text:
CREATE Study Concludes Significant Impact on Travel Volume due to Passport Inspection Times
By The Associated Press | Posted - March 10, 2014 at 9:51 a.m.
[STK]
[IN] AIR PAV TRA HMS
[SU] SVY ECO AVO
-- WITH PHOTO -- TO NATIONAL, TRANSPORTATION, AND TRAVEL EDITORS:
CREATE Study Concludes Significant Impact on Travel Volume due to
Passport Inspection Times
LOS ANGELES, March 10, 2014 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The National
Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE)
today released a study that analyzes the impact of passport inspection
times on airline passenger volume at four major U.S. international
airports. The key results of the study reflect the economic impacts
of adding additional CBP (U.S. Customs and Border Protection) - Office
of Field Operations (OFO) officers.
The study finds that, on net, adding 11 officers to the inspection
sites at the four airports is likely to result in an $11.8 million
increase in GDP and 81 additional jobs in an upper-bound case. Adding
sufficient officers to achieve a 50% reduction in wait time is likely
to result in a $95.4 million increase in GDP and 539 additional jobs
in an upper-bound case. Study results also include the value of wait
time saved to existing passengers, with an upper-bound of $9 million
for adding the 11 officers. According to CREATE economist Adam Rose,
"Alleviating traveler bottlenecks at U.S. airports is a sound
investment."
This study extends the research of "The Impact on the U.S. Economy of
Changes in Wait Times At Ports of Entry" completed on March 31, 2013
by a CREATE research team on the economic impacts of wait times at
U.S. ports of entry (see Roberts, et al. 2013). That study concluded
that adding 33 CBP officers (1 at each of the selected 33 land and
airport locations studied) will potentially lead to an increase in GDP
of $61.8 million and employment gains of 1,053 jobs in the U.S.
This new study extends the earlier project in several ways. It
evaluates how change in passport inspection wait time at U.S.
international airports impacts the number of passengers traveling by
air to and from the U.S. It also evaluates trends in the volume of
international air travelers arriving at U.S. airports and implications
for CBP-OFO resources, the impact of passport inspection wait time on
missed flight connections at international airports, and CBP-OFO
management of existing passport inspection resources.
According to lead author Bryan Roberts, "Study results suggest that
CBP-OFO generally manages its available inspection resources well in
response to changing conditions at U.S. airports, and that wait time
outcomes are driven primarily by overall availability of resources and
factors outside of CBP-OFO's control."
This study was completed by a team of CREATE researchers including
Bryan Roberts, Steve McGonegal, Fynnwin Prager, Dan Wei, Adam Rose,
Charles Baschnagel, Timothy Beggs, and Omeed Baghela.
Established in 2004, CREATE is a U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Center of Excellence funded by Science & Technology Directorate,
Office of University Programs, and based at the University of
Southern California in the Sol Price School of Public Policy and the
Viterbi School of Engineering.
Logo - http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130729/LA54344LOGO
SOURCE National Center for Risk & Economic Analysis of Terrorism
Events (CREATE)
-0- 03/10/2014
/CONTACT: Kelly Buccola, gribben@usc.edu, 949-230-2270
/Photo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130729/LA54344LOGO
CO: National Center for Risk & Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE)
ST: California
IN: AIR PAV TRA HMS
SU: SVY ECO AVO
-- DC80003 --
0000 03/10/2014 15:43:00 EDT http://www.prnewswire.com
US judge bars Martin Shkreli from drug industry, orders $64.6 million payment


text:
Seven Yale New Haven Children's subspecialties achieve national recognition from U.S. News & World Report
Diabetes and endocrine service ranked sixth in the nation
New Haven, CT (June 16, 2020) – Yale New Haven Children's Hospital (YNHCH) has been selected among the best children's hospitals in the nation for seven out of ten pediatric subspecialties in the 2020-21 Best Children's Hospitals rankings, published online today by U.S. News & World Report. YNHCH ranked in diabetes and endocrinology (#6); neonatology (#24); nephrology (#29); gastroenterology and GI surgery (#37); pulmonology (#43); neurology and neurosurgery (#45); cancer (#50). Most notably, Neonatology sustained the major gain it made last year, moving up one more notch in the rankings. Nephrology rose an impressive 13 places from 42 to 29.
"Yale New Haven Children's Hospital has once again remained among the elite hospitals for pediatric patients not only in the region but the United States," said Clifford Bogue, MD, physician-in-chief and chief medical officer at YNHCH and chair of pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine. "The outstanding work done by the teams here at Yale New Haven Children's Hospital and across Yale New Haven Health is reflected in these national rankings," said Cynthia Sparer, senior vice president, Operations at Yale New Haven Hospital and executive director, at YNHCH.
"This recognized national expertise means families from across our state and region benefit greatly. Our growth, our nationally-recognized leadership in quality and safety initiatives, and our commitment to recruiting and retaining top medical talent are vital to improving outcomes and providing the best possible care to children and their families."
Yale New Haven Children's Hospital is a national leader in pediatric care with campuses in New Haven and Bridgeport and relationships across the heath system. The network of seven integrated Pediatric Specialty Centers provides access to more than 35 pediatric medical and surgical subspecialties across the region. The centers include: two at Yale New Haven Children's Hospital in New Haven and One Long Wharf in New Haven; 747 Belden Avenue in Norwalk; 500 West Putnam Avenue in Greenwich; 633 Middlesex Turnpike in Old Saybrook and 5520 Park Avenue in Trumbull.
Yale New Haven Children's Hospital (YNHCH) offers Connecticut's largest and most comprehensive array of pediatric services. With 212 licensed beds, YNHCH includes two neonatal intensive care units, a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit, a pediatric intensive care unit, a 24-hour pediatric emergency room and a pediatric surgery center. YNHCH, with campuses in New Haven and Bridgeport, is part of the nationally recognized Yale New Haven Hospital, a 1,541-bed not-for-profit teaching hospital affiliated with Yale School of Medicine. The Yale New Haven Hospital campuses and associated ambulatory sites are Magnet-designated by the American Nurses Credentialing Center. In addition to its inpatient units, YNHCH has three Pediatric Specialty Centers in New Haven and others in Norwalk, Greenwich, Trumbull and Old Saybrook to provide specialty care to children closer to their communities. www.ynhch.org
Yale New Haven Children's Hospital leads Connecticut's efforts to vaccinate children ages 5 to 11 years old
New Haven, CT (Nov. 3, 2021) – Yale New Haven Health (YNHHS) today announced they will begin vaccinating children ages 5 to 11 years old at sites across the state. All vaccinations are by appointment only and can be made now on MyChart, online or by calling 833-275-9644.
Marna Borgstrom to retire in 2022 as CEO of Yale New Haven Health
New Haven, CT (Sept. 15, 2021) – After more than 43 years of exceptional service, Marna P. Borgstom has announced her intent to retire as chief executive officer of Yale New Haven Health. Her retirement is effective on March 25 2022.
Christopher O'Connor to become CEO of Yale New Haven Health
New Haven, CT (Sept. 15, 2021) – Christopher O'Connor has been named the CEO of Yale New Haven Health (YNHHS), effective March 25, 2022 when current CEO Marna P. Borgstrom retires, announced Vince Calarco, Chair of the YNHHS Board of Trustees. O'Connor currently serves as president of the Health System having been named to that position in August of 2020.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I love classics. Music. Film. Clothes. Sir Alex Issigonis' iconic little car. I used to have a light blue one which was my first car. I have such fond memories of it – so simple, so beautiful, and made in the heart of England. I carry this bag with me everywhere and it would have looked perfect next to me on the passenger seat. I'm obsessive about the things I own. A few things of real quality, that I'll use always. I often wish I still had that car.


text:
.. _timelock-installation:

Timelock Server Installation
============================

This guide explains how to install the Timelock server, and to configure existing services to use Timelock Server rather than embedded AtlasDB time and lock services.
The basic method is to first install Timelock without any clients, and then for each existing service, prepare the service and Timelock to talk to each other.

Obtain the Timelock binaries
----------------------------

.. tip::

   Internal consumers can skip these steps.

1. Clone the git repository.

   .. code:: bash

      git clone git@github.com:palantir/atlasdb.git; cd atlasdb

2. Generate a tar file with Gradle:

   .. code:: bash

      ./gradlew timelock-server:distTar

  This will place a tar file in the ``build/distributions`` directory of the ``timelock-server`` project. The
  tar file follows semantic versioning.

Install Timelock (without clients)
----------------------------------

We recommend deploying either a 3-node or a 5-node Timelock cluster.
A 3-node cluster will provide better performance, whereas a 5-node cluster has greater fault tolerance.

.. tip::

   Internal consumers can deploy the binaries by the usual method.

For real-world installations, we recommend provisioning a dedicated host machine for each Timelock server.

3. Copy this tar file to each machine on which you want to deploy Timelock Server.

4. On each machine which you intend to deploy Timelock Server, untar the archive.

   .. code:: bash

      tar -zxvf timelock-server-0.25.0.sls.tgz; cd timelock-server-0.25.0

5. Configure the Timelock Server - see :ref:`timelock-server-configuration` for a guide on this. The configuration file
   is at ``var/conf/timelock.yml`` relative to the root directory of the Timelock Server.

6. Start the Timelock Server with ``service/bin/init.sh start``.
   This should output the process ID of the Timelock Server. You can view the logs in the (by default) ``var/log``
   directory.

7. It may be useful to run a health-check to verify that the Timelock Server is running. To do this, you can curl
   the server's ``healthcheck`` endpoint on its admin port (default: 8081).

