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Appreciation: Michael Morgan redefined what a…
Appreciation: Michael Morgan redefined what a 'classical' concert is all about
Popular Oakland conductor brought new styles to orchestra concerts
Omid Zoufonoun/Oakland Symphony
Comedian W. Kamau Bell, left, collaborated with Oakland Symphony conductor Michael Morgan as part of the orchestra's "Playlist" series of concerts.
By Georgia Rowe | Correspondent, Bay Area News Group
PUBLISHED: August 23, 2021 at 10:11 a.m. | UPDATED: August 23, 2021 at 5:05 p.m.
Michael Morgan was ahead of his time. The beloved music director of the Oakland Symphony opened the doors of classical music, welcoming new audiences to the concert hall and expanding the limits of what symphonic programs could offer.
Morgan, who died Aug. 20 in Oakland of complications from a recent kidney transplant, was 63. He is survived by his mother, Mabel Morgan, and sister, Jacquelyn Morgan.
The longtime Oakland resident conducted throughout the Bay Area and beyond. His work included terms as music director of the Walnut Creek-based Festival Opera, the Sacramento Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Bear Valley Music Festival, along with guest appearances with organizations including the San Francisco Symphony.
But it was Morgan's inclusive style of music-making at the Oakland Symphony that distinguished him. His directorship elevated the organization's profile, both in the kinds of music he presented and the wide reach he achieved in attracting new audiences to the orchestra's home in the Paramount Theatre.
His programs often made surprising connections, pairing repertory standards with works by unsung composers and music from other genres. One characteristically eclectic Morgan program featured music by Stravinsky and Ravel, with encores by Stevie Wonder and Prince.
Morgan, who joined the Symphony as music director in 1988, fostered collaboration, expanding the organization's education and outreach to local schools and attracting audiences new to classical music. He did it simply by engaging directly with his city's diverse population.
During his tenure, he welcomed to the Paramount stage guest artists not associated with classical performance — including Bay Area rock guitar god Carlos Santana, jazz icon Isaac Hayes, and sitar master Ravi Shankar. He curated the orchestra's Side by Side programs, bringing labor organizer Dolores Huerta, comedian-activist W. Kamau Bell, the late civic leader Bernard J. Tyson and other leaders onstage to talk about music that mattered to them.
He conducted Fourth of July concerts at Richmond's Craneway Pavilion, featuring local heroes such as National Parks Service ranger Betty Reid Soskin. Always attuned to his city's struggles, in 2018 he dedicated a concert to the 36 "artists and dreamers" who perished in the devastating Ghost Ship fire.
A committed advocate for music education, Morgan oversaw his organization's Oakland Symphony Youth Orchestra and MUSE (Music for Excellence) programs, and taught at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music.
Born in Washington, D.C., Morgan attended public schools and began conducting at age 12. He attended Oberlin College Conservatory of Music, and spent a summer at the Berkshire Music Center at Tanglewood, in Massachusetts, studying with conductors Gunther Schuller and Seiji Ozawa. He made his operatic debut in 1982 at the Vienna State Opera, conducting Mozart's "The Abduction from the Seraglio." Georg Solti, another mentor, chose him as assistant conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, a post Morgan held for seven years.
His greatest influence was Leonard Bernstein. In 1986, the great composer-conductor invited Morgan to make his debut with the New York Philharmonic. Appearances with the New York City Opera, St. Louis Opera Theater and Washington National Opera followed. Bernstein remained a powerful influence for Morgan; one of his initiatives at the Oakland Symphony was an "American Masterworks" series that featured concert performances of the composer's "West Side Story" and "Candide."
In addition to his work at the Oakland Symphony, Morgan was a guiding force at the Walnut Creek-based Festival Opera. He joined the company in 1995 as an advisor, becoming music and artistic director in 1997; in the seasons that followed, he led productions including a contemporary staging of Mozart's "Don Giovanni," a radiant production of Ned Rorem's "Our Town," and a 2013 "Otello." In recent years, he continued to serve the company in the capacity of artistic advisor.
In 2020, Morgan became the first curator of San Francisco Symphony's online Currents series; earlier this year, he conducted the San Francisco Symphony in a program featuring Louise Farrenc, a composer he championed in a 2019 Oakland Symphony program.
Throughout, the Oakland Symphony remained his musical home. He conducted an eclectic range of programs there, earning acclaim for his performances in works ranging from standard repertoire to 20th-century masterworks: a memorable 2005 performance of Bernstein's "Mass"; music by Bay Area composers John Adams and Jake Heggie; a 2018 program titled "Pride and Prejudice: Notes from LGBTQ," which featured the world premiere of "With the Right Music" by Jonathan Larson Award winners Tim Rosser and Charlie Sohne. Morgan and Lynne Morrow, the Symphony's chorus director, built a loyal following for the organization's annual "Let Us Break Bread Together" holiday concert.
Morgan's final Oakland Symphony performance was in February 2020, on a program that included Mahler's Symphony No. 4. At the time of his death, he had been scheduled to lead the orchestra in an outdoor concert at Brooklyn Basin.
Blazing a singular path, Morgan opened doors for many others. He did it with enthusiasm, musical insight, and singular focus, always ready for the next collaboration, the next musical exploration.
Bay Area music lovers got it. His audience, Morgan once said, really wanted "to see you go out on a limb." In a 2013 interview for the Bay Area Newsgroup, he told music critic Richard Scheinin that his work in Oakland was a source of great satisfaction.
"I can't imagine leaving it," said Morgan. "I just can't imagine leaving this orchestra, because it works perfectly. We're all still having a good time."
Contact Georgia Rowe at growe@pacbell.net.
Georgia Rowe
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– Thriving rules against poaching really should be brought into teach. In this impressive generation exactly where greatest governments are concentrating on guarding the pursuits of the enhancing inhabitants, individual farming is the simply strategy in the direction of guarding endangered animal species.
Anytime it will come to endangered animals it is a extremely not possible matter in direction of discuss regarding for the reason that of how sad the scenario is. But the surprise is; what can we do regarding All those endangered pets therefore that we can proceed becoming fulfillment versus them for the sake of the biosphere's survival as effectively as diversity?
Even while there is a positive variety of conservationists more than the planet that try acquiring and performing option solutions in the direction of protect the endangered animal species, not sufficient consists of been finished to conserve the circumstance. Likewise poaching of animals for meat, fur, ivory and drugs is on top of that encouraging toward get rid of animal quantities. Oneself would be impressed at what an e-mail or cellphone make contact with can do.
