text:
Hunting For Hallucinogenic Honey Ties Native Nepalis Back to Their Ancestors
It's a tradition that dates back thousands of years. The Gurung people of Nepal scale the walls of nearby cliffs in an annual honey hunt that brings them into contact with the largest honey bees in the world. They risk life and limb to bring back a special, mind-expanding honey that's only found in a few places in the world.
The older hunters participated because it's what their people have always done. The honey brought a spark to their lives and brought them closer to the spirit of the bees. Today's younger generation isn't as dependent on local traditions for their livelihoods. Instead, they do it to stay connected to their roots, to keep alive the death-defying practice that has defined their people.
To the uninitiated, the process seems terrifying. And that's because it is. But it's also a lifeline back to an ancient culture that's rapidly changing in the modern world.
The Outside is Encroaching
For millennia the Gurung — like those found in Talo Chipla, a small village located in the Himalayan mountains — have supported themselves as farmers and honey hunters. But today roads are being carved into their remote forests and the outside world is knocking at their doors.
A new hydroelectric dam in the region employs many younger Talo Chipla residents. They don't depend on village life or their old agricultural ways the way previous generations did. As the number of villagers leaving their homes to work abroad increases year after year, many report feeling disconnected from their cultural identities.
Honey hunting, many residents say, is a visceral, thrilling way to recapture some of that identity. But it isn't for the faint of heart.
Village elders talk about the hunt with a reverence that verges on spiritual. Only the strong may participate, they say, those able to control their fear and stare down death unflinchingly.
Imagine descending down a sheer cliff wall, with giant coffee table-sized bee hives blanketing the cliff face. The hunters dangle from homemade bamboo ladders, lashed carefully to trees above. Baskets are hung under the hives while far below, villagers burn fires. The smoke helps to pacify the bees, decreasing the incidence of attack.
With tenuous footholds, the honey hunters reach out into space, hacking away bits of hive, hoping to land them in the baskets. Those pieces that miss, explode in a spray of honey and wax on the rocks below. The hunters try very hard not to suffer the same fate.
They aren't always successful. But the vast majority do return with honey aplenty and exhilarating tales of the hunt.
The Honey is Worth the Effort
It might seem odd that these intrepid hunters are willing to risk their lives for such an unassuming product, but this is no ordinary honey. The elixir they're after contains grayanotoxin, a mild hallucinogen that's at once a stimulant, pain killer, and sedative sleep aid. Called "mad honey" this potent sweetener is an inextricable part of the Gurung culture.
Its analgesic properties offer respite from the aches and pains suffered after hours of difficult agricultural work. It grants a happy pop of euphoria that brightens the locals' lives. It offers calm in the face of anxiety, and it can help bring on restful sleep at the end of a long day.
The bees responsible for creating mad honey bring grayanotoxins back to their hives after collecting nectar from the local rhododendron species that grows wild across the region. The quality and potency of each season's honey is dependant on that year's growing conditions and the amount of nectar and pollen the bees collect. But this is all part of the hunt.
And it can be a brutal endeavor even when the hunters manage to keep themselves off the river rocks that are arrayed out hundreds of feet below their ladders. The smoke pacifies the hive to a degree, but the bees still don't take well to chunks of their home getting chiseled off.
Victorious hunters regularly return from their adventures covered in painful stings, their skin bloated and inflamed. But this does little to scare them off from the next hunt. The scrapes, bruises, and welts are proof of a job well done, and the honey is the spoils.
While Tradition Remains, Changes Are Inevitable
In the centuries prior to the modern era, the Gurung generally kept the honey they secured during the hunts. Its medicinal and stimulant properties were central features of their daily lives.
Today, however, less and less of the year's harvest is staying in the village. Both the legal and illicit trade of mad honey is increasing. Large markets are opening up in northeastern Asia. People in China, Japan, South Korea, and North Korea are all interested in the sweet elixir they believe promotes erectile health.
On a recent hunt, the young honey hunters of Talo Chipla sold nearly their entire yield to a Japanese buyer interested in bringing the honey back to his home country. While the extra income is nice, the arrangement is also bittersweet. The villagers are simultaneously reconnecting with their roots while also selling it to the highest bidder.
This increase in outsider demand is also motivating honey poachers. So far the government hasn't reported any major dips in the local bee population, but the prospect of escalating honey theft is concerning for the future health of the giant honey bees and their liquid prize.
For the Gurung, everything is changing, and yet remaining happily similar. The annual hunt will continue, even as the old guard retires. The younger hunters are eager to fill their shoes and continue a tradition that goes back for centuries. It's hard, painful, and fraught with danger, but these intrepid mad honey hunters wouldn't have it any other way. The hunt for the honey is their cultural heritage. It remains a tether to the past as well as a bamboo ladder to the future.


text:
Notice of Tax Collection
Town of Kinderhook
Please take Notice that I the undersigned Town Clerk/Tax Collector for the Town of Kinderhook, Columbia County in the State of New York have duly received the tax roll and warrant for the collection of taxes within the Town of Kinderhook for the year 2023. I will attend at 3211 Church Street , Valatie NY 12184 from 9:30 am to 2:30 pm Monday through Thursday unless otherwise posted. Take further Notice that all in person payments be made at the Valatie branch of the Bank of Greene County during regular business hours. Mail in payments should be sent to Town of Kinderhook Tax Collector ℅ Bank of Greene County, PO Box 798 Valatie, NY 12184.
Take further action that taxes may be paid on or before January 31, 2023. On all taxes received after that date, there shall be added interest of 1 percent, if paid on or before February 28, 2023 an additional 2 percent, if paid on or after March 31, 2023 an additional 3 percent. Take further Notice that pursuant to the provisions of the law that the tax roll for the Town of Kinderhook will be returned to the Columbia County Treasurer on June 1st, 2023.
Tax Collector Town of Kinderhook, Kimberly A. Pinkowski

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Mavrig is the name of this website, where modules - called rigs - are collected for easy re-use.
Rig and Mavrig have been presented at the 7th EuroTcl conference, June 6-7, Strasbourg, FR .
2011-09-06 - The Mavrig source code repository has been moved to GitHub.
Fri, 23 May 2008 - The Rig.tcl file should now work as documented, see the Examples page.


Your transactions has been completed, and a receipt for your purchase has been emailed to you.
Please log into your account at www.paypal.com to view details of this transaction, and feel free to contact vpvjewelry@gmail.com with any questions regarding your purchase.
Hope you enjoy your new jewelry!