   .. code:: bash

      curl localhost:8081/healthcheck

   The output should indicate that the Timelock Server is healthy. The output should resemble the following:

   .. code:: bash

      {
          "deadlocks": {
              "healthy": true
          }
      }

Add client(s) to Timelock
-------------------------

8. Back up each client, following the steps declared in :ref:`backup-restore`.

9. Configure each client to use Timelock.
   Detailed documentation is :ref:`here <timelock-client-configuration>`.
   You must remove any ``leader``, ``timestamp``, or ``lock`` blocks; the ``timelock`` block to add looks like this:

.. code-block:: yaml

   atlasdb:
      timelock:
        serversList:
          servers:
            - palantir-1.com:8080
            - palantir-2.com:8080
            - palantir-3.com:8080
          sslConfiguration:
            trustStorePath: var/security/truststore.jks

10. (Optional) For verification purposes, you may retrieve a timestamp from each client you are configuring to use TimeLock.
    This can typically be performed with the Fetch Timestamp CLI or Dropwizard bundle. For example, using the Dropwizard bundle:

.. code-block:: bash

   ./service/bin/<service> atlasdb timestamp fetch

    Note down the value of the timestamp returned; we will subsequently use these values to ensure that migration took place.

11. Shut down each client that has been newly added.

12. Restart your Timelock cluster.

13. Migrate each client to the timelock server - see the :ref:`separate migration docs <timelock-migration>`. For Cassandra KVS, this is automatic.

.. warning::

    Do not skip this step if your client uses DbKvs! Failure to migrate your client will cause **severe data corruption**, as Timelock will serve timestamps starting from 1.

