text:
Project Partner – Amorph Systems
Project Partner – Carr Communications
Project Partner – CERTH
Project Partner – Continental
Project Partner – Finn-Power
Project Partner – TUC
Project Partner – UTRC
Project Partner – VIS
Project Partner – VTT
Deliverables & Downloads
News & Updates, Project News
Joint Press Release with FoF-4 Projects
European Projects Put Workers at the Centre of Future Manufacturing
Wednesday 21st March 2018: Today, industry in Europe provides 50 million direct jobs[1]. This accounts for 20% of our workforce, and over half of our exports. Although there are currently high levels of automation in the manufacturing industry, people remain central to operations.
Five projects, funded under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme – A4BLUE, Factory2Fit, HUMAN, INCLUSIVE, and MANUWORK – are developing solutions for manufacturing work environments that adapt to each individual worker. In the past, people were expected to adapt to machine requirements. Now, automation systems are being developed that can recognise the users, remember their capabilities, skills and preferences, and adapt accordingly. Adaptation can also make work organisation more flexible so that individual preferences are taken into account in task distribution. New automation approaches, with workers at the centre, will complement people's capabilities and ensure higher performance, adaptability and quality.
The solutions currently being developed by these five research projects will bring a wide range of benefits for workers, employers, and wider industry in Europe, including:
Increased adaptability to provide workers with personalised tasks
Improved quality of products and increased productivity
Increased worker satisfaction
Stronger global position of industry in Europe through higher social acceptance levels
As the five projects entered the second year of their three-year duration in autumn 2017, they teamed up to form a cluster. Based on the common goals they are working towards, the cluster is a forum for sharing projects' knowledge, progress, and results as they emerge. By combining their efforts, A4BLUE, Factory2Fit, HUMAN, INCLUSIVE, and MANUWORK hope to achieve greater impact and wider adoption of these new developments in advanced manufacturing systems. In the coming months, the cluster will be setting up a website to share news and updates. More information about each of the projects in the cluster can be found below.
More information about the projects in the cluster can be found below:
A4BLUE aims to develop new adaptive workplaces that respond to workers' profiles and to the changing manufacturing environment. The A4BLUE innovations will allow safe human-machine interaction while ensuring efficient execution of tasks. Moreover, workers will benefit from personalized assistance which will support them to perform manufacturing tasks and training activities through virtual/augmented reality and collaborative knowledge sharing platforms. A4BLUE is currently working on the implementation of different demonstrators for the validation of the envisioned concept, which focuses on three aspects of new workplaces. "First, adaptation at the workplace where, for example, a robot that collaborates with the worker adapts its movements according to the person's profile," says Jon Larreina, the A4BLUE project coordinator. "Second, new ways for interaction where the worker can communicate seamlessly with automation mechanisms through natural speaking or gestures. And finally, a sustainable incorporation of automation at the workplace that considers not only costs and productivity but also workers' satisfaction, which guarantees its successful adoption through time."
The solutions developed in Factory2Fit will engage and empower future factory workers and bring increased worker motivation, satisfaction and productivity by giving the worker motivating feedback of his/her wellbeing and work performance, and adapting the work environment according to personal skills and preferences. The solutions also engage workers to share knowledge, participate in designing their work, and take responsibility of their own learning and skills development. "Factory2Fit aims to radically increase the potential for factory workers to influence their work," said Factory2Fit Project Coordinator Dr Eija Kaasinen from VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. "Factory2Fit's solutions will make the factory environment more flexible and adaptable. The solutions will also allow workers to take responsibility for their own wellbeing and skills development, as well as provide tools to share their tacit knowledge. As well as benefitting the workers themselves, the Factory2Fit solutions will bring a range of benefits for employers and the wider European manufacturing industry," said Dr Kaasinen.
HUMAN aims at developing a platform that is contextually aware of both the factory and the human operator, identifying when an intervention is required in order to support the operator in performing their tasks with the desired quality, whilst ensuring their well-being. The preliminary analysis of needs yielded to four distinct use cases of interest called services. The approach taken in HUMAN towards requirements gathering used co-creation methodologies and design thinking principles, engaging with stakeholders from the multidisciplinary HUMAN consortium, including the end-user organizations. "We are now focusing on the development of the first demos of the services", states Dr. Hans Torvatn, senior researcher at SINTEF research institute in Trondheim, and project coordinator. "Testing will be conducted both in labs and in real life settings, enabling us to get direct feedback from end users as well as experience first hand differences between lab settings and real life. Through this tested combination of services and intervention mechanisms to trigger, HUMAN aims to reach its goal to offer support to the creation of workplaces where automation and human workers operate in harmony to improve the productivity, quality and performance of the factory as well as the worker satisfaction and safety."
INCLUSIVE aims at covering the increasing gap between machine complexity and user capabilities by developing a smart and innovative HMI that accommodates to the workers' skills and flexibility needs, by compensating their limitations (due to age, disabilities or inexperience) and by taking full advantage of their experience. To achieve this, the developed HMI system needs to be able to measure the sustainable cognitive load of the human operator, to adapt the automation functions and support and train low skilled operators to accomplish a complex automation task properly, also by integrating a virtual environment and an industrial social network. "We are now working at the definition of the adaptation principles and the design of the training tool," is the comment by Prof. Cesare Fantuzzi, Full Professor at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and Project Coordinator. "The INCLUSIVE project will introduce a revolutionary change from the current belief that 'the human learns how the machine works', to the future scenario in which 'the machine adapts to the human capability, accommodating to her/his own time and features'. The final goal is to create an inclusive and flexible working environment for any operator, taking into account multiple cultural background, skills, age and different abilities."
MANUWORK aims to focus on the development of an integrated platform for the management of manufacturing workplaces of the future that will be characterized by the complementarity between humans and automation. MANUWORK develops human-automation load balancing methods that determine the optimal trade-off between automation and human involvement at a shop-floor workplace, taking into account the needed flexibility for the process, the available skills (offered both from human and machines), a safe integration of humans and automation into the process and the overall load of the line. "We want the production system to be able to adapt in order to compensate for human limitations, disabilities for example, thus ensuring a socially sustainable working environment without compromising production targets." says Dr. Kosmas Alexopoulos for Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems & Automation (LMS) coordinating the MANUWORK project.
A4BLUE, http://a4blue.eu/
FACTORY2FIT, https://factory2fit.eu/
HUMAN, http://www.humanmanufacturing.eu/
INCLUSIVE, http://www.inclusive-project.eu/
MANUWORK, http://www.manuwork.eu/
[1] 'Industry in Europe – Facts & Figures on Competitiveness & Innovation 2017': https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/354c1e8b-1db0-11e7-aeb3-01aa75ed71a1
Download the joint press release here.
March 21, 2018 /by Linda Henriksson
Tags: ACE Factories, augmented reality, EU, EU industry, Factories of the Future, factory work, Factory2Fit, Horizon 2020, human computer interaction, human factors, industrial union, industrial work, industry, industry 4.0, manufacturing, manufacturing simulation, production management, Research, smart factory, training, virtual factory, virtual reality, workers
https://i0.wp.com/factory2fit.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/FOF-04-2016-Continuous-adaptation-of-work-environments-with-changing-levels-of-automation-in-evolving-production-systems-1.png?fit=1024%2C512&ssl=1 512 1024 Linda Henriksson https://factory2fit.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/F2F-Logo_web2-05.png Linda Henriksson2018-03-21 13:11:322019-02-22 14:58:37Joint Press Release with FoF-4 Projects
ACE Cluster Technical Collaboration Webinars
Factory2Fit Spotlight Feature - R&D Manager Fernando Ubis
New Publication: Computers and Industrial Engineering
Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference
The first ACE Factories newsletter is out
Factory2Fit Spotlight Feature - Judith Kieran
The Worker Feedback Dashboard is Being Piloted with Factory Operators at PRP and Elekmerk
Berlin Summer School for Human Factors
Search F2F
Factory2Fit Twitter
Factory2Fit
Empowering and participatory adaptation of factory automation to fit for workers
Numerous images used on this site are © Continental GmBH and are used with permission. All rights reserved. No unauthorised reproduction permitted without written consent.
The Factory2Fit project has received funding from Horizon 2020 (H2020/2014-2020), the European Union's Programme for Research and Innovation under grant agreement n° 723277
© Copyright - Factory2Fit 2016
University students collaborate with Factory2Fit CERTH at the 2nd International Symposium on Small-scale Intelligent Manufacturing...


