Because of that governing rule, and a general respect for privacy, I only made specific attributions if: made by an official in an official capacity, if doing so advances the individual's explicit intent, or after a judicious application of contextual considerations. The Workshop had a purposefully loosely structured agenda (below, right) with initial topics for consideration (below, left) shared with participants at the beginning.
Following the welcomes was a series of short (i.e. 6 minute) Ignite talks: Eli Pollard on the World Parkinson Coalition, a Presidential Innovation Fellow on reimagining the cancer clinical trial experience, Anna McCollister-Slipp on VitalCrowd.org, Clifton Langdon & colleagues from Gallaudet University demonstrating Pro-Tactile language communication (raw video by @HugoOC), @CraigLipset on challenges and opportunities for Pharma in partnering with participants for research, and Jose Merino from the British Medical Journal.
As a university professor, my perception is colored by the considerable emphasis on the role of research and the subsequent academic currency it generates. Because of that, I was encouraged to see the update on the BMJ's Patient Peer Review Process presented at the White House. This philosophy advocates for active partnering with patients from the identification of research questions and priorities all the way to review of prospective publications. In addition to the BMJ, other publications were represented at the White House including the New England Journal of Medicine.
Much of the rest of the day was spent in the Speed Thinking -> Sense Making -> Concept Development stages that culminated in small group pitches. Design experts like Katie McCurdy and Dennis Boyle of IDEO facilitated these processes via small group efforts. A bit of the nuts-and-bolts to get to that point nicely captured (appropriately enough) by Audun Utengen of Symplur (below).
Following the final pitches was a call to action to help advance those ideas that best aligned with and/or particularly resonated as a way to partner with participants for research. Another call to action integrated some of these endeavors with the Road to Med X. A primary aspect was the invitation by @LarryChu for workshop participants to engage in the interim leading up to the Stanford Medicine X conference in Palo Alto this September.
Needs and Offers. At the end of a very full day, Claudia Williams solicited a room of extremely busy people for their needs and offers to help advance what had been discussed during the Workshop relative to partnering with participants and PMI. I was astounded to see how many of these luminaries offered their time, expertise, and resources for these causes. Truly an inspirational sight.
Not having the time/opportunity to connect with and learn from more of the people at the Workshop. The upside is there was no wasted time since everyone was constantly working to move ideas forward to action.
Farewell green appointment badge and White House!
Among other roles, Julie is a patient. Julie shared a story of a study in which she donated her time and (literally) some of herself as a research participant. Fast forward to when she was searching the literature and was surprised to come across an abstract of the very study she had contributed to as a participant. She had no idea the results had been published and, outrageously, could not access the article generated with parts of her as it was behind a paywall. The story served as a stark reminder of the disconnect that must be bridged. And it literally made me say "woah" out loud.
Black belt in transforming HIPAA from a barrier to a valve. New personal hero.
Walks the walk. Period. Maybe an exclamation point.
Blockchain technology applied to health-related data rather than dodgy cryptocurrency.
Every time I attend a Med X-involved event, I feel like I meet Pharma outliers (e.g. Joe, Jerry). They think and speak differently, demonstrate empathy, embrace innovation and the need for calculated risk, and have notable insights to offer. This is the most recent.
Chris has an excellent podcast called Just Talking. Over the last couple of weeks I listened to several of his interviews of guests including Erin Moore, Darrell Drobnich, Howard Look, and Emily Bradley. In some cases those podcasts gave me a better appreciation of topics being explored at the Workshop, with others they served as prompts to connect with attendees in a more meaningful way.
I really hope Camille or a presence from the UCSD Connected and Open Research Ethics (CORE) project are at Med X in September. The work they are doing and the efforts related to MISST technologies belong in this conversation.
Both Stanford Medicine X and White House OSTP teams deserve a series of awards for what they were able to produce with this Workshop. At times it seemed like more of a passion project than event production.
Up Next. Maybe. The Unconference @ Johns Hopkins Sibley Innovation Hub held the day after the White House event.