14. Restart each client.

15. (Optional) To verify that the migration worked correctly, get a fresh timestamp for each client from the Timelock server.
    For each client, the timestamp returned should be strictly greater than the corresponding timestamp obtained in step 10.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Justia Patents Reactant Consists Of Phosphorus And Sulfur (e.g., Phosphorus Pentasulfide, Etc.)US Patent Application for PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF MALATHION AND ITS INTERMEDIATE Patent Application (Application #20100204501)
PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF MALATHION AND ITS INTERMEDIATE
Apr 28, 2008 - SUVEN LIFE SCIENCES LIMITED
The present invention relates to the improved process for the preparation of highly pure form of S-[1,2-(dicarbethoxy)-ethyl]O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate having formula (I). The compound of formula (I) has adopted name "Malathion". The present invention also relates to the novel process of preparing intermediate O,O-dimethyldithiophosphoric acid of formula (II), which is useful in the preparation of Malathion. The Malathion prepared by the process of this invention is highly storage stable and toxic impurities are much lower than any other commercial preparation available for the pharmaceutical purpose.
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Skip to: Description · Claims · Patent History · Patent History
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to the improved process for the preparation of highly pure form of S-[1,2-(dicarbethoxy)-ethyl]O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate having formula (I).
The compound of formula (I) has adopted name "Malathion". The present invention also relates to the novel process of preparing intermediate O,O-dimethyldithiophosphoric acid of formula (II), which is useful in the preparation of Malathion.
The Malathion prepared by the process of this invention is highly storage stable and toxic impurities are much lower than any other commercial preparation available for the pharmaceutical purpose.
Various processes for the preparation and/or purification of Malathion are disclosed in the literature. Malathion {CAS Number: 121-75-5} is an organophosphate insecticide that inhibits cholinesterase activity in vivo. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) supports the pharmaceutical use of malathion for the treatment for head lice in children. Due to its low toxicity to humans. Malathion may be prepared by reacting O,O-dimethyldithiophosphoric acid (OODMDTPA) with diethyl maleate (U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,578,652, 2,879,284, 3,403,201, 3,463,841, 3,470,272, 4,367180, 2007/0010496 and 4,681,964).
But, still numerous impurities are found in Malathion preparation. Some of these impurities are formed during storage and some are generated during the manufacturing process. Many of these Malathion impurities have been found to be toxic. O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate (MeOOSPS) and O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate (MeOSSPO) can cause liver damage (Keadtisuke et al, Toxicology letters 52:35-46 (1990) or immune suppression (Rodgers et al, immunopharmacology 17: 131-140 (1989). The toxicity of Iso Malathion is due to its ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, in fact Iso Malathion is ˜1,000 times as active against acetylcholinesterase as compared with Malathion (Tetrahedron letters 33(11). 1415-18 (1992). Malathion physical properties make it difficult to remove impurities by conventional means for example, because Malathion is liquid at ambient temperature (melting point: 2.9° C.), and crystallization is difficult.
Therefore, we have developed an improved process for the preparation of Malathion for pharmaceutical use. Malathion produced by this method has significantly lower levels of toxic impurities and storage stable, when compared to the any other commercial method available in literature for the pharmaceutical use.
The present invention relates to the improved process of preparation of Malathion of formula (I),
which comprises:
i) adding methanol to phosphorous sulfide in organic solvent at 25-50° C. for the period of 1.5-2 hours;
ii) stirring the above suspension for the period of 5-6 hours at 50-55° C.;
iii) expelling the H2S gas with nitrogen, after cooling the above suspension to 25-28° C.;
iv) filtering the above suspension to remove insoluble impurities to obtain crude O,O-DMDTPA;
v) the crude O,O-DMDTPA is subjected to dissolution in suitable solvent and ammonia gas is purged to precipitate the pure O,O-DMDTPA.NH3 salt;
vi) the above obtain O,O-DMDTPA.NH3 salt is subjected to neutralization with concentrated sulphuric acid to get O,O-DMDTPA;
vii) the O,O-DMDTPA obtained in the above step is once again purified through ammonia salt formation and neutralization method as mentioned in above steps v) and vi) to get chromatographically pure O,O-DMDTPA;
viii) adding the above obtain pure O,O-DMDTPA to diethyl maleate at low temperature of −30 to −25° C. in four lots, each at regular interval of 20 minutes;
ix) maintain the above reaction mass at temperature of −30 to −25° C. for the period of 4 hours;
x) water wash the above mass to remove O,O-DMDTPA;
xi) treating the above obtain crude Malathion with sulfur reagent at 5 to 10° C. for the period of 13 hours;
xii) crystallizing the above obtained Malathion from methanol at low temperature and
xiii) drying the above obtain mass with anhydrous sodium sulphate in isopropanol to obtain Malathion of formula (I).
The present invention also relates to novel process for the preparation of intermediate O,O-DMDTPA having formula (II), which is used in step (viii) of process of preparation of Malathion of formula (I),
v) the crude O,O-DMDTPA is subjected to dissolution in ethyl acetate and ammonia gas is purged to precipitate the pure O,O-DMDTPA.NH3 salt;
vi) the above obtain O,O-DMDTPA.NH3 salt is subjected to neutralization with concentrated sulphuric acid to get O,O-DMDTPA and
vii) the O,O-DMDTPA obtained in the above step is once again purified through ammonia salt formation and neutralization method as mentioned in above steps v) and vi) to get chromatographically pure product.
In one aspect, the Malathion prepared by the process of present invention having a reduced level of toxic impurities.
In another aspect, the Malathion prepared by the process of present invention is storage stable.
In yet another aspect, the Malathion prepared by this process may be used for pharmaceutical purpose.
In still another aspect, the Malathion prepared by the process of the present invention comprises:
i) greater than 99.5% w/w Malathion and less than 0.09% of Isomalathion, less than 0.03 of O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate, less than 0.002% of diethyl fumarate, less than 0.1% of unknown impurities and less than 0.21 of total impurities.
ii) water content is less than 0.02%.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to the improved process for the preparation of Malathion of formula (I),
Accordingly, there is provided an improved process for the preparation of intermediate O,O-DMDTPA having formula (II), which is used in step (viii) of process of preparation of Malathion of formula (I),
vii) the O,O-DMDTPA obtained in the above step is once again purified through ammonia salt formation and neutralization method as mentioned in above steps v) and vi) to get chromatographically pure O,O-DMDTPA.
In the step (i) of the above preparation, phosphorous sulfide used in the reaction can be selected from phosphorus pentasulfide, tetraphosphorus heptasulfide and tetraphosphorus decasulfide and preferably using phosphorus pentasulfide. Solvent used in the reaction can be selected from group consisting of hexane, benzene, toluene, diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane and preferably using toluene.
In the step (iii) of the above preparation, expel the H2S gas with nitrogen, after cooling the above suspension to 25-28° C. If H2S is present, it will react with diethyl maleate to afford diethyl-2-mercaptosuccinate and dimerize to form tetraethyl dithiodisuccinate.
In the step (iv) of the above preparation, the insoluble impurities may be any unreacted solids. Example: Phosphorus sulfide.
In the step (v) of the above preparation, the solvent used in reaction can be selected from hexane, benzene, toluene, diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane and preferably using ethyl acetate. In this step, ammonia gas is purged in the reaction vessel at temperature of −10 to 5° C. till pH of 9.5-9.8 is reached and preferably at a temperature in the range from −5 to 0° C. The duration of the reaction may range from 1 to 4 hours, preferably for the period of 2 hours.
In the step (vi) of the above preparation, the reaction temperature may range from −30 to −15° C. and preferably at a temperature of −20° C. The duration of the reaction may range from 10 to 30 minutes, preferably for the period of 20 minutes.
In the step (viii) of the above preparation, the molar ratio of diethyl maleate to O,O-DMDTPA in reaction is 1:2.5 and preferably using the molar ratio of diethyl maleate to O,O-DMDTPA is 1:2.0
In the step (x) of the above preparation, water washing is carried out to remove water soluble impurities, at 10 to 15° C. until the pH of last water wash is found to be 6.5 to 7.0.
In the step (xi) of the above preparation, the sulfide reagent used in reaction can be selected from sodium sulfide, potassium sulfide, phosphorus pentasulfide, calcium sulfide, ammonium sulfide and ammonium bisulfide and preferably using phosphorus pentasulfide. An aqueous solution of sulfide reagent used in this step of reaction is usually 3%.
In the step (xii) of the above preparation, crystallization of above obtain Malathion from methanol at temperature of −45 to −25° C. and preferably at a temperature in the range from −40 to −30° C.
In the step (xiii) of the above preparation, the reaction temperature may range from 15 to 40° C. and preferably at a temperature in the range from 25 to 27° C. The duration of the reaction may range from 5 to 9 hours, preferably for the period of 7 hours. The water content of isopropanol used in the reaction must below 0.05%.
The Malathion prepared by the process of this invention is storage stable. Specially, after storage at 8-15° C. for the period of 6 months, the Malathion has following purity/impurity profile
i. greater than about 99.5% (w/w) Malathion.
ii. less than 0.09% of Isomalathion
iii. less than 0.03 of O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate
iv. less than 0.002% of diethyl fumarate
v. less than 0.1% of unknown impurities
vi. less than 0.21 of total impurities and
vii. water content is less than 0.02%.
The details of the invention are given in the examples provided below, which are given to illustrate the invention only and therefore should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention
Preparation of Crude O,O-Dimethyl Dithio Phosphoric Acid
Step (i): Preparation of Crude O,O-Dimethyl Dithio Phosphoric Acid
To 4-necked flask (1 L) equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometer pocket, pressure equalizing funnel and nitrogen atmosphere, was charged toluene (150 mL, Kf<0.1%) and phosphoruspentasulfide (222 grams) at room temperature. An alkali scrubber was used to trap hydrogen sulfide gas released during the reaction. Methanol (150 grams, Kf<0.1%) was added to the above reaction mass at 25-35° C. for the period of 1.5-2 hours. After the addition of methanol, temperature of the above reaction mass was raised to 50° C. and maintained the temperature at 50-55° C. for a period of 5 hours. The evolution of hydrogen sulfide gas was confirmed by checking with lead acetate paper and the reaction mass was cooled to 25-28° C. and nitrogen gas was purged for 20-30 minutes to expel traces of hydrogen sulfide gas presented. The reaction mass was then filtered through hy-flow bed to remove any unreacted phosphorus pentasulfide and washed with toluene (150 mL). Layer separation was done to remove a small amount of lower layer, and upper toluene layer was taken for concentration under vacuum at 45-50° C. and concentrated till toluene content was found to be below 5%, which is monitored by HPLC.
Yield: 260-270 grams.
HPLC purity: 87.21%.
Step (ii): Preparation of 1st Ammonium Salt of O,O-DMDTPA
