text:
\section{Introduction}

Numerous astronomical and cosmological observations since 1930's
suggest that most of the matter in the Universe is non-luminous
and non-baryonic, while usual matter constitutes only $\simeq4\%$ of
the Universe and the main components are dark matter
($\simeq23\%$) and dark energy ($\simeq73\%$) \cite{Feng10,Bert10}.
Dark matter (DM) is preferably related with particles which are neutral
and only weakly interacting with matter (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles,
WIMPs). Interaction of such particles with usual matter could be
detected through observation of nuclear recoils created
after scattering of WIMPs on atomic nuclei in sensitive detectors
placed in low background conditions deep underground.
Positive evidence of WIMPs observation at $\simeq 9 \sigma$ confidence
level is reported in the DAMA experiment \cite{Bern08} after 13
years measurements with large mass low background NaI(Tl) scintillators.
This result was recently supported by the CoGeNT \cite{Aal11}
and CRESST \cite{Ang12} data. However, many other
searches for WIMPs to-date gave only negative results \cite{Spoo07,Rau11}.
Because of the fundamental importance of the question of the DM
constituents, searches for WIMPs are under performance or planned
in near twenty experiments, in particular, in the ton-scale
projects EURECA with cryogenic Ge and
different crystal scintillating bolometers
\cite{Krau07}, DARWIN with scintillating noble gases \cite{Baud12}
and DAMA/1ton (proposed since 1996) \cite{Cape07}.

When the energy released by the recoil ions is measured with scintillators,
one of the main questions is the quenching of the scintillation light
yield. Since a long time it is known that the amount of light produced
in scintillating materials
by highly ionizing particles is lower
than that produced by electrons of the same energy \cite{Birk64}.
In a scintillator calibrated with $\gamma$ sources,
signals from ions will be seen at lower energies than their real values,
sometimes by more than one order of magnitude.
Knowledge of quenching factor, QF (i.e. ratio of the measured ion energy in
$\gamma$ scale to its real energy) is very important in searches for
WIMPs and in predictions where the WIMPs signal should be expected.
QFs depend on many factors such as:
the scintillating material itself, its dopants and impurities,
temperature; ion's $Z$ and $A$ numbers, ion's energy; time of
collection of scintillating signal, etc. (see some examples in
\cite{Tret10}). Since it is sometimes  quite difficult to measure
QFs for the needed ions and in the needed energy region (f.e. for
low-energy heavy ions when the scintillation signal is expected at
$\simeq10$ keV or less), some methods for the QFs estimation are
of great interest.

QFs for different ions in a scintillator could
be not independent but related quantities. Such a hypothesis,
supported by some experimental data, was discussed already in
\cite{Birk64}.
If true, on the basis of measurements of QFs for
particles of one kind in some energy region (e.g. for a few
MeV $\alpha$ particles from internal contamination of a detector), one
would be able to {\it calculate} QFs for particles of another kind
and for other energies (e.g. for low energy nuclear recoils).
Further evidences in favor of this hypothesis were
given in \cite{Tret10}.

Cadmium tungstate (CdWO$_4$) crystal scintillators are widely used
in low counting experiments to search for $2\beta$ decay
\cite{Dan96a,Dan03a,Bel08,Bar11,Bel12} and studies of rare $\beta$
\cite{Dan96b,Bel07} and $\alpha$ \cite{Dan03b} decays. CdWO$_4$ has
rather similar properties to CaWO$_4$, ZnWO$_4$, CaMoO$_4$ and
some other oxide crystal scintillators, promising targets for DM
experiments \cite{Krau07}.

In this work we measured the response of a CdWO$_4$ crystal
to few MeV energy ions and low energy ($4-110$ keV) electrons.
Pulse-shape discrimination ability was studied
for protons, $\alpha$ particles, Li, C, O and Ti ions.
Using the measured quenching for protons, we applied a
semi-empirical approach \cite{Tret10} to
calculate QFs for other ions and low energy electrons.

\section{\label{s:DUS}Crystal characteristics and signal processing}

The CdWO$_4$ crystal studied in this work is a parallelepiped of
$10\times20\times25$ mm, manufactured by Scionix. CdWO$_4$
is a monoclinic, almost orthorhombic, crystal. From the
specification of the manufacturer, the $10\times20$ mm faces are
known to be cleavage (010) planes. Measurements performed with a
diffractometer\footnote{These measurements have been performed at
the ``Centro di Cristallografia Strutturale'' of the University of
Firenze.} confirm this assignment, while the two faces
$10\times25$ mm and $20\times25$ mm almost correspond to planes
of indexes (100) and (001), respectively.

The crystal is optically coupled through a $10\times20$ mm face
to a photomultiplier (PMT) ETL mod. 9256B. Its photocathode has an
extended green response for a better matching with the light
emission spectrum of the CdWO$_4$ crystal. In the measurements with
low energy electrons the crystal has been wrapped with Teflon
tape, while in measurements under beam an aperture of
$10\times10$ mm has been opened in the tape  covering one $20\times25$ mm
face, so that ions can enter directly. It has been verified with
$\gamma$ sources that no measurable difference in light collection
is found with or without aperture.
The energy scale of the detector was established with $^{22}$Na,
$^{57}$Co, $^{60}$Co, $^{137}$Cs and $^{241}$Am calibration sources.

In all the measurements the anode signals from the PMT are
processed by a current to voltage converter which acts also as
antialiasing filter and analysed by a transient
digitiser\footnote{The main characteristics are: 12 bits
(11-effective), 20 Ms/s, $\pm 1024$ mV linear range.}
already described in \cite{Bard06}. The data, sequentially
digitised every 50 ns, are stored in a temporary memory FIFO,
which, in the presence of an event trigger, is stopped and read in a time
interval starting about 30 $\mu$s before the time of the event and
extending  to 128 $\mu$s on the whole. These data are stored on a
mass memory for further analysis. In particular the amplitude
spectra are obtained by the following procedure: for each event
the mean value of the baseline  is evaluated in the first 25 $\mu$s
and subtracted channel by channel, afterwards the signal
amplitude is obtained by summing up the channel contents in a
time interval lasting 55 $\mu$s from the beginning of the signal.
It is also checked whether the analysed waveform is in true or
chance coincidence with the event trigger; overlapping waveforms
are recognised and discarded.

\section{Response to protons, $\alpha$ particles, Li, C, O and Ti ions}

\subsection{Measurements with pulsed beams}

Beams of protons, Li, C, O, and Ti ions, in the energy range $1-10$ MeV, were produced
by the Tandetron accelerator of LABEC at the INFN-Florence.
A dedicated beam line \cite{Tacc05} provides short pulses by means of an electrostatic deflector
which displaces the beam spot across a narrow window obtained by an adjustable slits
system, housed at the entrance of the vacuum chamber, situated at the end of the beam-line
and containing the crystal.
The beam intensity and the width of the slits were adjusted to obtain the arrival
of a single particle per pulse in a large majority of the cases. As already said
in Section 2, in all these measurements the accelerated particles enter the crystal
perpendicularly to a 20 mm x 25 mm (001) face.
In these measurements the event trigger was derived from the voltage transition of
the deflecting plates. Owing to this coincidence constraint on the stored pulse shapes,
it is possible to build from them energy spectra almost free from background.
The measured quenching factors  for protons (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 MeV), Li (3.0, 4.5 MeV),
C (3.0, 5.1, 7.5 MeV), O (6.0 MeV) and Ti (10.0 MeV) ions are presented in Fig.~1.

\nopagebreak
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{figure=fig1am.eps,height=6.5cm}~
\epsfig{figure=fig1bm.eps,height=6.5cm}
\caption{(Color online) Quenching factors for
protons ($\bullet$),
$\alpha$ particles ($\blacksquare$),
Li ($\blacktriangle$),
C ($\blacktriangledown$),
O ($\bigstar$) and
Ti ($\lozenge$) ions
measured with the CdWO$_4$ crystal scintillator. Solid lines
represent calculations in accordance with \cite{Tret10}.
On the right, lower QFs are shown in more detail.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Differences of the pulse shapes, as a consequence of different specific energy losses,
have been also investigated.

