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text:
ActualitéArchives
Tribune France Africa insight
Admin 10/08/2018 No tags
France-Africa relations have always been fraught with challenges. Evaluating whether the current relations are a win-win partnership requires an all-round discussion, touching on politics, economics, business and sociology. These issues are complex and greatly intertwined.
By Veronica Kariuki, President of the Kenya France Business club
Interactions between France and Africa have mostly been with Francophone Africa,These have been marred with controversies due to colonial history and general impression that France, the ancient coloniser, is ever-present in local politics and still maintains a grip of soft power over its colonies.
An example is the case of the currency used in Francophone Africa, the French CFA, commonly seen as a colonial power symbol as it is manufactured in France, pegged to the Euro, and whose reserves are controlled by the Banque de France on this issue, the debate is more of a sovereignty one, with protagonists championing for adoption of local currencies (either individual currencies or one common to CEDEAO) and the dissociation of manufacture and control by France. From an economic point of view, the pegging of the French CFA to the Euro is advantageous. Though it is entirely possible for the peg to be assosiated to the dollar or a basket of currencies.
One other argument is that France, like other colonial powers, takes part in the commercial pillage of ressources from African countries. This is in the form of winning oil extraction contracts under dubious means mostly including help from corrupt African officials. This is followed by transforming them overseas and selling them to their countries of origin at higher prices (typically Oil).
Despite the historical tensions, there are benefits to the relations between France and African countries. France is an active Development Aid contributor, through the Agence France de Développement and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) do help recipient countries bolster economic growth. Also, France does have a number of military interventions in Sub Saharan Africa, where it seeks to help local governments fight terrorist cells such as Boko Haram. These interventions do tend to be costly for France but have a direct benefit to local populations. France could seek to explore ways and means to improve the benefits that the communities derive from these resources.
« The Africa France relationship needs to be a molded along a win-win partnership »
With the global digital evolution, and the rapidly growing influence of the Chinese on the continent, France has an incentive to review its policies and collaboration with African countries. Mr Kiprono Kittony, The President of the Kenya National Chamber of Commerce of Kenya suggests that « Africa is experiencing a new era of development: where entrepreneurs are leveraging digital trade to empower entire communities, regions and national infrastructures. Policy makers must catch up with this revolution ».
France continually seeks to expand its relation beyond North Africa and Subsaharan Francophone African countries. Over the last decade or so, there has been a noted drive for French multinationals to set up shop in Anglophone countries. A recent example is Carrefour's installation in Nairobi.
The Africa France relationship needs to be a molded along a win-win partnership. Africa needs to be considered as a partner for development for a mutually benefitting relationship to exist :
France is home to some of the world leading companies in technologies in different fields: it would be fair to envisage transfer of knowledge and capacity building: Local investment regulations should include incentives for foreign companies with local subsidiaries to engage in knowledge transfer (to the extent possible) so as to equip the youth and help in reducing unemployment.
In as much as this would be a complex strategy to put in place, considering the eventual brain drain from Africa and the more complex issues of clandestine immigration and travel logistics a scenario where companies or government agencies establish agreements that allow for graduates to have internships or work exchange programmes is a scenario that could mutually benefit France and Africa. Looking at it objectively, France would be contributing to Africa's acquisition of more experienced and innovative resources, thus encouraging the youth to be self-sufficient in their respective countries. This will lead to a growth in middle class.
There is a need to review the trade relation conventions between states with a view to give more weight to the private sector; African companies could work towards creating subsidiaries and doing business in France. France can assist by reducing red tape procedures like registration, corporate tax laws, work permit restrictions, and industry-level authorization procedures and this would encourage the African private sector to venture into France)
Tribune Aziz Senni « L'Afrique, continent d'aujourd'hui plus que de demain »
Samir Amine «Nous vivons l'automne du capitalisme mais pas encore le printemps des peuples»
A la uneActualité
Mining Indaba 2023 : « Libérer l'investissement minier africain »
Se concentrer sur les façons dont l'Afrique peut optimiser l'opportunité d'augmenter l'approvisionnement en métaux verts pour une demande mondiale sera...
IDE 2023 : De belles perspectives pour l'Afrique
Dans un contexte de pandémie du Covid-19 et de crise russo-ukrainienne qui continuent d'impacter les économies mondiales, l'Afrique représente désormais...
Africa Tech Summit : L'African tech se connecte
Africa Tech Summit Nairobi relie les leaders technologiques de l'écosystème africain et les acteurs internationaux sous un même toit. Après une...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


ONCHAN, Isle of Man – April 27, 2017 – The second millionaire from the PokerStars Makes Millionaires promotion has been made. 'nick2101983' won the Millionaire Grand Final tournament, taking home the $1 million first place-prize money at PokerStars, an Amaya Inc. (Nasdaq: AYA; TSX: AYA) brand.
The 33-year-old defeated 41 players from 19 countries, topping off the hard-earned victory with a pair of aces in the final hand. You can catch the excitement from PokerStars Team Online's Felix "xflixx" Schneider's stream the moment 'nick2101983' won here.
The Millionaire Grand Final tournament lasted 90 minutes, meaning the player earned over $11,000 per minute whilst becoming the 201st poker millionaire made at the world's largest online poker room.
'nick2101983' secured the seat at the Millionaires Grand Final in just two days by completing the Spin & Go 2X Daily Challenge and Millionaire Grand Final Daily Qualifier. The player told their mother and nobody else that they were in with the chance of becoming a millionaire because they wanted to keep luck on their side, which clearly worked. The poker player who works as a captain's assistant on a ship plans on celebrating the win by buying an apartment and a new car.
No one walked away empty handed as all 42 participating players were awarded a $1,050 Spring Championship Of Online Poker (SCOOP) ticket that can be used in the Phase 1 High event which runs daily, culminating in a tournament on May 21 at 12:30 ET with a top prize of $1 million guaranteed for the winner, giving all players involved another chance at becoming a millionaire.


On behalf of Damon Cheronis of Law Offices of Damon M. Cheronis posted in Federal Drug Charges on Friday, June 26, 2015.
We have all seen on television when the police put handcuffs on suspects of crimes and read them their Miranda rights. It is so familiar to us that we can actually quote it along with them. The television does not tell the whole story though.
In 1966 the U.S. Supreme Court took on the historic case of Miranda v. Arizona. This case was brought about because the person arrested and had made statements to the authorities that were later used in court when he wasn't properly represented. He did not realize that these statements could be incriminating.
The law is now nationwide. Whenever a suspect is taken into custody, he or she must be told one's Fifth Amendment rights not to make any incriminating statements. There are four areas of particular interest here: You can remain silent if you choose to. Anything you say can be used against you in court when your trial is heard. You have a right to request that an attorney be present when you are being questioned and in the case of not being able to afford an attorney, the court will appoint one to your particular case.
What isn't said on the television is that once you tell them you aren't going to answer their questions, the interview is over. Also, if you decide to have an attorney the interview is over at that point as well until your attorney is present.
When you face drug charges, you need to know that it is best to remain silent after telling the police that you are not answering any of their questions. It is also a very good idea to call an attorney who can ensure that your rights are not violated.