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[![Total Downloads](https://img.shields.io/packagist/dt/cakephp/core.svg?style=flat-square)](https://packagist.org/packages/cakephp/core)
[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg?style=flat-square)](LICENSE.txt)

# CakePHP Core Classes

A set of classes used for configuration files reading and storing.
This repository contains the classes that are used as glue for creating the CakePHP framework.

## Usage

You can use the `Configure` class to store arbitrary configuration data:

```php
use Cake\Core\Configure;
use Cake\Core\Configure\Engine\PhpConfig;

Configure::write('Company.name','Pizza, Inc.');
Configure::read('Company.name'); // Returns: 'Pizza, Inc.'
```

It also possible to load configuration from external files:

```php
Configure::config('default', new PhpConfig('/path/to/config/folder'));
Configure::load('app', 'default', false);
Configure::load('other_config', 'default');
```

And Write the configuration back into files:

```php
Configure::dump('my_config', 'default');
```

## Documentation

Please make sure you check the [official documentation](https://book.cakephp.org/3.0/en/development/configuration.html)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


An automated stretch wrapper saves materials. There is less waste and no loose ends. Accidental spills are less likely, as the automated stretch wrapper starts and finishes at the top, stabilizing the load before it speeds up. Light loads, and unbalanced loads, are no longer a problem. Why not look here and decide to order your best dissertation about an automatic stretchwrapper over an employee? Use this site to do it https://phdify.com/.
Safety is always a concern in business. An automated stretch wrapper can reduce accidents. The safest place for a forklift operator is seated in, or standing on the forklift. Every time the operator gets off and stoops down, the chance for an accident or injury increases.
Stretch wrapping, with an automated stretch wrapper, can be done without the operator having to move from the forklift. The stretch wrapper can be started and stopped remotely, and the machine does the cutting.
The money saved on labor can offset the cost of purchasing an automated stretch wrapper. This is not to mention the unseen costs that cannot be calculated until after they occur. Things like illness and accidents are hard to predict, and can eat up profit.
You can operate with fewer employees on the floor, and the time saved can be put to a profitable use. Employees using the machine will have more energy to perform their other duties.
Employees who are cleaning up a spill, or re-stacking a load, are more likely to be injured as they are performing unexpected work, and working as fast as they can to make up for lost time. Damage to the merchandise is also a frequent result of poor stretch wrapping.
One of the many advantages of automated stretch wrappers is they are easier to load with a forklift. They have no clutter around their base, which makes them more accessible.
They are designed to run on standard one-hundred and ten volt electrical circuits, so they can be placed without a lot of the problems normally associated with adding new equipment. They use a small amount of electricity compared to the work they perform, so they save on energy costs as well.
When you consider overall savings, plus employee safety, and loading efficiency, an automated stretch wrapper can solve more than your stretch wrapping needs.


With delivery of release 3.0 of the new Data Management Modules DMM R2 and PMD R2 on 16 November 2017, the development project was officially completed and introduced into regular operation. Over 450 brands have already switched to the new systems and benefit from reference data that is updated and expanded monthly. The remaining brands must complete the changeover by 31 March 2018.
Further development of DMM R2 and PMD R2 does not stop with completion of the development project, however. It continues in regular operation with unchanged team strength. But the software delivery cycle for the upcoming year will change: four releases will be delivered in 2018. In December 2017, all customers will be informed about the exact delivery dates for the upcoming year.
Jochen Koenig, head of the roll-out project at TecAlliance, is very satisfied with the development. "Completion of the development project and switchover of the first 450 brands were important milestones. The new data management modules DMM R2 and PMD R2 are and will continue to be a crucial component of successful data management; they are the only way we can supply the data suppliers with monthly updated reference data. And in the future, even daily updates will be possible with the new systems," says Koenig.
The switchover to the new TecAlliance Data Management Modules (DMM R2, PMD R2) has been in full swing since September 2017. With these tools, TecAlliance data providers can record, import and export their data; link to TecAlliance Vehicle ID, TecAlliance Article ID etc.; check their data against the TecDoc standard; and submit it to the TecDoc Catalogue database. In the new systems, the reference data has been updated and expanded monthly since July 2017. This enables all changes to reach the market much more quickly.
To make the changeover to the new systems as smooth as possible, all customers were contacted by TecAlliance by telephone in recent weeks. The project was planned jointly and customers supported during the testing and changeover.


