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"ONE TOWNSHIP'S YESTERDAYS"
By Edwin Corwin
VII: THE MYSTERY OF THE MOUNDS
"And the mound-builders vanished from the earth.
The solitude of centuries untold
Has settled where they dwelt....
.... The gopher mines the ground
Where stood their swarming cities. All is gone;
All-save the piles of earth that
hold their bones."
...William Cullen Bryant
BEGINNING AT ANOTHER BEGINNING, this time concerning the earliest man in what is now Union Township, we run into a real problem. Who was the first man to reside in the, township? What kind of being was he? Was our earliest human inhabitant a so-called Mound-Builder? It is true that mounds have been found in the township. But were they the work of those little-known aborigines, or merely of later comers, the Indians? We cannot answer. So far, the mystery of the mounds of Union Township remains unsolved ... and doubtless will remain forever without a satisfactory explanation.
Those mysterious people of the past, the e Mound-Builders, are said on good authority to have been inhabitants of certain sections of Indiana, and it is reasonable on our part to claim at least a small portion o;' their population for Union Township. We shall do that. Assuming that they 'were here ... how long ago, we cannot conjecture ... we must give them at least passing mention in our history.
Let us first turn the clock back again ... a, long, long way. We find ourselves ... in another flight of imagination ... at the beginning of the great lee Age. "Vast ice-floes march down upon northern America." The clock ticks, seconds for years, or more likely for centuries, or for ages. We have 'little idea what extent of time our fanciful seconds should represent. But time flies, for now "appears man, hunter and savage, fighting for his life on the edge of the retreating ice." The history of mankind begins.
Although it was about six thousand years ago that the written record of history began ... and enough has been written since then to make some mighty big mounds.. we have been unable, to date, to find a single word mentioning the Mound-Builders of Union Township, This may have been an oversight. At all events, their place in the history of mankind is hidden behind a very dark cloud of doubt. But we do know that the Mound-Builders were a terribly ancient race and a very industrious race to have built "the mighty mounds that overlook the rivers, or that rise in the dim forest crowded with old oaks." Since that race lived and died, there have been many and sundry "footsteps on the prairies." And says Bryant, "I think of those on whose rest he tramples," the rest of the dead of other days.
Little we know, and we may wonder greatly. Let them, the dead, answer our questions. Let them tell us the secret of the mounds. A race, that long since has passed away, built them;-a disciplined and populous race heaped, with long toil, the earth while yet the Greek was rearing the Parthenon. So says the poet. Finally, the red man came, the roaming hunter tribes, warlike and fierce, arid the Mound-Builders vanished from the earth.
Homes on High Laud.
The Mound-Builders were said to have built their homes on high points of land. They left mounds of sundry shapes and sizes, representing serpents, elephants (it seems that they must have known the mammoth or mastodon after all), various other animals, and what-not. Their history is. Sealed; we have learned little about them. It is said by some writers that traces of them, were left in Union Township. These traces have been carefully investigated, and we shall let our readers know just about all we know about them, which is scarcely anything to crow about.
On the "Burr Oak Flats," mounds were discovered many years ago on what was then the J. S. Garver farm, located south of Burr Oak community. The portion of the farm on which the mounds were standing is that which includes the original Garver homestead. It is now, in 1934, the William Lake farm. Daniel McDonald reported, in 1881, "There are three what are called Indian Mounds near Maxinkuckee Lake on the farm of John Garver, on the `Burr Oak Flats'." He said they were not over two hundred or three hundred feet apart and were situated in a triangular position from each other. They were probably thirty feet in diameter, and when first discovered were about six feet in height above, the surface of the ground. Since the settlement of this part of the country, they have been cut down and plowed over until, even in 1881, they were not more than half as high as originally.
Excavations were made in one of these mounds in the 70's or thereabouts, and some human bones were discovered, from which it was conjectured that a battle at some time had been fought there, and the mounds had been made in burying the dead. This, however, was more or less guess-work.
Mounds on Garver Land.
J. S. Garver, in the 70`s, had property on both sides of the road connecting Burr Oak with Lake Maxinkuckee. The homestead, still standing, is south of the Hibbard cross-road and on the east side of the Burr Oak road. Mr. Garver had rather extensive lands. He had one parcel east of the Franklin Overmyer property and north of the Hibbard cross-road. The mounds are situated south and east of the old Garver farmhouse, a couple of hundred feet or more from the Burr Oak road. They are in the southeast corner of the present Lake farm, which takes in only a portion of the much more widespread Garver lands as originally owned.
In describing the mounds, Minnie H. Swindell says that at one time their tops rose to a height of about six 'feet and they were about seventy-five feet across. Upon them grew trees and shrubbery. John McFarlin and Henry Grube of Plymouth remembered when the mounds were very high; but since the settlement of this region, they have been plowed under until very little trace of them remains. They were supposed to have been burial places. Grisly skulls covered with mould, and other human bones were found when the mounds were excavated. Near the bones were tools and implements of stone, iron, pottery and copper. These showed that the tribe they represented was somewhat advanced in civilized methods. According to this historian, they built their homes on high ground as a protection from roving Indians, and where spring floods could not reach them. Also, during such floods, animals took refuge on high ground; thus the inhabitants had an abundance of food. They were clever people; instead of permitting the elements to do them harm, they turned such would-be menaces to account.
Wilbur Brown and other old residents remember when the mounds on the Garver farm used to be conspicuous, while today they are barely distinguishable, having been greatly leveled in the cultivation of the fields. Anyone not already familiar with their location, would have considerable difficulty in finding the old mounds today, since they are now so unassuming. The erosion brought about by wind and rain, added to the leveling-off due to cultivation of the soil, has about obliterated the original contour of the mounds. They now appear like natural waves or swells on the surface of the land, and much like the rolling ridges so common to the countryside in this region. On close observation, however, the mounds can be discerned in their triangular formation, the larger mound of the three being the, easternmost.
Find Relics.
A visit to the former Garver farm by the writer was without what may be called success, insofar as supplying further evidence to help solve the enigma: who built the mounds? Some proofs of Indian or other early occupation of the territory were found in the form of chips such as are cast aside by the ancient arrow-makers. These chips were invariably of white or greyish flint. On the mounds and near by were some pieces of granitic stone, broken off apparently from primitive implements, such as grinding stones and tomahawks. Some of these fragments were of serpentine, the technical name, for a greenish grey granite, a hard solid rock that was a favorite with the Indians for the making of certain utensils and weapons. Other debris indicated that an antique race once frequented the spot. Fossils and geological specimens were also found in the glacial drift near the mounds. Today there are no trees or shrubbery directly on the mounds, but between one of them and the dry bed of a former pond to the east is a clump of quick-growing trees.
In his later history, published in 1908, Daniel McDonald speaks of the Mound-Builders leaving traces since the days of the mastodon. These strange people are supposed to antedate the American Indian, he said. Mr. McDonald examined two mounds situated close together, on the "Burr Oak Flats." "Digging a considerable distance into them," he wrote, "nothing unusual was found." In a comparatively level country, the height of the mounds indicated to him that they had been built for some purpose by human hands, but as they were composed of solid earth with nothing in them to show why they were built, it was difficult to figure out what they were for. A mile or so farther west from these mounds, he found quite a large mound which seemed to have been investigated, for there had been, considerable digging in and around it. He knew of no discovery in this mound of anything that would indicate its purpose o.° use. Mr. McDonald could not say whether these were the work of Mound-Builders. "They were here, however, long before the Indians came to this part of the country," he wrote, "as trees and shrubbery grew on some of them and were of considerable size when they came. These mounds were supposed to have been intended as burial places for the dead, as, in excavating in some of them, human bones were found as well as tools and implements of stone, pottery, :iron and copper."
Another Large Mound.
In the early days quite a large sized mound existed on the west side of Lake Maxinkuckee, on or very near Long Point. It was dug into more than half a century ago, and from time to time since then many curious investigators repeated the process. Some human bones were found, also charcoal, ,stone arrow-points and other trinkets and relics. The discovery of these vestiges seemed to indicate that this was a burial place of Mound-Builders or of Indians of a later period, most probably the latter. Practically the same conclusion may be advanced regarding several small mounds at "Pashpo," as originally known, located west of the Michigan Road and three miles south of Plymouth. Investigation of the Pashpo mounds was also made at an early date.
Who was the first settler in this region? "The Indians were the very first people to live in Union Township," wrote Ulee McClane of Mt. Pleasant School, some years ago. "Mounds have been found that we suppose were Indian mounds. Some of them have been opened, and all kinds of Indian relics found." And how old is the township's first man? This is just about as unanswerable as a sort of riddle that years ago, but "within the memory of modern man," became a popular expression of the times; "How old is Ann?" No answer is recalled. Likewise, no attempt can be made to explain the antiquity of man in this region, or anywhere. He is very, very old; that is all we can say. What matters a thousand years or so, one way or the other? Like Jane 'Taylor, we should be contented, and
"The first thousand years as a specimen take
The dates are omitted for brevity's sake."
In an interview, some years ago, with, Dr. Junius Henderson, a distinguished authority on ancient things-fossils, bones of prehistoric man and beast, and the like--the writer ventured to ask his opinion as to the age of some bones dug up in the far West, the remains, it seems, of the so-called Santa Barbara Man. The scientist smiled. He would not hazard a statement. The bones might have been 25,000 years old, or 100,000. What mattered it? Colossal, staggering figures! The age of a star in the, firmament! Figures that cannot be grasped; things so ancient we cannot sense their age, because it is all out of proportion when compared with time as we evaluate it. Union Township's first settler may be a million years old; maybe not. "How old is Ann?"
History Varies.
The pliocene skull that Brat Harte versed about, was said to be a remnant, not only of the earliest pioneer of California, but the oldest known human being. A geologist thought that man existed contemporaneously (a contemptible, word) with the mastodon, but this fossil was said to prove that he was here before the mastodon was known to exist.
The Mound-Builder had various reputations. He was said to be of gigantic height, and a cannibal, a farmer, hunter, fisherman, very religious and a sun-worshiper, also a scientist. He even knew the secret of "squaring the circle." He was a wonder and a wizard.
There may be some cause, therefore, for people feeling superstitious about him. The story is told that at one time some one looked over the Garver farm with the idea of buying, but when the prospective buyer saw the mounds and learned they had been built by some mysterious human hands a long time ago for a mysterious reason, he refused to become a. buyer. He was superstitious, no Joubt, and had some fear of the supernatural. We may recall how Longfellow's Skeleton in Armor, when asked to speak, replied: "Take heed, that in thy verse Thou dost the tale rehearse, Else dread a dead man's curse; For this I sought thee."
VIII. THE DAYS OF THE REDSKINS
Now we shall hear of the Redskin braves
Of the great Potawatomi race, Paddling canoes o'er Maxinkuckee's waves,
And ranging the country in the chase.
.... Random Rhymes.
THE REDSKIN ENTERS THE PICTURE.
He dwelt in this land a long, long time before the white man came, and just a little while after he arrived, to settle permanently. When that happened, the Redskin found that his days in this neighborhood were numbered, and very soon he packed up and moved west, leaving Maxinkuckee to the summer cottagers and the fishermen and huntsmen, the boatmen and crewmen, the bathers and a few others.
At the time this story a told, the white man has enjoyed the lakes and streams, and the land between, in this township, for nearly a century, but the Indian did better than that; he had the whole business all to himself for ... well, no one seems to know just how 'long, but it must have been at least several times the white man's century. And what a wonderful piece of land, including of course the lakes and streams thereon, the Indian relinquished to the incoming Paleface, in order to "go West, young man"-and maybe cash in on a good fat oil lease! To put the story in a nutshell, the Redskin came, stayed as long as he could, then went. May he rest in peace and plenty on his royalties, for he surely got a "raw deal" when he was dragged or had to drag himself out of the Union Township picture!
The first of the copper-skinned race to enter the picture were the Miamis, originally known as the Twightwees. They occupied the territory now included within the boundaries of Illinois, Michigan, and Indiana, in the early days; they were the original owners of the land, who held it "by right of discovery." The Miami Indians: permitted. the Potawatomis (spelled variously), who were gradually gaining a foothold in this region, to OCCUPY their lands and hunting grounds. Finally, by the "treaty of Tippecanoe" made October 26, 1832, about four years before the coming of the first permanent white settlers to this township, the Potawatomi tribe was recognized by the government as the owners of the territory they occupied, the country north of the, Wabash river and south of Lake Michigan. The possession of the territory by the United States dates back to the ordinance of 1787. The government made a succession of treaties with the Indians from that date onward, and took a succession of slices of land from the original owners in these parts until at length they had neither rock nor blade of grass they could call their own. Up to 1834, a hundred years ago, this immediate region had a population composed entirely of these Indians, of whom there were estimated to be around 1,500, located in villages along the lakes and rivers of the county.
Conquered by Indians.
Whether the Indians immediately succeeded the Mound-Builders or whether a period of time elapsed between the going of one race and the coming of the other, it is hard to tell. It is more than probable that the succession was immediate, and the Mound-Builders were conquered and destroyed by the Indians, who took possession of the lands. A single battle could not have settled the affair; no doubt it was a warfare of ages, or of decades, that ended in victory to the Indians. There is no way to prove, however, that the Mound-Builders were of more ancient origin than the Indians.
Most of the Indian tribes of Indiana were of the Algonquian relationship. The Twightwees or Miamis, the Foxes, Potawatomis, Kickapoos, and the Ouiatanons, to mention those who were once here or very close by, were among the various members of the formidable Miami Confederacy. The Potawatomis were among the strongest of the tribes of Indiana. The Confederacy had some valiant fighters. Little Turtle, one of the greatest of Redskin warriors, was a Miami.
The Indian tribes of the great Algonquin race that roamed old Indiana Territory long ago were allied into families within the race, and while often warring among themselves, they united their strength in terror of their bitter enemies located on either side of them, the cruel Iroquois to the east and the bloodthirsty Sioux to the west. This territory, reserved as a hunting-ground, became a series -of perpetual battle-fields. Things settled down in time so that the whites could begin to settle down. It is said that the Miami tribes were a degraded lot, much given to drink and gambling. They "raised old Ned." It is even rumored that they practiced cannibalism in revolting forms, and in the midst of an overproduction of game. There is no accounting for tastes, even among the aborigines.
The Potawatomis, who were said to be a rather peaceful tribe, had a family tree that took root elsewhere than in this neighborhood. They were people from up North. They had ties of blood relationship connecting them with the Ojibways, Chippewas and Ottawas, other northern stock. The first trace we have of the Potawatomi people locates their old territory in the Lake Superior region on the islands near the entrance to Green Bay, from which point they held the country all the way to the headwaters of the Great Lakes.
Left Wisconsin.
Why they left the Green Bay country, now known as a part of Wisconsin (also Michigan), is not quite definite, maybe because of too many cold winters, scarcity of game, Or the "lure of the wandering foot" and a desire for new worlds to conquer. Anyway, and it is historically correct, they left a beautiful country to the Ole
Olsens, the Lars Larsens and the Jens Jensens, and came to another land of equal (claimed to be greater) .beauty. Migrating southward, they finally camped in this lower region, later located permanently, and were recognized as the rightful owners -of the territory. They came, they like it, they stayed!
Samuel R. Brown, an early traveler, writing in 1817, tells one reason why the Indians liked it here. He declares that the best proof of the excellence of the land in certain parts, especially around the headwaters of the rivers, was the existence there of a numerous Indian population. "These sagacious children of nature," according to Brown, "are good judges of land. Indeed, they are rarely, if ever, found on a barren soil." He found the Potawatomi to be the most numerous tribe in the State.
Not only were the Potawatomi Indians a numerous tribe, but they were also formerly a powerful force for foes to reckon with. They were rather widely distributed, likewise, for they inhabited the northern part of Indiana, the southern part of Michigan and the northeastern part of Illinois. In the early history of Indiana, they were for several years hostile to the whites. They favored the French in the early wars and later were unfriendly to the United States.
Fox Tribe Once Here.
The territory of Marshall. County, it is said, was originally in the Possession of the Fox Indians and another friendly tribe. The Potawatomis claimed right of possession. In consequence, a feud sprang up between them, resulting in many hard-fought battles, the last of which, it is stated, occurred in an open space of ground north and east of Wolf Creek mills, on what later became the Hugh Brownlee land. An Indian village was there before the whites settled in the neighborhood.
The majority of the Redskin difficulties had been smoothed over, however, by the time the first permanent white settlers came to the Union Township area, establishing their original homes not far from that old Indian battle-ground of the Wolf Creek vicinity. The vanguard of white civilization found the red man hereabouts -hunting and fishing, loafing and enjoying the country, with no encroaching whites to mar the picture of natural splendor, and primitive ease and contentment. The Indian was having his day. And those Redskin days in this neighborhood, as the Englishman might remark, must have been "jolly well spent."
IX. THE EXPLORER COMES EXPLORING
"In it, said he, came a people, In the great canoe with pinions Came, he said, a hundred warriors; Painted white were all their faces And with hair their chins were covered!"
... Henry Wadsworth Longfellow NOW CAME THE PALEFACE INTO THE PICTURE, came from far distant lands the white explorer, seeking new domains to annex to the old.
Who it was among white men first to cast eyes on our own fair region, today confined within township boundaries, no one knows. Perhaps it matters not a great deal who the Columbus of Union Township might have been. But whoever he was, he was the discoverer of a mighty fine land!
An empty niche awaits him in our Township Hall of Fame, should he ever take a notion to show up.
History tells us that there came a gallant French explorer to this country. His name was LaSalle. He opened the way, making two memorable journeys into the wilderness of this then far western territory.
Over two centuries ago, Indiana had neither name nor boundary. This was just a big expanse of country claimed by France but as yet unexplored by her. Then, in 1669, La Salle appeared upon the scene. In a diminutive flotilla of frail canoes, said to be as few as four, he and his little band of followers, whose numbers. were estimated at from fourteen to around thirty, came safely through from Montreal bound for the Ohio, the great river he had heard about while up in the Canadian country. La Salle was seeking a route to the Oriental spice lands, to the Far East where the riches of China and Japan beckoned him on. He thought he would find that route by coming this way.
Followed Waterways.
To Lake Ontario came the adventurers, then to its westernmost point. Portaging to one of the branches of the Ohio, they descended it to the Ohio proper. Their canoes went down-river far enough for the white men to see the land that was to become the State of Indiana. They returned to Montreal, and La Salle prepared to go adventuring again, to discover more, and, according to his aim, to extend New France vastly more than it had been extended previously. For his next trip, La Salle built a ship with sails, the "Griffin," a "canoe with wings." (No, it wasn't the "White Swan" or any relation to that noble craft!)
In 1679-80, La Salle again reached the region that is now Indiana. With eight canoes and thirty-three men (or maybe it was more), he entered the St. Joseph River from Lake Michigan, and portaged from where South Bend now is situated, to the Kankakee.
It was in this region that LaSalle, searching for the portage path, lost his way in the Indiana woods, and was separated from his party all one night. There is an unconfirmed rumor that he was out on a private expedition of his own, maybe in search of the fabled Maxinkuckee Moonshine, which could have been found not so very many leagues onward. At any rate, when he returned in the morning, history has nothing to say about a red nose, but he actually did bring into camp two opossums (one for himself and one for the cook) that he had killed with a club as they hung by their tails (foolish notion!) from the boughs of trees by the wayside.
Indian as Guide.
The journey was continued, with an Indian to guide, over the portage-trail, which was reported to be from two to five miles long (depending no doubt on the amount of baggage, canoe, etc., the estimator was obliged to carry), and so on down the Kankakee, the Illinois, and the Mississippi. By these stages progressed the La Salle expedition of 1680. One account of La Salle's journeys says that he faced westward finally in 1681 with sleds and canoes and forty-four persons: Not being certain as to which of his several trips was meant, we shall conclude that he faced westward, by all means, and got there, also quite a bit southward, ultimately.
The famous Father Hennepin was with La Salle on the Kankakee, and contributed a large share to the history of exploration in this part of the world. Then came other explorers, among them Marquette and Joliet. Still other intrepid priests followed the streams of Indiana and Illinois. And "many of them grew old and died at their mission posts among the Indians."
It is very much within the range of probability that one or another of these brave and venturesome French priests may have been the first to discover the region, inland not far from the navigable rivers, that today is known as Union Township.