text:
Friends of 1776
Exploring the Significance of the American Revolution, Its People and Events
Abigail and John: Portrait of a Marriage – Book Review
Christmas brought a nice addition to the library here for Friends of 1776. A lot has been written about this famous Presidential marriage, their letters, and the well-known salutation, "My dearest friend".
This book is not about the many letters and wide variety of topics they cover, although Gelles quotes extensively from them. Rather, this book is biographical n scope, bringing great detail to the personality traits of both people. This marriage had its share of triumph, great personal tragedy, and strong disagreements. If I can describe the marriage in a few words, it was a marriage of separation. Nothing turned out as one might expect. The author focuses on Abigail in greater detail than for John. She was a typical late 18th century woman, from a solid "good family". She was also brilliant, very intelligent, and surprisingly modern in outlook.
Considering what Abigail had to face, alone, over decades, I have no idea how she coped. Fortunately, in spite of many periods of illness, for children and family, she had basically a healthy constitution.
When illness struck around her, she did what she had to do. She was not a whiner. She knew how to pick extraordinary friends. Many of the letters' substance are dominated by domestic problems. Why did this happen? Gelles effectively explains that from the beginning of their marriage, John more and more abdicated home life for a life of public service, calling for prolonged absences from Massachusetts and his growing family. Once, later, it was for five years!
Also, the extraordinary time it took for correspondence to reach its destination, weeks, often months, left Abigail to often have little contact with John. The time factor for correspondence is well handled in this book.
In a way, the marriage was very modern. Leaving Abigail at home on the farm in the Boston suburb (Braintree), John goes to the city to pursue his career and financial future. People recognized his talents quickly. He was invited to join he right political and legal organizations, where he rapidly met many influential people. In many modern marriages, he would catch a late commuter train, meanwhile leaving his wife to deal with the plumber and the children's schools.
When Jefferson wrote our Declaration of Independence, it was John Adams who put it into place. John earlier had recognized the special talents of George Washington and pushed for his selection of general of our revolutionary army. But the more John rose in importance and prestige, the less chance he had to build his wealth. His earlier highly esteemed legal practice couldn't grow. Thank goodness for Abigail's abundant energy; much later Abigail was essentially the family financial manager. Her aim was not to amass riches, but to stay out of debt, the danger was all farming operations. She was successful at that. It showed again that in this marriage, both partners were good at what they did. Throughout these long years, they maintained their mutual affection and respect. They never took each other for granted.
So many years of their marriage played out in the Revolutionary War, with campaigns and battles over a large area. I do criticize this book for rather neglecting the military history. Important, decisive battles are often given scant attention. But maybe this can be justified by the fact that John was never a military leader.
Everything in Abigail's background would predict that she was a sober, righteous New England housewife. But when she began to accompany John on diplomatic missions, she acquired an elegance and culture perfectly suited to her new social position (particularly in Paris and later London). She maintained a friendship with Jefferson. She attended the theater, ballet, concerts and recitals, and saw important landmarks as a tourist. She began to enjoy and appreciate some of the outstanding furniture and décor of the late 18th century. She was no country bumpkin from the farm.
Did John miss a great deal because his family life was essentially subject to the demands of his public life? I think you will judge this for yourself.
If anything, the devotion and compatibility in this marriage was particularly strong in their later years. Deaths of adult children were a terrible grief for them, but not described as morbid. The presence of many grandchildren was a great satisfaction and happiness for them now being together, retired, back on the farm, John's most lasting preference for his whole life.
This portrait of a marriage shows why it earned an absolute right to be considered an outstanding Presidential marriage. Maybe Jack and Jackie Kennedy's much briefer days together as celebrities also earned an outstanding designation, or perhaps that of Franklin and Eleanor.
But Gelles has drawn up a portrait of two extraordinary people, living in extraordinary times. I don't think a reader will ever tire of them. – Renata Breisacher Mulry
Abigail: 1744 – 1818; John: 1735 – 1826
Lived in Braintree, Family Farm
Abigail and John: Portrait of a Marriage Edith B. Gelles, author. William Morrow, 2009. 285 pp.
Notes: Over a century later another celebrated marriage, that of the last Czar and Czarina of Russia, Nicholas and Alexandra, was also known for their voluminous correspondence through tumultuous times. See A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas and Alexandra Their Own Story. Andrei Maylunas and Sergei Mironenko. Doubleday, 1997. 667 pp.
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text:
package git

import (
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"os"
	"strings"

	"testing"
)

func compareIndex(got, want Index) bool {

	if len(got.Objects) != len(want.Objects) {
		return false
	}
	cmpObj := func(got, want IndexEntry) bool {
		return got.PathName == want.PathName &&
			got.Sha1 == want.Sha1 &&
			got.Mode == want.Mode
	}
	for i := range want.Objects {
		if !cmpObj(*got.Objects[i], *want.Objects[i]) {
			return false
		}
	}
	return true
}

func TestUpdateIndex(t *testing.T) {
	testcases := []struct {
		Index       Index
		Options     UpdateIndexOptions
		Files       []File
		Expected    Index
		ExpectedErr bool
	}{
		{
			// Add a known file without --add, should be an error
			Index{},
			UpdateIndexOptions{},
			[]File{File("test/bar")},
			Index{
				Objects: []*IndexEntry{
					&IndexEntry{PathName: "foo"},
				},
			},
			true,
		},
		{
			// Add a known file with --add, should succeed
			Index{},
			UpdateIndexOptions{
				Add: true,
			},
			[]File{File("foo")},
			Index{
				Objects: []*IndexEntry{
					&IndexEntry{
						FixedIndexEntry: FixedIndexEntry{
							Mode: ModeBlob,
							Sha1: hashString("foo"),
						},
						PathName: "foo",
					},
				},
			},
			false,
		},
		{
			// Even with --add, trying to add a directory should fail
			Index{},
			UpdateIndexOptions{Add: true},
			[]File{File("test")},
			Index{},
			true,
		},
		// Remove a file without --remove, should fail
		{
			Index{
				Objects: []*IndexEntry{
					&IndexEntry{
						FixedIndexEntry: FixedIndexEntry{
							Mode: ModeBlob,
							Sha1: hashString("foo"),
						},
						PathName: "foob",
					},
				},
			},
			UpdateIndexOptions{},
			[]File{File("foob")},
			Index{},
			true,
		},
		// Remove a file with --remove, should succeed
		{
			Index{
				Objects: []*IndexEntry{
					&IndexEntry{
						FixedIndexEntry: FixedIndexEntry{
							Mode: ModeBlob,
							Sha1: hashString("foo"),
						},
						PathName: "foob",
					},
				},
			},
			UpdateIndexOptions{Remove: true},
			[]File{File("foob")},
			Index{},
			false,
		},
	}