\subsection{Measurements with $\alpha$ particles}

In addition to measurements with accelerated ions, the CdWO$_4$ crystal was irradiated with
$\alpha$ particles. A collimated $^{241}$Am $\alpha$ source was placed,
inside the crystal chamber,
in front of the crystal (001) face and, at the same time, the crystal was irradiated
by $^{137}$Cs and $^{60}$Co $\gamma$ sources in order to get a reference
$\gamma$ energy scale. In this
case a self-trigger was used and, taking advantage from the different zero-crossing
times,  $\alpha$ particle and  $\gamma$ ray spectra were easily disentangled.
From this measurement the quenching factor for the 5486 keV  $\alpha$ particles, entering
perpendicularly the (001) face, was found to be 0.127(1) as reported in Fig.~1.
In a different series of measurements, the three faces of the bare crystal have
been irradiated with  $\alpha$ particles. The measured QFs were: 0.197(1) for (010) face,
0.167(1) for (100) face and 0.134(1) for (001) face. These measurements can be
helpful for determining the response of the crystal to particles created in its
volume and moving in random directions with respect to the principal planes.
A comment is required by the small ($\leq5\%$) but significant difference between the
two QF values relative to the (001) face: most probably, the difference could be
attributed to the different light losses associated to the different locations
of  $\alpha$ and $\gamma$ light emitting sources (a surface point-like light source in the case
of  $\alpha$ particles and a volume distributed light source in the case of $\gamma$ rays) with
respect to the different reflecting and diffusing properties of the bare and Teflon
wrapped crystal.

Difference in QFs for $\alpha$ particles moving in different directions, in addition to
CdWO$_4$ detectors (here and e.g. in \cite{Dan03b}) was observed also for ZnWO$_4$ \cite{Dan05}
and MgWO$_4$ \cite{Dan09} crystal scintillators.
As quenching depends on ionization density \cite{Birk64}, such a behavior of the QFs
has to be related with difference in ionization density and stopping power
for $\alpha$ particles moving in different directions inside an anisotropic crystal.
This interpretation is also supported by the behavior of the shape indicator (Section 3.4),
which also depends on the direction of the $\alpha$ particles, being closer to that of
$\gamma$s when the quenching factor is larger. Differences of light
collection due to surface effects could, in fact, change the quenching
factor but hardly modify the shape of the light pulse.

\subsection{Calculations of quenching factors for ions}

Quenching factors $Q_i$ for protons, $\alpha$ particles and Li, C, O, Ti
ions in the CdWO$_4$ scintillator were calculated following the work
\cite{Tret10}, which is based on the classical Birks formula \cite{Birk64},
as the ratio of light yield of an ion to that of an electron of the same
energy:

\begin{equation}
Q_i(E) = L_i(E) / L_e(E),
\end{equation}

\noindent where

\begin{equation}
L_i(E) = \int_0^E dL_i = \int_0^E \frac{S_idE}{1+kB(\frac{dE}{dr})_i},
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
L_e(E) = \int_0^E dL_e = \int_0^E \frac{S_edE}{1+kB(\frac{dE}{dr})_e}.
\end{equation}

Here $(dE/dr)_i$ and $(dE/dr)_e$ are the total stopping powers for ions
calculated with the SRIM code \cite{SRIM} and electrons calculated with the
ESTAR code \cite{ESTAR}, respectively.

Supposing the normalization factors $S_{i,e}$ equal for electrons and ions and
independent on energy, we obtain that $Q_i(E)$ depends only on a single parameter
$kB$ (the Birks factor). It is assumed that $kB$ is also independent of energy and
has the same value for all ions, if all data are measured under the same
experimental conditions and treated in the same way \cite{Tret10}.

To determine the $kB$ value for the present CdWO$_4$ measurements,
the experimental points for protons were fitted by curve calculated
with Eq.~(1)--(3).
The result is $kB=17.4$ mg~cm$^{-2}$~MeV$^{-1}$, and the obtained curve
is shown in Fig.~1.
Afterwards, QFs for all other ions were calculated with this $kB$ value;
all the results are also demonstrated in Fig.~1.

As one can see, the calculations do not perfectly reproduce the
experimental points, with the biggest deviation ($\simeq30\%$)
for Ti ions. Nevertheless, general agreement could be considered
as acceptable, especially for a theory with only one parameter.
Sometimes quenching factors in DM experiments are known with much
bigger uncertainties, and calculations in accordance with
the above described approach could give valuable information on
the expected QF values.

\subsection{Pulse-shape discrimination between $\gamma$ quanta,
protons, $\alpha$ particles and light ions}

To test the ability of pulse-shape discrimination between $\gamma$
quanta ($\beta$ particles), protons, $\alpha$ particles and the light
ions,
the data were analyzed by
using the optimal filter method proposed by E.~Gatti and F.~De
Martini \cite{Gat62} (see also \cite{Faz98} where the analysis was
developed for CdWO$_4$ crystal scintillators). For each
experimental signal,  its shape
indicator  was defined as $SI=\sum f(t_k)\times
P(t_k)/\sum f(t_k)$, where the sum is over time channels $k$,
starting from the origin of signal and up to 60 $\mu$s, $f(t_k)$
is the digitized amplitude of a given signal.
The weight function $P(t)$ is defined as:
$P(t) = \overline{f}_\alpha(t)-\overline{f}_\gamma(t)$, where
the reference pulse shapes $\overline{f}_\alpha(t)$ and
$\overline{f}_\gamma(t)$ are the average of a few thousands shapes for
$\alpha$ particles and $\gamma$ quanta, respectively, collected in
the measurements with $\gamma$ and $\alpha$ sources.

Distributions of the shape indicator versus energy for $\gamma$
quanta, protons, $\alpha$ particles, Li, C, O and Ti ions measured
with CdWO$_4$ crystal scintillator are presented in Fig.~2.
There is clear discrimination between $\gamma$s, protons, $\alpha$
particles and ions.
The shape indicator values for protons and ions
lie near the ones of $\alpha$ particles.
This fact, however, does not necessarily
imply that the pulse shape be equal for heavier ions and protons.

\nopagebreak
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\mbox{\epsfig{figure=fig2.eps,height=10.0cm}}
\caption{(Color online)
Distributions of shape indicator (see text) versus energy
for protons, Li, C, O and Ti ions measured with
the CdWO$_4$ crystal
scintillator at the accelerator. Data for $\gamma$
quanta were obtained from a background run (mainly environmental
radioactivity), while $\alpha$ particles were accumulated with
the $^{241}$Am source installed in the vacuum chamber of the
accelerator.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

It is worth to note also that the measurements with $^{241}$Am $\alpha$
particles entering into different faces of the CdWO$_4$ crystal
(Section 3.2) show a clear relation between quenching factor and
shape indicator: for bigger $QF_\alpha$, when $\alpha$ signal is
closer to signal caused by $\gamma$ quanta, $SI_\alpha$ value is
lower, i.e. also closer to $SI_\gamma$. This effect was already observed
in \cite{Dan03b,Dan05}.

\section{Measurements with low energy electrons}

It should be noted that the quenching of scintillation signals is
observed not only for ions but also for low-energy (less than a
few hundred keV) $\gamma$ quanta and electrons. However, the
nature of the electron-induced light-emitting excitation can have a
different origin from that induced by heavy ions. Possible relation
between QFs for ions and QFs for electrons is interesting and
important as giving an additional method to obtain QFs for recoils
induced by WIMPs in scintillators.