26/09/2013This entry was posted in Houston, North America, Texas, USA and tagged best places to eat in Houston, Best Tex-Mex in Houston, Houron restaurants, Ninfas tex mex restaurant on 26th September 2013 by Andy Mossack.
Considering the size of Houston, this traditional nondescript Mexican restaurant tucked away on a nondescript road just off interstate 59 has a reputation so good people come from miles away to eat here.This is Original Ninfa's on Navigation.
Ninfa's is one of those places under the tourist radar, running silent and deep so the locals can keep it to themselves. It was, I'm reliably informed, the very first Tex-Mex in the city of Houston. This was where Mama Ninfa first packed char-grilled beef into a home made flour tortilla and created a national fajita craze.
I say this only because there a number of other so called "Ninfa's" around the Houston area, but this one, on navigation Boulevard, is the original and the best.
The legend is not lost on executive chef Alex Padilla, who treats the restaurants' provenance with the greatest respect, after all, he has a lot to live up to; his mother worked here for many years as a line cook. He learnt his craft under Nancy Oakes, one of the most celebrated chefs in America until ironically coming back home to where it all began.
the price still highly affordable, you know you're onto a winner.
The winner for mewas the Parilla Mixta, a feast of Mexican favourites on a platter to feed a whole family for just $45. My favourite dish was Poblano, a huge green pepper stuffed with Mexican cheese.
Houston is a city with money in its roots, where like Texas, everything is big and bold. The only thing big and bold in Ninfa's is her reputation. Oh and the plate sizes.