text:
Wife Vs. Secretary
A secretary becomes so valuable to her boss that it jeopardizes his marriage.
Clarence Brown
Van ["V.S." Stanhope, also known as Jake]
[Helen] Whitey [Wilson]
Linda [Stanhope]
May Robson
Mimi [Stanhope]
[J. D.] Underwood
Wife Vs. Secretary - Behind-the-Scenes Photos
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Wife Vs. Secretary (1936)
Wife Vs. Secretary - Set Stills
Wife vs. Secretary -- (Movie Clip) Two Weeks Notice
Premiere Information
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Corp.
Loew's Inc.
Screenplay Information
Based on the short story "Wife Versus Secretary" by Faith Baldwin in Hearst's International-Cosmopolitan (May 1935).
Mono (Western Electric Sound System)
Theatrical Aspect Ratio
On their third anniversary, New York magazine publisher Van Stanhope and his wife Linda are still very much in love. Van's mother Mimi, however, feels that his secretary, Helen "Whitey" Wilson, is too attractive not to be a temptation to Van. Linda trusts him and refuses to give in to jealousy, even when some of her friends express the same opinion as Mimi. Van and Whitey's relationship is strictly business, but his dependence on her, and her devotion to him, is a source of displeasure for her fiancé Joe, who wants her to give notice and marry him. She refuses and becomes even more involved with work, helping Van to develop a secret deal to buy a "five cent" weekly from tycoon J. D. Underwood. Because Van is afraid that Hanson House, a rival publishing concern, will ruin his deal, he and Whitey have to be very secretive, even from Linda. At an ice skating party for Stanhope Publications, Linda's jealousy is aroused by a catty remark by one of the executive wives, and she asks Van to transfer Whitey. They quarrel over her jealousy, but make up that night. A short time later, when Van has to go to an advertising convention in Havana, he won't let Linda accompany him because he needs to corner Underwood to close the deal. He later has to summon Whitey to join him, and they work round the clock to finish the needed paperwork for the offer to Underwood. When the deal is closed, they celebrate and for a moment are strongly attracted to each other, but nothing happens. Linda calls a few moments later, however, and when Whitey answers the telephone, she assumes the worst. When Van returns to New York, Linda refuses to listen to him and begins divorce proceedings. Van tries to get her back, but gives up and invites Whitey to sail with him for Bermuda. She has fallen in love with him, but realizing that his happiness is with his wife, she goes to Linda, who is about to sail for Europe, and tells her what a fool she would be to give her husband up. Linda then goes back to Van, and as Whitey leaves the office, she is met by Joe.
Hobart Cavanaugh
Tom Dugan
George Emery
Marjorie Gateson
Eve Merritt
Gloria Holden
Joan Carstairs
Margaret Irving
Billy Newell
John M. Qualen
Mr. Jenkins
Leonard Carey
Charles Trowbridge
"Hal" Harrington
Hilda Howe
Mary Connors
Mary Macgregor
Jack Mulhall
Mr. Barker
Greta Meyer
German cook
Aileen Pringle
Mrs. Barker
Frank Puglia
Hotel clerk
Myra Marsh
Miss Clark
Holmes Herbert
Frawley
Harold Minjir
Maurice Cass
Tom Herbert
Guy D'ennery
Cuban waiter
Niles Welch
Tom Axel
Richard Hemingway
Bridegroom
Paul Ellis
Don Rowan
Clay Clement
Tom Mahoney
Nena Quartaro
Charles Irwin
Information clerk
Andre Cheron
Frenchman
Eugene Borden
Ship's officer
Hooper Atchley
Postal clerk
Lucille Ward
Scrub woman
Clifford Jones
Elevator boy
Edward Le Saint
Helen Shipman
Charles Dorian
Cedric Gibbons
William A. Horning
Art Director Associate
Frank E. Hull
Ray June
Norman Krasna
John Lee Mahin
Jimmy Mchugh
Alice Duer Miller
Douglas Shearer
Recording Director
Herbert Stothart
Hunt Stromberg
Edward Ward
Edwin B. Willis
Here are a few photos taken behind-the-scenes during production of MGM's Wife Vs. Secretary (1936), starring Jean Harlow, Clark Gable, and Myrna Loy.
Here is a group of Set Stills taken for the MGM production Wife Vs. Secretary (1936). Sets were photographed prior to shooting for approvals in lighting and design.
Wife vs. Secretary -- (Movie Clip) I'll Wear The Pants First scene for Dave (James Stewart), boyfriend of secretary Whitey (Jean Harlow), dining with her parents (William Newell, Mary MacGregor), planning a big date when her boss Stanhope (Clark Gable) calls, in Wife Vs. Secretary, 1936.
Wife vs. Secretary -- (Movie Clip) Two Weeks Notice Whitey (Jean Harlow), having helped her boss with a business emergency, finds Dave (James Stewart) snoozing after the show, which he attended alone after their date was called off, in Wife Vs. Secretary, 1936.
Wife vs. Secretary - (Original Trailer) A secretary becomes so valuable to her boss that it jeopardizes his marriage in Wife vs. Secretary (1936), starring Clark Gable, Myrna Loy and Jean Harlow.
Hosted Intro
Intro Aired: May 2017
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Wife Vs. Secretary (1936) Ben Mankiewicz introduces Wife Vs. Secretary, 1936.
Intro Aired: Aug 2016
Wife Vs. Secretary - Wife vs. Secretary
Clark Gable and Jean Harlow team up for the fifth time for the MGM vehicle, Wife vs. Secretary (1936), which also features Myrna Loy and James Stewart in a small role as Harlow's character's boyfriend. With its all-star cast and shrewd observance of the Hayes Production Code, Wife vs. Secretary tells the story of a happy couple, Mr. and Mrs. Stanhope (Gable and Loy) and a meddling mother-in-law who creates turmoil in their marriage by intimating that Mr. Stanhope is having an affair with his secretary, 'Whitey' (Jean Harlow).
In her autobiography, Being and Becoming, Myrna Loy recalls working with Jean Harlow and the rest of the cast on Wife vs. Secretary: "Jean was beautiful, but far from the raucous sexpot of her films. As a matter of fact, she began to shake that image in Wife vs. Secretary....She'd begged for a role that didn't require spouting slang and modeling lingerie. She even convinced them to darken her hair a shade, in hopes of toning down that brash image. It worked. She's really wonderful in the picture and her popularity wasn't diminished one bit. Actually we did kind of a reversal in that picture. Jean, supposedly the other woman, stayed very proper, while I had one foot in bed throughout. That's the sexiest wife I've ever played. In one scene, Clark stands outside my bedroom door and we banter, nothing more, but there's just no question about what they've done the night before. Clarence Brown, our director, made it all so subtle, yet, oh, so wonderfully suggestive. (In fact, the only vulgarity in the picture is in the breakfast scene, where I discover a diamond bracelet that Clark has hidden in the brook trout I'm about to eat. It didn't seem chic or funny to me - merely messy, typical of Hollywood's misguided notion of upper-class sophistication. I tried to get them to take it out, but they wouldn't. Needless to say, it's the scene everyone remembers, so what do I know?). Where sex is concerned, the double entendre, the ambiguity, it seems to me, is much more effective than being too explicit. This is something the moviemakers don't seem to understand today."
And speaking of sex, here's what co-star James Stewart had to say about his love scenes with the "blonde bombshell" in the biography, Everybody's Man by Jhan Robbins: "Clarence Brown, the director, wasn't too pleased by the way I did the smooching. He made us repeat the scene about half a dozen times...I botched it up on purpose. That Jean Harlow sure was a good kisser. I realized that until then I had never been really kissed."
Director: Clarence Brown
Producer: Hunt Stromberg
Screenplay: Norman Krasna, Alice Duer Miller, John Lee Mahin (based on a story by Faith Baldwin)
Cinematography: Ray June
Editor: Frank E. Hull
Art Direction: Cedric Gibbons, William A. Horning, Edwin B. Willis
Music: Herbert Stothart, Edward Ward
Cast: Clark Gable (Van Stanhope), Jean Harlow (Helen 'Whitey' Wilson), Myrna Loy (Linda Stanhope), May Robson (Mimi), Hobart Cavanaugh (Joe), James Stewart (Dave).
BW-88m. Closed captioning.
by Kerryn Sherrod
Clark Gable and Jean Harlow team up for the fifth time for the MGM vehicle, Wife vs. Secretary (1936), which also features Myrna Loy and James Stewart in a small role as Harlow's character's boyfriend. With its all-star cast and shrewd observance of the Hayes Production Code, Wife vs. Secretary tells the story of a happy couple, Mr. and Mrs. Stanhope (Gable and Loy) and a meddling mother-in-law who creates turmoil in their marriage by intimating that Mr. Stanhope is having an affair with his secretary, 'Whitey' (Jean Harlow). In her autobiography, Being and Becoming, Myrna Loy recalls working with Jean Harlow and the rest of the cast on Wife vs. Secretary: "Jean was beautiful, but far from the raucous sexpot of her films. As a matter of fact, she began to shake that image in Wife vs. Secretary....She'd begged for a role that didn't require spouting slang and modeling lingerie. She even convinced them to darken her hair a shade, in hopes of toning down that brash image. It worked. She's really wonderful in the picture and her popularity wasn't diminished one bit. Actually we did kind of a reversal in that picture. Jean, supposedly the other woman, stayed very proper, while I had one foot in bed throughout. That's the sexiest wife I've ever played. In one scene, Clark stands outside my bedroom door and we banter, nothing more, but there's just no question about what they've done the night before. Clarence Brown, our director, made it all so subtle, yet, oh, so wonderfully suggestive. (In fact, the only vulgarity in the picture is in the breakfast scene, where I discover a diamond bracelet that Clark has hidden in the brook trout I'm about to eat. It didn't seem chic or funny to me - merely messy, typical of Hollywood's misguided notion of upper-class sophistication. I tried to get them to take it out, but they wouldn't. Needless to say, it's the scene everyone remembers, so what do I know?). Where sex is concerned, the double entendre, the ambiguity, it seems to me, is much more effective than being too explicit. This is something the moviemakers don't seem to understand today." And speaking of sex, here's what co-star James Stewart had to say about his love scenes with the "blonde bombshell" in the biography, Everybody's Man by Jhan Robbins: "Clarence Brown, the director, wasn't too pleased by the way I did the smooching. He made us repeat the scene about half a dozen times...I botched it up on purpose. That Jean Harlow sure was a good kisser. I realized that until then I had never been really kissed." Director: Clarence Brown Producer: Hunt Stromberg Screenplay: Norman Krasna, Alice Duer Miller, John Lee Mahin (based on a story by Faith Baldwin) Cinematography: Ray June Editor: Frank E. Hull Art Direction: Cedric Gibbons, William A. Horning, Edwin B. Willis Music: Herbert Stothart, Edward Ward Cast: Clark Gable (Van Stanhope), Jean Harlow (Helen 'Whitey' Wilson), Myrna Loy (Linda Stanhope), May Robson (Mimi), Hobart Cavanaugh (Joe), James Stewart (Dave). BW-88m. Closed captioning. by Kerryn Sherrod
You're a fool, for which I am grateful.
- Helen 'Whitey' Wilson
The name of one of the screenwriters, Alice Duer Miller, is seen as the author of an article in a magazine, and Clark Gable remarks, "Hey, Alice has written a very nice article here."
Most written contemporary and modern sources list the surname of Clark Gable's character as "Sanford." On screen credits give only the first name of "Van," although he is called "Mr. Stanhope" many times throughout the film. In the breakfast table scene between "Van" and "Linda," early in the film, she calls him "Jake" rather than "Van." There is no further mention of the name "Jake," and no explanation for its use in that one scene. At one point in the plot, a new issue of a magazine is brought to Van's attention and the camera focuses on an article written by Alice Duer Miller (co-screenwriter of Wife vs. Secretary) entitled "Are We Debutantes or Are We Mice?" At that point Van says to his subordinate "Hey, Alice has written a very nice article here." According to a news item in Hollywood Reporter William Powell was announced as the male lead in the picture, opposite Jean Harlow and Myrna Loy several months before Miller's story appeared in Hearst's International-Cosmopolitan. Other news items note that Powell was too busy with other projects to appear in the picture when it finally went into production. This was the first film made by Loy after her return to work at M-G-M following a highly publicized salary dispute with M-G-M.