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Four Seasons Resort Nevis Receives AAA Five Diamonds
Christopher Parr,
Pursuitist
AAA has awarded Four Seasons Resort Nevis Five Diamonds in their 2013 hotel and resort rankings. This prestigious accreditation is based on in-depth property reviews by AAA.
This accolade follows a 2012 Certificate of Excellence Award by TripAdvisor, whereby travellers have consistently commended Four Seasons Resort Nevis with top reviews resulting in a 4.5 TripAdvisor overall rating.
According to Andrew Humphries, regional vice president and general manager of Four Seasons Resort Nevis, the Resort is sporting a new look and a roster of novel activities after a two-year, USD 110 million renovation. Humphries said: "We are thrilled to be back on the map and better than ever. With this recognition from AAA, we join an elite group of hotels worldwide that are recognized for excellence at every level."
In 1992, Four Seasons Resort Nevis was the first AAA Five Diamond property to be named in the Caribbean region following its opening in February 1991.
In 1995, the Resort went on to be named the #1 Hotel in the World by the readers of Condé Nast Traveler magazine and has been spotlighted as one of the premier properties in the Caribbean by travel media and consumers worldwide. Accolades have included top rankings for the golf, spa and service in polls by Travel + Leisure World's Best Awards and Condé Nast Traveler Reader's Choice Awards.
The Resort's Peter Burwash International Tennis program is currently ranked the #1 Tennis Center in the Caribbean by Tennis Resorts Online and in the Top Five International Tennis Resorts by Tennis Now TV. The Resort's golf and spa facilities were just ranked among the top in the Caribbean region in the 2012 Condé Nast Traveler Golf and Spa polls, respectively. In the UK, the editors of Gallivanter's Guide highlighted the Resort as their #2 Best Pick in the Caribbean and Bahamas. In Canada, the Globe and Mail named Nevis as one of the Top Five Must-See International Destinations for 2012.
The dual launches in 2004 of the Resort's Sea Turtle Conservancy and Adoption program and its innovative Dive & Dine experience, both being "firsts" in the industry, have been the source of countless travel articles and TV segments highlighting distinctive luxury vacations. These include NBC's Today Show, The New York Times, USA Today, Condé Nast Traveler, Travel + Leisure, American Way Magazine, New York Post, the Travel Channel and many other leisure and lifestyle outlets.
When the Resort re-opened in 2010, it added the only Sail Laser Training School in the Caribbean to its Watersports Center. The Resort enhancements included new décor for all of its 196 guest rooms and suites, a refurbished fitness centre with Techno Gym equipment and extensive landscaping to the outdoor spaces.
Lushly lined paths throughout the verdant property, plus hiking and jogging trails, encourage guests to explore the stunning natural flora and fauna of Nevis. Guests can also enjoy the many relaxation areas spanning the three pools and two and a half miles (four kilometres) of Pinney's Beach. Four new unique luxury beach houses, available for daily rentals, serve as private cabanas with dedicated attendants and luxury amenities. The Resort's culinary programs and partnerships with local fishermen and organic farmers showcase the fresh seafood and ingredients stemming from the island's fertile, volcanic soil and shores. A full-service Spa with outdoor gardens and pools, an 18-hole Robert Trent Jones II-designed golf course and a top-notch Peter Burwash International Tennis Center round out the Resort amenities.
Read more posts on Pursuitist »
Read the original article on Pursuitist. Copyright 2019. Follow Pursuitist on Twitter.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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- An unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Identity Management Suite in the Suite Level Patch Issues (Apache Log4j) subcomponent could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Identity Management Suite.
- An unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Identity Manager component of Oracle Fusion Middleware in the Advanced Console subcomponent could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Identity Manager.
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Home » Overview Sections » Releases » Personal Release Agreements
Personal Release Agreements
This section provides and discusses personal release agreements that permit the use of a person's name and image. Personal releases are often referred to as "model releases," although the term "model" can be used for anyone, not just professional models. There are two classes of personal releases: blanket releases and limited releases.
A blanket release permits any use of the photographic image of the person signing the release and is suitable if the company or photographer needs an unlimited right to use the image. Stock photographers who sell their photos for unlimited purposes commonly use blanket releases.
Celebrities and professional models usually sign limited releases that specify the particular ways their image and name may be used. If a use exceeds what's permitted under the limited release, the person can sue for breach of the agreement. For example, a model that signed a release limiting use of her image for a museum brochure sued when the photo appeared on a Miami transit card.
1 General Rules for Releases
1.1 Get It in Writing
1.2 Make It Clear
1.3 Keep It Simple
1.3.1 Tip
1.4 Get the Right Signatures
1.4.1 EXAMPLE:
1.4.3 Dear Rich : Stopped Taking Photos Because of Photo Releases
1.4.4 Consideration: Paying for a Release
1.4.5 Dear Rich : Can I Sell Golf Paintings and Prints?
2 Unlimited Personal Release Agreement
3 Limited Personal Release Agreement
4 Explanation for Limited and Unlimited Personal Releases
General Rules for Releases
In addition to the specific legal rules for releases discussed throughout this chapter, some general advice is helpful when dealing with release situations.
Get It in Writing
Although oral releases are generally valid, you should always try to get a release in writing. This way, the model can't claim he or she never agreed to the release. In addition, the terms of an oral release can be hard to remember and even harder to prove in court if a dispute arises.
Make It Clear
When a release is sought for a specific purpose, do not hide or misrepresent facts to get the signature. A fraudulently obtained release is invalid. For example, a model who was told that his image would be used by an insurance company signed a blanket release based on that statement. However, a company that pays cash for life insurance policies owned by AIDS victims used the photo. A Florida court permitted the model to sue.
Release agreements do not include many of the legal provisions found in other agreements in this book. Instead, releases are usually "stripped down" to pose less likelihood of triggering a discussion or negotiation. Keep your release short and simple (see tip below).
You may find it easier to obtain a signed release if you shrink the release information to the size of a 3×5 or 5×7 card. Photographers have found that photo subjects find the smaller documents less intimidating. Some photographers reduce the material to a font size that fits on the back of a business card. However, if the contract is difficult to read, it will be less likely to be enforceable.
Get the Right Signatures
There are two requirements for the signature on a release: it must be "informed consent," which means that the person signing the release understood it; and the person signing the release must have the authority to grant the release.
In the majority of states, a minor is any person under 18 years of age, although in some states, the age may be 19 or 21. Since a minor may not understand the terms of a release, the signature of a parent or guardian is required before using a minor's name or image.
A 16-year-old boy who was photographed on the beach at Cape Canaveral signed a release; his parents did not. The photo was later used on the cover of a novel about a gay adolescent. His father sued the publisher and settled out of court.
In some cases, an agent representing the person may have the authority to sign a release. For example, an agent signed a release granting an unlimited time period for use of a model's image in a Nintendo advertisement. The model had intended that the image only be used for one year. A court held that the agent had the authority to sign the release on behalf of the model and the release was binding.
It is always preferable to have a release signed by the subject, not an agent. When dealing with an agent, seek an assurance that the agent has the legal authority to sign. This can be done by including the statement, "I am the authorized agent for [name of model]" above the agent's signature line.
Get a release signed ASAP. It is sometimes difficult to track down a subject after a photo has been taken and there is less incentive for the subject to sign a release. Therefore, most photographers obtain releases prior to or directly after a photo session or when the model is paid.
Dear Rich : Stopped Taking Photos Because of Photo Releases
Dear Rich:
I work for a nonprofit and my board members are obsessed with getting photo releases—but as they don't have a good one and they often want to photograph events with LOTS of people—they refrain from taking photos at all. I was under the impression that unless a photo was going to be sold, no release was needed. Is there a guideline that will enlighten both myself and my board about when photos and video that will be used for things like social media and newsletters require releases from their subjects? I am afraid this question is going to lead to an "it varies from state to state" answer.
Actually, the answer doesn't vary from state to state (and in any case the Dear Rich Staff would never do you like that!).
You need a release if … A properly drafted release basically shields you from lawsuits over two things: (1) you're using someone's image to sell or endorse something; or (2) using the image in a way that harms the person—it invades the person's privacy or defames the person or otherwise gets them so upset that they call a lawyer and go after the publisher of the photo and sometimes the photographer.
You do not need a release if … You do not need a release to use a person's name or image for informational purposes. An informational (or "editorial") purpose is anything that informs, educates, or expresses opinions protected as freedom of speech. So if you have a section of your website such as "About Our Members" or you include the images in your nonprofit newsletter—for example, "Members Protest Disney World Mouse Exploitation"—then you wouldn't need a release.
Finally … although it doesn't have the full legal punch of a release, you can always prominently post your photo policy at group gatherings—a statement such as "We'll be taking photos at our event and posting them at our website. If you don't wish to be included, please inform the photographer."
Consideration: Paying for a Release
A contract is legally binding only if each party obtains something of value (referred to as "consideration") in return for performance of the contract obligations. For this reason, releases traditionally stipulated payment of a nominal amount such as one dollar. However, most courts now take a modern approach to contract law and accept the fact that consideration can be implied and an actual payment is not mandatory. Each release in this chapter establishes that the contract has met the consideration requirement by beginning with the statement, "For consideration that I acknowledge…" However, to fortify this position, you may wish to make a payment—even if nominal—to the person signing the release and indicate the amount of the payment somewhere in the release.
Dear Rich : Can I Sell Golf Paintings and Prints?
Dear Rich: I'm a graphic artist with over 30 years professional experience. Now, I am creating a series of original golf images, in my personal style, to sell as limited-edition prints. Some of these images depict famous players but they are not depicted in recognizable events (derived partially from my visual memory abilities and also from sketches made from the TV). I am concerned about being sued by the golfer(s) for rights to publicity … even despite the fact I am aware that a while ago a very famous golfer's agents sued a sports artist for selling prints of the artist's painting depicting that famous golfer, and lost … essentially due to the ruling determining the athlete's right to publicity did not trump the artist's First Amendment rights. Is this good news? Or for every ruling like this, are there just as many that have gone against the artist? Does it matter that, in part, I am painting a known golfer's image based on my sketches from the TV, which is a "publicly viewable" situation? I know the famous golfer believes that people are buying the art print solely because of his image, but what if the person is buying it primarily because of the quality of the artwork? Also, famous golf courses like the Pebble Beach Golf Links (Monterey Peninsula in California) have trademarks on their property/business names. If I create a painting that is merely suggestive of that course's famous holes, but is not actually a factual view … and if their trademark encompasses the phrase "PEBBLE BEACH," can I use the term "PEBBLE"? In other words, are there infringement issues for implying an actual place?
We hope we can answer all your questions before our Stash green tea high wears off. Yes, you are correct—a painter created images of famous golfers including Eldrick "Tiger" Woods, and then sold the prints. Woods's licensing people sued and lost.
Why did Tiger lose? The Sixth Circuit believed that the First Amendment trumped the right of publicity. A similar ruling happened in a case involving a painting of a famous sports scene from Alabama football history. These are great cases for painters, and we want all artists to exploit their First Amendment rights (no matter how dopey that can sometimes be). But our takeaway points should also include the fact that both cases took almost four years from filing to final gavel. So, like Clint says, you have to ask yourself, "Do you feel lucky?" We know that's not the answer you were hoping for, but like the fair use defense, that's the reality. Any celebrity or trademark owner can drag you through litigation until a court agrees with you that the balance is tipped in favor of free speech. So, please proceed with caution.
Does it matter whether they're buying the work for my artwork or for the celebrity? That's not the way to frame the question exactly (and in any case it's usually a little of both). In these kinds of lawsuits, the inquiry isn't why people are buying the work, it's more about what the artist has done with the work. Or as one California court put it, "Another way of stating the inquiry is whether the celebrity likeness is one of the 'raw materials' from which an original work is synthesized, or whether the depiction or imitation of the celebrity is the very sum and substance of the work in question." Like fair use analyses, courts seem to be looking for something transformative in the work. The same California court looked at Andy Warhol's celebrity imagery and wrote:
"Through distortion and the careful manipulation of context, Warhol was able to convey a message that went beyond the commercial exploitation of celebrity images and became a form of ironic social comment on the dehumanization of celebrity itself …. Although the distinction between protected and unprotected expression will sometimes be subtle, it is no more so than other distinctions triers of fact are called on to make in First Amendment jurisprudence."
Gee, we're getting a little winded with all this jurisprudential verbiage. Is it okay if we answer one more question and go lie down?
Can I use publicly viewable images from TV? The Dear Rich Staff thinks you're mixing a couple of concepts, here. Generally you don't need a release for a person (or property) that is viewable in the public. An image on TV may be viewable by the TV-viewing public, but it's not the same as "being in public." We know it's hard to separate the two these days and we have problems with it as well. Eventually they'll all be one thing and we won't have to wrestle with it anymore.
Unlimited Personal Release Agreement
The following form is an unlimited or blanket release agreement. It permits you to use the model's image and name in all forms of media throughout the world forever.
You can download this form (and all other forms in this book) from Nolo.com; for details, see the appendix.
For consideration which I acknowledge, I irrevocably grant to __________________________ ("Company") and Company's assigns, licensees, and successors the right to use my image and name in all forms and media including composite or modified representations for all purposes, including advertising, trade, or any commercial purpose throughout the world and in perpetuity. I waive the right to inspect or approve versions of my image used for publication or the written copy that may be used in connection with the images.
I release Company and Company's assigns, licensees, and successors from any claims that may arise regarding the use of my image, including any claims of defamation, invasion of privacy, or infringement of moral rights, rights of publicity, or copyright. Company is permitted, although not obligated, to include my name as a credit in connection with the image.
Company is not obligated to utilize any of the rights granted in this Agreement.
I have read and understood this agreement and I am over the age of 18. This Agreement expresses the complete understanding of the parties.
Name: _______________________ Date:
Witness Signature:
Parent/Guardian Consent (include if the person is under 18)
I am the parent or guardian of the minor named above. I have the legal right to consent to and do consent to the terms and conditions of this release.
Parent/Guardian Name: _______________________ Date:
Parent/Guardian Signature:
Parent/Guardian Address:
Limited Personal Release Agreement
The following form is a limited personal release agreement. It allows you to use the model's name or image only for the purposes specified in the agreement.
For consideration which I acknowledge, I grant to __________________________ ("Company") and Company's assigns, licensees, and successors, the right to use my image for the following purposes:
in the following territory
for a period of year(s) (the "Term").
I grant the right to use my name and image for the purposes listed above in all forms and media, including composite or modified representations, and waive the right to inspect or approve versions of my image used for publication or the written copy that may be used in connection with the images.
(Select if appropriate)
For the rights granted during the Term, Company shall pay $ upon execution of this release.
Company may renew this agreement under the same terms and conditions for year(s) provided that Company makes payment of $ at the time of renewal.
I release Company and Company's assigns, licensees, and successors from any claims that may arise regarding the use of my image including any claims of defamation, invasion of privacy, or infringement of moral rights, rights of publicity, or copyright. Company is permitted, although not obligated, to include my name as a credit in connection with the image.
Parent/Guardian Name:
Explanation for Limited and Unlimited Personal Releases
The Grant section establishes the rights granted by the person. In the unlimited agreement, a "blanket" grant is used. This grant is broad and intended to encompass all potential uses, whether informational, commercial, or other. In the limited agreement, the uses must be listed—for example, "For use on the cover of trade book and for related advertisements." This release also has limitations regarding territory and term. Insert the appropriate geographic region and term—for example, "North America for a period of two years."
The Release section is the person's promise not to sue the company for legal claims such as libel and invasion of privacy.
If the person is a minor, the parent or guardian should sign where it is marked Parent/Guardian Consent. Since issues about release authenticity often crop up many years after a photo was made, a witness should sign the agreement to verify the person's signature or the signature of the parent. The witness should be an adult. An employee or assistant is suitable.
Copyright Overview (NOLO)
The content for the Copyright and Fair Use Overview section is from NOLO, with much of it taken from the book Getting Permission (October 2016) by Richard Stim. Thanks!
Rich Stim
Attorney at law, Nolo author, LinkedIn Learning Instructor, Blogger — Dear Rich: A Patent, Copyright and Trademark Blog.