This mobile safety products franchise is one of the best. See why and see if this is the right one for you. Low start up costs!!
Glove Lady is a highly profitable, turn-key, mobile franchise.
The Glove Lady is America's leading provider of specialty gloves and safety products to the commercial and corporate marketplace.
Glove Lady has quickly established itself as a low cost franchise opportunity that can afford you personal and financial freedom with a proven economic model.
Be your own boss by joining one of today's few successful and legitimate work from home businesses.


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text:
Spears, arrows and tears gas – Indigenous people clash with Brazilian police over land rights
Some 4,000 aboriginal people and supporters took part in the protest that focused on land boundaries for indigenous reservations.
By Alex Wheeler
Indigenous people clashed with police in the Brazilian capital of Brasilia on Tuesday (25 April), during a protest against farmer's intrusion on territory. Wearing traditional headdresses and their bodies covered in paint, the indigenous people, along with supporters were blocked by police from climbing a ramp that led into the Congresso Nacional building, which was when the clashes erupted. Riot police fired rubber bullets and tear gas, while tribe members shot spears and arrows in return.
Brazilian indigenous people take part in a demonstration Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters
Speaking to Reuters, Sonia Guajajara, a coordinator for the march, said that some 4,000 indigenous people and supporters took part in the protest."We carried 200 coffins symbolising the genocide and deaths of indigenous peoples at the hands of the authorities allied to agribusiness," she said.
The march was focused around a legislation that would give the last word on deciding land boundaries for indigenous reservations to Congress, where a powerful farm lobby holds sway. Currently, Brazil's president Michel Temer retains the power to set such boundaries. Guajajara also told Reuters the violent police response was nothing compared to that suffered by indigenous people in territories where deadly clashes continue over disputed land.
A man looks on during a demonstration against the violation of indigenous people's rights Gregg Newton/Reuters
Riot police fire tear gas at Indigenous people as they protest for their rights Evaristo Sa/AFP
People take part in a demonstration against the violation of indigenous people's rights Gregg Newton/Reuters
A riot policeman points his gun those taking part in a demonstration against the violation of indigenous people's rights, Gregg Newton/Reuters
Indigenous people hold mock coffins during a march for their rights Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters
A demonstrator throws a mock coffin Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters
Dozens of indigenous people are killed each year in Brazil – in fights with farmers and ranchers over land, often in the relatively lawless Amazon region, where hired gunmen have been used to push the indigenous off resource-rich reserves.
A police spokesman told the Associated Press that protesters got too close to a large fountain of water on the esplanade in front of congress in Brasilia. "The Indians did not comply with the agreement they made with police" about the boundaries of the protest, a police statement said. "They were threatening to invade Congress."
Raoni Metuktire, a leader of the Brazilian indigenous ethnic Kayapo people, leads the crowd Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters
An indigenous woman looks on during the demonstrations Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters
An indigenous woman is seen in the crowd Ueslei Marcelino/Reuters
Demonstrators denied that, saying police were just looking for an excuse to remove them. They said that police had agreed the protesters could come close to the fountain and that the march was peaceful.
"Unfortunately, the brute force of the police caused this," Kleber Karipuna, a protester who came to Brasilia from the northern state of Amapa, who spoke to AP. "It's natural that three thousand Indians are going to respond" with spears and arrows. Protesters said at least four people were arrested in the clash. Police did not provide details.
Indigenous women take part in the annual march for their rights Evaristo Sa/AFP
Indigenous people from diverse ethnic groups get into the lake in front of the Congress building with mock coffins Evaristo Sa/AFP
Indigenous people look on during the demonstration Gregg Newton/Reuters
World Penguin Day 2017: 24 photos to celebrate the flightless sea bird
Winners of the 2017 Anja Niedringhaus Courage in Photojournalism Award for women photographers
Donald Trump's first 100 days: The 100 best (or worst) photos of the US President
Related topics : Brazil Politics Pictures

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


and listening to nature's tunes.
and a gaggle of geese overhead.
swim about in chaos fashion.
but it would be too kind to say I tried.
of a smelly, worn-out leather boot.
And to my surprise, there was a nice-sized bass.


text:
Tennessee River Run marks 15 years
Maranda Faris
The Jackson Sun
Darryl Worley still remembers telling his manager 15 years ago that he wanted to start working with a charity to benefit his hometown.
"I didn't have a clue what I was getting into, not an ounce," Worley said. "I've learned along the way that if you do big charity work for your hometown, then everybody else is going to want you to do one for their hometown too."
In the years since, the Tennessee River Run concert, scheduled for Oct. 8, has featured Worley and other country stars as a benefit to the Daryl Worley Foundation.
"I don't know if I thought it would last this long," Worley said. "We continue to grow. I personally believe that that's because we're doing something amazing and good, and it's been blessed."
The Darryl Worley Foundation is a local nonprofit in Savannah, Worley's hometown, that donates money raised through annual events to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, LeBonheur Children's Medical Center and the Darryl Worley Cancer Treatment Center.
"We're taking on new ideas, and this has lasted 15 years, and it's amazing," Worley said.
The foundation began as a way to help people in and around Hardin County who needed help — from house fires to illnesses, Worley wanted to provide whatever help the foundation could.
PHOTO GALLERY: Darryl Worley and Friends
"We take care of the people in our region who are in need, and when I say that, it might be that their house burned down or they were in a horrible car accident and didn't have insurance," he said. "That was kind of like the beginning of all of this. We sought out people that really were in need and were less fortunate than we are."
The program then expanded to include the cancer center, located in the Hardin County Medical Center, which continues to grow and provide care throughout the area, Worley said.
"The whole cancer thing started to well up in everybody's heart. I guess the idea for it came from me because of what my family's been through," Worley said. "With the help of the good Lord, we've saved a lot of lives, and we've brought comfort to a lot of homes and families."
But Worley said the foundation hopes to keep expanding to include rehabilitation for young adults with drug and alcohol addiction in Hardin County and the surrounding areas.
"We're still looking into the wellness factor. The bottom line is we'd like to do something here locally to help our youth and younger people who are battling drug and alcohol issues," he said. "We started thinking it was a wellness center, and maybe it still is, but after talking to people and doing a lot of research, I think this sober living facility that we're working on would be the thing that would help the most."
Worley headlines Hitmakers and Harleys
The concert in October is scheduled to include country singers Chuck Wicks, Kellie Pickler and Randy Houser, along with Worley. Gates open at noon, and the day will include children's games, food and crafts, and the concert will begin at 3:30 p.m.
Tickets are on sale at tnriverrun.org for $25 each, and admission for children 12 and younger is free.
Reach Maranda at (731) 425-9657. Follow her on Twitter: @MarandaFaris


The Gay Men's Chorus of Los Angeles (GMCLA,) The Broad Stage and Speak Theater Arts today announced the participants for The Laramie Project, Ten Years Later...an Epilogue on October 12th at 7:30 pm at The Eli and Edythe Broad Stage in Santa Monica -- based on the original work from Moises Kaufamn's Tectonic Theater Project.
Chicks, Rodgers and Hammerstein, Bob Dylan, and Sons of the Pioneers.
Recording artist Randi Driscoll will also perform live.
bullying and violence against LGBT students. General admission tickets here. VIP tickets here.
Resnick. The event is hosted by author Resnick and Laurie Frank.
Oleander) actress Victoria Tennant and film/TV director Allison Anders.