Short Description eShield is promoted as an application that provides safe browsing.
Symptoms Targeted ads may be displayed to the user. His search provider may be changed to search.eshield.com.
Distribution Method Via freeware packages, or from the official website.
eShield is may be listed as a potentially unwanted program and possibly ad-supported software. Once the program is installed on the PC, the user's search provider may be changed to search.eshield.com. The search engine may also be associated with other potentially unwanted program. However, more information is needed to confirm that.
Analysis by VirusTotal indicates that eShield may be detected as PUP.Optional.eShield.A by some anti-virus products. PUP.Optional.eShield.A may be linked to other potentially unwanted programs.
The eShield browser extension is available for download on the Google Chrome Store. However, the app is also compatible with Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox.
It is promoted as an extension that secures the browser and provides safe online surfing. However, if the add-on wasn't downloaded willingly by the user, it may have sneaked into the system via the bundling method. Bundling allows third-party developers cover financial losses and monetize their online platforms. Also, many third-party online marketing companies and their affiliates may take part in the process by providing relevant advertisements.
The company will not sell or share collected user data to outside parties. However, this information may be provided to third party partners. Finally, non-personally identifiable information may be supplied to third parties for marketing and business purposes.
eShield's also has Behavioral Advertising policy. eShield employs behavioral advertising tactics. The term is yet another name for targeted ads. The term is also known as OBA – Online Behavioral Advertising.
Even if the program was installed willingly, it might put the user's privacy at risk. Thus, removing the PUP completely is a good idea.
After following the instructions, the user may want to scan his system. Such programs often increase the system's vulnerability. Refer to our removal manual to check if your PC is intact.
Follow the instructions above and you will successfully uninstall eShield.
After eShield is removed, restart Mozilla Firefox by closing it from the red "X" in the top right corner and start it again.
From the opened "Extensions" menu locate eShield and click on the garbage bin icon on the right of it.
After eShield is removed, restart Google Chrome by closing it from the red "X" in the top right corner and start it again.
Select eShield to remove, and then click 'Disable'. A pop-up window will appear to inform you that you are about to disable the selected toolbar, and some additional toolbars might be disabled as well. Leave all the boxes checked, and click 'Disable'.
After eShield has been removed, restart Internet Explorer by closing it from the red 'X' in the top right corner and start it again.
A pop-up window will appear asking for confirmation to uninstall eShield. Select 'Uninstall' again, and the eShield will be removed.
3. Remove eShield automatically with Spy Hunter Malware - Removal Tool.
3. Remove eShield automatically with Spy Hunter Malware – Removal Tool.
Threats such as eShield may be persistent. They tend to re-appear if not fully deleted. A malware removal tool like Combo Cleaner will help you to remove malicious programs, saving you the time and the struggle of tracking down numerous malicious files.
Threats such as eShield may be persistent on your system. They tend to re-appear if not fully deleted. A malware removal tool like SpyHunter will help you to remove malicious programs, saving you the time and the struggle of tracking down numerous malicious files.
Note! Your computer system may be affected by eShield and other threats.
SpyHunter is a powerful malware removal tool designed to help users with in-depth system security analysis, detection and removal of threats such as eShield.
1. Install SpyHunter to scan for eShield and remove them.
2. Scan with SpyHunter, Detect and Remove eShield.
Ransomware infections and eShield aim to encrypt your files using an encryption algorithm which may be very difficult to decrypt. This is why we have suggested several alternative methods that may help you go around direct decryption and try to restore your files. Bear in mind that these methods may not be 100% effective but may also help you a little or a lot in different situations.
Note! Your computer system may be affected by eShield or other threats.
Remove eShield by cleaning your Browser and Registry.
Fix registry entries created by eShield on your PC.
Combo Cleaner is a powerful malware removal tool designed to help users with in-depth system security analysis, detection and removal of threats such as eShield.
Step 5: In the Applications menu, look for any suspicious app or an app with a name, similar or identical to eShield. If you find it, right-click on the app and select "Move to Trash".
Step 6: Select Accounts, after which click on the Login Items preference. Your Mac will then show you a list of items that start automatically when you log in. Look for any suspicious apps identical or similar to eShield. Check the app you want to stop from running automatically and then select on the Minus ("–") icon to hide it.
Remove eShield – related extensions from your Mac's browsers.
A pop-up window will appear asking for confirmation to uninstall the extension. Select 'Uninstall' again, and the eShield will be removed.
When you are facing problems on your Mac as a result of unwanted scripts and programs such as eShield, the recommended way of eliminating the threat is by using an anti-malware program. Combo Cleaner offers advanced security features along with other modules that will improve your Mac's security and protect it in the future.
Hey !, I found this information for you: "Remove search.eshield.com from the Browser. Uninstall eShield". Here is the website link: https://sensorstechforum.com/remove-search-eshield-com-from-the-browser-uninstall-eshield/. Thank you.