	// Set up a temporary directory, and put 2 known files in it, so that
	// our tests can run from a deterministic state.
	wd, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "gitupdateindextest")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer os.RemoveAll(wd)
	os.Chdir(wd)

	// FIXME: This should be git.Init(), but Init is currently in cmd.Init..
	c, err := Init(nil, InitOptions{Quiet: true}, "")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	// Setup a working tree.
	if err := os.Mkdir(wd+"/test", 0755); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(wd+"/foo", []byte("foo"), 0755); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(wd+"/test/bar", []byte("bar"), 0755); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	for i, tc := range testcases {
		newidx, err := UpdateIndex(c, &tc.Index, tc.Options, tc.Files)
		if tc.ExpectedErr {
			if err == nil {
				t.Errorf("Case %d: expected error, got none", i)
			}
			continue
		} else {
			if err != nil {
				t.Errorf("Case %d: got error %v expected none", i, err)
				continue
			}
		}

		if !compareIndex(*newidx, tc.Expected) {
			t.Errorf("Case %d: got %v want %v", i, newidx, tc.Expected)
		}
	}
}

// Tests adding symlinks to the index with UpdateIndex
func TestUpdateIndexSymlinks(t *testing.T) {
	// Set up a temporary directory, and put 2 known files in it, so that
	// our tests can run from a deterministic state.
	wd, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "gitupdateindextest")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer os.RemoveAll(wd)
	os.Chdir(wd)

	c, err := Init(nil, InitOptions{Quiet: true}, "")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	// Setup a working tree.
	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(wd+"/foo", []byte("foo content"), 0755); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if err := os.Symlink("foo", "works"); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	if err := os.Symlink("ohnoes", "broken"); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	newidx, err := UpdateIndex(c, &Index{}, UpdateIndexOptions{Add: true}, []File{"works", "broken"})
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if len(newidx.Objects) != 2 {
		t.Fatalf("Unexpected number of entries in index: got %v want 2", len(newidx.Objects))
	}
	newobjects := newidx.Objects
	// Content for "broken". Value comes from what real git adds.
	sha, err := Sha1FromString("42dfea9398d23b9d95bdb97624a7cfc117ac1091")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if newobjects[0].Sha1 != sha {
		t.Errorf("Unexpected hash: got %v want %v", newobjects[0].Sha1, sha)
	}
	if newobjects[0].Mode != ModeSymlink {
		t.Errorf("Unexpected file mode. got %v want %v", newobjects[0].Mode, ModeSymlink)
	}

	// content for "works". Value comes from what real git adds.
	sha, err = Sha1FromString("19102815663d23f8b75a47e7a01965dcdc96468c")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if newobjects[1].Sha1 != sha {
		t.Errorf("Unexpected hash: got %v want %v", newobjects[1].Sha1, sha)
	}
	if newobjects[1].Mode != ModeSymlink {
		t.Errorf("Unexpected file mode. got %v want %v", newobjects[1].Mode, ModeSymlink)
	}
}

func TestUpdateIndexIndexInfo(t *testing.T) {
	// Set up a temporary directory, and put 2 known files in it, so that
	// our tests can run from a deterministic state.
	wd, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "gitupdateindextest")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer os.RemoveAll(wd)
	os.Chdir(wd)

	c, err := Init(nil, InitOptions{Quiet: true}, "")

	info := strings.NewReader(`100644 blob 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000	dir/file1
100644 blob 2000000000000000000000000000000000000000	dir/file2
100644 blob 3000000000000000000000000000000000000000	dir/file3
100644 blob 4000000000000000000000000000000000000000	dir/file4
100644 blob 5000000000000000000000000000000000000000	dir/file5
`)
	newidx, err := UpdateIndex(c, &Index{}, UpdateIndexOptions{IndexInfo: info}, []File{"works", "broken"})
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if newidx == nil {
		t.Fatal("No index returned")

	}
	if len(newidx.Objects) != 5 {
		t.Fatalf("Incorrect number of objects in new index: got %v want 5", len(newidx.Objects))
	}

	for i, o := range newidx.Objects {
		if o.Mode != ModeBlob {
			t.Errorf("Unexpected mode for index %d: got %v want %v", i, o.Mode, ModeBlob)
		}
		if expected := IndexPath(fmt.Sprintf("dir/file%d", i+1)); expected != o.PathName {
			t.Errorf("Unexpected path for index %d: got %v want %v", i, o.PathName, expected)
		}
		shastr := fmt.Sprintf("%d000000000000000000000000000000000000000", i+1)
		if shastr != o.Sha1.String() {
			t.Errorf("Unexpected sha1 for index %d: got %v want %v", i, o.Sha1, shastr)
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Experience the scenic Bambolim Beach from the unique perspective of a kayak. Imagine floating in a kayak on the clear water while the sun slowly makes way to the delicate lavender moon and the flirty stars dreaming to be able to kiss you with their naughty twinkling smile. Marveling at the silvery full moon shining light out of its soul in a solemn night is just what we need to tune our inner spirits. Relax and unwind with our Moonlight kayaking and we assure that you will want to come back again and again.
We take you on a magical moonlit journey from Bambolim on full moon days, three nights before and three nights after. The whole experience will definitely touch your soul with jaw dropping view of lake basking in the silver rays of moon.
1) Please Carry along swimwear, t-shirts, hat, sun-cream, sunglasses, towel.


text:
Вега, Ве́га (від араб. النسر الواقع — «шуліка, що падає») (α Ліри) — найяскравіша зоря в сузір'ї Ліри, п'ята за яскравістю зоря нічного неба, друга після Арктура.
 Вега (космічний апарат), Вега (назва від назв «Венера» та «Галлей») — радянські автоматичні міжпланетні станції, призначені для вивчення Венери і комети Галлея.
 Сан-Хусто-де-ла-Вега (ісп. San Justo de la Vega) — муніципалітет в Іспанії.
 VEGA (ракета-носій) (Вега (ракета-носій)) — проект «Вега» розроблявся з початку 1990-х ASI, на заміну ракети-носія «Скаут» виробництва НАСА.
 Вега — острів біля узбережжя Антарктиди (точніше — Антарктичного півострова).