A lot of work has been dedicated, also recently, to the study of
the non-linearity of the response of scintillating crystals,
coupled to different types of photo-detectors (photomultipliers in
many cases), to low-energy $\gamma$ quanta and electrons (see e.g.
\cite{Saka87,Dore95,Jaff07,Chon08,Pay09,Mos10,Pay11,Kho12}
and works quoted therein).
We have studied the response of a CdWO$_4$ scintillation
detector to low energy electrons by using electrons created in
the CdWO$_4$ crystal by Compton scattered $\gamma$ quanta.

\subsection{Experimental set-up}

To avoid surface effects for low energy electrons, the CdWO$_4$
crystal under study is used as a Compton
spectrometer\footnote{This method was first proposed by  Valentine
and Rooney \cite{Vale94,Roon96}.}. This technique requires that
the $\gamma$ rays, scattered by the crystal at an angle $\theta$ with
respect to the direction of the incoming collimated monochromatic
beam, be detected in coincidence with the signals generated in
the crystal by the corresponding scattered electrons. However,
when the energy of the scattered electrons is small, typically
less than 20 keV, it becomes difficult to achieve reliable
information both in energy and in timing, particularly for
crystals, such as CdWO$_4$, whose main light emission is
characterised by a long decay time ($\approx 14~\mu$s)
\cite{Bard08}: in that case a small anode signal consists of a
sequence of almost randomly spaced single electron responses.

To overcome this problem, we have used the production in opposite
directions of the two  511 keV $\gamma$ rays from the singlet
positronium following the $\beta^+$ decay of $^{22}$Na. This
variant of the Compton Coincidence Technique makes it possible to
obtain a good timing of the event trigger through the coincidence
between one of the $\gamma$ rays observed by a  NaI(Tl) counter and
the other one observed in a high purity germanium (HPGe) counter, after been scattered in
the crystal under study, and therefore to study the response to
electrons down to very low energy also for CdWO$_4$. Moreover the
collimation of the $\gamma$ rays, impinging on the crystal, is
performed {\it via} coincidences with NaI(Tl), so avoiding the
border effects of a physical collimator. The front-end electronics
for the NaI(Tl) detector consists of a passive integrator of the anode
current signals followed by a JFET  input linear buffer feeding a
semi-gaussian shaping amplifier (Ortec  mod. 572: time constant
0.5 $\mu$s) whose bipolar output is sent to a Timing Single-Channel
Analyzer (Ortec, mod. 551). HPGe signals, from one of the twin
outputs of the charge preamplifier, are processed in the same way
as those of the NaI(Tl) detector and provide timing information,
while the other preamplifier output is connected to a Gated
Integrator Amplifier (Ortec: mod. 973) with integration time
5 $\mu$s, and used for energy measurement.

The geometry of the experimental set-up is shown in Fig.~3.
The $^{22}$Na source has nominal activity 400 kBq.
$^{22}$Na decays to the 1274.5 keV,
first excited level of  $^{22}$Ne, through a $\beta^+$
($E_{max}$ = 546 keV) annihilating in a 2~mm diameter zone.

\nopagebreak
\begin{figure}[h]
\label{fig:set-up}
\begin{center}
\mbox{\epsfig{figure=fig3.eps,height=4.7cm}} \caption{(Color
online) Set-up for measurements of CdWO$_4$ crystal scintillator
response to low energy electrons. All sizes are in mm. The angle
$\theta$ has been set to 12.5, 20 and 35$^\circ$. The Al cap
surrounding the CdWO$_4$ crystal is not shown.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

As shown in Fig.~3, the source is on the axis of a system of two
detectors: a $3^{''}\times 3^{''}$ NaI(Tl) (manufactured by
Scionix) and the CdWO$_4$ crystal described in Section
\ref{s:DUS}. The 10 mm thickness of this crystal causes an
attenuation of the 511 keV $\gamma$ rays of $\approx$60\%. Special
care has been devoted to minimise the material surrounding the
CdWO$_4$ crystal and thus the probability of absorption and
scattering along the path of the 511 keV $\gamma$ rays: to this
purpose the cap surrounding the CdWO$_4$ is a cylinder of
aluminium of only 0.4 mm thickness. The 800 mm distance between
source and front face of the NaI(Tl) detector defines a solid
angle of maximum angular aperture of 5.4$^\circ$, so that a 511
keV $\gamma$ ray impinging on this detector has a companion 511
keV $\gamma$ ray hitting the CdWO$_4$ crystal inside a circle of
16 mm diameter.

The 511 keV  $\gamma$ rays scattered at angle $\theta$ from the
crystal are detected by an HPGe detector (Ortec: mod. GMX 30 P:
diameter 60 mm, height 60 mm, relative efficiency 30\% and
resolution (FWHM) 1.9 keV at 1.33 MeV). The HPGe detector is
placed at $\approx200$ mm from the centre of the crystal and, in
successive measurements, at angles $\theta$ of (12.5, 20.0,
35.0)$^\circ$ with respect to the axis defined by the NaI(Tl)
detector and the CdWO$_4$ crystal. In this way, the overall
angular range covered by the HPGe extends, with variable
efficiency, from $0.5^\circ$ to $44^\circ$, corresponding to
energies of the scattered $\gamma$ rays from 510 keV to 395 keV
and a complementary energy range of Compton electrons inside the
CdWO$_4$ from 1 keV to 116 keV.

It is worth to stress that with this set-up the problem of the
time mark associated to even very low energy events in the crystal
is overcome, because the event trigger is obtained from the
coincidence of 511 keV full-energy signals detected by the NaI(Tl)
and signals detected by the HPGe in the energy range (390 -- 511)
keV. A drawback of this method concerns the intrinsic energy
spread of the 511 keV $\gamma$ rays, which brings the FWHM of the
511 keV line to $\approx 3.0$ keV (the intrinsic HPGe resolution
at this energy is $\approx 1.7$ keV).

For monitoring gain and baseline of the HPGe, a $^{133}$Ba source
is placed near the HPGe detector and shielded by a 25 mm lead
shield from the CdWO$_4$ crystal. For the same purpose, a source
of $^{241}$Am (emitting 60 keV photons) is
 placed near the  CdWO$_4$. Lead
shields have been also introduced which, to some extent, prevent
511 keV (and to a lesser extent 1274.5 keV)  $\gamma$ rays from
 the $^{22}$Na source, from
directly reaching the HPGe detector.

At the arrival of an event trigger, the linear signal from HPGe is
peak analysed (by a 100 MHz, 8k ADC) and recorded, together with
the information on CdWO$_4$ ``signal shape'', on a dedicated PC.
As an example,  the relevant part (470 keV -- 520 keV) of the HPGe
spectrum corresponding to $\gamma$ rays scattered from the
CdWO$_4$ crystal in a 4-days run
(corresponding to about one tenth of the total statistics)
at a mean angle $\theta=
12.5^\circ$, is shown in Fig. 4$a$. The broad structure (''bump'')
in the $\gamma$ spectrum is due to 511 keV $\gamma$s Compton
scattered in the crystal, which are in prompt coincidence with the
event trigger. The out-of-coincidence spectrum (Fig. 4$a$)
clearly shows a 511 keV  full energy peak, which is followed
(because of multiple scattering) by a small tail extending from
the full-energy peak down to the Compton edge. Obviously, a
distribution of the same relative size is present at the low
energy side of each channel of the bump and the combined effect of
all channels produces the low-energy tail extending well below the
minimum energy of the scattered $\gamma$s. This effect certainly
contributes, with increasing importance, to the lower-energy part
of the bump. Owing to this reason, only the upper part of the bump
has been considered in the analysis.

In  Fig. 4$b$, the corresponding digitizer pulse amplitude spectrum of
electrons in prompt coincidence is reported. The nominal energy
scale (``apparent electron energy'' $\widetilde{E}_e$) is
normalised to the full-energy peak of 511 keV, corresponding to a
full absorption of the $\gamma$ inside the crystal. Due to the
non-linear response, the energy scale does not reproduce the true
energy of low-energy electrons.

