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Perfil (fluids), forma de la secció d'un objecte, per exemple, una ala d'avió
 Perfil (enginyeria), producte laminat (normalment una biga) per utilitzar-lo en construccions
 Perfil Ravenscar, conjunt de restriccions inicialment per al llenguatge de programació Ada
 Perfil del sòl, conjunt dels horitzons d'un sòl donat
 Perfil estratègic de l'entorn, eina que ajuda a detectar les oportunitats i amenaces que l'entorn ofereix.


Growing demands of scientific community prompted teams from the University of Louvain to set up a transgene technology platform. The goal is to offer a service to research teams of the french-speaking community of Belgium at the lowest possible cost. The platform is hosted on the medical campus of the University, which provides infrastructure and personnel. The platform is managed by Prs. P. Jacquemin and F. Lemaigre, and is run by Dr. Y Achouri.


Greetings from São Paulo, Brazil!
Alan Hicks, Eric Hameleers, and I are in São Paulo (with Piter PUNK and many Brasilian Slackware users for the SlackShow.
We visited the IBM Campinas facility Thursday and listened to some talks there at the Linux Technology Center - thank you to the wonderful people in that division for inviting us!
We gave our presentation on "Working with Slackware" yesterday, Eric gave his presentation on Slackware installation this morning, and as I type this, he is giving his presentation on SCIM (Smart Common Input Methods). Alan will be giving his presentations on TCP/IP networking and 802.11 wireless networking after lunch, and I will follow with my presentation on Netfilter/Iptables usage.
We've taken quite a few pictures - I've put a few of them online for viewing at http://rlworkman.net/images/brazil/.


Sarah Fankhauser is an Assistant Professor of Biology. She received her B.S. in Biology with Highest Honors from Georgia Institute of Technology in 2007. She received her Ph.D. in microbiology and immunobiology from Harvard University in 2013. During her graduate work she studied the pathogenesis of Shigella flexneri, Listeria monocytogenes and Chlamydia trachomatis. Her Ph.D. dissertation investigated how C. trachomatis infection suppresses immune function in mice. From 2013-15, Dr. Fankhauser held the position of Postdoctoral Fellow at the Emory Atlanta campus where she studied the pathogenesis of the bacterium Burkholderia cenocepacia.
Dr. Fankhauser came to Oxford in the fall of 2015 and currently teaches Bio 141 and Bio 142. She is very passionate about the scientific process and looks forward to bringing her enthusiasm to the classroom. Her current area of research interest is host-bacteria interactions and Dr. Fankhauser is excited to investigate the microbial communities at the Oxford Organic Farm.
Dr. Fankhauser was born and raised in Georgia and enjoys spending time with her husband and daughter. In her free time she works to improve K-12 science education through the non-profit she started: The Journal of Emerging Investigators (www.emerginginvestigators.org).
Sarah C. Fankhauser and Joanna Goldberg. "Mutation of homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase contributes to virulence and resistance to reactive nitrogen species in Burkholderia cenocepacia." Accepted with revisions: Pathogens and Disease.
Sarah C. Fankhauser. "My winding path to satisfaction." 2016. Science. 352 (6293): 1606.
Sarah Fankhauser and Rebecca Lijek, "Incorporating Primary Scientific Literature in Middle and High School Education." 2016. Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education. 17(1):120-124.
Rebecca Lijek and Sarah Fankhauser. "Using Scavenger Hunts to Familiarize Students with Scientific Journal Articles." 2016. Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education. 17(1): 125-128.
Laura Gonyar, Sarah Fankhauser, and Joanna Goldberg. "Single amino acid substitution in homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase is responsible for pigmentation in a subset of Burkholderia cepacia complex isolates." 2015. Environmental Microbiology and Environmental Microbiology Reports. 7(2): 180-187.
Sarah Fankhauser and Michael Starnbach. "PD-L1 limits the mucosal CD8+ T cell response to C. trachomatis." 2013. Journal of Immunology. 192(3):1079-90.
Sukumaran, B., Mastronunzio, J. E., Narasimhan, S., Fankhauser, S., Uchil, P. D., Levy, R., Graham, M., Colpitts, T. M., Lesser, C. F. and Fikrig, E. "Anaplasma phagocytophilum AptA modulates Erk1/2 signalling." 2011. Cellular Microbiology. 13(1):47-61.


Dreamcast-Talk (International) & Dreamcast-br (Brazil) has yet another game back online. This one is Toy Racer. For the first time, the original game server software has been released (thanks to petter3k who contacted No Cliche, the programmers of Toy Racer). Dreamcast-br has already had a server running, but we do not know if their server is the original or not (Igor Isaias Banlian was kind enough to allow us the IP addy to play). In both cases, the game only connects via BBA (dial-up wants to go to Dreamarena). Currently, DC-Talk is working on a boot-disc to allow the game GD-ROM to use dial-up.
To note, DC-Talk was where the "Netopia" method of connecting your DC to the internet without a PC of any kind. It has much less latency than the troublesome DC-PC server set-up. I use it, which is purely hardware driven (developed by brourke228). The other is the and the PC-DC windows/VMware server portion to work with the Ryochan Linux PC-DC server method (brourke228 of DC-Talk developed the Windows portion).
As stated, the guys at Dreamcast-Talk are working on a boot-disc to get Dreamcast gamers up and running with a dial-up connection, and are currently ironing out some issues with the remnants of Dream Arena at present. For a full guide on how to get online with Toy Racer right now though, follow this link; and be sure to check the DreamcastBr Facebook group for further updates.
The site and forum Dreamcast BR no longer exists, then, all the news about the Brazilian Toy Racer server will be posted on the Facebook group, linked above!
The server is free maintained by Pedro Oliveira, in a Brazilian datacenter, currently running on FreeBSD 10.1-RELEASE.
Thanks for clarifying that - I will edit the post accordingly! Thanks for reading and for your hard work keeping the dream alive!
Is there a Netopia style hack for the UK market? Never heard of that brand over here!
Google tradutor.....I really think this kind of free information important after all the dream always continues.