Yet another year, this winter, air pollution hits countries in the Balkan region hard – most of them for many consecutive days struggle with air pollution that is unhealthy to breathe. New World Health Organization (WHO) data shows that Macedonia has the highest premature death rate associated with air pollution in EU and Balkans combined, followed by Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia.
Concretely, these numbers mean that in 2016 air pollution led to 4,388 premature deaths in Serbia, 2,793 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1,702 in Macedonia and 489 in Montenegro.
Peak smog events in the Western Balkans can last for days. This winter, Belgrade, the Serbian capital, has on some days had the worst air quality worldwide. The air in Skopje, Macedonia, was not much better either.
Citizens in the Balkans are raising their voices against health harming air pollution. In 2018, thousands of citizens in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, took to the streets to demand that authorities find long-term solutions to persistent bad air quality in the city. The same happened in other cities across the region: in Pljevlja in Montenegro, Bitola, Skopje and Tetovo in Macedonia, and Pristina in Kosovo.
Already in 2015, Serbian doctors have called to end coal powered energy production to improve air quality, to reduce the incidence of respiratory, cardiovascular and other diseases related to air pollution, and to reduce long-term economic costs for the health system.
But the situation has not improved – national and local authorities are doing little to nothing to tackle air pollution.
Sporadically, there are some good examples and attempts to implement concrete actions on improving air quality. For example, Sarajevo issues warnings asking residents to adopt non-polluting means of transportation and to reduce their outdoor activity, particularly during morning and evening hours when smog pollution is at its worst. While some cities like Jagodina, Serbia, offer free public transport.
But there is such a lack of structural changes and decisions for long term implementation that the overall air quality problem remains very bad year after year. The economic repercussion are ignored by the region's governments.
According to WHO figures, the South East Europe region is losing the equivalent of 19% of its GDP to costs associated with premature deaths caused by air pollution.
Main contributors to poor air quality in the region are the burning of coal in thermal power plants (TPPs), for electricity production, household burning of fossil fuels or biomass, and transport.
Artificially low prices hide the true cost of fossil fuel powered energy – they do not take into account the attached environmental and health costs. All of us pay twice for fossil fuel subsidies – once when scarce public funds are used to subsidise outdated fossil fuel energy and secondly when society deals with the health costs associated with burning fossil fuels.
Despite the nearly a decade-old commitment to end such financial support a recent Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL) report reveals that on average the health costs associated with fossil fuels are over six times higher than the subsidies .
Coal phase out should have been underway for years, but at the latest as of 2018, the countries of the Western Balkans need to start reducing their emissions for large combustion plants and align national laws and rules with EU ones.
Today, the Western Balkans countries are home to the most polluting plants in the whole of Europe. Annual emissions from the 16 coal power plants (16 GW) in the Western Balkans are almost as high as from the 296 existing coal plants (156 GW) in the EU-28 .
Controlling air pollution from coal power plants is a huge opportunity to save 6,460 lives and EUR 2,724 million in healthcare costs in the next decade.
In order to seize the huge health savings, Western Balkans governments need to start setting up pollution control measures and the rapid phase out of coal should be advanced, by closing all old coal plants and not building new ones, and ending all public financing for coal.