What is an environmental management system ?
An environmental management system helps organizations identify, manage,monitor and control their environmental issues in a " holistic " manner. Other ISO standards that look at different types of management systems, such as ISO 9001 for quality management and ISO 45001 for occupational health and safety, all use a High- Level Structure.This means that ISO 14001 can be integrated easily into any existing ISO management system.
ISO 14001 is suitable for organizations of all types and sizes, be they private, not-for-profit or governmental. It requires that an organization considers all environmental issues relevant to its operations, such as air pollution, water and sewage issues, waste management, soil contamination, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and resource use and efficiency.
What benefits will it bring to my business or organization ?
Improve company reputation &the confidence of stakeholders through strategic communication.
Provide a competitive and financial advantage through improved efficiency and reduced costs.
Reassures customers who take an active interest in environmental performance that they are working with a company which promotes a shared environmental etho.
Proof that you are maintaining a forward thinking, environmentally aware organization that fulfills its corporate social responsibility.
Why was ISO 14001 revised?
All ISO standards are reviewed every five years to establish if a revision is required in order to keep it current and relevant for the marketplace. ISO 14001:2015 is designed to respond to latest trends and ensure it is compatible with other management system standards.
What are the main changes to the standard?
Increased prominence of environmental management within the organization's strategic planning processes.
Addition of proactive initiatives to protect the environment from harm and degradation, such as sustainable resource use and climate change mitigation.
Life cycle thinking when considering environmental aspects.
1. What evidence exists that the organization has established, implemented and maintains (a) procedure(s) to identify the environmental aspects of its activities, products or services within the defined scope of the environmental management system that it can control and those that it can influence taking into account planned or new developments, or new modified activities, products and services and determined those aspects that have or can have a significant impact(s) on the environment (i.e. significant environmental aspects)?
2. Does the decision making process take into consideration inputs and outputs, normal and abnormal operating conditions, start ups and shut downs, actual influences, potential influences and potential emergency situations, as well as those that are beneficial to the environment?
3. Does the decision making process take into consideration the amount of control and influence the organization have over its aspects?
4. How/when are aspects reviewed and maintained; changes to processes, changes to regulations, introduction of new raw materials?
5. Does the documentation reflect this change?
6. Where is this information documented and is it kept up to date?
7. Where has the organization identified environmental aspects for its operations, products and services? What was the process that was used?
8. Who was involved in determining aspects?
9. Were air emissions, possible ground and surface water contamination, landfill issues, use of natural resources, raw materials and energy considered as well as community issues such as noise, traffic, and odor?
10. Are current, planned and modified activities considered?
11. Look for potential aspects that have not been taken into consideration and ask why they were not considered. How are significant environmental aspects determined? What criteria are used?
1. Has the organization established, implemented and does it maintain documented environmental objectives and targets, at each relevant function and level within the organization?
2. Look for documented environmental objectives and targets.
3. How does the organization ensure that employees on all levels are aware of objectives and targets?
4. Speak with employees on all levels to determine if they are aware of objectives and targets.
5. How does the organization develop objectives and targets? Who is responsible for developing them?
6. What types of things were taken into consideration during development? Were reducing the creation of waste, reducing the release of specific elements to the air, reducing ground water contamination, reducing use of raw materials by reducing rework and scrap, taken into consideration? Was promoting awareness within the organization and the surrounding community considered?
7. Do the objectives and targets reflect the vision of the EMS policy? Are they consistent with the policy?
8. Do they include commitments to the prevention of pollution and compliance with applicable rules, requirements and regulations?
9. Have measurable targets been defined? If not, why not?
10. Are targets both short and long term?
11. How are the objectives and targets maintained? Who is responsible for maintaining them?
12. Objectives, targets and programs – Are the objectives and targets measurable, where practical, and consistent with the environmental policy, including the commitments to prevention of pollution, to compliance with applicable legal requirements and with other requirements to which the organization subscribes, and to continual improvement?
13. When establishing and reviewing its objectives and targets, does the organization take into account the legal requirements and other requirements to which the organization subscribes, and its significant environmental aspects? Does the organization also consider its technological options, its financial, operational and business requirements, and the views of interested parties?
14. What factors does the organization consider in setting objectives and targets? How are significant impacts considered?
15. Look at plans. Is there one for every objective and target? What happens when something doesn't go according to plan? Is corrective action taken?
16. How is management kept informed of the progress towards the targets? How are employees informed of the progress towards the targets?
17. Look for graphs, information in newsletters, meeting minutes, and posters. How does the organization plan to achieve objectives and targets?
18. Have responsibilities been defined?
19. Have time lines been defined?
20. How is progress monitored? Is it measurable?
21. What has been included in the development of the plan?
22. How are resources obtained?
23. Are legal and other requirements, available technology, financial, operational and business requirements considered? Were interested parties involved in the development of objectives? If so, how?
24. How were objectives developed? Who participated in their development?
25. Has the organization established, implemented and does it maintain a program(s) for achieving its objectives and targets, including designation of responsibility for achieving objectives and targets at each relevant function and level of the organization and the means and time-frame by which they are to be achieved?
26. What plans have been developed to achieve objectives and targets?
27. Do plans include responsibility for achieving the objectives and targets?
28. Do plans reflect objectives and targets at lower levels of the organization?
29. Does the plan include its own targets and timelines for reaching them?
1. Has the organization established, implemented and do they maintain a procedure(s) to identify and have access to the applicable legal requirements and other requirements to which the organization subscribes, related to its environmental aspects and determined how these requirements apply to its environmental aspects?
2. Is there a list of applicable rules and regulations?
3. Who is responsible for keeping this information updated and current? Does the list include any voluntary standards?
4. How does the organization ensure it is complying with these regulations?
5. Speak with people in the organization to determine if they are aware of any regulations.
6. Did the organization consider national, international, state and local rules and regulations?
7. Does the organization have any agreements with public authorities, or with customers?
8. Do they subscribe to any voluntary guidelines or industry practices such as Responsible Care?
9. What process does the organization have for reviewing requirements to make sure they are current in the face of changing processes and business requirements?
10. Do regulations include such things as Federal Title V or Synthetic Minor, State Emissions Inventory and Permit Fee?
11. What is the procedure regarding this requirement?
12. How does the organization know what regulations and requirements they may be subject to?
13. Do they subscribe to industry newsletters or websites? Do they have a third party environmental service monitor regulations for them and alert them as to any changes?
14. Has the organization ensured that these applicable legal requirements and other requirements to which the organization subscribes are taken into account in establishing, implementing and maintaining its environmental management system?
15. Check the organization's objective and targets to determine if requirements are included.
16. Was the selection of significant aspects based partially on applicable legal requirements and other requirements?
Nonconformity with the work procedure and work guide.
Nonconformity with goal and objective.
Unexpected situations that negatively affect the environment.
Soil, air, and water pollution that is uncontrollable.
Non conformities in the evaluation process of manager.
Supervise the process of goal and task implementation.
Evaluate the conformance with legal and other requirements.
• After identifying the significant environmental aspects, EPD will work with the heads of producing sectors to create and execute the plan of monitoring and measurement.
3. Procedure for identifying environmental aspects & effects.
4.1. The order for identifying the environmental aspects: The heads of divisions are responsible for identifying the aspects, following the steps mentioned in the enclosed form.
List all the work that their divisions are responsible, based on considering the input and output of the work, product or service.
As for each work, product or service, the manager must classify different situations: normal, unnormal or urgent.
Procedure for responding to urgent situation.
First, EPD will identify significant environmental aspect requirements to prepare for urgent situation.
Heads of divisions prepare emergency plan by approaching and evaluating these aspects. The evaluation result will be reported to the EPD.
EPD then will collect information and consider the confidence and emergency level of each situation to decide whether or not the company will need to provide with suitable resources.
Must be suitable with the environment policy, including the agreement on pollution prevention.
Abide by legal and other requirements.
Must mention the significant environmental aspects.
Must be suitable with technology ability, requirements of business and finance activities.
Meet the company regulations (if have).
4.1. The board representative needs to set up relationship with environment and health safety organizations to update new environment requirements so that the environment management activity of the company is always effective and suitable.
4.2. Administration division collects, analyses and documents information appropriately and in time for the environment management project.
1. Everyone must know that electricity is necessary and must follow this saving.
2. The machines and facility of the company must be used properly as specified, turn off when not using.
3. Stick notes reminding of turning off light, fan, air conditioner or setting automatic mode at suitable place.
4. Equip a thermometer in room with air conditioner and never let temperature (in room) too high or low.


Here I go dragging this challenge into March. Doesn't matter, because I still need to finish this book asap!
I only need about 1,500 words to hit the word count goal I set for this book. The terrible suspicion that I'm going to go long on this book is getting stronger, because I don't feel an end coming in what I've written. Honestly at this point, I'm not even sure I have a cohesive plot with this one, just a series of events that aren't really leading anywhere specific, but I might try to get in some extra time to see if I can come up with something.
I might even do a cliffhanger on this one. I haven't done that before, but I seriously do not want to go long on this particular book since it's a pet project that I don't expect to make me much money. It's part of a continuing series so I wouldn't be doing a disservice to the story, I don't think, but I'd originally planned for the stories to each have some closure. Ugh. I wish I knew what to do!
Anyway, I'm glad things are moving again, but this has really made me wonder if my lack of any measurable writing mid-August through late December slowed down my writing speed. I feel like I'm trying to get back into a creative groove, but I don't think it was smart of me to let myself take that long of a break. I work much better when I can keep myself working daily.
*Well, that didn't happen. I gave out early and I'm going to sleep. I'll try harder tomorrow!


KEY: stricken = removed, old language.
underscored = added, new language.
law in Minnesota Statutes, chapter 469.
new text begin [469.501] STATE GENERAL TAX REFUND.
new text begin (b) "Commissioner" means the commissioner of employment and economic development.
new text begin (c) "Employee" and "wages" have the meanings given in section 290.92, subdivision 1.
using data collected in the most recent American Community Survey.
any contiguous census tract; and (3) is a for-profit business.
that relocates outside of a job creation zone is not eligible for a refund under this paragraph.
and the denominator of which is the total area of the property where the business is located.
eligible business owner by December 1.
is appropriated annually from the general fund to the commissioner of revenue.
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The report must comply with sections 3.195 and 3.197.
taxes payable in 2017 through taxes payable in 2027.
2017 for refunds of the state general tax payable in 2017 through 2027.


text:
\section*{Introduction}
The blow-up of a scheme along a closed subscheme is a fundamental object in algebraic geometry. Constructing the blow-up is done by taking the projective spectrum of the Rees algebra of the corresponding ideal sheaf.
There are nowadays many algebraic results concerning the generalized concept of \emph{Rees algebras of modules}, see for instance \cite{reesbud} and \cite{reesmodules}. We will here describe the geometry behind this object, and characterize it by a universal property.
There is already a notion of the blow-up of a module, see \cite{MR2188879}, defined as the blow-up of an ideal isomorphic to a torsionfree quotient of the determinant of the module. This blow-up is used to flatify the module and is by construction birational. This is not the geometric object we will study here, but we will relate our results to this notion in Section~\ref{sec:flat}.

Instead, we will study another transformation associated to modules,
namely the projective spectrum of the Rees algebra of a module. We call  this scheme the \emph{total blow-up} of the module, and we denote the total blow-up of a module $M$ by $\mathbb{B}(M)$. As these concepts generalize naturally to coherent sheaves on locally noetherian schemes, we will study the total blow-up in this setting. Let therefore $\mathcal{F}$ be a coherent sheaf on a locally noetherian scheme $X$, and suppose that there is some open $U\subseteq X$ such that $\mathcal{F}|_U$ is locally free. We will then, in Theorem~\ref{thm:main}, characterize the total blow-up as having the following property: For every morphism $f\colon Y\to X$ such that $f^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense, there is an equality of sets
\[\{\text{quotients }f^\ast\mathcal{F}\twoheadrightarrow \L \text{ with } \L \text{ invertible}\}=\hom_X\bigl(Y,\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})\bigr).\]
This result tells us that the total blow-up $\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})$ has the same property as the projective space bundle $\P(\mathcal{F})=\operatorname{Proj}\bigl(\operatorname{Sym}(\mathcal{F})\bigr)$, but on a more restricted class of morphisms.  We also show that the total blow-up gives a connection between the projective space bundle and the classical blow-up of an ideal. Indeed, if $\mathcal{E}$ is a locally free sheaf on $X$, then $\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{E})=\P(\mathcal{E})$ is the projective space bundle, and if $\mathcal{I}$ is an ideal sheaf, then $\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{I})=\operatorname{Bl}_\mathcal{I}X$ is the classical blow-up along $\mathcal{I}$.