text:
2.4 pm
The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions (Mr. Keith Hill): I join my hon. Friend the Member for Brent, North (Mr. Gardiner) in congratulating the hon. Member for North Wiltshire (Mr. Gray) on introducing the Bill. It is
9 Feb 2001 : Column 1242
wide-ranging and even if, as I shall explain in relation to some particulars, the Government are unable to accept every element of it, the hon. Member for North Wiltshire has given us an opportunity to debate several important topics, not least those relating to transport safety.
As with every private Member's Bill, the Government have thought carefully about the contents of the Bill and our approach to them if and when they came to be debated. That is proper, and normal constitutional practice.
The Government have thought more carefully about the Bill than the hon. Member for North Wiltshire thought about our approach to parish councils. It is absolute nonsense to assert, as he did, that the Government are dismissive of the role of parish councils. On the contrary, our rural White Paper contained commitments to a parish transport fund, amounting to £15 million over three years, and funds of £5 million to support the preparation of parish plans. Both of those are due to come in from the beginning of April; not to mention the community services fund for basic services in communities, which will benefit parish councils. Some £2 million funding will be made available for the training and development of parish councils over the next three years.
Mrs. Curtis-Thomas: Would my hon. Friend give way?
Mr. Hill: I would love to give way to my hon. Friend, but I have a short period in which to respond to a long debate. As she knows, I have sat here for all but 10 minutes of this five-hour debate, making careful notes. I am anxious to respond to the many important points made during the debate.
The Bill is wide-ranging and has given rise to our customary wide-ranging Friday morning debate. My hon. Friend the Member for Tooting (Mr. Cox)--my parliamentary neighbour--spoke powerfully about those who exceed the speed limit and the use of the mobile phone. We all look forward to my hon. Friend's active participation in the Committee. I am well aware that he stated his intention to propose further clauses to the Bill. The opportunity to work closely with my hon. Friend on the Committee is a strong incentive to move to a further stage of scrutiny.
My hon. Friend asked how many prosecutions there had been for offences involving mobile phones. He will be aware that because of the character of the law at present, using a mobile phone while driving is not a specific offence. I regret to say that the information is not available.
The hon. Member for Ryedale (Mr. Greenway) talked passionately about the A64. I have travelled on the A64 from York to Scarborough and I am aware of the problems on the road. My hon. Friend the Member for Scarborough and Whitby (Mr. Quinn) has also been forceful on the subject. I reassure the hon. Gentleman that the Highways Agency is reviewing the possibility of further improvements to the road. In fact, he has acknowledged that there have already been a number of improvements, including bypasses and an element of dualling.
I note that a commitment has been made to deal with the overtaking lane at Golden Hill, but let me assure the hon. Gentleman that I will seek to expedite progress on
the matter. He will be aware that, before Christmas, I was able to announce the Government's intention to construct a bypass at the village of Rillington in the constituency of my hon. Friend the Member for Scarborough and Whitby.
Mr. Greenway: No, in mine.
Mr. Hill: In that case, it is important that I correct the record. I am glad that we have been able to make that important contribution to improving safety on the A64. I say to the hon. Gentleman that I would be delighted to hear about the road safety days at Lady Lumley's school.
My hon. Friend the Member for Liverpool, Garston (Maria Eagle) spoke with singular insight, based on her experience as a personal injuries lawyer, on the Goodes v. East Sussex County Council case. I will say more about that shortly. I am certain that the House was gripped by her alarming description of the impact of snow on the normally balmy climes of Liverpool. I suppose the reference to the wrong kind of salt was inevitable. I am absolutely certain that we are all relieved that the Liberal Democrat council has gone quiet on the issue of zoo poo. [Hon. Members: "Where are the Liberal Democrats?"] I propose to come to that in due course.
Let me say to my hon. Friend the Member for Garston that her point about the concept of reasonableness in the Bill was well made and she has certainly inspired us to think further and more carefully about the matter. I should add that the definition of a highway includes roads and the footpaths adjacent to them. My hon. Friend is evidently an enthusiastic supporter of speed cameras, so she will be pleased to know that following an extremely successful pilot scheme in eight districts in various parts of the country, the new Vehicles (Crime) Bill now going through Parliament will permit all highway authorities to ring-fence the proceeds of fixed penalties for speeding offences precisely for investment in the deployment and maintenance of speed cameras.
The hon. Member for Poole (Mr. Syms) spoke for the official Opposition. Let me say at this point that it has been notable throughout the debate that the provisional Opposition--the Liberal Democrat party--has been totally absent from our proceedings today. That is an appalling reflection on its lack of commitment to the important matter of transport safety to which the House has devoted so much time today.
As usual, the hon. Member for Poole spoke with common sense and some originality on a range of issues in the Bill. He asked about the statistics for deaths on snow or ice. According to the road casualty statistics for 1999, there were 69 deaths and 520 serious injuries as a result of snow or ice that year. We are unsure where the report of 200 deaths, which has been quoted during the debate, comes from or how that figure was calculated.
My hon. Friend the Member for Hendon (Mr. Dismore) is another personal injuries lawyer. He asked a great many questions. Time constraints prevent me from answering them in their totality, but I can absolutely confirm that my hon. Friend was the first hon. Member to raise the implications of the Goodes case with the Government and, in his usual admirably assiduous fashion, he has persisted in pressing for a legislative solution. I can assure him and my hon. Friend the Member for Garston that the Government will consider very carefully their observations in today's debate.
I can also confirm that Transport for London is a highway authority. I am glad to hear that the Government have been helpful with improvements to Apex corner in the constituency of my hon. Friend the Member for Hendon and I note his further urgings with regard to Sterling corner. I am tempted to repeat the words of my right hon. Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and say, "Another day, another demand", but my hon. Friend makes a powerful case in relation to Sterling corner.
On the question of resources for further traffic measures in my hon. Friend's constituency, the London borough of Barnet will have benefited from the 22 per cent. increase in transport investment in London for 2001-02 announced by the Government in our 10-year plan for transport last July. In the following year available investment will be 92 per cent. higher than the current base line and in 2003-04 it will be a massive 220 per cent. higher. It is my understanding that the Mayor of London intends passing on those increases to the London boroughs. That really ought to allow ample scope for the large-scale introduction of traffic management measures throughout London. I also draw to the attention of my hon. Friend the Member for Brent, North (Mr. Gardiner) the opportunities for the introduction of traffic management measures in the streets in his constituency to which he referred.
My hon. Friend the Member for Hendon also asked about radar detectors. Draft statutory instruments have been laid and consultation is due to finish at the end of March. My hon. Friend will be pleased to know that the Government intend to prohibit the installation and use of such devices in motor vehicles.
My hon. Friend the Member for Hendon also asked about child restraints. A national publicity campaign on the subject is under way this week. We have had good press coverage on the subject--on GMTV and in newspapers and the local media. Additionally, road safety officers are conducting local campaigns at schools, supermarkets and other places. The campaign includes the advice to beware of second-hand seats. I hope that that, too, will be of some reassurance to him.
I am sure that we all very much enjoyed the way in which my hon. Friend the Member for Crosby (Mrs. Curtis-Thomas) teased the hon. Member for North Wiltshire by drawing to our attention the apparent contradictions in his approach to regulation. My long-held observation is that, with one or two obvious exceptions, hon. Members on both sides the House, when they get half a chance, demonstrate an insatiable appetite for interfering in people's lives. It is the duty of a Government such as ours, who are opposed to excessive regulation, to restrain those appetites. That of course informs our approach to parts of the Bill. The House very much appreciated her views on speeding and speed limits, which are born of her expertise as an engineer by training. It was also very good to hear of the benefits of lower speed limits in her constituency.
My hon. Friend the Member for Brent, North reminded the House of the continuing toll of road traffic accidents, not least in his constituency. I am sure that his constituents will be grateful to him for raising those issues in Parliament and drawing them to the attention of both national Government and the local authority. I note his support for the Bill's proposals to review speed limits on roads. I hope to speak about that shortly.
In the very brief time that remains to me, I should like to deal with the Bill's detailed contents. Clause 1 imposes a duty on local authorities to remove ice and snow from highways and springs, as my hon. Friend the Member for Hendon said, from a very unfortunate accident, in November 1991--the subject of the Goodes v. East Sussex County Council case--that everyone of course wishes could have been avoided. Mr. Goodes was very seriously injured when his car skidded on black ice on the A267 near Mayfield in Sussex.
The judgment of the House of Lords in the case, last year, was that there was no duty on local highway authorities under the Highways Act 1980 to remove ice from highways. Nevertheless, I confirm that we expect authorities to continue to salt their roads in icy conditions in accordance with their code of good practice on highway maintenance, which has been in place since 1989. All our soundings with local authorities have shown that none of them intends to cut back on salting roads because of the judgment. Additionally, we have instructed the Highways Agency to continue its usual practice of keeping motorways and trunk roads free of ice and snow.
We have also reminded road users to follow the advice in the highway code that they must take great care in icy conditions. As various hon. Members have said, that is especially important because the reality is that no highway authority can always remove all the ice from all of its roads, whatever its legal duty might or might not be. Even with the best of forelaid plans to salt roads according to a hierarchy of their importance, salting programmes can be caught out by icy weather that arrives more quickly and severely than expected.
Although the judgment meant that there was not a duty in the 1980 Act to remove ice from a highway, we are considering whether a duty is required and the best way of bringing that about. I hope that that is some reassurance to the House and particularly to my hon. Friend the Member for Hendon.
Clauses 2 and 3 deal with the review and revision of speed limits. As the hon. Member for North Wiltshire is aware, the Government are committed to improving road safety. In March 2000, the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions published the report of its comprehensive review of speed management policy, which was generally well-received by professionals and road safety campaigners alike. Its main recommendations were included in the Government's road safety strategy which underpins our target to reduce deaths and serious injuries on our roads by 40 per cent. overall and 50 per cent. for children by 2010.
I am very glad to note that the hon. Gentleman's own local authority, Wiltshire county council, has taken account of the strategy when developing its road safety action plan. I hope that it can build upon its achievement in exceeding the previous accident reduction targets.
I am also happy that authorities such as Wiltshire are embracing new initiatives like quiet lanes in their search for schemes that balance the needs of motorised traffic with those who wish to walk, cycle and ride horses, like the hon. Member for North Wiltshire, and I wish them every success.
The review acknowledged that for speed limits to be respected they need to be appropriate to the road and consistently set throughout the country. To achieve that,
the review recommended the development of a hierarchy of roads defined by their function, an assessment framework to aid decisions on appropriate limits and a simplified method of setting them. Although these initiatives have been broadly welcomed, I am conscious of the need to develop the detail carefully. Public consultation will play a major part in the process and will ensure that the measures implemented are practicable and effective. The Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions is currently engaged in the development of these policies.
Let me hasten on. For the rural road hierarchy, the Transport Act 2000 requires the DETR to undertake a review of the issues that need to be resolved and the Secretary of State to publish a report of the review by November. I am glad to say that that is already well under way. Work has also commenced on the assessment framework and on a new method for setting limits. A provisional enabling clause for the latter will be included in the draft Transport Safety Bill, and will be used as the basis on which we will consult.
I recognise that clauses 2 and 3 attempt to provide new speed limit order-making powers. They also aim to ensure consistency, while allowing the Department's work on hierarchies and assessment frameworks to be taken into account. However, the mechanism employed is rather prescriptive. I am concerned about imposing a large burden such as the assessment of every road in the country on local authorities without consultation. As so much work is yet to be completed on these initiatives, I believe that the clauses are premature. Given my concerns, and the fact that primary legislation has already been identified for any necessary enabling provisions, I have to inform the House that the Government cannot support the clauses.
Clause 4 would ban the drivers of motor vehicles from using hand-held phones. The purpose of the clause is to create a new offence of using a hand-held mobile phone while driving. The penalties would be a level 3 fine and discretionary disqualifications or a fixed-penalty notice, with the licence endorsed with three penalty points.
I fully understand the intentions of this measure. However, we see no need for a specific offence to outlaw the use of hand-held phones while driving. Drivers are already required to have proper control of their vehicles at all times. The police are satisfied that they have adequate powers to prosecute drivers who are not in control of their vehicle for whatever reason. Rules 127 and 128 of the highway code give advice to drivers on the dangers of using mobile phones and other types of in-car technology while driving.
The creation of the proposed offence could even be counter-productive, as the current position provides flexibility. At present, the police may prosecute drivers for failing to have proper control of their vehicle. That is an offence under regulation 104 of the Road Vehicles (Construction and Use Regulations) 1986, and carries a maximum fine of £2,500. Alternatively, a prosecution for careless or inconsiderate driving under section 3 of the Road Traffic Act 1988 might be justified. This carries a maximum fine of £2,500, endorsement of three to nine penalty points and discretionary disqualification. A prosecution for dangerous driving under Section 2 of the Road Traffic Act 1988 may sometimes be appropriate.
This offence carries a sentence of up to two years in prison, an unlimited fine, disqualification for at least a year and a requirement to undergo an extended re-test.
All these powers ensure that the police can prosecute according to the degree of danger involved. The penalty on conviction will reflect the circumstances of each case.
Creating an absolute offence, as proposed in the Bill, could give the false impression that it is safe to use a hands-free phone while driving. The Transport Research Laboratory's research review concluded that the distraction caused by the mental effort of phone conversations is present even with hands-free phones. Although the evidence is largely circumstantial, it all points to an association between phone use and increased accident risk.
Using any type of phone while driving can be distracting, and it is not just phone use that distracts a driver's attention from the road. A specific offence in relation to phones raises issues about other in-car activities. Anything from eating--during the debate, we heard plenty about eating bananas--to tuning a radio while driving can be dangerous and lead to an accident. That is why we think that the current law is satisfactory.
In line with the conclusions of the Stewart group, the Government are committed to continuing to publicise the dangers of using mobile phones while driving. We recently re-issued an advisory leaflet to road safety officers, the police and learner drivers through driving instructors and test centres.
In 1998, we started a national publicity campaign to remind drivers of the dangers of using a phone on the move. We launched a further campaign at the beginning of 2000 to reinforce that message. There will be further campaigns. Mobile phone companies also include advice about the road safety hazards of using hand-held mobile phones in their promotional literature to subscribers.
On clauses 5, 6 and 7, I am grateful to the hon. Member for North Wiltshire for putting the case for the changes in the law relating to seat belt wearing that are contained in those clauses. The Government support them all. There is little these days that is revolutionary in the matter of road safety. Progress seems to be made by small advances here and there which, taken together, produce a benefit that is measurable at the end of the year, when the road casualties figures are published. The changes proposed are minor, but they will contribute significantly to the enhancement of safety on our roads.
Briefly, on travel concessions, the Transport Act 2000 requires the half-fare concessions to be made available on journeys within the area of a local transport authority. In England, that is the district councils, unitary authorities and passenger transport executives. The terms of clause 8 go somewhat wider than those powers. In our view, the existing schemes should be allowed time to bed down before further extensions are considered. We therefore cannot agree to the inclusion of clause 8.
Finally, like the proverbial curate's egg, the Bill contains good parts, as well as bad. The Government are
content, if it is the will of the House, to allow it to proceed to Committee, so that we might see whether we can concoct a small omelette of a measure out of its more palatable elements.


