coffee experience unlike any other with a Perkulatte Monthly Coffee Subscription Box. Fall in love with the world's most unusual and amazing coffees. Get a taste for freshness today!


text:
Florida AG Candidate Bondi Gets Endorsement Of NFIB
Top small business group backs Republican candidate
A Republican candidate for attorney general in Florida recently got the backing of one of the most influential business groups in the entire state.
The National Federation of Independent Business/Florida, came out in support of Pam Bondi as she runs to become the next attorney general of the Sunshine State. The announcement came as the group mounts a legal case challenging the legality of the new healthcare laws passed by Congress earlier this year.
One of the main reasons for the endorsement was Bondi's strong support for the court case and her commitment to helping small business owners throughout the state.
"This race is of critical importance to small business owners – the future of Florida's role in the lawsuit challenging the federal healthcare law lies in the attorney general's hands," said Bill Herrle, NFIB/Florida executive director. "Florida needs an attorney general who will stand up to protect our constitutional rights. Pam Bondi has committed to continuing to challenge the constitutionality of the healthcare law - a stark contrast to her opponent."
There was other news for small business in Florida this week when the government stepped in to help those affected by the BP oil spill. Governor Charlie Crist announced that businesses in Northwest Florida would be able to take up to $25,000 in interest free loans in order to get working capital as they recover.
About Our Small Business Magazine
Our entrepreneur news feed is packed with useful information for business owners. Find helpful entrepreneur resources about small business management, financing, marketing & technology.


Welcome to the November 2013 Cloudy Nights Imaging/Sketching Contest poll!
Here are the entries for November!
Here is my attempt at NGC 7023, The Iris Nebula!
This is 13.0 hours of image data collected over 2 consecutive trips and 6 nights to my dark sky site in October and November (~6000' ASL). Imaged from the Chiricahua Mountains in Southeastern Arizona. The image was processed using a LRGB approach to the DSLR data.
Because of bad weather I started to looking at old data again. I was not so happy with the old HaRGB version of this data so I did a complete reprocessing.
Barnard 344 is a dark nebula in the constellation of Cygnus. It's located close to the star Sadr in the Gamma Cygni Nebula (RA: 20h18m57.4s DEC: +40º 40' 01"). Barnard 344 is located on the bottom of the image.
This region is very rich of dark and emission nebulae. On the image also VanDenBergh 130, a reflection nebula in this region, can be seen. It's the circular cloudshape on the left center of the image. LBN234 is an emission nebula glowing with hydrogen and sulphur in the center of the image.
Barnard 344 was described by Barnard himself as: "Dusky spot, 7' long; like an arrowhead, pointed SW; small star at NE end".
I observed the crater Ptolemaeus at the terminator line on October 11th through my Nexstar 5i Cassegrain at medium power magnification and through high thin clouds at times, the seeing was medium to fair, and produced this dry pastel sketch including the whole moon at near 29 inches diameter onto 100% cotton fiber black pastel paper. As a final touch and favorite theme, I added an artists conception as seen from the surface of the moon at Ptolemaeus.
Congratulation, Mark. You represent your fellow sketch artists well.
Congrats Mark - I will update the gallery and put your image on the front page shortly.
I wasn't aware that the mid month voting already concluded. I am pleasantly surprised and a little shocked as I know that I have continued to hold the record for total lunar sketch wins and then also the record of the the most sketch art wins over the photographers at mid month, if I may boast that status here for those not aware of this.
I feel that there are so many greater sketch artists that simply do not enter the contest and then many of those that do are equally if not better accomplished than me. It is my humble honor to also say that all of the imagers in photography here at CN are true scientific artists in their own right.
The best of holiday seasons to all of you at CN!
Mark, you are correct. There a some really nice sketches of all subjects as well as lunar. Often especially lunar. Folks just don't enter them. This was my first entry and it was on a whim, actually.
In any case, you're obviously doing something right to hold as many wins and to be chosen as this month's winner over some really fine images in the finals and sketches in the preliminaries. So, congratulations on the magic you possess as a successful artist. It's working for you, many of us starve. .
Off the cuff, sometimes I wonder why we group images and sketches into the same contest. In the end, though, they are images, no matter the medium, of astronomical subjects. So, I guess it's fine to compete with different mediums. But just the idea of competing with a camera and image processing software has that weird feeling to it. I mean, those are some fine images I doubt any sketcher could capture as robustly. No worries, it's the way of things...it's art, I guess.
In any case, you managed it. So, congratulations, again. Hold tight to your record, I have yet to get my first win but I can smell it. I think I smell it, I smell something. I hope that's the smell of victory. Kind of smell like dirty socks, maybe. I'll let you know when I figure it out.
Merry Christmas, Mark, et al.
I smell a fresh Christmas Tree with your future sketching gifts as winners under it.
Thank you...see you around the ring, er I mean the sketching forum.


CAE analysts and simulation experts face some unique challenges in their jobs, but like anyone, they have to stay on top of industry trends. What's one of the best ways to do that? By connecting with people and sharing expertise. And what better place to do that than at the Siemens Simcenter Symposium.
The Simcenter portfolio from Siemens PLM Software enables you to create a digital twin of your product, a multi-fidelity model that reflects reality and continually evolves throughout the product lifecycle to accurately simulate performance from concept through actual use. At this year's symposium, learn how Simcenter can help you make decisions with more confidence and deliver innovations sooner than ever before. See Simcenter 3D, a next generation, multi-discipline CAE solution, in action. Network with CAE practitioners and see how they are applying Simcenter solutions to solve difficult engineering challenges.


The family, having lived in Singapore for over ten years, found their ideal home at The Birchwood.
True to its reputation, the Philippines' first Quadruple A real estate developer DMCI Homes has once again exceeded homeowners' expectations with the completion of the two buildings of The Birchwood at the Acacia Estates in Taguig City, months ahead of the target finish date.
The first two buildings of The Birchwood - Alder and Evergreen - have been recently ready for occupancy. Both were completed months earlier than the committed schedule.
With the early turnover of these buildings, residents can now settle into their new homes and become part of a peaceful and cozy neighborhood. The condominium enclave, in particular, is tucked away at a quieter corner of the Acacia Estates, a master-planned community of DMCI Homes, at the heart of Taguig City.
Designed to be a dream home for those who aspire to have a relaxing and premium city lifestyle, The Birchwood is made up of five buildings that rise at six storeys each. The condo community promises privacy and exclusivity especially for discerning families, individuals, and property investors.
The development showcases Modern Balinese architecture, combined with a resort-inspired design and beautiful landscaping that DMCI Homes' communities are known for. Its options of two- and three-bedroom unit configurations are spacious, quality crafted, and versatile enough to suit the dynamic needs of homeowners.
This distinctive atmosphere of coziness and sophistication combined with spacious living are specifically the qualities that won over homebuyers Don and Annaliza Flores together with their three children. The family, having lived in Singapore for over ten years, found their ideal home at The Birchwood.
"The community has a Singapore vibe, that's why we really like it actually," said Annaliza, who shared that she had already heard about DMCI Homes while in Singapore and was excited to look at the units when they moved back to the Philippines.
Having recently received the keys to their two-bedroom unit, the couple is now even more excited to move in and live at the condo as it provides not only comfort, but also much needed security for their children. "I feel that it's safer. There's security even from the entrance," Annaliza shared. "We feel like we can leave our kids safely at home," Don added.
The couple said they are looking forward to the prospect of coming home to a spacious unit and enjoy the breeze and refreshing view from their balcony. "Family bonding at the balcony area can be an evening tradition. We can drop our gadgets and just enjoy the view," smiled Annaliza.
The Birchwood's amenities, which include a swimming pool, landscaped gardens, fitness gym, and entertainment room to name a few, also appealed to the couple greatly. While they confessed to being homebodies, the family could not resist the allure of the resort-inspired living of the community.
"The kids like the swimming pool. We like to stay home but there are so many outdoor facilities to spend our leisure time in," Annaliza said.
Despite the tucked-away feel, The Birchwood is easily accessible via the C5 road, making it only minutes away from major commercial districts in Makati, Ortigas, and Pasay. With many conveniences nearby - including a commercial center right across the development - the Flores family has all the tools for a smooth transition into their new sanctuary.
Evidently, The Birchwood residents have latched on and fallen in love with the top quality construction and excellent property management of the community, that only DMCI Homes can provide.
To know more about The Birchwood and other projects of DMCI Homes, call (632) 324-8888 or visit our website. For more updates, check out the official social media accounts of DMCI Homes on Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube and Twitter.