To 4-necked flask (5 L) equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometer pocket and gas sparger, was charged ethyl acetate (2.7 L) and crude O,O-DMDTPA (270 grams) (obtained from Step (i)). Cooled the above reaction mass to −5° C. and purged the ammonia gas in the reaction vessel at a temperature of −5-0° C. till pH was reached to 9.5-9.8. After the desired pH was achieved, reaction mass was maintained at −5 to 0° C. for a period of 2 hours. The reaction mass was then filtered and washed with ethyl acetate (270 mL). Suck dried and unloaded. The wet weight of obtained ammonium salt was 240-255 grams. Dried at 25-28° C. under vacuum for the period of 5 hours or till constant weight was achieved.
The dry weight of ammonium salt was 233-240 grams.
Step (iii): Regeneration of Ammonium Salt of O,O-DMDTPA
To 4-necked flask (3 L) equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometer pocket and pressure-equalizing funnel, was charged dichloromethane (1.68 L). Cooled the above reaction mass to −25 to −20° C. and concentrated sulphuric acid (65 grams) was charged in the pressure equalizing funnel and added to the above reaction mass drop wise at temperature of −25 to −20° C. Maintained the above reaction mass at −20° C. for 20 minutes and pH of dichloromethane layer was checked as per above pH checking process to obtain pH below 2.0. The temperature of the reaction mass was raised to 25° C. in 30-35 minutes and stirred for the period of 2 hours. The above reaction mass was filtered and washed with dichloromethane (233 mL). The filtered ammonium sulphate containing compound was once again stirred with dichloromethane (1.165 L) for a period of 2 hours and the ammonium sulphate was filtered and washed with dichloromethane (233 mL). The dichloromethane layers were combined and concentrated at 30-35° C. under vacuum till constant weight was achieved. The weight of regenerated O,O-DMDTPA was 184-188 grams and ammonium sulphate was 105-112 grams. If weight of ammonium sulphate is more than theoretical weight, stirred once with dichloromethane.
Step (iv): Preparation of 2nd Ammonium Salt of O,O-DMDTPA
To 4-necked flask (3 L) equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometer pocket and gas sparge, was charged ethyl acetate (1.84 L) and regenerated 0, O-DMDTPA (184 grams) (obtained from step (iii)). Cooled the above reaction mass to −5° C. and purged the ammonia gas in the reaction vessel at a temperature of −5 to 0° C. till pH of 9.5-9.8 was reached. After the desired pH was achieved, reaction mass was maintained at −5 to 0° C. for the period of 2 hours. The above reaction mass was then filtered and washed with ethyl acetate (184 mL). Suck dried and unloaded. The wet weight of obtained ammonium salt was 172-175 grams. Dried at 25-28° C. under vacuum for the period of 5 hours or till constant weight was achieved. The dry weight of ammonium salt was 162-166 grams.
HPLC purity: 99.68%
Step (v): Regeneration of 2nd Ammonium Salt of 0, O-DMDTPA
To 4-necked flask (3 L) equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometer pocket and pressure-equalizing funnel, was charged dichloromethane (1.204 L). Cooled the above reaction mass to −25 to −20° C. Concentrated sulphuric acid (46 grams) was charged in the pressure equalizing funnel and added to the above reaction mass drop wise at −25 to −20° C. and maintain the above reaction mass at −20° C. for a period of 20 minutes. pH of dichloromethane layer was checked as per above pH checking process to obtain the pH below 2.0. The temperature of the reaction mass was raised to 25° C. in 30-35 minutes and stirred for a period of 2 hours. The above reaction mass was filtered and washed with dichloromethane (163 mL). The filtered ammonium sulphate containing compound was once again stirred with dichloromethane (860 mL) for a period of 2 hours and ammonium sulphate was filtered and washed with dichloromethane (163 mL). The dichloromethane layers were combined and concentrated at 30-35° C. under vacuum till constant weight was achieved. The weight of regenerated O,O-DMDTPA was 123-126 grams and ammonium sulphate was 74-80 grams. If weight of ammonium sulphate is more than theoretical weight, stirred once with dichloromethane.
HPCL purity: 97.84%.
IR spectra (cm−1): 1016.23;
1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 3.0343 (singlet, 1H), 3.83-3.87 (2 singlets, 6H).
Preparation of Malathion
Step (i): Preparation of Crude Malathion
To 4-necked flask (0.5 L) equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometer pocket and nitrogen atmosphere, was charged O,O-DMDTPA (126 grams, 0.797 M) (obtained from Example 1). Cooled the above reaction mass to −30 to −25° C. and add diethyl maleate (55 grams, 0.319 M, GC purity: 97%) in 4 lots (each 13.8 grams) at regular interval of 20 minutes at −30 to −25° C., and maintained the above reaction mass temperature at −30 to −25° C. for the period of 4 hours. The sample was analyzed after 4 hours to check the diethyl maleate content below 1% by HPLC before proceeding for workup. If the diethyl maleate was found to be more than 1% the above reaction mass was maintained for another one hour at the same temperature and again analyzed by HPLC. After the diethyl maleate content was found to be less than 1% by HPLC, the above reaction mass temperature was raised to 5-10° C. and washed with demineralized water (181 mL) for 6 times. pH of last water wash was checked and found to be 6.5-7.5. In case the pH is not in range, one more water wash needs to be done. The sample was analyzed to check the O,O-DMDTPA content below 0.05% by HPLC.
Step (ii): Removal of Diethyl Fumarate from Crude Malathion
Crude Malathion (111 grams) (obtained from step (i)) was stirred with 3% sodium sulphide solution (111 mL) at 10-15° C. for the period of 13 hours. HPLC analysis of the sample after 13 hours showed diethyl fumarate not more than 0.1%. Both layers were separated and organic layer was washed with demineralised water (111 mL) for 6 times by maintaining temperature at 10-15° C. till pH of 6.5-7.5. was achieved.
Yield: 80 grams.
Step (iii): Purification of Malathion
To a 4-necked flask (0.5 L) equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometer pocket and calcium chloride guard tube, was charged methanol (160 mL) and Malathion (80 grams). The reaction mass was cooled to −40 to −35° C. slowly when formation of white solid was observed. Methanol (160 mL) was once again added and reaction mass temperature is raised to −10° C. The above reaction mass was cooled once again to −30 to −25° C. and maintained for period of 30 minutes. Methanol (240 mL) was siphoned out from the above reaction mass and temperature thereafter raised from 8 to 10° C. To the above reaction, add dichloromethane (160 mL) and demineralized water and stirred at 10° C. for the period of 10 minutes. The layers were separated, aqueous layer volume was measured and found to be 240 mL. To the dichloromethane layer, add demineralized water (160 mL) and stirred at temperature of 5-10° C. for the period of 10 minutes. The layers were separated, aqueous layer volume was measured and found to be 160 mL. The dichloromethane layer was dried over anhydrous dried sodium sulphate (8.0 gram), filtered washed with dichloromethane (40 mL). This dichloromethane layer was filtered through 0.5□ filter paper, concentrated at 25-30° C. under vacuum to obtain pure Malathion.
Step (iv): Drying of Malathion
The pure Malathion (57 grams) (obtained from step (iii)) was filtered through 0.5 filter paper under nitrogen atmosphere and charged to a 4-necked flask (0.5 L) equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometer pocket and nitrogen atmosphere. Add isopropanol (275 mL, Kf<0.05%) and anhydrous dried sodium sulphate (27 grams) at 25-27° C. and stirred for the period of 7 hours at 25-27° C. The water content after 7 hours of stirring was checked and found to be 0.16%. The mass was filtered through filter paper no. 1 under nitrogen atmosphere and washed with isopropanol (30 mL). This mass was again filtered through 0.5 filter paper under nitrogen and washed with isopropanol (25 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under 5-10 mm Hg vacuum and maintain temperature at 25-27° C. for a period of 9 hours. The dried Malathion was carefully unloaded under nitrogen atmosphere and water content was checked and found to be less than 0.1%.
IR spectra (cm−1): 1737.28, 1016.23;
1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD): δ 1.22-1.32 (2 triplets, 6H), 2.90-3.76 (2 quartets, 4H), 3.80-3.81 (2 doublets, 6H), 4.11-4.21 (multiplet, 3H).
Analysis of Sample Batches of Malathion Prepared by this Process
In Table II set forth below, three different batches of Malathion are prepared by the process of present invention (noted as A, B, C) were analyzed by HPLC for the identification of purity and impurities. After storage at 8-15° C. for the period of 6 months:
TABLE II
Batch No.
Analysis A B C HPLC assay 99.8% 99.8% 99.5% Iso S-[1,2- 0.06% 0.07% 0.09% (dicarbethoxy)- ethyl]O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate Malaoxon Nil Nil Nil S-imp 0.03% 0.03% 0.01% O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate Diethyl maleate Nil Nil Nil Diethyl fumarate 0.002% 0.001% 0.002% O,O-DMDTPA Nil Nil Nil Unknown impurities 0.12% 0.20% 0.11% Total impurities 0.21% 0.3% 0.21% Water content 0.04% 0.02% 0.04%
1. A process for the preparation of Malathion of formula (I),
which comprises the steps of:
i) adding methanol to phosphorous sulfide in organic solvent at 25-50° C. for a period of 1.5-2 hours;
ii) stirring the above suspension for a period of 5-6 hours at 50-55° C.;
v) the crude O,O-DMDTPA is subjected to dissolution in suitable solvent and ammonia gas is purged to precipitate pure O,O-DMDTPA.NH3 salt;
vii) the O,O-DMDTPA obtained in the above step is once again purified through ammonia salt formation and neutralization method as mentioned in above steps v) and vi) to get chromatographically pure O,O-DMDTPA of the formula II
ix) maintain the above reaction mass at temperature of −30 to −25° C. for a period of 4 hours;
xi) treating the above obtain crude Malathion with sulfur reagent at 5 to 10° C. for a period of 13 hours;
2. A process for the preparation of intermediate O,O-dimethyldithiophosphoric acid of formula (II)
for use in the preparation of Malathion, which comprises the steps of:
3. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein said phosphorous sulfide is selected from phosphorus pentasulfide, tetraphosphorus heptasulfide and tetraphosphorus decasulfide.
4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein said organic solvent is selected from hexane, benzene, toluene, diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane.
5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step v) the duration of the reaction ranges from 1 to 4 hours.
6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (viii), molar ratio of diethyl maleate to O,O-DMDTPA is 1:2.5.
7. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein said sulfide used in step xi) is selected from sodium sulfide, potassium sulfide, calcium sulfide, ammonium sulfide and ammonium bisulfide.
8. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step xii) malathion is crystallized from methanol at temperature in the range of −45 to −25° C.
9. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step xiii) the reaction temperature ranges from 15 to 40° C.
10. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step xiii) the duration of the reaction ranges from 5 to 9 hours.
11. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step xiii) water content of isopropanol used is below 0.05%.
12. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein said Malathion prepared by the process of the present invention, after storage at 8-15° C. for a period of 6 months, has the following purity/impurity profile:
i. greater than about 99.5% (w/w) Malathion
iii. less than 0.03% of O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate
vi. less than 0.21% of total impurities and
13. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein said phosphorous sulfide is selected from phosphorus pentasulfide, tetraphosphorus heptasulfide and tetraphosphorus decasulfide.
14. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein said organic solvent is selected from hexane, benzene, toluene, diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane.
15. The process as claimed in claim 2, wherein in step v) the duration of the reaction ranges from 1 to 4 hours.
Publication number: 20100204501
Publication Date: Aug 12, 2010
Patent Grant number: 8138366
Applicant: SUVEN LIFE SCIENCES LIMITED (Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh)
Inventors: Veera Reddy Arava ( Andhra Pradesh), Vaishali Nadkarni (H Andhra Pradesh), Venkateswarlu Jasti ( Andhra Pradesh)
Current U.S. Class: Reactant Consists Of Phosphorus And Sulfur (e.g., Phosphorus Pentasulfide, Etc.) (558/112)
International Classification: C07F 9/165 (20060101);