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EditorialROBOTS AND SOCIETY
Medical robotics—Regulatory, ethical, and legal considerations for increasing levels of autonomy
Guang-Zhong Yang,
James Cambias,
Kevin Cleary,
Eric Daimler,
James Drake,
Pierre E. Dupont,
Nobuhiko Hata,
Peter Kazanzides,
Sylvain Martel,
Rajni V. Patel,
Veronica J. Santos and
Russell H. Taylor
Guang-Zhong Yang is the Editor of Science Robotics and the Director and Co-founder of the Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College London, U.K. Email: g.z.yang{at}imperial.ac.uk.
James Cambias is an American science fiction writer.
Kevin Cleary is the Technical Director of the Bioengineering Initiative, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
Eric Daimler is a White House Presidential Innovation Fellow at the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Washington, DC 20504, USA.
James Drake is Head of the Division of Neurosurgery, and Director of the Centre of Image Guided Innovation and Therapeutic Intervention, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
Pierre E. Dupont is the Director of the Pediatric Cardiac Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Nobuhiko Hata is an Associate Professor of Radiology at the Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Peter Kazanzides is a Research Professor at the Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
Sylvain Martel is Head of the NanoRobotics Laboratory, Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.
Rajni V. Patel is Director of Engineering, Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics (CSTAR), and Professor, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
Veronica J. Santos is Director of the Biomechatronics Lab and an Associate Professor of Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Russell H. Taylor is Director of the the Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics and of the Engineering Research Center for Computer-Integrated Surgical Systems and Technology, Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
Science Robotics 15 Mar 2017:
Vol. 2, Issue 4, eaam8638
DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aam8638
Guang-Zhong Yang
Guang-Zhong Yang is the Editor of Science Robotics and the Director and Co-founder of the Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College London, U.K. Email: g.z.yang@imperial.ac.uk.
For correspondence: g.z.yang@imperial.ac.uk
James Cambias
Eric Daimler
Pierre E. Dupont
Nobuhiko Hata
Peter Kazanzides
Sylvain Martel
Rajni V. Patel
Veronica J. Santos
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The regulatory, ethical, and legal barriers imposed on medical robots necessitate careful consideration of different levels of autonomy, as well as the context for use.
Copyright © 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science
Vol 2, Issue 4
You are going to email the following Medical robotics—Regulatory, ethical, and legal considerations for increasing levels of autonomy
By Guang-Zhong Yang, James Cambias, Kevin Cleary, Eric Daimler, James Drake, Pierre E. Dupont, Nobuhiko Hata, Peter Kazanzides, Sylvain Martel, Rajni V. Patel, Veronica J. Santos, Russell H. Taylor
Science Robotics 15 Mar 2017
A proposed framework for regulatory, ethical, and legal discussions identifies six levels of autonomy for medical robotics.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Welcome to Top 10 Best Electric Bikes Under $1000 2019 Reviews feature. Finding high performance, good quality and durable electric bike are tough. Electric bicycles offer same great benefits as traditional bicycles and remove several of the roadblocks and difficulties that riders face with traditional pedal-powered bikes. They are faster and effortless when compared to ordinary bikes. Electric bikes don't require license plates, registration, or insurance.
We have found the best electric bikes under $1000 on the market at the time. Our review is written to give you important information on each bike. Then our buying guide will provide you with some helpful tips. They all are worth your money and time and we are sure you will get a great product no matter which one you buy.
Below are the Best Electric Bikes Under 1000 to buy in 2019.
Ancheer Power Plus electric bike is one of the most economical e-bikes. The frame is made of aluminum alloy that makes lightweight and yet very strong. The front fork is made of high-grade carbon steel.
This electric bike is powered by a 36V 8Ah battery that powers 250 W motor. The range you can get out of the motor is around 30 miles. The battery is capable to fully charge in 4-6 hours. The 21-speed gear shift system enables you to be in full control of your ride.
The folding mechanism is simple and it feels strong when extended. It has two modes: e-bike and assistive. Assistive will give you a little power to help you out whereas E-bike will power the entire thing for you so you do not have to pedal at all.
It comes with dual disc brakes that provide stopping power in any condition. It comes with 26-inch magnesium alloy wheels. This electric mountain bike is equipped with LED headlight and horn. This electric bike itself weighs about 48 lbs.
This is a compact, fat tire foldable, electric bike. The frame is built from aluminum which makes the bike durable. This bike uses fat tires and small wheels. They are perfect for any terrain or all weather condition.
It comes with 500W motor and 36V 12AH lithium-ion battery. It has a 7-speed gear system for smooth maneuverability. The disc brakes enable the bike to be more reliable.
On a full charge of the battery, you can use up to 20 mph of speed. It offers three-speed levels which go with paddle assist and small storage box with the lock attached to the bike.
Max weight capacity is 260 lbs for this bike. This e-bike is available in different colors. Overall performance is impressive for the price. It is good for heavier riders.
This Electric Bike is designed for urban commuting. It offers two styles of frame, both for man and women. The frame and fork are made from high-strength carbon steel.
It comes with a 250 W brushless motor and 36 V 10Ah lithium battery that is removable. It means you may get around 25 miles from battery before it needs to be recharged. It comes with a 6-speed gear system that allows you to reach up to 25mph top speed.
It has front V Brake and rear Expansion brake. This bike comes with two operational modes. One for the assisted mode and another for complete power from the bike.
This electric bike is equipped with LED headlight, horn, a cargo basket, a rear cargo rack, and a kickstand. This bike is comfortable, fast and convenient.
This is a perfect commuter bike. It is made of lightweight aluminium frame. It features triple-fold design allows for extreme portability. This electric bike weighs around 37 lbs.
It comes with a 250W hub motor and 36V Lithium-Ion battery that can be fully charged in just 4-5 hours. It has air-filled rubber tires fitted 14-inch wheels. It features special Autoguard technology.
Once fully charged the bike holds enough power for a 15.5-mile ride when used solely as an electric bike, and you can extend mileage range by pedaling and using it as an assisted bike.
It has a height adjustable seat and handlebars. It offers kickstand on the rear wheel. This electric bike available in black and white colors.
This electric bike is perfect for adults. The frame of the bike is made of aluminum alloy which makes it durable. It has a 7 speed Shimano gear system. It features CST Jet brand tires and front fork suspension. This bike offers 26″ wheels.
It comes with two working modes where you can easily choose to do some exercise on assisted mode or cruise on electric mode. It has 350W rear hub motor and removable 36V 8.8Ah Lithium Ion battery that can be fully charged in just 5-6 hours.
This bike rides up to 22 – 28 miles on a full charge. It comes with line disc brakes for powerful braking and reliable shifting. Max load capacity of this electric bike is 250 lbs.
If you are looking for good all-round electric bike that is simple to use then Cyclamatic CX1 is a good option. The frame is made of steel. This bike has 21-speed gear system.
It has 250W Brushless Motor and removable 36V 8.8Ah Li-ion Battery that can be fully charged in 4-6 hours. It can provide 25 – 31 miles travel on normal terrain at a top speed of 15 mph.
The 250W brushless motor that assists the cyclists whenever they start pedaling. It features three pedal assist levels low, medium and high. It can be adjusted with the control panel on the handlebars.
With 26" Kenda Tyres, this bike is suitable for any terrains. You can ride it in all weather, shine or rain because the battery is fully sealed. This bike is equipped with front suspension and disc brakes.
Max user weight capacity is 220 lb.
This folding E-Bike is a commuter's dream. The frame is made of aluminum which makes the bike durable. The 16-inch wheels deliver stability and better traction.
It features three riding modes like pedal-only, throttle-only or power-assisted pedal-to-go. This E-bike comes with a powerful 350W motor which is capable of going up to 15.5 miles on full charge. It has swappable 36V Li-ion battery that can be charged in 3-4 hours.
It comes with dual-disc brakes as well as special "Autoguard" braking technology that provide great stopping power. With the advanced rear suspension and IPX4 rating, this e-bike easily handles outdoor rides and rough pavement.
This e-bike equipped with an adjustable seat, headlight, and horn. This bike offers a 1-year limited warranty.
The GoPlus is our second fat tire bike on the list. The frame is built of aluminum alloy which is lightweight yet durable. It has a 20-inch wheel with fat tires. The front fork is made from carbon steel for better braking effect.
It has premium shock absorption on the seat post and front wheel for better and more comfortable riding. It comes with 350 W motor and removable 48 V 8Ah battery. You will be getting about 25 miles range. The top speed of this e-bike is 17 mph.
It features 6 speed Shimano shifter. The disc brakes provide stopping power. This e-bike comes with two working modes: E-bike and Assisted bicycle. The LED headlamp and horn is equipped for night riding.
Max load capacity is 265lbs for this E-Bike.
This folding E-Bike is suitable for riding on the paved road. The frame of this bike is made of aluminum. It has fat tires that are for any sorts of terrain.
It comes with 500 W brushless motor and 36V 12ah Lithium Cell that can be charged in 6-8 hours. The distance range is the 16 to 22 miles along with top speed is 20 miles per hour.
The front and rear disc brakes provide stopping power. It can hold up to 260 lbs. It comes with three-speed levels. It features Shimano External 7 Speed gear.
Aceshin electric mountain bike is perfect for adult. This frame is built from aluminum alloy and front fork is made of high-strength carbon steel. It has a 21-speed transmission system.
This bike comes with a shock suspension fork for added comfort even on rough roads. It has 250W brushless gear motors and a 36V Lithium battery that can be charged in 4-6 hours. It offers high speed of 30km/h.
It offers front and rear disc brakes for safety. It has two working modes including E-bike and an Assisted bicycle that you easily switch. It offers headlamp and horn for night riding. It features ergonomic handlebar and an adjustable seat.
Range: It refers to the maximum distance that the electric bike can travel on a single charge. It is calibrated on miles per charge. If you commute on hilly terrains, you need a bike which won't cut power when you are halfway. Therefore, depending on the riding range pick a bike with a bigger battery to enhance longer range.
Batteries: There are many electric bike batteries available on the market. Each of these batteries has its own pros and cons, and it will depend on your requirement and budget. The bike that comes with LI-ON batteries should be your favored choice because it is easily available, maintenance free and offer high performance.
Motor: The capacity of a motor determines the speed of the bike. There are other factors that affect the speed such as rider weight, wheelbase diameter and power of the motor will greatly affect the speed. Going for the bike with more wattage will mean that you will get more power. The manufacturer indicates a capacity of the motor in Watt and RPM.
Maximum Speed: Maximum speed is the highest pace at which the electric bike may possibly ply. It is denoted in miles per hour. The best electric bike should have a high maximum speed. It enables you to reach your destination faster than you would ordinarily.
Price: Price is an important factor when it comes to buying electric bikes. Before making your purchase, you should find the perfect balance between price and quality. You choose a model that comes with the features you want and a competitive price.
If you want to buy an electric bike there are different models to choose from. There are electric mountain bikes, folding electric bikes, and sports electric bikes for men and women. Owing an electric bike is ideal for the rider who has a motorhome and want a means of transportation once they have parked their motorhome up. Whether you want to take an electric bike to ride around the city or to get to work, these are the best one you can currently buy on the market. They come with advanced features than others. Hope above list of the Best Electric Bikes Under $1000 2019 reviews and buying guide was helpful for finding the best electric bike to fit your needs.