In Section~\ref{sec:flat}, we apply our results to flatifications of modules, related to the theory of Raynaud and Gruson \cite{MR0308104}. There are many other results on this subject, and we show that these results are naturally explained using the total blow-up. Related is the work of Oneto and Zatini \cite{MR1218672} who showed that the Nash transformation of a module gives a flatification, and that this transformation is equal to a blow-up of a certain fractional ideal. This was later rediscovered by Villamayor \cite{MR2188879} who gave another description of this blow-up and called it the blow-up of a module. See also \cite{MR3042637}. We show in Corollary~\ref{cor:nashh} that this blow-up is equal to the total blow-up of the determinant of the module. As another application, we show in Theorem~\ref{thm:birproj} that any birational projective morphism can be described as the total blow-up of the push-forward of a very ample line bundle.

Finally, in Section~\ref{sec:tor}, we introduce the concept of torsionless quotients of algebras to motivate and explain our previous assumptions and results. We show that the Rees algebra can be characterized as the torsionless quotient of the symmetric algebra, and that our assumptions are needed for the torsionless quotient to behave well under base change.

\section{Rees algebras of modules and torsionless quotients}
In this paper, $A$ will always denote a noetherian ring, and $M$ a finitely generated module over $A$. In this setup, we will study the geometry of the Rees algebra of a module defined by Eisenbud, Huneke and Ulrich in \cite{reesbud}.
Their definition of the Rees algebra of an $A$-module $M$ is as the quotient
\[\mathcal{R}(M)=\operatorname{Sym}(M)/\cap_gL_g\]
where $L_g=\ker\bigl(\operatorname{Sym}(g)\colon\operatorname{Sym}(M)\to\operatorname{Sym}(E)\bigr)$ and $g$ runs over all maps from $M$ to all free modules $E$.
When $M$ has a generic rank, that is, when $M\otimes_AQ(A)$ is a free module over the total ring of quotients $Q(A)$ of $A$, then this is equivalent to the definition given in \cite{reesmodules}.

The easiest method of calculating the Rees algebra is via the use of versal maps. A map $f\colon M\to F$ is called \emph{versal} if $F$ is free and any map $M\to E$ where $E$ is free factors via~$f$. This is equivalent, see \cite[Proposition~1.3]{reesbud}, to the dual $F^\ast\to M^\ast$ being surjective. We refer also to \cite{jag2} for another characterization of versal maps. When $A$ is noetherian and $M$ is finitely generated, there is always a versal map $M\to F$ that can be constructed by choosing a surjection from a free module $F'$ onto the dual $M^\ast$. Then, letting $F=(F')^\ast$, we get a versal map from the composition $M\to M^{\ast\ast}\hookrightarrow (F')^\ast=F$.
The Rees algebra of a module $M$ can then easily be calculated as the image of the induced map $\operatorname{Sym}(M)\to\operatorname{Sym}(F)$.  Another description of Rees algebras of modules is due to the following result which we will use to generalize the notion of Rees algebras to sheaves in Section~\ref{sec:3}.
\begin{theorem}[{\cite[Theorem~4.2]{jag1}}]\label{thm:div}
Let $A$ be a noetherian ring and let $M$ be a finitely generated $A$-module. The Rees algebra $\mathcal{R}(M)$ of $M$
is equal to the image of the canonical graded $A$-algebra map
\[\operatorname{Sym}(M)\to\Gamma(M^\ast)^\vee\]
where
\[\Gamma(M^\ast)^\vee=\bigoplus_{n\ge0}\hom_A\Bigl(\Gamma^n\bigl(\hom_A(M,A)\bigr),A\Bigr)\] denotes the graded dual of the algebra of divided powers $\Gamma(M^\ast)$ of the dual of the module $M$.
\end{theorem}

Rees algebras of modules are strongly related to the notion of torsionless modules, see \cite{reesbud} and \cite{jag1}. A module is called torsionless if it embeds into a free module. The torsionless quotient $M^{tl}$ of a module $M$ is the image of the canonical map $M\to M^{\ast\ast}$. It is easy to see that the torsionless quotient embeds into a free module and is equal to $M$ if $M$ itself is torsionless. Given a versal map $M\to F$, it factors as $M\to M^{\ast\ast}\hookrightarrow F$ so the torsionless quotient of $M$ is isomorphic to the image of $M\to F$. For Rees algebras, we have that $\mathcal{R}(M)=\mathcal{R}(M^{tl})$. In the cases we will study here, there is another useful description of the torsionless quotient.
\begin{proposition}\label{prop:cartier}
Let $M$ be a finitely generated module over a noetherian ring $A$, and suppose that there is an injective flat map $A\to A'$ such that $M'=M\otimes_AA'$ is locally free over $A'$. Then, the torsionless quotient of $M$ is isomorphic to the image of the induced map ${M\to M'}$.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
Take a versal map $M\to F$. Since $A\to A'$ is flat, it follows that $M'\to F'=F\otimes_AA'$ is versal. Moreover, $M'$ is locally free over $A'$, so the identity map $M'\to M'$ factors as $M'\to F'\to M'$, implying that $M'\to F'$ is injective. Hence, we get a commutative diagram
\[\xymatrix{
M\ar[r]\ar[d]& F\ar@{^(->}[d]\\
M'\ar@{^(->}[r] &F'}\]
and, since the image of $M\to F$ is isomorphic to the torsionless quotient, it follows that $M^{tl}=\im(M\to M')$.
\end{proof}

\section{Associated points}
We will here provide some classical results on the relation between schematically dense open subsets and associated points, as well as study the associated primes of the Rees algebra.
\begin{proposition}[{\cite[Proposition~9.19 and Proposition~9.22]{wedhorn}}]\label{prop:assdense}
Let $X$ be a locally noetherian scheme, and let $j\colon U\hookrightarrow X$ be an open subscheme of $X$.
Then $U$ is schematically dense if and only if $U$ contains all associated points of $X$, which is also equivalent to the homomorphism $\O_X\to j_\ast j^\ast \O_X$ being injective.
\end{proposition}

Let now $X=\operatorname{Proj}\bigl(\mathcal{R}(M)\bigr)$. The associated points of $X$ are the associated primes of the sheaf~$\O_X$. These correspond to the associated primes of $\mathcal{R}(M)$ that do not contain the irrelevant ideal $\mathcal{R}_+(M)=\bigoplus_{n\ge1}\mathcal{R}^n(M)$.
The associated primes of the Rees algebra have a complete characterization given by the following result.
\begin{proposition}[{\cite[Proposition~1.5]{reesbud}}]
The associated primes of $\mathcal{R}(M)$ are in a one-to-one correspondence with the associated primes of $A$.
\end{proposition}
The proof of this fact uses, given a versal map $\phi\colon M\to F$, that any associated prime of $\mathcal{R}(M)$ is the contraction of an associated prime of the polynomial ring $\operatorname{Sym}(F)$ which in turn is an extension of an associated prime of $A$. Thus, an associated prime ideal $\mathfrak{p}\subset A$ gives an associated prime $\mathfrak{p}\operatorname{Sym}(F)$ of $\operatorname{Sym}(F)$ which contracts to an associated prime ideal $\mathfrak{p}'=\mathfrak{p}\operatorname{Sym}(F)\cap\mathcal{R}(M)$ of $\mathcal{R}(M)$. As both the Rees algebra and the symmetric algebra are generated in degree~1, it follows that $\mathfrak{p}'$ contains the irrelevant ideal $\mathcal{R}_+(M)$ precisely when $\phi^{-1}(\mathfrak{p} F)=M$. Using this description of the associated points of the Rees algebra, we can give the following result on the projective spectrum of the Rees algebra of $M$, which is useful for the results of Section~\ref{sec:3}.

\begin{proposition}\label{prop:assofrees}
Let $M$ be a finitely generated module over a noetherian ring $A$, and let $X=\operatorname{Proj}\bigl(\mathcal{R}(M)\bigr)$ with structure morphism $\pi\colon X\to \operatorname{Spec}(A)$. Given any open subset ${U\subseteq\operatorname{Spec}(A)}$, the inverse image $\pi^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense in $X$ if and only if ${\hom_A(M,A)=\hom_A(M,\mathfrak{p})}$ for every associated prime ideal $\mathfrak{p}\in\operatorname{Spec}(A)\setminus U$. In particular, if $U$ is schematically dense, then $\pi^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
Take a versal map $\phi\colon M\to F$. From Proposition~\ref{prop:assdense}, we have that $\pi^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense if and only if it contains all associated points of $X$. From the description above, the associated points of $X$ are precisely the associated primes of $\mathcal{R}(M)$ that do not contain the irrelevant ideal. Furthermore, the associated prime ideals of $\mathcal{R}(M)$ that contain the irrelevant ideal are precisely the ones that correspond to associated prime ideals $\mathfrak{p}$ in $A$ that fulfill $\phi(M)\subseteq \mathfrak{p} F$.

If $\phi(M)\subseteq\mathfrak{p}{F}$, then, since any map $M\to A$ factors as $M\to \mathfrak{p} F\hookrightarrow F\to A$, it follows that any map $M\to A$ takes values in $\mathfrak{p}$. For the converse, if $\hom_A(M,A)=\hom_A(M,\mathfrak{p})$, then, for any projection $F\twoheadrightarrow A$, we have that $M\to F\twoheadrightarrow A$ takes values in $\mathfrak{p}$ and the result follows.