text:
typedef unsigned long XID;

namespace chromeos {

// Gets the EDID data from |output| and generates the display id through
// |GetDisplayIdFromEDID|.
CHROMEOS_EXPORT bool GetDisplayId(XID output, size_t index,
                                  int64* display_id_out);

// Generates the display id for the pair of |prop| with |nitems| length and
// |index|, and store in |display_id_out|. Returns true if the display id is
// successfully generated, or false otherwise.
CHROMEOS_EXPORT bool GetDisplayIdFromEDID(const unsigned char* prop,
                                          unsigned long nitems,
                                          size_t index,
                                          int64* display_id_out);

// Generates the human readable string from EDID obtained for |output|.
CHROMEOS_EXPORT std::string GetDisplayName(XID output);

// Gets the overscan flag from |output| and stores to |flag|. Returns true if
// the flag is found. Otherwise returns false and doesn't touch |flag|. The
// output will produce overscan if |flag| is set to true, but the output may
// still produce overscan even though it returns true and |flag| is set to
// false.
CHROMEOS_EXPORT bool GetOutputOverscanFlag(XID output, bool* flag);

// Parses |prop| as EDID data and stores extracted data into |manufacturer_id|
// and |human_readable_name| and returns true. NULL can be passed for unwanted
// output parameters. Some devices (especially internal displays) may not have
// the field for |human_readable_name|, and it will return true in that case.
CHROMEOS_EXPORT bool ParseOutputDeviceData(const unsigned char* prop,
                                           unsigned long nitems,
                                           uint16* manufacturer_id,
                                           std::string* human_readable_name);

// Parses |prop| as EDID data and stores the overscan flag to |flag|. Returns
// true if the flag is found. This is exported for x11_util_unittest.cc.
CHROMEOS_EXPORT bool ParseOutputOverscanFlag(const unsigned char* prop,
                                             unsigned long nitems,
                                             bool* flag);

// Returns true if an output named |name| is an internal display.
CHROMEOS_EXPORT bool IsInternalOutputName(const std::string& name);

}  // namespace chromeos

#endif  // CHROMEOS_DISPLAY_OUTPUT_UTIL_H_


text:
Corporate Travel Booking Company TripActions Is Now Valued At $four Billion
Home Business Traveling
in Business Traveling
DUBLIN, Ohio (AP) — Behind the door of Meeting Room One at the Hyatt Place in Dublin, Santa shouts out instructions to his elegance like a drill sergeant.
"Give me a ho!" he cried.
"Ho!" a dozen Santas and Mrs. Clauses, clad in reindeer-themed bowling shirts and Crocs protected in Christmas lighting, spoke back.
"Give me a ho! Ho!"
"Ho! ho!"
"Give me a ho! Ho! Ho!"
It's no longer each day that you discover a dozen Santas and Mrs. Clauses inside the identical place. To even see some playing the lodge's continental breakfast — particularly in June — would possibly spark off to you to do a double-take. But at School4Santa, the arena's most prominent traveling Santa college, it's a typical day of class. For the remaining 17 years, Tim Connaghan, higher called the Hollywood Santa, has traveled the sector teaching other Santas like himself the tricks of the exchange.
He hosts several two-day meetings 12 months in inn assembly rooms and on cruise ships to research everything there's to understand about being a Santa. For $299, the faculty consists of 16 hours of preparation, a replica of Connaghan's 240-page ebook "Behind the Red Suit," and a Bachelor of SantaClausology diploma. The faculty are held all through the summertime, so Santas are prepared to go using November. This 12 months' Columbus conference was held Saturday and Sunday, with an additional advanced session on Monday.
"Today's Santa has to analyze loads greater than what we did in the Seventies," Connaghan, 70, stated. When Connaghan began his profession as a mall Santa in university, he becomes exceeded a brief list of do's and doesn't's. Today, he said, Santas want to be equipped in each industry area — from posing for pix and styling your beard to writing contracts and answering children's tough questions.
"Everyone assumes you just must be a nice grandpa or granny," Connaghan stated. "It's a lot more than just that." Mike Smith walked into Downtown's City Center Mall 27 years ago and asked if they wished a Santa for the season. He changed into hired immediate. However, he became clueless. "There becomes no one there to educate you," said the 67-yr-old West Side resident and president of Buckeye Santas. During his nearly 3-decade profession, Smith has been Santa in almost every mall in Columbus and has attended School4Santa a handful of instances (which has earned him his doctorate in SantaClausology.)
"Every time I come, I examine something new," Smith said. For other Santas, Saturday's session was their first advent to the industry. Randall Reed, a self-proclaimed beginner, already has a mall Santa gig covered up for the holiday season. Reed made himself a Santa Claus baseball hat — an easy red cap with a white sequined "SC" emblazoned to the front — but he had yet to wear it Saturday morning. For that, he said, he had to study extra.
"I do not experience worth sufficient to put on it but," Reed, sixty-seven, of Canton, said. Connaghan says possibly the simplest be a Santa or Mrs. Claus if they have a genuine desire and the spirit within their hearts. He reminds them that Santa has to no longer smoke or flirt on the activity. Santa is not political (the most effective birthday celebration affiliated with is the Christmas party). Santa should in no way deny or subject; however, he ought to be a motivator.
When an infant asks for something far-out like a domestic dog or a gun or something intangible like fixing her parents' divorce, Connaghan reminds them of Santa's magic toys and that they may be loved—being an excellent Santa, although, starts with an individual. "Santa is jolly and full of existence; he is taking pleasure in his glowing appearance," he said. "You have to recognize approximately every toy that is out there, all of Santa's records and legend."
Most importantly, Connaghan stated that don't forget that all and sundry represent each Santa or Mrs. Claus. Whether you are posing for pictures with children or mowing the garden, he stated, "you've got usually were given to be in man or woman." Santa may be a Vietnam veteran, a retired police lieutenant, a construction employee, or a former company economic guide. But while the fit goes on, a transformation takes place.
Frank Chappell takes that name significantly. Kristin and his wife drove nine hours of their shrink-wrapped Kia Sorento made to look like a sleigh from their domestic in St. Peter, Missouri, for the convention. Frank, a retired enterprise analyst, started complete-time Santa work six years ago. Kristen runs the enterprise, and collectively, the two paintings are spherical, going for walks, social media money owed, networking, and booking volunteer events and private parties. Frank even does video chats with children inside the offseason.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Light Emulator - node-gotapi</title>
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">