The maximum essential factor is that yourself particularly get started in the direction of do one thing considering the fact that if by yourself just sit by and keep track of things occur about you then on your own is not going to be able in the direction of do a thing. This allows within understanding considerations impacting some species, their weaknesses, for instance, concerning their reactions in the direction of different climates in between other information important against the guarding of the endangered animal species.
Innumerable nations around the world comprise place within point a variety of legislation, pointers and regulations that cover endangered animals and include even placed some of them in just conservation Designs in just their natural and organic habitat or inside a facility.
Considering the fact that of the various amounts of endangered animals, a number of animal enterprises consist of come up with a process that categorizes these species appropriately. Unfortunately, some people teach particular farming as a route of defending such endangered animal species.
The expanding inhabitants desires for natural and organic products. Dr. It will help to slow down or opposite people's developments of misusing elements. The own farmers simply have to have toward be confident of the fiscal benefits that they will accrue from particular animal farming and they will take up the part towards cover endangered animal species.
Individual farming of turtles in China contains additionally noticed an increase within just the range of the specie, though conservation industry experts argue that the farming incorporates a unfavorable affect on wild turtles as it minimizes their population.
Richard Emslie who is a scientist at IUCN attests to the truth of the matter that own farming incorporates been of Good help in just defending People animal species due to prosperous enforcement of the legislation generating it less complicated for nearby communities in the direction of participate absolutely in just conservation programs. By yourself can create just one of Those species your personalized and do your aspect towards preserve them.
Yourself can donate revenue in the direction of assistance the Motives that are at the moment preventing towards cover their rights. Inside of determination no one particular includes instantly to exploit mother nature and the organic products simply because they not simply belong towards us yet furthermore in the direction of each residing getting as perfectly as towards the potential output.
This demand potential customers to numerous affect such as deforestation; habitat decline; air, land and h2o pollution and extermination of species. Nonetheless at present they will never ever be found once more simply because of the mistreatment that they suffered versus.
Yet there are variables that can be finished in direction of help you save the animals that are now within just possibility of going extinct. Towards satisfy the developing requires which includes food and shelter individuals reduce down trees- the habitat of pets. Animals that are no for a longer period obvious inside of their natural habitat and need to be places in a conservation computer software are identified as extinct inside of the wild pets. Conservation makes certain the survival of existence inside of all its styles and wide variety and produce confident that organic products commence for the convenience of long run generations.
The institution of countrywide parks, reserves, sanctuaries is a amazingly successful tactic of saving natural areas and their wildlife. As soon as the fundamental components of endangerment are discovered, it really is simple in the direction of brainstorm and generate practical services to salvage the circumstance. The moment animals are extinct they do not arrive back again.
It is a unbelievably unsatisfied country of affairs Though yourself believe more than endangered pets. The animals are inside of possibility and require all the assist they can get so do your element.
Endangered pets are all those pets which may well shortly no for a longer period exist considering the fact that of becoming spot within just these an negative condition the place they can be damaged or destroyed. For all those who comprise tried using, it could possibly not be as basic as it seems.
Endangered animals can also be harmless by means of the authorities. Or yourself can even begin your private small business in the direction of do anything at all more than it.
On your own can additionally produce towards the people in america who are inside price tag and check with them towards do anything at all more than the situation. Those people as nicely as governments contain occur with choice basic safety Recommendations some of which include worked and other folks contain unsuccessful toward fulfill the preset goals.
A single of these kinds of practices to go over our useful animal species is attaining fresh new material on a certain species that possibly lacks adequate data or no initiatives incorporate been intended to discover out the data. Breeding software package really should be controlled. The most preferred endangered animals within the globe are dugongs, blue whales, tigers, very good white sharks, cuvior's beaked whales, big pandas, tigers, jaguars, one-horned rhinos and David deer.
It really should donate financial toward institutions or corporations whose main purpose is guarding Individuals endangered species; without the need of federal government support, it really is difficult for this sort of businesses toward attain their ambitions. Those people that incorporate not been sighted inside at least Fifty a long time thanks toward the reality that their very last member is viewed as useless are often identified as extinct.
Does it assist endangered animals inside of the real feel and is it handy? The remedy is certainly. The government does this by employing countrywide company financial investment packages as nicely as stability legislation. Likewise pollution is yet another cause for the reduction.
Conservation means utilizing the organic resource inside of these kinds of a course that they in no way drop their natural and organic quality. In contrast to poaching, profit-oriented farming that has been legalized leads to an improve in the quantity of the endangered species.
A beneficial case in point is the make improvements to of black as nicely as white rhinoceros inside of the southern hemisphere whose population is made up of developed owing in the direction of own farming. Similarly the endangered plants are Venus's flytrap, silverswords, redwoods, knowlton cacti, Jap sago fingers and Clean Zealand brush lilies.
Pets include become endangered considering that of inhabitants development. Even whilst there incorporate been regulations making the teach illegal, the poachers carry on perpetuating their egocentric targets not comprehension what sort of disservice they are accomplishing toward the biosphere. They comprise as well most popular in the direction of arrive up with distinctive zones which include conservatories where the endangered pets can be safe by way of the govt.
Maximum entire world nations obtain a great deal of money against guaranteed animal species which are by now endangered as a result of improving upon human sport brought around by way of an ever-increasing population. Whenever a person thinks of an endangered animal, it is a single that staying threatened with extinction.
The govt ought to recognize that some animal species are endangered and acquire phase towards cover them by way of encouraging this kind of companies. It is much too a route of supporting the authorities secure these animals trying to keep inside of intellect that the governing administration contains a large amount upon its back.
With superior fiscal incentives toward personalized endangered animal farmers such as lucrative these having care of rhinos, it is likely that poaching pursuits will move down. There are a variety of alternatives at the time it arrives to becoming proactive.
There are innumerable pets on the endangered species listing such as whales, turtles, and lions. Every time predators difference their habitats and wanting approaches, they can ruin a enormous species inhabitants. Poachers can way too result in the numbers of Individuals animals towards dwindle specifically if they are staying sought after for sale of their areas or items.
Nations that consist of professional animals native towards their sections getting to be endangered contain position in vacation spot some precautionary measures. Worldwide warming and other climate variations incorporate been acknowledged toward deem animals endangered. The endangered position is in which these kinds of animals are protected towards stay clear of extinction.
What can trigger an animal to be endangered? There are Three major triggers and this kind of are changes in just predator parameters, weather alterations and on top of that a in general decline within just their populace. Also All those need to be well-informed and created knowledgeable above the ecosystem- the inter romantic relationship of the alternate animals and plants which include humans.
Furthermore development which includes buildings won't be able to be erected in places viewed as toward be endangered species reserves. In the direction of get started with any poaching in just a harmless animal conservatory can add towards a significant punishment by way of the legislation. It is a Really unhappy state that will come in excess of versus on the lookout and other models of killing of animals.