Finally, if $U$ is schematically dense, then there are no associated prime ideals in $\operatorname{Spec}(A)\setminus U$ so the condition is trivially satisfied.
\end{proof}

\section{Total blow-ups of modules}\label{sec:3}
We will here consider the projective spectrum of the Rees algebra of a module $M$, which we will call the \emph{total blow-up of $M$} and denote by $\mathbb{B}(M)=\operatorname{Proj}\bigl(\mathcal{R}(M)\bigr)$. It turns out that these concepts naturally generalizes to sheaves. Indeed, Theorem~\ref{thm:div} tells us that the Rees algebra can be described in terms of the symmetric algebra and duals of the algebra of divided powers. Both the symmetric algebra \cite[Proposition~III.6.7]{bourAlg} and the algebra of divided powers \cite[Th\'eor\`eme~III.3]{Roby1963} commute with arbitrary base change. Furthermore, duals commute with flat base change \cite[\S0.5.7.6]{ega1ny}, so it follows that the description of the Rees algebra given in Theorem~\ref{thm:div} can be glued to a sheaf, see also \cite[Remark~4.4]{jag1}.
\begin{definition}
Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a coherent sheaf on a locally noetherian scheme $X$. We define the \emph{Rees algebra $\mathcal{R}(\mathcal{F})$ of the coherent sheaf $\mathcal{F}$} as the image of the canonical map
\[\operatorname{Sym}(\mathcal{F})\to\Gamma(\mathcal{F}^\ast)^\vee\]
of $\O_X$-algebras.
Moreover, we define the \emph{total blow-up of $\mathcal{F}$} as the projective spectrum of $\mathcal{R}(\mathcal{F})$ and denote it by $\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})=\operatorname{Proj}\bigl(\mathcal{R}(\mathcal{F})\bigr)$.
\end{definition}
\begin{remark}
It is easy to see that versal maps commute with flat base change, so we could have defined the Rees algebra of a coherent sheaf as locally being in terms of the description given in \cite{reesbud}. However, the definition we chose here has the advantage of being written in terms of a global description. Note that the only two facts that we will use about the Rees algebra in the sequel is that  the symmetric algebra surjects onto it together with Proposition~\ref{prop:assofrees}.
\end{remark}
A classical result is that $\P(\mathcal{F})=\operatorname{Proj}\bigl(\operatorname{Sym}(\mathcal{F})\bigr)$ equals the Grassmannian $\mathcal{G}\!{\kern 0.0667em}\textit{rass}_1(\mathcal{F})$ parametrizing locally free quotients of $\mathcal{F}$ of rank~$1$. Given any $\mathcal{F}$  there is a natural surjection $\operatorname{Sym}(\mathcal{F})\twoheadrightarrow\mathcal{R}(\mathcal{F})$ giving a closed embedding ${\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})\hookrightarrow\P(\mathcal{F})}$.

\begin{theorem}\label{thm:main}
Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a coherent sheaf on a locally noetherian scheme $X$, with total blow-up $\pi\colon\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})\to X$. Suppose that there is some $U\subseteq X$ such that $\mathcal{F}|_U$ is locally free. Let $f\colon Y\to X$ be a morphism such that $f^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense in $Y$. Then, to give a morphism $Y\to\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})$ over $X$ is equivalent to give a locally free quotient $f^\ast\mathcal{F}\twoheadrightarrow\mathcal{L}$ of rank~$1$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Let $f\colon Y\to X$ be a morphism of schemes such that $f^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense.

For one direction, take a morphism $Y\to\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})$ over $X$. Composing this with the closed embedding $\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})\hookrightarrow\P(\mathcal{F})$ gives a locally free rank $1$ quotient of $f^\ast\mathcal{F}$.

Conversely, consider a quotient $f^\ast\mathcal{F}\twoheadrightarrow\mathcal{L}$ where $\mathcal{L}$ is a line bundle. This is equivalent to a morphism $g\colon Y\to \P(\mathcal{F})$ over $X$. The restriction of $g$ to $f^{-1}(U)$ gives a map ${f^{-1}(U)\to p^{-1}(U)}$ where $p\colon\P(\mathcal{F})\to X$ denotes the structure morphism. As $\mathcal{F}$ is locally free on $U$, we have that $p^{-1}(U)=\pi^{-1}(U)$.
\[\xymatrix@C=0.2em{
&\pi^{-1}(U)\ar@{}[rr]|-*[@]{\subseteq}\ar@{=}[d]&&\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})\ar@/^2pc/[dd]^-\pi\ar@{^(->}[d]\\
&p^{-1}(U)\ar@{}[rr]|-*[@]{\subseteq}&&\P(\mathcal{F})\ar[d]^-p\\
f^{-1}(U)\ar@{}[r]|-*[@]{\subseteq}\ar[ur]&Y\ar[rr]^-f\ar[urr]^-g&&X}\]
 Thus, $g\bigl(f^{-1}(U)\bigr)\subseteq\pi^{-1}(U)\subseteq\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})$, so $f^{-1}(U)\subseteq g^{-1}(\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})$. Since $\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})\hookrightarrow\P(\mathcal{F})$ is a closed embedding and $f^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense
it follows that $g$ factors via $\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})$.
\end{proof}

\begin{example}
If $\mathcal{F}$  is a locally free sheaf of rank $n$, then we can choose $U=X$ and get ${\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})=\P(\mathcal{F})}$, the projective space bundle of $\mathcal{F}$.
\end{example}

\begin{example}
When $\mathcal{F}=\mathcal{I}$ is an ideal sheaf and $U=X\setminus V(\mathcal{I})$, this gives the classical universal property of blow-ups in closed subschemes. Indeed, if $f\colon Y\to X$ is a morphism with $f^{-1}(U)$ schematically dense, we have by Proposition~\ref{prop:assdense} a commutative diagram
\[\xymatrix{
f^{\ast}\mathcal{I}\ar[r]\ar[d]&\O_Y\ar@{^(->}[d]\\
j_\ast j^\ast f^\ast\mathcal{I}\ar@{=}[r]&j_\ast j^\ast\O_Y}\]
where $j\colon f^{-1}(U)\hookrightarrow Y$ denotes the inclusion. Thus, the result of Proposition~\ref{prop:cartier} tells us that ${\mathcal{I}\O_Y=\im(f^\ast\mathcal{I}\to\O_Y)}$ is isomorphic to the torsionless quotient of $f^\ast\mathcal{I}$. By Theorem~\ref{thm:main}, a map $Y\to\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{I})$ gives a surjection $f^\ast\mathcal{I}\twoheadrightarrow\L$ for some line bundle $\L$. As any such map factorizes via the torsionless quotient, this induces a surjection $\mathcal{I}\O_Y\twoheadrightarrow\L$. Hence, $\mathcal{I}\O_Y$ is an ideal sheaf that surjects onto a line bundle, so $\mathcal{I}\O_Y$ is invertible. Thus, $\mathcal{I}\O_Y$ is a Cartier divisor.
\end{example}

The reason that we restrict ourselves to maps $f\colon Y\to X$ with $f^{-1}(U)$ schematically dense in the assumptions of Theorem~\ref{thm:main} is firstly because a similar assumption is needed for the universal property of the classical blow-up. Indeed, in the classical case we only consider maps $Y\to X$ that turns our ideal sheaf to a Cartier divisor. The complement of a Cartier divisor is schematically dense, so our assumption is in fact weaker since the converse is not true, that is, the complement of a schematically dense subset is not necessarily a Cartier divisor. The second reason for these restrictions is related to the notion of torsionless quotients of algebras studied in Section~\ref{sec:tor}.

Note that Theorem~\ref{thm:main} states that $\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})$ has the same property as $\P(\mathcal{F})$, but only for morphisms $f\colon Y\to X$ such that $f^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense.
Therefore, this does \emph{not} imply that $\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})=\P(\mathcal{F})$ since neither $\pi\colon\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})\to X$ nor $p\colon\P(\mathcal{F})\to X$ need to have the property that the inverse image of $U$ is schematically dense.
However, that $\pi^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense in $\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})$ is a weaker condition than $p^{-1}(U)$ being schematically dense in $\P(\mathcal{F})$, so $\pi$ is in some sense closer than $p$ to being universal in this class of morphisms. Proposition~\ref{prop:assofrees} gives a description of when $\pi^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense and therefore describes when the property of $\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})$ is universal. For instance, if $U$ is schematically dense, then $\pi^{-1}(U)$ is also, which is the case considered in \cite{reesmodules}.

In general, we let $\mathbb{B}_{U}(\mathcal{F})$ denote the closure of $\pi^{-1}(U)$ in $\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})$.
\begin{corollary}\label{cor:main2}
For the class of morphisms $f\colon Y\to X$, such that $f^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense, the scheme $\pi_U\colon\mathbb{B}_U(\mathcal{F})\to X$ has the universal property that to give a morphism $Y\to \mathbb{B}_U(\mathcal{F})$ over $X$ is equivalent to give a a locally free quotient $f^\ast\mathcal{F}\twoheadrightarrow\mathcal{L}$ of rank $1$.
\end{corollary}
\begin{proof}
That an $X$-morphism $Y\to\mathbb{B}_U(\mathcal{F})$ is equivalent to a quotient $f^\ast\mathcal{F}\twoheadrightarrow\mathcal{L}$ follows by the same argument as in the proof of Theorem~\ref{thm:main}. Moreover, by construction, $\pi_U\colon\mathbb{B}_{U}(\mathcal{F})\to X$ has the property that $\pi_U^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense, so $\pi_U$ is a member of this class of morphisms.
 \end{proof}

\section{Applications to flattening of modules and birational morphisms}\label{sec:flat}
In this section, we will apply our results to get a simple description of flattening of modules, using the results of Raynaud and Gruson. We will start by briefly recalling some of their results and for more details we refer to \cite[\S5.2]{MR0308104}. Given a projective morphism $f\colon X\to S$ of noetherian schemes and a coherent sheaf $\mathcal{F}$ on $X$, we can consider the Quot scheme $Q=\mathcal{Q}uot(\mathcal{F})$ parametrizing flat quotients of $\mathcal{F}$ \cite[\S3]{MR1611822}.
Suppose that $\mathcal{F}$ is flat over an open $U\subseteq S$, and define $S'$ as the scheme theoretic closed image of the induced morphism $U\to Q$ \cite[\S6.10]{ega1ny}. This gives a projective morphism $g\colon S'\to S$  such that $g^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense and the quotient $g^\ast\mathcal{F}\twoheadrightarrow \mathcal{Q}$, corresponding to the morphism $S'\to Q$, is flat. Moreover, the morphism $g$ is universal with this property.