Silver : MANILA COCO BIO-ESSENCE, INC.
Silver : Bangkok Agro Supply Co.,Ltd.
Contains Minimum 47% Lauric Acid, Smell Fresh Of Coconut. Organic And Natural Products. Keeps Your Body Metabolism Great, Healthy, And Powerful.


text:
Gettysburg's Leister Farm
An edited version of this article appeared as the first of a series I wrote for Civil War Times magazine, beginning in the June 2010 issue. The column was first called In Harm's Way, and later as Collateral Damage.
The Leister House
The Leister house is best known for serving as the headquarters of Union Major General George Gordon Meade during the battle of Gettysburg – particularly as the site of the famous council of war held in its cramped interior on the evening of July 2, 1863.
The 1.5 story log house on Taneytown Rd. south of the town of Gettysburg was built no later than 1840, by Thomas Nolan. The farm at 10 acres was small for the day, as was the house at about 390 square feet plus floored attic. The main living area consisted of two rooms: a kitchen and a living/bedroom. Nolan sold the farm to Henry Bishop, Sr. in 1840, and Lydia (Study) Leister purchased it from Bishop for $900 on March 30, 1861, apparently with funds left her by her father but held in trust until her alcoholic husband's death. Lydia and her husband James moved to the Gettysburg area from Maryland in 1850, and James died on Dec. 11, 1859, leaving behind his wife and six children, at least two of whom were living with Lydia on the farm at the time of the battle.
On July 1, 1863, Lydia and young Hannah and Matilda were advised by a mounted Union officer to leave the farm for their safety. They eventually found shelter on the Baltimore Road. The farm's location was ideal for communications; the house and outbuildings were occupied and the grounds used as a signal station, the fields crossed frequently by troops, messengers and staff. On July 2nd and 3rd, Meade established his headquarters there. By the afternoon of the 3rd, it was being used as an aid station. Gettysburg resident Daniel Skelly visited the farmhouse on July 6th:
"In the front room of the house was a bed, the covers of it thrown back; and its condition indicated that a wounded soldier had occupied it. I was told that General Butterfield, Meade's chief of staff, who had been wounded, had been placed upon it before being taken to a hospital."
When Lydia and her children returned, they were greeted with devastation. In 1865 she described the scene to author John T. Trowbridge:
"I owed a little on my land yit, and thought I'd put in two lots of wheat that year, and it was all trampled down, and I didn't get nothing from it. I had seven pieces of meat yit, and them was all took. All I had when I got back was jest a little bit of flour yit. The fences was all tore down, so that there wasn't one standing, and the rails was burnt up. One shell came into the house and knocked a bedstead all to pices for me…The porch was all knocked down. There was seventeen dead horses on my land. They burnt five of 'em around my best peach tree and killed it; so I ha'n't no peaches this year. They broke down all my young apple trees for me. The dead horses sp'iled my spring, so I had to have my well dug."
Trowbridge reflected on Leister:
"This poor woman's entire interest in the great battle was, I found, centered in her own losses. That the country lost or gained she did not know or care, never having once thought of that side of the question."
Lydia was eventually able to repair her house, even building a two story addition. She also expanded the farm, purchasing additional acreage from neighbor Peter Frey. She sold the bedroom table used by Meade during his stay to an Edmund Cleveland of Elisabeth, NJ (the table subsequently made its way back to the Park's collection), and also sold for fertilizer the 750 pounds of bone from the dead horses, from which it took over 18 months for the meat to rot. She lived on the farm until 1888, when poor health caused her to move into town. At that time, the Gettysburg Battlefield Preservation Association purchased the farm from Lydia for $3,000.
The original farm house was lived in continually by tenant farmers into the 1920's. In 1933 the property was taken over by the National Park service, at which time it ceased to operate as a tenant farm and the buildings used for storage. In 1961, extensive excavation and reinforcement of the foundation was done, and the house was fully restored in 1966.
Upon selling her farm to the GBPA, Lydia had the two-story addition removed to a lot she purchased in town. She lived in that dwelling, which today is known as the Gettystown Inn near the Dobbin House on Steinwehr Ave., until her death at the age of 84 on Dec. 29, 1893, and is buried in Gettysburg's Evergreen Cemetery. Over the years Lydia Leister had filed claims against the War Department totaling just over $1,311 for damages to her farm during the battle. Settlement was made for $52.50.
[See here for some photos of the Leister house and farm. Thanks to GNMP and Ranger Troy Harmon for access to the house on a very, very cold day.]
Sources: Gettysburg National Military Park files; http://www.dobbinhouse.com; National Park Service Cultural Resources Management Bulletin Vol. 5, #4, December 1982, "The Mystery of General Meade's Table," Ronald Sheetz, http://crm.cr.nps.gov/archive/05-4/5-4-all.pdf; "A Strange and Blighted Land," Gregory Coco; "A Vast Sea of Misery," Gregory Coco; "The South: A Tour of its Battle-Fields and Ruined Cities," John T. Trowbridge.
Tags: Articles, Civil War Times, Collateral Damage, George Meade, Gettysburg, In Harm's Way, Widow Liester House, Writing About The Civil War
Categories : Articles, Writing About The Civil War
Gettysburg's Jacob Weikert Farm
[A shortened version of this article ran in the February, 2011 issue of Civil War Times Illustrated. I wrote about it back then here. In that post you can see some photos of the farm and farmhouse.]
Medical staffs of the Fifth Corps, Army of the Potomac descended on the farm of Jacob Weikert on the Taneytown Road south of the town of Gettysburg like a twister on July 2, 1863. Elements of the corps were fighting just to the west of the farm, which bordered on Little Round Top in that direction. By the time the last wounded soldier was evacuated to other treatment facilities, or buried on the premises, somewhere between 750 and 950 had been treated on the farm, including some Confederates. Weikert's family sacrificed much in material goods and performed vital services during this time, but they are possibly best remembered for a story frequently used to illustrate the greed and selfishness of the local civilian population.
Jacob Weikert (b. 1797), a carpenter by trade, married Sarah Ikes (b. 1805), in 1824: their union produced thirteen children between 1825 and 1849. In 1840 Jacob acquired a farm of 190 acres with a large, L-shaped two-story house of nearly 2,200 square feet, for a total purchase price of $3,973.16. The dwelling was situated hard-by the Taneytown Road, sturdily built with stone walls nearly two feet thick. By 1863 Jacob had sold off several tracts of land leaving him with 115 acres, on which he grew wheat, oats, corn, and timber.
At the time of the battle, two minor children, Rebecca (Beckie) and David, as well as an adult son and his family lived with Jacob and Sarah Weikert. Another daughter, Henrietta (Hettie), had married in 1855 and lived in town, where she and her husband George Schriver operated a saloon and bowling alley in their home on Baltimore Street. At the time of the battle, George was serving with Cole's Maryland Cavalry (he would die in Andersonville prison in 1864).
About noon on July 1st, as fighting raged to the northwest, Hettie Schriver determined that with her husband away, it would be best to take her two children to the relative safety of her parents' home to the south. She invited her neighbor's daughter, fifteen year-old Matilda (Tillie) Pierce, to accompany her, and Mrs. Pierce "readily consented". It is through Tillie's memoir "At Gettysburg, or What a Girl Saw and Heard of the Battle" that we know much of what occurred at the Weikert farm in the following days.
After a harrowing journey, upon arrival at the Weikert house Tillie immediately took up the task of carrying water from the spring on the north side of the house to the passing columns of Federal soldiers. She and others repeated this maneuver until the spring was dry – they then drew water from the pump on the south side of the house until nightfall put an end to the operation.
July 2nd saw the arrival of the medical staffs. Surgeon-in-Chief Dr. Clinton Wagner had selected the Weikert farm as the hospital for the 5th Corps' 2nd Division that afternoon. Dr. John Shaw Billings was first to arrive, finding the place deserted but with a fire blazing, dough mixed and pans ready for bread baking. Dr. Cyrus Bacon "ransacked" the house for operating tables and linens for dressings, including a "neatly worked ladies chemise" that he surrendered to one of the women of the house, but not before she provided something to take its place. Ambulances and medical supplies arrived and all was put in order as casualties began to pour in.
That same morning Tillie picked up where she had left off the evening before, carrying water to soldiers moving on the Taneytown Rd. One of the men she served that day was none other than General Meade. The Weikert women spent the afternoon baking bread. Soldiers were being struck down where they stood on the west side of the house. Artillery fire began to pick up, and the family evacuated the house for a brief time, only to return upon reaching their destination, determining it was more dangerous there. This was probably the period during which Dr. Billings arrived.
Casualties arrived at the hospital all during the day and night at an alarming rate, while the surgeons busily operated in and around the house. Limbs amputated in the improvised operating room in the southeast corner of the ground floor of the house were deposited out the south window. Later that day, the mortally wounded Brigadier General Stephen Weed was brought into the house and placed in a room in the basement. He would die there before morning. The bodies of Col. Patrick O'Rorke and Lt. Charles Hazlett were also reportedly brought to the house and laid on the porch on the evening of the 2nd. The Weikert's cooked bread and soup and served the medical staff and wounded until late in the evening.
Early on July 3rd, in anticipation of renewed action nearby the hospital was relocated further east toward the Baltimore Pike, and the evacuation of the wounded commenced. The transfer was reportedly complete by that evening. The family had left the farm that morning for the area of Two Taverns, returning again in the late afternoon to scenes of carnage. Wounded filled the house, barn, and carriage house. Amputated limbs sat in piles. For days after, soldiers too seriously injured to be moved to the relocated hospital were treated at the farm.