<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap-theme.min.css">

<link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet">
</style>

Light Emulator - node-gotapi

Light #1

					<form id="light-1" class="form-horizontal">
						<input type="hidden" name="lightId" value="1">
						<input type="hidden" name="name" value="Light #1">

							Power

								<button type="button" id="power-1" name="power">ON</button>

							Color

								<input type="color" id="color-1" name="color" value="#ffffff">

					</form>

Light #2

					<form id="light-2" class="form-horizontal">
						<input type="hidden" name="lightId" value="2">
						<input type="hidden" name="name" value="Light #2">

							Power

								<button type="button" id="power-2" name="power">ON</button>

							Color

								<input type="color" id="color-2" name="color" value="#ffffff">

					</form>

Light #3

					<form id="light-3" class="form-horizontal">
						<input type="hidden" name="lightId" value="3">
						<input type="hidden" name="name" value="Light #3">

							Power

								<button type="button" id="power-2" name="power">ON</button>

							Color

								<input type="color" id="color-3" name="color" value="#ffffff">

					</form>

Communication monitor

Copyright © 2017 Futomi Hatano, Code licensed MIT


text:
The Beatles: Guitar Heroes 31 – Paul McCartney and the Faux Hofner!
5:59 am 1 Comment
Written by: John F. Crowley on July 30, 2010.
Share My Guitar is proud to release a special series of guest posts by John F. Crowley about guitars owned by members of the Beatles. Each week we will unleash another article covering the history and impact of these fab guitars.
Paul McCartney has given the Hofner 500/1 a thumbs up for nearly 50 years!
Many stories have circulated over the years about a special Hofner 500/1 with gold-plated hardware presented to McCartney. Most accounts agree that in 1964 Brian Epstein struck a deal with Selmer, the company that imported Hofner basses in England: McCartney would endorse their line of violin basses on little "swing tags" on each instrument and Selmer would give Epstein a piece of the action (£5 a pop) and McCartney a swanky new bass.
The most comprehensive scrutiny into this matter has been done by Andy Babiuk. In his excellent book Beatles gear Babiuk did a masterful job of unscrambling what happened after the ink dried. After Selmer made the presentation (the photos of the event have been lost), it apparently kept the special 500/1 to exhibit in an upcoming trade show, then either returned it to stock, which seems unlikely, or sent it to McCartney at NEMS or Abbey Road, where it was promptly stolen.
It surfaced the next year in a music shop in Luton, where a young bassist by the name of John Bunning bought it for £65. Apparently Bunning knew of the McCartney connection, because he bragged about it to a local newspaper, yet in '71 he traded it to a friend, as Babiuk reports. The friend sold it to Jim Marshall, who ran a music store in Bletchley. Marshall sold it to a fellow named Stephen Boyce, who played it for 10 years. After Mr. Boyce passed away, his widow sold it to a music store in Biggleswade for £200. That outfit called around looking for a replacement pickguard, and when they contacted Music Ground in Doncaster, an intrigued Justin Harrison bought the bass for £800. Harrison figured out what he had, calculated its value at £4,500 and offered it for auction at Sotheby's in 1994, but without proper documentation the bass didn't sell.
In '97 Music Ground tried again to auction the bass, this time in Tokyo through Bonhams, but their claim that McCartney had played the bass as a Beatle was shot down by various parties, including a British consumer-rights TV show — and McCartney himself. Eventually the bass went at auction but for some reason the sale was never finalized, so Music Ground still has this instrument.
What can be said about this bass? Well, Paul McCartney touched it.
Like this post? Then you won't want to miss the other awesome posts we have planned. Subscribe to Share My Guitar and get new posts delivered daily…for FREE!
Beatles, Features, Guitar History, Guitars, Legends
George Harrison, Hofner 500/1, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, The Beatles
Guitar Zen: Tips for Touring GREEN!!
Profile: American Jazz Guitarist John Scofield


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text:
80 Seiten
M. Sean Coleman
netwars 2 - Down Time 6: Endgame
-- With Shylock dead, and the attack on the financial industry hopefully under control, Mitchell and Rebecca return to the NCCU in time to head out with the tactical team moving in on The Salesman's center of operations.
-- Meanwhile, The Salesman learns of Shylock's death and begins to suspect that the game is up. Is he too late to get away this time? Can he escape his lair before the NCCU turn up to seize everything?
-- Mitchell battles with his own alter ego, Phoenix, as the opportunity to catch The Salesman draws closer. Will it be enough for Phoenix to see his nemesis caught and brought to justice, or is there a deeper need to get revenge and see him suffer more?
-- netwars: Down Time is part of a transmedia project based on real facts and cyber-attack scenarios. The project spans multiple story platforms including a fact-based website (www.netwars-project.com) and the interactive graphic novel app "netwars: The Butterfly Attack." For fans of Dave Eggers, THE CIRCLE; Daniel Suarez, DARKNET; the movie ENEMY OF THE STATE, and espionage and high-tech thrillers.
-- About the Author: M. Sean Coleman launched his career as one of the original writers on Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy Online. He has since written and produced original, award-winning shows for MSN, O2, Sony Pictures, Fox, the BBC, and Channel 4. He continues to write novels, graphic novels and TV scripts from his home in London.
© M. Sean Coleman
M. Sean Coleman begann seine schriftstellerische Laufbahn als Scriptwriter für Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy Online (h2g2.com). Seitdem hat er Shows für MSN, O2, Sony Pictures International, Fox, die BBC und Channel 4 geschrieben und produziert, für die er mehrfach mit Preisen ausgezeichnet wurde. Er wohnt in London und schreibt weiterhin Romane, Graphic Novels und Fernsehscripts.