Innumerable of the animals that are extinct have been actually exceptional and were being Quite one of a kind to appearance at. Ecologists contain always instructed practices of saving endangered species, nevertheless hence little contains been completed via related government.
One of the largest good reasons why maximum of our important animal species are getting extinct is poaching. Not merely is there killing of affected person animals still the complete species is wiped out and that is tragic.
Positive species are by now extinct and the earth will likely never look at them back. Endangered pets are people that made use of to be in just higher numbers in the wild nonetheless they contain presently misplaced a high amount of individuals.
Related Posts of "Beautiful 3 Extinct Animals"


Nicki Minaj and Beyoncé Had a Twerk-Off During Their First-Ever Live Performance of "Feeling Myself"
The Tidal X: 10/20 concert was so many levels of epic we can't even think straight.
Last night's Tidal X: 10/20 concert had a stacked line-up—including Mr. Tidal himself Jay Z, Usher, Lil Wayne, Tinashe, Nick Jonas, and more—but let's be real, no one could hold a candle to Beyoncé and Nicki Minaj when they hit the stage together to perform their deliciously ego-centric anthem "Feeling Myself" for the first time ever.
Minaj—clad in a black bodycon playsuit and lacey black tights—started things off solo, backed by a troop of dancers. As the crowd held its breath for Yoncé, she emerged slowly in fierce-strut fashion with her own squad, donning a retro pink romper, fishnets, and her Met Gala pony.
The bodacious pair proceeded to have a twerk-tastic dance-off with their respective girl groups before uniting to remind us exactly why, together, they're the poster girls for flawless.
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A mysterious alien, planning to conquer all of space, creates a group of five cyborgs (the Five Dastardly Bombers) and gives them a mission: To capture the original prototype Bomberman!
Bomberman is defeated and captured by them, and imprisoned aboard their space station. Trapped deep in enemy territory, he escapes from his cell and aims to take down this extraterrestrial threat from the inside!
This instalment drops the 2-player co-op from the Normal Game, giving it the freedom to create expansive, scrolling levels filled to the brim with traps, gimmicks and enemies! This also serves as the first appearance of the Five Dastardly Bombers, including Pretty Bomber, who'd serve as the token girl of the franchise whenever necessary.
Perhaps more importantly, the Battle Game is polished and boasts new stages and items, and seems to be regarded as the definitive Bomberman experience for most players.
Super Bomberman 2 was later included on the PC compilation Bomberman Collection Volume 2.


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This article is about the clothing item. For the implementation of the TCG Software Stack, see Trusted Computing Group. For the British film, see Trousers (1920 film).
"Pants" redirects here. For styles of undergarments sometimes called "Underwear", see Underpants and Undergarment. For the object in topology, see Pair of pants (mathematics).
A man wearing trousers and a shirt
Trousers (pants in North America) are an item of clothing worn from the waist to the ankles, covering both legs separately (rather than with cloth extending across both legs as in robes, skirts, and dresses).
In the UK, the word "pants" generally means underwear and not trousers.[1] Shorts are similar to trousers, but with legs that come down only to around the area of the knee, higher or lower depending on the style of the garment. To distinguish them from shorts, trousers may be called "long trousers" in certain contexts such as school uniform, where tailored shorts may be called "short trousers", especially in the UK.
In most of the Western world, trousers have been worn since ancient times and throughout the Medieval period, becoming the most common form of lower-body clothing for adult males in the modern world, although shorts are also widely worn, and kilts and other garments may be worn in various regions and cultures. Breeches were worn instead of trousers in early modern Europe by some men in higher classes of society. Since the mid-20th century, trousers have increasingly been worn by women as well. Jeans, made of denim, are a form of trousers for casual wear, now widely worn all over the world by both sexes. Shorts are often preferred in hot weather or for some sports and also often by children and teenagers. Trousers are worn on the hips or waist and may be held up by their own fastenings, a belt or suspenders (braces). Leggings are form-fitting trousers, of a clingy material, often knitted cotton and spandex (elastane).
In Scotland, trousers are occasionally known as trews, which is the historic root of the word 'trousers'. Trousers are also known as breeks in Scots, a word related to breeches. The item of clothing worn under trousers is underpants. The standard form 'trousers' is also used, but it is sometimes pronounced in a manner approximately represented by "tru:zɨrz", possibly a throwback to the Gaelic word truis from which the English word originates.
In North America and Australia pants is the general category term, whereas trousers (sometimes slacks in Australia and the United States) often refers more specifically to tailored garments with a waistband, belt-loops, and a fly-front. So informal elastic-waist knitted garments would be called pants, but not trousers (or slacks).
North Americans call undergarments underwear, underpants, undies, jockey shorts, shorts, long johns or panties (the last are women's garments specifically) to distinguish them from other pants that are worn on the outside. The term drawers normally refers to undergarments, but in some dialects, may be found as a synonym for "breeches", that is, trousers. In these dialects, the term underdrawers is used for undergarments. Many North Americans refer to their undergarments by their type, such as boxers or briefs.
In Australia, men's underwear also has various informal terms including under-dacks, undies, dacks or jocks. In New Zealand men's underwear is known as "undies", or "y-fronts".
Various people in the fashion industry use the words trouser or pant instead of trousers or pants. This is nonstandard usage. The words "trousers" and "pants" are pluralia tantum, nouns that generally only appear in plural form—much like the words "scissors" and "tongs". However, the singular form is used in some compound words, such as trouser-leg, trouser-press and trouser-bottoms.[2]
Jeans are trousers typically made from denim or dungaree cloth. Skin-tight leggings are commonly referred to as tights.
There is some evidence, from figurative art, of trousers being worn in the Upper Paleolithic, as seen on the figurines found at the Siberian sites of Mal'ta and Buret'.[3] The oldest known trousers are found at the Yanghai cemetery in Turpan, Xinjiang, western China, dated to the period between the 13th and the 10th century BC. Made of wool, the trousers had straight legs and wide crotches, and were likely made for horseback riding.[4][5]
Germanic trousers of the 4th century found in the Thorsberg moor, Germany
Scythian archer. Interior from an Ancient Greek Attic red-figure plate, ca. 520–500 BC, from Vulci. British Museum, London.