Див. також
 Лопе де Вега (значення)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Language DE EN FR
SPS Awards
Winners 1991 -2005
Prize Regulations
Charpak-Ritz Award
SPG Nachwuchsförderpreise
The winners of the SPS Awards 2021
The SPS Award committee chaired by Prof. Thomas Jung selected the winners for 2021 out of many submissions. The winners presented their work at the Joint Annual Meeting in Innsbruck. Below are the brief summaries directly provided by the winners.
The winners of the SPS Awards 2021 (from left to right): Niels B. M. Schröter, Clarissa Convertino, Armin Tavakoli, Kristian Cujia, and Kenny Jing Hui Choo.
SPS Award in all Physics Domains, sponsored by Hitachi ABB Power Grids Schweiz
The SPS Award in all physics domains is given to Armin Tavakoli for his work on "Theory of Quantum Information, in particular Quantum Correlations and Communications".
Quantum correlations and communications
Quantum theory makes predictions of correlations that cannot be explained by classical theories. Recent decades have explored these correlations from several points of view: foundationally understanding quantum theory, quantum information science and its implementation in quantum technologies. This PhD dissertation contributes to aspects of this research program mainly in the following ways.
1) Certification of quantum devices. Simple communication experiments are proposed for certification of a broad fauna of quantum devices subject only small assumptions. Methods are also developed for the strongest form quantum certification targeting high-dimensional quantum measurements.
2) Communication complexity. Quantum correlations can boost the efficiency of communication. This relationship is explored for different types of quantum resources and methods are developed to characterize of quantum advantages. Also, it is proposed to decouple the notion of a quantum bit from the idea of a two-level system. This alternative avenue to informationally restricted correlations is found to qualitatively go beyond traditional qubits.
3) Bell nonlocality in networks. Bell's theorem is a milestone of quantum theory. Recently this research program has expanded into more sophisticated scenarios corresponding to networks. Little is still known about this and several exploratory works into this topic are presented, revealing new types of quantum nonlocality.
4) Autonomous entanglement generation. It is investigated whether strong entanglement can be generated from a thermal machine that only harvests spontaneous environmental interactions. It is found that such minimal machines can probabilistically produce the strongest form of high-dimensional and multi-qubit entanglement.
SPS Award in Condensed Matter Physics, sponsored by IBM
Niels B. M. Schröter received the SPS Award in Condensed Matter Physics for his work on "Groundbreaking discovery and further investigation of new multifold fermions in chiral topological semimetals".
New fermions with large topological charges in chiral topological semimetals
Chiral topological semimetals are a new class of topological matter that host chiral multifold fermions in a chiral crystal structure. These new fermionic quasiparticles can be viewed as a higher spin generalization of Weyl fermions without equivalence in elementary particle physics. Their large topological charge has been predicted to give rise to unusual phenomena, such as giant quantized photocurrents, long fermi-arc surface states, unusual magnetotransport signatures, new spin-orbit torques, or unconventional and topological superconductivity. Whilst there have been many theoretical predictions related to multifold fermions in previous years, they have so far remained elusive in experiments.
Here I will report the experimental observation of multifold fermions in a chiral topological semimetal. Using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, we directly visualize their long fermi-arc surface states and resolve a band splitting that indicates that they carry the largest topological charge that can be realized for quasiparticles in any material. We are also able to show experimentally that there is a direct relationship between the handedness of the crystal structure and the electronic chirality (i.e. the Chern number sign) of the multifold fermions, which indicates that structural chirality can be used as a control parameter to manipulate phenomena that are sensitive to the electronic chirality, such as the direction of topological photocurrents. I will then also present our latest experimental results about new directions in the field of chiral topological semimetals.
[1] N. B. M. Schröter et al., Nat. Phys. 15, 759–765 (2019).
[2] N. B. M. Schröter et al., Science 369, 179 (2020).
SPS Award in Applied Physics, sponsored by Oerlikon Surface Solutions AG
The SPS Award in Applied Physics is given to Clarissa Convertino for her work on "Development of an advanced hybrid MOSFET/ tunnel FET platform".
Development of an advanced hybrid MOSFET/tunnel FET platform
High power consumption represents a major bottleneck for conventional transistor technologies (MOSFETs), due to the inability of further reducing supply voltage while simultaneously limiting the off-state leakage current. This limitation can be overcome by Tunnel FETs, a novel transistor concept based on the quantum-mechanical band-to-band tunneling, but the best TFET demonstrators so far are based on vertical nanowire approaches which are not compatible with advanced IC technology. During my PhD research, I demonstrated the first hybrid technology platform combining III-V Tunnel FETs and MOSFETs with a scalable process and suitable for large-scale semiconductor manufacturing [1]. Such low-power technology platform paves the way to future energy efficient electronics, with the ultimate goal to reduce the carbon footprint of the ICT industry. The demonstrated platform exploits the synergies between the world of Tunnel FETs and of III-V MOSFETs [2], as it allows to implement hybrid logic blocks tailored to the unique specifics of each device. Tunnel FETs provide lower leakage and good performance at low voltages levels, MOSFETs are faster (at same dimension and bias) and provide greater current drive. The developed fabrication flow is identical for both devices except for a single masking and epitaxy step, opening up for manufacturing of truly hybrid logic blocks. Unlike a MOSFET, the TFET is an asymmetric device with different materials in the source and drain regions. Key to achieving the reported performance is the invention of a selective source approach, where the GaAsSb source is grown right before the replacement gate process, resulting in self-alignment of the gate. The fabricated TFETs show a subthreshold swing of 47 mV/decade, outperforming the state-of-the-art with a superior device platform and unmatched scaled device dimensions.
[1] C. Convertino et al., "Hybrid III-V tunnel FET and MOSFET technology platform integrated on silicon," Nature Electronics (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-020-00531-3
[2] C. Convertino et al., "InGaAs-on-Insulator FinFETs with Reduced Off-Current and Record Performance," in IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), pp. 39.2.1-39.2.4, 2018. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8614640
SPS Award related to Metrology, sponsored by METAS
Kristian Cujia is honored with the SPS Award related to Metrology for his work on "Outstanding research in quantum sensing and quantum metrology with nitrogen vacancies".
Discrete-time signal processing with NV centers
In 1950, Erwin L. Hahn reported a seminal experiment on detecting the oscillating magnetization of atomic nuclei following excitation by a short burst of radio-frequency radiation. This so-called "free induction decay" (FID) signal initiated the field of modern NMR spectroscopy, which has become a standard tool in chemical analytics and medical MRI tomography.
While NMR and MRI operate on large sample volumes (including humans), it has been unclear from a basic physics standpoint whether FID detection can be extended down to a single nuclear spin, or whether this is inhibited by the laws of quantum mechanics. Until recently, this question has been mainly theoretical, because the magnetic signals of single nuclear spins have been far too week for existing magnetic detectors. However, recent advances with quantum defect spins in diamond, most notably the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, have brought single nuclear spin detection within reach.
NV centers are atomic-scale defects that are sensitive, among others, to external magnetic fields via dipolar interactions. In recent years, they have attracted considerable attention for their potential as highly sensitive magnetic probes. Owing to their inherent quantum nature, they are extremely sensitive to perturbations, and thanks to their atomic-scale size they can be brought in very close proximity to a target.
In our work, we used a spectroscopy method based on sequential weak measurements (also known as quantum non-demolition measurements) to detect the FID signal of a single carbon-13 nuclear spin [1]. We showed that such measurements mitigate the unwanted quantum back-action, and provide a number of further advantages, including a large frequency bandwidth and possibility of efficient Fourier NMR methods. Building on this experiment, we further showed that single nuclear spin NMR can be extended to image large nuclear spin clusters with three-dimensional atomic resolution. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrated the detection of up to 29 carbon-13 nuclear spins in diamond, and showed how, by applying information-criteria principles to the detected signals, the three-dimensional atomic positions of nuclei in the diamond lattice can be recovered [2]. Next steps include functionalizing diamond surfaces with single target molecules (like proteins) and to apply the single-spin NMR techniques to structural imaging and monitoring of chemical surface reactions.
[1] K. S. Cujia, J. M. Boss, K. Herb, J. Zopes and C. L. Degen. Tracking the precession of single nuclear spins by weak measurements. Nature 571, 230 - 233 (2019).
[2] K. S. Cujia, K. Herb, J. Zopes, J. M. Abendroth and C. L. Degen. Parallel detection and spatial mapping of large nuclear-spin clusters in diamond. arXiv:2103.10669 (2021).
SPS Award in Computational Physics, sponsored by COMSOL Multiphysics GmbH
The SPS Award in Computational Physics is given to Kenny Jing Hui Choo for his work on "Novel computational approach to solve quantum many-body problems".
Neural Network Quantum States
Over the past few years, Artificial neural networks (ANN) have led to numerous breakthroughs from improving language translations to beating the best players in Chess and Go. In the field of condensed matter physics, ANNs have also been recently introduced as a general ansatz known as neural network quantum states (NQS) to represent many-body wavefunctions. In conjunction with variational Monte Carlo calculations, this ansatz has been applied to find Hamiltonian ground states and their energies [1]. We have extended upon this approach to study excited states, a central task in several many-body quantum calculations. By using a Gram-Schmidt type orthogonalisation procedure, we were able to obtain the first excited state of a system. In addition, by incorporating spatial symmetries further spectral properties could be addressed.
Furthermore, we have also applied the methods developed to the J1-J2 model on the square lattice [2]. Using deep convolutional networks, we showed that the NQS are able to achieve competitive results with respect to other state-of-the-art approaches such as density matrix renormalisation group, across the full phase diagram.
[1] K. Choo et al. "Symmetries and Many-Body Excitations with Neural-Network Quantum States", Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 167204 (2018)
[2] K. Choo et al. "Two-dimensional frustrated J1-J2 model studied with neural network quantum states", Phys. Rev. B 100, 125124 (2019)
- © Swiss Physical Society