text:
Earth Science Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for those interested in the geology, meteorology, oceanography, and environmental sciences. Join them; it only takes a minute:
Is the difference in 'Summer tanning' in the Southern Hemisphere related to the Ozone hole or are there other factors?
Many people have observed that people 'tan faster' in the Southern Hemisphere, compared to equivalent latitudes in Europe. Some Australians even say the sun is 'less bright' on a European beach.
Now is there some natural Earth-Science explanation for this - or do we go back to a climate-change explanation for this?
My question is: Is the difference in 'Summer tanning' in the Southern Hemisphere related to the Ozone hole or are there other factors?
atmosphere ozone
hawkeyehawkeye
Tanning is the skin's response due to the dose of UV radiation that the person is exposed to [Wikipedia].
One major factor for the differences in tanning between the two hemispheres is that the Earth's orbit is not circular - and is at aphelion (furthest distance from the sun) during the Northern Hemisphere summer and is at perihelion (closest distance from the sun) during the Southern Hemisphere summer. See the diagram below:
Source: NASA
Hence, a greater amount of solar radiation reaches the Earth's surface during the southern hemisphere summer.
As for the ozone 'hole', as can be seen in the image below, it only really affects Antarctica and surrounding oceanic waters to any great extent:
Taking Australia as an example (as you mentioned it in your question).
According to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ about ultraviolet radiation:
Does the Antarctic Ozone Hole ever come over Australia?
No. The ozone hole has only ever been observed to be well south of the Australian mainland and Tasmania. In fact, during springtime, when the hole is in existence, ozone levels over southern Australian cities are at their highest.
However, after the ozone hole has broken up parcels of ozone depleted air mixed with mid latitude air move northwards. These parcels can move over the southern part of Australia and cause a reduction in total ozone values.
Australia's SunSmart FAQ about UV radiation sums it up nicely:
Why does Australia have high levels of UV radiation?
Australia experiences some of the highest levels of UV radiation in the world because we are close to the equator and have a lot of clear blue-sky days. The Earth's orbit also takes countries in the southern hemisphere (Australia included) closer to the sun in their summertime than countries in the northern hemisphere during their summer.
Thanks for contributing an answer to Earth Science Stack Exchange!
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged atmosphere ozone or ask your own question.
Are there any quantities defined analogically to the virtual temperature, but for other gases?
Are El Niños stronger when there is a longer gap from the last El Niño?
Is the poleward migration of the maximum intensity of cyclones a result of tropical expansion or are there some other contributing factors?
Is ground level ozone dangerous to human health when other pollutants are not present, for example, at high altitudes?
Are there any studies comparing different climate models on how well they've forecasted the climate in the past?
Why is the colour gradient in the sky at sunset on an angle?
Why is the Ozone Layer 'hole' more pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere?
Why are there different vertical gradients of temperature in different layers of the atmosphere?
Does the Antarctic Ozone Hole affect the rest of the world?
Are there any effects on the atmosphere comparable with ebb and flood of the oceans?


text:
function writeToDom(val) {
    var div = document.createElement("div");
    var pre = document.createElement("pre");
    pre.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val));
    div.appendChild(pre);
    document.body.appendChild(div);
}

var me = {
    name: "Jim",
    city: "Signal Mountain",
    family: ["Stephanie"]
};

gnosis.traverse(
    me,
    function(target, key, val, meta, root) {
        var v = val;
        if (key === "push" && meta.type === "[object Function]" && Object.prototype.toString.call(target) === "[object Array]") {
            target[key] = function() {
                val.apply(target, arguments);
                writeToDom("The value '" + arguments[0] + "' was pushed into the array.");
            };
        } else if (key !== "length") {
            Object.defineProperty(target, key, {
                enumerable: true,
                configurable: true,
                get: function() {
                    var action = meta.type === "[object Function]" ? "invoked" : "read";
                    writeToDom("The '" + key + "' " + meta.type + " was " + action + ".");
                    return v;
                },
                set: function(x) {
                    v = x;
                    writeToDom("The '" + key + "' value was set.");
                }
            });
        }
    },
    "me", {
        nonEnumerable: true,
        walkPrototype: true
    }
);

me.name = "James";
me.city = "Chattanooga";
me.family.push("Ian");

/*
 The following output will be generated:
    The 'family' [object Array] was read.
    The 'name' value was set.
    The 'city' value was set.
    The 'family' [object Array] was read.
    The value 'Ian' was pushed into the array.
*/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


As a professional wood pellet machine manufacturer with 25 years experience in China, we take our responsibility to our customers very seriously. We provide free technical consultation, pellet plant design, technical training, fitting supply, system upgrade, system maintenance, warranty service, commissioning and installation etc for our customers.
Animal feed making machine is one of the biomass mloding equipment.It can make powdered biomass material s into pellets. The starting materials for the production of pellets are pressed roller in the matrix.Due to the pressure and friction in the matrix, the starting materials are heated to a high temperature(nearly 60~80°C).As a result of pressure and temperature increasing, the materials were compressed into pellets,The output pellets will have very high strength after cooling.
Almost all kind of biomass materials are available for pelletizer machine. For example: wood, rice husk, sunflower shell, bagasse, fibrous waste, cotton waste, agricultural straw, farm waste, grass, alfalfa, bamboo, EFB or paper waste.
100-5t/h animal feed machine animal feed pellet machine animal feed making machine for good price is our company's self-developed 100-5t/h animal feed machine animal feed pellet machine animal feed making machine for good price according to European and American equipment, 100-5t/h animal feed machine animal feed pellet machine animal feed making machine for good price has a high degree of automation, stability, simple operation, high yield, short process time and other characteristics, and effectively improve the various defects in the original tradition. Widely used in all kinds of baby rice noodles, sesame paste, walnut paste products, is a new and efficient . produced foods with unique shape, many flavors and colors, and scientific scientific nutrition, has a reasonable structural design, screw is a special material, has a fast self-cleaning function, high machine stability, easy to learn, accurate parameters Control can ensure that the products produced have the same shape, taste and color.


text:
Home Blogs Macau | 2019
Macau | 2019
Andrew Cotton - Editor
While Sophia Floersch's accident in Macau stole the headlines, there was plenty of other racing that topped the bill in the former Portuguese province of China. Most entertaining were the bikes, and few who have ever seen the likes of Michael Rutter at full tilt on a street circuit will quite understand what full commitment looks like, but there was also the local Food4U sponsored touring car race that was both exciting, and frightening looking at the safety cells. And that's before we get to the aero on each of these cars.
The GT race was, unlike last year, surprisingly well behaved. Saturday's race saw the Mercedes finish second and third behind Augusto Farfus's BMW, Mercedes' Maro Engel claiming that the main race was Sunday so there was no point in smashing up his car in the warm up event. Sunday passed similarly without incident, but there was an issue and that was the number of cars on the grid; just 15 started, and they were dominated by Mercedes, Audi, BMW and Porsche.
Nissan was represented by three cars, but they were off the pace, mostly due to a set up issue that left them with chronic understeer, but also they were chasing performance to compete with the experienced runners. Stephane Ratel, the man who liaises between the Macau GP organisers and the FIA, made the point; Lamborghini, Honda and McLaren have all come to take part in the World Cup, and none were here in 2018, potentially costing him six entries. Bentley said that it was the right event, wrong circuit, so were also not there.
After the 2017 crash fest, the cars were almost impossible to insure, and there were no privateers. The FIA has the event for Platinum drivers only anyway, and I can see their point. There were 15 high quality drivers, and cars, and any more than 20 you are looking for trouble on a street course. However, the race does need some local flavour and that can only come by opening it up to Silver drivers and independent entries.
Ratel believes that the new manufacturers need to believe that they stand a chance against those who have collected such data on the track that they are now pretty much invincible. And there is a lot to learn for a new manufacturer. The new Pirelli D2 tyre was used for the first time in Macau, a tyre that was designed for Audi and Lamborghini that ran with high camber settings and low pressure, putting undue stress on the inner sidewall. It fixed the problem, but the unintended consequence was that it also got rid of the inherent understeer in the Mercedes, making it even quicker.
At Macau, a low-grip circuit on which there are no long radius high speed corners, generating heat in the front tyre is a bit of a nightmare. The Nissans ran 10degC outside the operating window, while Audi also struggled to generate the heat in their rubber. BMW, by contrast, was cooking its rears so it was with some trepidation that, with higher temperatures on Sunday, they went racing.
It meant that Augusto Farfus spent the half of the lap in which it is impossible to overtake going as slowly as possible to preserve his tyres, and then floored it for the straights, going on to take victory. While the FIA can look at the qualifying times and say that they got it all right, with some justification as the times were close, Farfus had an inherent advantage on the long straights from the start of the weekend. That meant that Raffaele Marciello, who started on pole position for Saturday's race in his Mercedes (after somehow making up eight tenths of a second on the opposition in three straights and two corners from the Melco Hairpin on his qualifying run), got a good start, was flat out through turn 1, and was in second place by Mandarin corner. The Italian was confused.
Whatever, with 15 cars and fewer crashes the GT race was less eventful than in 2017, but in 2019 it seems unlikely that the cars will be able to be insured either, so we are likely to see a similar grid if the FIA votes to keep its World Cup at the track again. The event has been labelled, and Floersch's accident won't have helped change the perception of the track, even though these very F3 cars have raced there since 2012.
What is the future of the Macau Grand Prix? Many who were there believe that the FIA don't want to host their World Cups there anymore, and to an extent I can understand why; with Daniel Hegarty losing his life last year on the bike, with the GT crash last year, and with Floersch this year, the event seems incompatible with their Road Safety position. I only hope that, if they do leave it, they will just go, and leave the circuit intact. It is a casino on tarmac, and it is an antidote to the remote European GP tracks on which anything other than F1 looks slow and awful.
NEW 2019 F3 car revealed!
While we should take the safety levels to the highest levels, we should also take time and effort to protect the ethos of each individual race track. Rather than dull it with changes that I fear are inevitable, I would prefer that the slower cars, Formula 4 or GT4 be used instead. It goes against the grain, but I think with the eyes of the world on the event after two high profile injuries, change is inevitable.
Editor of Racecar Engineering, Andrew has reported on GT and endurance racing since 1995. Along the way he has worked for the BPR Series, the FIA GT Championship, the World Endurance Championship, Blancpain GT series, British F3, Formula 3000, and the World Touring Car Championship. He also writes for magazines in Germany and Japan.
The Weight of VW in Formula 1