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You are here: Home / How to Increase Your Skills as a Writer / Patent Career / How to Increase Your Skills as a Writer
How to Increase Your Skills as a Writer
July 2, 2019 /in Patent Career /by Editorial Staff
The most effective patent agents and patent attorneys appreciate how important great legal drafting is. Instead of gimmicks and tricks, they heed the fundamentals of legal writing. Legal preparation is about the recipient, not the drafter.
That concept should be the starting point of all documents produced. The best advocates possess the talent of expressing a complex subject in simple terms. Appreciating a subtle message one word sends over another is also a skill owned by those who write quality legal documents.
In the legal profession, writing skills are among the most significant attributes. Words are used to instruct, persuade, inform, and advocate. Mastering the art requires time and patience. Writing well is necessary for your success. Therefore, spending a little time to improve your writing skills is well worth the time. Here are some tips to use to hone legal writing skills.
Keep the Audience in Mind
Every word should be tailored to the reader's interest. The same message and research can vary significantly in tone and content in a document for two different readers. Court-submitted papers persuade and advocate toward an outcome.
A memorandum sent to a client analyzes the issues, reports the status of the law, and recommends appropriate action to be taken. Always keep the audience in mind when drafting a written document.
Journal readers, opponents, colleagues, clients, and judges have different knowledge, perspectives, and experiences. The more understanding you have of the specific audience, the easier it is to write. Sometimes, you have to cater to more than one audience.
Even short documents require good structure. The framework dramatically impacts the effect. A meaningful and deliberate structure must be considered. Successful legal writing must be organized.
Visual clues create a road-map that guides the reader. Traditional phrases such as 'in addition,' 'however,' 'furthermore, and 'moreover' at the beginning of a paragraph introduce a subject. The use of headings and subheadings followed by an introductory sentence breaks the text into blocks.
Each paragraph should focus on one topic. A concluding paragraph or sentence sums up the message. Complex documents may have multiple points. Young lawyers tend to graduate with a talent for stringing concepts together.
Three or more ideas are found within a single sentence. When a point needs making, make it. Make the next point separate from the first. An organized document leads the reader through the text and promotes readability.
Young lawyers, in particular, find getting a product such as a submission, a brief to a barrister, pleading, or letter signed off by a supervisor to be a burden. The frustration lies not in the conclusions reached or legal points but requests for changes in form.
Generally, the look and feel of court documents are set. The content still requires important consideration. Use feedback to avoid future mistakes. Keep in mind what a supervisor finds unclear and the questions that are asked.
Do clients call confused after receiving a letter? The solution may be changing your writing style. Ask yourself what matters more, getting signed off on a product or maintaining your style. Long-winded, waffling legal letters are the worst drafting style.
That style lacks a discernible point. The many delightful and eloquent words used fail to establish the position. It is lost in an unnecessary maze of ink. The writer must know the point of the document in advance. It assures drafting is refined and targeted to an end.
Avoid Legal Jargon and Phrases
Legalese makes a document archaic, stilted, and abstract. Examples include 'wherein,' 'heretofore,' 'herewith,' and 'aforementioned.' Use clear and simple terms instead of jargon and legalese.
In the interest of clarity, read the document to a colleague or substitute simple, concrete terms for abstract words. 'Received the letter' is more succinct than 'receipt of correspondence.' An attempt is being made to explain why an approach to a set of facts should be accepted when applying the law.
All parties know the law and will know the asserted facts. The submission will be materially different. A writer of a court document is charged with making a side of an argument persuasive while ensuring compliance with the duties of honesty and frankness. The job of the writer is to persuade rather than to advise.
Every word needs to contribute to the message. Keep it simple. Eliminate redundancies, shorten complex sentences, and omit extraneous words. Deleting unnecessary words add impact and clarify the meaning of phrases.
Concise use of language and simplicity of expression is essential. Simplicity is more powerful than complexity. The authenticity of expression is a critical component in developing relationships. Unless called for, phrases such as 'court submissions' and 'pleadings' should be avoided. The writing style should be as authentic as possible. Clients appreciate it.
Make Use of Action Verbs
Action verbs make legal prose vivid, dynamic, and compelling. They add punch to the writing. Verbs bring prose to life. Saying a client lied is better than saying he was untruthful. "Bolted' is better than 'came quickly.' 'Enraged' is a stronger usage than 'very angry.'
Do not use passive voice. Passive voice uses two-word verb phrases. The usage eliminates the verb's subject. Active voice lets the reader know who commits the act and clarifies a message. As an example, substitute 'counsel missed the deadline' for 'the deadline was missed' or 'the defendant committed a crime' for 'a crime was committed.'
Legal writing contains a call to action. The writer may want the judge to issue particular orders, the other party to accept demands, or a client to give specific instructions. A critical element is missing if at the end of the document precisely what should happen is not clear.
Proofread and Edit
Whether you are looking at academic writing, business writing, writing a short story, or, of course, writing legal documents, another way to improve your writing skills is to edit the work ruthlessly. Omit unnecessary words and rewrite for clarity and you will become a good writer soon enough. Proofreading is especially crucial in writing legal documents. Grammar errors, punctuation, and spelling errors in submitted court documents undermine credibility as a professional.
Parts of a document that receive the least attention often contain the most errors. Components include the footer, reference parts, subject line, and address block. Check for missing words, plurals, and apostrophes. Forgetting the word 'not' can be catastrophic. Attention to these details polishes the final product and is the first step to improving your writing skills.
https://www.patenteducationseries.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/technical-writer-800.jpg 534 800 Editorial Staff https://www.patenteducationseries.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/logo-centric-bw.png Editorial Staff2019-07-02 08:02:022018-08-27 10:26:47How to Increase Your Skills as a Writer
MPEP Q & A 175: Concepts Related to Tracking or Organizing Information MPEP Q & A 176: What Does a Petition Under 37 C.F.R. 1.78 Require?


VATICAN CITY (CNS) — Humanity does not own God's gift of creation and has no right to pillage it, Pope Francis said.
"We are not custodians of a museum and its masterpieces that we have to dust off every morning, but rather collaborators in the conservation and development of the existence and biodiversity of the planet and human life," he said Nov. 28.
The pope addressed experts attending a plenary session of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences Nov. 25-29 to discuss the impact of scientific knowledge and technology on people and the planet.
People in the modern world have grown up "thinking we are the owners and masters of nature, authorized to plunder it without any consideration for its secret potential and evolutionary laws, as if it were an inert substance at our disposal, causing, among other things, a very serious loss of biodiversity," he said.
An "ecological conversion" is needed in which people recognize their responsibility for caring for creation and its resources, for trying to bring about social justice and for overcoming "an unfair system that produces misery, inequality and exclusion," the pope said. In fact, with sustainable development, the tasks of taking care of both people and the planet are inseparable, he said.
The pope said there was a "weak response" in most international policies to promoting the common good.
He lamented how easily well-founded scientific counsel is "disregarded" and how politics tends to obey technology and finance instead.
To do that, he said, the scientists would have to be free of political, economic and ideological interests, too.
Because scientists have been able to study and demonstrate many crises facing the planet, the pope called on them to be leaders in proposing solutions to the many problems, such as water, energy and food security.


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These cables are used for electricity supply in low voltage installation system. They are suitable for installation in indoors and outdoors, in cable ducts, under ground, in power and switching stations, local energy distributions, industrial plants, where chemicals may be present.
For detailed data for this cable, welcome to go to the DOWNLOAD area for document download or online viewing.


Janet Yellen prepares to shed one of the last vestiges of the Great Recession.
It's rare that a meeting of the U.S. Federal Reserve's wonkish Federal Open Market Committee, which sets U.S. interest rates, can be considered historic. But that will be the case Wednesday, when Fed chief Janet Yellen is widely expected to raise the cost of borrowing in the United States for the first time in a decade, shedding one of the last vestiges of the the Great Recession.
The Fed hasn't raised American interest rates since 2006, and they've been near zero since 2008. The reason for this is simple: The United States wanted to make the cost of cash dirt cheap as an incentive for consumers and investors to borrow money. That, in turn, spurred economic growth, allowing the United States to emerge from the global economic slowdown that began in 2008.
The Fed strategy worked; the U.S. economy is growing modestly — the World Bank expects it to grow by 2.7 percent this year — and the unemployment rate is at 5 percent, down from 10 percent at the depths of the recession in October 2009. Now, Wall Street analysts, Fed watchers, and futures markets alike overwhelmingly believe this free ride will end Wednesday; CME Group's FedWatch Tool put the probability of a half-percent rate hike at 81 percent as of 4:30 p.m. ET Tuesday. The increase has been expected since March 2015, and Yellen hinted earlier this month it is likely to come Wednesday afternoon.
The two-day Fed meeting began Tuesday.
The zero-interest-rate policy is one of the last major programs the federal government used to rescue the U.S. economy after the 2008 collapse of Lehman Brothers put the global financial order in serious peril. After Lehman's fall, the Treasury Department forced other U.S. banks to borrow billions of dollars to shore up finances, which were shaky after the collapse of the American housing market. In November 2008, the Fed began a process known as quantitative easing, which, over the years, inserted $3.5 trillion into the U.S. economy. That plan ended in October 2014.
The impact of the expected rate hike won't be felt by consumers immediately, because it likely will be between .25 and .50 percent. But according to Robert R. Johnson, president and CEO of the American College of Financial Services, it's an important symbolic step that shows confidence by the U.S. central bank.
It's also a sign the Fed believes the threat of spillover from the global economic slowdown, as well as lingering financial crises around the world, has lessened. This summer, Greece teetered on the edge of bankruptcy and the Shanghai Composite Index dropped 40 percent as part of a broader Chinese slowdown. Minutes from the Fed's June 16-17 policy-setting committee meeting indicated it wasn't ready to raise interest rates because of fears of contagion from China and Greece. In July, September, and again in October, Yellen kept the rates near zero.
Others aren't so sure. David Wessel, director of the Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy at the Brookings Institute, told FP he understands the argument for raising rates. But he still thinks it's too early.