This three-day instructor-led SharePoint 2013 PerformancePoint Services training course provides students with the necessary knowledge to work with PerformancePoint 2013 Service. The new and improved Business Intelligence Center is explored, and all the exciting new features within the SharePoint 2013 release are covered. The focus of this course is on the SharePoint 2013 business intelligence platform and not on the SQL business intelligence services.
PowerPivot and Dahboards have included modules.


Have you ever wondered what the whole vegan thing is about? Maybe, like many, you work on the assumption that something without any animal products at all means sacrificing flavour. If you're around Auckland on November 1st, this could be the perfect opportunity for you to find out what vegan food is all about.
To celebrate World Vegan Day, The Sugar Club will be challenging perceptions by offering an entirely plant-based menu for the day in a bid to prove that vegan cuisine does not need to compromise on quality or flavour.
On 1 November guests dining at The Sugar Club will enjoy an exclusively plant-based tasting menu for lunch and dinner with an optional vegan beverage pairing.
The Sugar Club has a distinguished 32-year history of challenging the culinary status quo, most notably through Peter Gordon's innovation, earning him the global moniker 'Godfather' of fusion cuisine.
"Offering an entirely plant-based menu for the day, including beverages, is an extension of our history as a restaurant that has pushed the boundaries in the hospitality industry. This is a wonderful opportunity for the talented kitchen team, led by Executive Chef Josh Barlow, to challenge perceptions around vegan cuisine" says Peter Gordon.
The Sugar Club kitchen is tasked with delivering a menu that is memorable for all guests, and they hope even non-vegan diners will enjoy the evening with them as another expression of the diverse dining scene in Auckland.
Barlow is excited by the challenge of creating vegan cuisine that will be uncompromising in flavour and give guests an exciting opportunity to broaden their knowledge of vegan dining.
Josh Barlow joined The Sugar Club in May this year. Working collaboratively with Peter Gordon on his creative fusion cuisine, Josh has made an impression on diners, foraging locally and sourcing the best New Zealand produce available. Notably, The Sugar Club was recently listed in the Cuisine Top 100 New Zealand Restaurants.
In August this year, the restaurant celebrated its fifth birthday with a memorable evening that brought together former chefs from the different incarnations of The Sugar Club over the past three decades.
World Vegan Day aside, The Sugar Club offers a carefully crafted vegan menu that changes seasonally, ensuring that guests are catered for in an uncompromising manner with care and lashings of The Sugar Club's renowned creativity.


Now the place is home to a community of travellers, with their caravans.
Planning permission submitted for 10 new homes, on the site.
Looking sad, and still shut.
Nice olde world pub, well worth stopping of for a pint.


Cinco de Mayo is approaching and I'm nowhere near Mexico! But I've learned how to make posole so that's second best.
Granted Cinco de Mayo is more of an American holiday than one in Mexico but it is celebrated in some regions in Mexico. And really do we need an excuse to make posole? Chef Rouge didn't think so and so we looked at a few recipes and then went off in our own direction.
Posole is surprisingly easy to make. It was one of my favourite things to eat in Mexico. In fact it was one of the best things I ate in Mazatlan and the second lunch I ate in Playa del Carmen. I've always said I wanted to make it at home but I had no idea making posole would be so simple.
Here's our version of how to make posole. It may not be 100% authentic, but it is really easy.
Remove seeds from chiles and toast in a cast iron pan. Soak chiles in a bowl until tender and then take liquid and blend until smooth.
Chop onion and garlic. Cube meat into 1 inch pieces.
Heat a bit of oil on medium high heat and sear pork shoulder. Transfer it to a bowl.
Saute onion with cumin, oregano and bay leaf for 2 minutes add garlic and saute an additional minute.
Add seared pork shoulder, hominy and chile liquid back to pot. Simmer for one hour.
It's a really easy recipe and so delicious.
That looks so good! #Drool. Will have to try it when we're in Mexico later this year – or give it a go ourselves beforehand… it looks so easy to make.
It's everywhere in Mexico and so delicious, you can get it as rojo (red as above) or just regular.
wow, relatively simple ingredients for such a delicious meal. Thanks for sharing – I think I will try making it soon!
So easy to make, let me know how it goes!
Oh that looks so good… I can't find most of those ingredients here in China but I might have to remember the recipe for later in life.
And you have so many delicious dishes in China too!
Aw, wow, I'm getting hungry just when reading the ingredients! Do you think other kind of meat could go with it, since I am not a pork eater?Thanks!
Absolutely I've seen chicken pozole many times.
I'm cursing the lack of interesting ingredients here in Newfoundland. This looks really tasty but I have a feeling finding hominy, dried Mexican chilies and Mexican oregano will be pretty tough. I'm going to keep an eye out though.
Ooooh big fan of Mexican food. Excluding the tex mex style of food, real Mexican has only taken off in Perth over the past 3-4 years but I love it!
I am making this. Like right now. Or maybe tomorrow actually because I have to go to the store.
I love mexican food, particularly AUTHENTIC mexican food! Yum!
Really happy to have found your blog, btw. Food + travel = my two favorite things on this earth.
Love how simple, yet clear, this video is!
Congrats! This is gonna be this week's Thurs-Date Night dinner!
This is very nice, easy to prefer and looks really delicious.. Thanks for sharing, definitely will try this one..
I've been living in Mexico for just over 3 years now and had such a "blah" experience with pozole the first time that I've never given it another shot.
But the dish I was served looked nothing like what's in your photo. That looks incredible….I'll have to ask around and find out the best place to eat it around here.
Ever since tasting the most incredible Pozole on my recent 3 months of travels in Mexico, this recipe is TOP OF THE LIST! Can't get enough of it…actually I have fallen in love with Mexican cuisine all together. This recipe takes me right back to that little restaurant in Oaxaca where I first tried it!! Love how travel does that! Thank you!