The meaning of Ameir is "Prince" and "Tree top".Its origin is "Variant of the Arabic and Hebrew Amir".Ameir is a form of Amir and is generally pronounced like "ah MEER". This name is mostly being used as a boys name. Last year it ranked 2,553rd in the U.S. Social Security Administration list of most popular baby boy names.
Get the latest Ameir Logan news, stats, photos, and awards at NJ.com.
I'm such a huge fan of Ajay-Atul. Have been wanting to work with them for the longest time. Finally, it happened! And Amitabh Bhattacharya is an absolute delight.
Summary: Ameir Mozratian Kashan was arrested on April 08, 2014. He is 33 years old, 6' 0" tall, weighs 175 lbs and has brown eyes. He is 33 years old, 6' 0" tall, weighs 175 lbs and has brown eyes. Kashan is charged with an offense by police near Simpson, Kentucky.
ameir news . ameri madeameri news . american made cone crushers bsembgwalior. Are you looking for the jaw crusher stone made american? Email to [email protected] Industry News.
Get the latest Ameir Green news, stats, photos, and awards at al.com.
Kheri Khatib Ameir (born 10 February 1950) is a Tanzanian CCM politician and Member of Parliament for Matemwe constituency since 2000. The contents of this page are sourced from a Wikipedia article .
Visit RateMDs for information on Dr. Ameir Agha in Greenville. Get contact info, maps, medical practice history, affiliated hospitals & more.
Ameir got his speaking valve yesterday. We finally after 19 months got to hear a real cry :) it was short and sweet. He coughed and scared himself and cried about 30 seconds.
Ameir woke up from that dream and the very next day, Ameir was asked to become the Church's first Worship Leader to help the Church transition their Choir into a Worship team. This was an honor to say the least for a very young man.
Pengerusi Ameir Hassan berkata cadangan berkebun di rumah tidak selesaikan masalah kos sara hidup tinggi.
ameir news. Tesab Latest News. Latest News from Tesab Engineering Crushers, Screeners and Bulk Handling Systems for the Mining, Shipping & Quarrying Sectors. Reply. native ameri.
Aamir Khan: Get Aamir Khan Latest News, Videos and Photos also find Breaking news, updates, information on Aamir Khan. Explore more on Aamir Khan at Dnaindia.com.
Feb 06, 2016· By Jay Rich Hip Hop Vibe Staff Writer. Last year, Ameir White produced one of the biggest underground movies of the summer, Blood On The Streets.Done independently and out of pocket, Blood On The Streets was a tremendous success. The sequel also has done well.


The D tuning with a low A is the same as the thin four strings of a standard tuned guitar with a capo at fret (9).
D Tuning is a popular tuning in Canada and was popular is the previous two waves of ukulele popular.
"D" Tuning - For Soprano, Concert and Tenor ukulele. The same as the higher four strings of a standard tuned guitar with a capo at the seventh fret with string four "A" one octave higher.
Low 'A', D Tuning - For Soprano, Concert and Tenor ukulele. The same as the higher four strings of a standard tuned guitar with a capo at the seventh fret.
This is a very common tuning in the Canadian education system. Very suitable for a child's vocal range.
Related Lessons for Natural, Sharp and Flat Notes of the `Ukulele Fingerboard - D Tuning at this time.
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Related Books for Natural, Sharp and Flat Notes of the `Ukulele Fingerboard - D Tuning at this time.
Related Lessons Series for Natural, Sharp and Flat Notes of the `Ukulele Fingerboard - D Tuning at this time.
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What is Your Branch Offering? Find Out!
I noted on this blog in April of 2013 that the military's Tuition Assistance (TA) program could be a casualty of budget negotiations in Congress. While it was thankfully saved last spring, there will be some changes to the program in 2014.
Every branch has found ways to ensure their TA programs will have secure funding in 2014, but there will be some changes dependent on the branch of the military you serve.
On Jan. 1 the Army will place new restrictions on the popular program, including a cap on the number of semester hours that can be paid for annually with TA money.
The new rules apply to officers and enlisted soldiers of the Regular Army, National Guard and Army Reserve who are pursuing college degrees with TA support.
Airmen who apply for TA will be required to obtain supervisor approval for all requests. Requests for TA for foreign language courses will only be approved if they are part of a degree or are on the approved language shortage list. TA requests from Airmen who have unfavorable information files, failed/overdue physical fitness testing, received referral performance reports or are on a control roster will automatically be denied.
The new 2014 tuition assistance policy will mark the return of the pre-2002 75% coverage formula for tuition assistance. Coast Guardsmen will now have to pay at least 25% of their tuition out-of-pocket. In addition, the Coast Guard will only cover up to $187.50 per credit hour – the member will be responsible for paying any balance above this amount.
Under the new version of the policy, the FY2014 annual per member tuition assistance limit will be set at $2,250, which is a 50% cut from the previous year's annual tuition cap.
All of these changes will affect tens of thousands of service members, so if you haven't already, contact your Education Service Officer (ESO)—they can provide you much more detailed information regarding your options.