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Maria Wattel shatters record for tallest professional bodybuilder – Guinness World Records
Born in the Netherlands, Maria resides between her home country and Greece.
After a childhood spent playing soccer with the boys, at 19 she discovered her passion for bodybuilding and entered her first competitive event in March 2005.
She thought that, through weight training and fitness, she could really do something out of the ordinary – she could become invincible.
"I wanted to do something extraordinary because that's the kind of person that I am." – Maria Wattel
However, the world of competitions proved to be challenging.
Due to her height, Maria recalls that she would often be defined as "too tall".
At times, the jury didn't know how to judge her or where to place her next to the other female contestants.
"I had competitions where I was not judged or judged only through something genetic that I cannot help, like being tall," she says.
Proud of her strength and figure, Maria follows an intense diet and training regime.
Her weekly routine includes weight training in the gym five days a week, along with 30 to 60 minutes of cardio five days a week.
The number depends on which phase of training she is in at the time, but you'll never catch her slacking off!
The rest of her day consists of eating, rest and admin work.
But her healthy lifestyle doesn't only consist of training and keeping herself fit: Maria also takes care of her body with massages and physio treatments as needed.
Maria is currently working on many future projects and – although bodybuilding remains her day job – not all of them are related to this particular discipline.
However, holding a Guinness World Records title is a "little crown on her work", the record-breaking athlete says.
"To be recognized by Guinness World Records was a big surprise, but it's a very good surprise. Being tall and female and working as a bodybuilder is immensely hard and tough."
Surprisingly, it was her friend Olivier Richters, who is in turn the tallest professional bodybuilder (male), who first brought the record to her attention and encourage her to send an application.
Now they both feature on the pages of Guinness World Records 2022.
Here they pose side by side, flexing their muscles and showcasing their amazing skills.
Read more about Maria's record in Guinness World Records 2022, out now.
Eating Habits to Lower Your Cholesterol, According to Dietitians — Eat This Not That – Eat This, Not That
Consuming walnuts can lower cholesterol, reduce risk for heart disease – Loma Linda University Health


AWS Innovate: Developer Edition is a digital event designed for developers, business analysts and all types of builders. Hear from Ian Massingham, Lead of Technical & Developer Evangelism at AWS, and learn more about AI & ML, Serverless, Containers, Database Management and Amazon Game Tech in the 20+ sessions offered.
Ian Massingham leads Technical and Developer Evangelism at Amazon Web Services and has been working with cloud computing technologies since 2008.
As an individual technologist, Ian has a special interest in the development of Connected Device and IoT applications, and in serverless architecture patterns for the deployment of applications in the AWS Cloud.
Amazon AI services bring natural language understanding (NLU), automatic speech recognition (ASR), visual search and image recognition, text-to-speech (TTS), and machine learning (ML) technologies within the reach of every developer. Learn how you can easily add these powerful features to your applications to enhance the way they interact with the real world.
Serverless architectures allow you to build and run applications and services without needing to provision, manage, and scale infrastructure. You will learn how to build serverless architectures on AWS using AWS Lambda and integrate with Amazon API Gateway and Amazon Cognito to create a range of applications from data processing systems to mobile backends to web applications.
Containers allow you to easily package your application's code, configurations, and dependencies into easy to use building blocks that deliver environmental consistency, operational efficiency, developer productivity, and version control, regardless of deployment environment. Running containers in the AWS Cloud allows you to build robust, scalable applications and services by leveraging the benefits of the AWS Cloud such as elasticity, availability, security, and economies of scale. Learn how to run Docker-enabled applications at scale on AWS.
As the cloud continues to drive down the cost of storage and compute, a new generation of applications have emerged, creating a new set of requirements for databases. These applications need databases to store terabytes to petabytes of new types of data, provide access to the data with millisecond latency, process millions of requests per second, and scale to support millions of users anywhere in the world. To support these requirements, you need both relational and non-relational databases that are purpose-built to handle the specific needs of your applications. Learn about AWS' range of databases purpose-built for your specific application use cases.
AWS offers a comprehensive suite of products and services that provide solutions to the everyday problems of game development, such as building scalable game servers that span across the globe, building robust analytics pipelines that provide valuable contextual insight into your player ecosystem, and creating cross platform core game backend services that serve as the backbone for key digital features your players have come to expect.