\nopagebreak
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\mbox{\epsfig{figure=fig4.eps,height=9.0cm}}
\caption{(Color online)
$a$: Spectrum of the 511 keV $\gamma$ rays scattered by the
CdWO$_4$ crystal, acquired by HPGe in prompt coincidence with the
corresponding 511 keV $\gamma$ rays, detected by the NaI(Tl) crystal.
The two spectra are normalised to equal time intervals;
the latter is then multiplied by 20.
$b$: Distribution of pulse
amplitudes from CdWO$_4$ converted to ``apparent electron
energy'' in keV triggered by the prompt coincidence  between HPGe
and NaI(Tl); and out of coincidence normalised to equal time
intervals. All the spectra refer to mean angle $\theta=
12.5^\circ$ (see Fig. 3).}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The small rise of the electron spectrum at the lowest energies is
completely accounted for by the background distribution (see the
out-of-coincidence spectrum in
Fig. 4$b$).

Within the statistical uncertainties, the energy of electrons
associated to a $\gamma$ ray of energy $E_\gamma$ is $E_e=511$
keV -- $E_\gamma$. The bump in the distribution of $E_\gamma$,
shown in Fig.~4$a$,
as well as those at $\theta=20^\circ$ and $35^\circ$,
have been divided in bins 2 or 4 keV wide, and for
each bin the distribution of electron signal amplitudes from
CdWO$_4$ has been obtained. Examples of the amplitude spectra of
electrons are presented in Fig. 5 for mean energies 5.1 keV  and
19.1 keV  (from 2-keV bins), and 92 keV (4-keV bin).
Also in this figure, the electron pulse
amplitude has been converted in keV to give the ``apparent
electron energy'' $\widetilde{E}_e$. For each amplitude
distribution, two values of the mean energy are given in the
figure: the ~true mean energy of the scattered electrons~
$\left<E_e\right>$ = 511 keV -- $\left<E_\gamma\right>$, coming from
the mean value $\left<E_\gamma\right>$ of the $\gamma$ energy of
the selected bin on the $\gamma$ bump, and the mean of the
~apparent electron energy~ $\left<\widetilde{E}_e\right>$.

\nopagebreak
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\mbox{\epsfig{figure=fig5.eps,height=8.0cm}} \caption{ (Color
online) Energy spectra of electrons with energies 5.1, 19.1 and
92.0 keV measured by CdWO$_4$ crystal scintillator. The solid lines represent
the fit to the distributions by a gaussian function.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Distributions, as those shown in Fig. 5, have been used for two
purposes:\\
1) from each electron distribution the value of FWHM has been
extracted and compared with those obtained by irradiating the CdWO$_4$
crystal with $\gamma$ rays of similar energies from radioactive sources;\\
2) for each bin of the selected regions of the three $\gamma$ bumps
(at $\theta=12.5^\circ$, $20^\circ$, $35^\circ$)
the relative light yield $\left<\widetilde{E}_e/E_e\right>$
of the corresponding electron energy
distribution has been evaluated.

\subsection{Response of CdWO$_4$ crystal scintillator to low energy
electrons}

The dependence of the energy resolution on energy of electrons and
$\gamma$s from radioactive sources in CdWO$_4$ is reported as a
function of energy in  Fig. 6. The main findings are that no
appreciable differences between electrons and $\gamma$ rays are
apparent in the overlapping energy region. The continuous line
shows a minimum-$\chi^2$ fit of the data with the function
FWHM(\%)$=\sqrt{a/E}$; ($a= 38200\pm400$ keV, $\chi^2$/n.d.f. =
0.45, where n.d.f. is the number of degrees of freedom).

\nopagebreak
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\mbox{\epsfig{figure=fig6.eps,height=10.0cm}} \caption{ (Color
online) FWHM of the distributions of pulse amplitudes from the
CdWO$_4$ counter for Compton electrons and $\gamma$s from various
radioactive sources.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Concerning the
relative light yield,
examples of distributions of the
ratios $\widetilde{E}_e/E_e$, for the same  energy bins of Fig. 5,
are given in Fig. 7. From  this type of distributions, and for
each 4-keV bin in the HPGe bumps at angles $\theta$ of (12.5,
20.0, 35.0)$^\circ$, the
relative light yield
is derived as
$R=\left<\widetilde{E}_e/E_e\right>$. They are presented as a
function of the true electron energy in Fig. 8. Error bars include
the statistical uncertainties as well as estimated systematic
errors related to the measurement itself and to the procedure  of
data analysis. The
relative light yield
remains substantially stable
at the 100\% value above 80 keV, decreases slowly at lower
energies down to 95\% at 20 keV and more deeply below this energy.

\nopagebreak
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\mbox{\epsfig{figure=fig7.eps,height=8.0cm}}
\caption{(Color online)
Examples of distributions of ratio $\widetilde{E}_e/E_e$
of the CdWO$_4$ scintillation response
together with their fits by a gaussian function.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In CdWO$_4$, no indication is found of an increase of the
luminescence efficiency with decreasing electron energy, as
reported for NaI(Tl). To our knowledge, no previous measurements
with internal electrons have been reported for CdWO$_4$. Compared
with Fig. 10 of \cite{Dore95}, our Fig. 8 shows a slower decrease
of the
$R$
for energies below 80 keV. We must remark, however,
that the data of \cite{Dore95} are obtained by excitation with
$\gamma$ rays, and show in fact the well known anomalies at the K
edge.

\nopagebreak
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\mbox{\epsfig{figure=fig8.eps,height=8.0cm}}
\caption
Relative light yield (normalised to 1 at 100 keV)
as a function of the electron energy. Lines show
calculations with Eq.~(4) with different $kB$ values.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

We also calculate here the relative light yield as
\begin{equation}
R=L_e(E)/E
\end{equation}
with $L_e$ obtained with Eq.~(3) and the Birks factor
$kB=17.4$ mg~cm$^{-2}$~MeV$^{-1}$,
the same as was used to describe the experimental data for ions (Fig.~1);
$R$ is normalised to 1 at 100 keV.
However, as one can see from Fig.~8, the experimental data for electrons
are better described with the value $kB=9.0$ mg~cm$^{-2}$~MeV$^{-1}$,
when the points at $E>20$ keV are perfectly described, while disagreement
still is present at lower energies.
One could expect that introduction of $kB$ dependent on energy (see \cite{Biz09,Li11,Wil11})
or introduction of additional terms in the Birks equation (see e.g. \cite{Cho52}) would
allow to improve the description of the data.

\section{Discussion and conclusions}

(1) It should be stressed, the non-proportionality in the
scintillation response is an important characteristic to estimate the
energy resolution achievable with scintillation crystals \cite{Dore95}.
In accordance with current understanding (see recent reviews
\cite{Pay09,Mos10,Pay11}), non-proportionality
of the relative light yield for electrons and $\gamma$ quanta at
low energies is one of the main reasons of poor energy resolution
of a scintillator for $\gamma$s even at higher energies because of
a high probability for a $\gamma$ quantum to interact with a detector
more than once and to lose the total energy through creation of few
lower energy electrons. Many scintillating materials were studied
till now (see \cite{Pay09,Mos10,Pay11,Kho12,Mosz03,Mosz05b,Biza09} and
refs. therein), and the best energy resolution (better that 3\%) was
reached with scintillators which show good proportionality of the light
yield down to $\simeq10$ keV (f.e. LaCl$_3$(Ce), LaBr$_3$(Ce),
SrI$_2$(Eu) \cite{Pay11}).
While response of CdWO$_4$ to low energy $\gamma$ quanta was already
studied \cite{Dore95,Mosz05b}, results for low energy electrons
(down to 5 keV) are presented here for the first time.