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News And Trends--Building Internet-Based Practices:The Internet is seen as the key catalyst for change in the industry.
Wealth management professionals are increasingly recognizing and utilizing the power of the Internet to improve their practices, so says the recently-released North American Private Banking/Wealth Management Survey, conducted by...
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Deadlines Draw Near: Be Aware, Prepared
President Clinton signed the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLB) into law on November 12, 1999. Beginning shortly thereafter and continuing until the present day, federal banking, and other agencies have been issuing proposed and final rules as required...
Trusts And Estates Resources On The Internet
For the main resources for legal materials that deal with estate planning and administration you might begin with the Web sites of national organizations, such as the American Bar Associations Real Property, Probate and Trust Law Section public...
Attorneys Cautiously Optimistic About Repeal
For full survey results, click here. Since the most recent version of the estate tax was enacted in 1916, trusts and estates attorneys have helped taxpayers and their heirs minimize and even eliminate substantial wealth transfer taxation. Through...
Tips From The Pros: The Biggest Lie in Life Insurance
Charles A. Redd explains why life insurance isn't always necessary
On The Cover: March 2017
Associate legal editor Anna Sulkin discusses this month's cover
Sustaining Family Enterprise and Resilience
Plan for course corrections by focusing on five dimensions
Questions to Ask Before Hiring a Family Business Consultant
Seven issues that you must be sure to discuss
The Private Family Trust Company
The most customized financial institution ever devised

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home world Suicide bombers attacked three churches in Indonesia and killed six people
Suicide bombers attacked three churches in Indonesia and killed six people
Vastavam web: Suicide bombers attacked three churches in Indonesia's second-largest city of Surabaya on Sunday, killing at least six people and wounding more than 35 others, police said.Indonesia is the world's largest Muslim-majority country and has seen a recent resurgence in homegrown militancy.Police told media the attacks were carried out by "suicide bombers" and warned the toll could rise further."There is one location where we can't enter yet," Mangera told reporters near the scene of one of the bombings.
Television footage showed one church engulfed in fire, with thick, black smoke billowing up.Media reports said a woman with a younger child and a teenager had just entered one church and was being questioned by security when the bomb exploded.Indonesia has had some major successes tackling militancy inspired by al Qaeda's attacks on the United States in 2001. But there has been a resurgence of Islamist activity in recent years, some of it linked to the rise of Islamic State.
The most serious incident was in January 2016 when four suicide bombers and gunmen attacked a shopping area in central Jakarta.Churches have also been targeted previously, including near-simultaneous attacks on churches there at Christmas in 2000 that killed about 20 people.
three churches
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Though using less organic instrumentation than in his Beat Pharmacy project, Brendon "Echologist" Moeller serves up a nice variation on a never-too-old theme. With its Mood II Swing stabs and tribal/dub-oriented beats, "Echology" is not your typical 4/4-smasher, but an aural experience. The 3AM Mix of "Dub-Minded" works magnificently on a large soundsystem and features an early morning mood reminiscent of Danny Tenaglia's more experimental sets.


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This section is Presented by London Knights
This section was produced by the editorial department. The client was not given the opportunity to put restrictions on the content or review it prior to publication.
Letters to the Editor: July 25
Free Press Readers
Jul 24, 2019 • Last Updated July 24, 2019 • 3 minute read
Riders get on and off an LTC bus at Western University's Alumni Hall in London. Derek Ruttan/The London Free Press
City went into BRT without a plan
I'm somewhat puzzled that the statement by Doug Ford wasn't splashed all over the Free Press pages. Even a day later there's nothing. He mentioned the $50 million cost of land acquisition would be absorbed by the city, and not the province. He mentioned that those who put the city's business case together didn't seem to realize that fact. With backers rushing headlong into this debt pit of BRT, there seemed to be no thought of a "plan" on how the money would be spent. Where's the actual business case?
GW Hobson, London
More practical transit plan needed
Londoners now discover that senior governments do not fund land acquisitions for transit projects and the city will need to find $53 million to fill the shortfall. BRT has been in the works for about eight years and city hall has, to my knowledge, not advised Londoners that land acquisition was not a sharable item. It was either deception or incompetence.
I beg city council to cancel the three-legged BRT plan. Then, design a transit system that is affordable and fits in with emerging transit technologies.
Walt Lonc, London
Putting off bridge rebuild more costly
Here we go again. Doesn't council realize that delaying the bridge rebuild by possibly two years and "saving" perhaps $1.2 million will not save anything if the cost of that cheaper bridge goes up by five per cent per year, increasing the bill by (you guessed it) $1.2 million. And now the re-zoning for the casino has been turned down. Can we never get anything done?
Ron Barker, London
Core highrises, BRT city's best options
There have been a number of letters from readers claiming that the BRT and highrise buildings near Victoria Park will spoil the city. Not one of them explains how. Would these readers be happier if we simply choke in our own traffic? Would they be happier if highrises were built in suburban neighbourhoods so that there would be no privacy in nearby backyards? Or, better yet, if the highrises were substituted with sprawling suburbs stretching outwards into farmland and forest?
David Nielsen, London
Students left high and dry by Labatt
Re: Drink Craft Beer (Original comment July 23, 2019 by G Martin) I am in total agreement with G Martin. Are things so difficult at Labatt's that they have to turn the unemployment screws on students who have no chance to gain employment before September? C'mon Labatt's! Regain the integrity of your founder.
J. Clement, London
Choices of faith should be accepted
I wonder where London city council will stand in judgment of Laser In Motion, the company that refused to accept any job from the LGBTQ community. I know where the Catholic Church, Orthodox and Muslim communities stand. Pope John Paul II told Canada that sexual orientation had no place in any human rights code. So when it's a choice of faith versus political correctness, will council vote for freedom of religious conscience, the same privilege given to doctors who refuse to do abortions or assist in suicide? I hope faith-based businesses will also be allowed to refer LGBTQ requests to another business. And make this decision now before the bible itself is judged to be unacceptable.
Patrick Bestall, London
Where is freedom of opinion ?
It is interesting that a local business is vilified on social media because it doesn't support the social justice "cause du jour."
When did we lose our right to have our own opinion on whatever cause we want to support?
Just because some minority group garners media attention, does not mean we all must comply?
It is time people started to take back the media hype from minority groups, and begin to speak for ourselves!
John Day, London
E-mail your letter to: lfp.letters@sunmedia.ca (no attachments please)
Or go to lfpress.com/letters. Letters should be kept to 150 words.