Tillie Pierce returned to her home in Gettysburg on July 7. She left the Weikert farm in a distressed state, linens and clothing torn up for bandages, furniture and kitchenware broken up, walls and floors bloodstained, crops and fence rails used up.
Jacob Weikert, despite what Tillie Pierce describes as the significant hardships suffered and humanitarian efforts made by his family during those trying times, is perhaps best known as a villain. In a tale used to illustrate what has been called by one historian "the greed, selfishness, and hard-heartedness of many of the citizens who lived in the vicinity of the battlefield", Lt. Ziba Graham of the 16th Michigan claimed that on July 3rd:
"On my way back to rejoin the regiment I called at a large house for a drink of water; I saw that the well crank had been removed. I turned to a rebel captain who was lying on the grass and asked him if he knew where it had gone to; he said that but a few moments before the owner of the house had taken it off, declaring he was not going to have his well pumped dry by rebel soldiers, and that they wasted the water. This captain begged that I might get it again. There were some fifty rebel wounded in the yard, besides a few of our own men. The surgeons who had been with them, and who had partly gone around in their first examination, had cleared out and left them on the commencement of the firing, and with the fever of their gunshot wounds they were thirsting for water. I went into the house, found this man, a mean Dutchman, buried in the bosom of his family, and his family buried in the bowels of the cellar, they having taken safe refuge from the hail of iron which was bursting in every direction. I ordered him to give up the well crank. He first refused. Just at that time a shell struck his chimney, and the noise and rattle of the falling brick nearly frightened him to death. I threatened to shoot him if he did not give me the crank; this brought it out of its hiding place back of the stairway. I went out, watered the boys, put two of the least wounded in charge of it and then left, receiving the thanks of all."
We know from Tillie Pierce that the Weikert's had been more than generous with their water in the preceding days; that in fact their spring had been drained by thirsty soldiers. And we know from the owners of the house today that the well, now used as a supplemental water source, is nearly dry by the Fourth of July – while the overall water level in the well may certainly have depleted in the intervening 147 years, the relative annual levels are likely similar. Assuming Graham's story is not apocryphal, was Weikert's removal of the pump crank an act of "greed, selfishness, and hard-heartedness" or a practical act of survival in the coming days for his family and for any remaining Union casualties on his property?
Sarah Weikert died in 1877. Jacob followed her in 1878, suffering a stroke in an apple orchard near the house. Jacob made three claims to the War Department for damages incurred in 1863, including the use of his house and carriage house, damages to the house and bedding, hay, wheat, oats, corn, rails, timber, damages to the land and stone walls, clothing, and furniture. The three claims were for $186, $1,277, and $2,756. Some of the same items were listed on each claim. In the end, he received a total of $45 in payment for the loss of three tons of hay.
Today the Weikert farm sits outside NPS boundaries and is a private residence. While an antique store is operated out of the barn, please respect the privacy of the homeowners.
Acknowledgements: Thanks to Weikert farm owners Gerry and Beth Hoffmann, the staff of the Gettysburg National Military Park, and to the Adams County Historical Society for their assistance in the preparation of this article.
Gettysburg NMP Files
New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 269, No. 1, "Billings at Gettysburg, J. A. Curran, MD
"Daily Register of Dr. Cyrus Bacon Jr", Walter Whitehouse, MD and Frank Whitehouse, MD, Depts of Radiology and Microbiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Dr. Clinton Wagner to Surgeon Gneral Geo. Torney, 8/7/1911
Claims Files
"At Gettysburg, or What a Girl Saw and Heard of the Battle", Tillie Pierce Alleman
"Gettysburg: A Journey in Time", William A. Frassanito
"Farms at Gettysburg: The Fields of Battle", Timothy B. Smith
"A Strange and Blighted Land, Gettysburg: The Aftermath of Battle", Gregory A. Coco
"A Vast Sea of Misery: A History and Guide to the Union and Confederate Field Hospitals at Gettysburg, Jul 1 – November 20, 1863", Gregory A. Coco
"History of the Weikert Family, 1735-1930", Edward L. Weikert, Jr.
http://www.shriverhouse.org/The_Shrivers.html
http://books.google.com/books?dq=ziba%20b.%20graham%20on%20to%20gettysburg&q=I%20went%20into%20the%20house%2C%20found%20this%20man%2C%20a%20mean%20Dutchman&id=SMoOAAAAIAAJ&output=text&pg=RA3-PA71
Tags: Articles, Collateral Damage, Gettysburg, Jacob Weikert
Categories : Articles, Civilians, Writing About The Civil War
L. T. Moore House, Winchester Virginia
The following article, edited, appeared as the final installment of my Collateral Damage/In Harm's Way column in Civil War Times, back in 2011. I post it upon receiving news of the passing today of the actress Mary Tyler Moore:
Despite his advanced years, the news still came as a shock to the people of Winchester. Around noon, just a few days after Christmas, 1897, townspeople saw octogenarian "Colonel" Lewis Tilghman Moore fall while walking along Rouss Avenue not far from his home on Braddock Street. He lay on the ground motionless and unconscious. They summoned medical assistance, but to no avail. The retired lawyer passed away quietly, the doctors pronouncing "death due to paralysis."
L. T. Moore was born in 1815 or 1816 – records to that effect are unclear – in Loudoun County, VA. In 1840, he moved as a bachelor to Winchester, studied law, passed the bar, and began his practice in that town. Except for a brief stint as a Virginia state attorney in Winchester, he held no public office. He was active in the Masonic Lodge and local militia, and rose to the rank of Major in the antebellum 35th Regiment of Virginia Militia. He appears to have been present at Harper's Ferry in command of militia troops during the John Brown raid in 1859.
Still a bachelor, on April 1, 1856 Moore purchased out-lot number 52 from William McP. Fuller, a dentist. In 1854, Fuller had constructed a dwelling on the property, a Hudson River Gothic Revival cottage called "Alta Vista". The two story, six-room house featured a panoramic view across Winchester, and was accented with diamond-pane windows, scrolled wood trim and tin roof.
After Virginia's secession from the Union in 1861, Moore became Lt. Colonel of the Fourth Virginia Infantry. The Fourth joined the Second, Fifth, Twenty-seventh, and Thirty-third Virginia regiments under the command of Brigadier General Thomas J. Jackson. At the battle of First Manassas on July 21, 1861, during a back and forth struggle for possession of Union artillery on Henry House Hill, Moore was seriously wounded in the knee. Reports of his death in the battle proved exaggerated, but he would limp for the rest of his life, and never again took the field.
Moore recovered from his wound in Edinburg, south of Winchester. In November 1861, when he learned that his former brigade commander was establishing the headquarters of his Valley District, Department of Northern Virginia, in Winchester, the absentee owner of "Alta Vista" offered his home for Jackson's use. The Major General now known as Stonewall accepted. He had been staying at the Taylor Hotel – partially owned by Moore – in the center of town, and he found it too crowded and conspicuous for his needs. Moore's home on Braddock Street would serve as Jackson's headquarters in Winchester until the Confederates evacuated on March 11, 1862.
Jackson left a vivid account of "Alta Vista" in a letter to his wife, Anna:
"This house belongs to Lieutenant-Colonel Moore, of the Fourth Virginia Volunteers, and has a large yard around it. The situation is beautiful. The building is of cottage style and contains six rooms. I have two rooms, one above the other. My lower room, or office, has a matting on the floor, a large fine table, six chairs, and a piano. The walls are papered with elegant gilt paper. I don't remember to have ever seen more beautiful papering, and there are five paintings hanging on the walls. If I only had my little woman here, the room would be set off. The upper room is neat, but not a full story, and is, I may say, only remarkable for being heated in a peculiar manner, by a flue from the office below."
Jackson's staff slept in the bedroom across the hall from his own, but the fraternity life in the house ended, and Jackson's office on the first floor of Moore's home was indeed "set off." Anna travelled from the Jackson home in Lexington via Richmond. The General met her upon her arrival at the Taylor Hotel on the evening of December 21, 1861, and took her to Alta Vista. They stayed in the house until January 1, 1862, when Jackson left on the Romney Campaign. Anna moved two doors down to the home of Reverend and Mrs. James Graham. When Jackson returned to Winchester, he and his wife stayed with the Grahams. Anna became pregnant in February, and their daughter Julia was born the following November.
Lewis T. Moore returned to his home at 415 North Braddock St. He married Mary Bragonier, a woman nearly 30 years his junior, in 1867, and they had five children. Moore, who was known to all as "Colonel", built a large practice consisting of primarily lower income clients. He was active in the Hiram Masonic Lodge and the Confederate Veterans' Ashby Camp. He lived at "Alta Vista" until his death, and was laid to rest in Winchester's Hebron Cemetery on December 31, 1897.
One of the resolutions passed by the Hiram Lodge in the Winchester News after his death read "Pure in heart, he was unsuspecting and easily deceived." Interestingly, the only mention of Lewis T. Moore in "The Official Records of the War of the Rebellion" is in a dispatch from a Union spy, Michael Graham, to Union Major General Robert Milroy in May 1863. While describing Moore as a "rebel of the strongest dye", the spy noted, "he has great confidence in me, and thinks I am a rebel at heart, as I pretended to be once in his presence." The information Graham had gleaned from Moore stated that Lt. General James Longstreet's corps had reinforced the Army of Northern Virginia, and General Robert E. Lee intended to move north into Maryland.
Today Alta Vista is owned by the City of Winchester, managed by the Winchester-Frederick County Historical Society, and maintained as a museum. The heating ducts from Jackson's office to his bedroom are still there. The gilt wallpaper that Jackson so admired in his office has been twice reproduced and hung on the walls, most recently courtesy of "Colonel" Moore's great-granddaughter, the actress Mary Tyler Moore.