text:
The GLOOB
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Grace Snelling and Lila Taylor
Lila Taylor (left) and Grace Snelling (right), editors-in-chief.
Michael Melinger
As summer draws to a close and we begin our senior year at CHS, we find ourselves looking back on who we were as incoming freshmen and how dramatically we've changed.
On the first day of freshman year, we walked into the building feeling nervous and out of place. Neither of us knew where any of our classrooms were, and we had to get directions from an upperclassman to our first period English class with Mrs. Hamilton. We made sure to avoid the main staircase on the way because, according to a friend's brother, it was "only for juniors and seniors" (we later learned that this was completely false).
This was the first of many surprises that we encountered that year.
From Grace:
When I entered freshman year, I expected to be overwhelmed by new stresses and responsibilities. To me, the gap between middle and high school was a monumental thing; high schoolers, according to the mind of an anxious eighth grader, were adults, whereas I was still a child. My imagination was plagued with images of 20 page exams, caffeine-fueled all nighters and a stratified cafeteria class system. And while, realistically, the first few weeks of school were difficult, I quickly discovered that CHS was not the alien landscape that I expected it to be.
For starters, academics did not suddenly become an insurmountable challenge. I've yet to encounter a normal exam with pages in the double digits, and my bedtime typically lands around 9:30. I have never once pulled an all nighter, and I quit coffee near the beginning of my sophomore year. Most surprisingly, I only ever enter the cafeteria to buy the occasional orange juice, and I certainly wouldn't be able to break down the social implications of its usual seating arrangements if asked.
However, above all, high school has taught me important lessons about myself.
In my first year at CHS, I was insecure in my own abilities and, even as I succeeded in most areas, considered my grades and achievements to be lucky flukes. Despite constant proof of the merits of my hard work, my anxiety before tests was almost paralyzing and I was perpetually convinced that I had failed.
It took comforting words from Mrs. Hamilton, pats on the back from my tennis coach, Rich, encouraging pre-test speeches from Mrs. Dobbert and support from many others to convince me that my efforts were good enough. These people have truly shifted the lens through which I view myself and my capabilities.
Looking back on my growth over these four years, I see the transformation of a nervous and diffident eighth grader into a self-assured adult. I think less about tests, allow myself to feel pride in my achievements and focus more on aspects of my life that truly interest me.
From Lila:
Going into high school, I imagined thousands of kids, all bigger and smarter than me, cramming past each other shoulder-to-shoulder between classes. I pictured a crowded New York City street, with seniors yelling, "Hey! I'm walking here!" and no underground subway to escape to. I felt like everyday would be like Black Friday shopping—everyone for themselves.
As a result of this warped view of what high school would be, I began to join things left and right: french club, medical club, volunteen, sports and, finally, newspaper. I had a friend who convinced me to sign up along with her. I thought that becoming a part of so many things would help this giant school seem a little bit smaller.
I remember having my first story idea. I was speaking up during one of the Globe lunch meetings, and I told Mrs. Sucher-O'Grady that I wanted to try my hand at something about the upcoming Centene construction. She smiled and told me that the Centene project would be the cover story for the issue. I nodded, feeling disappointed that I wouldn't be able to cover my first idea. That is, until she clarified that no story opportunity was off limits to enthusiastic new writers, and invited me to work on it with a team of upperclassmen.
I had never felt more important than when I strutted up to the massive Centene skyscraper, dressed in tights and my mother's blazer, to interview one of the corporate heads of a Fortune 500 company. My first interview was amazing, and I made friends with several of the once-intimidating upperclassmen.
Globe didn't just make the school smaller; it made me bigger. The experiences that I've had on staff have allowed me to feel comfortable talking to strangers or starting up new conversations. Through this community, I found both older and younger peers to look up to and model myself after.
Needless to say, Clayton isn't the disconnected microcosm of a busy city that I expected it to be. My peers work together rather than viewing the failures of others as personal successes. It's a community of students and faculty alike.
Grace Snelling, Editor-in-Chief
Grace Snelling is a senior and is Editor-In-Chief of the Globe this year. She has previously been a reporter, page editor, and senior managing editor. Throughout her childhood,...
Lila Taylor, Senior Managing Editor
Lila is a junior and this is her third year as a member the Globe staff. She is a senior managing editor and is very excited for the year ahead. She was a feature section editor...
Michael Melinger, Chief Multimedia Editor
Michael Melinger is a Senior at Clayton High School. This is his fourth year on the Globe. He currently serves as the Chief Multimedia Editor for the Globe. This is his third...
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text:
Q: Passing a pointer to an array in a different function in C I am trying to pass a pointer rgb that is initialized with memset to 0 and then looped through to place a 32 bit integer only in the bounds that I create with height and width input (h and w) as well as offset from the top left corner of the 2d array (x and y).  after compiling, I seem to have the value with printf of the pointer just after it was made which gives the correct value (in my case 0xFFFFFF with and input of 255 255 255 for r g b) but after it is passed through to rgb2yuv function, it is set to 0 when I printf there.
Any suggestions would be awesome!
#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<errno.h>
#include<string.h>

/*global definitions*/
#define WIDTH 480
#define HEIGHT 240

/*global declarations*/
int w,h,scrn, bytewrite;
unsigned char  red, green, blue;
static unsigned long rgb[WIDTH][HEIGHT];

/*function declarations*/
void colorq();
void rgb_rectdraw(int x, int y, int w, int h, unsigned char red ,
    unsigned char green, unsigned char blue, unsigned long *rgb);
void rgb2yuv(unsigned long *rgb);