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Impact Factor COMING 2020 | CiteScore 3.35
Frontiers in Energy Research
Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization
Fateme Rezaei
Missouri University of Science and Technology, United States
Jenny G. Vitillo
Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria, Italy
Lisa Joss
University of Manchester, United Kingdom
The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review.
Energy and Exergy Balance of Engine, TSA and CO2 Compression
Design of CO2 Capture Systems for a Delivery Truck
Green Fuel Production and Use of Alternate Fuels
CO2 Capture System and Liquid Storage for Different Vehicles
Conclusions and Future Works
Data Availability Statement
Open Supplemental Data
Front. Energy Res., 16 December 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00143
Carbon Dioxide Capture From Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust Using Temperature Swing Adsorption
Shivom Sharma† and François Maréchal*†
Industrial Process and Energy Systems Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Valais Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
In order to reduce the CO2 emissions in the transportation sector, one can electrify the vehicle, switch to biofuel, or capture and store CO2 on board. In this study, integration of an on board CO2 capture and storage unit with an internal combustion engine has been proposed. The technology can be applied for various internal combustion or Stirling engines with targeted applications in the transportation sector. Truck transport for goods delivery is used as an example for on board CO2 capture and storage system design. The investigated system integrates a temperature swing adsorption system for CO2 capture with a turbo-compressor system to compress and liquefy the captured CO2 using the waste heat of the exhaust gases of the engine. Energy and exergy analyses of the proposed CO2 captured system are studied in details. The CO2 capture system for engine exhaust stream (car, truck, bus, ship, or train) can capture 90% of the emitted CO2, without any energy penalty. This system can be integrated into overall mobility system (fuel-engine-CO2-fuel), where captured CO2 can be recycled as conventional liquid or gaseous fuels produced from renewable energy sources.
Among the challenges of the energy transition, reducing CO2 emissions of the transportation sector is one of the most difficult. Electrification of the vehicles is of course a good solution to replace fossil fuel for mobility. This path is however penalized by the density of the electricity storage in the batteries. Fossil fuels are a finite resource, hence they should be replaced by bio-based fuel equivalent. This however requires lots of land that may compete with the food production. CO2 capture is also an alternative, if one can capture with limited energy penalty, and converts captured CO2 into fuels using renewable electricity.
In the year 2014, CO2 emissions due to human activities accounted for about 65% of greenhouse gas emissions globally (IPCC, 2014). In 2016, transportation sector was accountable for about 28 percent of CO2 emissions in USA (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2016). In 2016, according to European Automobile Manufacturers Association, 2.7 million commercial vehicles were produced in the European Union. This number shows a huge potential for on board CO2 capture technology for vehicles. However, it could be very difficult to capture CO2 from vehicles due to large number of vehicles. There has been limited research on CO2 capture from vehicles due to mobile nature of source, relatively smaller production rate, discontinuous emissions, space limitation, and on board CO2 storage. Ligterink et al. (2016) has reported 2.65 kg of CO2 emission per liter diesel consumption by heavy duty vehicles. In 2015, according to the European Environment Agency (2017), road transportation sector contributed about 0.746 giga tons CO2 emissions. Hence, CO2 capture from vehicles could be an attractive way to reduce the CO2 emissions significantly.
Figure 1a shows typical composition of exhaust gas from diesel engine. CO2 and pollutant emissions are about 12 and 1% (CO, HC, NOx, SO2, PM), respectively (Majewski and Khair, 2006). Figure 1b presents emission standard of European Union for heavy duty vehicles (Delphi, 2012), NO accounts for 90% of total NOx emissions, with the remainder being NO2 (Hebbar, 2014). The diesel engine has an efficiency of about 35%, and about 25 and 40% energy is lost in cooling system and exhaust heat, respectively (Hossain and Bari, 2014).
Figure 1. (a) Composition of exhaust gas from diesel engine; (b) Euro emissions standard for heavy duty vehicles.
For CO2 capture, amine absorption, membrane separation, cryogenic separation and adsorption are main technologies for post combustion CO2 capture from power plant and process industry. The amine absorption for capturing CO2 is commonly used in power plant and process industry including natural gas sweetening (Sharma et al., 2017). The amine absorption process is energy intensive: 3.6–4.0 MJ/kg using mono-ethanolamine and 2.0–3.8 MJ/kg using advanced amines, for 90% CO2 capture rate (Bui et al., 2018). For 90% CO2 capture, performance of amine absorption process and membrane process are similar with about 10% loss in the plant efficiency (Wang et al., 2017). For natural gas power plant with 85% CO2 capture using amine, efficiency of the integrated plant decreases by over 8% due to the energy penalty of CO2 capture (Tock and Maréchal, 2014). Amine absorption process is difficult to use in mobile applications, although it has been proposed in marine application (Luo and Wang, 2017). Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is well established gas separation technology, which has found applications in air separation, hydrogen purification, and natural gas industry. Further, temperature swing adsorption (TSA) is an attractive technology for CO2 capture that requires low grade waste heat which may be available close to the CO2 emission source (See Figure 2). In a TSA cycle, cooled exhaust gases are passed through the adsorbent bed, where CO2 is adsorbed in the material and the remaining gases are released into the environment. Once adsorbent bed is saturated with CO2, it is heated to recover the CO2 from the material. After CO2 recovery from the adsorbent bed, it is cooled down from the desorption temperature to the adsorption temperature. Note that heat is removed during adsorption step, whereas heat is supplied during desorption step of a TSA cycle.