From now on, we specialize ourselves to the case $f\colon X\to X=S$ being the identity. Recall that a locally free sheaf of finite rank is flat and assume that $\mathcal{F}$ is locally free of finite rank $d$ on $U\subseteq X$. In this case, the Quot scheme specializes to the Grassmannian $G_d=\mathcal{G}\!{\kern 0.0667em}\textit{rass}_d(\mathcal{F})$ parametrizing locally free quotients of $\mathcal{F}$ of rank~$d$.
This is also the setup of \cite{MR1218672} where the \emph{Nash transformation} $S^N(\mathcal{F})$ of $\mathcal{F}$ is defined as the closure of the image of $U$ in $G_d$ with the reduced structure. We will instead use the term Nash transformation for the scheme theoretic closed image explained above and also use the notation $S^N(\mathcal{F})=S'$.
Formulating the result of \cite{MR0308104} in the case of Grassmannians, we then get the following.
\begin{proposition}\label{prop:nash}
For the class of morphisms $f\colon Y\to X$, such that $f^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense, the Nash transformation has the universal property that a morphism $Y\to S^N(\mathcal{F})$ is equivalent to a locally free quotient $f^\ast\mathcal{F}\twoheadrightarrow\mathcal{Q}$ of rank $d$.
\end{proposition}
\begin{remark}
This result is strongly related to the theory of torsionless quotients. Indeed, let $j\colon U\to X$ denote the inclusion. Writing Proposition~\ref{prop:cartier} in terms of sheaves gives that the torsionless quotient of $\mathcal{F}$ equals the image of the morphism $\mathcal{F}\to j_\ast j^\ast\mathcal{F}$. The restriction $j^\ast \mathcal{F}$ of $\mathcal{F}$ to
$U$ is locally free of rank $d$, so the quotient~$\mathcal{Q}$ of Proposition~\ref{prop:nash} is in fact unique and equal to the torsionless quotient of $\mathcal{F}$. Thus, the quotient $\mathcal{Q}$ is the flatification of $\mathcal{F}$.
\end{remark}
The Plücker embedding gives a closed immersion of $G_d$ in $\P\bigl(\@ifnextchar^\@extp{\@extp^{\,}}^d\mathcal{F}\bigr)=G_1$ \cite[\S9.8]{ega1ny}.
As $\mathcal{F}$ is locally free of rank $d$ on $U$, we also have that the determinant $\@ifnextchar^\@extp{\@extp^{\,}}^d\mathcal{F}$ is locally free of rank~$1$ on $U$, giving a morphism $U\to G_1$, which by construction equals the composition $U\to G_d\hookrightarrow G_1$. Thus, we get a Nash transformation $S^N\bigl(\@ifnextchar^\@extp{\@extp^{\,}}^d\mathcal{F}\bigr)$ of $\@ifnextchar^\@extp{\@extp^{\,}}^d\mathcal{F}$ as a closed subscheme of $\P\bigl(\@ifnextchar^\@extp{\@extp^{\,}}^d\mathcal{F}\bigr)$. Since the Plücker embedding is a closed immersion, it follows that $S^N(\mathcal{F})=S^N\bigl(\@ifnextchar^\@extp{\@extp^{\,}}^d\mathcal{F}\bigr)$, see also \cite[Property~1.4]{MR1218672}.

\begin{corollary}\label{cor:nashh}
The Nash transformation $S^N(\mathcal{F})$ of a coherent sheaf $\mathcal{F}$ is isomorphic to the scheme $\mathbb{B}_U\bigl(\@ifnextchar^\@extp{\@extp^{\,}}^d\mathcal{F}\bigr)$.
\end{corollary}
\begin{proof}
From above we have that $S^N(\mathcal{F})=S^N\bigl(\@ifnextchar^\@extp{\@extp^{\,}}^d\mathcal{F}\bigr)$. By comparing Corollary~\ref{cor:main2} and Proposition~\ref{prop:nash} we see that $\mathbb{B}_U\bigl(\@ifnextchar^\@extp{\@extp^{\,}}^d\mathcal{F}\bigr)$ and $S^N\bigl(\@ifnextchar^\@extp{\@extp^{\,}}^d\mathcal{F}\bigr)$ have the same universal property, so the result follows.
\end{proof}
\begin{remark}
Proposition~\ref{prop:assofrees} gives a description for when $\mathbb{B}(\mathcal{F})=\mathbb{B}_U(\mathcal{F})$. In particular, they are equal if $U$ is schematically dense in $X$. Thus, the result above tells us that if $\mathcal{F}$ is locally free of rank $d$ on a schematically dense open $U\subseteq X$, then the flatification of $\mathcal{F}$ is given by the total blow-up of the determinant of $\mathcal{F}$.
\end{remark}
There are results that shows that the flatification of a module is equal to a blow-up of a certain fractional ideal, see \cite{MR1218672}, \cite{MR2188879} and \cite{MR3042637}. More precisely, given a module~$M$ that is locally free of rank $d$ on some schematically dense and open $U\subseteq\operatorname{Spec}(A)$, they consider the fractional ideal  given as the image of a map $\@ifnextchar^\@extp{\@extp^{\,}}^d M\to Q(A)$, where $Q(A)$ denotes the total quotient ring of $A$. The Rees algebra of a module sees only the torsionless quotient, that is, ${\mathcal{R}(M)=\mathcal{R}(M^{tl})}$ for any module $M$, so taking the total blow-up of $\@ifnextchar^\@extp{\@extp^{\,}}^d M$ is equivalent to taking the total blow-up of $\bigl(\@ifnextchar^\@extp{\@extp^{\,}}^dM\bigr)^{tl}$. As the torsionless quotient of $\@ifnextchar^\@extp{\@extp^{\,}}^dM$ is isomorphic to the fractional ideal described above, we recover their description as an immediate consequence.

Another application of total blow-ups is to describe birational projective morphisms, as we explain below.  For integral schemes, Grothendieck showed that such a morphism is equal to the blow-up of a fractional ideal \cite[Th{\'e}or{\`e}me~(2.3.5)]{MR0217085}. The following result is a generalization of this, in terms of total blow-ups, where we drop the integral assumption.
\begin{theorem}\label{thm:birproj}
Let $f\colon Y\to X$ be a projective morphism of locally noetherian schemes. Assume that there is a schematically dense open subset $U\subseteq X$ such that $f^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense in $Y$ and that the restriction $f^{-1}(U)\xrightarrow{\raisebox{-0.25 em}{\smash{\ensuremath{\sim}}}} U$ is an isomorphism. Then, $Y$ is isomorphic to the total blow-up of $f_\ast\mathcal{L}$, for any very ample line bundle $\mathcal{L}$ on $Y$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
As $Y$ is projective over $X$, there is by definition a very ample line bundle $\mathcal{L}$ on $Y$.
Very ample line bundles are globally generated, so $f^\ast f_\ast\mathcal{L}\to\mathcal{L}$ is surjective, and the resulting morphism $Y\hookrightarrow\P(f_\ast\mathcal{L})$ over $X$ is a closed embedding \cite[Proposition~(4.4.4)]{MR0217084}.

Let $\pi\colon\mathbb{B}(f_\ast\mathcal{L})\to X$ denote the total blow-up of $f_\ast\mathcal{L}$. The assumption that there is an isomorphism $f^{-1}(U)\xrightarrow{\raisebox{-0.25 em}{\smash{\ensuremath{\sim}}}} U$ implies that the sheaf ${f_\ast\mathcal{L}|_U=\mathcal{L}|_{f^{-1}(U)}}$ is locally free of rank~$1$. As $U$ is schematically dense in $X$,  Proposition~\ref{prop:assofrees} tells us that $\pi^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense in  $\mathbb{B}(f_\ast\mathcal{L})$.  These two observations imply that $\mathbb{B}(f_\ast\mathcal{L})=\mathbb{B}_U(f_\ast\mathcal{L})$ has the universal property of Corollary~\ref{cor:main2}.
 Thus, the surjection $f^\ast f_\ast\mathcal{L}\to\mathcal{L}$ gives a morphism $Y\to\mathbb{B}(f_\ast\mathcal{L})$ over $X$.  Furthermore, the restriction of $\pi\colon\mathbb{B}(f_\ast\mathcal{L})\to X$ to $\pi^{-1}(U)$ gives a morphism ${\pi^{-1}(U)\to U\cong f^{-1}(U)}\subseteq Y$ over $X$.
Since $Y\hookrightarrow\P(f_\ast\mathcal{L})$ is a closed embedding and $\pi^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense, it follows that ${\mathbb{B}(f_\ast\mathcal{L})\hookrightarrow\P(f_\ast\mathcal{L})}$ factors via a morphism $\mathbb{B}(f_\ast\mathcal{L})\to Y$.

Hence, we have constructed $X$-morphisms in both directions between $Y$ and $\mathbb{B}(f_\ast\mathcal{L})$, and the universal property of $\mathbb{B}(f_\ast\mathcal{L})$ implies that they are inverses of each other.
\end{proof}

\section{Torsionless quotients of algebras}\label{sec:tor}
We will end by relating our results to a concept of torsionless quotients of algebras. This will also motivate why we restrict ourselves to morphisms $f\colon Y\to X$ such that $f^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense for some open $U\subseteq X$ in the assumptions of Theorem~\ref{thm:main}.

An equivalent definition of the torsionless quotient of a module, similar to the definition of the Rees algebra from \cite{reesbud}, is as the quotient $M^{tl}=M/\cap_g\ker(g\colon M\to E)$, where $g$ runs over all maps $g\colon M\to E$ for all free $A$-modules $E$.
Analogously, we now make the following definition.
\begin{definition}
Let $B$ be an $A$-algebra. We define the \emph{torsionless quotient of $B$} as the $A$-algebra
\[B^{tl}=B/\cap_g\ker(g\colon B\to P)\]
where $g$ runs over all $A$-algebra homomorphisms $B\to P$ for all flat $A$-algebras $P$.
\end{definition}

\begin{proposition}
Let $M$ be a finitely generated $A$-module. Then $\operatorname{Sym}(M)^{tl}=\mathcal{R}(M)$.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
A classical result is that any flat module $P$ over $A$ is a direct limit of free modules of finite rank, and any homomorphism $M\to P$ factors as $M\to E\to P$, for some free module $E$ of finite rank \cite[Th\'eor\`eme~1.2]{MR0254100}. Choosing a versal map $\phi\colon M\to F$, it follows that any homomorphism $M\to P$ factors as ${M\to F\to E\to P}$.