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Resources › For Educators
Parent Role in Education is Critical for Academic Success
Research confirms how critical their role in student success
Mother and child walk to school.
Betsie Van Der Meer / Getty Images
Issues In Education
An Introduction to Teaching
Tips & Strategies
Policies & Discipline
Teaching Adult Learners
Assessments & Tests
Melissa Kelly
M.Ed., Curriculum and Instruction, University of Florida
B.A., History, University of Florida
Melissa Kelly, M.Ed., is a secondary school teacher, instructional designer, and the author of "The Everything New Teacher Book: A Survival Guide for the First Year and Beyond."
While parents have always had a role in their children's education, there is a growing body of research that confirms their critical role in helping both teachers and students succeed academically.
Parental Engagement Starts Early
The parent-school relationship is one that should begin early, a fact recognized by both the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Education. In May 2016, these departments issued a joint Policy Statement called "Family Engagement from the Early Years to the Early Grades" to recognize the critical role of parents in promoting children's success starting in early childhood systems and programs:
"Strong family engagement in early childhood systems and programs is central—not supplemental—to promoting children's healthy intellectual, physical, and social-emotional development; preparing children for school; and supporting academic achievement in elementary school and beyond."
The policy statement reiterated the findings in an earlier report, "A New Wave of Evidence," from the Southwest Educational Development Laboratory (2002). This report remains the most comprehensive meta-analysis using 51 studies on parent engagement and student academic success. The report released the statement:
"When schools, families, and community groups work together to support learning, children tend to do better in school, stay in school longer, and like school more."
The reviewers considered backgrounds and income and included studies covering all grades, all regions of the country, diverse populations along with a variety of methods, both quantitative and qualitative. The conclusion reached was that that parent engagement led to:
Higher grades and test scores, and enrollment in higher-level programs
An increase in earned credits and promotions.
Improved attendance
Improved behavior and social skills
An increase in enrollment in postsecondary education
Increasing parent engagement to achieve these outcomes means schools are seeking ways to connect parents to school communities.
What Parents Think
A report commissioned by Learning Heroes and supported by the Carnegie Corporation called "Unleashing Their Power & Potential" details why communication can help.
The data for the report came from a survey that focused on the "perceptions of schools and the state and national assessment data." More than 1,400 K–8 public school parents across the nation took part. The survey co-collaborators included Univision Communications, National PTA, National Urban League, and the United Negro College Fund.
The findings from "Unleashing Their Power & Potential" may hold one big surprise for educators; elementary school parents place more emphasis on their child's happiness than academics. Putting happiness first, however, shifts in the middle school years as parents develop doubts about their children's preparedness for postsecondary schools.
One primary area for concern in the survey found parents are confused about how to understand the different ways students are accessed:
"(M)ost of the communications parents receive—report cards, annual state test score reports, and curriculum summaries to name a few—are indecipherable and incomprehensible for most parents. About a quarter of parents are not aware of their child's annual state test scores."
The authors of the report suggest there is a need for improved communications "that are responsive to parents' needs, interests, and concerns." They note:
"Most parents rely on report card grades, quizzes, and communications with teachers to determine whether their child is achieving their grade level."
They promote helping parents to understand the connection between these forms of assessment.
That sentiment was echoed by Claudia Barwell, director of learning, Suklaa, with her essay, "How Parents Can Change the Global Landscape of Education" in which she discusses the challenges in finding the right balance in communicating with parents. Her essay, written from a parent's point of view, suggests that there are three fundamental areas for balance: the teacher's relationship with parents, parents' relationship with formal assessment, and the latent power of parents in co-designing schooling.
She suggests that schools survey parents and ask these key questions:
What values do you believe are essential for a developing child?
What part of the current curriculum is essential?
What should we be teaching that we are not?
What skills will they need for the future?
What role would you like to play in the education of your children?
Such questions can begin a dialogue and improve the conversations between parents and teachers and administrators. Barwell would also see value in seeing "links to brief teaching methods and a glossary of terms so that parents can support learning at home without being told we are 'doing it wrong' by our children."
Barwell's request for links illustrates an audience willing to use a growing number of technology tools designed for parents to understand how a school operates. There are also technology tools designed to help parents interact with the teachers and administrators.
How Parents Interact With Schools
If parents are looking for an explanation with details of what their child is expected to learn over the course of a week, month or year, there are multiple options schools may be using, from software platforms to mobile apps.
For example, SeeSaw or ClassDojo, used in preschool and elementary grades, are software programs that can document and share information about student learning in real-time. For the upper elementary grades, middle and high school, the platform Edmodo allows parents to see assignments and class resources, while Google Classroom provides teachers a means to send assignments to students and send out parent/guardian updates. All of this software offers mobile apps as well. Video-conferencing programs such as Zoom and Google Meet allow for real-time interaction between students and teachers, or even students, teachers, and parents, in a virtual setting.
Because evaluation programs for teachers, support staff, and administrators include a parent communication/engagement goal, a need exists to measure communication and engagement, and these technology tools collect that data. For this reason, many schools districts encourage parents to sign up for the mobile app Remind. This app can be used by a teacher to send homework updates or by a school district to send general school updates through text messages.
Finally, most public schools now post student grades online through student-management software such as PowerSchool, Blackboard, Engrade, LearnBoost, or ThinkWave. Teachers can post student performance ratings (grades) which let parents keep a watchful on student academic progress. Of course, the amount of information available through these kinds of technology can be a little overwhelming.
Technology tools designed to increase parent engagement are only effective if they are used by the parents. School districts need to consider how they will educate parents to use different technology tools to guide their decisions. But it is not only in the area of technology that parents need training.
Research findings report that most parents do not understand educational policy at the local, state or federal level. To correct these gaps, the Every Students Succeed Act (ESSA), an educational reform plan that replaced the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) in 2015, places an emphasis on the importance of stakeholder engagement. There are mandates for community input; states must solicit and evaluate input from parents when developing strategic plans for schools.
Finally, while teachers need to keep parents "in the loop" they also need to respect the limited time today's parents find themselves, stretched for time, energy, and resources.
Home and School Connection
Technology and legislation aside, there are other ways parents can be supportive of education in general, and they have been around almost as long as the institution of public education.
As early as 1910, a book on education by Chauncey P. Colegrove titled "The Teacher and the School" placed an emphasis on engaging parents. He advised teachers to "enlist the interest of parents and secure their co-operation by making them acquainted with what the schools are striving to accomplish."
In his book, Colegrove asked, "Where there is no knowledge of each other, how can there be close sympathy and cooperation between parents and teacher?" He responded to this question by stating, "The surest way to win a parent's heart is to show an intelligent and sympathetic interest in the welfare of his children."
Over 100 years after Colegrove published "The Teacher and the School," Secretary of Education (2009-2015) Arne Duncan added:
"We often talk about parents being partners in education. When we say that, we're usually talking about the healthy and productive relationships that can develop between the adults in a child's life at home and the adults who work with that child at school. I can't overstate how important this partnership is."
Whether it is a handwritten note or a text message, the communication between teachers and parents is what develops the relationships described by Duncan. While a student's education may take place within the walls of a building, the school's connection to parents can extend those walls into the student's home.
Kelly, Melissa. "Parent Role in Education is Critical for Academic Success." ThoughtCo, Dec. 7, 2020, thoughtco.com/parent-role-in-education-7902. Kelly, Melissa. (2020, December 7). Parent Role in Education is Critical for Academic Success. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/parent-role-in-education-7902 Kelly, Melissa. "Parent Role in Education is Critical for Academic Success." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/parent-role-in-education-7902 (accessed January 27, 2023).
Special Education and Inclusion
Effective Strategies to Increase Parental Involvement in Education
Content Area Nights that Create Opportunities for Parent Engagement
Why Daily School Attendance Matters
School Testing Assesses Knowledge Gains and Gaps
Cultivating Highly Successful Parent Teacher Communication
6 Important School Tips for Parents From a Principal
A Comprehensive Breakdown of the Roles of School Personnel
8 Strategies to Tackle Chronic Absenteeism
What Is the Role of a Teacher?
Effective Learning Environment and School Choice
Examining The Role of an Effective School Superintendent
Impact of the Common Core Standards
25 Things Every Teacher Wants From Their Stakeholders
How Teachers Should Deal with Difficult Parents
Free Online Public Schools for Tennessee Students


Based in Nash Lee Road, Terrick.
Based in The Dell, Aylesbury.
Based in Selwyn Court, Long Meadow.
Based in Castlefields, Stoke Mandeville.
Based in Aylesbury Road, Cuddington.
Based in West End, Weston Turville.
Map showing location of Forestry listings in Aylesbury.