Figure 2. Simple schematic of TSA cycle with four steps. Q, Heat Supplied or Removed; Tads, Absorption Temperature; Tdes, Desorption temperature.
The temperature of engine exhaust normally range from 350 to 700°C (Dimitrova and Maréchal, 2017; Kanchibhotla and Bari, 2018). Further, the heat of cooling system can also be recovered as around 95°C (Abdelghaffar et al., 2002). The waste heat from engine exhaust and cooling system has been used in Rankine cycle to generate mechanical power for heavy duty trucks (Grelet et al., 2016) and cruise ships (Luo and Wang, 2017). Sprouse and Depcik (2013) have reviewed many studies on the use of organic Rankine cycle for the waste heat recovery from the exhaust of internal combustion engine, and claimed 10% improvement in the fuel economy. In order to overcome the dynamic nature of the engine waste heat availability, a heat storage material can be used to maintain the steady supply of heat to the Rankine cycle (Dinker et al., 2017). Lu et al. (2017) used a thermal fluid for the heat transfer between engine exhaust stream and working fluid of organic Rankine cycle, this mechanism is useful in maintaining steady operation of organic Rankine cycle.
The idea of the study is to investigate the possibility of integrating a Rankine cycle and a temperature swing adsorption system for vehicles. Proll et al. (2016) evaluated a fluidized bed TSA system for CO2 capture from flue gas stream, and in terms of heat transfer, fluidized bed reactor was found better than fixed, and moving bed reactors. Gibson et al. (2016) have evaluated several adsorption materials and process designs for CO2 capture from gas fired power plant. They have developed an adsorption model to predict the separation efficiency and to obtain the optimum separation conditions. Ntiamoah et al. (2016) performed cyclic experiments on single adsorption column, and product (hot) CO2 was used to supply the heat of desorption in the desorption step. In order to increase the purity of product CO2, they used product CO2 purge before the desorption step. Marx et al. (2016) studied cyclic behavior and separation performance of TSA for post-combustion CO2 capture. They performed break-through, heating and cooling, and steady-state cyclic experiments to evaluate separation performance of the process.
This work combines organic Rankine cycle with TSA to capture the CO2 from exhaust stream of an internal combustion engine. Amine doped adsorbents are selected for CO2 capture, as they show good performance in the presence of water (Huck et al., 2014). Part of the mechanical power produced by organic Rankine cycle is used to generate cold utility using CO2-based heat pump (turbo-compressor 1). This cold utility is used to remove heat of adsorption, and condense the water from engine exhaust stream. The remaining mechanical power generated by organic Rankine cycle is used to compress and liquefy the produced CO2 (turbo-compressor 2). The CO2 capture system has energy self-sufficiency, and does not require any external power. In other words, TSA with turbo-compressors is an attractive choice for CO2 capture from vehicles without any energy penalty. The CO2 capture system for engine exhaust stream aims at capturing 90% of the emitted CO2 (i.e., 2.11 kg CO2 per liter of diesel consumption). The captured CO2 can be utilized as a carbon source for producing green fuel (methane or liquid fuels) by integrating hydrogen produced from renewable energy resources.
Figure 3 describes the integrated CO2 capture system, based on 1 l diesel consumption in an internal combustion engine. First of all, diesel engine exhaust is analyzed for energy content and its composition. Figure 3 shows simple heat and mass flows for CO2 capture system. One liter diesel contains 37.27 MJ energy (lower heating value), which is divided into three parts by the internal combustion engine: 13.05 MJ as mechanical power to drive the vehicle, 14.21 MJ as waste heat in exhaust gas, and 10.02 MJ as heat removed using coolant (Hossain and Bari, 2014).
Figure 3. Simple heat and mass flows for CO2 capture from diesel engine exhaust: exhaust cooling, TSA cycle, product CO2 compression, and liquefaction.
The exhaust gas stream is cooled down to 25°C, and water is condensed and removed. The cooled exhaust gas stream (saturated with water at 25°C) goes to the adsorption bed, where CO2 is attached to the adsorbent. Finally, CO2 is desorbed from the adsorbent at high temperature, and then compressed and liquefied (multi-stage compression with inter-stage cooling). After desorption step, adsorbent bed is cooled down so that it can be used in the next TSA cycle. Belsim Vali models were developed for exhaust cooling and CO2 compression with inter-stage coolers. These models compute heat available from the exhaust stream at different temperature levels, and total compression power and inter-stage cooling requirements for CO2 compression. A TSA model was developed in gPROMS process simulator, based on the mathematical model shown in Table B of Supplementary Material (Casas et al., 2013). The TSA model has adsorption, preheating, desorption, and precooling steps. A mixture of N2 (84%) and CO2 (16%) was used to calculate heat of desorption, preheating of bed, heat of desorption and precooling of bed, at different adsorption, and desorption temperatures. The developed TSA model uses PPN-6-CH2TETA (Table C in Supplementary Material; Huck et al., 2014) as an adsorbent material. Finally, adsorption temperature of 30°C and desorption temperature of 150°C were chosen (see Figure A in Supplementary Material).
Figure 4 shows enthalpy-temperature profiles for exhaust cooling, heating and desorption of adsorbent, cooling and adsorption of adsorbent, and product CO2 compression and liquefaction. The exhaust stream contains 14.21 MJ/l-diesel waste heat, heating and desorption step requires 7.96 MJ/l-diesel heat, 8.17 MJ/l-diesel heat has to be removed during cooling and adsorption step, and 1.63 MJ/l-diesel heat has to be removed for CO2 compression and liquefaction.
Figure 4. Enthalpy-temperature profiles for exhaust cooling, adsorption cooling, desorption heating and CO2 compression, and liquefaction for 1 l diesel.