/*
   Function Name: main
   Purpose: main function
*/

int main(int argc, char** argv){
printf("\n");
int x, y;

/*call colorq to create a 32bit number of RGB*/
colorq();

/ *call rgb_rectdraw to draw a rectangle RGB array*/
rgb_rectdraw(x, y, w, h, red, green, blue, rgb);

/*call rgb2yuv to take the RGB array and covert it to a YUV array*/
rgb2yuv(rgb);
return 0;
}

/*
  Function name: color q
  Purpose: asks user to input colors from 0 to 255 in RGB format
*/

void colorq(){
printf("Please enter a color for Red Green and Blue from 0 to 255:\n");
scanf("%hu", &red);
scanf("%hu", &green);
scanf("%hu", &blue);
printf("\n");
return;
}

/*
   Function name: rectdraw
   Purpose: Draws a rectangle array
*/

void rgb_rectdraw(int x, int y, int w, int h,unsigned char red,
    unsigned char green,  unsigned char blue,unsigned long  *rgb){
unsigned long rgbpixel;

/* testing only take out when
   finished debugging why red is always 0 after scanf */
red = 255;
printf("red set to 255 for debugging\n");

/*creates a 32-bit number of RGB*/
rgbpixel = (red<<16)|(green<<8)|blue;
printf("%#x\n",rgbpixel);

/*create array of width w height h*/
/*initialize array*/

memset (rgb, 0,sizeof(HEIGHT*WIDTH));
int i, j, startx, stopx, starty, stopy;

printf("enter width and height of rectangle in pixels\n");
scanf("%d %d", &w, &h);

printf("enter offset x pixels and y pixels of rectangle:\n");
scanf("%d %d", &x, &y);

startx=x;
starty=y;
stopx=x+w;
stopy=y+w;

/* creates array of w and h of int rgh */
for(i=startx; i <= stopx; i++){
   for(j=starty; j <= stopy; j++){
      rgb = rgbpixel;
      }
   j = 0;
   }
printf("original rgb %#x\n",rgb);
return ;
}

/*
 *Function Name: rgb2yuv
 *Purpose: convert the RGB array to a YUV array
 */

void rgb2yuv(unsigned long  *rgb){
int i,j;
printf("ptrpassed = %#x\n",*rgb);
for(i=0; i<=WIDTH;i++){
   for(j=0; j<=HEIGHT; j++){
   }
}
printf("\n");
return;
}

A: This actually has a number of bugs, but your first issue is assigning the pixel value to the array:
   for(i=startx; i <= stopx; i++){
   for(j=starty; j <= stopy; j++){
      rgb = rgbpixel;
      }
   j = 0;
   }

You probably meant something like this:
rgb[i][j] = rgbpixel;

You don't need to reset j to 0 -- the inner for-loop will immediately reset j to starty anyhow.
Also, you're misusing sizeof().  You probably want sizeof(rgb) instead.

A: I went through and basically sorted out all the warts, and explained why.  A lot of it amounts to the fact that if your compiler spits out warnings, you have to listen to them.
/* Changed: Code formatted for my sanity */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>

/*global definitions*/
#define WIDTH 480
#define HEIGHT 240

/*global declarations*/
int w,h,scrn, bytewrite;
/* Changed: to a short because I don't like the fact that I might be overwriting
   memory on accident (in colorq). */
unsigned short red, green, blue;
static unsigned long rgb[WIDTH][HEIGHT];

/* Changed: Some format strings have been changed to get rid of compiler
   warnings. */

/*function declarations*/
void colorq();
/* Changed: Specify the second dimension when you're passing an array. */
void rgb_rectdraw(int x, int y, int w, int h, unsigned char red,
                  unsigned char green, unsigned char blue,
                  unsigned long rgb[][HEIGHT]);
/* Changed: always pass an array of arrays. */
void rgb2yuv(unsigned long rgb[][HEIGHT]);

/*
   Function Name: main
   Purpose: main function
 */

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    printf("\n");
    int x, y;

    /*call colorq to create a 32bit number of RGB*/
    colorq();

    /* call rgb_rectdraw to draw a rectangle RGB array */
    rgb_rectdraw(x, y, w, h, red, green, blue, rgb);

    /* call rgb2yuv to take the RGB array and covert it to a YUV array */
    rgb2yuv(rgb);

    return 0;
}

/*
   Function name: color q
   Purpose: asks user to input colors from 0 to 255 in RGB format
 */

void colorq(){
    /* Suggestion: restructure this method to just take in all its input
       locally, then return a rgbpixel. */

    printf("Please enter a color for Red Green and Blue from 0 to 255:\n");
    scanf("%hu", &red);
    scanf("%hu", &green);
    scanf("%hu", &blue);
    printf("\n");

    return;
}

/*
   Function name: rectdraw
   Purpose: Draws a rectangle array
 */

void rgb_rectdraw(int x, int y, int w, int h,unsigned char red,
                  unsigned char green, unsigned char blue,
                  unsigned long rgb[][HEIGHT])
{
    unsigned long rgbpixel;

    /* testing only take out when
       finished debugging why red is always 0 after scanf */
    red = 255;
    printf("red set to 255 for debugging\n");

    /*creates a 32-bit number of RGB*/
    /* Changed: Added the extra 0xFF masking because of shortness rather than
       charness. */
    rgbpixel = ((red & 0xFF) << 16) | ((green & 0xFF) << 8) | (blue & 0xFF);
    printf("%#lx\n",rgbpixel);

    /*create array of width w height h*/
    /*initialize array*/

    /* Changed: fill the size of one element times the number of elements */
    memset(rgb, 0, sizeof(unsigned long) * HEIGHT * WIDTH);
    int i, j, startx, stopx, starty, stopy;

    printf("enter width and height of rectangle in pixels\n");
    scanf("%d %d", &w, &h);

    printf("enter offset x pixels and y pixels of rectangle:\n");
    scanf("%d %d", &x, &y);

    startx=x;
    starty=y;
    stopx=x+w;
    stopy=y+w;

    /* creates array of w and h of int rgh */
    for(i=startx; i <= stopx; i++){
        for(j=starty; j <= stopy; j++){
            rgb[i][j] = rgbpixel;
        }
        j = 0;
    }
    printf("original rgb %#lx\n", (long unsigned int) rgb);
    return ;
}