Thanks to Mr. Jerry Holsworth of the Handley Regional Library, Ms. Cissy Shull of the Winchester-Frederick County Historical Society, and Mr. Ben Ritter for their assistance.
Tags: Alta Vista, Articles, Collateral Damage, In Harm's Way, Mary Tyler Moore, Stonewall Jackson, W. T. Moore, Winchester
Henry P. Bottom House, Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site
1862 Perryville Property Map (Courtesy of Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site – PBSHS) HPB marks the Henry Bottom Farm
In recognition of yesterday's 154th anniversary of the Battle of Perryville, here is the unedited version of my Collateral Damage article which ran in the June, 2011 edition of Civil War Times magazine. Click the images for larger ones.
H. P. Bottom House today (battleofperryville.com)
On the morning of October 8, 1862, northwest of the town of Perryville in Boyle County, Kentucky, Union Major General Don Carlos Buell's gathering Army of the Ohio faced east across rolling terrain toward Confederate General Braxton Bragg's Army of the Mississippi. Between the lines of Maj. Gen. Alexander McCook's First Corps of Buell's army and Maj. Gen William Hardee's Left Wing of Bragg's lay the farm of Henry Bottom. The area of the house and barn, on the western bank of mostly dry Doctor's Creek where it crossed the Mackville Road, was also improved with stone and rail fences, some lining the road and creek, which would both afford cover and make maneuvering bodies of men problematic. On this very hot, dry, and dusty day the homestead's location in the valley separating the two armies and its proximity to a water source placed it squarely in the path of the gathering storm. Bottom's 760 acre farm was the ground over which much of the battle would rage. The battle would be marked by command confusion, erroneous assumptions, personality conflicts, and miscommunication on both sides, and proved to be the climax of a Confederate campaign meant to carry the war in the west from northern Mississippi to the banks of the Ohio River.
Henry P. Bottom (PBSHS)
Henry Pierce Bottom was born in 1809. He was a Baptist, a farmer, a cabinet maker, and Justice of the Peace, which earned him the moniker "Squire". He took Margaret "Mary" Hart, 10 years his junior, as his wife in 1840. They had two sons: Samuel (1841) and Rowan (1848). Also living at the Bottom House in October 1862 was Henry's 77-year-old uncle, William. Henry owned eight slaves, aged three to sixty-two, and Uncle William owned two more, aged two and twenty-two. All ten slaves lived in one dwelling on the property.
Henry was surrounded by relatives: across the road to the north lived his mother, the widow Mary "Polly" Bottom; to the south was his cousin Sam; to the northwest another cousin, the widow Mary Gibson. In 1860 Henry's farm, where he raised cattle, sheep, and swine, and grew oats, wheat, rye, corn, peas, beans, and potatoes, was valued at $16,000.
On the day of the battle, the Bottom's substantial barn was filled with threshed wheat and oats for the approaching winter. During the fighting around the buildings, mostly between Colonel William Lytle's Union brigade and those of Confederate Brig. Gens. Daniel Adams, Bushrod Johnson and Patrick Cleburne, several shots from Confederate artillery struck the barn. One of those shells set the structure ablaze. The heat was so intense that nearby Union soldiers could do nothing to help their wounded comrades trapped inside. This inferno in turn started a grass fire which would eventually kill a few more incapacitated men lying in the open.
After what was a tactical victory, Bragg's Confederates withdrew on October 9, and Henry Bottom's farm was in shambles. He had already suffered the loss of fences and barn, and the house and outbuildings were pockmarked with bullet holes. In addition, the battle resulted in over 1,400 men killed in action, most of whom littered the field afterwards. The Yankee garrison understandably focused on tending to their own, and consequently dead Confederates were left unprotected from the elements. As feral hogs from nearby woods became a ghoulish nuisance, Henry Bottom and other local slaveholders were impressed by the garrison to assist in burying the Confederate dead, which they hastily did. After the occupying troops marched off, Bottom, other locals, and some students from the nearby Kentucky School of the Deaf exhumed and relocated many of the bodies to a plot on his farm. There they interred the bodies of 347 men, about 30 of whom he was able to identify from their possessions, in a compact mass grave.
Henry Bottom remained on his farm after the war, but he was economically and spiritually broken by the effects of the battle – for the first time, he was forced to buy food to feed his family.
H. P. Bottom House in 1885 (PBSHS)
Henry filed a claim against the U. S. government for damages that occurred after the battle as a result of additional demands by the army: $1,282 for "commissary" items such as pork, beef, bacon, cattle and sheep; and $3,580 for "quartermaster" goods including wood, corn, hay and oats. But in addition to showing that the losses were incurred after and not during the battle, a claimant had to prove that he had been a loyal citizen of the United States. Some of Henry's neighbors claimed he was not only disloyal but was the area's most prominent secessionist, and his claim was denied. But in 1902, his son Rowan re-filed the claim. The counter-testimony of other of Bottom's neighbors attesting to his Unionism and disparaging the motivations of his detractors was considered by the Court of Claims, and Rowan was awarded $1,715 by act of Congress in 1914.
H. P. Bottom on Cemetery Wall, 1885 (PBSHS)
Henry, who died in 1901 at the age of 92, is perhaps best remembered for his Confederate Cemetery. He had attempted to construct a stone wall around the site, but in 1885 it was incomplete and overgrown, and would remain so until the next century. On October 8, 1902, thanks to fundraising by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, a twenty-eight foot tall granite monument was dedicated within the now completely walled-in cemetery.
The restored Bottom House can be viewed just outside the Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site, which consists of 745 acres, with another 300 protected by easements and over 7,000 total acres recognized as a National Historic Landmark. The park also includes a visitor's center and museum, walking trails, and a Union monument near the Confederate cemetery. The "Squire" Bottom house is on private property.
Thanks to historian Kenneth W. Noe, author of Perryville – This Grand Havoc of Battle, and Kurt Holman of the Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site for their assistance.
Tags: Articles, Bottom House, Civil War Times, Collateral Damage, In Harm's Way, Perryville, Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site
Popular History – What's the Problem?
I last wrote about my recent foray into popular history works concerning the American Civil War here. I wrote then that I was cutting the author, T. J. Stiles, slack in relation to what I described as errors of fact not necessarily substantial to the study. If you read the comments or follow Bull Runnings on Facebook, you know that shortly thereafter I gave up the, umm, endeavor, because it became evident that the author was building a case regarding the personality traits of the subject based on what I considered to be shallow and antiquated characterizations of a parallel subject. In addition I felt that those characterizations of that parallel subject were based on scholarship that was far from exhaustive at best and, well, biased at worst. Long and the short of it – I gave up on that book, something I am loathe to do.
So I picked a new read, Stacy Schiff's The Witches: Salem, 1692. I'm finishing it up now. I like it. A lot. And that's got me to thinking: why the different reaction? It's not based on the authors' skills as writers – both Stiles and Schiff have garnered awards, including Pulitzer Prizes. And it can't be the quality of their research because I don't know crap about the Salem Witch Trials, or for that matter 17th Century Massachusetts (which in many ways seems as confounding and contradictory as 19th Century Massachusetts and, let's be real, 21st Century Massachusetts and everything in between). But therein I think lies the answer: I don't know anything about Schiff's subject. And so, I have to take her word. Not so Stiles.
Both Stiles and Schiff have written multiple books about historical figures and events. Both are wonderfully skilled writers. Why don't they stick to one specific time period? Why? Because they don't have to, that's why. They're that good. And if an author is that good, why limit him/herself? Which leads me to my ongoing complaint about the quality of Civil War literature, real Civil War literature, by authors whose main focus is that particular period of our history, often narrowed to a fine point within even that tight time frame (say Gettysburg, or Lincoln, or even Bull Run – though I try to read more broadly). For most of us, it's all, by and large, tough to read. Even the super-rare, well crafted stuff. And why is that? Well, part of that probably lies in the opportunities available to really good writers like Stiles and Schiff to pick their targets and sell more copies of more generally appealing books. But another, big part has nothing to do with who writes these more focused books and everything to do with who reads them.
We know too damn much for our own good – at least, from a pleasure standpoint. We're doomed to read these focused books as if it's a job, analyzing every footnote. And we're doubly doomed when it comes to popular histories that touch on our particular field of study, because we're probably more familiar, to varying degrees, with the material and its nuances than any generalist author could ever hope to be. We have at least formed our opinions based on a lot of reading. Hopefully. And so, these works (like Civil War films) are typically enormously frustrating. For us.
It ain't right, it ain't wrong. It just is. (Dutchy in Ride With the Devil.)
It's sad in a way, but we have to accept it. So I'm probably done with pop ACW. (I realize that some might argue that there are "specialist pop-historians" working in the genre, that is, who write shallowly on many ACW topics, but let's leave that alone for now.) Conversely, I'll probably not read more on Salem, or Carthage, or Montcalm & Wolfe, or Agincourt, or Gallipoli, to name a few, so as not to spoil what have been great one-off reads for me. Well, maybe more on Gallipoli. But that's it. That is it. No more. I don't think.
Tags: Articles, Popular History, Stacy Schiff, T. J. Stiles, The Witches: Salem 1692, Writing About The Civil War
Categories : Articles, Books, Writing About The Civil War
Chickamauga's Snodgrass Cabin
With the passing of the anniversary of the Battle of Chickamauga, here's my In Harm's Way/Collateral Damage article on the Snodgrass Cabin, which ran in Civil War Times magazine in 2010. This is the article as submitted – some changes were made to the final product.