For beautiful vinyl siding that is energy efficient and long lasting, homeowners in Destin, Florida, can rely on Majors Home Improvement. Since 1997, we have provided high-quality home improvement products to residents in the Panhandle region. We are a local, family-owned company that has held an A+ rating with the Better Business Bureau for many years, and we'll be pleased to work with you on your renovation project.
Your vinyl siding will be expertly installed by our team of factory-trained craftsmen who are precise in their work. They will ensure you receive the best possible service – we call it our Red Carpet Service – by treating you and your home with the utmost respect. This includes being mindful of your landscaping and keeping a clean worksite. Your satisfaction with our work is our top priority, and we do whatever it takes to make that happen.
Contact Majors Home Improvement to learn more about the vinyl siding we install. When you do, feel free to inquire about our financing options for qualified homeowners in the Destin, FL, area.


text:
Advances in Preventive Medicine
Advances in Preventive Medicine/
AbstractIntroductionMethodsDiscussionLimitationsConclusionsReferencesCopyrightRelated Articles
Volume 2016 | Article ID 4018023 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4018023
Examining Implementation of Tobacco Control Policy at the District Level: A Case Study Analysis from a High Burden State in India
Divya Persai,1Rajmohan Panda,1and Adyya Gupta2
Academic Editor: John Iskander
Received07 Sept 2015
Accepted08 Dec 2015
Published03 Jan 2016
Introduction. While extensive scientific evidence exists on the tobacco epidemic, a lack of understanding of both policies and their appropriate way of implementation continues to hinder effective tobacco control. This is especially so in the developing countries such as India. The present study aims to understand current implementation practices and the challenges faced in mainstreaming tobacco control policy and program. Methods. We chose a qualitative study design to conduct the case analysis. A total of 42 in-depth interviews were undertaken with seven district officials in six districts of Andhra Pradesh. A conceptual framework was developed by applying grounded theory for analysis. Analysis was undertaken using case analysis approach. Results and Discussion. Our study revealed that most program managers were unfamiliar with the comprehensive tobacco control policy. Respondents have an ambiguous opinion regarding integration of tobacco control program into existing health and development programs. Respondents perceive lack of resources, low prioritization of tobacco control, and lack of monitoring and evaluation of smoke-free laws as limiting factors affecting implementation of tobacco control policy. Conclusion. The findings of this study highlighted the need for a systematic, organized action plan for effective implementation of tobacco control policy and program.
Tobacco use is the world's leading preventable cause of death. It has been the cause of 5.4 million deaths annually and the toll is expected to account for 10% of all deaths globally by 2015 [1]. In the 21st century, tobacco's toll is expected to be responsible for 1 billion deaths globally [2]. It has been estimated that tobacco smoking was a single most preventable cause of 1 million deaths a year in India in early 2010 [3]. To curb this growing menace, National Tobacco Control Program (NTCP) was piloted in India in 2007-2008 to strengthen the implementation of tobacco control policy. The program is currently implemented in 21 states and 42 districts in India. The NTCP in its current form has a national, state, and district tobacco control cell. The national cell is responsible for planning of activities, policy formulation, and monitoring and evaluation [4].
The district tobacco control cell is responsible for overall planning, implementation, and monitoring of different activities and achievement of physical and financial targets planned under the program in the district. The NTCP outlines the involvement of district level health functionaries in implementation of various tobacco control policy measures which includes enforcement and monitoring of implementation of tobacco control laws [4]. It also envisages that district tobacco control cell should develop awareness and mass media campaigns for awareness generation on the harmful effects of tobacco. However, the district level health system lacks sufficient capacity to mainstream tobacco control in health and developmental activities [5]. It has also been recognized that there is a lack of effective monitoring mechanism in about half of the states where NTCP is under implementation [6]. In order to manage the enforcement and involve the health workforce in tobacco control, engagement of key decision-makers at district level is essential.
While extensive scientific evidence exists on the tobacco epidemic, a lack of understanding of both policies and their implementation continues to hinder effective tobacco control. This is especially so in the context of developing countries such as India [7]. Studies, which explored stakeholders' responses across areas of tobacco control policies in Thailand and Zimbabwe, recommend a need to expand the number of policy studies in developing countries so as to truly understand the environments in which tobacco control implementation takes place [8]. Understanding health policy makers and program managers' opinions towards implementation of tobacco control policy is essential since they play a key role in decision-making [9]. Understanding their perspectives can help strengthen the implementation and suggest midway corrections in the policies aiming to strengthen the diagonal integration of tobacco control in health systems [10, 11]. We undertook a study amongst senior health program managers to understand current implementation practices and the challenges faced in mainstreaming tobacco control programs in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The study was conducted in six districts of a southern state, Andhra Pradesh (AP), in India. Geographically, AP is the fourth largest state in India. It is one of the largest tobacco producing states with a high burden of tobacco use in India [12]. According to the GATS (Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2009-10) data, 48% of males and 20% of females consume tobacco in some or the other form in the state of AP [13].
A qualitative study design was employed to conduct the case study analysis. Case studies are in-depth investigations of a single instance of a phenomenon in its real-life context. Program managers' perceptions and beliefs about tobacco control as a part of a health program constituted the case. Qualitative design helped us to explore in-depth understanding of the program managers' perspective regarding the success and challenges faced by them in implementation of tobacco control policy and program.
2.1. Study Settings and Respondents
The study was conducted in 6 districts of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 42 in-depth interviews were undertaken where seven district officials were interviewed from each district. A purposive sampling technique was employed with a conscious selection of certain subjects who could provide in-depth information on the topic of interest. We adopted a snowball approach asking each respondent at the end of the interview to recommend further respondents. The respondents were drawn from the health departments at the district level and were comprised of the following:(i)Senior program heads responsible for different health programs like district tuberculosis control and reproductive and child health program.(ii)Senior program officers in charge of the district units of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), a flagship program of the Government of India that provides managerial and program support to ongoing health programs in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.Divergent constituencies belonging to different health programs were chosen for this study so that differences in their approach towards the implementation of tobacco control in the districts could be captured meaningfully.
2.2. Study Tool
A discussion guide was used as the research tool for this study. The discussion guide consists of several themes, questions, and also probes for further inquiry wherever required (Box 1).
Discussion guide for capturing senior health program manager's perception.
2.3. Data Collection
Field investigators who had prior experience in collecting qualitative data were trained in collecting data in local language. They worked in close proximity with the investigating team. Audio tapes were used to record the interviews, wherever permission was granted. Summary sheets were used to capture nonverbal information shared by the respondent during the course of the interview. After the interviews were completed, transcripts were generated by translating from local language into English taking care of subtle nuances and the meaning of specific words. While the fieldwork was going on, the initial few transcripts were closely reviewed in the field to assess the relevance and comprehensiveness of the information obtained and corrections were made. The first author accompanied the investigator in the first few interviews to guide the investigation.
Table 1 describes the key themes which emerged during case analysis. The subjectivity inherent in the case study was reduced through prudent selection of the case study interviewees, an interview process, and a systematically documented process for recording, transcribing, and interpreting the data. Internal validity was established by the use of cross case analysis and pattern matching techniques. Diagrams, illustrations, and data matrices were built to demonstrate the internal consistency of the information collected.
Key emergent themes and responses (stages 1 and 2).
2.4. Data Analysis
The field notes of the pilot study were reviewed for accuracy and completion; changes were made to the guide and tested in a neutral district, following which the fieldwork was initiated in the intervention districts. The data obtained from the pilot transcript was used as the basis for generating new codes. The new codes were added to the previous codebook. The discussion guide used for this study listed down all the questions/themes that need to be addressed in interviews (which were transcribed by subject experts and used as transcripts). The data consist of taped recorded conversations and memos of field investigators. A conceptual framework was developed by applying Grounded theory for analysis, making an attempt to not only contribute to the existing knowledge but also highlight new emerging theories inductively. Grounded theory was considered appropriate in the present study as it applies a systematic procedure to generate theory or insights describing a phenomenon which is grounded in the views expressed by study participants [14]. Analysis in the present study is similar to the analysis done in Grounded theory studies which is typically guided by the constant comparative method, in which verbatim quotations are catalogued into their essential concepts by use of codes developed iteratively to reflect the data.
We adopted a "case analysis" approach in this study where we analyzed the data in 2 stages as follows.
Stage 1. The process was initialized with organizing the interviews into groups based on their similarities in responses for each specific interview question as noted in Box 1. These groups were called "Cases." A framework was developed using a thematic code based on which the data were coded. Retrievals and comparisons of the coded data enabled pulling out the emerging themes and subthemes inductively. Each transcript was reviewed thoroughly for their similarities and dissimilarities in their perspectives and experiences across each theme. This design allowed us to explore, analyze, and understand perceptions of senior health program managers regarding tobacco control implementation and its possible integration within the capacity of other programs.
Stage 2. Patterns of similarities and dissimilarities were searched across the cases. The transcripts were reviewed as multiple comparative cases; the coding was guided by the perspectives and experiences of one group of officials compared to the others as per a specific theme. The codes that generated from the data during analysis were revisited and revised and the codebook was updated accordingly. Similar codes clubbed together under families and themes were generated. Additional review of the coded data and reflection on the initial conceptualization led to refinement of the concepts used to describe the program manager's perspectives on the implementation of tobacco control in the districts. This provided more meaning to the data and helped in its interpretation.
In describing the data, the terms "few," "majority," and "most" are used to represent approximately less than 40%, 40–80%, and more than 80%, respectively, of proportions of respondents in the study. ATLAS.ti 7 software was used for analysis.
2.5. Ethical Considerations
Informed consent was taken from the respondents. All respondents were asked if they are comfortable with the audio recording of their interviews, and care was taken not to intrude upon the schedule of the respondents by seeking prior appointments for the interview. A written permission was also obtained from the state department and each of the district administrations for the study. The study was conducted from March to April 2011. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC number 65/60).
3. Findings and Discussion
Case study analysis in health system research helps in understanding the current levels of knowledge and awareness of key stakeholders involved in decision-making processes. In the present case study analysis, intensive and rigorous two staged case by case analysis was conducted to explore in depth understanding and comparison of program manager's perceptions on each theme. The first level of "case analysis" methodology design enabled us to group similar and dissimilar responses to the interview questions and form cases as described in Box 1. This gave us an overview of the responses of the program managers about each specific question and helped us in exploring the emerging pattern. Further, the group analysis in the case analysis approach allowed us to segregate cases into separate groups based on their similarities and dissimilarities, thereby analyzing and understanding perceptions of the program managers on various aspects. Finally, four broad themes emerged which reflected the different perceptions of the program managers on implementation of tobacco control policy.
The findings are broadly categorized into four different themes and are discussed as follows.
(1) Implementation of Tobacco Control Policy. Program managers highlighted several potential solution levers to strengthen the enforcement of existing tobacco control policy. Awareness generation among policy makers was the most common and cross cutting suggestion reported by the majority of respondents. A majority of them emphasized enhancing enforcement of tobacco control policy by including various information, education, and communication channels like television, media, advertisements, health warning, and health education. Respondents opined that multifaceted educational strategies in conjunction with community-based campaigns will bring substantial change in the trajectory of tobacco use.
Public awareness should be improved. IEC, information, education and communication should be properly implemented… Then this program (NTCP) will be successful.
A majority of program managers mentioned that involvement of policy makers will prioritize the implementation of tobacco control policy. Respondents mentioned that policy makers should be sensitized to ensure monitoring of tobacco control policy.
Everyone (policy makers and community) should help and play their role in controlling tobacco epidemic… it is not only the people who are working in health programs or in tobacco control….
Lastly, it was suggested by few program managers that changes in the fiscal policy and cost of tobacco products may also bring a visible difference in its use.
Cost of tobacco products should be increased so that they (people) can stop (consuming it)….
Tobacco control campaigns, which primarily utilized mass media to educate and inform the public, have been effective in promoting antismoking, thereby reducing tobacco prevalence in high-income countries [15, 16]. Similar evidence from low- and middle-income countries is limited but emerging [17]. Consistent with the findings of study conducted by Tompson et al. in Lao PDR in 2009 [18], program managers in our study emphasized positive role of mass media and information, education, and communication in effective implementation of tobacco control policy.
(2) Effectiveness of Smoke-Free Policies. Most cases across all districts of Andhra Pradesh were familiar with the law on smoke-free public places and its regulations (fines and penalties).
If they (people) smoke, they (people) have to pay a fine.
However, there were a few cases that were unaware of the policy per se but were familiar with the norms of the policy.
Yes, it (policy) is there, but I don't have that much idea about that policy, (it) should not (be) sold near school(s), no smoking in public places like bus stop, etc.
Few cases viewed the lack of public support from the masses as an important barrier to implementation of the law. They emphasized the combined effort of government and the people which would result in the country getting rid of tobacco menace. They acknowledged that health care providers play a crucial role in tobacco control as they are in direct contact with patients. The findings of our study are consistent with other studies conducted in India and across the world which underscore the lack of public support as a barrier to implementation of tobacco control policy [9, 19].
Can't say much about it [Implementation] because the policy [No smoking policy] are just policies because people just read it and forget…. They [People] should themselves follow it first [Policy].
The smoke-free policy in public places came into enforcement in India in 2008 as per Section 4 of COTPA (Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products-Prohibition of Advertisement and regulation of trade, commerce, production, supply, and distribution Act, 2003) [4]. This policy included various enforcement mechanisms like monetary fines and penalties. Our findings reveal that most of the cases (about 70%) were not familiar with the comprehensive policy: only few (about 30%) were aware of the policy of prohibition of smoking in public places, on public transports, and in places like movie theatres.
(3) Integration of Tobacco Control Program into Existing Health Programs. Most of the cases view integrating tobacco control with other health and development programs to be a valuable tool. Respondents mentioned that this will also help in simplifying technical and financial support. For instance,
The issue [Tobacco issue] has to integrate with NRHM, RNTCP, We [Stakeholder] have to tell them to do this [Tobacco control] program with that [NGO's own program] program, we have to give some instructions to them (NGO's).
Few other cases were concerned that integrating tobacco control with other health programs would lead to dilution of the message as it would then become a low priority within the larger programs. Respondents stated the following:
If we give (do) 10 programs likes that (together) it (tobacco control) gets diluted.
It (tobacco control) should be a separate program not integrated.
They (NRHM) are unable to do properly, so how can we (stakeholders) integrate with it?
Thus, mixed reactions were observed on the effectiveness of integration of tobacco control program with other health programs. This is expected as the health programs that these program managers implement and overlook are different in design, size, and scope of implementation at the district level. The actual capacity and implementation of these programs also vary in different districts depending upon resources. Senior managers from NRHM (National Rural Health Mission) and RNTCP (Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program) continued to address the need for integration of tobacco cessation under large program. Many studies have revealed the importance of integrating tobacco control into health and development agendas [20, 21]. A situational analysis conducted in Andhra Pradesh in 2010 also recommended integration to be highly effective as large programs are well established and have robust functioning mechanisms already in place [5]. World Health Organization (2008) also recommended that tobacco control intervention should be incorporated and integrated into primary health care services and programs [21].
Moving tobacco control toward systems approach management envisages integrating the advantages of traditional and systems' views so as to enable health care providers to deal flexibly with myriad organizational contexts [22]. One way of doing so is by linking them to the existing health services and enhancing the outreach [23]. Interconnected actions are required across different levels for prevention and surveillance while continuing to work for communicable diseases, nutrition, and maternal and child health issues.
(4) Organizational Barriers for Implementation of Tobacco Control Policy and Program
(4.1) Tobacco Control: Lack of Prioritization. It is evident from most of the transcripts that tobacco control was not on a high priority agenda of the health department as compared to other programs such as reproductive and child health and AIDS control program. Respondents felt the burden of other diseases to be much higher and overlooked the addressing risk factors like tobacco control as a real priority in the present context.
We (have) major health programs comparing (compared) to these (tobacco control) programs, the tobacco control program is very small.
I think they (government) are not taking it (tobacco control) as a big issue.
Tobacco, being a low priority issue, is a concern not only in India but also in many other developing and even developed countries [5, 23–25]. A study conducted in Australia regarding the translation of the tobacco control policy into practice found that tobacco was considered as a low priority issue and therefore the impact of policy was insignificant [26].
(4.2) Lack of Resources. Program managers reported lack of resources as the biggest hurdle for effective implementation of the program. This was reflected from the respondent's perspective on inadequacy of both financial support and manpower. Similar barriers of finances and costs have also been highlighted in other Indian studies and various other studies conducted in different parts of the world [27–30].
Studies from developing [30] and developed countries [25, 27] suggest similar barriers such as shortage of human resource and the shortage of information, education, and communication materials hampering effective implementation of tobacco control policy and program.
We (program managers) need funds, manpower, material.
Few respondents attributed lack of motivation and skills of the staff as major concerns for effective implementation of tobacco control policy and program. One of them stated the following:
No new human resources needed, present human resources are enough, we [stakeholders'] have to motivate them [Human resource and staff] and develop their skills and utilize them.
(4.3) Lack of Monitoring and Interdepartmental Coordination. Another significant barrier as reported by a few respondents was lack of interdepartmental coordination and motivation within the government. Few respondents also revealed lack of regular monitoring to be a major factor responsible for limiting implementation of tobacco control policy. For instance,
No monitoring and supervision is done, strict implementation is not there.
Two respondents also reported existing corruption within the system and political interference during the implementation of the policy as a barrier for effective implementation. For example,
There are many problems, like corruption.
Once the policy [Smoke-free policy] is made then there should not be politician interference.
Several cases urged for a need of adequate and comprehensive training in order to raise self-confidence and motivation amongst health care providers. Similar observations were made in other Indian studies which underscore the need of building capacity of health care providers and program implementers in tobacco control [5, 30].
The response of the cases on various aspects of implementation of tobacco control program was captured. It is clear from the number of positive responses received that there has been undoubtedly a lot of success achieved in implementation of tobacco control policy and program. On the other hand, various existing gaps and issues continue to hinder its successful implementation. This can be interpreted as negative responses. There are a very small percentage of cases that were neutral to certain issues of implementation of program. This clearly indicates that there exists a huge scope of improvement in implementation of tobacco control policy and program by overcoming the barriers. This is evident from a varied set of responses on each theme (Box 1).
The study is limited by the fact that the views of program managers interviewed may not be generalizable to the health system in different states in India. The study was conducted over a short time frame. The results of the study should be viewed as a "snapshot" pertaining to just one time point when the views of stakeholders on tobacco policy and program implementation were captured. However, despite the inherent limitations, stakeholder analysis is a vital tool in informing the design of health systems research.
5. Conclusions and Policy Implications
The findings of this study obtained from "case analysis" approach captured perceptions of various program managers on several aspects of implementation of tobacco control policy and program. Respondents perceive lack of intersectoral coordination and resources, low prioritization of tobacco control in health and development programs, and lack of monitoring and evaluation of implementation of smoke-free laws as limiting factors affecting successful implementation of tobacco control policy and program. Some of the potential solution levers as suggested by many program managers include employing dedicated staff, regular training, and both financial and nonfinancial incentives to raise their motivation.
Based on the findings above, we highly recommend several actions to enable us to move towards significant reductions in the growing tobacco burden. First, we encourage central and state public health organizations to establish stringent and pragmatic goals which will help reduce tobacco use especially at the district level. At the same time, realistic planning needs to take into account existing capacity of the health system. An assessment of the health system implications and related resource costs will help in planning for proper implementation of tobacco control policy and program. This will also facilitate integration of the tobacco control program into broader national health plans.
The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
The paper has been read and approved by all the authors. Each author believes that the paper represents honest work.
The study is a part of project funded by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Copyright © 2016 Divya Persai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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