/*
 *Function Name: rgb2yuv
 *Purpose: convert the RGB array to a YUV array
 */

void rgb2yuv(unsigned long  rgb[][HEIGHT]){

    int i,j;
    /* Changed: You can't just dereference rgb twice -- you have to use array
       notation here. */
    printf("ptrpassed = %#lx\n", rgb[0][0]);
    for(i=0; i<=WIDTH; i++){
        for(j=0; j<=HEIGHT; j++){
        }
    }
    printf("\n");
    return;
}

A: Why not use a structure? If the code has no intention of being portable you could easily get away with:
struct rgb_bits {
    int red   : 8;
    int green : 8;
    int blue  : 8;
};
union rgb {
    rgb_bits colour;
    long     array;
}

Blanking out the pixel then simply becomes:
union rgb pixel;
pixel.array = 0;

and setting individual colours becomes:
union rgb pixel;
pixel.colour.red   = ...;
pixel.colour.green = ...;
pixel.colour.blue  = ...;

A: Looks like you're storing your single pixel value in the pointer to your data to me:
rgb = rgbpixel;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
10-year-old Plymouth boy named finalist in BIC KIDS Young Artist Award
Authored by News Desk
Posted: Wednesday, September 4, 2019 - 12:35
Ten-year-old Daniel Keeler, from Plymouth, has been crowned as the finalist for the South West region in the 2019 BIC® KIDS Young Artist Award.
After receiving nearly 1500 entries from 5-11 years across the UK and Republic of Ireland for this year's campaign, Daniel impressed the judges with his funky monster design. Daniel's entry will now be published on a large billboard and posters across the region and put forward for a public vote against the other regional finalists between Friday, August 23 and Sunday, September 8, 2019. The public will then decide who wins the overall prize of having their artwork published on billboards nationwide, as well as a creative art party.
Phil Corbett, an illustrator, who sat on the judging panel for this year's campaign, said: "We are delighted to crown Daniel as our regional finalist for South West. The artwork has amazing character design and really tells a story. I want to know more about these cycloptic monsters and how their night on the dance floor pans out. We were wowed by the quality of his submission and we hope that becoming a regional winner encourages Daniel to continue developing his natural talent and technical ability".
"We hope the people of South West get behind Daniel and cast their vote for this talented young artist on the BIC® KIDS Young Artist Award website!"
The BIC® KIDS Young Artist Award celebrates the creativity of children from across the country, giving proud parents across the UK and Republic of Ireland the opportunity to see their child's drawings graduate from the fridge door to billboards. Regional finalists were chosen via an expert judging panel and will now have their artworks used on billboards and posters across the region they represent between Monday, August 26 and Sunday, September 8, 2019.
During this time a public vote will take place at www.bickids.co.uk/youngartist, which will decide the overall champion. The winner's masterpiece will then be used on further billboards and posters nationwide in late September and they will win a creative art party to enjoy with up to 10 friends.


There are several good books and articles about how to use use cases, but little if anything is written on why we use them. For folks who are new to Tyner Blain and Use Cases in general, here is an introduction on how to read a formal use case.
We write use cases for the same reasons that people use our software – to achieve goals. In our case, we want to assure that we are creating the right software. By looking at this high level goal in more detail, we can make decisions that drive the best possible use case creation. Let's apply our product management skills to writing better use cases by writing an MRD for use cases.
We also wrote a series on use cases, including descriptions of formal and informal use cases, as well as use case diagrams. Check out the introduction to brush up on concepts.
We also wrote an article on the importance of validating requirement completeness, as part of our series, Writing Good Requirements – The Big Ten Rules.
Completeness comes from analysis. And our degree of completeness comes from the quality of our analysis. There is no silver bullet, we just have to think. Remembering to validate completeness, and base our decisions on data gets us half-way there, but we have to get ourselves the rest of the way there.
Determining if a goal will be completely achieved is a function of confirming that it will be completely enabled. This requires us to review the use cases that have been written to support the goal (or market requirement).
There are therefore two activities – writing the use cases, and reviewing the use cases. We've already described the activity of writing the use cases to support a market requirement. We only now need to cover the activity of reviewing the use cases.
We will use the format of an informal use case to document this activity.
Trigger: Validation of the completeness of a market requirement is required.
Business Analyst (BA) organizes all use cases that have been identified as supporting the market requirement to be validated for completeness.
BA and Stakeholder (SH) review the goal.
BA and SH confirm that the goal can be achieved solely by performing the assembled use cases.
BA and SH confirm that none of the assembled use cases can be ignored and still achieve the goal.
BA and SH record their agreement that the use cases are both neccessary and sufficient to achieve the goal.
The reviewers are not evaluating the quality of the use cases, and work under the assumption that the use cases are successfully completed. Reviewing the quality or accuracy of the use cases is out of scope for this procedure (but is still required).
If additional use cases are required, the BA and SH will identify their titles and brief descriptions to act as placeholders for the purpose of this review.
If use cases are determined to be redundant or extraneous, their existence must be justified. For example, there may be more than one way to achieve the supported goal. Each method of success must be explicitly valued and prioritized.
The process above tells us what we need to do, but doesn't provide guidance on how to do it. Two common mistakes made when validating completeness are overlooking missing activities, and not discovering alternative activities.
To assure that missing activities are not overlooked, we can imagine playing a game, where the actors in the use cases are only allowed to perform the actions that are documented in the use cases. With one person verbally walking the actor(s) through the steps, the other person will likely find any missing steps. Changing from reading to listening triggers our brains to process the information differently and uncover gaps that we might overlook when reading (because our brains will fill in the gaps in the prose).
To discover alternatives to the documented use cases, we can apply brainstorming techniques. We can start the brainstorming process with a simple question, applied to each use case. "How else could someone possibly achieve the results of this use case?" We must make sure that we don't constrain our answers to the easy, practical, or relevant – these constraints will make it harder for us to stumble upon a novel idea. We can also ask the question "How else could someone possibly achieve the goal?" For this question, answers are allowed to re-use existing use cases or ignore them completely.
While finding a better alternative approach could be a nice surprise, our primary goal is to explore the standing solution approach from all angles, in hopes of finding and strengthening it's weaknesses.
Validating the completeness of a market requirement can be accomplished by reviewing that goal and the use cases that are designed to enabled it. If the use cases are neccessary and sufficient, then the requirement is complete. Brainstorming about alternatives can help us discover issues with completeness that are not obvious from traditional, top-down review. Brainstorming may also uncover a novel and more valuable solution.
This is only the first of the 8 uses for use cases. We will cover the rest of them in the future. Refer back to the original article, The 8 Goals of Use Cases, to find links to further detailed articles.