Trousers enter recorded history in the 6th century BC, on the rock carvings and artworks of Persepolis,[6] and with the appearance of horse-riding Eurasian nomads in Greek ethnography. At this time, the Iranian People such as Scythians, Sarmatians, Sogdians and Bactrians among others, along with Armenians and Eastern and Central Asian peoples such as the Xiongnu and Hunnu, are known to have worn trousers.[7][8] Trousers are believed to have been worn by both sexes among these early users.[9]
The ancient Greeks used the term "ἀναξυρίδες" (anaxyrides) for the trousers worn by Eastern nations[10] and "σαράβαρα" (sarabara) for the loose trousers worn by the Scythians.[11] However, they did not wear trousers since they thought them ridiculous,[12][13] using the word "θύλακοι" (thulakoi), pl. of "θύλακος" (thulakos), "sack", as a slang term for the loose trousers of Persians and other Orientals.[14]
Republican Rome viewed the draped clothing of Greek and Minoan (Cretan) culture as an emblem of civilisation and disdained trousers as the mark of barbarians.[15] As the Empire expanded beyond the Mediterranean basin, however, the greater warmth provided by trousers led to their adoption.[16] Two types of trousers eventually saw widespread use in Rome: the Feminalia, which fit snugly and usually fell to knee or mid-calf length,[17] and the Braccae, a loose-fitting trouser that was closed at the ankles.[18] Both garments were adopted originally from the Celts of Europe, although later familiarity with the Persian Near East and the Teutons increased acceptance. Feminalia and Braccae both began use as military garments, spreading to civilian dress later, and were eventually made in a variety of materials including leather, wool, cotton and silk.[19]
Trousers of various designs were worn throughout the Middle Ages in Europe, especially by men. Loose-fitting trousers were worn in Byzantium under long tunics,[20] and were worn by many tribes, such as the Germanic tribes that migrated to Western Roman Empire in the Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages, as evidenced by both artistic sources and such relics as the 4th-century costumes recovered from the Thorsberg peat bog (see illustration).[21] Trousers in this period, generally called brais, varied in length and were often closed at the cuff or even had attached foot coverings, although open-legged pants were also seen.[22]
By the 8th century there is evidence of the wearing in Europe of two layers of trousers, especially among upper-class males.[23] The under layer is today referred to by costume historians as "drawers", although that usage did not emerge until the late 16th century. Over the drawers were worn trousers of wool or linen, which in the 10th century began to be referred to as breeches in many places. Tightness of fit and length of leg varied by period, class, and geography. (Open legged trousers can be seen on the Norman soldiers of the Bayeux Tapestry.)[24]
Although Charlemagne (742–814) is recorded to have habitually worn trousers, donning the Byzantine tunic only for ceremonial occasions,[25][26] the influence of the Roman past and the example of Byzantium led to the increasing use of long tunics by men, hiding most of the trousers from view and eventually rendering them an undergarment for many. As undergarments, these trousers became briefer or longer as the length of the various medieval outer garments changed, and were met by, and usually attached to, another garment variously called hose or stockings.
In the 14th century it became common among the men of the noble and knightly classes to connect the hose directly to their pourpoints[27] (the padded under jacket worn with armoured breastplates that would later evolve into the doublet) rather than to their drawers. In the 15th century, rising hemlines led to ever briefer drawers[28] until they were dispensed with altogether by the most fashionable elites who joined their skin-tight hose back into trousers.[29] These trousers, which we would today call tights but which were still called hose or sometimes joined hose at the time, emerged late in the 15th century and were conspicuous by their open crotch which was covered by an independently fastening front panel, the codpiece. The exposure of the hose to the waist was consistent with 15th century trends, which also brought the pourpoint/doublet and the shirt, previously undergarments, into view,[30] but the most revealing of these fashions were only ever adopted at court and not by the general population.
Men's clothes in Hungary in the 15th century consisted of a shirt and trousers as underwear, and a dolman worn over them, as well as a short fur-lined or sheepskin coat. Hungarians generally wore simple trousers, only their colour being unusual; the dolman covered the greater part of the trousers.[31]
Europe before the 1900s
Around the turn of the 16th century it became conventional to separate hose into two pieces, one from the waist to the crotch which fastened around the top of the legs, called trunk hose, and the other running beneath it to the foot. The trunk hose soon reached down the thigh to fasten below the knee and were now usually called "breeches" to distinguish them from the lower-leg coverings still called hose or, sometimes stockings. By the end of the 16th century, the codpiece had also been incorporated into breeches which featured a fly or fall front opening.
As a modernisation measure, Tsar Peter the Great issued a decree in 1701 commanding every Russian man, other than clergy and peasant farmers, to wear trousers.[32]
During the French Revolution, male citizens of France adopted a working-class costume including ankle-length trousers, or pantaloons (from a Commedia dell'Arte character named Pantalone)[33] in place of the aristocratic knee-breeches. The new garment of the revolutionaries differed from that of the ancien regime upper classes in three ways: it was loose where the style for breeches had most recently been form-fitting, it was ankle length where breeches had generally been knee-length for more than two centuries, and they were open at the bottom while breeches were fastened. Pantaloons became fashionable in early 19th century England and the Regency era. The style was introduced by Beau Brummell[34][35][36] and by mid-century had supplanted breeches as fashionable street wear.[37] At this point, even knee-length pants adopted the open bottoms of trousers (see shorts) and were worn by young boys, for sports, and in tropical climates. Breeches proper survived into the 20th century as court dress, and also in baggy mid-calf (or three-quarter length) versions known as plus-fours or knickers worn for active sports and by young schoolboys. Types of breeches are still worn today by baseball and American football players.
Sailors may have played a role in the worldwide dissemination of trousers as a fashion. In the 17th and 18th centuries, sailors wore baggy trousers known as galligaskins. Sailors also pioneered the wearing of jeans, trousers made of denim. These became more popular in the late 19th century in the American West because of their ruggedness and durability.
Starting around the mid-19th century, Wigan pit brow girls scandalised Victorian society by wearing trousers for their work at the local coal mines. They wore skirts over their trousers and rolled them up to their waists to keep them out of the way. Although pit brow lasses worked above ground at the pit-head, their task of sorting and shovelling coal involved hard manual labour, so wearing the usual long skirts of the time would have greatly hindered their movements.
Medieval Korea
Main article: hanbok
The Korean word for trousers, baji (originally pajibaji) first appears in recorded history around the turn of the 15th century, but pants may have been in use by Korean society for some time. From at least this time pants were worn by both sexes in Korea. Men wore trousers either as outer garments or beneath skirts, while it was unusual for adult women to wear their pants (termed sokgot) without a covering skirt. As in Europe, a wide variety of styles came to define regions, time periods and age and gender groups, from the unlined gouei to the padded sombaji.[38]
Women wearing trousers
See also: Women and trousers
See also the "Laws" section below in this article.