(2) Measurements with the accelerator for protons, Li, C, O and Ti
ions with energies in 1 -- 10 MeV interval, together with the 5.5 MeV
$\alpha$ particles from $^{241}$Am, allow to obtain data on quenching
factors interesting for the dark matter studies.
Description of these data with Eq.~(1)--(3) with the
same value of the Birks factor $kB=17.4$ mg~cm$^{-2}$~MeV$^{-1}$
(obtained by fitting the data for protons),
while being not perfect, nevertheless shows relevant agreement,
with the biggest deviation of $\simeq30\%$ for Ti ions.
This further supports the hypothesis \cite{Tret10} that quenching factors
for all ions are not independent and could be described with the same
$kB$ value, if the data are collected in the same experimental conditions and
are treated in the same way.
This approach allows to obtain QFs for low energy nuclear recoils on the basis f.e.
of QFs values for a few MeV $\alpha$ particles from internal contamination
of a detector. Sometimes the QFs for low energy nuclear recoils are known
with uncertainties much higher than 30\%,
and the description with Eq.~(1)--(3)
could provide an important estimation of the needed QFs.

(3) It is possible to describe the obtained data on the relative light
yield for low energy electrons in the CdWO$_4$ by Eq.~(4)
in a perfect way for $E>20$ keV, however still with disagreement at
lower energies. Similar description on the basis of the Birks
equation was obtained previously for CaWO$_4$ in \cite{Lan09} and
for liquid scintillators in the Double Chooz experiment in \cite{Abe11}.
However, for CdWO$_4$ the value $kB=9.0$ mg~cm$^{-2}$~MeV$^{-1}$
determined for such a description is different from that obtained
from fit of the data for the ions: $kB=17.4$ mg~cm$^{-2}$~MeV$^{-1}$.
This unfortunately closes the additional way to obtain QFs for low energy
nuclear recoils relevant for the DM searches from the light yield
non-proportionality for the electrons measured with the same scintillator.
This conclusion is not unexpected; it is supported also by the following considerations.
As it is known (see f.e. \cite{Pay11}), for some scintillating materials
(NaI(Tl), CsI(Tl)) the relative light yield for $\gamma$ quanta and electrons
is $R>1$ at low energies.
At the same time, Eq.~(4) can describe only quenched values $R<1$
(as those in Fig.~8 or in \cite{Lan09,Abe11}) but not the
enhanced $R>1$ (giving at most only $R=1$
with $kB=0$), thus it is not suitable for NaI(Tl).
One could assume that the mechanisms of quenching for ions
and non-linear response to low energy electrons ($\gamma$s) are different.
Nevertheless, description
for ions by Eq.~(1)--(3) is valid also for NaI(Tl); see f.e. Fig.~13$a$ in
\cite{Tret10} where the $kB$ value obtained by fitting data for Na recoils
allowed to perfectly describe QFs for I recoils.

\section*{Acknowledgments}

The authors are indebted to S.~Ciattini and F.~Loglio for their
kind collaboration in the measurements of the structural
properties of the CdWO$_4$ crystal. The work of F.A.~Danevich and
V.I.~Tretyak was supported in part by the
Space Research Program of the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
We would like to thank the referee for useful suggestions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Throughout our portfolio, A4NH researchers take into account the role gender plays in determining the impact agriculture can have on nutrition and health outcomes. We recognize that understanding and addressing gender issues is necessary in order for agricultural technologies, interventions, and policies to contribute to equitable health and nutrition.
Only with an understanding of the differences in the roles, responsibilities, decisionmaking, and bargaining power of men and women, can we- as researchers- start to explore factors that determine how and why impacts may differ within the household. The goal of the A4NH Gender Strategy is to help achieve the program's nutrition and health objectives through greater attention to gender roles and implications within value-chains and in programs and policy impact pathways. We believe that well-integrated gender research within the A4NH portfolio can improve global understanding of the role of gender in the agriculture, nutrition, and health sectors.
Our efforts aim to increase knowledge about how gender influences the impacts of agricultural development on nutrition. A part of this strategy is capacity building, particularly among researchers, to effectively use methods and tools for integrating gender into their research on agriculture-nutrition linkages. The Gender-Nutrition Idea Exchange is a conversational blog that shares personal experience from researchers working on these issues. The GNIE provides researchers a space to ask questions on how to design, conduct, analyze and communicate research, and share new ideas, best practices, and general guidance on gender and nutrition research.
For additional information about this unit, please contact Gender Research Coordinator Hazel Malapit.


text:
Q: Delete rows from a pandas dataframe that have duplicate DatetimeIndex values using several condition I have many dataframes with duplicate DatetimeIndex values. The example below shows the dataframe for id = 'D17'. I need to remove all duplicates based on several conditions.
df = pd.DataFrame(
    {"id": ['D17', 'D17', 'D17', 'D17', 'D17', 'D17', 'D17', 'D17', 'D17'],
     "value": [0.82, 0.89, 0, 0.94, 1.02, 0.97, 0.83, 0.83, 0.72]}, index=pd.DatetimeIndex(
        [pd.Timestamp('2012-10-23 00:00:00'), pd.Timestamp('2012-11-01 00:00:00'), pd.Timestamp('2012-11-01 00:00:00'),
         pd.Timestamp('2012-12-03 00:00:00'), pd.Timestamp('2012-12-17 00:00:00'), pd.Timestamp('2013-01-17 00:00:00'),
         pd.Timestamp('2013-01-18 00:00:00'), pd.Timestamp('2013-01-18 00:00:00'), pd.Timestamp('2013-01-24 00:00:00')])
)
print(df)

             id  value
2012-10-23  D17   0.82
2012-11-01  D17   0.89
2012-11-01  D17   0.00
2012-12-03  D17   0.94
2012-12-17  D17   1.02
2013-01-17  D17   0.97
2013-01-18  D17   0.83
2013-01-18  D17   0.83
2013-01-24  D17   0.72

For this id, the duplicate DatetimeIndex values are 2012-11-01 and 2013-01-18.
The corresponding 2013-01-18 rows all have the same 'value' = 0.83. In this case, I need to remove one of the two rows.
The corresponding 2012-11-01 rows do not have the same 'value'. In this case, I need to keep the row with the value that has the smallest absolute deviation to the average of the preceding and following values. Here, this average would be (0.82 + 0.94) / 2 = 0.88 and the deviations abs(0.89 - 0.88) = 0.01 and abs(0 - 0.88) = 0.88. Thus, the row with the value 0 shall be dropped.
The final output would then look like this
             id  value
2012-10-23  D17   0.82
2012-11-01  D17   0.89
2012-12-03  D17   0.94
2012-12-17  D17   1.02
2013-01-17  D17   0.97
2013-01-18  D17   0.83
2013-01-24  D17   0.72

My unsuccessful approach so far has been to identify the duplicates via df.index.duplicated(keep=False) and going through all duplicate pairs using a for loop and trying to get the location via df.index.get_loc() in order to drop the relevant row and ending up trying to manipulate slice objects that seem to be not working well with the DatetimeIndex. I am, on purpose, not posting my code snippets here, as I believe (after a significant amount of time) that this approach is very likely not the best one. Any help how to tackle this issue is highly appreciated.
The duplicates can also occur at the beginning and the end of the dataframe like in this example:
df = pd.DataFrame(
    {"id": ['D18', 'D18', 'D18', 'D18', 'D18', 'D18', 'D18', 'D18', 'D18', 'D18'],
     "value": [0, 0.89, 0.94, 1.02, 0.97, 0.97, 1.05, 0.98, 0.81, 0.83]}, index=pd.DatetimeIndex(
        [pd.Timestamp('2012-11-01 00:00:00'), pd.Timestamp('2012-11-01 00:00:00'),
         pd.Timestamp('2012-12-03 00:00:00'), pd.Timestamp('2012-12-17 00:00:00'),
         pd.Timestamp('2013-01-08 00:00:00'), pd.Timestamp('2013-01-08 00:00:00'),
         pd.Timestamp('2013-01-12 00:00:00'), pd.Timestamp('2013-01-17 00:00:00'),
         pd.Timestamp('2013-01-18 00:00:00'), pd.Timestamp('2013-01-18 00:00:00')])
)
print(df)

            id  value
2012-11-01  D18   0.00
2012-11-01  D18   0.89
2012-12-03  D18   0.94
2012-12-17  D18   1.02
2013-01-08  D18   0.97
2013-01-08  D18   0.97
2013-01-12  D18   1.05
2013-01-17  D18   0.98
2013-01-18  D18   0.81
2013-01-18  D18   0.83