The fighting between Union Major General William Rosecrans's Army of the Cumberland and Confederate General Braxton Bragg's Army of Tennessee reached a climax on the farm of George Washington Snodgrass and the series of hills known as Horseshoe Ridge on September 20th, 1863. While the story of how Union Major General George H. Thomas made his stand there and earned his nickname, The Rock of Chickamauga, is well known, that of the family of those displaced by the fighting is less so.
G. W. Snodgrass left Virginia and came to Georgia prior to 1843. Sometime between 1848 and 1851, he moved from Chattanooga to Walker County, and the deed for his purchase of the farm from Sammuel Igon was recorded on September 8, 1855. The ground was far from prime farmland, dotted as it was with hills and ravines. The farm's cabin was about a half mile from the north-south LaFayette Road, accessed by a farm lane running north from the east-west Vittetoe Road, and sat near the top of Snodgrass Hill which, while wooded, was open with good visibility.
The log cabin was a "dogtrot" design, two structures connected by a covered breezeway. The compound also included a smokehouse, and was surrounded by a split-rail fence. A small peach orchard grew on the west side of the cabin. From the house site, a ridge spur runs north, into what was the Snodgrass cornfield. Other farm buildings on either side of the lane included a barn and servants' quarters. A small family cemetery sat at the top of Snodgrass Hill. James T. Snodgrass, who died at seven months in 1861, was buried there.
Using the 1860 census as a basis, G. W. Snodgrass was about 53 years old in September 1863, though some accounts say he was 60, and daughter Mary Jane recalled that he was 71 when he died in 1890, which would make him about 44 in at the time of the battle. Twice widowed, he lived on the farm with his third wife, Elizabeth, and seven children, ranging in age from four year old Martha Ellen to crippled, adult son John. Another son, Charles, had left to serve in the Confederate army.
Years later Julia Kittie Snodgrass, who was six at the time of the battle, recalled hearing the sounds of fighting at Alexander's Bridge on Friday, Sept. 18th. Her father stubbornly refused to leave his home that day, but as the bullets flew more thickly on the 19th – some even penetrating the cabin's roof – Mr. Snodgrass determined it was time to leave. About 3:00 PM, the family headed northwest and camped in a wooded ravine. They stayed there for about eight days, and while they were without shelter and had little food, they didn't lack company. Also taking refuge in the area were other area families, some of whose properties played prominent roles in the battle: Brothertons, Poes, Kellys, Brocks, McDonalds, and Mullises. As the fighting died down on Sunday, September 20th, the refugees heard the strains of a southern tune being played by a band, which they happily interpreted as confirmation of Confederate victory.
Many of these families also had sons in the Confederate army, most notably in Company I, 2nd Battalion, 1st Confederate Regiment, which was part of Brigadier General John Jackson's brigade of Major General Benjamin Cheatham's Division in Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk's Corps of the Army of Tennessee. This unit's rolls included members of the Snodgrass, Brotherton, McDonald, Kelly, Brock and Dyer families, and the regiment's major was James Clarke Gordon, who swore them into service in 1861 and was a son of the owner of the Gordon mansion at nearby Crawfish Springs. So, added to the hardships of lack of food resulting from two foraging armies, and homes destroyed or otherwise occupied by wounded soldiers prohibiting the return of their rightful owners was the uncertainty of the wellbeing of loved ones involved in the fighting.
The Snodgrass cabin and outbuildings had been used to treat wounded, mostly Union soldiers, during and after the battle. When the family returned to their home eight days after the battle, they found it "a gory shambles". While the wounded had been removed, most of the family's possessions were gone, bloodstained, or in pieces. The damage was so extensive they were forced to relocate to a campsite near Ringgold, Georgia. They didn't return to their farm until the war was over.
Several accounts of the battle state that Charles Snodgrass died on or near his family's homestead during the battle. However, Chickamauga historian and author David Powell's research of Consolidated Service Records (CSR) indicates that Charles deserted in the summer of 1863 (one of at least four local men to take that route out of the unit), his name last appearing on the July/August roll. Union authorities took him into custody in Walker County and sent him to Louisville, and on December 28, 1863 he took an oath of allegiance to the Federal government. He was later released north of the Ohio River. While it's not clear if he was present on the field during the battle, he almost certainly was not killed during it.
The cabin that stands on Snodgrass Hill today is not that which stood in 1863. As recently as 1935 Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park correspondence stated that the original structure still stood. But by 1953, the Superintendent determined that the cabin was constructed "some time after 1890". In a 1959 letter the Acting Superintendent wrote that "[a]round 1900 the house was in such a dilapidated condition that it was taken down and reconstructed" and that "[i]t is probable that some of the logs in the old new building were taken from the original house."
All trace of the hilltop cemetery has disappeared.
Thanks to Maps of Chickamauga author David Powell and Lee White of the National Parks Service for their assistance in the preparation of this article.
Comments : 1 Comment »
Tags: Articles, Chickamauga, Collateral Damage, In Harm's Way, Snodgrass
The Roulette Farm, Antietam National Battlefield
The below article was published in Civil War Times magazine back in 2010 as an installment of my In Harm's Way/Collateral Damage column. Since the 152nd anniversary of the battle just passed, here's the article as submitted (some changes were made to the final product.) See my photo gallery of the farm here.
When he realized that the men streaming past his home were Union soldiers and not the Confederates who had been in the fields the past two days, William Roulette burst out of his cellar door: "Give it to 'em," he shouted to troops of the 14th Connecticut, "Drive 'em! Take anything on my place, only drive 'em!" While the Second Corps of the Army of the Potomac would eventually drive the Confederates from their line in the sunken Hog Trough Road that separated his farm from that of his uncle Henry Piper to the south, they would do so while very nearly taking Mr. Roulette up on his offer fully.
When the armies of Robert E. Lee and George McClellan met just north of Sharpsburg in Maryland's Washington County on September 17th, 1862, on what would become known as the bloodiest day in U. S. history, they did so on farmsteads that were predominantly well established and prosperous. Much of the area was settled in the first half of the 18th century by families who relocated from Pennsylvania's Lancaster County. One of those families was that of John Reynolds, who in 1761 purchased a part of "Anderson's Delight", including a house that was constructed as early as 1748. By 1800, two additions were complete resulting in a frame, stone, and log dwelling of more than 2,000 square feet, not insubstantial even by today's standards. In 1804, the farm was purchased by John Miller, Jr. of a prominent area family. In 1851 and after John's death, his heirs sold the farm and widow's dower for $10,610 to son-in-law William Roulette (sometimes spelled Rulett), who had married John's 17-year-old daughter Margaret in 1847. William was the grandson of French immigrants to Washington County, and a son of the sister of neighbor Henry Piper. In 1862 he and Margaret were raising corn on his 180 acre farm, along with five children ranging from under two to thirteen years of age. Living with the Roulettes was Nancy Campbell, a former slave of Margaret's uncle Peter Miller. At 37 William, a successful farmer with a paid servant, was also serving as a unionist Washington County commissioner.
The Army of Northern Virginia concentrated in the fields north of the village of Sharpsburg and on September 15th. Despite obvious signs of impending danger, William determined to ride out the storm with his family in his home. But as it became more obvious that his farm was likely to be in the thick of things, he removed his family some six miles to Manor Dunker Church where they were taken in by a minister. At some point on the 17th, he returned to the farm to look after his stock and became trapped between the defensive line established by Confederate General D. H. Hill's division and the rapidly approaching division of Union General William French. First Mr. Roulette took refuge in his basement and then, after emerging to shout his encouragement and offer up his worldly possessions to the boys in blue, headed north to the rear.
The fighting in this sector of the battlefield of Antietam, during what is referred to as the middle phase of the battle, was some of the most severe of the war. Two Federal divisions advanced over the Roulette farm fields and hurled themselves against the stoutly fortified but outnumbered Confederates in the sunken farm lane. The Confederates were finally driven south across the Piper farm, but damage to the Roulette place was extensive. An artillery shell ripped through the west side of the house, travelling upward through the first floor ceiling. At least one bullet fired from the vicinity of the sunken road entered though a second story bedroom window and passed through two walls and a closet in a middle bedroom (this damage can be seen today). Another shell upset beehives in the yard to the rear of the dwelling, causing confusion among the green troops of the 130th PA. Chaplain H. S. Stevens of the 14th CT recalled: "During the battle the rooms were stripped of their furnishings and the floors were covered with the blood and dirt and litter of a field hospital." Dead and dying men lay scattered across the farm, filling the outbuildings. When the Roulettes returned after the battle, they found crops trampled, fences down, and personal property, including food, carried off. Soldier's graves dotted the landscape.
On October 3, 1862, Mr. Roulette filed his first claim against the United States for damages to his property. Over the years his claims would include items large a small; fences and crops, featherbeds and carpets, structural damage, one beehive (and bees), chickens, blackberry wine. Claims were also made for nine acres of farmland ruined by the passage of men and equipment, and additional "buriel [sic] ground for 700 soldiers". The grand total for his final claims filed in February 1864 was $3,500. In the 1880's he received $371 for a hospital claim, but only minimal other payments. He was paid nothing for damages to his home and outbuildings.