Ally McCoist does not believe Rangers have the quality for a sustained Premiership title challenge under Steven Gerrard.
Rangers sit third with 21 points, five behind first-placed Hearts and four off Celtic, who like their Old Firm rivals have a game in hand on the current leaders.
Gerrard's side are unbeaten in Europe after three Europa League group matches, but disappointingly dropped points in the league when conceding late goals to Aberdeen and Motherwell.
McCoist, a former Rangers player and manager, says Gerrard is still making his mark at Ibrox five months into the role, but does not expect his old side to compete for the title come April.
He said: "The European performances have been very good, some excellent. Domestically, which arguably is more important at this particular time, the home form has been very good.
"But they lost four points in the last couple of minutes at Aberdeen – where they probably should have held on – and Motherwell, who probably deserved something from the game.
"The away form hasn't been as solid as the home form, but there has been a marked improvement in the level of performance, I don't think there's any doubt about that.
"Has there been enough improvement to go and challenge to win the league? No I don't think so but I didn't think there ever would be in the first season.
"Steven is still making his mark on the club and on his own team, and I think that would naturally take time.
"The league is definitely far stronger. We've got that again which is brilliant – Hibs, Hearts and Aberdeen, but you look at St Johnstone, Kilmarnock too.
McCoist is returning to the dugout later this month to manage a Rangers Euro XI against a Kilmarnock Heroes XI for Kris Boyd's testimonial.
A three-stint as Rangers boss from 2011 to 2014 is McCoist's only taste of management to date, but the pundit did not rule out a return to such a role.
"I don't know. I miss it, I really do. I'm very lucky to work in television and radio and I thoroughly enjoy it," he added.
Previous Huddersfield vs Fulham LIVE!


text:
Australia and the monarchy
The work Australia and the monarchy represents a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Randwick City Library. This resource is a combination of several types including: Work, Language Material, Books.
The Resource Australia and the monarchy
Hill, David, 1946-
Monarchy -- Australia -- History
Australia -- Politics and government | History
Monarchy -- Australia -- Public opinion
Australia and the British monarchy have always made for an odd couple: the young, rebellious, egalitarian nation wed to the ancient symbol of colonial power. How have the royals come to be as popular now as they ever were? David Hill tells the story of this relationship from the beginning. Many histories have largely ignored the enduring role of the British monarchy in the political and cultural life of Australia. In this wide-ranging book, David Hill traces the highs and lows by setting his sights on watershed moments in Australian history. It is a relationship rife with contradictions. Queen Victoria became a towering influence in Australia and was more revered the longer she reigned ? even though she never visited the place. The growth of the 1990s republican movement existed alongside the public adoration of Princess Diana. Ever since Australia was claimed as the territory of King George III in 1770, the pulse of the nation can be measured by its level of attachment to an aristocratic bloodline living on the other side of the world. With the recent rise in popularity for William, Kate and Prince George, the monarchy looks set to enter the hearts and minds of a new generation of Australians. As one of our most popular writers of Australian history, David Hill is our reliable and entertaining guide to this most peculiar state of affairs
genealogical tables
Context of Australia and the monarchy
Australia and the monarchy, David Hill

 Data from Australia and the monarchy - Randwick City Library

Data Citation of the Work Australia and the monarchy


text:
import logging
import zmq

def forwarder(pipe, prefix, targets, flag='_forwarded'):
    """Forward zeromq messages from pipe to targets.

    :param pipe: socket to receive messages from
    :param prefix: filter messages with given prefix
    :param targets: list of targets to forward messages to
    :param flag: key to indicate already forwarded messages
    :return: None
    """
    context = zmq.Context()
    forward = context.socket(zmq.PUB)
    for target in targets:
        forward.connect("tcp://%s:%d" % (target.ip, target.port))

    while True:
        try:
            message_prefix, message = pipe.recv_multipart()

            if message_prefix == prefix:
                dictionary = zmq.sugar.socket.pickle.loads(message)
                if flag not in dictionary:
                    dictionary[flag] = True
                    forward.send_pyobj(dictionary)
                logging.debug(dictionary)

        except zmq.ZMQError as e:
            if e.errno == zmq.ETERM:
                break

    del forward
    context.term()


All of the below information comes directly from job reviews written by Norfolk County Council employees based on 2 reviews.
The role is very multi faceted and requires an ability to deal with all types of people.
Showing keenness and be willing will to go a long way in your application.
Carefully research the council, read their current news, research people interviewing you on LinkedIn, dress smartly and arrive on time.