A: Calculate first the mean of the previous and next group's values. Then calculate the deviation. Sort by "deviation", group by index, and keep the first (=smallest):
means = df['value'].groupby(level=0).mean()
means = (means.shift()+means.shift(-1)).div(2)
df['deviation'] = (df['value']-means).abs()
df.sort_values(by='deviation').groupby(level=0).first().sort_index()

output:
             id  value  deviation
2012-10-23  D17   0.82        NaN
2012-11-01  D17   0.89     0.0100
2012-12-03  D17   0.94     0.2075
2012-12-17  D17   1.02     0.0650
2013-01-17  D17   0.97     0.0450
2013-01-18  D17   0.83     0.0150
2013-01-24  D17   0.72        NaN

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Series: The Life of Joseph (20), The Life of Isaac and Jacob (15), How Shall We Think of Ourselves (1), The Life of Abraham (24).
Service: Sunday Morning (57), Sunday Evening (3).
Genesis 46:28-47:12 (Part of the The Life of Joseph series).
Preached by Pastor David Stertz on February 3, 2019 (Sunday Morning).
Genesis 45:16-46:27 (Part of the The Life of Joseph series).
Preached by Pastor David Stertz on January 27, 2019 (Sunday Morning).
Genesis 45:1-15 (Part of the The Life of Joseph series).
Preached by Pastor David Stertz on January 20, 2019 (Sunday Morning).


text:
Template.accounts.rendered = function() {

    // Initialize i-check plugin
    $('.i-checks').iCheck({
        checkboxClass: 'icheckbox_square-green',
        radioClass: 'iradio_square-green'
    });

    // Show bank details according to type of account
    $(".bank-account").click(function() {
        $(".bank-related").slideDown("slow");
    });
    $(".no-bank").click(function() {
        $(".bank-related").slideUp("slow");
    });
    $('.bank-account').find('.iradio_square-green').find('.iCheck-helper').click(function() {
        $(".bank-related").slideDown("slow");
    });
    $('.no-bank').find('.iradio_square-green').find('.iCheck-helper').click(function() {
        $(".bank-related").slideUp("slow");
    });

    $("[data-toggle=tooltip]").tooltip();

    getAccounts();

};

//FUNCTIONS
function createAccount(accountName, type, bank, initialAmount, currencyName) {
    if (!accountName) {
        toastr.error('You need to provide an account name');
        return false;
    }
    if (!type) {
        toastr.error('You need to select an account type');
        return false;
    }
    if (!initialAmount) {
        toastr.error('You need to provide an account name');
        return false;
    }
    if (!currencyName) {
        toastr.error('You need to provide a currency');
        return false;
    }
    Meteor.call("createAccount",
        accountName, type, bank, initialAmount, currencyName,
        function(error, result) {
            if (error) {
                toastr.error(error.error);
            } else {
                toastr.success('Account created');
            }
        });
    return true;
}

function deleteAccount(accountName) {
    if (!accountName) {
        toastr.error('You need to provide an account name');
        return false;
    }
    Meteor.call("deleteAccount",
        accountName,
        function(error, result) {
            if (error) {
                toastr.error(error.error);
            } else {
                toastr.success('Account deleted');
            }
        });
    return true;
}

Template.accounts.events({
    "click #add_account": function(event, template) {
        // Prevent default browser form submit
        event.preventDefault();

        $("#create_account_panel").slideDown();
    },
    "click #cancel_add_account": function(event, template) {
        // Prevent default browser form submit
        event.preventDefault();

        $("#create_account_panel").hide();
        $("#create-account")[0].reset();
    },
    "click #delete_account": function(event, template) {
        // Prevent default browser form submit
        event.preventDefault();
        var accountName = this.name;

        swal({
            title: "Delete account!",
            text: "This will remove the account " + accountName + " from all your transactions!",
            type: "warning",
            showCancelButton: true,
            confirmButtonColor: "#DD6B55",
            confirmButtonText: "Yes, continue.",
            closeOnConfirm: true
        }, function() {
            deleteAccount(accountName);
        });

    },
    "submit #create-account": function(event) {
        // Prevent default browser form submit
        event.preventDefault();

        // Get value from form element
        var accountName = event.target.account_name.value;
        var type = event.target.type.value;
        var bank = event.target.bank.value;
        var initialAmount = event.target.initial_amount.value;
        var currency = event.target.currency_code.value;

        //add account
        if (createAccount(accountName, type, bank, initialAmount, currency)) {
            $("#create_account_panel").hide();
            $("#create-account")[0].reset();
        }
    },

    "click #see_transactions": function(event, template) {
        // Prevent default browser form submit
        event.preventDefault();

        var accountName = this.name;

        Router.go('/transactions');
    },

});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
St. Joseph officials are carefully monitoring the developments surrounding COVID-19. Click here for more info.
Official Travel and Tourism Site of St. Joseph, MO - St. Joseph Convention & Visitors Bureau
Request Visitor Information
Blog/News Posts
Downtown St. Joseph
Uncommon Character
Group Tour Planning
Special Occasion Venues
Sporting Event Coordinator
St. Joseph Sports Commission
The Pony Express
Historic Architecture
The St. Joseph Parkway
Self-Guided Tours of St. Jo
Drink and Dining
Sports, Parks & Recreation
Sandwiches & Pizza
Join our email list to receive our monthly e-newsletter, The St. Jo Scoop.
Select list(s) to subscribe to emails from website
Yes, I would like to receive the monthly e-newsletter from St. Joseph, MO Convention & Vistors Bureau. (You can unsubscribe anytime)
By submitting this form, you are consenting to receive marketing emails from: St. Joseph Visitors Bureau, 911 Frederick Ave, st. Joseph, MO, 64501, http://www.stjomo.com. You can revoke your consent to receive emails at any time by using the SafeUnsubscribe® link, found at the bottom of every email. Emails are serviced by Constant Contact
AOK Camping and RV Park
12430 County Road 360 St. Joseph, MO 64505
Website More info
AOK Campground & RV Park is located just three miles north of St. Joseph, MO, conveniently located near the I-29 and Business Hwy 71 intersection. We offer year-round camping with 53 full hook up RV sites, big rig friendly, on 23 scenic acres. No need to disconnect, 40 of the sites are long pull thrus for easy overnight accommodations. There are 26 sites with cable. All of our spacious sites have full hookups with water, electric, septic, and wireless internet. We offer 26 tent sites from conveniently located to primitive for an enjoyable experience. Amenities at the AOK include a swimming pool, restrooms with showers, laundry room, recreation areas, hiking trails, and a stocked private fishing lake for your enjoyment. Escape to the quiet of country living for your next outdoor adventure. Whether it's camping, day picnic, or a reunion, this is the place to be. Family friendly, youth to senior citizens, guys fishing to girl's night out. All are welcome. Nearby: antique shops, restaurants and stores of all kinds, and a multiplex theater are all within three miles of the campground.
Beacon RV Park
822 South Belt Highway St. Joseph, MO 64506
We'll leave the light on for you! The park is located in an upscale shopping area with restaurants and many fun activities close by.
Full service RV park has cable TV, paved streets, pads, patios, instant phones, modem friendly, new rest rooms, private showers, recreation room, laundry facility, mini store, RV parts and dumping station. WIFI available.
Sharp RV Park
18890 US Highway 59 St. Joseph, MO 64505
Sharp RV Park is located 3 miles north of St. Joseph on US Highway 59. Sharp's has 4 pull through and 22 back in sites.
They have 30 & 50 amp electric and are open all year around. Laundry, showers and restrooms are available. Gas, diesel and a convenience store are found nearby.
Nightly, weekly and monthly rates are available.
Mobile site: http://www.sharprvpark.com/mobile/
visitors guide today.
Escape Explore Experience Enjoy
St. Joseph Convention & Visitors Bureau 911 Frederick Ave, 64501
Group Planning
© 2023 Copyright St Jo CVB, All Rights Reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The immigration compromise worked out by a bipartisan coalition in Congress has flaws, but if it is left intact, it may be the only real solution the nation has toward improving the illegal immigration problem.
The flaws in the legislation are clear. The provisions that would allow illegal immigrants to stay in the country represent an offer of amnesty. The process these immigrants would have to go through and the fines they would have to pay are merely intended to give politicians cover so they can claim it's not amnesty. But it is. And unless the nation is very careful, this latest round of amnesty will spur another round of illegal immigration.
The guest-worker program is likely to result in another round of illegal immigrants as workers stay beyond their allotted time, going underground rather than returning to their home countries.
But the problem is so vast that there doesn't appear to be a better solution. The United States simply cannot round up 12 million illegal immigrants and deport them. It isn't feasible, and even if it were, it wouldn't be healthy for the economy.
The nation is forced to come up with a solution to assimilate the millions of illegal immigrants already here. The process outlined in the compromise is reasonable.
Congress will have to make sure it sticks to the process currently outlined. Before and after the plan is approved, there will be great pressure to drop various elements of it.
Some will insist that provisions to enhance border security are too expensive or too severe. Those who support illegal immigrants will want them watered down or forgotten. They must be fully implemented.
The system for naturalizing illegal immigrants must be kept intact. Advocacy groups and politicians wanting to curry favor with new voters will criticize the process as too long and the fines as Draconian. They will want to make it easier for those who broke the nation's laws to become full citizens. If they succeed, they will encourage further disrespect and disregard for the law.
The current situation is untenable. The nation can't continue to maintain porous borders, and it shouldn't allow 12 million lawbreakers to encourage an underground economy. It is in everyone's best interest to assimilate illegal immigrants into American society and into the ranks of taxpaying workers.
But border security and making sure that only legal residents gain jobs are the only measures that will keep the nation from finding itself in the same situation, or worse, in another decade. Congress and the president must make sure these tasks are completed.