William Roulette was well off before his farm became the center of a storm of men, horses, and lead on September 17, 1862. Despite his failure to collect significant reimbursement from the Federal Government for the taking of "anything on my place", he and his family would recover – for the most part. About a month after the battle, the youngest Roulette child, Carrie May, described by William as "a charming little girl twenty months old…just beginning to talk", died of typhoid fever. The sting of this loss was softened a bit 24 months later, when Margaret gave birth to the couple's last child, Ulysses Sheridan Roulette. Despite the damages, William's heart was still with the Union.
The farm remained in the possession of the Roulette family until 1956, and in 1998 the National Park Service acquired the property via The Conservation Fund. Restoration of the exterior of the house and the first floor interior to their 1862 appearance is planned pending funding.
Thanks to Antietam National Battlefield Historians Ted Alexander and Keven Walker and to Mike Pellegrini for their assistance in the preparation of this article.
Tags: Antietam, Articles, Collateral Damage, In Harm's Way, Roulette Farm
Categories : Articles, Civil War Magazines, Writing About The Civil War
Wilderness – A Tale of Two Permelias
In honor of the 150th anniversary of the Battle of the Wilderness and The Overland Campaign, here's the original version of my Collateral Damage article that ran in the August, 2011 edition of Civil War Times. For real time tweets of the tours this week, be sure to follow Sesqui tourist extraordinaire Craig Swain @caswain01 on Twitter and look for the Overland150 hashtag.
The Higgerson and Chewning Farms in The Wilderness: The Widows Permelia
The Battle of the Wilderness, fought in early May 1864, marked the beginning of Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign. For two days, the Union Army of the Potomac and the Ninth Army Corps battled Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia in a hellish tangle of thick, second-growth forest along and between the Orange Turnpike to the north and the Orange Plank Road to the south, in Virginia's Spotsylvania County. Two farms, today located along Hill-Ewell Drive in Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park, were in 1864 situated at the center of the fighting; both were witness to singular events.
The northernmost farm, also known as "Spring Hill" and "Oak Hill", was the home of Permelia Chewning Higgerson, 34. Her husband Benjamin, who was 20 years her senior, had died of smallpox in December 1862. One year later, Benjamin's son from an earlier marriage, James, died in a Richmond hospital, also from smallpox, which he had contracted as a member of the Ninth VA Cavalry. Living with the Widow Higgerson were her five children – four boys and a girl aged two to eleven. In 1860, Benjamin Higgerson's real estate was valued at $500, his personal properly was worth $1,370, and he owned two slaves. The house was a small, three room, one-and-a-half story frame structure which sat in a clearing about three quarters of a mile south of the Orange Turnpike.
Permelia Higgerson (umm, yeah, on the left)
About one mile to the south was the home of Permelia Higgerson's parents, William and Permelia Chewning. Like her daughter, Permelia Chewning was a widow. William had died the previous June at the age of 73 as the result of an injury sustained in an accident at a local mill. In 1860, William Chewning's real estate was valued at $1,500 and his personal estate at a respectable $14,400. He also owned thirteen slaves. The 72-year-old Widow Chewning lived with her 38-year-old daughter Jane and 30-year-old son Absalom in a two and one-half story frame house known as "Mount View", situated in a clearing on a ridge on the 150-acre farm. The farm produced wheat, rye, corn, oats, potatoes, and tobacco. It also had a commanding view of the surrounding countryside.
Both farms played prominent roles in the battle. On May 5, Union general James Wadsworth's division struggled westward through thick underbrush to keep pace with the rest of Union 5th Corps attack on Confederate General Richard Ewell's lines. Colonel Roy Stone's brigade passed through the clearing around the Higgerson house, tearing down a fence and laying waste to the garden despite the Widow's loud objections and predictions of their impending defeat. After passing the house the men entered swampy ground near a tributary of Wilderness Run: "That's a hell of a looking hole to send white men into", shouted one soldier; another advised his comrades to "label" themselves, as death was certain. Soon they found themselves mired in waist-deep water, causing a gap to open in the Union line just as Confederate troops crashed into the isolated Pennsylvanians. Heavy casualties forced them to retire, and as they poured past the house, the Widow Higgerson again pelted them with taunts.
Higgerson HOuse
Farther south, the placement of the Chewning house on high ground from which enemy positions were clearly visible made it desirable to both sides, and possession changed hands over the two days. At one point, a group of Union soldiers had taken over the house and was inside vandalizing it and preparing dinner when Permelia Chewning flagged down her relative Markus Chewning (a scout for Confederate General Fitzhugh "Rooney" Lee), who was coincidentally riding alone along the road from Parker's Store to the south. After the Widow Chewning filled him in about what was happening, Markus rode rapidly around the house to convince those inside that they were outnumbered and should give up. The ruse worked – leaving their weapons inside the Yankees surrendered to Markus. Nevertheless, the writing was on the wall: Mount View was soon to become a hot place. The Widow Chewning gathered some things and left the house soon after.
On May 6, Confederate General A. P. Hill and his staff rode into the unoccupied clearing. They dismounted and soon heard the sounds of a body of nearby Federal soldiers breaking down a fence. Hill remained calm, telling them: "Mount, walk your horses, and don't look back." Although the Rebels were within easy range, the Federals held their fire and the party made their escape at a leisurely pace. A captured Yankee later told one of the escapees, "I wanted to fire on you, but my colonel said you were farmers riding from the house."
The Chewning house and farm was in a shambles after the battle. Absalom later testified: "Everything was gone – all the crops, all the stock, all the fences. Also, a tobacco house, a shop, and an ice-house were destroyed. I found some of the materials in the breastworks around the house." The Widow Chewning filed a post-war claim with the Southern Claims Commission for just under $3,600, including lost fence rails, cordwood, and livestock. The disposition of the Chewning claim is unknown. Fire destroyed the Chewning house in 1947.
The younger Permelia – Higgerson – remarried in 1867. She and William Porter had two children, Cyrus and Ann, and moved to Missouri on the Mississippi River to a place they called "Higgerson Landing", consisting of a house, a store, and a one-room schoolhouse that survives to this day. Permelia's second marriage eventually fell apart. About 1871 William Porter ran off to Louisiana and Montana with Permelia Higgerson's 16-year-old daughter, Jacqueline. After fathering four children with her, Porter deserted Jacqueline as well. The Widow Higgerson passed away in 1897 in Missouri. The Higgerson House disappeared in the 1930s, but remnants of its chimney survive today.
Higgerson House Chimney
Thanks to Josef W. Rokus and Noel Harrison of Fredericksburg & Spotsylvania NMP for their assistance in preparing this article.
Tags: Articles, Battle of the Wilderness, Chewning, Civil War Magazines, Civil War Times, Collateral Damage, Higgerson, Overland 150, Overland Campaign
A Tip for Anyone Thinking of Writing About the Civil War…
…and for just about everyone who has written about it and is thinking of writing more. If you read – or skim – many books or articles on our peculiar interest, it shouldn't take very long before you realize most of it is crap. Not necessarily from a strict "history" sense, though there is a lot of that. But it seems to me that even really good history work is presented in a less than readable, not to mention entertaining, style. Come on. Admit it. You agree with me. Wholeheartedly. I know, you're probably thinking that what I write here could be a whole lot better. You're right.
OK, let's cut to the chase. If you're one of the folks to whom I'm referring in the lead-in, and haven't done so already, get yourself a copy of Stephen King's wonderful book, On Writing. Yeah, I know – he's a novelist. It doesn't matter. The lessons and tips in this book can't help but positively affect what and how you write, regardless of genre. I won't give examples because just about every page is gold, but you can go here to find some nuggets. And don't think that because you've been published you don't need any help – from what I've seen the odds against that are overwhelming. I beg this not as a writer, but as one of untold thousands of long suffering readers.
Tags: Articles, Stephen King, Writing About The Civil War
Once again real life has infringed upon my hobby, and I haven't been able to come up with any posts lately. If you're not already doing so, please be sure to follow me on Twitter and Facebook, as I frequently put stuff up on those outlets (look in the right hand margin of this page and make the appropriate clicks to follow.)
I've been notified that my regular reviews in brief column (it's been known by several names over the years) in Weider History Group's America's Civil War magazine has run its course. These things happen, in fact have happened before, and will continue to happen in the magazine business as formats change. I'm thankful for the opportunities editor Dana Shoaf has provided. On a happier note, I have been asked to write reviews on single titles, and my first one will appear in the issue of Civil War Times that will be in process in August.
I also mentioned earlier that I'll be speaking to the Central Ohio Civil War Roundtable in 2014. I've been putting together a few notes for that presentation and am really pleased with how things are going. We'll be covering a lot of assumptions that are generally accepted as fact concerning the campaign that may not be quite accurate. OK, make that flat out wrong. It should be fun, and if your group is interested you can contact me at my email address to the right or send me a message on the Book Me, Danno! page.
Tags: Articles, Civil War Magazines, Digital History, Facebook, Speaking, Twitter
Categories : Articles, Civil War On the Web, Digital History, Speaking, Writing About The Civil War