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Redlands Classic: Vermaerke and Jastrab Win Highlands Circuit Race
UCI Anti-Cancer Challenge Participants Set New Fundraising Record
Redlands Bicycle Classic Kicks Off National Race Calendar April 3 – 6 for 30th Anniversary
SoCalCycling.com December 9, 2013
Team Novo Nordisk Seeks Young Athletes with Type 1 Diabetes
Video: UCI Mountain Bike Downhill World Cup – Höll and Bruni take Wins at Snowshoe
Report & Results: Merco Credit Union Classic – Stage 3 Criterium
Why Base Training for Cycling is So Important?
Easter Sunday Criterium Returns to Ontario on April 16th
MediaNewsPro CyclingRacing
Sports Journalist Mark Johnson Pens New Book, Spitting in the Soup
New Book, Spitting in the Soup, Explores the History of Sports Doping and Shines Light on Doping in Olympic Sports
Sports journalist Mark Johnson examines how deals made behind closed doors keep drugs in sports and the changes required to kick drugs out of sports once and for all
Don't hate the player. Hate the game. That's one message of a new book from veteran sports journalist Mark Johnson. In Spitting in the Soup: Inside the Dirty Game of Doping in Sports, Johnson explores how the deals made behind closed doors keep drugs in sports. Johnson unwinds the doping culture from the early days, when pills meant progress, and uncovers the complex relationships that underlie elite sports culture—the essence of which is not to play fair but to push the boundaries of human performance. Read the book's introduction, chapter summary, and five chapters at spittinginthesoup.com. Excerpts and media review copies are available.
Doping is as old as organized sports. From baseball to horse racing, cycling to track and field, drugs have been used to enhance performance for 150 years. For much of that time, doping to do better was expected and considered the mark of a committed professional. It was doping to throw a game that stirred outrage.
Today, though, athletes are vilified for using performance-enhancing drugs. Damned as moral deviants who shred the fair-play fabric, dopers are an affront to the athletes who don't take shortcuts. But this tidy view swindles sports fans. While we may want the world sorted into villains and victims, putting the blame on athletes alone ignores decades of history in which teams, coaches, governments, the media, scientists, sponsors, sports federations, and even spectators have played a role. The truth about doping in sports is messy and shocking because it holds a mirror to our own reluctance to spit in the soup—that is, to tell the truth about the spectacle we crave and shatter the chivalric ideal of the purity of sports and athletes.
It's commonly believed that drugs in sports have always been frowned upon, but that's not true. Drugs in sports are old. It's banning drugs in sports that is new. Spitting in the Soup offers a bitingly honest, clear-eyed look at why that's so, and what it will take to kick pills out of the locker room once and for all.
Spitting in the Soup includes chapters covering the origins of doping, Pierre de Coubertin and the myth of fair play, amateurism and the commercialization of the Olympic Games, the day that drugs became dangerous, the criminalization of performance-enhancing drugs, the accidental birth of the World Anti-Doping Agency, Cold War pressures and the Eastern Bloc sports performance machine, anabolic steroids and American weightlifters, the Amateur Sports Act, blood doping for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, Dr. Ferrari and the EPO generation, the U.S. War on Drugs, amphetamines and the dietary supplement industry, DSHEA and baseball's salvation, genetically modified athletes, and the American prescription drug culture.
Spitting in the Soup: Inside the Dirty Game of Doping in Sports
Hardcover with dust jacket.
6 3/8″ x 9 1/4″, 416 pp., $24.95, 9781937715274
BookDopingfeaturedJune 2016Mark JohnsonOlympic SportsSpitting in the Soup
Training: Early Season Criterium Race Prep Workouts, By Gary Tingley
Spring Training Rides Start Up Again with Daylight Savings Time
Off Season Training for Cyclists
Product Review & Video Demo: Abbey Bike Tools Dual Sided Crombie Tool and Chain Whip
SoCalCycling.com Elite Team is Looking to Add Cat 1 Riders for 2020
Join the UCI Anti-Cancer Challenge on June 8th to Create a Cancer-Free World


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World, Europe
US pullout from NATO 'not necessary': Trump after crisis session
Published : Jul 12, 2018, 5:40 pm IST
Updated : Jul 12, 2018, 5:40 pm IST
US prez said other 28 allies agreed to increase their defence spending more quickly to meet NATO target of 2 pc of their national income.
Trump stressed that NATO's budget had been unfair to the United States but now he was sure it would be fair. (Photo: AP)
Brussels: US President Donald Trump hailed a personal victory at a NATO summit on Thursday, saying allies had sharply increased defence spending commitments after he provoked a crisis session with a tirade at European leaders.
"I told people that I would be very unhappy if they didn't up their commitments," an ebullient president told reporters after the second day of the Brussels meeting when NATO leaders huddled with Trump to try to defuse a crisis.
"I let them know that I was extremely unhappy," he said, but added that the talks had ended on the best of terms: "It all came together at the end. It was a little tough for a little while."
Officials at the meeting said Trump had shocked many present and broke with diplomatic protocol by addressing German Chancellor Merkel by her first name, telling her: "Angela, you need to do something about this". Most officials and the invited leaders of non-NATO Afghanistan and Georgia were ushered out.
Others in the room, including the Lithuanian president whose country is among the most nervous of Russian ambitions, denied a suggestion that Trump had threatened to quit the alliance.
When asked about that, Trump said he believed he could do that without Congressional approval but it was "not necessary".
Instead, he said, the other 28 allies had agreed to increase their defence spending more quickly to meet a NATO target of two per cent of their national income within a few years. The current commitment is to reach two per cent by 2024 but with get-out terms that would allow some to stretch it out to 2030.
Trump stressed that NATO's budget had been unfair to the United States but now he was sure it would be fair. Allies would be increasing spending by USD 33 billion or more, he added.
He also said he thought spending of 4 per cent on defence — similar to the US level — would be the right level.
"Total credit to me"
"We have a very powerful, very strong NATO, much stronger than it was two days ago," he said. Citing the alliance's Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg, he said: "Secretary Stoltenberg gives us total credit, meaning me, I guess, in this case, total credit. Because I said it was unfair."
Tags: nato summit, us president donald trump, defence spending, jens stoltenberg, german chancellor angela merkel
Location: Belgium, Bryssel, Bruxelles [Brussel]
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Mr. Micawber Enters The Internets: Read it first--then see it. Or the other way around.
Read it first--then see it. Or the other way around.
Because, in this case, it doesn't matter. I was lucky catch a documentary called Sign Painters last night at local gem Trylon Microcinema.
The film was done by Faythe Levine and Sam Macon and it features three Minnesota artists. One, Mike Meyer of Mazeppa and two guys from South Minneapolis. Following image is from Meyer's personal collection and is from the 1930's at a theater in Mankato.
Levine and Macon also put together a great book from this project. Princeton Architectural Press packaged it beautifully and, at $24.95, it is well-priced. Levine, in the preface to the book notes that her own love of these signs began in the 1990's when she lived here and frequented the West Bank(where much old and new sign-art exists).
One idea I took from the film is that when a sign-painter tells others what their occupation is they often get a confused look. We all see signs everywhere yet we often don't think about who put them there. The how and why are abstractions to almost everyone. Both the book and film show these artists and their varied skills. It is hand-painting. But it is also goldleaf, lettering and font-work. Many of the younger ones come from the world of graphic design. The older ones got into the trade directly or from tattoo work.
Here is an interview with the two local artists whose work adorns so many local haunts. The huge Fitzgerald mural at the Fitz Theater. That's them. And smaller pieces all over town. You can see more of their work at the bottom of that interview. I love the detail and character each piece brings to a business. It's an art that took a nosedive in the late 80's and 90's but is making in a comeback. And that's a good thing for public art and design.


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Can-Filters recommends the usage of back-draft dampers as another line of defense against odor control.
Can-Filters Backdraft Dampers are available in 6 different sizes from 4" to 14"