Thus, any $A$-algebra homomorphism $\operatorname{Sym}(M)\to P$, for any flat $A$-algebra $P$, factors as $\operatorname{Sym}(M)\to\operatorname{Sym}(F)\to P$. Hence, $\ker\bigl(\operatorname{Sym}(\phi)\bigr)\subseteq\ker\bigl(\operatorname{Sym}(M)\to P\bigr)$. As $\operatorname{Sym}(F)$ is flat, it follows that $\operatorname{Sym}(M)^{tl}=\operatorname{Sym}(M)/\ker\bigl(\operatorname{Sym}(\phi)\bigr)=\mathcal{R}(M)$.
\end{proof}
\begin{remark}
This result gives a new definition of the Rees algebra of a module $M$ as the torsionless quotient of the symmetric algebra of $M$.
\end{remark}

\begin{proposition}\label{prop:olablad}
Let $B$ be an $A$-algebra. Suppose that there is an injective flat map $A\to A'$
such that $A'\to B\otimes_AA'$ is flat. Then $B^{tl}=\im(B\to B\otimes_AA')$.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
Consider a map $B\to P$ where $P$ is flat. Tensoring $A\hookrightarrow A'$ with $P$ preserves the injectivity, so $P\hookrightarrow P\otimes_AA'$ is injective. We get the commutative diagram
\[\xymatrix{
B\ar[r]\ar[d]&P\ar@{^(->}[d]	\\
B\otimes_AA'\ar[r]&P\otimes_AA'}\]
so $\ker(B\to B\otimes_AA')\subseteq\ker(B\to P)$. Since $B\otimes_AA'$ is flat over $A'$, the result follows.
\end{proof}

\begin{remark}
Perhaps a more natural definition of the torsionless quotient would be in terms of smooth algebras rather than flat algebras, as these are the usual algebra analogues of (locally) free modules. For our purposes, however, flat algebras will be sufficiently restrictive.
\end{remark}

We will now prove some results on torsionless quotients of base changes of the Rees algebra, which will help explain the results of the previous sections.

\begin{lemma}\label{lem:3434}
Let $M$ be a finitely generated $A$-module, and suppose that there is an injective flat map $A\hookrightarrow A'$ such that $M\otimes_AA'$ is locally free. Then, $\mathcal{R}(M)\to\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AA')$ is injective.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
Choosing a versal map $M\to F$ gives an injection $\mathcal{R}(M)\hookrightarrow\operatorname{Sym}(F)$. Furthermore, as shown in \cite[Proposition~1.3]{reesbud}, versal maps are preserved under flat base change  so ${M\otimes_AA'\to F\otimes_AA'}$ is versal and $\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AA')\hookrightarrow\operatorname{Sym}(F\otimes_AA')$ is injective. Moreover, $\operatorname{Sym}(F)$ is flat, so $\operatorname{Sym}(F)\hookrightarrow\operatorname{Sym}(F\otimes_AA')$ is injective. Thus, we get a commutative diagram
\[\xymatrix{
\mathcal{R}(M)\ar@{^(->}[r]\ar[d]&\operatorname{Sym}(F)\ar@{^(->}[d]\\
\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AA')\ar@{^(->}[r]&\operatorname{Sym}(F\otimes_AA')}\]
which implies that $\mathcal{R}(M)\to\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AA')$ is injective.
\end{proof}

\begin{proposition}\label{prop:fix}
Let $M$ be a finitely generated $A$-module, and suppose that there is a flat map $A\to A'$ such that $M\otimes_AA'$ is locally free over $A'$. If $A\to B$ is a ring homomorphism such that $B\to B'=A'\otimes_AB$ is injective and flat, then $\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AB)$ is the torsionless quotient of $\mathcal{R}(M)\otimes_AB$. In particular, there is a surjective map
$\mathcal{R}(M)\otimes_AB\twoheadrightarrow\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AB)$.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
Since $M\otimes_AA'$ is locally free, we have that $\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AA')=\operatorname{Sym}(M\otimes_AA')$, and we get, by Proposition~\ref{prop:olablad}, that the torsionless quotient of $\mathcal{R}(M)\otimes_AB$ is given by the image of the map
\[\mathcal{R}(M)\otimes_AB\to\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AA')\otimes_AB=\operatorname{Sym}(M\otimes_AA')\otimes_AB= \operatorname{Sym}(M\otimes_AA'\otimes_AB).\]
Furthermore, the map $\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AB)\to\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AB\otimes_BB')=\operatorname{Sym}(M\otimes_AB\otimes_BB')$ is injective by Lemma~\ref{lem:3434}.
Since $M\otimes_AA'\otimes_AB=M\otimes_AB\otimes_BB'$, we have a commutative diagram
\[\xymatrix{
\operatorname{Sym}(M)\otimes_AB\ar@{->>}[r]\ar@{=}[d]&\mathcal{R}(M)\otimes_AB\ar[r]&\operatorname{Sym}(M\otimes_AA'\otimes_AB)\ar@{=}[d]\\
\operatorname{Sym}(M\otimes_AB)\ar@{->>}[r]&\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AB)\ar@{^(->}[r]&\operatorname{Sym}(M\otimes_AB\otimes_BB')}\]
which induces a surjective map $\mathcal{R}(M)\otimes_AB\twoheadrightarrow\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AB)$, and the result follows.
\end{proof}
\begin{remark}
We chose to write the previous proposition in the algebraic setting to reflect the rest of this section, but it is perhaps more illuminating to consider it geometrically. From this
point of view the result says that if $M$ is locally free on an open ${U=\operatorname{Spec}(A')\subseteq\operatorname{Spec}(A)}$ and ${f\colon\operatorname{Spec}(B)\to\operatorname{Spec}(A)}$ is a morphism such that $f^{-1}(U)=\operatorname{Spec}(B')$ is open and schematically dense, then there is a surjective map $f^{\ast}\mathcal{R}(M)\twoheadrightarrow\mathcal{R}(f^\ast M)$.
\end{remark}
In general, there is not even a canonical map from $\mathcal{R}(M)\otimes_AB\to\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AB)$, as the following example will show.
\begin{example}\label{ex:nomap}
Consider the ring $A=\mathbb{C}[x]/(x^2)$, the $A$-module $M=(x)$, and the $A$-algebra $B=A[S]/(xS)$. Then we have
\[\mathcal{R}(M)\otimes_AB=A[T]/(xT,T^2)\otimes_AA[S]/(xS)=A[S,T]/(xS,xT,T^2).\]
However, $M\otimes_AB\cong B/(x)=\mathbb{C}[S]$ and
\[\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AB)=B[T]/(xT)=A[S,T]/(xS,xT),\]
so there is no canonical map $\mathcal{R}(M)\otimes_AB\to\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AB)$.
\end{example}
We will now relate the theory of this section to the total blow-up. Consider the case ${Y=\operatorname{Spec}(B)}$ and $X=\operatorname{Spec}(A)$ with a finitely generated module $M$ over $A$. The assumptions of Theorem~\ref{thm:main} requires that there is an open $U\subseteq\operatorname{Spec}(A)$ such that $M|_U$ is locally free and that $f^{-1}(U)$ is schematically dense. We can now see that this requirement ensures that the assumptions of Proposition~\ref{prop:fix} are satisfied. Hence, in this case, $\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AB)$ is the torsionless quotient of $\mathcal{R}(M)\otimes_AB$. This is an implicit reason for why $Y\to\P(M)$ factorizes via $\mathbb{B}(M)$. Indeed, an $X$-morphism $Y\to\P(M)$ gives a line bundle quotient $f^\ast M\to L$, which in turn gives a $Y$-morphism $Y\to\mathbb{B}(f^\ast M)=\operatorname{Proj}\bigl(\mathcal{R}(f^\ast M)\bigr)$. By
Proposition~\ref{prop:fix} we get a $Y$-morphism $Y\to\operatorname{Proj}\bigl(\mathcal{R}(f^\ast)\bigr)\hookrightarrow \operatorname{Proj}\bigl(f^\ast\mathcal{R}(M)\bigr)$.  Since $\operatorname{Proj}\bigl(f^\ast\mathcal{R}(M)\bigr)=\mathbb{B}(M)\times_XY$, this gives an $X$-morphism $Y\to\mathbb{B}(M)$ factorizing $Y\to\P(M)$.

In Example~\ref{ex:nomap} we saw that there is not even a map $\mathcal{R}(M)\otimes_AB\to\mathcal{R}(M\otimes_AB)$ in general, which suggests the necessity of the assumptions of Theorem~\ref{thm:main}.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
I would like to thank David Rydh for all our invaluable discussions and Runar Ile for his careful reading and helpful comments.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The thermodynamic fusion theory of strength of perfect polymer fibers of finite molecular weight is extended to include imperfect (i.e. real) fibers of incomplete crystallinity and orientation. Approximate equations for failure strength, strain, and work of failure are derived by extracting from the real visco-elastic fiber an equivalent reversible component suitable for thermodynamic analysis. This is facilitated by an explicit relationship between fiber breaking stress, σ* , and breaking strain, ε* , which is shown to be σ* ˆ 0:632Kε* (K ˆ modulus) for constant strain-rate deformations. It is shown that fiber breaking time is equivalent to the fiber visco-elastic mechanical relaxation time. Experimental data shows that the activation energy of rupture of polyethylene fibers is not the activation energy of covalent bond rupture. Instead it agrees with the activation energy expected of crystal melting in accordance with the fusion theory of rupture. The activation volume of the polyethylene fibers also agrees with the value expected from this theory.
The breaking strength of imperfect (real) polymer fibers / K.J. Smith Jr., J. Wang // Polymer. – 1999. – N 40. – P. 7251–7260.
The breaking strength of imperfect (real) polymer fibers - Завантажити.


Sandra Kuntz is an Associate Professor at Montana State University (MSU), College of Nursing. Prior to joining MSU she spent eleven years at Salish Kootenai College. She maintains a firm commitment to the recruitment of Native American men and women to undergraduate and graduate nursing education. In 2008, she received the MSU Provost's Award for Undergraduate Research/Creativity Mentoring. Dr. Kuntz received her B.S.N. from California State University at Long Beach, M.S.in community/public health nursing from Texas Woman's University, and her Ph.D. in community health services from Walden University. Dr. Kuntz is a community/public health clinical nurse specialist with a research focus in environmental health, disaster, health disparities and community-based participatory approaches in rural and Native American communities. Her environmental health interests include fish consumption risk awareness and methylmercury exposure among Native American women of childbearing age and the biopsychosocial effects of asbestos exposure in the community of Libby, Montana. She has served as a Scientific Reviewer on a Special Emphasis Panel for the CDC Coordinating Office for Terrorism Preparedness and Emergency Response and is published in Environmental Research; Public Health Nursing; Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing; and Journal of Transcultural Nursing.
Barriers and facilitators to the incorporation of environmental health into public health nursing practice.
Methylmercury risk and awareness among American Indian women of childbearing age living on an inland northwest reservation.


The BMW Z3 Service Manual: 1996-2002 is a comprehensive source of service information and technical specifications available for the BMW Z3 Roadster and Coupe up through the 2002 model year. New durable hardcover format - This BMW manual is now being published as a durable, long-lasting hardcover book designed to withstand many years of use in a professional shop or home garage. Though the do-it-yourself BMW owner will find this manual indispensable as a source of detailed maintenance and repair information, the BMW owner who has no intention of working on his or her car will find that reading and owning this manual will make it possible to discuss repairs more intelligently with a professional technician.
Would You Rather...?'s What Would You Be?