text:
William Lawrence Bragg
Sir William Lawrence Bragg CH OBE MC
Military Cross
The Military Cross is the third-level military decoration awarded to officers and other ranks of the British Armed Forces; and formerly also to officers of other Commonwealth countries....
FRS (31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971) was an Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
n-born British
The British are citizens of the United Kingdom, of the Isle of Man, any of the Channel Islands, or of any of the British overseas territories, and their descendants...
A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole...
and X-ray crystallographer, discoverer (1912) of the Bragg law of X-ray diffraction
Bragg's law
In physics, Bragg's law gives the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice. When X-rays are incident on an atom, they make the electronic cloud move as does any electromagnetic wave...
, which is basic for the determination of crystal structure. He was joint winner (with his father, Sir William Bragg) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915. He was knighted
Knight Bachelor
The rank of Knight Bachelor is a part of the British honours system. It is the most basic rank of a man who has been knighted by the monarch but not as a member of one of the organised Orders of Chivalry...
in 1941. To date, Lawrence Bragg is the youngest Nobel Laureate. He was the director of the Cavendish Laboratory
Cavendish Laboratory
The Cavendish Laboratory is the Department of Physics at the University of Cambridge, and is part of the university's School of Physical Sciences. It was opened in 1874 as a teaching laboratory....
, Cambridge, when the epochal discovery of the structure of DNA was made by James D. Watson
James D. Watson
James Dewey Watson is an American molecular biologist, geneticist, and zoologist, best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA in 1953 with Francis Crick...
and Francis Crick
Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist, and most noted for being one of two co-discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953, together with James D. Watson...
in February 1953.
Bragg was born in North Adelaide
North Adelaide
North Adelaide is a predominantly residential precinct of the City of Adelaide in South Australia, situated north of the River Torrens and within the Adelaide Park Lands.-History:...
, South Australia
South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country. It covers some of the most arid parts of the continent; with a total land area of , it is the fourth largest of Australia's six states and two territories.South Australia shares borders with all of the mainland...
. He was an impressionable boy and showed an early interest in science and mathematics. His father, William Henry Bragg
Sir William Henry Bragg OM, KBE, PRS was a British physicist, chemist, mathematician and active sportsman who uniquely shared a Nobel Prize with his son William Lawrence Bragg - the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics...
, was Elder
Thomas Elder
Sir Thomas Elder GCMG was a Scottish-Australian pastoralist, highly successful businessman, philanthropist, politician, race-horse owner and breeder and public figure...
Professor of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Adelaide
The University of Adelaide is a public university located in Adelaide, South Australia. Established in 1874, it is the third oldest university in Australia...
. Shortly after starting school aged 5, William Lawrence Bragg fell from his tricycle and broke his arm. His father, who had read about Röntgen's experiments in Europe and was performing his own experiments, used the newly discovered X-rays and his experimental equipment to examine the broken arm. This is the first recorded surgical use of X-rays in Australia.
Bragg was a very able student. After beginning his studies at St Peter's College, Adelaide
St Peter's College, Adelaide
St Peter's College, , is an independent boy's school in the South Australian capital of Adelaide...
in 1904 he went to the University of Adelaide at age 14 to study mathematics, chemistry and physics, graduating in 1908. In the same year his father accepted the Cavendish chair of physics at the University of Leeds
The University of Leeds is a British Redbrick university located in the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England...
, and brought the family back to England. Bragg entered Trinity College, Cambridge
Trinity College, Cambridge
Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. Trinity has more members than any other college in Cambridge or Oxford, with around 700 undergraduates, 430 graduates, and over 170 Fellows...
in the autumn of 1909 and received a major scholarship in mathematics, despite taking the exam while in bed with pneumonia. After initially excelling in mathematics, he transferred to the physics course in the later years of his studies, and graduated with first class honours in 1911. In 1914 Bragg was elected to a Fellowship at Trinity College — a Fellowship at a Cambridge college involves the submission and defence of a thesis.
Work on X-ray crystallography
Bragg is most famous for his law on the diffraction of X-ray
X-radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz and energies in the range 120 eV to 120 keV. They are shorter in wavelength than UV rays and longer than gamma...
s by crystals. Bragg's law
makes it possible to calculate the positions of the atoms within a crystal from the way in which an X-ray beam is diffracted by the crystal lattice. He made this discovery in 1912, during his first year as a research student in Cambridge. He discussed his ideas with his father, who developed the X-ray spectrometer in Leeds. This tool allowed many different types of crystals to be analyzed.
Work on sound ranging
Bragg's research work was interrupted by both World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
and World War II
. During both wars he worked on sound ranging methods for locating enemy guns. In this work he was aided by William Sansome Tucker
William Sansome Tucker
Major William Sansome Tucker, DSc, OBE was a British pioneer in acoustical research. He was born in Kidderminster, the son of William Tucker, an artist painter, and his wife Anna....
, Harold Roper Robinson
Harold Roper Robinson
Harold Roper Robinson FRS was a physicist and, in later life, an outstanding figure in university administration.Robinson was born in Ulverston, Lancashire on 26 November 1889, the eldest of four brothers and one sister. In 1908 he went to Manchester University on a scholarship...
and Henry Harold Hemming. For his work during WWI he was awarded the Military Cross
and appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire. He was also Mentioned in Despatches on 16 June 1916, 4 January 1917 and 7 July 1919.
On 2 September 1915 his brother was killed during the Gallipoli Campaign. Shortly afterwards, William Lawrence Bragg received the news that he had been awarded the Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...
in Physics, aged 25, making him the youngest ever winner of a Nobel Prize.
Between the wars, from 1919 to 1937, he worked at the Victoria University of Manchester
Victoria University of Manchester
The Victoria University of Manchester was a university in Manchester, England. On 1 October 2004 it merged with the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology to form a new entity, "The University of Manchester".-1851 - 1951:The University was founded in 1851 as Owens College,...
as Langworthy Professor of Physics. After World War II, he returned to Cambridge, splitting the Cavendish Laboratory
into research groups. He believed that "the ideal research unit is one of six to twelve scientists and a few assistants".
Work on proteins
In 1948 he became interested in the structure of proteins and was partly responsible for creating a group that used physics to solve biological problems. He played a part in the 1953 discovery of the structure of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...
, in that he provided support to Francis Crick
and James D. Watson
who worked under his aegis at the Cavendish.
Bragg's original announcement of the discovery of the structure of DNA was made at a Solvay conference on proteins in Belgium on 8 April 1953, but went unreported by the press. He then gave a talk at Guys Hospital Medical School in London on Thursday 14 May 1953, which resulted in an article by Ritchie Calder in The News Chronicle of London on Friday 15 May 1953, entitled "Why You Are You. Nearer Secret of Life."
Bragg was gratified to see that the X-ray method that he developed forty years before was at the heart of this profound insight to the nature of life itself. At the same time at the Cavendish, Max Perutz
Max Perutz
Max Ferdinand Perutz, OM, CH, CBE, FRS was an Austrian-born British molecular biologist, who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with John Kendrew, for their studies of the structures of hemoglobin and globular proteins...
was also doing his Nobel Prize
winning work on the structure of hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates, with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae, as well as the tissues of some invertebrates...
. Bragg subsequently successfully lobbied for, and nominated, Crick, Watson and Maurice Wilkins
Maurice Wilkins
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins CBE FRS was a New Zealand-born English physicist and molecular biologist, and Nobel Laureate whose research contributed to the scientific understanding of phosphorescence, isotope separation, optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction, and to the development of radar...
for the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; Wilkins' share recognized the contribution made by researchers (using X-ray crystallography) at King's College London
King's College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom and a constituent college of the federal University of London. King's has a claim to being the third oldest university in England, having been founded by King George IV and the Duke of Wellington in 1829, and...
to the determination of the structure of DNA. Among those researchers was Rosalind Franklin
Rosalind Elsie Franklin was a British biophysicist and X-ray crystallographer who made critical contributions to the understanding of the fine molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal and graphite...
, whose "photograph 51
Photo 51 is the nickname given to an X-ray diffraction image of DNA taken by Rosalind Franklin in 1952 that was critical evidence in identifying the structure of DNA. The photo was taken by Franklin while working at King's College London in Sir John Randall's group.James D...
" showed that DNA was a double helix
A helix is a type of smooth space curve, i.e. a curve in three-dimensional space. It has the property that the tangent line at any point makes a constant angle with a fixed line called the axis. Examples of helixes are coil springs and the handrails of spiral staircases. A "filled-in" helix – for...
, not a triple helix as Linus Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, and educator. He was one of the most influential chemists in history and ranks among the most important scientists of the 20th century...
had proposed. Franklin died before the prize (which only goes to living people) was awarded.
The helix was found for the first time in lysozyme by D C Phillips et al.(1965) under the directorship of Lawrence Bragg at the Royal Institution,London. The crystals of hen egg white lysozyme chloride are tetragonal a = b = 9.1, c = 37.9 angstroms and space group P 2. A turn of helix, as opposed to Pauling's alpha helix, was discovered in an enzyme, lysozyme. Apparently, many workers failed to mention the discovery of the helix, and failed to acknowledge the part it plays in the lysozyme structure. Pauling never acknowledged that at least part of the 1950 paper by Bragg W L, Kendrew J C & Perutz M F made sense.
Unlike myoglobin, in which nearly 80 per cent of the amino-acid residues are in the alpha-helix conformation, in the lysozyme protein the alpha-helix content is only about 40 per cent of the amino-acid residues in four main stretches. The helix is an earlier proposal for the structure of polypeptides made by Bragg W L, Kendrew J C & Perutz M F in 1950. It is based on the crystallographic idea of an integral number of residues per turn of the helix. In this conformation, every third peptide is hydrogen-bonded back to the first peptide, thus forming a ring containing ten atoms.
He married Alice Hopkinson in 1921. They had four children, Stephen Lawrence, David William, Margaret Alice (who married Mark Heath) and Patience Mary. He died at a hospital near his home at Waldringfield
Waldringfield
Waldringfield is a village and civil parish in the Suffolk Coastal district, in the county of Suffolk, England. It is situated on the bank of the River Deben within the Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, four miles south of the town of Woodbridge and eight miles east of...
, Ipswich
Ipswich is a large town and a non-metropolitan district. It is the county town of Suffolk, England. Ipswich is located on the estuary of the River Orwell...
, Suffolk
Suffolk is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in East Anglia, England. It has borders with Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south. The North Sea lies to the east...
. Bragg's hobbies included painting, literature and a life-long interest in gardening. When he moved to London, he missed having a garden and so worked as a part-time gardener, unrecognised by his employer, until a guest at the house expressed surprise at seeing him there.
He was elected an FRS in 1921—"a qualification that makes other ones irrelevant". He was knighted
by King George VI in the 1941 New Year Honours
New Year Honours
The New Year Honours is a part of the British honours system, being a civic occasion on the New Year annually in which new members of most Commonwealth Realms honours are named. The awards are presented by the reigning monarch or head of state, currently Queen Elizabeth II...
, and received both the Copley Medal
Copley Medal
The Copley Medal is an award given by the Royal Society of London for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science, and alternates between the physical sciences and the biological sciences"...
and the Royal Medal
Royal Medal
The Royal Medal, also known as The Queen's Medal, is a silver-gilt medal awarded each year by the Royal Society, two for "the most important contributions to the advancement of natural knowledge" and one for "distinguished contributions in the applied sciences" made within the Commonwealth of...
of the Royal Society
The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, known simply as the Royal Society, is a learned society for science, and is possibly the oldest such society in existence. Founded in November 1660, it was granted a Royal Charter by King Charles II as the "Royal Society of London"...
. Although Hunter, in his book on Bragg Light is a Messenger, argued that he was more a crystallographer than a physicist, Bragg's lifelong activity showed otherwise—he was more of a physicist than anything else. Thus, from 1939 to 1943, he served as President of the Institute of Physics
The Institute of Physics is a scientific charity devoted to increasing the practice, understanding and application of physics. It has a worldwide membership of around 40,000....
, London. In the 1967 New Year Honours he was appointed Companion of Honour by Queen Elizabeth II.
Since 1992, the Australian Institute of Physics has awarded the Bragg Gold Medal for Excellence in Physics to commemorate Sir Lawrence Bragg (in front on the medal) and his father, Sir William Bragg, for the best PhD
PHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
thesis by a student at an Australian university.
Matteucci Medal
The Matteucci Medal was established to award physicists for their fundamental contributions. Under an Italian Royal Decree dated July 10, 1870, the Italian Society of Sciences was authorized to receive a donation from Carlo Matteucci for the establishment of the Prize.Matteucci Medalists* 1868...
Hughes Medal
The Hughes Medal is awarded by the Royal Society of London "in recognition of an original discovery in the physical sciences, particularly electricity and magnetism or their applications". Named after David E. Hughes, the medal is awarded with a gift of £1000. The medal was first awarded in 1902 to...
Guthrie Lecture
Guthrie Medal and Prize
The Faraday Medal and Prize is a prize awarded annually by the Institute of Physics. The prize is awarded for "outstanding contributions to experimental physics, to a physicist of international reputation in any sector."...
"The gift of expression is important to them as scientists; the best research is wasted when it is extremely difficult to discover what it is all about … It is even more important when scientists are called upon to play their part in the world of affairs, as is happening to an increasing extent."
"The important thing in science is not so much to obtain new facts as to discover new ways of thinking about them."
'Death' of DNA Helix (crystalline) joke funeral card.
Tactical Artillery Terms from World War I
Biography: Hunter, Graeme. Light Is A Messenger, the Life and Science of William Lawrence Bragg, ISBN 0-19-852921-X; Oxford University Press, 2004.
John Finch; A Nobel Fellow On Every Floor, Medical Research Council 2008, 381 pp, ISBN 978-1840469-40-0; (This book is about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.)
Ridley, Matt; Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code (Eminent Lives), first published in July 2006 in the United States, and then in the UK in September 2006, by HarperCollins Publishers; 192 pp, ISBN 0-06-082333-X (This short book is in the publisher's "Eminent Lives" series).
John Jenkin: "William and Lawrence Bragg, Father and Son: The Most Extraordinary Collaboration in Science", Oxford University Press, 2008.
http://www.packer34.freeserve.co.uk/selectedTATAwebsites.htm First press stories on DNA
Nobelprize.org - The Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915
Nobel Biography
A collection of digitized materials related to Bragg's and Linus Pauling
's structural chemistry research.
Key Participants: Sir William Lawrence Bragg - Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA: A Documentary History
NOVA Episode on Photograph 51
Oral History interview transcript with William Lawrence Bragg 20 June 1969, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
Bragg, Lawrence (Sir) (1890-1971) National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for William Lawrence Bragg


Once again, welcome to the Roseville Issues Forum.
Some of you might have signed up for the Roseville Issues Forum, without fully understanding of what it is. While I do like that kind of adventurous spirit, I'll do my best over the next 2-3 days to prepare you for what a Local Issues Forum is and how it works. If at any point, you have second thoughts about participation, you are welcome to "unsubscribe" yourself from this group or contact me for assistance.
We plan to launch the Roseville Issues Forum later this week, until then I'll just continue to provide 2-3 messages per day with information and updates.
"To provide a vibrant online space where residents, elected officials, and community leaders - with diverse ideas and backgrounds - can discuss the important issues facing our community in a civil and respectful manner."
As we sometimes say, a Local Issues Forum is similar to an electronic town hall meeting where anyone can have their say, post a question, or share information - 24 hours per day.
PLEASE NOTE: That once the Roseville Issues Forum gets going, you may receive anywhere from 3-15 messages a day (all of which are identified with [RIF] in the subject line. To reduce the amount of incoming email, you may choose to get a single daily "digest" of topics or turn off the email delivery and simply browse messages via the web.