Zaha Shirt by Mazuki with front placket detail with button lining closure. Bisque stripes beige. Crafted from 60% cotton, 37% linen, 2% polyester and 1% elastane.
Fits true to size, take your normal size. light-weight, non-stretchy fabric. Model is 177cm/bust 80cm/waist 61cm/hips 89cm and wearing size S.


text:
Home > Entertainment > Life Below Zero
Here's Why Sue Aikens Is Moving to a New Cabin on 'Life Below Zero'
For the stars of Life Below Zero, moving from one region of the Alaskan frontier to another is nothing new. Just ask Glenn Villenue, who splits his time between Fairbanks and Brooks Ranges due to the extreme cold.
However, his fellow co-star Sue Aikens has fans curious about why she decided to move from her beloved home in the Kavik River Camp.
"For me it was always lighthouse keeper, sometimes I threw pirate in there, but lighthouse keeper was always the common thread and I always craved extreme isolation," she has said of her decision to live 105 miles below the Arctic Circle in the past.
"I crave the time where I am not bound by the rules from a society that I don't understand, the society that tears itself down, that belittles each other, that is unkind, I don't understand that, so I choose not to live in it. In my world I get to have snacks and naps and run around and play so I like my world."
So, why did Sue move on Life Below Zero?
Because of her age, among other factors, Sue has decided to leave her home of 17 years behind. "Things are changing," she said on the show. "Now, I'm getting a little tired. Things are aching that didn't use to. I'm morphing into an old lady. Somehow it snuck up on me."
The 55-year-old also explains she would never be allowed to own the land in Kavik. "I only own the improvements," Sue explained. "The government has the right to kick me off at any point, with no notice if they decided they need the land more than I do. I'm going to start working on my backup plan. Doesn't mean I am giving up on this, but I need to start planning for the future."
Sue's new cabin is actually a pretty impressive.
Sue's backup plan resulted in a successful bid on someone's abandoned property — before even seeing the Alaskan cabin.
"I'm not moving in here permanently tomorrow, but I see it as a good addition to my lifestyle," she added. "There's a lot of potential. It's scary and I am going to make mistakes, and I might change my mind, but unless you go through the door, you don't know what's on the other side."
What is Sue Aiken's net worth?
Sue just might be the most successful Life Below Zero star, with a net worth estimated at over $500,000 — due in part to the success of her Kavik River Camp.
So, it is safe to say that while Sue is technically moving, Alaska will probably always be her home.
"There has always been those of us who call ourselves from the herd and march to a different tune," Sue told Foxtel. "Being creative to me is a good thing, but the extreme isolation is just something that works for me, I know it doesn't work for everyone but it works for me and is my happy place."
Watch Life Below Zero Tuesdays at 9 p.m. on National Geographic.
Former 'Life Below Zero' Star Kate Rorke Is Not in Alaska, but She's Living Her Best Life
'Alaskan Bush People' Star Bam Bam Brown and His Girlfriend Are Goals
A Timeline of 'Alaskan Bush People' Star Ami Brown's Battle with Lung Cancer
Kyra Sedgwick Is Actually a Really Chill Mom in Real Life — Here's Proof


Operator friendliness was a decisive factor in selecting Tomra. A total of 15 sorters will be installed at the Bright Light Agribusiness almond processing facility in Hattah/Victoria to achieve a "pack-to-grade" quality in a single pass.
Bright Light Agribusiness has selected Tomra Food as its partner for an end-to-end almond sorting solution. A total of 15 sorters will be installed at the company's almond processing facility in Hattah/Victoria, Australia to achieve a "pack-to-grade" quality in a single pass.
Simon Murphy, sales and marketing manager at Bright Light Agribusiness, says the facility will have an annual throughput of 25,000 million tons, with hulling and shelling and in-shell pack-out capabilities.
Bright Light Agribusiness grows almonds with the latest irrigation infrastructure and technologies and has orchards with trees ranging in age from recently planted to full maturity.
The new operations are expected to be ready for the 2020 season.
Orr says that Tomra's ability to target insect damage—not only major damage, but also the pinhole carpophilus-beetle bites—was an eye opener. With Tomra already using the technology in Australia during the 2018 season, Orr says they were able to combine laboratory testing with real field data. Orr also says that operator friendliness was another decisive factor in selecting Tomra. It was important that the sorting process could work with minimal human interaction, because access to skilled labor is a challenge due to the seasonality of the work and remoteness of the growing area.
"Local regional support from Tomra service facilities in Sydney, Shepparton and soon also in the Sunraysia region—where [the company] has close to 20 sorters deployed in different industries—were critical elements in our decision process," Orr says.