Table 1 presents energetic and exergetic analyses of an internal combustion engine, TSA and CO2 compression and liquefaction (Al-Najem and Diab, 1992; Kul and Kahraman, 2016). The CO2 capture system design looks feasible from the exergetic point of view (Table 1 and Figure 5). In total, 3.04 MJ of net exergy is available. See the Supplementary Material for Exergy Calculations given in Table 1. In reality, this system is dynamic in nature due to exhaust variations and TSA cycle. The reported exergy analysis is for steady-state operation of the system which gives indication on the heat availability and heat requirements by the system. Assuming a 50% exergy efficiency, therefore there is a potential to produce the equivalent of 1.52 MJ of mechanical power for the CO2 capture and storage system. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 75% for the compressors, this value can be compared with the compression power needed to produce CO2 in the liquid form (compression at 75 bar): 0.88 MJ or compressed CO2 at 150 bar: 1.05 MJ. For 1 l diesel consumption in an internal combustion engine, 2.11 kg CO2 is captured by the system, which has a volume of 2.96 l as liquid CO2 product (at 75 bar) or 4.53 l as compressed CO2 product (at 150 bar).
Table 1. Energy and exergy analyses of the internal combustion engine, the CO2 capture system, and compression power required for CO2 liquefaction (1 l diesel).
Figure 5. Q vs. 1-T0/T plot for CO2 capture system (1 l diesel); T0 (reference temperature) = 298 K.
The preliminary exergy analysis shows that there is the opportunity by system integration to generate cold, heat, and work that is needed to capture the exhaust CO2 using the energy available in the exhaust gases. Referring to the usage in a mobile application, there is a need to generate cooling for adsorption step, and therefore production of cooling capacity is considered at a temperature lower than the 40°C. The overall system design concept combines exhaust cooling, TSA cycle, product CO2 compression and cooling, Rankine cycle and heat pumping, as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Overview of CO2 capture system design: integration of Rankine cycle (RC) and heat pump (HP).
The CO2 capture system is designed for 1 day operation of delivery truck in a city, which travels 250 km in 8 h (~20 l diesel/100 km, Delgado et al., 2017). The diesel engine emits 117.2 kg of CO2 by consuming 50 l diesel, and 105.5 kg of CO2 (90% capture) should be captured and stored by the CO2 capture system. The working capacity (or CO2 loading) of the adsorbent material is 0.1 kg-CO2/kg-adsorbent (Verdegaal et al., 2016). Finally, 1 h adsorption-desorption cycle time has been assumed (Gibson et al., 2016). Initially, three cases for CO2 capture system are analyzed, as summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. Details of CO2 capture system specification (1 day operation, 250 km travel, 50 l diesel consumptions).
Adsorption on Truck and Desorption in the Parking Lot
In total, 105.5 kg of CO2 should be captured by the adsorbent. It requires 1055 kg of adsorbent, with CO2 loading of 0.1 kg-CO2/kg-adsorbent. Hence, the total mass of the system is 1160.5 kg. The density of adsorbent is 0.805 kg/liter, and so the volume of adsorbent or capture system is 1310.6 l. In the parking lot, CO2 can be converted into methane, and exothermic heat of methanation reaction can be used to recover CO2 from the adsorbent bed.
Adsorption-Desorption on Truck With CO2 Liquefaction (Liquid CO2)
In this case, CO2 is captured, compressed, liquefied, and stored in a storage tank. The critical point of CO2 is 31.1°C and 73.8 bar. In order to store liquid CO2 around 25°C in summer, an efficient cooling system would be required for operation of CO2 capture and storage system. The diesel engine consumes 6.25 l diesel per hour that means 13.19 kg CO2 should be captured per hour (1 l diesel = 2.34 kg CO2 emission, 90% CO2 capture, see Figure 3). Hence, the CO2 capture system requires 131.88 kg/h (163.8 l/h) of adsorbent. The duration of a TSA cycle is 1 h, and the regenerated adsorbent material can be used in the next TSA cycle. The estimated mass of storage tank is 273.6 kg to store 105.5 kg (or 147.96 l) liquid CO2 at 75 bar and 25°C (Turton et al., 2012). Further, typical weight of storage tank (modified CrMo steel) is 0.72 kg/liter for compressed natural gas at 200 bar (Ashok Leyland Report, 2012), and this light weight tank can also be used to store liquid or compressed CO2.
gPROMS model was developed for TSA cycle, whereas Belsim Vali models were developed for exhaust cooling, CO2 compression with inter-stage cooling, Rankine cycle and heat pump. CO2 based Rankine cycle (160 and 75 bar) is used to extract heat from the exhaust gas stream, and to produce the mechanical power in a turbine. This mechanical power is used in CO2 based heat pump (75 and 50 bar) to generate cold utility for removing heat of adsorption from bed and precooling of bed from desorption temperature to adsorption temperature. The lower pressure level for Rankine cycle and upper pressure level for heat pump are same (75 bar), so that streams from Rankine cycle and heat pump cycle can be combined for discharging waste heat into the environment. Figure 7 shows integrated operations of CO2 based Rankine cycle and heat pump. Further, heat rejected from CO2 based Rankine cycle is used for supplying heat of desorption and preheating of bed from adsorption temperature to desorption temperature. Finally, compressors are used to compress the product CO2 after the desorption step. The mechanical power generated using turbine is sufficient to run compressor for CO2 based heat pump and compressors for product CO2.
Figure 7. Integrated operation of CO2-based Rankine cycle (RC) and heat pump (HP).
In order to perform heat integration of the system, heat cascade model (Maréchal and Kalitventzeff, 1998) was used for heat integration among TSA cycle, exhaust cooling, inter-stage heat exchangers/coolers for CO2 compression, Rankine cycle, and heat pump. Figure 8 presents composite and grand composite curves for cooling of exhaust gas stream, heat of adsorption and precooling, heat of desorption and preheating, CO2 based Rankine cycle and heat pump, and product CO2 compression. In Figure 8, no external hot utility is required to close the heat balance which shows the feasibility of the CO2 capture system. The composite curves provides minimum energy targets (i.e., hot and cold utilities) that can be used in the heat exchanger network synthesis. Figure 9 presents a simple schematic of CO2 capture system design, without showing heat integration between hot and cold streams. In Figure 9, streams in red color show Rankine cycle operation, whereas streams in blue color show heat pump cycle operation. It can be seen that Rankine cycle and heat pump cycle streams are merged to discharge waste heat (RH1) into the environment. The product CO2 stream from desorption step is shown in green color, and it is compressed from 1 bar to 50 bar, before merging with heat pump cycle. The product CO2 is removed from the heat pump cycle at 75 bar and 30°C. Alternatively, a separate product CO2 compression and liquefaction system is also possible. The purity of product CO2 has been calculated using adsorbed phase CO2 and bulk phase gas mixture (i.e., cooled exhaust gas) inside the adsorption bed. The purity of product CO2 is about 99.5%, assuming 40% inter-particle empty space.