text:
Home » Schools » Fork Union Military Academy
Fork Union Military Academy
4744 James Madison Hwy., Fork Union, VA 23055
Address: 4744 James Madison Hwy., Fork Union, VA 23055
Teacher Ratio: 1 to 3
Students: 500
Website: https://www.forkunion.com/
School Type(s): All Types, College Preparatory, Junior High Military Schools, Military High Schools, Military Schools for Boys, Private
Commonly referred to as FUMA (foo-mah), Fork Union Military Academy is located in the village community known as Fork Union, Virginia. This location provides peace and respite from all the hustle of the city and the pressures of everyday life. To further promote positive attitudes, the academy emphasizes the importance of positive peer pressure, or leading by example.
Baptist minister Dr. William E. Hatcher founded the academy in 1898 to fill the need of education for students aged 14 to 17. Fork Union adopted its current independent military curriculum in 1902 and has no affiliation with any branch of the US military. Fork Union began its affiliation with the Baptist Association of Virginia in 1913 when it became an all-male institution.
The academy is accredited by the Virginia Association of Independent Schools. As part of the academic and military curriculum, the academy prides itself on teaching structure, discipline, and Christian values. Boys, grades 6-12 and postgraduate courses participate in 10 different athletic programs, multiple clubs, organizations and the academy rifle team.
Athletic teams sport the Blue Devils as their mascot. Participation in these extracurricular activities is not required but offers a change of pace from daily academic life.
Why Fork Union Military Academy? — In Their Words…
Educators have long recognized that the structure of a military-style environment can provide young men an essential grounding for success in the classroom, and in life. In such an environment, young men develop self-discipline, responsibility, and pride in their work, in their appearance, and in themselves.
Even public school systems in major cities today are turning to the military school model in an attempt to overcome problems such as overcrowding, lack of classroom discipline, and little (or no) student accountability or motivation. Some of these school systems have sent staff members here to Fork Union to observe and learn firsthand what it is that has made our school so successful through the years.
Many of the features that lead to our success cannot be emulated in the public school setting, however – or, even in most private day school settings.
As a private school, we can structure our curriculum (such as our unique One Subject Plan for the Upper School) to meet the needs of our students. We can preserve our single-sex environment to remove social distractions that come with a coeducational school. We can acknowledge and honor the Christian values that provide the moral compass for our daily lives.
As a boarding school, we can facilitate profound and long-lasting change in the life of a young man. Structure and discipline become the norms of his life, not merely the constraints he must put up with for the relatively few hours of his school day. Responsibility and respect for others are lessons learned 24 hours a day, 7 days a week at FUMA – not just between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. on weekdays.
We know our system works. For proof, we need look no further than each year's graduating class and its proud parents..
Structure & Discipline
The goal of the military system at Fork Union Military Academy is not to turn young men into soldiers. Indeed, we have no affiliation with any branch of the armed forces. Rather, our goal is simply to use the best aspects of the military system to teach young men the value of being responsible for their actions, of doing on their own the work that needs to be done, and of working with others toward a common purpose.
We have identified a set of broadly agreed upon positive military courtesies, such as…
–Respect for authority
–Personal and corporate hygiene
…and we have superimposed these values on our living and learning environment — in the classroom, the locker room, the dining room, and the dorm room.
At Fork Union Military Academy, our cadets are expected to tuck in their shirts, to say "Yes, sir" and "No, ma'am", to stand when a lady enters, and to open doors for others. Our cadets learn to look others in the eye, address others with respect, and speak with confidence. Our cadets are taught to "sweep in the corners" — that is, they are expected to pay attention to detail, to be accountable for their actions, and to set high standards for themselves and others.
Our environment of structure and discipline helps to limit distractions and encourage students to focus on achievement in academics, athletics, and personal growth.
Cadet Corps
The Academy's student body is organized as a Cadet Corps led by cadet officers who serve as members of the battalion staff, as company commanders, platoon leaders, and in other leadership roles.
The Upper School companies include four rifle companies (A, B, C, and E), the Retan Rifles honor company (home of the Academy's color guard and precision drill team), and Band Company.
The Middle School is organized as a battalion with two separate military companies. The Middle School battalion marches in full dress parades on campus with the Upper School battalion during special occasions and according to the regular Sunday parade schedule during the spring of the year.
Military discipline is a constant at Fork Union Military Academy. Cadets abide by regulations of face the consequences of improper choices. Conduct expectations are made clear, and cadets are treated fairly and consistently. The primary goal of FUMA's disciplinary system is to encourage responsible behavior while demanding that young men treat each other with courtesy and respect.
The Commandant of Cadets oversees the daily operation of the Cadet Corps and the proper enforcement of regulations through the demerit system. A cadet who receives demerits during a given month (in excess of the number allowed without penalty) must serve a penalty tour for each demerit received. This usually means a period of time spent marching during what would otherwise be his free time.
In contrast, cadets who maintain their demerit count below specific levels enjoy certain privileges, and are able to take full benefit of their free time on campus for activities, rest, or recreation.
A cadet who shows responsibility, consistent good conduct, and leadership potential can earn rank – first within his company, and perhaps later at the battalion level. Cadet officers lead their platoons and companies under the direct adult supervision of the Commandant and the members of his staff, known as Tactical Officers. These cadet officers learn valuable lessons about responsibility, the use of authority, discretion, and leading by example.
In other schools, young people might gain status based on their popularity, athletic ability, or the clique they hang out with. At FUMA, rank is earned based on true merit and achievement.
Fork Union Military Academy offers unique opportunities for young men to develop valuable leadership skills that will be used throughout their lives.
More information on Fork Union Military Academy's commitment to leadership development can be found in this one page flyer describing the Academy's Leader Development Model and LEAD Process.
Safe Learning Environment
A Sanctuary for Learning
The campus of Fork Union Military Academy provides a sanctuary from so many of the stresses of and pressures that confront young men today.
Located on 1,000 acres in rural central Virginia, the Academy is a beautiful and peaceful place, far from the noise and commotion of the city, the aimless adolescent wandering of the suburban shopping malls, and the powerful peer pressures of popular culture.
Positive Peer Pressure
The siren call of negative peer pressure is a strong force in the lives of young men, but at the Academy, the balance of power is shifted and positive peer pressure is dominant. The Cadet Corps is led by a network of cadet officers – young men who have achieved rank by consistent good conduct and self-discipline. These young men are expected to lead by example. The vast majority of the Cadet Corps obey the rules almost all of the time. In fact, it is not unusual for a significant percentage of cadets to complete the year without ever having to march a penalty tour.
Drugs and alcohol are dangerous influences on a young man's life and we take very seriously our responsibility to provide a school setting safe from such problems. Cadets found to be in possession or under the influence of drugs or alcohol are subject to immediate dismissal. The use of tobacco is also forbidden on campus.
Cadet Honor System
Cadets are bound by their commitment not to lie, cheat, or steal, nor to tolerate such behavior by others. When a cadet violates this trust, he must face a council of his peers. Penalties for Honor Code violations are determined by the Commandant, upon the recommendation of the Honor Council.
Fork Union Military Academy was founded in 1898 by Dr. William Hatcher, a prominent Baptist minister. Christian values and biblical principles continue to undergird the entire program of Fork Union Military Academy.
Our cadets are expected to conduct themselves with kindness and respect. This expectation is reinforced and clarified in the chapel services and student assemblies held during the week and on Sunday mornings.
Our goal is to provide young men a framework within which they may apply themselves toward achieving their academic potential while growing as men of character and integrity.
While the Academy is proud of our affiliation with the Baptist General Association of Virginia, our student body reflects the broad diversity of religious belief found in our world.
An Outstanding Opportunity
Opportunity for Excellence
Most young men come to Fork Union Military Academy in search of a place where they can perform up to their full potential – a place where they can excel in both the classroom and the athletic field. These students find what young men have been seeking here since 1898: a challenging educational experience in a safe, structured environment where distractions are few and where every aspect of student life encourages academic achievement and personal growth.
Opportunity for Transformation
A young man can undergo a profound transformation during his time as a FUMA cadet. His grades will improve and he will learn to respect others as well as himself. He will discover just how much he can accomplish when he is focused and works hard. The pride and confidence he displays will be earned fair and square.
Opportunity for Success
The 19th-century author of Vanity Fair, William Makepeace Thackeray, said it best:
"Successful people aren't born that way. They become successful by establishing the habit of doing things unsuccessful people don't like to do. The successful people don't always like these things themselves; they just get on and do them."
At Fork Union Military Academy, a cadet will develop the hard-earned habits of success. He will learn to apply himself, to focus his efforts, to pay attention to detail, and to do all the work necessary for academic and personal achievement. He will know how to set goals and accomplish them.
Success stories begin here.
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Massanutten Military Academy
Grades: 6-12, PG | Address: 614 S. Main Street, Woodstock, VA 22664
Massanutten Military Academy is a coeducational boarding and day school located in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Massanutten Military Academy has a long tradition of helping students reach their full potential. Our holistic approach to education not only helps your student to excel academically, but to grow as well-rounded human beings. We focus on character […]
Hargrave Military Academy
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Franklin Military Academy is a coeducational secondary school within the Richmond City Public School District. Established in 1980, the academy is the first public military school in the United States. The school uses the military model to prepare students to excel academically and professionally after graduation.Interesting FactsIn 2012, Franklin Military Academy received a bronze ranking […]
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text:
About ASEF & ASEM
ARC9 Overview
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Professor Anastas GERDJIKOV
Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski
Professor Anastas GERDJIKOV is the Rector of Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski. He gives lecture classes on Latin and Roman Literature. His scientific interests are in the field of Roman literature and the political theory of the Antiquity and the Middle Ages. He is the author of 4 monographs and more than 40 studies and articles on the topic of ancient literature and on the regulations of higher education. He is also the first person to translate Aristotle's "Politics" in Bulgarian. He is fluent in English, German, French, and Russian. Professor Gerdjikov was a Deputy Minister of Education and Science (2001-2003), Chairperson of the Fund for Scientific Research (2007-2008) and member of the specialised board for the theory of literature at the High Attestation Commission (2007-2010).
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text:
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namespace Tarantool\Client\Tests\Integration;

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        $expectedOutput = self::parseFile($filename);
        if (null !== $expectedOutput) {
            self::assertSame($expectedOutput, $flattenOutput);
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    public function provideExampleData() : iterable
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                continue;
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            yield [$filename];
        }
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    private static function parseFile(string $filename) : ?string
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        $content = file_get_contents($filename);
        if (preg_match('~/\*\s*?OUTPUT\b(.+?)\*/~s', $content, $matches)) {
            return trim($matches[1]);
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}


Arietta Adams has a plan for today that she calls 'Operation Squirt'. It basically means that she wants to teach herself how to squirt to give her boyfriend a big surprise when he returns from a trip. She starts off by getting naked and showing her body off. After that it's time to get warmed up though and starts playing with herself. She uses her fingers and even toys but does she squirt? Well, you'll have to watch the video!


SoMo is an app built for people who hate ride-sharing with strangers. It's based on Here's "mobility marketplace", an open platform that encourages competition for transportation services. SoMo promises that using public transit, hailing a taxi and ride-sharing with friends will become part of a seamless user experience.


text:
Q: Detect parent domain name via script in iframe I am currently have i an iframe eg:
<iframe src="www.mydomain.com/myfram.php"> and embedded to my client page with different domain name.
i want my script in "myfram.php" to detect parent domain(client domain) where my iframe is embedded in.
I use
$_SERVRE['SERVER_NAME'] but it return my domain name not client. So do you have another ways to grab client domain.

A: PHP doesn't even know that the page is in an iframe. Only JavaScript can tell you that, and even then cross-domain restrictions may interfere.
If anything will work, it'll be using AJAX to send top.location.hostname to the server.