Amazon wearing trousers and carrying a shield with an attached patterned cloth and a quiver. Ancient Greek Attic white-ground alabastron, ca. 470 BC, British Museum, London
Although women had been wearing trousers for outdoor work thousands of years earlier in the Western world, by the time of Christianization it had become taboo for women to wear trousers. It was Eastern culture that inspired French designer Paul Poiret (1879–1944) to be one of the first to design pants for women. In 1913, Poiret created loose-fitting, wide-leg trousers for women called harem pants, which were based on the costumes of the popular opera Sheherazade. Written by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov in 1888, Sheherazade was based on a collection of legends from the Middle East called 1001 Arabian Nights.[39]
In the early 20th century women air pilots and other working women often wore trousers. Frequent photographs from the 1930s of actresses Marlene Dietrich and Katharine Hepburn in trousers helped make trousers acceptable for women. During World War II, women working in factories and doing other forms of "men's work" on war service wore trousers when the work demanded it. In the post-war era, trousers became acceptable casual wear for gardening, the beach, and other leisurely pursuits. Further, in Britain during World War II, because of the rationing of clothing, many women took to wearing their husbands' civilian clothes, including their trousers, to work while their husbands were away from home serving in the armed forces. This was partly because they were seen as practical workwear and partly to allow women to keep their clothing allowance for other uses. As this practice of wearing trousers became more widespread and as the men's clothing wore out, replacements were needed. By the summer of 1944, it was reported that sales of women's trousers were five times more than they had been in the previous year.[40]
In 1919, Luisa Capetillo challenged mainstream society by becoming the first woman in Puerto Rico to wear trousers in public. Capetillo was sent to jail for what was then considered to be a crime, but, the judge later dropped the charges against her.
In the 1960s, André Courrèges introduced long trousers for women as a fashion item, leading to the era of the pantsuit and designer jeans and the gradual erosion of social prohibitions against girls and women wearing trousers in schools, the workplace and in fine restaurants.
In 1969, Rep. Charlotte Reid (R-Ill.) became the first woman to wear trousers in the US Congress.[41]
Pat Nixon was the first American First Lady to wear trousers in public.[42]
In 1989, California state senator Rebecca Morgan became the first woman to wear trousers in a US state senate.[43]
Hillary Clinton was the first woman to wear trousers in an official American First Lady portrait.[44]
In Rome in 1992, a 45-year-old driving instructor was accused of rape. When he picked up an 18-year-old girl for her first driving lesson, he allegedly raped her for an hour, then told her that if she was to tell anyone he would kill her. Later that night she told her parents and her parents agreed to help her press charges. While the alleged rapist was convicted and sentenced, the Italian Supreme Court overturned the conviction in 1998 because the victim wore tight jeans. It was argued that she must have necessarily have had to help her attacker remove her jeans, thus making the act consensual ("because the victim wore very, very tight jeans, she had to help him remove them...and by removing the jeans...it was no longer rape but consensual sex"). The Italian Supreme Court stated in its decision "it is a fact of common experience that it is nearly impossible to slip off tight jeans even partly without the active collaboration of the person who is wearing them."[45] This ruling sparked widespread feminist protest. The day after the decision, women in the Italian Parliament protested by wearing jeans and holding placards that read "Jeans: An Alibi for Rape." As a sign of support, the California Senate and Assembly followed suit. Soon Patricia Giggans, Executive Director of the Los Angeles Commission on Assaults Against Women, (now Peace Over Violence) made Denim Day an annual event. As of 2011 at least 20 U.S. states officially recognize Denim Day in April. Wearing jeans on this day has become an international symbol of protest. As of 2008 the Italian Supreme Court has overturned their findings, and there is no longer a "denim" defense to the charge of rape.
Women were not allowed to wear trousers on the US Senate floor until 1993.[46][47] In 1993, Senators Barbara Mikulski and Carol Moseley Braun wore trousers onto the floor in defiance of the rule, and female support staff followed soon after, with the rule being amended later that year by Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Martha Pope to allow women to wear trousers on the floor so long as they also wore a jacket.[46][47]
In Malawi women were not legally allowed to wear trousers under President Kamuzu Banda's rule until 1994.[48] This law was introduced in 1965.[49]
Since 2004 the International Skating Union has allowed women to wear trousers instead of skirts in competition.[50]
In 2009, journalist Lubna Hussein was fined the equivalent of $200 when a court found her guilty of violating Sudan's decency laws by wearing trousers.[51]
In 2012 the Royal Canadian Mounted Police began to allow women to wear trousers and boots with all their formal uniforms.[52]
In 2012 and 2013, some Mormon women participated in "Wear Pants to Church Day", in which they wore trousers to church instead of the customary dresses to encourage gender equality within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[53][54] Over one thousand women participated in this in 2012.[54]
In 2013, Turkey's parliament ended a ban on women lawmakers wearing trousers in its assembly.[55]
Also in 2013, an old bylaw requiring women in Paris, France to ask permission from city authorities before "dressing as men", including wearing trousers (with exceptions for those "holding a bicycle handlebar or the reins of a horse") was declared officially revoked by France's Women's Rights Minister, Najat Vallaud-Belkacem.[56] The bylaw was originally intended to prevent women from wearing the pantalons fashionable with Parisian rebels in the French Revolution.[56]
In 2014, an Indian family court in Mumbai ruled that a husband objecting to his wife wearing a kurta and jeans and forcing her to wear a sari amounts to cruelty inflicted by the husband and can be a ground to seek divorce.[57] The wife was thus granted a divorce on the ground of cruelty as defined under section 27(1)(d) of Special Marriage Act, 1954.[57]
Until 2016 some female crew members on British Airways were required to wear British Airways' standard "ambassador" uniform, which has not traditionally included trousers.[58]
Parts of trousers
Pleats just below the waistband on the front typify many styles of formal and casual trousers, including suit trousers and khakis. There may be one, two, three, or no pleats, which may face either direction. When the pleats open towards the pockets they are called reverse pleats (typical of most trousers today) and when they open toward the fly they are known as forward pleats.
Trouser-makers can finish the legs by hemming the bottom to prevent fraying. Trousers with turn-ups (cuffs in American English), after hemming, are rolled outward and sometimes pressed or stitched into place.
Main article: Fly (clothing)
A fly is a covering over an opening join concealing the mechanism, such as a zipper, velcro or buttons, used to join the opening. In trousers, this is most commonly an opening covering the groin, which makes the pants easier to put on or take off. The opening also allows men to urinate without lowering their trousers.
Trousers have varied historically in whether or not they have a fly. Originally, hose did not cover the area between the legs. This was instead covered by a doublet or by a codpiece. When breeches were worn, during the Regency period for example, they were fall-fronted (or broad fall). Later, after trousers (pantaloons) were invented, the fly-front (split fall) emerged.[59] The panelled front returned as a sporting option, such as in riding breeches, but is now hardly ever used, a fly being by far the most common fastening. Most flies now use a zipper, though button-fly pants continue to be available.