Figure 8. Grand composite (A) and composite (B) curves for the CO2 capture system.
Figure 9. Heat and mass flow details of design of CO2 capture system (1 h operation or 6.25 l diesel consumptions).
In order to achieve the target temperatures of hot and cold streams with minimum utilities, hot and cold streams should exchange heat whenever possible. In this work, the heat exchanger network synthesis (stage-wise superstructure model) has been studied by mathematical programming method. For this, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) optimization problem, written in AMPL, has been solved using CPLEX solver (Yee and Grossmann, 1990; Mian et al., 2016). In the optimization problem, minimization of number of heat exchangers is considered as objective function. There are 11 hot streams (AD1, AD2, EE1, EE2, RC4, RH1, HP3, HP4, CC1, CC2, and CC3) and 7 cold streams (DE1, DE2, RC1, RC2, RC3, HP1, and HP2) in the CO2 capture system. Table 3 presents heat exchanger network synthesis results, which has 20 heat exchangers. See Supplementary Material for grid representation of HEN. In Table 3, overall heat transfer coefficient (U) for a heat exchanger, with low heat transfer coefficients streams (exhaust cooling, precooling, adsorption, preheating and desorption), is assumed to be 25 W/(m2.K) (Clausse et al., 2011; Ribeiro et al., 2013; Marx et al., 2016). Further, the U-value for a heat exchanger, with high heat transfer coefficients streams (Rankine cycle, heat pump and cooling utility), is assumed to be 2000 W/(m2.K) (Yang, 2016). Finally, U-value of 500 W/(m2.K) is assumed for a heat exchanger with one low heat transfer coefficient stream and other high heat transfer coefficient stream. Table 3 presents estimated heat transfer areas for different heat exchanges, and AD1-DE1 heat exchanger (precooling and preheating of adsorption bed) has largest heat transfer area (11.23 m2). Total heat transfer area of all heat exchangers is 22.47 m2. More accurate heat exchanger area may be calculated by estimating overall heat transfer coefficients for different streams/heat exchangers. This heat transfer area can be provided in compact volume by using micro-channel heat exchangers, wherever it is possible (Hesselgreaves, 2001). TSA is a cyclic process with four steps, and so the heat exchangers inside the adsorbent beds should be heated and cooled in a cyclic way. Hence, heating and cooling of heat exchangers material will increase the thermal duty of the system.
Table 3. Heat exchanger network synthesis for CO2 capture system.
Adsorption-Desorption on Truck With CO2 Compression (Compressed CO2)
In this case, product CO2 is compressed and stored at high pressure. The mass of compressed CO2 storage tank is much higher compared to the mass of storage tank for liquid CO2 (in Case 2). This case is suitable when compressed methane or natural gas is used as a fuel in the vehicle. Fuel tank for compressed fuel can also be used to store the compressed product CO2. Three pressures for storing compressed CO2 are considered: 75, 100, and 150 bar. It can be noted in Table 2 that compressed CO2 volume at 75 bar (811.11 l) is significantly larger when compared at 100 and 150 bar (226.41 l). The mass of storage tanks, for storing compressed CO2 at different pressures, are calculated as function of CO2 volume (0.72 kg/liter; Ashok Leyland Report, 2012). Compressed CO2 storage at 100 or 150 bar found to be better (lowest weight and volume) compared to 75 bar.
The CO2 capture system design in Case 2 (i.e., adsorption-desorption on truck with liquid CO2 product) is an attractive choice due to its lower weight and lower volume. For daily operation of a delivery truck, the total mass and volume of the adsorbent beds and captured CO2 with storage tank are about 343.9 kg and 311.8 l. Additionally, some weight and space will be required for piping, turbo-compressors and heat exchanger network. In general, about 2 m3 space is available over the truck cabin (www.uhaul.com). Hence, temperature swing adsorption based CO2 capture system can easily be placed over the truck cabin. Figure C in Supplementary Material presents estimated volume of CO2 capture and storage system for delivery truck. The CO2 storage tank can be placed below the truck cabin, so that it can easily be removed and replaced.
The captured CO2 by the system can be sequestrated in underground or used as feedstock to produce gas or liquid green fuels and chemicals. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals is a good option from economic perspective due to their high prices (Chen et al., 2018). Table D (in Supplementary Material) presents the conversion of 1 kg of CO2 into green fuel by co-electrolysis (solid oxide electrolysis cell) using renewable electricity (Wang et al., 2018). The renewable electricity for CO2 conversion into green fuels can be provided by the PV panels. For calculating total area of PV panels in Switzerland, 400 W/m2 average annual solar irradiation (17.28 MJ/day/m2; www.meteoswiss.admin.ch) has been considered in Table D (Supplementary Material). Further, solar irradiation to electricity conversion efficiency of 20% has been assumed for the PV panels.
The delivery truck consumes 50 l (41.6 kg) diesel for 250 km travel, or 1,885 MJ energy based on the lower heating value of diesel fuel. Assuming same efficiency of the engine for different fuels, Table 4 presents amount of alternate fuels used, CO2 produced, CO2 captured, fuel produced using captured CO2, renewable energy consumed, and PV panel area. The fuel produced / fuel used ratio is different for different carbon based green fuels. In Table 4, H2 fuel is also reported for comparison purpose. The efficiency of electrolysis (electricity to H2) is assumed to be 80% (Schaaf et al., 2014), H2 efficiency in the internal combustion engine is considered same as for diesel engine (Verhelst and Wallner, 2009). In order to use H2 in existing internal combustion engine, fuel supply system has to be modified to avoid pre-ignition in the premixed H2 and air (Salvi and Subramanian, 2015). Further, high NOx emission has been reported for H2 in spark ignition engine due to increase in combustion temperature (Shivaprasad et al., 2018). Figure 10 presents weight of fuel with storage tank and CO2 capture system with liquid CO2 storage, for different fuels. For compressed CH4 fuel, it is assumed that captured CO2 can be stored in the same storage tank. For different fuels, the total weight (fuel with storage tank, adsorbent material, and CO2 with storage tank) are compared at initial point (0 km), mid-point (125 km), and end point (250 km). For carbon based fuels, added weights of fuel and CO2 capture and storage systems are comparable.