text:
Hawaii, Masked and Vaccinated, Still Falls Prey to Delta Strain
Jon Dominick Querolo &
Jonathan Levin
12:05 AM IST, 06 Aug 2021 5:11 AM IST, 06 Aug 2021 12:05 AM IST, 06 Aug 2021 5:11 AM IST, 06 Aug 2021
(Bloomberg) -- Hawaii has one of the country's most comprehensive mask mandates and a highly effective vaccine campaign. Despite that, Covid-19 cases on the islands are climbing with a ferocity that's outstripping every other U.S. state.
On Thursday, Hawaii recorded 655 new cases, a record since the beginning of the pandemic. Test-positivity rates surged to the highest in a year at 6.9%, according to the state's health department.
The situation testifies to the delta variant's strength and ability to penetrate walls of protection, restrictions and mandates. Those vaccinated have been mostly spared severe infection and illness. For those who haven't, the risk is significant and growing.
"In Hawaii, people who are going to the hospital are unvaccinated people," said Michael Urban, a professor in the school of health sciences at the University of New Haven in Connecticut.
Seven-day average cases are up 107% in the past week, the steepest rise among the states, bringing the cumulative total to 42,135, with 535 deaths as of Aug. 4. The rate stands at about 194 per 100,000, roughly in line with the national average.
Average daily hospital admissions have more than doubled in the past week to about 22, which translates to about 1.6 per 100,000 residents, according to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services data. That's still less than a fifth the rate of hospitalization in hot spot Florida, but the trajectory is alarming.
Covid patients occupied about 15% of adult intensive-care unit beds, up from about 11% at the end of July.
Until recently, the Hawaiian archipelago stood out as a success story. Its case spikes were manageable, thanks in part to a strict policy that required new arrivals to self-quarantine or show a recent negative test.
This summer, officials relaxed those entry restrictions by lifting the testing requirement for vaccinated U.S. travelers and allowing visitors to move around the islands.
That's fueled a surge of visitors in search of island bliss. Traveler counts have been climbing since April and now exceed 2019 levels, according to data from the Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism.
Still, most cases have been among locals, and health officials have warned of spread at gatherings like weddings. Young adults are the primary vectors, with people 18 to 29 accounting for about a quarter of the documented cases.
Vaccine coverage in Hawaii is among the highest in the U.S. About 72% of the population has received at least one dose, behind only Vermont and Massachusetts.
Nationally, the U.S. is reporting a seven-day case rate of about 190 per 100,000, the highest since February.


text:
Why Edgeborough?
Nursery & Pre-School
Old Edgeburians
Keep up to date with all the latest news from Edgeborough, from sports achievements to tremendous trips.
BBC 2's '500 Words' success
Congratulations to Bella, Year 6, who is through to the next round of BBC 2's '500 Words' competition. 500 Words is the UK's most successful short story-writing competition for children between the ages of 5 and 13. Bella was selected out of some 135,000 entries. The final 50 will be…
Proud to wave the Green Flag
We are excited to be able to deliver some good news in some otherwise difficult times. Our Eco Committee, under the guidance of Mrs Thomas, have secured the coveted Green Flag from the Eco Schools. The Eco-Schools Green Flag is an internationally recognised award for excellence in environmental action and…
U13 Girls qualify for IAPS National Finals
The U13 Girls topped off an amazing couple of terms for Edgeborough's sport with qualification for the IAPS National Netball Finals. They came second at the regional competition winning all their group games. Edgeborough's U11 and U13 teams, both boys and girls, have qualified for the National Finals in all…
Cai releases first album
Nine months ago Cai Thomas (Year 8) and his family launched a worldwide crowdfunding campaign to record his debut solo album. After months of hard work alongside Cai's studies and sport, 'Seren' is finally out for release on 27 March. The album includes tracks featuring his local choir at St…
Future school success
Congratulations to all our Year 6 and 8 pupils who have now received offers and scholarship awards to their future senior schools. Having prepared and worked so hard for their exams, Edgeborough is extremely proud of everyone. There is a lot of excitement about where the children will all be…
Edgeborough U11 girls netball are IAPS National Finalists
Time for Edgeborough girls sport to shine as the U11 girls netball team were yesterday declared IAPS National Finalists. They played some tough competition but the team and coaches have worked tirelessly all term and were excited and determined to play their best during the competition. Well done all involved…
Edgeborough U13 & U11 boys hockey through to IAPS National Finals
On 5th February, the Edgeborough U13 boys hockey team were named IAPS Regional Champions. They won 7 out of 7 games, scoring 24 goals and conceding just 2! 16 schools took part and the Edgeborough boys played excellent team hockey throughout the day against some tough competition. On 12th February, the…
Edgeborough visits KidZania
Last Friday, Year 4 Edgeborough pupils had a fabulous time visiting KidZania, the indoor city for kids in London. The children learned about the different ways to gain money, including earning it through work, as well as how to spend their hard-earned cash! Edgeborough was delighted to win this fabulous…
The Edgeborough Christmas Pledge
The whole Edgeborough community donate 530 of their favourite books to the Princess May Primary School, Hackney. The children of 4K learnt this week that, in England, nearly 400,000 children don't own a single book at home. In the true Christmas spirit of giving, the children decided that they would like to…
What a magical opening night as Years 4 and 5 presented their annual show 'Robin and the Sherwood Hoodies'. Our favourite outlaws went on an adventure to defeat the evil Sheriff, storm Nottingham Castle, rescue Maid Marion and overthrow King John! The cast were brilliant and performed with great confidence,…
Cai debuts on Classic FM
Congratulations to Cai, Edgeborough's rising treble star whose debut solo single, Suo-Gân, was broadcasted on Classic FM last week. An amazing talent, we are delighted with your success and wish you all the best. Dan Thornburn, Edgeborough Headmaster comments: 'It is absolutely fantastic to hear Cai singing his debut single…
#ChangeStartsWithUs
Small change. Big difference. Edgeborough embraces #antibullyingweek, 11-15 November 2019. Whether it is verbal, physical, online or in-person, bullying has a significant impact on a child's life well into adulthood. By making small, simple changes, we can break this cycle and create a safe environment for everyone. Because together, we…
Frensham, Farnham,
Surrey, GU10 3AH
© 2017 Edgeborough School
Designed by Barley House Agency
This website uses cookies to improve your experience. If you continue using this website, you agree with our Privacy & Cookies Policy. Accept Reject
Due to government guidelines we are unable to welcome visitors on site until further notice. In the meantime, our Admissions Registrar, Kate Harris, would be delighted to take you through a virtual tour of the school.


Coconut Shell Crusher Machine Wholesale, Crusher Machine ... Small tooth roll machine crusher coconut shell/mini nut shell crushing machine. Add to Compare.
2007-10-04· Dont Chuck it Mini Muck it !!!!! Mobile Mini Crushing services available throughout North Wales and Cheshire.
mobile concrete crusher rental - alltechnews.in. Mobile Concrete Crusher Rental - Crusher USA About mobile concrete crusher rental-related information:find used concrete block manufacturing plants for sale and rental on machinerypark. offer two months free of .
Crusher Mini Mobile. Mini Crusher - National Robotics Engineering Center . Mini Crusher was designed to be highly mobile, highly st able and highly customizable.
Latest Topics ZDNet. NBN will cause Australia to lead globally in mobile Samp;P. A writedown of the NBN and additional government funding is 'imminent', according to an Samp;P report, while the tight regulation around fixed broadband will likely lead to greater mobile adoption.
Mobile Crushers == Yongya Machinery - chinacxm.com. We have various mobile crusher such as mobile construction waste crusher, mobile jaw crusher plant, mobile impact crusher station, mobile cone crusher, mobile vertical shaft impact crusher and mini mobile crusher and so on,which can satisfy customer's different requirement.
Alibaba.com offers 3,370 mobile crusher mini products. About 89% of these are crusher, 2% are plastic crushing machines, and 1% are vibrating screen. A wide variety of mobile crusher mini options are available to you, such as jaw crusher, hammer crusher, and cone crusher.
Alibaba.com offers 3,371 mobile mini crusher products. About 89% of these are crusher, 1% are other food processing machinery, and 1% are stone machinery. A wide variety of mobile mini crusher options are available to you, such as jaw crusher, cone crusher, and hammer crusher.


I love how the Chloé collection always looks so sweet and feminine, but remains unfussy and tailored.
hello Lauren, nice to meet you. thank you so much for your comment on my blog. ohhhh lots of fashion here better check them out!
I just tagged you for some questions and answers. The rules are on my blog if you want to play along!
Thank you so much for tagging me! I will post my answers before the end of the week.