Trouser support
At present, most trousers are held up through the assistance of a belt which is passed through the belt loops on the waistband of the trousers. However, this was traditionally a style acceptable only for casual trousers and work trousers; suit trousers and formal trousers were suspended by the use of braces (suspenders in American English) attached to buttons located on the interior or exterior of the waistband. Today, this remains the preferred method of trouser support amongst adherents of classical British tailoring. Many men claim this method is more effective and more comfortable because it requires no cinching of the waist or periodic adjustment.
In modern Western society, males customarily wear trousers and not skirts or dresses. There are exceptions, however, such as the ceremonial Scottish kilt and Greek fustanella, as well as robes or robe-like clothing like the cassocks of clergy and the academic robes, both rarely worn today in daily use. (See also Men's skirts.)
Convertible Ventilated Trousers shown with one leg cover removed
Based on Deuteronomy 22:5 in the Bible ("The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man"), some groups, including the Amish, Hutterites, some Mennonites, some Baptists, a few Church of Christ groups, and most Orthodox Jews, believe that women should not wear trousers, but only skirts and dresses. These groups do permit women to wear underpants as long as they are hidden. By contrast, many Muslim sects approve of pants as they are considered more modest than any skirt that is shorter than ankle length. However, some mosques require ankle length trousers for both Muslims and non-Muslims on the premises.[60]
Among certain groups, low-rise, baggy trousers exposing underwear became fashionable; for example, among skaters and in 1990s hip hop fashion. This fashion is called sagging or, alternatively, "busting slack."[61]
Cut-offs are homemade shorts made by cutting the legs off trousers, usually after holes have been worn in fabric around the knees. This extends the useful life of the trousers. The remaining leg fabric may be hemmed or left to fray after being cut.
In 2013, a bylaw requiring women in Paris, France to ask permission from city authorities before "dressing as men", including wearing trousers (with exceptions for those "holding a bicycle handlebar or the reins of a horse") was declared officially revoked by France's Women's Rights Minister, Najat Vallaud-Belkacem. [56] The bylaw was originally intended to prevent women from wearing the pantalons fashionable with Parisian rebels in the French Revolution.[56]
In Sudan, Article 152 of the Memorandum to the 1991 Penal Code prohibits the wearing of "obscene outfits" in public. This law has been used to arrest and prosecute women wearing trousers. Thirteen women including journalist Lubna al-Hussein were arrested in Khartoum in July 2009 for wearing trousers; ten of the women pleaded guilty and were flogged with ten lashes and fined 250 Sudanese pounds apiece. Lubna al-Hussein considers herself a good Muslim and asserts "Islam does not say whether a woman can wear trousers or not. I'm not afraid of being flogged. It doesn't hurt. But it is insulting." She was eventually found guilty and fined the equivalent of $200 rather than being flogged.[51]
In May 2004, in Louisiana, Democrat and state legislator Derrick Shepherd proposed a bill that would make it a crime to appear in public wearing trousers below the waist and thereby exposing one's skin or "intimate clothing".[62] The Louisiana bill did not pass.
In February 2005, Virginia legislators tried to pass a similar law that would have made punishable by a $50 fine "any person who, while in a public place, intentionally wears and displays his below-waist undergarments, intended to cover a person's intimate parts, in a lewd or indecent manner". (It is not clear whether, with the same coverage by the trousers, exposing underwear was considered worse than exposing bare skin, or whether the latter was already covered by another law.) The law passed in the Virginia House of Delegates. However, various criticisms to it arose. For example, newspaper columnists and radio talk show hosts consistently said that since most people that would be penalised under the law would be young African-American men, the law would thus be a form of racial discrimination. Virginia's state senators voted against passing the law.[63][64]
In California, Government Code Section 12947.5 (part of the California Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA)) expressly protects the right to wear pants.[65] Thus, the standard California FEHA discrimination complaint form includes an option for "denied the right to wear pants."[66]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trousers.
No Pants Day
Open-crotch pants
Oxford bags
Pantalettes
Pantaloon, a theatre character
Thai fisherman pants
Trouser clips
↑ Hanks, Patrick, ed. (1979). Collins English Dictionary. London: Collins. p. 1061. ISBN 0-00-433078-1. pants pl. n. 1. Brit. an undergarment reaching from the waist to the thighs or knees. 2. the usual U.S. name for trousers.
↑ "Pair of pants". World Wide Words. 28 April 2001. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
↑ Nelson, Sarah M. (2004). Gender in archaeology: analyzing power and prestige. Gender and Archaeology. 9. Rowman Altamira. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-7591-0496-9.
↑ Beck, Ulrike; Wagner, Mayke; Li, Xiao; Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond; Tarasov, Pavel E. (22 May 2014). "The invention of trousers and its likely affiliation with horseback riding and mobility: A case study of late 2nd millennium BC finds from Turfan in eastern Central Asia". Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.056. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
↑ "First pants worn by horse riders 3,000 years ago". Science News. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.056. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
↑ Pictures show Achaemenid costumes including trousers. http://persianwondersvideo.blogspot.com.au/
↑ Payne, Blanche. History of Costume. Harper & Row , 1965. pp. 49–51
↑ Sekunda, Nicholas. The Persian Army 560–330 BC.
↑ Lever, James (1995, 2010). Costume and Fashion: A Concise History. Thames and Hudson. p. 15.
↑ ἀναξυρίδες, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
↑ σαράβαρα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
↑ Euripides, Cyclops, 182
↑ Aristophanes, Wasps, 1087
↑ θύλακος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
↑ Lever, James. Costume and Fashion: A Concise History. Thames and Hudson, 1995, 2010. p. 50.
↑ Payne, Blanche (1965). History of Costume. Harper & Row. p. 97
↑ "Feminalia.", The Fashion Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
↑ "Braccae - Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages". Fashionencyclopedia.com. 24 July 2003. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
↑ Payne, Blanche. History of Costume. Harper & Row , 1965. p. 124
↑ Payne, Blanche. History of Costume. Harper & Row , 1965. Pp. 136–138
↑ Payne, Blanche. History of Costume. Harper & Row , 1965. pp. 142, 154
↑ Einhard. The Life of Charlemagne. University of Michigan Press, 1960.
↑ Lever, James. Costume and Fashion: A Concise History. Thames and Hudson, 1995, 2010. pp. 50–51.
↑ Payne, Blanche. History of Costume. Harper & Row, 1965. p. 180
↑ "Pannonian Renaissance". Mek.oszk.hu. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
↑ "Edicts and Decrees". Cengage Learning. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
↑ Italian Culture in the Drama of Shakespeare and His Contemporaries, ed. Michele Marrapodi 2007
↑ http://www.cfa.ilstu.edu/lmlowel/the334/empire/empiremenreview.htm
↑ http://www.blacktieguide.com/History/01-Regency_Origins.htm
↑ https://www.mjbale.com/style/Beau-Tie--The-Legacy-of-Beau-Brummell--Inventor-of-the-Modern-Suit.html
↑ Gill, Eric (1937). Trousers & The Most Precious Ornament. London: Faber and Faber. OCLC 5034115.
↑ Lee, Kyung Ja, and Hong Na Young and Chang Sook Hwan, translated by Shin Jooyoung. Traditional Korean Costume. Global Orient, 2003. p. 231.
↑ "Trousers for Women". Fashionencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
↑ "Clothing3". World War 2 Ex RAF. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
↑ "Update: First woman to wear pants on House floor, Rep. Charlotte Reid". The Washington Post. 21 December 2011.
↑ "First Lady - Pat Nixon | C-SPAN First Ladies: Influence & Image". Firstladies.c-span.org. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
↑ "A first: Woman senator dons pants". Lodi News-Sentinel. UPI. 7 February 1989.
↑ "Flashback: Top 7 Hillary Rodham Clinton pant suits". Rare.
1 2 Faedi, Benedetta (2009). "Rape, Blue Jeans, and Judicial Developments in Italy". Columbia Journal of European Law. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
1 2 Givhan, Robin (21 January 2004). "Moseley Braun: Lady in red". Chicago Tribune.
1 2 "The Long and Short of Capitol Style". Roll Call.
1 2 Sarah DeCapua, Malawi in Pictures, 2009, pg 7.
1 2 "Malawi-vroue mag broek dra". Beeld. Johannesburg. 1 December 1993. p. 9. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
↑ "Slovak Pair Tests New ISU Costume Rules - Skate Today". Skatetoday.com. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
1 2 Gettleman, Jeffrey; Arafat, Waleed (8 September 2009). "Sudan Court Fines Woman for Wearing Trousers". The New York Times.
↑ Moore, Dene (16 August 2012). "Female Mounties earn right to wear pants and boots with all formal uniforms". The Vancouver Sun. The Canadian Press. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
↑ Gryboski, Michael (16 December 2013). "Mormon Women Observe 'Wear Pants to Church' Sunday to Promote Gender Equality". Christian Post.
1 2 Seid, Natalie (14 December 2013). "LDS Women Suit Up For Second 'Wear Pants to Church Day'". Boise Weekly.
1 2 "Turkey lifts ban on trousers for women MPs in parliament". Yahoo! News. 14 November 2013.
1 2 3 4 "It Is Now Legal for Women to Wear Pants in Paris". Time. New York. 4 February 2013.
1 2 3 4 PTI (28 June 2014). "Wife's jeans ban is grounds for divorce, India court rules". GulfNews.com. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
↑ "Because It Is 2016, British Airways Finally Agrees Female Employees May Wear Pants To Work". ThinkProgress.
↑ Croonborg, Frederick: The Blue Book of Men's Tailoring. Croonborg Sartorial Co. New York and Chicago, 1907. p. 123
↑ "Mosque Manners : Dress Code" (JPG). Szgmc.ae. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
↑ "Huckaby: Pants off to the kids busting slack at school". Online Athens. 26 August 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
↑ "House Bill number 1626" (PDF). Legislature of Louisiana. Retrieved 30 September 2009. It shall be unlawful for any person to appear in public wearing his pants below his waist and thereby exposing his skin or intimate clothing.
↑ "Bill Tracking - 2005 session : Legislation". Leg1.state.va.us. 4 February 2005. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
↑ "LOCI-HEREIN:A Blog About Today And Tomorrow, With Insights From Yesterday.".
↑ "California Government Code - GOV § 12947.5". Codes.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
↑ Instructions to Obtain Right to Sue Notice by Mail, California Department of Fair Housing and Employment, February 2013.
Look up trousers in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
(video) Etymology of 'Pants', from Mysteries of Vernacular
Historical clothing • Traditional and national clothing
Halterneck
Henley shirt
Bell-bottoms
Bondage pants
High water pants
Lowrise pants
Parachute pants
Phat pants
Windpants
Men's skirts
Bouffant gown
Coatdress
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Suits and
Ball dress
Cleanroom suit
Kasaya
British Warm
Covert coat
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Clothing technology
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History of clothing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package cn.cug.laboratory.mapper.extend;

import cn.cug.laboratory.mapper.LabMapper;
import cn.cug.laboratory.model.persistent.Lab;
import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.Param;

import java.util.List;

public interface LabExtendMapper extends LabMapper{
    public String getLabIdByName(@Param("lab_name") String lab_name);
    public String getLabNameByid(@Param("lab_id") String lab_id);
    public List<Lab> getAll();

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Here's Why Visa Is Plunging on Wednesday
Written by Matthew Frankel for The Motley Fool ->
The stock market was broadly lower on Wednesday morning, with all three major averages down by nearly 3% as of 10:45 a.m. EDT. Visa (NYSE: V) was having a particularly rough day, down more than 5%.
Typically Visa is less volatile than most other fintech stocks, and it also has held up much better than most of the financial sector during the COVID-19 pandemic. Plus, Visa actually reports its earnings after today's trading session, so it may seem odd that it's falling so much.
There are two likely reasons for today's move. First, and most obviously, is the general market selling pressure. It's fair to say that a 3% decline in the S&P 500 is likely weighing on Visa's stock price.
Second, Visa announced that it has agreed to acquire fintech YellowPepper. The deal is at an undisclosed price, but given the prices of recent fintech deals (such as PayPal's $4 billion acquisition of Honey), the valuation is likely rather high. It's not uncommon for the acquirer to take a hit in these situations, and that could explain some of Visa's decline today.
Since we don't know the financial details of the YellowPepper acquisition, it's tough to analyze whether it's a smart move by Visa. However, the company has some proprietary technology that Visa could potentially implement throughout its vast network, giving the company an advantage over rivals. Since Visa reports earnings after today's close, it could be worth watching to see if the company offers any further detail or commentary about this transaction.
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Matthew Frankel, CFP has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool owns shares of and recommends PayPal Holdings and Visa and recommends the following options: long January 2022 $75 calls on PayPal Holdings. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
Founded in 1993 in Alexandria, VA., by brothers David and Tom Gardner, The Motley Fool is a multimedia financial-services company dedicated to building the world's greatest investment community. Reaching millions of people each month through its website, books, newspaper column, radio show, television appearances, and subscription newsletter services, The Motley Fool champions shareholder values and advocates tirelessly for the individual investor. The company's name was taken from Shakespeare, whose wise fools both instructed and amused, and could speak the truth to the king -- without getting their heads lopped off.