text:
Q: Permutation with repetition in Java (Strings are of the form: 00001112222) I have strings of the form 000011122222. That is, consecutive digits repeated random no. of times. Some other examples could be:
0011122223333
01222
00011234444
001122222

and so on. I know, say for a string 01222, that a total of 5!/3! permutations are possible. I need to generate all these permutations for each such string.
I have tried generating permutations by various methods. One is by generating all the possible permutations (just as for strings without repetition), but since the strings that I would be using can be very large this can waste time generating too many redundant permutations.
Secondly, I have tried placing the digits at random indices of a character array equal to the size of the string and terminating the loop when the count of digits is same as in the input string. However, this way I am wasting a lot of memory and also taking up a lot of time.
I need an efficient way to generate permutations for such strings. Just an algorithm or code, either is welcome. I am using Java.
Thanks!

A: One of the standard algorithms for generating permutations is an algorithm for listing them in lexicographically increasing order.  This algorithm, which is used by most implementations of the C++ std::next_permutation algorithm, generates permutations in at most O(n) time per permutation and skips over all permutations that are duplicates of one another.  It's also extremely easy to code up.
Hope this helps!

A: Instead of permuting the original string of digits, permute the digit groups. I don't know how best to describe it so I'll try some psuedocode.
For the string "001222" the digit groups are two 0s, one 1, and three 2s.
permute(groups, permutation):
    if there are no non-empty groups
        print permutation
    else
        for each non-empty group
            permutation += group.digit
            --group.count
            permute(groups, permutation)