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Ranking Top 10 New York Rangers prospects post WJC
The New York Rangers may no longer have one of the top prospect pipelines in the NHL, but they are still very good. That's expected as you transition from a lottery team to a contender.
Using this past draft as a prime example, the Rangers first selection did not come until the second round. Thanks to a trade for Andrew Copp at the deadline, it cost them their first-round pick and you can expect more of the same going forward.
As the upcoming season is just weeks away from training camp opening, the Rangers offseason has been focused on their prospects. They held their development camp in July, and just watched 7 of their best compete at the World Junior Championship.
Using the most recent information, let's rank the top future Blueshirts.
Ranking the New York Rangers prospects
From right, Rangers Adam Sykora, a 17-year old forward from Finland, and Bobby Trivigno battle for puck control, during the Rangers Prospect Development Camp at the Rangers Training facility in Greenburgh July 12, 2022. Credit: © Frank Becerra Jr. / The Journal News / USA TODAY NETWORK
Below are my top 10 prospect rankings for the New York Rangers organization.
In order to be considered for this list, the player must be 23 or younger and have played 10 games or less at the NHL level.
That excludes players like Braden Schneider, Nils Lundkvist, Zac Jones, and Vitali Kravtsov all of whom played at least 20 games with the Rangers.
Rank Player POS AGE DRAFT/OVERALL
1 Brennan Othmann F 19 2021 1ST RD (16)
2 Dylan Garand G 20 2020 4TH RD (103)
3 Will Cuylle F 20 2020 2ND RD (60)
4 Matthew Robertson D 21 2019 2ND RD (49)
5 Adam Sykora F 17 20222 2ND RD (63)
6 Bobby Trivigno F 23 UNDRAFTED
7 Ryder Korczak C 19 2021 3RD RD (75)
8 Brett Berard F 19 2020 5TH RD (134)
9 Kalle Vaisanen F 19 2021 4TH RD (106)
10 Bryce McConnell-Barker C 18 2022 3RD RD (97)
Analyzing the New York Rangers top prospects
Dylan Garand takes part in the Rangers Prospect Development Camp at the Rangers Training facility in Tarrytown July 12, 2022. Credit: © Frank Becerra Jr. / The Journal News / USA TODAY NETWORK
Brennan Othmann: He easily takes the top spot as the New York Rangers best prospect and it doesn't even feel close. The 19 year-old was a force in 66 games for the Flint Firebirds by scoring 50 goals and 97 points. Othmann added 6 points in 6 games at the WJC to help Canada win Gold. However, what stood out was his physical play as he hit everything in sight. It's one thing to know he can put up points, but seeing him play the game hard will be key to cracking the Rangers roster one day…soon.
Dylan Garand: In his his fifth season with the Kamloops Blazers, he was named CHL goalie of the year. Garand was excellent with a record of 34-9 and 4 shutouts. His GAA was 2.16 and his .925 SV% were good for second in the WHL. Although he wasn't tested early at the WJC, Garand was sharp in the Semifinals and Final for Canada. He finished the tournament with a perfect 6-0 record, buoyed by a 1.98 GAA, and .925 SV%.
Will Cuylle: A big strong winger that proved he's more than a projected bottom six player. This past season for the Windsor Spitfires, he notched 43 goals and 80 points in 59 games. Cuylle was also a key contributor for Canada's WJC run posting 4 points in 7 games. His future with the Rangers may one day be in the middle-six. Will it be this season? That's one of the biggest questions heading into training camp.
Matthew Robertson: He's likely the organization's most NHL ready prospect defenseman. At 6-4 and 201 lbs, he has the size to play with the big boys. Robertson posted 11 points in 65 games for the Hartford Wolf Pack and can still develop into a top 4 defender.
Adam Sykora: One of the youngest prospects in the Rangers' system at 17 looks like a good one. Last season, he recorded 10 goals and 17 points in 46 games with Nitra. He added 2 goals in 5 games for Slovakia at the 2021-22 Hlinka Gretzky Cup and posted a goal in 4 games at the WJC. Sykora is as advertised for being a hard forechecker who gets under his opponent's skin. That was on full display at development camp and the WJC.
Bobby Trivigno: The Rangers had their eye on this undrafted star from UMASS for awhile and signed him in March. This past year in the NCAA, he collected 48 points in 36 games which included 20 goals. He was also named College Hockey News' player of the year. Trivigno is probably the most NHL ready forward prospect on this list.
Ryder Korczak: He is an offensive minded player that registered 79 points in 68 games for the Moose Jaw Warriors of the WHL in 2021-22. His 54 assists led the team and he is easily the Rangers best prospect center in my opinion.
Brett Berard: He's quick on the forecheck and has some wheels. Berard will be entering his junior year at Providence College where he registered 38 points in 36 games last season. The Blueshirts have yet to sign him to an entry-level contract but believe he has the talent to play a bottom-six role at the NHL level.
Kalle Vaisanen: He plays for TPS in Finland's top league (Liiga) and scored 5 points in 32 games last season. Admittedly, I did not think too much of his game until seeing him at the recent WJC. Although he only registered 2 points (1G -1A) in 7 games, his play in all three zones helped Finland win Silver. Keep your eye on this big forward, who tips the scales at 6-4′ and 181 lbs.
Bryce McConnell-Barker: The self-described two-way center picked up 23 goals and 49 points in 68 games in the OHL during the 2021-22 campaign. He added another 5 points in 10 playoff contests. McConnell-Barker is a big kid at 6-1′ and 194 lbs, who plays both sides of the puck well. Considering how thin the Rangers prospect pool is at center, he immediately becomes a top 10 prospect in my eyes.
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Home News Your Thursday Briefing – The New York Instances
Your Thursday Briefing – The New York Instances
The UK's first vaccinations will be given next week
In a world first, the UK granted emergency approval for Pfizer's coronavirus vaccine on Wednesday. The country's hospitals have already started emailing staff to notify them of vaccination appointments. The first doses will be given on Monday at 7 a.m. in London.
Pfizer plans to ship 800,000 cans to the UK in the coming days, with a total of 40 million on orders. Each patient needs two doses one month apart.
Frontline hospital workers may be among the first to receive the vaccine, followed by nursing home residents and workers. People older than 80; and other health and social workers.
One of the final hurdles for drug manufacturers is to test the vaccine on children, who have more active immune systems than adults and could have stronger reactions.
The growing impact of a hotter planet
In an annual report on climate change and health published by The Lancet, authors around the world say global warming has already resulted in a 50 percent increase in heat-related deaths of people over 65, particularly in Japan, China, India and parts of Europe.
In the US, rising temperatures, combined with pollution and forest fires, threaten the health of Americans with fatal consequences for many elderly people. The authors advocated a rapid transition to a green economy and called on legislators to take aggressive action against gas warming over the next five years. "Climate protection is a recipe for health," one of the authors told reporters.
Iran reacts to the murder of a top scientist
In response to the assassination of its leading nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, Iran enacted law on Wednesday that provided for an immediate increase in its uranium enrichment to levels closer to weapons-grade fuel. The move also requires expulsion of international nuclear inspectors if US sanctions are not lifted by early February.
Officials in Iran this week attempted to rewrite the murder as a science fiction episode as competing intelligence agencies evaded the blame for a tremendous security loss. Israel had executed Mr Fakhrizadeh entirely by remote control, a report suggested, spraying bullets from an automated machine gun propped up in a parked Nissan without a single assassin on site.
Iranian officials have vowed to avenge the murder of Mr. Fakhrizadeh. The prospect of a counter-attack against Israel or the West threatens to hamper efforts by the new government of Biden to revive a nuclear deal with Iran.
Connected: Israel moved closer to yet another early election, the fourth in two years after Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's coalition partners joined the opposition in a preliminary vote to overthrow the unity government.
If you have 5 minutes, it's worth it
A 1,020 year old store survived the pandemic
Ichiwa, a small cedar shop next to a shrine in Kyoto, Japan, has been serving grilled rice flour cakes since the year 1000 – during wars, epidemics, natural disasters, and the rise and fall of empires.
Now that the coronavirus is devastating much of the global economy, the family who run the store are among the few business owners who are not concerned about their finances. Part of the reason we keep on going, said owner Naomi Hasegawa, is that we all hate the idea of being the one to let it go.
The following also happens
Soccer: Despite repeated cases of inappropriate interactions with young prospects, the French Football Federation allowed a man to move from job to job calmly and maintained a highly valued certificate from the federation that helped him continue working in the sport.
Afghan peace talks: The Afghan government and the Taliban negotiators in Qatar have agreed on how the peace negotiations should continue. The next phase of talks will most likely focus on a political roadmap and a long-term nationwide ceasefire.
Legalization of cannabis: A United Nations commission voted in a highly anticipated decision to remove marijuana for medical purposes from a category of the world's most dangerous drugs.
Demonstrations in Hong Kong: Democracy-friendly activists Joshua Wong, Agnes Chow and Ivan Lam were sent to jail last year for their roles in an anti-government demonstration.
Moon landing: China released video footage on Wednesday showing the arrival of its Chang'e-5 robotic spacecraft on the lunar surface. You can see it here.
Laboratory meat: Singapore approved a laboratory-grown meat product from a US start-up, becoming the first company in the world to receive government approval.
Snapshot: Above kimchi in a market in Seoul, South Korea, in November. A spit rages on social media between China and South Korea after a Chinese state tabloid warned that China has set a global standard for pickled vegetables.
Lived life: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, the conservative former president of France who struggled to change his traditional, politically polarized country over a period of seven years, died on Wednesday at the age of 94 from the effects of Covid-19.
What we read: Vox's "The Goods" newsletter, a twice-weekly thorough guide to what we are buying and why we are buying it. "I read everyone," says Taylor Lorenz, a technology reporter at the Styles desk. She especially likes the TikTok Tuesday Edition by Vox reporter Rebecca Jennings.
Now a break from the news
Clock: TikTok users have created a musical version of the animated Disney film "Ratatouille" that plays in lush 60-second increments. Good Appetite!
Whether you're looking for a project or just want to see something, At Home has a comprehensive collection of ideas for what to do while staying safe at home.
And now for the background story about …
Why the UK first approved a vaccine
Benjamin Mueller, a London-based correspondent, explains what prompted the UK to quickly approve the vaccine, made by Pfizer and BioNTech.
Why did the UK approve a vaccine before the US?
The two countries study vaccines differently. Rather than accepting the results of the vaccine manufacturers as regulators in the UK and elsewhere in Europe, American regulators are carefully re-analyzing the raw data from the studies to validate the results.
To speed up the process, the UK drug and health products regulator had asked their experts to review the available vaccine data and separate teams were working in parallel on different parts of the process rather than waiting for another to complete. The question of whether she was moving in a hurry or whether the US was wasting valuable time nonetheless sparked a lively debate among scholars and industry experts on Wednesday.
What about the rest of Europe?
The UK has left the European Union's regulatory orbit to get early approval for a vaccine as the bloc gives countries emergency powers in the event of a pandemic. Once the UK separates from the EU on December 31st, those vaccine-only powers will become permanent.
Other EU countries are waiting for the Union's regulator, the European Medicines Agency, to approve a vaccine, which will not happen until December 29th.
Will UK approval affect delivery of the vaccine by other countries?
Pfizer executives said Wednesday they had heard from other countries that they wanted to speed up their own approval processes in the face of UK approval.
The UK decision offered little relief to poorer countries that could not afford to buy supplies in advance and may struggle to pay for both the vaccines and the exceptional requirements for their distribution.
Thank you for joining me for today's briefing. Until next time.
– Natasha
To Theodore Kim and Jahaan Singh for the break from the news. You can reach Natasha and the team at briefing@nytimes.com.
• We listen to "The Daily". Our final episode is about Anthony Blinken, Joe Biden's election as Secretary of State.
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• The word "shipaggedon," which refers to delays in shipping during the holidays, was first featured in The Times yesterday, according to the Twitter bot @NYT_first_said.
• Times editors Suzanne Spector and Lauren Katzenberg have joined the international desk.
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Function Factory is a state-of-the art personal training and functional fitness facility located in the heart of San Diego. Founded by strength and conditioning specialist Marko Sanchez, in January 2012, The Factory's mission is to work with health-minded individuals to help them achieve their potential, whether it is recovering from an injury, reaching fitness goals, or generally improving their wellness.
At Function Factory, we employ a personalized, whole body or "functional" approach to exercise that fits your lifestyle. Our highly qualified trainers will assess you and your physical capabilities, your strengths and weaknesses, and will design a plan according to your goals and functionality. This is done without the use of the general exercise equipment (machines) used in corporate gym facilities. Instead, we use body weight and balance movements that mimic daily life activities. This allows us to be creative in incorporating exercise into your everyday life.
Whether you are serious athlete or a person who would like to change their lifestyle, or you are looking to start anew, we have what you're looking for. We also offer several classes including yoga and Power Hour to complement your training plan.
A friendly, professional studio environment, Function Factory is conveniently located in Mission Valley within easy reach of the I-8 and I-15. We have flexible operational hours to accommodate you, including early mornings, evenings and weekends.