Table 4. Use of alternate fuels in the delivery truck for 250 km travel.
Figure 10. Weight comparison between on-board storage of H2 and different carbon based fuels with CCS-LS for conventional internal combustion engine.
The CO2 capture system and liquid storage (CCS-LS) can be integrated on different types on vehicles such as cars, trucks, buses, ships, and trains. Average weights, payloads and fuel (diesel) consumptions for different types of vehicles are reported in the Supplementary Material (Table E). The added weight of CCS-LS includes weights of CO2 with storage tank and adsorbent material. For comparison basis, each vehicle is assumed to be traveled 250 km (diesel fuel), and travel time for each vehicle is reported in the Supplementary Material (Table F). Figure 11 presents percentage added weight of CCS-LS with respect to total weight of vehicle (i.e., empty weight of vehicle + payload on vehicle) and payload on vehicle. For ferry and cruiseship, payloads are estimated based on maximum number of on-board persons. As expected, percentage added weight of CCS-LS is larger for small vehicles (car, SUV) compared to large vehicles (ferry, cruiseship, train). CCS-LS can be used on vehicle to reduce the CO2 emissions by allowing a higher share of renewables used in the transport and reducing the fossil CO2 emissions to environment and the same time to generate cooling by using waste heat available in the engine exhaust stream and cooling system.
Figure 11. Percentage added weight of CO2 capture system and liquid storage (CCS-LS) with respect to total weight (A) and payload (B) of different vehicles.
This study presents a system for CO2 capture from the exhaust stream of an internal combustion engine. Energy and exergy analyses of the CO2 capture system has been performed in details. Three CO2 capture system designs have been compared, and adsorption-desorption on vehicle with liquid CO2 product found to be better than the other two designs. The system design includes integration of temperature swing adsorption, Rankine cycle, heat pump (i.e., cold generation), and CO2 compression and liquefaction on vehicle. The proposed system design has energy self-sufficiency, as it converts waste heat available in the exhaust stream into mechanical power (via Rankine cycle) to drive the heat pump compressor and product compressors. The captured CO2 can store renewable energy by converting product CO2 into green fuels using co-electrolysis. About 90% of the carbon present in the fuel can be recycled using CO2 capture system, and the remaining 10% carbon can be supplied from the biomass. This study compares conversion of captured CO2 into methane, methanol, DME and gasoline. Further, percentage added weights of CO2 capture system and liquid storage for several vehicles are calculated, that shows high potential for the integration of CO2 capture in the transportation sector. Finally, weights of on-board hydrogen storage for fuel cell electric vehicle and CO2 capture system with liquid storage for conventional diesel vehicle are compared.
This study is an initial effort for capturing CO2 from vehicles, and it may require several years to realize such system in practice. In this study, fixed composition and flow rate of the exhaust gas have been assumed, to calculate the heating/cooling requirements of the TSA. This choice is suitable for train and ship transports, but exhaust variations are expected for cars, trucks, and buses. Further, steady-state operation of Rankine cycle is very critical, and so an intermediate thermal fluid will be required to store the exhaust heat and to maintain the Rankine cycle operation. In future, dynamic study on the system will be performed. This system analysis and design have several assumptions and uncertainties, which should be improved by experimental data. Hence, we are planning to develop a prototype of the CO2 capture system.
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
This research project is financially supported by the Swiss Innovation Agency lnnosuisse and is part of the Swiss Competence Center for Energy Research SCCER EIP.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00143/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: carbon dioxide capture, internal combustion engine, exergy analysis, temperature swing adsorption, system design and integration, heat exchanger network
Citation: Sharma S and Maréchal F (2019) Carbon Dioxide Capture From Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust Using Temperature Swing Adsorption. Front. Energy Res. 7:143. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2019.00143
Received: 16 May 2019; Accepted: 18 November 2019;
Published: 16 December 2019.
Fateme Rezaei, Missouri University of Science and Technology, United States
Jenny G. Vitillo, Università dell'Insubria, Italy
Lisa Joss, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2019 Sharma and Maréchal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: François Maréchal, francois.marechal@epfl.ch
†These authors have contributed equally to this work


text:
Tasso Bangel (født 1931 i Taquara, Brasilien) er en brasiliansk komponist, dirigent og trompetist.

Bangel studerede komposition, trompet og direktion i Porto Alegre hos Roberto Eggers. Han har skrevet en symfoni, orkesterværker, kammermusik, en opera, to strygerkvartetter, koncerter for mange musikinstrumenter, 16 sekstetter etc.

Bangel komponerer i en klar klassisk melodisk stil, som han blander med den nationale brasilianske folklore. Bangel har modtaget flere priser for sin kompositions virksomhed, såsom Sharp Prize (1998), Azorernes Pris (2013) etc.

Udvalgte værker

 Symfoni nr. 1 "Farroupilha" - for orkester
 Koncert Symfoni - for orkester
 Koncert - for fløjte og orkester
 2 strygerkvartetter
 Romance Gaucho - opera
 16 Sekstetter - kammermusik

Komponister fra Brasilien
Dirigenter
Trompetister

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia