text:
What's Therefore Fascinating About Japanese Brides?
You might not even have to be satisfied that courting and meeting Japanese women online is a good idea. It is understandable; you can't fly to Japan all the time and search wives there. So courting on Japanese mail order brides platforms is the only attainable choice.
Education has a high precedence in Japan, and the native ladies care about their stage of data a lot. You will never be tired of a woman like that as you'll at all times have issues to discuss. It can't be seen from the profile footage on-line, yet could be notices on video or within the live interaction. Japanese ladies normally don't misbehave, they are charming in their manners and stick to the conduct they were introduced up with. Well, they're actually very fragile in phrases of their inner world. So, in case you are able to be their protecting man, they'll turn your life right into a paradise.
Since the marriage receptions are such a huge deal, some people will only get invited to the after-party, while others proceed on from the reception to the nijikai. There could also be hosts at European weddings, too, but you will by no means expertise such a clean reception as in Japan. From opening the doorways to the primary bite of food, to taking pictures – there is nothing impromptu about proceedings.
This Is One Way You Fix Your Broken Japaneese Brides
Parents of the bride and groom go round to all tables with a beer bottle in hand to kanpai, which means "cheers," as a way to celebrate their children's new endeavor. Since the Japanese don't dance, there is not a first dance or father-daughter dance at the reception. You could find it a lot quieter and extra relaxed than weddings in the West. Female friends put on one-piece dresses or kimonos since two-piece sets are thought-about dangerous luck in Japanese culture.
To acquire the best package for marital life along with your Japanese spouse, it will be advisable to get as a lot details about her as potential. Indeed, a few of the resettling Nisei felt an inordinate accountability for determining how to "get over the border" that apparently separated Japanese Americans from white Americans. Achieving a college degree was viewed as one technique of gaining entry to greater alternatives.
Japan is doubtless one of the most famous nations in the world with a captivating tradition and a lot of economic and technological wonders. However, Japan can additionally be one of the least-discovered countries on the Asian continent. At the same time, there are many fantastic things to find out about Japan, and the beautiful and charming Japanese brides are considered one of them. Here is your final guide to assembly and marrying Japanese mail order brides. It just isn't usual for the women of Japan to forget their households and go for the skilled improvement. If life makes her select, a woman from Japan will at all times choose the family. Firstly, as a end result of there are tons of girls from Japan who're in search of a overseas husband.
We hope that by reaching the end of the article, you now have a good understanding of the means to meet Japanese ladies online. Different approaches exist when it comes to these women, and so they can all be very profitable. When you are on the lookout for a Japanese lady for marriage, all you want to do is follow the article with all the tips, and you'll not go wrong.
For WWII "War Brides" and their dependents, the best hurdle for legal entry into the United States was the quota system, the National Origins Formula, established by the Immigration Act of 1924. The Immigration Act of 1924 all but minimize off entry for many hopeful migrants from Europe and all would-be immigrants from Asia. For twenty japaneese brides years, the 1924 Act had slowed immigration to a trickle with all Asians, apart from Filipinos, barred and strict quotas set for specific countries based on two p.c of the US inhabitants made up by that nation as represented within the 1890 census.
The Number One Issue You Have To Ask For Japanese Mail Order Brides
It is also your future too when you meet Japanese ladies for marriage on any of the web sites from the document beneath. But firstly, it's essential to take a glance at the benefits of on-line relationship, and uncover some helpful particulars about Japanese mail-order brides and dating suggestions.
According to The Salvage, the WRA resettlement program, with its emphasis on the redeeming nature of interracial contacts with whites, had apparently done little to help Japanese Americans purchase the "culturally superior" poise of whites. Instead, the break with the ethnic group and the ensuing pursuit of an unmarked racial id as Americans had only elevated the Nisei sense of disillusionment with American society. The resettled population's inclusion as "loyal" Americans was ultimately bought at the price of their alienation from each the white and Japanese American communities. 5 After the struggle, in 1947, President Truman went further to determine the Commission on Civil Rights. A yr later, in 1948, in an try and make good on a campaign promise to African American voters, Truman took motion to combine the navy, an event that has since been interpreted as opening the way in which for the Brown decision in 1954.
For instance, it's finest to check a few points in regards to the tradition in Japan, what belongings you shouldn't say or do, and so forth. Three Japanese struggle brides trace their tumultuous journey to America as the younger wives of US soldiers and civilians. Atsuko, Emiko and Hiroko had been amongst tens of tons of of Japanese women who married American soldiers after World Battle II. They landed in 1950s America determining no one and speaking little English. In brutally sincere conversations with their respective daughters, they reveal the largely untold story of the Japanese struggle brides. Matrimony shall be based mostly solely relating to the mutual approval of equally sexes and it'll in all probability be maintained by way of mutual cooperation with the alike rights of husband and vital other as a basis.
It is at all times essential to respect a lady who you date and her culture. Make sure you don't say something disrespectful towards Japan and folks in this nation. You should also note, in Japan, folks respect the old tradition, historical wisdom, and so on. A massive audience – a lot of singles are utilizing courting websites to meet their soulmates. Beautiful Japanese girls undoubtedly don't assume they are exceptions to this case.


The GLA is a premium compact crossover SUV with a sleek silhouette and racy styling – reflecting its speed and agile handling ability. Paired with vigorous petrol and diesel engines, powertrains and a sumptuous cabin, the GLA is ideal for commuters and families alike.
At Lookers Mercedes-Benz, we have a range of Personal Contract Hire and Personal Contract Purchase offers that deliver fantastic value for money. Our sales advisers will help you choose the right finance agreement for your requirements, with a deposit and fixed monthly payments tailored to you.
Please browse our Mercedes-Benz GLA offers below and make an enquiry to find out more. You can call the team at your closest dealership to arrange a test drive or speak directly to a member of staff.


For the highly motivated individual, there exists a virtually limitless number of ways to make money on the Internet with a minimum of technical savvy. You don't have to be an IT Professional or have a degree in Computer Science to get started either, as the most lucrative paths to online wealth require more business acumen and initiative than computer smarts. Affiliate Marketing has emerged in the last few years as one popular and highly attractive way to bring in serious revenue. So-called "Super Affiliates" can make literally hundreds of thousands of dollars a year.
What exactly is a Super Affiliate? Simply speaking, Super Affiliates are virtual sales people who are capable of directing substantial amounts of Internet traffic to the product or service sales pages of online vendors. Some of this traffic results in sales or conversions for the vendor in question. In return for the traffic referred, the vendor splits a portion of the profits with the affiliate responsible based on how many sales they generate. In most affiliate programs, the bulk of conversions often result from the referral work of a small, highly productive group of agents, hence the "Super Affiliate" label.
The truly successful Super Affiliate employs a variety of techniques to claim such a large share of the affiliate referrals. Such techniques include Article Marketing, Pay Per Click Search Engine based advertising as well as Social Networking, to name a few strategies. Often times, a Super Affiliate will set up a number of "feeder" sites that provide helpful information related to the specific niche or industry they're targeting, such as consumer electronics or real estate. On their websites, they'll include Affiliate Links along with their main content, that direct interested readers to products or services that help them solve their unique problem or fill a need, and give credit to themselves in the event of a sale.
Let's take a "virtual", online software product and look at how you'd go about promoting it and collecting affiliate commissions on sales you secure. One popular tool used in Affiliate Marketing itself is called KeywordSpy. KeywordSpy is a web-based program that allows affiliates to look into the popularity of certain keywords used in Search Engine queries to see how often they're used in searches for a variety of purposes. Most affiliates then look for unexploited "keyword niches" with little competition from other marketers which nonetheless are used by many ordinary users to look for products. Super Affiliates can then tailor promotional websites around these keywords to rank at the top of the Search Engine Results Pages for those queries, grabbing the lion's share of the traffic for them and hopefully producing affiliate sales from that traffic.
As with practically any other industry or realm of commerce, the most important factor in becoming a successful Super Affiliate is effort and momentum. It all comes down to hard work, perseverance and research. Most Super Affiliates spend the bulk of their time looking for promising niches, then tracking down the most viable keywords to focus on for getting quality, "organic" traffic from Search Engines for the least amount of money spent promoting sites centered on such keywords. It's a fairly complicated area of E-commerce which is difficult to fully cover in such a short synopsis, but that's more or less the gist of Affiliate Marketing. The most attractive aspect of Affiliate Marketing is that anyone can master it if they put in the time to learn the ins and outs of the process without a lot of money spent upfront.


It's no secret that we love using rice in our recipes. From Spanish rice to chicken and wild rice and everything in between, we thought we'd pretty much tried it all – until this sun dried tomato rice pilaf! What is a rice pilaf, exactly? Think of it as an upgrade to your everyday, humdrum, boiled in water rice. A pilaf can be as simple as adding in some sauteed onions and veggies, or more complex with meats, fruits, and nuts mixed in.
There are three keys to getting the perfect pilaf: toasting, liquid, and rest. To toast the rice, simply add uncooked rice to a skillet with some butter and cook for a few minutes. The fragrance of toasted rice is surprisingly rich and nutty! After toasting, you'll cook the rice in broth instead of water. To get a nice fluffy texture, we suggest using slightly less liquid than you normally would. Once the rice is cooked, remove from heat, and let it rest and steam for 5 more minutes. This also adds to the fluffy texture. Once you have rice this way, you'll never go back!
Heat oil in a skillet over medium heat. Add in onion and pancetta, saute for 3 minutes. Stir in garlic and rice, sautéing for an additional 2-3 minutes. Mix in lemon zest, chicken broth, oregano, salt, and pepper.
Turn heat down to low, cover, and cook for 15-20 minutes. Remove from heat and let sit for 10 minutes.
Uncover the skillet and add the spinach, sun-dried tomatoes, and kalamata olives. Fluff rice with a fork, and serve up hot!
Recipe adapted from Good Life Eats.


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Radisys Names Industry Veteran and Former HP Exec as Vice President of Commercial Business and Products
RadiSys Corporation (NASDAQ:RSYS), a leading global provider of advanced embedded systems, today announced Wade Clowes has been appointed vice president responsible for the company's Commercial business and products. Clowes has nearly 30 years of industry expertise, including 22 years with HP and previous experience with RadiSys as vice president and general manager of the company's Application Equipment Division. Most recently, he was the Principal of Clowes and Associates, a consulting firm specializing in business and organization development.
"We are pleased to add Wade to the executive team. He has broad industry experience and a keen understanding of our technology and the benefits our advanced embedded systems offer customers," said Scott Grout, RadiSys president and CEO. "As vice president, he will build on our success of delivering industry leading commercial products and solutions that allow our customers to develop better products faster and more economically."
"RadiSys has a successful track record of providing powerful embedded systems that are the brains behind today's innovative medical, test&measurement and industrial automation equipment," said Clowes. "I am extremely pleased to join the company and look forward to contributing to the company's continued success."
Clowes had previously held executive business management positions with small and large companies including a 22-year career with HP where he held a variety of general and operations management positions.
Clowes received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering and a Master of Science degree in mechanical engineering from Montana State University. He also completed the Stanford Executive Program in 1992.
Leisure Publications
http://www.mobileenterprisemag.com/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


FOR SALE IS A USED NATIONAL CYCLE SWITCHBLADE 2-UP QUICK RELEASE WINDSHIELD. THIS FITS 2001-2007 VT750C SHADOW SPIRIT, 2007-2009 & 2012-2015 VT750C2 SHADOW SPIRIT, 1997-2000 VT750C SHADOW ACE, 1987-1997 VT1100 SHADOW, 1997-2007 VT1100 SHADOW SPIRIT, AND 1995-1999 VT1100C2 SHADOW ACE HONDA MODELS. THE ITEM IS IN VERY GOOD CONDITION WITH A COUPLE OF SMALL LIGHT SCRATCHES. THE DIMENSIONS OF THE SHIELD ARE 19.75H FROM THE HEADLIGHT CUTOUT TO THE TOP X 23W AND HAS AN OVERALL HEIGHT OF 26. THE MFG. PART #'S ARE N21101 AND KIT-Q102 AND RETAIL FOR $416.90. ADDITIONAL SHIPPING WILL APPLY FOR ORDERS SHIPPED OUTSIDE OF THE LOWER 48 STATES. FIND YOUR BEST USED MOTORCYCLE PARTS SELECTION HERE!!


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Ceremony activates one-of-a-kind battalion to support cyberspace operations
Photo by Sgt. 1st Class Teddy Wade
U.S. Army Cyber Command
Lt. Col. Kevin Weber, commander of the 60th Offensive Cyberspace Operations Signal Battalion (right), and Command Sgt. Maj. Tyrone Cooper uncase the battalion's colors during an activation ceremony for the unit at Fort Gordon, Ga., Oct. 20, 2021. (Photo by Master Sgt. Teddy Wade)
VIRIN: 211020-A-AO884-005
This work, Ceremony activates one-of-a-kind battalion to support cyberspace operations, by MSG Teddy Wade, identified by DVIDS, must comply with the restrictions shown on https://www.dvidshub.net/about/copyright.
ARCYBER


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Q: Rails 3 - Rendering layout corrupts tests I define a function called location on wsp_controller:
  def location
    @title ="Edit account"
    @page_name = "edit"
  end

And it works fine. But when I try to render a layout like this:
  def location
    @title ="Edit account"
    @page_name = "edit"
    render :layout => 'signup_login'
  end

RSpec tests start to fail. However, the app does what is supposed but the tests fail.
I have javascript code in the layout that I need to run when I go to /location, if I put the javascripts on the application layout, it works (tests and app), however there's no need to put it there, so I want a new layout and render it.
How can I do that?
Edit: Here's what I have in the routes.rb
  match '/wsps/:id/location', :to =>'wsps#location'

Thanks.
Edit:
Some of the RSpec errors:
    Failures:
  1) WspsController GET 'index' for non-signed-in wsps should deny access to 'index'
     Failure/Error: get :index
     You have a nil object when you didn't expect it!
     You might have expected an instance of ActiveRecord::Base.
     The error occurred while evaluating nil.errors

It simple doesn't pass the tests when I render the layout. But it's only in that method.

A: You might need to provide a bit more info about the failures that you're getting. You mention that you have javascript that needs to run when the page is rendered? Don't forget that in your functional tests the page is rendered as html, but there isn't a real browser used, so no javascript is run. For tests that involve javascript you should look at something like Cucumber to define some acceptance tests, combined with something like Watir, or Selenium to drive a browser.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Little Charlie & The Nightcats Radio
Little Charlie & The Nightcats Radio plays music from Little Charlie & The Nightcats and similar artists.
Lonnie Brooks
Lil' Ed & the Blues Imperials
Hound Dog Taylor & the House Rockers
Stations Similar To Little Charlie & The Nightcats Radio
Lonnie Brooks Radio
Plays Lonnie Brooks along with similar artists like:
Little Charlie & The Nightcats, Tab Benoit, Jimmy McCracklin, Lucky P…
Roy Buchanan Radio
Plays Roy Buchanan along with similar artists like:
Johnny Winter, Jonny Lang, Ana Popovic, Eric Clapton, Chicken Shack…
Johnny Winter Radio
Plays Johnny Winter along with similar artists like:
John Mayall, The Vaughan Brothers, Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown…
Little Walter Radio
Plays Little Walter along with similar artists like:
Sonny Boy Williamson, Mississippi John Hurt, Big Mama Thornton, Jimmy Wit…
Delbert McClinton Radio
Plays Delbert McClinton along with similar artists like:
Buddy Miller, Little Charlie & The Nightcats, J.J. Cale, Ray Wylie Hu…
Kenny Neal Radio
Plays Kenny Neal along with similar artists like:
Tommy Castro, Lonnie Mack, Ana Popovic, Clarence "Gatemouth" Br…
Popular Songs In Little Charlie & The Nightcats Radio
I'll Play The Blues For You
Little Charlie & The Nightcats
Baby What You Want Me To Do
Lonnie Mack
Too Close Together
Wrapped Up In Love Again
You Got Your Hooks In Me
Keep Your Big Mouth Shut
Crawlin' King Snake
Your Own Way (Live)


Skyrim is full of awesome quests, and some are better than others. But which are the best quests, and where do you find them?
Are you looking for Skyrim quests that drop great loot, take you far off the beaten tracks to weird and wild places? We've compiled a list of some of the most compelling and interesting quests that give you the best loot and adventure.
On your travels through Windhelm, you'll find yourself in an alley where two people will be standing outside a house where they're discussing the rumor that the young boy who lives inside is performing the Black Sacrament (the ritual to contact the Dark Brotherhood assassins to make a contract).
If you pick the lock to the house, you'll find a young boy who ran away from the orphanage in Riften because the mistress was abusing the children. He believes you are an assassin from the Dark Brotherhood who has heard is plea: kill Old Grelod and release the kids from her tyranny. Take the old bag out, and sleep well that night with the young man's (worthless) heirloom as payment and you'll discover you've stolen a contract from the Dark Brotherhood.
You've discovered that Thieves Guild head honcho Mercer Frey has been filtering off the Guild's hard earned funds for years. You find out he has also stolen the Key of Nocturnal — a lockpick that will never break and makes plans to leave Skyrim a rich man to whom no lock is impenetrable. You track Frey down to ancient dwarven ruins, which contain the legendary treasure 'The Eyes of the Falmer'.
As you progress through the ruins and avoid his cleverly placed traps, you'll face off against Frey to make him pay. Easier said than done, as he has invisibility spells and is a fast little son of a gun, landing hit after hit if you're not prepared. Killing him will cause the ruins to collapse, but you'll manage to escape with the Key of Nocturnal and the Eyes of the Falmer, and you'll be rewarded with being the new guild master. Whether the Key of Nocturnal happens to be returned to where no man should ever find it again immediately is up to you... Drop the Eyes of the Falmer off to Delvin in the Thieves Guild for a large cash reward.
To begin the Thieves Guild questlines, enter the Riften marketplace during daylight hours, and you'll automatically be approached by Brynjolf who offers you a tempting proposition and gives you an opportunity to test out your pickpocketing skills.
Love in Skyrim is not bound by race or gender because the people find life too short given the constant fighting. If you want to get married, you'll first have to visit the Temple of Mara in Riften and speak to Dinya Balu, asking for the Blessing of Mara. In order to prove yourself worthy of the Blessing, Dinya sends you on three quests to spread the message of love around Skyrim. Your first stop is to a woman in Ivarstead who finds herself caught in a love triangle that needs solving.
In the second quest, the court wizard Cancelmo is attracted to Faleen in the Jarl's court, but doesn't know how to talk to women. For a fee of 200 septims, a local lothario will adjust one of his poems so you can pass it off as a declaration from Cancelmo. After taking a letter back to him, you can witness his bumbling confession in person. Last you must reunite two lovers both beyond the veil of death. Put on the amulet that you're given and head to Rorikstead, where you'll find a spirit looking for the body of her husband. After finding her husband off to the Northwest, you can lead him back to his waiting spectral spouse, where they declare their undying love for each other and ascend skyward.
Returning to Dinyu Balu gives you a permanent +15% Magic Resist Agent of Mara blessing on completion, and you can get an Amulet of Mara which when worn will open new dialogue options for characters you can marry.
This quest can be found a couple of different ways. You could find a fragment of the Gauldur amulet, read a book called Lost Legends found in Maven Blackbriar's house, or stumbl into one of the locations in which the quest takes place (such as Sarthaal, which you'll enter as part of the Mages College quest).
In ancient times, three brothers stole and divided up their father's powerful amulet, which caused chaos and saw them being chased into separate nordic ruins to their end. The Dragonborn will travel across Skyrim to different Nordic tombs, retrieving a piece of the amulet from each. Once you have collected the three pieces, you have to fight all three of the ghost brothers. When you have defeated them, their father banishes them and grants you the reforged amulet which grants +30 to health, magicka and stamina. You'll also pick up some pretty cool weapons dropped by the brothers too.
As the final quest in the Dragonborn questline which takes you to Solstheim, you finally face off against Miraak, the first Dragonborn who is able to manipulate the will of dragons. In this epic closing quest, you'll ride a dragon to where Miraak is waiting, where you're in for a hell of a fight. Miraak has a lot of health, and once he's taken enough damage he'll become etheral and summon three dragons overhead. He'll use them to restore his health, so you'll have to defeat the dragons before you can beat him. On death, you can loot his corpse for unique armor, and his mask which grants +70 to Magicka.
The Whispering Door is a secret door tucked away into the bowels of Dragonsreach in Whiterun. You'll have to have reached level 20 before the innkeeper at the Bannered Mare will tell you about how the Jarl is having some trouble connecting to one of his children. His child has been in communication with the Whispering Door, which tells him the truth and history of the castle.
When you approach the door, it tells you that you're a more worthy champion. Steal the key and open the door to be greeted by Deadric god Mephala, and the Ebony Blade. The blade needs to be 'recharged' to restore it to it's former power, and the only way to do that is by killing someone who trusts you. You can tell someone trusts you when they talk to you more specifically, such as "You and me, we're the only two people around here who aren't complete fools", or you could grab your housecarl or spouse and kill them at home away from prying eyes.
The end is in sight. The Dragonborn has chased Alduin back to Sovngarde, the heavenly realm where all the sons of Skyrim go when they die. The first part of the quest will see you helping the Heroes of Sovngarde clear the mist Alduin has conjured. Once this is clear, you'll face off against the Bane of Kings one final time in a grand heavenly arena. The fight is made easier if you use Dragonrend on him, keeping him grounded, and if you're able to stun him, even better. When he's dead, you'll find yourself back at the Throat of the World, the summit of High Hrothgar. If you didn't kill Parthunax, he will be waiting for you and tell you that without Alduin, he should now be able to lead any last dragons away.
The history of the Dark Brotherhood dates back many many hundreds of years. They worship Sithis, the entity of chaos and entropy, and revere the Night Mother as their spiritual leader. The pleas of those who perform the Black Sacrament, the ritual to call the Dark Brotherhood to service, are heard by the Night Mother who then passes on the contracts to her Listeners. The Listeners then hand the knowledge to Speakers who send Silencers to do the deed.
This quest is where we begin to get into the politics behind Skyrim, and it's not as simple as Stormcloacks versus Imperials.
The Thalmor, a group of elven supremacists who claim to have single-handedly closed the Gates of Oblivion (which is only partially true) seek to unify the lands of Tamriel under one government, but in doing so want to ban the worship of Talos as it goes against their own principals which isn't going down well in Skyrim. The Thalmor aren't great guys, they think the lands should be racially cleansed of the inferior humankind, and don't take sides in the wars they provoke — instead, letting the warring factions demoralize each other so that they'll just surrender to the Thalmor's wishes.
Delphine, the Grand Master of the Blades, an secret ancient group whose job was to fight dragons, suspects that the Thalmor, are behind the dragons return to Skyrim. She sends you to infiltrate their Embassy in Solitude; there you'll meet Delphine who gives you your invitation and a change of clothes worthy of high society, and find Malborn who is your mole. Give him anything you want to sneak into the Embassy because you won't be able to take your gear with you. Some good items to take other than your usual weapons would be potions, soul gems and lockpicks.
Head to the Blue Palace within Solitude's walls and speak to the guard at the door and give him your invitation, inside you'll find Skyrim's upper crust society. After making polite small talk with a few guests, speak to Malborn at the bar who will tell you to cause a distraction so you can slip away and hunt for information on dragons. Speak to some of the guests and one of them will happily aid you in your cause.
While he's making a scene, Malborn ushers you out of the room where you can pick up the gear you had dropped off with him earlier. You're then entering forbidden territory, so you'll be attacked on sight by Thalmor Soldiers and Wizards. Make your way to Elenwen's Solar where you can hunt for information. You discover that the Thalmor are not behind the dragons return, but they do have information on someone who was thought to be long dead.
The only way out of Elenwen's Solar and out of the Embassy is through the tunnel in the back. The key is found on one of the Thalmor soldiers who enter behind you. Unlocking the tunnel and escaping into Skyrim allows you to travel back to Delphine in Riverwood and discuss the things you have learned.


text:
(Redirected from National Database and Registration Authority)
National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA)
Constitution of Pakistan
Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Venue
Empowerment through Identity
Agency executives
Usman Mubin, Chairman in 2019. Appointed chairman in 2015
Tariq Malik (Chairman from 2009 to 2014)
Parent department
www.nadra.gov.pk
The National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) (Urdu:نادرا), commonly called Nadra, is an independent and autonomous agency under Ministry of Interior, Government of Pakistan that regulates government databases and statistically manages the sensitive registration database of all the national citizens of Pakistan.[1][2]
Nadra is also responsible to issuing the computerized national identity cards to the citizens of Pakistan, maintaining their sensitive informational upgraded in the government databases, and securing national identities of the citizens of Pakistan from being stolen and theft.[3][4] It is one of the largest government database institution, employing more than 11,000 people in more than 800 domestic offices and five international offices.[5] It also claims to hold the record for maintaining the largest biometric database of citizens in the world.[6]
Codified by the Second Amendment, §30 of the Constitution of Pakistan in 2000, the constitution grants powers to NADRA to enact civil registration and sensitive databases of Pakistan's citizens; all databases are kept in extreme secrecy and security to ensure the safety of its citizen's databases. As of 2018, it is directed and headed by Usman Yousaf Mobin who was Chief Technology Officer of NADRA and now appointed as the Chairman.[3][7][8][9]
3 Smart National Identity Card
3.1 Security features
3.2 Tracking Smart National Identity Card
4 PAK-IDENTITY
After the independence of Pakistan, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan launched the Personal Identity System (PIS) program to register, manage and issue national identification cards to all the citizens of Pakistan and Muslim refugees settling in Pakistan. Changes were carried out by Election Commission of Pakistan in 1965 for the process of the voter's registration to hold the nationwide 1965 presidential election. In 1969–70, the amendments in the PIS program continued by the Election commission until the election commission supervised the 1970 general elections.
After the 1971 war resulted in East-Pakistan gaining independence as Bangladesh, a new statistical database system was needed to ensure the safety of Pakistan's citizens as well as the national security of the country[3] as questions were being raised over who was a Pakistani and who was not.[1][3] So the Bhutto regime introduced a national registration act in the Parliament of Pakistan to establish an authority to issue photo IDs to all registered Pakistani citizens.[1][3] In 1973, a new database system was codified under the Second Amendment, §30, of the Constitution of Pakistan to perform and contain the statistical database of the citizens of Pakistan. Registration of Pakistan's citizens and statistic database in government's computer accounts was started in 1973, with the promulgation of the constitution of the country. This new program was visioned and started by then Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
In 1973, in a parliamentary session, Bhutto stated in parliament to the people of Pakistan, "due to the absence of full statistical database of the people of this country, this country is operating in utter darkness".[3] The government started issuing the National Identity Card (NIC) numbers to its citizens and started to establish government databases of the people in the government computers.[3]
National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) was established on 10 March 2000, by merging Directorate General of Registration Pakistan, a department created under the 1973 constitution, with the National Database Organization (NDO),[1][3] an attached department under the Ministry of Interior, Government of Pakistan created for the 1998 census. NADRA is an autonomous body to operate independently with the mandate to replace the old directorate general of Registration with a computrised system of registering 150 million citizens, NADRA launched the Multi-Biometric National Identity Card project developed in conformance with international security documentation issuance practices in the year 2000. The program replaced the paper based Personal Identity System of Pakistan that had been in use since 1973. To date, over 96 million citizens in Pakistan and abroad have utilized the system and its allied services to receive tamper-resistant ISO standard Identification Documents. The organization flourished in the time period of former Chairman Mr. Ali Arshad Hakeem.
Computerised National Identity Card
Main article: Computerized National Identity Card
The Computerised National Identity Card (CNIC) is a computerised national identity card issued by NADRA to Pakistani citizens. The CNIC was introduced in 2000 and, by 2012, over 89.5 million CNICs had been issued.[10]
The CNIC is issued first at the age of 18.[1] Under Pakistani law, it is not compulsory to carry one. However, for Pakistani citizens, the CNIC is mandatory for
Voting[1][11]
Opening and operating bank accounts[1]
Obtaining a passport[1]
Purchasing vehicles and land
Obtaining a driver licence[3]
Purchasing a plane or train ticket
Obtaining a mobile phone SIM card
Obtaining electricity, gas, and water
Securing admission to college and other post-graduate institutes[1]
Conducting major financial transactions[3]
Setting up a business[1]
Thus, it can be seen as a de facto necessity for meaningful civic life in Pakistan.
Requirements[edit]
In Pakistan, all adult citizens must register for the Computerised National Identity Card (CNIC) with a unique number upon reaching the age of 18.[1] It serves as an identification document to authenticate an individual's identity as the citizen of Pakistan. Before introduction of the CNIC, manual National Identity Cards (NICs) were issued to citizens of Pakistan. Today, the Government has shifted all its existing records of National Identity Cards (NIC) to the central computerised database managed by NADRA. New CNIC's are machine-readable and carry facial and fingerprint information.[1]
Every citizen is required to have a NIC number, and the number is required for many activities such as getting a driver licence or passport, registering a vehicle, receiving social insurance/Zakat funding, enrolling in school, college or technical institute,[1] filing a legal affidavit, wiring funds, paying taxes, opening a bank account, getting a utility connection (electricity, phone, mobile phone, water and sewer, natural gas), etc. However, since some births in the country are not registered, and some Pakistanis do not conduct any of the activities described above, a few do not have ID cards.[citation needed] In 2007, NADRA announced that it had issued 60 million CNIC (the C standing for computerized) numbers, which is approximately one-third of the population. The authority had issued the 10 millionth CNIC on 11 February 2002; 20 millionth on 18 June 2002; 30 millionth on 22 December 2003; 40 millionth on 1 October 2004; and 50 millionth CNIC on 14 February 2006.[12]
A unique 13-digit number are assigned at birth when the parents complete the child's birth registration form (Form RG-2, commonly known as B-Form or Child Registration Certificate (CRC), and then a National Identity Card (NIC) with the same number is issued at the age of 18. Until 2001, NIC numbers were 11 digits long. In 2001-2002, the authority started issuing 13-digit NIC numbers along with their new Biometric ID cards. The first 5 digits are based on the applicant's locality, the next 7 are random numbers, and the last digit is a check digit, even number for females and odd number for males. The old manual NIC numbers are invalid as of 1 January 2004.
The ID card has the following information on it: Legal Name, Gender (male, female, or transgender), Father's name (Husband's name for married females),[1] Identification Mark, Date of Birth, National Identity Card Number, Family Tree ID Number, Current Address, Permanent Address, Date of Issue, Date of Expiry, Signature, Photo, and Fingerprint (Thumbprint) NADRA also records the applicant's religion, but this is not noted on the CNIC itself. NADRA has registered over 90% of women in the Pakistan. Although NADRA has started issuing ultra modern SCNIC (Smart Computerized National Identity Card) too having information both in English and Urdu languages.
Smart National Identity Card[edit]
NADRA introduced the Smart National Identity Card (SNIC), Pakistan's first national electronic identity card, in October 2012. Pakistan's SNIC contains a data chip and 36 security features. The SNIC complies with ICAO standard 9303 and ISO standard 7816-4. The SNIC can be used for both offline and online identification, voting, pension disbursement, social and financial inclusion programmes and other services.[13][14] NADRA aims to replace all 89.5 million CNICs with SNICs by 2020.
Security features[edit]
In order to address the security concerns, NADRA have incorporated 36 security features in the physical design of the card, making it one of the securest cards in the world. The card is printed in multiple layers and each layer has its own security features. The chip is encrypted by extremely competent software developers at NADRA and secure communication protocols have been determined for being read by remote devices.
To enable remote verification of citizens a match-on-card applet has been designed by NADRA. When a citizen places their card into a card reader, the reader will first authenticate itself to the card. In return the card will verify its authenticity to the reader. If both the verifications are successful, the device will ask for a finger lpc NADRA on the card. This will enable verifications of individuals in the remotest parts of Pakistan. So say in a decade when an individual casts vote, the government may ascertain that the person casting the vote is indeed the same as the one on the electoral roll. This is only one of the thousands of scenarios of identity fraud prevention that the card empowers.
A majority of the space in the chip has been made available for the private sector to use for their products and services. It might appear expensive for the private sector to use this card initially but once the number of citizens having critical mass is reached, it will be more profitable for the private sector to use this secure and universal platform.
Tracking Smart National Identity Card[edit]
In order to track a NADRA Smart Card, the tracking ID consisting of 12 digits is sent to 8400. For example, the tracking ID is 108231064935, and the message is sent to 8400, you will get the message "Your request against tracking id 108231064935 is with printing facility and expected delivery 2 working days".
PAK-IDENTITY[edit]
NADRA has started its service of online application for the NICOP, POC and CRC.[15] Online data is collected e.g. fingerprints, thumb impressions and signatures. Online fee is submitted through debit or credit card.
Top 50 e-Passport Technology Suppliers for 9 consecutive years in ID World Magazine, for 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013.
"Outstanding Achievement Award" at CARDEX Middle East in Cairo, Egypt in May, 2007.
The Merit Exporter Award by Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FPCCI) in 2006.
NADRA's Chief Technology Officer, Mr. Usman Y. Mobin was awarded the "ID Talent Award" in November 2007 at the ID World International Congress held in Milan, Italy. He was recently awarded Tamgah-e-Imtiaz in 2009 for his services rendered to the state.
Successfully achieved Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) from Software Engineering Institute (SEI) Carnegie Mellon, USA.
NADRA Quality Management and CNIC Production departments are also ISO 9001:2000 Certified.
Deputy Chairman NADRA, Tariq Malik was awarded ID Outstanding Achievement Award on 3 November 2009, in Milan at an exclusive ceremony during the eighth ID WORLD International Congress, the Global Summit on Automatic Identification.
NADRA also tracks cases of fake identities through its system. When spotted and identified as fake identities, NADRA takes action by blocking those national identity cards.[16]
By 2012, NADRA had cleaned up Pakistan's Voters List by removing approximately 37 Million "fake" voters from this list and adding more than 36 million new adults to the list[1]
Federal Board of Revenue
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o M. Ilyas Khan (8 June 2012). "Pakistan's experience with identity management". BBC News. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
^ 96percent adults registered in Pakistan: NADRA Dawn (newspaper), Published 18 August 2012, Retrieved 22 February 2019
^ a b c d e f g h i j Sardar Muhammad Maqbool (23 January 2018). "NADRA's role in national identity perspective". The News International (newspaper). Retrieved 22 February 2019.
^ Abdul Ahad (15 February 2013). "Government keen to speed up registration process: Chairman NADRA". Business Recorder (newspaper). Retrieved 22 February 2019.
^ NADRA. "Smart National Identity Cards in Pakistan". NADRA (Pakistan). Retrieved 22 January 2013.
^ NADRA. "National Database and Registry Authority". Government of Pakistan. National Database and Registry Authority. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
^ Youngest-ever head of any leading Pakistan institution (Usman Mubin) The News International (newspaper), Published 6 February 2015, Retrieved 22 February 2019
^ NADRA to look into blocked CNICs, says chairman Dawn (newspaper), Published 3 September 2018, Retrieved 22 February 2019
^ Serving NADRA chief set to be re-appointed for another term Dawn (newspaper), Published 1 February 2018, Retrieved 22 February 2019
^ 89.5 million CNICs Issued; 95 Pc Population Covered Pakistan State Times (newspaper), Published 7 January 2012, Retrieved 22 February 2019
^ Madiha Shakeel (15 October 2018). "ECP (Election Commission of Pakistan) to decide overseas votes after meeting with NADRA". Business Recorder (newspaper). Retrieved 22 February 2019.
^ HOME - National Database and Registration Authority
^ Murtaza Ali Shah (17 July 2012). "NADRA introduces smart ID cards for overseas Pakistanis". The News International (newspaper). Retrieved 21 February 2019.
^ http://www.nadra.gov.pk/images/04%20nadra-04.jpg
^ "Pak-Identity | Apply Online for your National ID". id.nadra.gov.pk. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
^ NADRA blocks 10,000 CNICs of Pakistanis who registered as Afghan refugees Pakistan Today (newspaper), Updated 12 February 2019, Retrieved 21 February 2019
Pakistan Has World's Largest Biometric Citizen Database
National Database and Registration Authority
Pakistan Ministry of Interior
Minister: Imran Khan
Directorate General of Civil Defence
Directorate General of Immigration & Passports
Federal Investigation Agency
National Academy for Prisons Administration
National Counter Terrorism Authority
National Crises Management Cell
National Police Academy of Pakistan
National Police Bureau
Exit Control List
Pakistan Coast Guards
Frontier Corps
Gilgit Baltistan Scouts
Frontier Constabulary
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nadra&oldid=930112321"
Pakistan federal departments and agencies
Civil registries
Databases in Pakistan
Government databases
2000 establishments in Pakistan
Government agencies established in 2000
Use Pakistani English from February 2019
All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English
Use dmy dates from February 2019


A big moment for our label to release this breath-taking track made by the talented producer Laker, who has released within our label before with great support. 'Echoes Of Spring' might be one of the most beautiful tracks of the year. The intro is not misleading but still not revealing of what doors of exceptional sounds will come flooding out when the break hits. The vocal pads lead us slowly through the broken mist where the break finally reveals what this track is about. Winter fades and wash away the cold dark winter and opens the arms of the true wonders of what spring is. A new beginning with a warm embrace of rays from the sun captivating our minds with this melody where we get totally blown away. This melody is one of its own, outstanding, mesmerizing and totally top class of any melodies ever written. The sun is no longer forsaken, behold the echoes of spring is awakened.


text:
Jazmine Sullivan Aaliyah Cardi B SZA Jason Derulo Kanye West Dua Lipa Chart Check
Punk'd
MTV's 'Punk'd' Returns….Tonight
Published: Tuesday 18th Aug 2015 by David
Take an unsuspecting celebrity, an elaborate plan concocted by their nearest and dearest and a Viacom camera crew and you have Punk'd, the TV series that was once hosted by the funny force that is Ashton Kutcher.
Now, after bidding MTV adieu, the show returns on Black Entertainment Television this evening with help from a number of the platform's staple stars.
Peep a teaser from the revived show below…
Peep the premiere when it airs at 10.30 pm on BET…tonight!
Teaser: 'Love & Hip Hop Hollywood…
Kerry Washington Wows In SELF Magazine
Robert August 18, 2015
I remember Beyoncé's episode. They bleeped out her saying "I'm being punk'd"… lol
Jamon August 18, 2015
Of course they used the picture of Beyonce getting punk'd, out of all the stars who appeared on the show. No offense to Beyonce, but it would be nice if this site showed some diversity
fatusankoh August 18, 2015
Yes I re Amber bey episode it wasso dinner I love her than I love her than now you go queen bey haters have norting on you
Yes I re Amber bey episode it wasso dinner I love her than I love her more than evernow you go queen bey haters have norting on YouTube
Donnell Oldaker September 3, 2015
Justin is an avid car collector and has even boasted he will get a new $1m LaFerrari, though this Ferrari doesn't look like that one. Bieber, who recently released his latest single What Do You Mean, is set to perform tonight at the MTV VMA's.
Winner's List: 2020 Soul Train Awards
Performances: 2020 Soul Train Awards [Watch]
MOBO Awards 2020 Nominations Revealed
Soul Train Awards 2020: Brandy, Babyface, Jazmine Sullivan, Ella Mai, Charlie Wilson…
The 2020 Soul Train Awards saw some of Urban music's finest go head-to-head for the show's coveted trophies.
With the likes of top names and newcomers alike going for the prizes, the competition was steep.
Now that the show is over and the final… Read More
The Soul Train Awards 2020 aired moments ago.
Like previous years, this installment of the annual extravaganza paid homage to the achievements of the industry's brightest R&B and Hip-Hop stars.
Hosted by Tichina Arnold and Tisha Campbell, the event saw performances from the likes of Brandy, Monica, Ella… Read More


Catholic News World : Wow 1 Priest keeps Latin Language Alive and Makes Learning #Latin Cool!
Wow 1 Priest keeps Latin Language Alive and Makes Learning #Latin Cool!
Father Reginald Foster, a priest, gives Latin language lesson for free in the basement of a nursing home in Milwaukee. One of his students' explained, "He's like the rock star of the Latin world, so it's just great to be in his orbit." Latin was once the language at the heart of Western culture, and for centuries, most books and official letters were written in Latin. Today, it's the official language of the Vatican and the Catholic Church. Foster said, "And if you think it seems too hard to learn, he's not buying it. No. Every poor person, derelict, prostitute, anyone else in Rome spoke Latin." Foster, the son of a Milwaukee plumber, became a priest in Rome with a proficiency in the language. In 1970, he got a call from the Vatican. They wanted him to translate Latin for the pope. For the next 40 years, he would write speeches and letters in the names of four popes. Instead of a priest's habit, he dressed like a working man. Instead of a mattress, he slept on the floor. His way of teaching involved treating Latin as a living, spoken language. It was a radical departure in approach. Foster maintains that Latin is easy – only if it's taught right.
in the world s an ascetic scholar.


Mary's Promise IV is a 2003 92' Horizon Skylounge Cockpit Motor Yacht, with 3 staterooms & ensuite heads for owner and guests plus 2 crew/guest staterooms, a laundry room, day head, gourmet chef's galley and a formal dining room.
The California deck, the 21'6"L Salon and the spacious Skylounge offer exceptional living, lounging and entertaining space. Living-large is an understatement when you try to describe how comfortable the well-executed rooms in this yacht have been thoughtfully designed.
The yacht's contemporary exterior design gives it a majestic, distinct styling not found on most yachts and with the spacious bridge deck and the large cockpit it's the perfect yacht for adventure seekers with room for your water toys, and it's also a great fishing platform.
This beautiful yachts been cared for and maintained by it current owners for the past 10 years.
West Florida Yachts would love to guide you through a personal showing of this 92' Horizon Skylounge Cockpit Motor Yacht 2003. This yacht for sale is located in Seattle, Washington and priced at $1,950,000. For a showing please contact us by filling out the form on this page and we will get back to you shortly!


The association's Vice-President, Uchu Block said in Lagos that the body would not be a part of any fee-paying arrangement made by the CRFFN.
"We are not accepting to be a part of this because there is no council in place," he said.
The association urged the Nigerian Shippers Council (NSC) to intervene in the matter and to also restrain the CRFFN from going ahead with its plan to collect the fee.
He said that the proposed fee included N2,000 for a 40ft container; N1,000 for a 20′ foot container and N1,000 for 20′foot truck; N2,000 for a 40′foot truck.
He said for any car and jeep cleared, the proposed CRFFN fee should be pegged at N500.
CRFFN had earlier in a public notice said that it would begin the collection of the fee from May 11, 2015.
It stated that the fee was not supposed to affect the cost of cargo clearance at the ports and that the freight forwarding associations were duly informed.
Block, however, said that his association only came across the information in the media.


text:
Caricea unicolor är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Stein 1907. Caricea unicolor ingår i släktet Caricea och familjen husflugor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Husflugor
unicolor

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


As you know, there has been some problems importing the gallery. Well, if you feel like lending a hand, and have some spare time, then you could help us. If you have some images that were in the old gallery, we would appreciate it if you could either upload them again, or download your images from the archive, and reupload them into it's appropriate catagory. If you do decide to help us, it would also be very helpful if you could notify the admin, so we can avoid duplicates in the gallery.
Also, if you find your own work here, but do not wish to reupload, we can alter the description to show you as the author. Please do not hesitate to PM either me, filmboy or *krafty*, with the image you would like modified.
If you do decide to upload an image that is already in the archive, please see this post!


when it's about web hosting there are always some criteria that must be taken into account.
The first one would be about target audience, best would be the server that are at the close by of it. This will decrease page load time and will make maintenance easier, at opposite side if the server is too far away it would significantly affect page load time and will make it less attractive for users.
Server uptime would be the second, what's the point to go online if the server is half of the time offline, always look for hosting companies that have some history on the market, this ones for sure invested over time in technologies. The third one is about easy of use, a blogger is not necessarily an IT professional and he does not need to be one, look for hosting that will offer one-click-setup, user-friendly administration panel and tools and a working customer support.
Offers QuickInstall, a simple 1-click WordPress Installer.
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text:
Find a ProviderShifteh Vahidi MD
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Languages Spoken: Farsi
About Shifteh
Shifteh Vahidi, MD is a pathologist with board certification in Anatomical and Clinical Pathology and Cytopathology. Dr. Vahidi has more than 23 years of experience in the field of pathology.
College of American Pathologists, United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, American Society of Cytopathology, American Society of Dermatopathology, Assistant Professor of Pathology, University of North Dakota: School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Former Assistant Professor of Pathology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Locations Altru Hospital
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
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Clinical and Anatomical Pathology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Surgical Pathology University of Minnesota
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Dermatopathology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
American Board of Anatomical and Clinical Pathology
American Board of Cytopathology


Abu Dhabi Poultry Farm is one of the leading and ingenious farms in United Arab Emirates. It was found in 1981 by Sheikh Khadem Bin Butti.
Abu Dhabi Poultry Farm is a master producer of supreme quality table eggs divided to 5 products distributed in the United Arab Emirates and GCC countries.
Bashair is an organic product purely contains plant protein feed free from any animal products applying the maximum quality standards. Certified from Abu Dhabi Food Authority in meeting the technical specification of Food Authority requirements.
Abu Dhabi Poultry Farm is a star producer of more than 80 million eggs every year. It consist of 14 advanced layer sheds, 5 rearing sheds with the capacity of 35000 birds each, Modernistic equipped veterinary laboratory, Fertilizer processing plant, storage warehouse in additional to other logistic resources.
Facility standards set by the UAE Food Control Authority.


At the 2018 American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting in Washington DC, I attended a two-hour sessions of talks by six speakers on the topic of Communicating Climate Change: Informing Politicians and Policy Makers. This topic is one where I have great interest, not only to improve my own communication skills, but in thinking of how to make my students realize the importance of sharing what they learn in my courses.
Richard Alley (Penn State) titled his talk Telling the Good News, Too. As usual, his slides were filled with images of penguins (this is a strategy he uses, as audience members always like to look at penguins – therefore, they pay attention) but also great points for us to keep in mind. His overarching message, I believe, was the phrase he kept posting on his slides: Using our knowledge well really does help us. Among his graphics and demographic data (did you know that Philadelphia has three times more people than Wyoming? And the Philadelphia metro region has more people than North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, and Alaska combined?), he reminded us that "the conversation changes when you frame it" and that we need to "speak in a solutions space." See a snapshot of one of the slides from this presentation.
Jerry Taylor (Niskanen Center) was the next speaker, that spoke with no slides (a refreshing change to hear just a talk where we could focus on the spoken word!). Titled The Relationship Between Climate Communication, Public Opinion, and Policy Change, he pointed out that the messenger is more important than the message, and that people will vote to match what they believe is best for the country.
The last of the three speakers before the first panel was Anthony Leiserowitz (Yale Program on Climate Change Communication), speaking on Building Public and Political Will for Climate Action. I'm very familiar with the global warming opinion maps and the Six Americas survey, and even have students explore these data in class. So his talk was a great review – everyone should check out the work of this group! http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/ Below is a snapshot of his final slide, reminding us that we need to do a better job of asking the public if they want to be involved in advocacy efforts for climate.
The first speaker for the second half of the session was Kathie Dello (Oregon State University), speaking on Communicating climate science to inform policy in Oregon. She reminded us that the states are more nimble than the federal government, that all climate is local (how we think and what we experience), and that we should connected on values, make it personal and conversational, and that our words matter. I also like how she emphasized social justice as a piece of the climate conversation.
Next up was Kate Marvel (NASA Goddard Institute) with "I Don't Believe in Climate Change" – Moving Beyond Political Polarization to Agreement on Actionable Science. Her take-home messages (what she termed "lessons") were key: (1) beware of the extremes; (2) look for new stories; (3) confront the deep story; and (4) lift every voice – the most important voice is yours. These are all valuable points, and I do hope I can do my part to lift more voices and add my own to the chorus of those speaking for climate science.


Essentially these are rediscovered vintage maps and charts repurposed for modern-day interiors, adding a stylish vintage touch in the process. All are original (or reproductions of original) period maps and charts, each one hand mounted with aged batons and hemp rope.
Plenty to choose from, but we've picked two contrasting versions of the same thing. Above is a 1968 wall map called Physical Map of the British Isles, published by Chas. H. Scally & Co. and below is the 1930s Great Britain, her natural and industrial resources map, which was published in New York and distributed by the British Information Service.
Both of those are currently discounted to £135. See the Achica site for everything on offer.


A pull-on stretch trousers from our designers at LauRie.
- An elasticated waist with belt loops.
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A versatile piece to wear with pumps or heels depending on occasion.
Material: 67% Viscose, 29% Polyamide 4% Elastane.
Image of a size 10 model measuring (approx.): 33cm at waist, 63cm inside leg.
Care Label: Wash at 30', Iron on Low.


Let it be understood at the beginning of this point that there are several sets or sequences of ancient cards which are only in part of our concern. The Tarot of the Bohemians, by Papus, which I have recently carried through the press, revising the imperfect rendering, has some useful information in this connection, and, except for the omission of dates and other evidences of the archaeological sense, it will serve the purpose of the general reader. I do not propose to extend it in the present place in any manner that can be called considerable, but certain additions are desirable and so also is a distinct mode of presentation.
Among ancient cards which are mentioned in connection with the Tarot, there are firstly those of Baldini, which are the celebrated set attributed by tradition to Andrea Mantegna, though this view is now generally rejected. Their date is supposed to be about 1470, and it is thought that there are not more than four collections extant in Europe. A copy or reproduction referred to 1485 is perhaps equally rare. A complete set contains fifty numbers, divided into five denaries or sequences of ten cards each. There seems to be no record that they were used for the purposes of a game, whether of chance or skill; they could scarcely have lent themselves to divination or any form of fortune-telling; while it would be more than idle to impute a profound symbolical meaning to their obvious emblematic designs. The first denary embodies Conditions of Life, as follows: (1) The Beggar, (2) the Knave, (3) the Artisan, (4) the Merchant, (5) the Noble, (6) the Knight, (7) the Doge, (8) the King, (9) the Emperor, (10) the Pope. The second contains the Muses and their Divine Leader: (11) Calliope, (12) Urania, (13) Terpsichore, (14) Erato, (15) Polyhymnia, (16) Thalia, (17) Melpomene, (18) Euterpe, (19) Clio, (20) Apollo. The third combines part of the Liberal Arts and Sciences with other departments of human learning, as follows: (21) Grammar, (22) Logic, (23) Rhetoric, (24) Geometry, (25) Arithmetic, (26) Music, (27) Poetry,(28) Philosophy, (29) Astrology, (30) Theology. The fourth denary completes the Liberal Arts and enumerates the Virtues: (31) Astronomy, (32) Chronology, (33) Cosmology, (34) Temperance, (35) Prudence, (36) Strength, (37) Justice; (38) Charity, (39) Hope, (40) Faith. The fifth and last denary presents the System of the Heavens (41) Moon, (42) Mercury, (43) Venus, (44) Sun, (45) Mars, (46) Jupiter, (47) Saturn, (48) A Eighth Sphere, (49)Primum Mobile, (50) First Cause.
We must set aside the fantastic attempts to extract complete Tarot sequences out of these denaries; we must forbear from saying, for example, that the Conditions of Life correspond to the Trumps Major, the Muses to Pentacles, the Arts and Sciences to Cups, the Virtues, etc., to Scepters, and the conditions of life to Swords. This kind of thing can be done by a process of mental contortion, but it has no place in reality. At the same time, it is hardly possible that individual cards should not exhibit certain, and even striking, analogies. The Baldini King, Knight and Knave suggest the corresponding court cards of the Minor Arcana. The Emperor, Pope, Temperance, Strength, justice, Moon and Sun are common to the Mantegna and Trumps Major of any Tarot pack. Predisposition has also connected the Beggar and Fool, Venus and the Star, Mars and the Chariot, Saturn and the Hermit, even Jupiter, or alternatively the First Cause, with the Tarot card of the World. But the most salient features of the Trumps Major are wanting in the Mantegna set, and I do not believe that the ordered sequence in the latter case gave birth, as it has been suggested, to the others. Romain Merlin maintained this view, and positively assigned the Baldini cards to the end of the fourteenth century.
If it be agreed that, except accidentally and sporadically, the Baldini emblematic or allegorical pictures have only a shadowy and occasional connection with Tarot cards, and, whatever their most probable date, that they can have supplied no originating motive, it follows that we are still seeking not only an origin in place and time for the symbols with which we are concerned, but a specific case of their manifestation on the continent of Europe to serve as a point of departure, whether backward or forward. Now it is well known that in the year 1393 the painter Charles Gringonneur--who for no reason that I can trace has been termed an occultist and cabbalist by one indifferent English writer--designed and illuminated some kind of cards for the diversion of Charles VI of France when he was in mental ill-health, and the question arises whether anything can be ascertained of their nature. The only available answer is that at Paris, in the Bibliothèque du Roi, there are seventeen cards drawn and illuminated on paper. They are very beautiful, antique and priceless; the figures have a background of gold, and are framed in a silver border; but they are accompanied by no inscription and no number.
Notwithstanding, however, the preference shown towards the Venetian Tarot, it is acknowledged that some portions of a Minchiate or Florentine set must be allocated to the period between 1413 and 1418. These were once in the possession of Countess Gonzaga, at Milan. A complete Minchiate pack contained ninety-seven cards, and in spite of these vestiges it is regarded, speaking generally, as a later development. There were forty-one Trumps Major, the additional numbers being borrowed or reflected from the Baldini emblematic set. In the court cards of the Minor Arcana, the Knights were monsters of the centaur type, while the Knaves were sometimes warriors and sometimes serving-men. Another distinction dwelt upon is the prevalence of Christian medieval ideas and the utter absence of any Oriental suggestion. The question, however, remains whether there are Eastern traces in any Tarot cards.
In conclusion as to this part, I observe that there has been a disposition among experts to think that the Trumps Major were not originally connected with the numbered suits. I do not wish to offer a personal view; I am not an expert in the history of games of chance, and I hate the profanum vulgus of divinatory devices; but I venture, under all reserves, to intimate that if later research should justify such a leaning, then--except for the good old art of fortune-telling and its tampering with so-called destiny--it will be so much the better for the Greater Arcana.
(1) The figures and arrangement of the game are manifestly allegorical; (2) the allegories are in conformity with the civil, philosophical and religious doctrine of ancient Egypt; (3) if the cards were modern, no High Priestess would be included among the Greater Arcana; (4) the figure in question bears the horns of Isis; (5) the card which is called the Emperor has a scepter terminating in a triple cross; (6) the card entitled the Moon, who is Isis, shows drops of rain or dew in the act of being shed by the luminary and these-as we have seen-are the tears of Isis, which swelled the waters of the Nile and fertilized the fields of Egypt; (7) the seventeenth card, or Star, is the dog-star, Sirius, which was consecrated to Isis and symbolized the opening of the year; (8) the game played with the Tarot is founded on the sacred number seven, which was of great importance in Egypt; (9) the word Tarot is pure Egyptian, in which language Tar=way or road, and Ro=king or royal--it signifies therefore the Royal Road of Life; (10) alternatively, it is derived from A=doctrine Rosh= Mercury =Thoth, and the article T; in sum, Tarosh; and therefore the Tarot is the Book of Thoth, or the Table of the Doctrine of Mercury.
Such is the testimony, it being understood that I have set aside several casual statements, for which no kind of justification is produced. These, therefore, are ten pillars which support the edifice of the thesis, and the same are pillars of sand. The Tarot is, of course, allegorical--that is to say, it is symbolism--but allegory and symbol are catholic---of all countries, nations and times they are not more Egyptian than Mexican they are of Europe and Cathay, of Tibet beyond the Himalayas and of the London gutters. As allegory and symbol, the cards correspond to many types of ideas and things; they are universal and not particular; and the fact that they do not especially and peculiarly respond to Egyptian doctrine--religious, philosophical or civil--is clear from the failure of Court de Gebelin to go further than the affirmation. The presence of a High Priestess among the Trumps Major is more easily explained as the memorial of some popular superstition--that worship of Diana, for example, the persistence of which in modern Italy has been traced with such striking results by Leland. We have also to remember the universality of horns in every cultus, not excepting that of Tibet. The triple cross is preposterous as an instance of Egyptian symbolism; it is the cross of the patriarchal see, both Greek and Latin--of Venice, of Jerusalem, for example--and it is the form of signing used to this day by the priests and laity of the Orthodox Rite. I pass over the idle allusion to the tears of Isis, because other occult writers have told us that they are Hebrew Jods; as regards the seventeenth card, it is the star Sirius or another, as predisposition pleases; the number seven was certainly important in Egypt and any treatise on numerical mysticism will show that the same statement applies everywhere, even if we elect to ignore the seven Christian Sacraments and the Gifts of the Divine Spirit. Finally, as regards the etymology of the word Tarot, it is sufficient to observe that it was offered before the discovery of the Rosetta Stone and when there was no knowledge of the Egyptian language.
The cartomancists succeeded one another in the manner which I have mentioned, and of course there were rival adepts of these less than least mysteries; but the scholarship of the subject, if it can be said to have come into existence, reposed after all in the quarto of Court de Gebelin for something more than sixty years. On his authority, there is very little doubt that everyone who became acquainted, by theory or practice, by casual or special concern, with the question of Tarot cards, accepted their Egyptian character. It is said that people are taken commonly at their own valuation, and--following as it does the line of least resistance--the unsolicitous general mind assuredly accepts archeological pretensions in the sense of their own daring and of those who put them forward. The first who appeared to reconsider the subject with some presumptive titles to a hearing was the French writer Duchesne, but I am compelled to pass him over with a mere reference, and so also some interesting researches on the general subject of playing-cards by Singer in England. The latter believed that the old Venetian game called Trappola was the earliest European form of card-playing, that it was of Arabian origin, and that the fifty-two cards used for the purpose derived from that region. I do not gather that any importance was ever attached to this view.
Duchesne and Singer were followed by another English writer, W. A. Chatto, who reviewed the available facts and the cloud of speculations which had already arisen on the subject. This was in 1848, and his work has still a kind of standard authority, but--after every allowance for a certain righteousness attributable to the independent mind--it remains an indifferent and even a poor performance. It was, however, characteristic in its way of the approaching middle night of the nineteenth century. Chatto rejected the Egyptian hypothesis, but as he was at very little pains concerning it, he would scarcely be held to displace Court de Gebelin if the latter had any firm ground beneath his hypothesis. In 1854 another French writer, Boiteau, took up the general question, maintaining the oriental origin of Tarot cards, though without attempting to prove it. I am not certain, but I think that he is the first writer who definitely identified them with the Gypsies; for him, however, the original Gipsy home was in India, and Egypt did not therefore enter into his calculation.
In 1860 there arose Éliphas Lévi, a brilliant and profound illuminé whom it is impossible to accept, and with whom it is even more impossible to dispense. There was never a mouth declaring such great things, of all the western voices which have proclaimed or interpreted the science called occult and the doctrine called magical. I suppose that, fundamentally speaking, he cared as much and as little as I do for the phenomenal part, but he explained the phenomena with the assurance of one who openly regarded charlatanry as a great means to an end, if used in a right cause. He came unto his own and his own received him, also at his proper valuation, as a man of great learning--which he never was--and as a revealer of all mysteries without having been received into any. I do not think that there was ever an instance of a writer with greater gifts, after their particular kind, who put them to such indifferent uses. After all, he was only Etteilla a second time in the flesh, endowed in his transmutation with a mouth of gold and a wider casual knowledge. This notwithstanding, he has written the most comprehensive, brilliant, enchanting History of Magic which has ever been drawn into writing in any language. The Tarot and the de Gebelin hypothesis he took into his heart of hearts, and all occult France and all esoteric Britain, Martinists, half-instructed Cabbalists, schools of soi disant theosophy--there, here and everywhere--have accepted his judgment about it with the same confidence as his interpretations of those great classics of Cabbalism which he had skimmed rather than read. The Tarot for him was not only the most perfect instrument of divination and the keystone of occult science, but it was the primitive book, the sole book of the ancient Magi, the miraculous volume which inspired all the sacred writings of antiquity. In his first work Lévi was content, however, with accepting the construction of Court de Gebelin and reproducing the seventh Trump Major with a few Egyptian characteristics. The question of Tarot transmission through the Gypsies did not occupy him, till J. A. Vaillant, a bizarre writer with great knowledge of the Romany people, suggested it in his work on those wandering tribes. The two authors were almost coincident and reflected one another thereafter. It remained for Romain Merlin, in 1869, to point out what should have been obvious, namely, that cards of some kind were known in Europe prior to the arrival of the Gypsies in or about 1417. But as this was their arrival at Lüneburg, and as their presence can be traced antecedently, the correction loses a considerable part of its force; it is safer, therefore, to say that the evidence for the use of the Tarot by Romany tribes was not suggested till after the year 1840; the fact that some Gypsies before this period were found using cards is quite explicable on the hypothesis not that they brought them into Europe but found them there already and added them to their stock-in-trade.
We have now seen that there is no particle of evidence for the Egyptian origin of Tarot cards. Looking in other directions, it was once advanced on native authority that cards of some kind were invented in China about the year A.D. 1120. Court de Gebelin believed in his zeal that he had traced them to a Chinese inscription of great imputed antiquity which was said to refer to the subsidence of the waters of the Deluge. The characters of this inscription were contained in seventy-seven compartments, and this constitutes the analogy. India had also its tablets, whether cards or otherwise, and these have suggested similar slender similitudes. But the existence, for example, of ten suits or styles, of twelve numbers each, and representing the avatars of Vishnu as a fish, tortoise, boar, lion, monkey, hatchet, umbrella or bow, as a goat, and as a horse, in fine, are not going to help us towards the origin of our own Trumps Major, nor do crowns and harps--nor even the presence of possible coins as a synonym of deniers and perhaps as an equivalent of pentacles--do much to elucidate the Lesser Arcana. If every tongue and people and clime and period possessed their cards--if with these also they philosophized, divined and gambled--the fact would be interesting enough, but unless they were Tarot cards, they would illustrate only the universal tendency of man to be pursuing the same things in more or less the same way.
I end, therefore, the history of this subject by repeating that it has no history prior to the fourteenth century, when the first rumors, were heard concerning cards. They may have existed for centuries, but this period would be early enough, if they were only intended for people to try their luck at gambling or their luck at seeing the future; on the other hand, if they contain the deep intimations of Secret Doctrine, then the fourteenth century is again early enough, or at least in this respect we are getting as much as we can.