ai where the first two equations refer to the southern and northern atmospheric boxes, respectively, the third and fourth refer to the UML and DOL in the upwelling area, the fifth refers to the area of cold deep water formation, and the two last refer to the UML and DOL in the polar ocean.
1 The land in each box is represented in the form of a 'segment' of constant extension in the zonal direction with the northern boundary of the land 'segment' in the northern box coinciding with the latitude circle at 71.6°N.
proportionality factor = R/cp; R and cp are the gas constant and the heat capacity of air; p0 and c0 are density and heat capacity of sea water; subscripts A and 0 indicate belonging to the atmosphere and the ocean; double subscripts LA, IA, OA, LS and OS indicate belonging to the atmosphere over land, to the atmosphere over sea ice and over the ocean, to the land and ocean surfaces respectively; the meaning of the remaining symbols will be further clarified.
To find M, and Ms we picture the ice cover in the polar ocean area as a film of finite thickness whose surface can be covered by snow or melted water, and single out three periods within the year cycle. Winter: there is snow on the ice surface; the temperature Ts of the active surface (in this case the snow surface) is less than the water freezing temperature Tso; the growth and melting of ice occurs at the ice-water interface. Spring: the ice surface is covered by a mixture of snow and melted water; Ts= Tso; melting or growth of ice occurs at its low surface. Summer and autumn. The ice surface is covered by a layer of melted water; the temperature of this layer remains equal to rso; melting and growth of ice occurs on both surfaces. The beginning and the end of this period are identified, respectively, with periods when the thickness of the snow and melted water layers are zero.


It is suggested that Table 6 (A) figures be auto populated from table 4A to 4D as applicable in spite of only from 4A.
It is suggested that this requirement of reporting of HSN wise inward supplies be done away with.
It is suggested that intention for putting separate rows for same information be clarified.
It is suggested that data in GSTR 9 be auto populated from the returns filed earlier.
It is suggested that since there is no difference in treatment of ITC on Goods & services and such details were not asked in earlier period returns therefore the bifurcation of the same in the Annual return leads to recapturing of accounting entries as assessee has not recorded the same in the notified formats, therefore such requirement be omitted.
It is suggested that suitable clarification be issued clarifying upto what extent information can be furnished in the annual return. It may also be clarified whether an assessee can furnish information beyond earlier submitted returns.
It is suggested to clarify whether ITC will be available to the assessee on the basis of GSTR 2A even if conditions of section 16 are not complied with.
It is suggested that a suitable clarification be issued regarding providing particulars of transactions declared in returns upto date of filing of annual return of previous year is just a reporting requirement or a tax calculation mechanism.
It is suggested that suitable explanation with proper examples be given to clarify whether Debit/ credit note issued in 201819 for 2017-18, should that be reported in this Form.
It is suggested to merge the requirement of supplies on which tax is not payable despite separate reporting of nil, exempted and non-taxable supply as it is not serving any purpose but causing difficulty in compilation as these segregations have not been captured by assessee.
It is suggested that suitable explanation with proper examples be given to clarify the tax Payable reporting in Part II and Part IV.
It is suggested that suitable explanation with proper examples be given to clarify whether Part V is merely a subset of Part II to be used as reconciling item for the subsequent year.
It is suggested that this requirement of reporting information related to ITC available but ineligible, be do away with as this credit is not eligible and reporting of same is not serving any purpose.
It is suggested that option for selection of period for which taxpayer is filing Annual return be provided in the return.
It is suggested that the due date of GSTR 9 be extended to 31st March, 2019.
It is suggested to clarify the reporting of cross charge in Annual return.
It is suggested that the reporting requirement of pre-GST supplies and Non-GST supplies under GSTR-9 be clarified.
reasons of difference in the table.
It is suggested to provide respective column to avail such credit.
It is suggested to clarify difference of opinion between any additional taxes (HSN difference or POS difference / valuation difference etc.) and how to report such transactions.
clarifications on the following:> Whether the formats of Annexures are standardized or can be customized in terms of presentation?> Whether the information to be provided on Input Tax Credit restrictions as per sections 17(5), 42 and 43 of CGST Act, 2017 should be detailed or consolidated value?> In Table 15, there is no clarity on how to provide details on various types of refunds in relation to exports, inverted duty structure, wrong payments and double tax payments.
> As per the Annual return there is 2 years reconciliation statement required, whether the annexures in relation to this are standardized or can be customized?


Based in Basingstoke, Hampshire, WES Group provide chemical dosing products and solutions to industry. Its main customer base is the water utility companies. They had reached a stage where they needed to communicate a clear brand direction and to simplify their website.
WES was expanding its range of products and consultancy services which had been added over time into an old website structure, resulting in an overly complex and confused website journey for potential customers. This was resulting in the loss of new business enquiries.
We consolidated the brand with the design of a new group logo and four divisional logos. We then designed a new responsive website that simplified the customer journey and which made enquiries easier.
We are so pleased with how our new brand and website looks and the support that Avid gives us on a regular basis.


New Delhi, May 10 (UNI) The Food Processing Industry (FPI) has urged the Government that in the composition of Food Authority, the representation of the industry be increased from the present two to six persons.
It has also recommended that the Administrative Ministry for implementation of the Food Safety and Standards Bill (FSSB) should be the Ministry of Food Processing Industries.
''To ensure transparency, rationality and objectivity, it is important to provide a procedure of a neutral Review Panel to decide on the applicability of compounding of fine or prosecution according to the nature of violation. This discretion should not lie with a Departmental Officer which would naturally bring coercion, corrupt practices and 'Inspector Raj' defeating the very purpose of the Bill,'' All India Food Processors' Association (AIFPA) said in a release issued here today.
AIFPA President P L Kaul said that the Bill should provide clear grading of violations on a scientific basis laying distinction between Labeling defects, Extraneous Matter Defects, Substandard and Unsafe Food, with levels of penalties according to the extent of the violation.
The provision of 'forfeiture of establishment or property' must be withdrawn from the Bill and the law should focus on corrective measures rather an prosecution for every case. Penalties running into lakhs of rupees with imprisonment for even minor violations would bring 'Inspector Raj' and kill innovation, growth and small industry, Mr Kaul warned.
He said after FSSB 2005 was made available to the industry, it was found that there were a lot of aberrations in the Bill as hostile to the growth of food industry, as being badly bureaucratic leaving no provision for due representation to the industry.
The food processing industry was deeply concerned about the multiplicity of Food Laws, their regulations and implementation which amounted to harrassment to the industry during the last 50 years and that was the main reason to withhold the corporate sector from venturing into food processing sector, Mr Kaul added.


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The truth is nothing preventing you from achieving the body you want other than working harder. You might be trying, but perhaps you are not trying hard enough. If your body is not responding to your diet or training program, try something new. Educate yourself on how to do better. Eat stricter. Train harder. Stop alcohol for a couple of months. Give up on magic pills/potions/creams/nonsensical claims that promise to make you thin: they do not exist.
1- Motivation. Having a positive mind to keep yourself moving forward and pushing harder no matter what obstacles you may come across.
2- Nutrition. No amount of exercise will ever give you the body you want if you do not get your nutrition sorted out. Your diet makes up about 80% of your results.
3- Weight training. This is the tool that will reshape your body, boost your metabolism and turn your body into a fat burning furnace.
4- Cardio. Along with improving your overall physiological health, cardio helps to strip away your body fat and improve your endurance.
This is exactly why I created this website to include informative articles covering these four categories. If you are not seeing results, then most likely something will be lacking in one of these four elements. Make sure your diet is impeccable and you are training hard. If you aren't, then you would be lacking the motivation to work hard. Believe that it is worth it and that you can do it. You'll discover that being fit and confident ranks much higher in personal satisfaction than junk food, alcohol or an unfit body.
Your results are directly proportional to how hard you work. The harder your work, the more results you will see. The choice is yours. Some people stop when they reach a certain size or lose a significant amount of fat. Not everyone wants to look like a fitness model. However, if you are unhappy with where you are, stop making excuses that you have tried everything and digest that you need to do more than what you are currently doing.
If you need help transforming your body, click here to download my PDF guide covering all four elements.