Developer Jesse Sammis (center) wants to use open land he owns near Exit 4 for a large mixed-use project.
The District Three Environmental Commission has been conducting a partial review of the 172-acre mixed-use development under Act 250, focusing on the impact on farming and prime agricultural land and whether the proposal meets local and regional plans.
After holding two hearings, the commission issued a recess order telling developer Jesse Sammis to submit a revised plan that is more compact and preserves more open fields.
Peter Van Oot, an attorney for Sammis, calls the order "fair and appropriate."
Van Oot says a more compact design will involve balancing local zoning requirements and criteria which the commission isn't currently considering – like protecting views, which rules out making buildings taller.
He says its unclear whether the development will have to be smaller than the original 1.15 million square-foot plan.
"That's always a consideration. If you cluster and consolidate more and you don't go up, you might lose square footage. Those are the type of issues we're trying to balance," says Van Oot.
The commission also wants more information on other Randolph properties owned by Sammis that might be appropriate for some of the housing, office and light industrial development proposed for Exit 4.
David Hurwitz with Exit 4 Open Space, a local group that opposes the project, says the group's concerns extend beyond protecting farmland and include how the project could affect Randolph's downtown.
"There has been no request to actually reduce the size of the development, so we're still concerned," says Hurwitz.
Brian Shupe, executive director of the Vermont Natural Resources Council said in an email that the recess order, "makes perfectly clear" that the project did not meet the Act 250 criterion concerning preservation of prime agricultural land.
"We are disappointed that the Commission did not deny the project outright and will be making that case to them," said Shupe.
The district environmental commission has given the developer until Aug. 17 to submit a new plan and documents concerning other properties owned by Sammis.
A third hearing on the proposal is scheduled for Sept. 25.
A developer's plans for land near the Randolph Exit on Interstate 89 could have statewide implications according to environmental groups. The property proposed for the development includes high quality agricultural land.
Last January, Gov. Peter Shumlin praised a proposal from a prominent developer to construct the state's first privately funded, public rest area.
But the project off Interstate 89 in Randolph would impact some of the region's prime farm land. And opposition from both state regulators and environmentalists is threatening to derail his massive development plan.


Iron oxide, a reddish-brown compound, is normally referred to as rust. It forms when iron and oxygen react in water or in moisture in the air. The reaction of iron and chloride underwater is also referred to as rust. Certain factors speed up the rusting process, such as salt in the water.
Rusting is a common form of corrosion, which occurs when metal atoms react with their environment. Salt water does not make a metal rust, but it accelerates the rusting process because electrons move more easily in salt water than they do in pure water.
Not all metals rust. For example, aluminum doesn't rust because it has a protective layer of aluminum oxide on its surface. This stops the metal coming into direct contact with water (or moisture in the air) and oxygen. On the other hand, iron rusts because it forms hydrated iron oxide when it comes into contact with water (or moisture in the air) and oxygen.
Rusting cannot occur without both water and oxygen. Water helps iron react with oxygen by breaking up the oxygen molecule. During the initial stages of rusting, iron loses electrons and oxygen gains electrons. Ferrous and ferric ions then react with water to form ferrous hydroxide, ferric hydroxide and hydrogen. The hydroxides lose their water to make even more iron compounds. The sum of all these chemical reactions makes the rust flake, so it falls off the iron and exposes new iron, which can then also begin to rust.
Current flows more easily in salt water than it does in fresh water. This is because salt water, an electrolyte solution, contains more dissolved ions than fresh water, meaning electrons can move more easily. Since rusting is all about the movement of electrons, iron rusts more quickly in salt water than it does in fresh water. Certain metal objects that spend a lot of time submerged in salt water, such as boat engines, rust quickly. However, objects do not have to be completely submerged in salt water for this to happen because increased moisture in the air and salt spray can provide the electrolyte's cation (positive ions) and anions (negative ions).
Coating iron with a protective layer of zinc stops it from rusting because zinc stops the reaction between iron and oxygen and water. This is known as galvanization. Specially manufactured paint can also stop salt water or salty air from making metal rusty.
UCSB ScienceLine: Does Saltwater Affect the Production of Rust?
Gillespie, Claire. "How Does Salt Water Rust Metals?" Sciencing, https://sciencing.com/salt-water-rust-metals-5150093.html. 05 April 2018.


text:
Home > Movie Stars > P > Bijou Phillips
The multi-talented Bijou Phillips has led an unusual life. She spent her childhood in New York, California and South Africa. She excelled in Equestrienne sport. When she was 13, she became a model to escape boarding school and became one of the youngest people to grace the cover of Interview Magazine and Italian Vogue. Bijou also appeared in several ads for Calvin Klein. At 17, she acquired a record deal and began work on her album I'd Rather Eat Glass produced by Talking Heads' Jerry Harrison.
She was later cast in BLACK AND WHITE by director James Toback and garnered nothing but glowing praise from critics for her performance. Larry Clark cast her in BULLY which led The Hollywood Reporter to name her one of 2002's Shooting Stars of tomorrow. Bijou continues to make great films with her role opposite Jeff Bridges and Kim Basinger in THE DOOR ON THE FLOOR, a film adaptation of John Irving's novel A Widow For One Year. She most recently completed a leading role opposite Anne Hathaway in Oscar-winning writer Stephan Gaghan's HAVOC, directed by Oscar-winning documentarian, Barbara Kopple. VENOM, produced by SCREAM's Kevin Williamson, and the David Fincher film ZODIAC with Robert Downey Jr., Jake Gyllenhaal and Gary Oldman. This is only the beginning for her, with several projects on the horizon, including her portrayal of 'Lorna Doom' opposite Shane West in a feature film about late 70's seminal-punk band The Germs.
She just wrapped three other movies including WIZARD OF GORE, directed by Jeremy Kasten and starring Kip Pardue and Crispin Glover; DARK STREETS and YOU ARE HERE, directed by Henry Pincus. Recently, she performed as Yitzak in a revival of Hedwig and the Angry Inch at the Roxy Theater in Hollywood.
Bijou Phillips Facts
Birth Name Bijou Lilly Phillips
Occupation Actress, Model, Musician
Birthday April 1, 1980 (39)
Sign Aries
Birthplace Greenwich, Connecticut, USA
Height 5' 4" (1m63) How tall is Bijou Phillips compared to you?
Bully Unrated
Kiss-Kiss, Bye-Bye
The Door in the Floor
Continue » Find more details on the Bijou Phillips Movies page
Bio courtesy Lionsgate Films for "Hostel Part II" (02-Jun-2007)


Head and neck cancers include all tumours that develop in the upper aerodigestive tract and ENT (ear, nose and throat) system: tongue, cheek, palate, nose, sinuses, salivary glands, larynx, pharynx, etc.
The first consultation will involve a detailed clinical examination known as a fibre optic endoscopy. In this examination, the doctor uses a fine, flexible tube fitted with a minicamera to view the inside the nose, mouth and throat.
A biopsy is taken from the area concerned or from a lymph gland situated close to the tumour. These samples are then analysed in the laboratory by a pathologist to see whether there are any cancer cells present.
To assess the tumour and see whether it has spread in the body, the patient will undergo medical imaging examinations: cervicofacial CT scan, MRI, PET scan, bronchoscopy, oesogastroscopy, etc.
Radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy are the 3 conventional approaches to treating ENT cancers. Depending on the stage of the disease, these treatments may be offered alone, in succession or simultaneously.
The Institut Bordet was one of the first centres to develop Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT). This involves delivering different doses of radiation to ensure optimal sparing of the healthy surrounding tissue.
In terms of surgery, procedures are less major and less extensive than they were in the past. Sophisticated maxillo-facial reconstruction techniques have also been developed. They are an integral part of patient care.
Low level laser therapy may be indicated in cases of mucositis (mucosal inflammation of the mouth).
The Institut Bordet Cervicofacial Tumour Multidisciplinary Cancer Care Team (CMO) meets every week to discuss the situation of each patient, whether newly diagnosed or already under their care. This team includes a medical oncologist, radiotherapist, maxillo-facial surgeon, pathologist, dietitian, speech therapist, geriatric oncologist, stomatologist, cancer psychologist and a cancer care nurse coordinator (ICSO).
Their aim is to offer effective treatments while seeking to preserve the best quality of life and autonomy for patients.
Their role does not stop at care and treatment follow-up; they also meet families, and try to be as available as possible and by patients' sides while being attentive to everything confided in them. The role of education, information and support is an integral part of their profession.
They must have relational, technical and scientific skills in line with the gravity and the complexity of the cancerous pathology. The nurses are particularly attentive to the treatment of pain and other symptoms resulting from cancer treatment.
With the medical teams, many other healthcare professionals support the patients. They are dedicated to help patients in managing their illness and treatments, and to promote their wellbeing..
In recent years, there have been notable advances in the care and management of ENT cancers. For example, radiotherapy simultaneously combined with chemotherapy has increased survival rates. And in terms of targeted therapy, cetuximab, for example, has shown a level of effectiveness in cases of metastases. And immunotherapy is rapidly evolving with promising results..