A: You have to do this in javascript:
    parent.document.URL

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Creation to the Flood
The Flood to the Exodus
The Exodus to the Christ
The Time of Christ
Biblical Timeline Overview
Kings & Chronicles
The Biblical Timeline
Seeing the Bible through history
When was Joseph in Egypt? Can we identify the Pharaoh of Joseph? Is there any archaeological evidence for Joseph? Joseph is critical to the biblical timeline because the genealogy provided in Genesis ends with Jacob. Identifying when the events in the Joseph story took place, and therefore when Jacob arrived in Egypt is critical to our ability to extend the timeline back before the exodus. As with the exodus, no conclusive archaeological evidence of Joseph has been found. But could this be because we have been looking in the wrong place, or rather the wrong time?
Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph
There are two main theories as to where to date Joseph, and the are known as the short sojourn and the long sojourn. To begin to understand what those terms mean we need to start with some scripture. Exodus 12:40-41 states:
40Now the sojourn of the children of Israel who lived in Egypt was four hundred and thirty years. 41And it came to pass at the end of the four hundred and thirty years – on that very same day[1]– it came to pass that all the armies of the Lord went out from the land of Egypt.
This follows the Masoretic text, which is the version of the ancient Hebrew used as the basis for most Christian bibles. However, the Septuagint, a translation from Hebrew to Greek from the third century BC states:
Now the residence of the sons of Israel during which they dwelt in the land, Egypt, and in the land of Chanaan, was four hundred and thirty years.(Exodus 12:40, Septuagint – NETS)
Josephus, writing in the first century AD, supports the Septuagint version of events in his history of the Jewish people:
They left Egypt in the month Xanthicus, on the fifteenth day of the lunar month; four hundred and thirty years after our forefather Abraham came into Canaan, but two hundred and fifteen years only after Jacob removed into Egypt (Josephus, Ant II 15:2)
The sojourn in Egypt was in fulfillment of the prophecy given to Abraham when God made His covenant with him:
13Then He said to Abram:"Know certainly that your descendants will be strangers in a land that is not theirs, and will serve them, and they will afflict them four hundred years. 14And also the nation whom they serve I will judge; afterward they shall come outwith great possessions. 15Now as for you, you shall go to your fathers in peace; you shall be buried at a good old age. 16But in the fourth generation they shall return here, for the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet complete.(Genesis 15:13-16)
In the new testament we find a couple of additional references to the length of time the children of Israel spent in Egypt.
But God spoke in this way: that his[Abraham's] descendants would dwell in a foreign land, and they would bring them into bondage and oppress them four hundred years. (Acts 7:6 – Stephen's speech)
And this I say that the law, which was four hundred and thirty years later, cannot annul the covenant that was confirmed before by God in Christ, that it should make the promise of no effect. (Galatians 3:17)
This seems clear enough, just count back four hundred and thirty years from the exodus and we are there. The issue though is what is the starting point? The final verse, from Galatians, the Septuagint, and Josephus have been used to date the beginning of the four hundred or four hundred and thirty years from the date of Abram's arrival in Canaan at the age of seventy-five, from Abraham's brief sojourn in Egypt, from the renewal of the covenant when Abraham was 99 years old, or from the birth of Isaac a year later. This is known as the short sojourn: the time that the children of Israel were actually in Egypt is reduced by the time from the covenant or the birth of Isaac until the family of Jacob physically arrived in Egypt. The long sojourn theory takes the literal interpretation of Exodus 12:40-41 and starts counting from Jacob's arrival. Thus, in order to understand the two main theories on where to date Joseph, we have to go back a little further, to Abraham and Isaac, and see what this means in terms of our timeline.
Based on what we find in Genesis, we can derive the relative dates shown in Figure 1. Abraham arrived in Canaan at the age of seventy-five (Genesis 12:4). Isaac was born twenty-five years later when Abraham was one hundred years old. Isaac was sixty years old when Jacob was born(Genesis 25:26). Isaac then lived an additional one hundred twenty years and died at the age of one hundred eighty(Genesis 35:28).
Jacob lived for seventeen years after arriving in Egypt and lived a total of one hundred forty-seven years (Genesis 47:28). Therefore, Jacob arrived in Egypt at the age of one hundred thirty, having buried his father Isaac ten years earlier.
Figure 1: Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph
Joseph was seventeen years old when his brothers sold him into slavery (Genesis 37:2). He then lived in Egypt for thirteen years, between his time serving Potiphar and his time in prison, and, at the age of thirty was released from prison and set over the land of Egypt (Genesis 41:46). What is not clear is how much time, if any, passed between Joseph's promotion and the beginning of the seven years of plenty. For purpose of this timeline I have assumed that at least a partial year elapsed between Joseph's promotion and the spring of the first year of plenty. The last piece of the puzzle is where to date Jacob's arrival relative to Joseph's age. When Joseph is speaking to his brothers and extending the invitation for them to join him in Egypt he states that two years of famine have passed and five remain (Genesis 45:6). Thus, Jacob's arrival is (7 years of plenty +2 years of famine = 9 years), and perhaps a bit longer, after Joseph's promotion. This would make Joseph approximately forty years old at Jacob's arrival. Joseph ultimately lived to the age of one hundred and ten (Genesis 50:26), or an additional seventy years after Jacob's arrival in Egypt. We can also deduce that Jacob was eighty years old when Joseph was born, which supports the statement that he was the child of Jacob's old age (Genesis 37:3), and that Joseph's promotion coincides with the year of Isaac's death (Joseph's story begins at Genesis 37:2 and this is thirteen years before Isaac's death in Genesis 35:29).
The consequence of all of this math is that if we start from Abraham's arrival in Canaan, the length of time actually spent in Egypt is reduced by (25+60+130=215) years. So, if we follow the Septuagint, Galatians 3:17, and Josephus we have what is known as a 'short' sojourn of 215 years. Following the Masoretic text and the Dead Sea Scrolls give us a 'long'sojourn of 430 years. In order to choose between these two approaches, we first need to look at Joseph's activities in Egypt.
There are many details in the Joseph story that are consistent with what we know about Egypt in the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period (2000-1500 BC in the orthodox chronology). While these details are important, we can't forget the larger context of the story itself. As a result of interpreting Pharaoh's dream and recommending a solution, Joseph is made the Chief Steward of the King, a role that historically supervised the agricultural production of Pharaoh's estates and was responsible for the royal granaries[2]. This is of course the logical position for Joseph to implement the plan that he had suggested to Pharaoh: to store up a portion of the produce from the years of plenty in preparation for the lean years. It's worth thinking about what it would take to implement this plan.
Implementation of Joseph's plan would require a strong central government for several reasons. First, in order to be able to effectively tax the produce of the land in the years of plenty. Second, in order to conduct the necessary public works projects to prepare for the lean years, primarily the construction and maintenance of additional storage facilities given the amount of grain that would need to be stored. A final consideration is the protection of that grain particularly during the lean years. The story tells us that the famine impacted all of Egypt as well as Canaan and perhaps other countries as well. Consider that if these events occurred during the Second Intermediate Period when upper and lower Egypt had separate governments, then only one part of the country (presumably Lower Egypt– the Nile delta region) would have been prepared. A starving Upper Egypt would have then looked to capture the stored grain and war would have ensued. Similarly, invasion from Canaan and elsewhere would have been likely in order to secure the available food. Absent a strong central government, Egypt would not have been able to defend its grain stores. Consequently, I believe that the context of the story makes a strong argument that the events described took place in a united Egypt and therefore during the Middle Kingdom period. This in turn suggests a long sojourn.
Genesis gives us a number of interesting details that suggest that the Pharaoh of the Joseph story was an Egyptian, and not an Asiatic. These are provided in detail in Charles Aling's six-part series on the topic[3]and I will summarize them here.
Joseph feels the need to shave when he is released from prison. Asiatics (e.g. the Hyksos) wore beards while Egyptians remained clean shaven (the stylized beards we see on statues are false). This suggests that Joseph was appearing before an Egyptian Pharaoh
Joseph is rewarded by Pharaoh. The specific rewards given, and in particular the gold chain, is indicative of an Egyptian reward ceremony of the period[4]
Pharaoh changes Joseph's name. The Asiatics that settled in the Nile delta region spoke Canaanite and West Semitic dialects that would be very similar if not identical to ancient Hebrew. Thus,there would have been no need to change Joseph's name, and if it were changed the new name would be easily translated into Hebrew. Instead, Pharaoh gives Joseph an Egyptian name, "Zaphnath-paaneah". Egyptian slaves were often given Egyptian names and we have texts where they are referred to as [Semitic name] , he who is called,[Egyptian name]. Egyptian for, "he who is called", is, spelled phonetically, "Zatenaf". Kenneth Kitchen and David Rohl have(separately) identified "Zaphnath" as being a corruption of zatenaf.[5]Thus, the name is more correctly, Joseph, he who is called Pa-Aneah. This last part is a phonetic spelling for the Egyptian word 'ankh', meaning 'life', with Pa-Aneah being best translated, 'the one who lives'. Thus, if we are looking for Joseph in Egyptian history we should be looking for a variant of the name 'Ankh'.
Joseph is given as his wife Ashenath the daughter of Potiphera, priest of On. Ashenath is a good Egyptian female name from this period[6],and On (Greek Heliopolis) was the center of worship for Ra, the sun god who was the primary Egyptian god. The primary god in the Hyksos pantheon was Thoth (equivalent to Baal), so this would have been a lesser honor if given by a Hyksos king.
Joseph is given titles: Chief Steward of the King, Father of Pharaoh, and Ruler Throughout All the Land of Egypt. Aling[7]discusses these in depth. The last title has been equated to Vizier. All of thes eare clearly Egyptian titles.
In summary, both the larger context and the specific details provided in the Joseph story indicate that Joseph served under an Egyptian, and not an Asiatic king and that this king was the ruler of all of a united Egypt in a period where Egypt was strong enough to defend herself against foreign invaders. This again places the story in the Middle Kingdom, and not later in the Second Intermediate Period.
Joseph in Archaeology
If we assume a long sojourn and use the orthodox or 'old'chronology for Egypt then Jacob's arrival in Egypt would, with an Exodus date of 1446 BC, be in 1876 BC (1446+430). This places Joseph in the late twelfth dynasty of the Middle Kingdom,around the time of the pharaohs Senusret II, Senusret III, and Amenemhat III. Given Joseph's high position and activities,we would certainly expect to find evidence of him in the archaeological record,and indeed we do, if we look in this time period. In his book, Exodus: Myth or History?, Egyptologist David Rohl links a number of archaeological finds to Joseph, and these can be summarized as follows:
There is an Egyptian vizier known as 'Anku' who served from the reign of Amenemhat III through to the reign of Sobekhotep I in the thirteenth dynasty. This vizier was initially Overseer of the Fields and was responsible for the construction of numerous granaries
Amenemhat III is credited with the construction of a canal linking the Nile with the Fayoum Oasis, a canal that is known as the Bahr Yussef in Arabic, or Joseph Canal.
Amenemhat III is credited with reducing the power of regional rulers[8].This aligns with Genesis 47:13-26 where the result of the lean years is a significant increase in the power of Pharaoh.
A Semitic settlement dating from the late twelfth dynasty has been found at Avaris, in the land of Goshen. Avaris was later renamed Rameses.
Excavation at this settlement has revealed a small palace belonging to a high ranking official. This palace was originally fronted by twelve columns. Later, the palace was expanded to add two identical sets of living quarters in front of the original structure
The palace grounds contain twelve tombs, all identified as Semitic burials. One of these tombs was originally covered by a pyramid. A very high honor reserved almost exclusively for royalty and unique in this period. Unlike the other tombs, this one is completely empty – no bones, no grave goods, nothing. Indications are that everything was removed in antiquity. Finally, this tomb contains the remains of a statue of its owner. The statue is of an Asiatic (Semite) with red hair and wearing a multicolored coat.
Rohl provides more detail of course, but even from this basic summary it is clear to me that this evidence ties to Joseph and makes Amenemhat III the pharaoh of Joseph. This confirms that Joseph is correctly placed at the end of the twelfth dynasty in the Middle Kingdom period. However, this does not necessarily confirm the long sojourn is correct. Rohl notes that the Semitic settlement at Avaris was abandoned suddenly at the end of the thirteenth dynasty, indicating that the Exodus took place then. The problem is that this is only about two hundred years after Jacob came into Egypt and, based on the orthodox chronology, two hundred years before the exodus date of 1446 BC. Rohl has proposed a significant alteration to the Egyptian chronology, a 'new' chronology, that removes two hundred years from the orthodox chronology, thereby aligning the archaeological evidence with the 1446 BC exodus date. This new chronology is not widely accepted, though it has significant appeal in that it not only aligns the evidence for the Exodus, but also for the conquest of Canaan, and sheds light on the life of Saul and the plunder of the temple by Shishak in 925 BC.
Figure 2: Egyptian Pharaohs prior to the Exodus according to the orthodox chronology
With respect to Joseph, the convincing archaeological evidence which places Joseph as vizier to Amenhemat III creates an interesting dilemma for biblical scholars with respect to the length of the sojourn. For those that hold to the orthodox chronology, it is then required to accept a long sojourn of four hundred and thirty years and reject the shorter sojourn. On the contrary, those that accept the new chronology must then accept the short sojourn of two hundred and fifteen years as correct. Regardless of which chronology and sojourn length is chosen however, we now have a solid anchor point (in the form of the synchronism between Joseph and Amenhemat III) from which to measure earlier events such as Abraham's brief sojourn in Egypt – though there will still be disagreement on the BC dating of these events.
The Pharaoh Who Did Not Know Joseph
Exodus begins with a new Pharaoh coming onto the scene who did not know Joseph and his role in saving Egypt. Specifically:
8Now there arose a new king over Egypt, who did not know Joseph. 9And he said to his people, "Look, the people of the children of Israel are more and mightier than we; 10come, let us deal shrewdly with them, lest they multiply, and it happen, in the event of war, that they also join our enemies and fight against us, and so go up out of the land." (Exodus 1:8-10)
This is the beginning of the period of affliction prophesied in Genesis 15. The most likely cause of a "new king" is a dynastic transition. Looking at the history of Egypt in this period, according to the orthodox chronology, and the details of the text, there are a couple of candidates for this role. The most obvious one is Amenhotep I. Before we consider any candidate, we first must allow sufficient time before the exodus for the events in Moses' life as shown in Figure 2. The exodus occurred when Moses was eighty years old which, based on an exodus in 1446 BC, places his birth in 1526 BC at the very end of the reign of Amenhotep I or the beginning of the reign of Thutmose I. Thus, Amenhotep is the las tpossible candidate to be the new king. Amenhotep is also the first Pharaoh of a new dynasty, the 18th,even though he was the son of the last 17th dynasty Pharaoh. Amenhotep was responsible for reasserting control over lower Egypt and the oases of the western desert, beginning a new period of a united Egypt and ending the Second Intermediate period. Given the duration of the Second Intermediate period (about 250 years) it would be quite natural that he would be unaware of the contribution of Joseph. At the same time, he would be naturally suspicious of the Asiatic population in the Nile delta, Hebrews and others, having just reasserted control over that area. This would explain his behavior in Exodus 1:10 in enslaving, or perhaps further enslaving the children of Israel. There is little doubt that either Amenhotep I or his son Tutmose I is the Pharaoh that gave the command to kill all the newborn Hebrew males (Exodus 1:16).
Figure 3: The Pharaoh who did not know Joseph in the New Chronology
Wood[9]suggests that this new king is an unidentified figure somewhere prior to Amenhotep I, perhaps one of the Hyksos kings. The Hyksos dynasty was preceded by one where the kings have Canaanite or Western Semitic names, raising the possibility that some of these may have even been Hebrews. With the rise of the Hyksos they may have seen it advantageous to enslave the Hebrews. There is an implication in Exodus 1:11 that the children of Israel already had responsibilities, or "burdens" before they were put under Egyptian taskmasters. Wood's argument is that Pithom and Rameses (at the time known a Avaris) were built before the 18th dynasty indicating that the enslavement began under the Hyksos.
In the new chronology, the Middle Kingdom period is moved later by approximately two hundred years, with the exodus occurring at the end of the thirteenth dynasty under the Pharaoh Dudimose (Manetho's Tutimaos). With this adjustment, Rohl places the birth of Moses in the reign of Neferhotep I and his upbringing under Sebekhotep IV. Consequently, the enslavement of the Hebrews by the, "Pharaoh who did not know Joseph", would have taken place under Sobekhotep III or shortly before. Of interest is the fact that Rohl identifies the vizier of Sobekhotep III as Iymeru II, or Ephraim, son of Ephraim, son of Joseph.
The Sojourn, Long or Short?
The short sojourn theory has been advanced by Christians because of Paul's statement in Galatians 3:17. This theory, coupled with the orthodox chronology, has been attractive to the secular world because it is presumed that an Asiatic king would be much more likely than an Egyptian one to advance Joseph to such a high position. In addition, the mention of a chariot in Genesis 41:43 has, given that the Hyksos introduced war chariots to Egypt, been used to tie Joseph to the Hyksos period. While chariots were not present in large numbers prior to the Hyksos, it is unlikely that they were completely unknown in the Middle Kingdom, and it is natural to believe that Pharaoh would have one or two for his use.[10]
However, as noted above, there is overwhelming archaeological, and I think textual, evidence to place Joseph in the late twelfth dynasty of the Middle Kingdom period. In order to arrive at a date in this period using the orthodox chronology, it is necessary to accept the long sojourn of 430 years. David Rohl, chief proponent of the new chronology (and a self-proclaimed agnostic – which I believe gives him additional credibility), uses the archaeological evidence to support a short sojourn of 215 years with an exodus in the late thirteenth dynasty. The new chronology then adjusts the regnal dates for this period to align the exodus with the early date of 1446 BC. I should note here that the new chronology was not created to solve this particular question, rather it was devised as part of Rohl's work on the Third Intermediate Period in Egyptian History which roughly parallels the period of the Hebrew Kings. The result however is an amazing alignment between the archaeological evidence and the biblical chronology.
Figure 4: Joseph in the larger timeline
My conclusion then is to place Joseph at the end of the twelfth dynasty and in the reign of Amenemhat III, based on the archaeological evidence. This is compatible with a long sojourn in the orthodox chronology or a short sojourn in the new chronology. Thus, the choice of sojourn length is dependent on which chronology you are using. But regardless, we have an anchor point from which to work out alignments between Egyptian and biblical history prior to Joseph, though the exact BC dates will remain in dispute as shown in Figure 4.
Joseph in Egypt, Part I", Associates for Biblical Research,February 18, 2010
Aling,Charles, PhD; "Joseph in Egypt, Part II", Associates for Biblical Research, February 23,2010
Aling,Charles, PhD; "Joseph in Egypt, Part III", Associates for Biblical Research, March 4, 2010
Aling,Charles, PhD; "Joseph in Egypt, Part IV", Associates for Biblical Research, March 15, 2010
Aling,Charles, PhD; "Joseph in Egypt, Part V", Associates for Biblical Research, April 5, 2010
Ailing,Charles, PhD; "Joseph in Egypt, Part VI", Associates for Biblical Research, April 9, 2010
Wood,Bryant G., PhD; "New Discoveries at Rameses", Associates for Biblical Research, October26, 2008
Wood,Bryant G., PhD; "The Rise and Fall of the 13th Century Exodus-Conquest Theory",Associates for Biblical Research, April 17, 2008
Rohl,David; Exodus: Myth or History; St.Louis Park, MN, Thinking Man Media, 2015.
Finegan, Jack; Handbook of Biblical Chronology; Peabody, Massachusetts,Hendrickson Publishers Marketing, LLC, Revised Edition, © 1998; pp 206-244,§364-419. Finegan supports a late Exodus and places Joseph in the late Second Intermediate Period and is useful to become familiar with those theories.
[1]The exodus took place at Passover which would be in the spring. Based on this verse the entry into Egypt would have also been in the spring of the third lean year.
[2] Aling, Charles, PhD; "Joseph in Egypt, Part V", Associates for Biblical Research, April 5, 2010
[3] Aling,Charles, PhD; "Joseph in Egypt, Part I – Part VI", Associates for Biblical Research. Originally published in Bible and Spade from 2000 to 2003 the series was republished at www.biblearchaology.orgfrom February through April, 2010. Links are provided in the bibliography.
[4] Aling, Charles, PhD; "Joseph in Egypt, Part IV", Associates for Biblical Research, March 15, 2010
[5] Rohl, David; Exodus: Myth or History; St. Louis Park, MN, Thinking Man Media, 2015, pp 103-104
[8] See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senusret_III
[9] Wood, Bryant G., PhD; "The Rise and Fall of the 13th Century Exodus-Conquest Theory", Associates for Biblical Research, April 17, 2008. See Section III, 2.
[10] Aling, Charles, PhD; "Joseph in Egypt, Part IV", Associates for Biblical Research, March 15, 2010
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A historical timeline of the ancient world based on scripture and archaeology