At UMD, our approach to the material handling requirements is to address the key issues of our clients and provide a product that will exceed their expectations. We strive to provide systems that improve productivity and efficiencies, are constructed of durable materials and have low maintenance requirements, reducing your total cost of ownership, and extending the overall system life cycle.
UMD offers an extensive line of pre-engineered standard conveyors that can be relied upon to create a modular or complete system. Our system architecture is designed to handle medium to heavy-duty capacities, all designed with customization in mind. This enables a quick turn around for both custom and standard systems, which are designed to facilitate current demands and future requirements.
Many organizations struggle with effective ways to transport and organize their products for fast and efficient delivery. UMD offers complete, customized solutions for almost any type of product, with scalable architecture, which can be retrofitted, or built specifically for the unique needs of transportation. In fact, UMD is on the leading edge of self contained, electronically controlled trailer conveyor systems for Just In Time (JIT) delivery.
Our conveyor systems are nearly limitless in their application, and since most are custom-built, a UMD conveyor or material handling system is not limited to proprietary systems and equipment, like many of the standardized products available. This benefit allows organization with current systems and equipment to continue use of existing equipment, and modify them for current usage, protecting their investment. Additionally, with UMD, proprietary restrictions can be easily overcome, because we custom design each system to work with your existing facility or equipment.
UMD offers solutions, which meet the demands of today, and protect the investments of the past. Contact us today to find out more about our products and services.
UMD designs and manufactures all types of structural systems to suit the unique needs of our customers. We offer our customers a comprehensive resource for structural components such as mezzanines, platforms, stairs, catwalks, and handrails. Specializing in steel fabricating components, a completed UMD structural system is built to last, even under rigorous usage conditions. And, we can install any UMD structural component as part of a total package, or as a remote project.
UMD also designs structural systems designed for Bulk Handling. A heavy-duty bulk material handling system built by UMD is engineered to withstand the rugged use and wear that the bulk handling industry demands. Built to your custom specifications, our Bulk Handling systems are designed with you in mind, assuring that the system will work seamlessly with your application.
Contact us today to learn more about the Bulk Handling systems available from UMD.
© 2016, UMD Automated Systems. All Rights Reserved.


Are super-complex words represented like sentences in speakers' minds?
Many Australian languages defy a seemingly straightforward distinction between 'words' and 'phrases' (groups of words acting as a unit of meaning) by having very complex words with meanings that English would require a sentence to express. This project aims to examine speakers' knowledge of 'super-complex' words in the Australian language Wubuy, using innovative 'low tech' experimental approaches suited for remote field research. The results will experimentally investigate what a 'word' is in Wubuy, and thereby inform not only language description/typology but also likely challenge current models of speech processing and language acquisition, which are built on this fundamental distinction.
Chief Investigators: Brett Baker, Janet Fletcher (The University of Melbourne) and Rikke Bundgaard-Nielsen (Western Sydney University).


text:
Language of New Materials
Library/Documentation Centre
Lisbon City Council
Lisbon Studio/London Studio
Lucinda Godinho
The need to gather in the school relevant documentation about the Arts and Visual Communication is present from the first moment. The bringing together in one place of periodics and non-periodics (with the, by then, unusual possibility of photocopy), audio tapes, slides, film, graphic documentation, etc., is an innovation. João Assis Gomes and Sofia Avillez are responsible for this task when the school opens in 1973. Jorge Alves da Silva and Paula Massano will follow in 1973 and 1974, with João Assis Gomes again being in charge from 1975 until 1982 (with the collaboration of Luísa Correia Pereira until 1978). Between 1983 and 1988 the development of the so called documentation centre is the responsability of Rui Sanches. The collection needs a space of its own (which will vary) and a minimum of administrative autonomy (that remains difficult to attain). Its growth as well as its capacity to respond to the school's needs will depend, in the years to come, from the implementation of a structured Art History and Theory program that is an integral part of the departmental offer (that is also why the persons in charge of the documental collection will frequently add to this responsability that of being the heads of the Art History and Theory department). Manuel Castro Caldas will take charge of the centre from 1988 to 1994, followed by Alexandre Conefrey in 1994/95. By then, the documentation centre registers about 3.500 books and catalogues, 180 periodic publications and 60.000 slides. Manuel Castro Caldas will again be in charge in 1996 and Delfim Sardo between 1997 and 2000. By the end of the 1990's, the growth and diversity of the bibliographic and documental material already justify a rigorous selection policy and the need for a larger space becomes accute. From 2001/02 onwards Manuel Castro Caldas will take on the responsability of both the centre and the Art History and Theory department. In September of 2009, with funding from the Almada City Council, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, the Millennium bcp Foundation and REN-Redes Energéticas Nacionais (National Energetic Networks), the Library (name that now substitutes that of Documentation Centre) moves to the Quinta de S. Miguel in Almada, where it occupies spaces expressly renovated for the purpose. Dependent to a great extent on private and institutional donations, the collection suffers radical selections and at the same time grows significantly: by the end of 2012 the books and catalogues amount to 40.000, ranging from single artist monographs to theory, technique, exhibitions and collections, the decorative arts and the arts of traditional societies, not to mention selected literature, poetry, philosophy and general reference. The selection criteria are dictated, above all, by the needs and interests of the departments. An extensive documental and press archive, covering the national production from the second half of the 20th century up to the present, constitutes an added incentive for the growing interest on the part of students, researchers and cultural entities. In May 2013, within the scope of Ar.Co's commemorations of its 40th anniversary, the Library is the object of a documental exhibition at the Arts Library of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in Lisbon.
Documentation Centre / Library, Ar.Co Rua de Santiago, 18, Lisbon.
Ar.Co's new Library at Quinta de S. Miguel, Almada.
Exhibition "Ar.Co's Library" at the Arts Library of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 2013.


In Sierra Leone the last Ebola patient in their country has now been treated and so they enter the waiting period to be cleared of the disease. The country must go without a reinfection for over 40 days to qualify for the Ebola free status but with their bordering country of Guinea reporting multiple infections a week how easy is it to transmit?
Ebola was first discovered way before the current endemic back in 1972 and was named after what researchers thought was the nearest river. This was in fact incorrect and the name Ebola is a misnomer because of this.
The first blood sample to be found to contain this disease came from a nun in a remote village in Zaire. Researchers initially thought that the woman had come down with Yellow Fever but the scientist in charge of the operation soon found out that this was not the case.
The professor in charge, Peter Piot, quickly realised that the discovery of Ebola could wreak havoc on the population. He said that he feared a huge loss of life and tragedy because of this disease.
The way in which scientists deal with research into the bacteria has changed a lot since then because if the high level of risk of infection. Professor Piot recalled that the blood sample was delivered in a thermos and scientists handled it without protective suits, a far cry from the images that we see today.
The virus has an incubation period of 21 days and the time to declare a country Ebola free is double that, to err on the side of caution. Although Sierra Leone is inching closer to this status Ebola is still very much rampant on other parts of the continent with more people infected every day.


Like I've talked about before, seafood is one of my favorite "types" of food to cook. I have cooked everything from shrimp and salmon to lobster and tilapia; however, I had never tried to cook scallops at home.
Knowing that everything is best when wrapped in bacon, I knew that I would take my first shoot at scallops would involve wrapping them with bacon.
I really love how these scallops turned out and so did everyone else at the BBQ. These were the first and only item to be completely devoured! As a runner who seems to thrive off of a pre-race meal based off of protein instead of carbs, these scallops become a staple in our household!
Pre-heat the oven to 375 degrees and line a baking sheet with tin foil. Arrange the bacon on the baking sheet so the pieces are not touching and then partial cook the bacon until it is light brown and flexible, about 9-12 minutes. Drain all the grease off the baking sheet.
Wrap each scallop with one piece of bacon, and secure it with a toothpick. Sprinkle the top of the scallop with brown sugar.
Bake the scallops until the bacon is fully cooked, about 10-15 minutes, turning once.


text:
New Report Details Trouble With California's Charter Schools
A report released this month by the research and policy center In The Public Interest details the educational shortcomings and financial wastes of California's charter school industry, a warning to other states, and the federal government, considering implementing similar policies.
The report describes how charter schools have wasted hundreds of millions of dollars in state funding and tax subsidies by building nearly a third of California's charter schools in communities where there was no demand, and frequently offering an education that was of a much lower caliber than the area's public schools. Over the last 15 years, the state has spent over $2.5 billion just on leasing, building and buying charter school buildings.
Typically, school districts receive money to build additional schools only if the five year population growth estimate of the county shows that the district will not be able to meet demand for public education in five years with the current supply. However, the same rule does not apply to charter schools.
In addition, the report found that three-quarters of the state's 1,200 charter schools provide an education that is not superior to the one offered in that community's public school, meaning that nearly $2 billion in California funding and financing were unnecessarily wasted on institutions that provide a low quality education.
Over 30 percent of California charter schools were determined to be both failing and in a community with no need for additional educational resources. Meanwhile, public schools in need of funding are going without.
The report states, "Because legislators' vision for charter schools has not been incorporated into funding formulas, the hundreds of millions of dollars spent annually on charter facilities have not created the hoped for incubator of innovation and continual improvement. While some charter schools have proved exemplary, much of the industry has become dominated by the same types of organizations legislators had sought to reform: large chains of schools where materials, methods, and evaluation are centrally dictated and teachers lack the power to set the curriculum; Charter Management Organizations (CMOs) that replicate a single model over and over again with little variation; and schools whose quality of education is no better than that of nearby public schools, and who do not serve to spur improvements in the wider system."
The report is troubling considering Trump's Education Secretary Betsy DeVos is an avid defender of unregulated charter schools and a voucher system. As a billionaire philanthropist in Michigan, she advocated either for public schools to shut down and privatize in the form of charter schools, or offer all parents vouchers to lessen the cost of sending children to private and religious schools.
Like in California, DeVos's initiatives to implement charter schools in Michigan have failed to raise the advancement of disadvantaged students or improve the performance of traditional public schools, with results on national reading and math tests plummeting as charter schools expanded. In 2015, a federal review found "an unreasonably high" percentage of charter schools fell into the list of Michigan's lowest performing schools. 80 percent of charter schools in Michigan are operated for-profit, the highest rate of for-profit charter schools in any state in the country.
When a bill was introduced that would have placed basic regulations and oversights over charter schools, DeVos withheld financial support from Republican lawmakers until they killed the measure, arguing that the free market should be the only regulator of education.
DeVos has been criticized by supporters of charter schools for creating one of the most unregulated charter school markets in the country; the nation's most successful charter networks refuse to open schools in Michigan because of the instability. Because there is no limit on the number of charter schools that can be opened, more than 150 schools have opened or closed in Detroit in the last seven years, with too many seats available in downtown schools and not nearly enough in the poorest, most remote neighborhoods.
A recent report found that the expansion of charter schools in US cities is "exacerbating inequalities across schools and children because children are being increasingly segregated by economic status, race, language, and disabilities and further, because charter schools are raising and spending vastly different amounts, without regard for differences in student needs."
Media Resources: In The Public Interest 04/2017; Feminist Majority Foundation 2/7/17, 1/18/17
California charter schools