By looping over groups rather than all digits, it avoids generating duplicates because each digit can be chosen only once for the next position rather than multiple times. Walking through a random permutation you get
Permutation  Digit Groups

             0: 2, 1: 1, 2: 3  // start
0            0: 1, 1: 1, 2: 3
02           0: 1, 1: 1, 2: 2  // *
021          0: 1, 1: 0, 2: 2  // the 1 group is removed from the set
0212         0: 1, 1: 0, 2: 1
02120        0: 0, 1: 0, 2: 1  // the 0 group is removed from the set
021202       0: 0, 1: 0, 2: 0  // the 2 group is removed from the set

Now unroll back to *.
02           0: 1, 1: 0, 2: 1

Because you are looping over digit groups rather than all the (repeated) digits from the original string, you cannot choose 2 again. This means all the permutations beginning with "02" will be unique because the prefix "02" is generated only once. The same applies throughout the algorithm.
Update
Here's a quick PHP implementation which produces 60 permutations for the input "001222":
function permute(&$groups, &$count, $permutation) {
    $done = true;
    foreach ($groups as &$group) {
        if ($group[1] > 0) {
            --$group[1];
            permute($groups, $count, $permutation . $group[0]);
            ++$group[1];
            $done = false;
        }
    }
    if ($done) {
        echo $permutation . PHP_EOL;
        ++$count;
    }
}

$groups = array(
    array(0, 2),
    array(1, 1),
    array(2, 3),
);
$count = 0;
permute($groups, $count, '');
echo "\nTotal: $count\n";

A: You can create the strings by randomly choosing the count of digits. Like this:
length : int - Total string length
digits : int - maximum digit to include in the string
string : String - the return value
for(i : int from 0 to digits)
{
    remainingChars : int = length - length(string) //remaining chars in string
    remainingDigits : int = digits - i + 1
    count : int = Random from 1 to (remainingChars - remainingDigits + 1)
    Append count times i to the string
}

A: i don't know exactly what you're trying to say, but i once needed a version of permutation where i had a set of numbers like 012 and all the permutations were:
012 021 102 120 201 210
in order to achieve this, i looked up on wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation
to find the algorithm, then i just created a method for it like this:
    public static boolean Permute(int[] a) {
        int k, l, n = a.length -1;
        for (k = n -1; ; k--) {
            if (k == -1)
                return false;
            if (a[k] < a[k + 1])
                break;
        }
        for (l = n; l >= 0; l--) {
            if (a[k] < a[l]) {
                int opt = a[l];
                a[l] = a[k];
                a[k] = opt;
                break;
            }
        }
        for (int i = k + 1, j = n; i < j; i++, j--) {
            int opt = a[i];
            a[i] = a[j];
            a[j] = opt;
        }
        return true;
    }

I can help you if you're more specific

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home » Sen Bernie Sanders Is Suspending His Campaign For President
Sen Bernie Sanders Is Suspending His Campaign For President
Senator Bernie Sanders is suspending his presidential campaign.
by Ksenija Pavlovic McAteer April 8, 2020 July 13, 2021
On Wednesday, during an all-staff conference call, Sen Bernie Sanders has announced that he is suspending his campaign for the president of the United States.
Sanders will at 11:45 a.m. EDT address supporters during a livestream.
Watch Live: Bernie Sanders Suspends Campaign
DNC Will Never Allow Bernie Sanders To Become President
In "ELECTION 2020"
What Biden's New Campaign Ad Means For 2020
Trump Is leading America Down a Path Of "Authoritarianism," Warns Bernie Sanders
Tagged: 2020 election, Bernie Sanders
Ksenija Pavlovic McAteer
Ksenija Pavlovic is the Founder and Editor-in-Chief of the Pavlovic Today, The Chief White House Correspondent. Pavlovic was a Teaching Fellow and Doctoral Fellow in the Political Science department...	More by Ksenija Pavlovic McAteer