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text:
Court Records Evidence in IT Case Against Ex-Power Secretary's Wife
Delhi court commenced recording of pre-charge evidence in an income tax case in which Verma\'s wife was summoned as accused for allegedly not declaring money stashed in an undisclosed company in UK.
Published: 02nd June 2015 07:43 PM | Last Updated: 02nd June 2015 07:43 PM | A+A A-
NEW DELHI: A Delhi court has commenced recording of pre-charge evidence in an income tax case in which former Delhi Power Secretary R K Verma's wife was summoned as accused for allegedly not declaring money stashed in an undisclosed company in the United Kingdom.
Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Devendra Kumar Sharma recorded the statement of one of the witnesses brought by the Income Tax (IT) Department.
The statement of the witness remained inconclusive and the court listed the matter for recording of further evidence on June 26.
Accused Ritu Verma was granted bail on March 2 after she appeared before the court in pursuance to summons. The court had directed her not to leave the country without its prior permission.
The court had in January summoned her as an accused after taking cognisance of the IT department's complaint.
The IT department has alleged it had received information that the retired IAS officer's wife had floated a proprietary company in the British Virgin Islands, of which she was the sole director.
It had claimed that the firm, Windsor Incorporation Inc, began its operations in July 2007 with 50,000 shares of one dollar each, which in Indian rupee equivalent was then valued at Rs 20 lakh and worth about Rs 30 lakh at the time of lodging the complaint.
The department said it had filed the complaint against Ritu, wife of Verma who was power secretary in Sheila Dikshit government, after receiving all documents of the company and memorandum of association, which were authenticated evidence.
It had claimed that initially Ritu had denied having any such company abroad and later stopped appearing before the department during the course of its investigation.
"She did not disclose the amount of around Rs 20 lakh in foreign country in her income tax declaration and did not show it in her income tax return too," the department had said.


text:
Education Week's blogs > Next Gen Learning in Action See more Opinion
Andy Calkins
Kristen Vogt
From Next Generation Learning Challenges, perspectives from educators engaged in redesigning the future of public schools.
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Taking K-12 Cultural Responsiveness from Theory into Practice
By Contributing Blogger on August 16, 2018 1:00 PM | No comments
By Holly Morris, Director of School Incubation at Washington State Charter Schools Association
There's a lot of talk about 'culturally responsive' pedagogy lately. But just how--and where--is this theory being put into practice?
In Washington state, the evolving charter public school space offers a promising example. The State of Washington has baked the term into almost every aspect of its rigorous charter public school application, in an effort to create a charter sector that is truly community-driven and focused on serving underserved students.
In June, the Washington State Charter School Commission authorized the charter of Ashé Prep (pronounced a-SHAY), a K-8 school with cultural responsiveness named as one of its three core design concepts. The school will open to serve primarily African and African American children in Skyway, Washington, in August 2019.
Let that sink in. Naming 'cultural responsiveness' as a core element of Ashé's educational program means that when the Washington State Charter School Commission evaluates this school's performance, it will be graded on how well they do at understanding and responding in a culturally appropriate way to enrolled students and their families.
Dr. Debra Sullivan, school founder and author of Cultivating the Genius of Black Children, and Monique Harrison Manuel, a seasoned administrator from traditional public schools, will bring this to life by aligning the key decisions for the school--from operations to academics--to the principles of Nguzu Saba--the seven principles of African Heritage upon which the winter holiday Kwanzaa is based. The principles are: unity, self-determination, collective responsibility, cooperative economics, purpose, creativity, and conviction/belief.
Specificity and Inclusion Are Synergistic
These principles are also conceptually aligned and similar to the cultures of non-African students likely to attend Ashé Prep; as a charter public school, Ashé Prep is open to any student who wants to attend. Skyway, the community where Ashé Prep will be located, is an un-incorporated area of King County, nestled between south Seattle and the neighboring city of Renton. It is quite racially diverse, with African American and Asian residents making up the majority.
Location demographics being what they are, it's likely that a majority of Ashé Prep's students will be African, African American, Asian or two or more races. As many of these cultures are also strongly rooted in community, conviction and belief, and a sense of individual responsibility in service of the collective, the school's values will likely resonate with many families from the broader Skyway community.
How does that translate into a school environment? In many ways! For example, the values of collective responsibility and self-determination guided Sullivan's decision to have students in all grades engage in community-based projects and studies that gradually expand their circle of attention and influence. This experience begins in Kindergarten with projects focused on My Neighborhood and culminates with projects focused on My World in Grade 8.
It's also expressed in the personalized learning choices that the school has adopted. Each child will have a personal learning plan that includes a chance to decide how to practice their own skill-building. Students also actively participate as members of 'ujima' teams (ujima is Swahili for collective responsibility). Ujima teams are modeled after Achievement First Greenfield Schools' Dream Teams, and include a student's teacher, a family member, a community member, and a peer, who collectively offer each student a mini support community.
Another interesting expression of collective responsibility is found in the school's discipline policy. Ashé Prep has put forward a 'belonging policy' on the belief that communally-based cultures do not plan for their members to be removed or excluded; they do what it takes to keep the community whole, complete and inclusive, even when the rules have been violated. And while the school's policy conforms to state law on discipline, reserving suspension and expulsion as rare but legal options, its bedrock is a statement about belonging and its first response to rule violations is restorative justice interventions.
How Shared Values Will Be Incorporated and Celebrated
Similarly, the cultural value around respect for elders--which is strong in both cultures for likely-to-attend students--drove the decision to create a Council of Elders. More than the typical Parent-Teacher Association, this body will bring longtime members of the Skyway community together, including area education activists and advocates for local children and youth, in order to provide a different kind of public accountability--one that goes beyond test scores to reach important social-emotional outcomes for kids, and one that demands administrators' fidelity to the school's values and mission stated in its charter.
Like other leaders in the Washington charter sector, Sullivan and Manuel are deeply committed to ensuring that their staff reflects the full diversity of their community. They are keenly aware of the powerful impact a diverse teaching and leadership staff can have on the psyche, aspirations and attitudes of all students. They have detailed concrete plans for recruiting, combining their community networks and connections to minority-serving and HBCU colleges, with a willingness to embrace alternative certifications that will likely result in a more diverse teaching staff. While not fully aligned with their student population, Washington's charter public schools have more significantly more racially representative staffing overall than their traditional public school counterparts.
Between now and fall 2019 when Ashé Prep will welcome students, there are many months of preparation as they engage families and the Skyway community. On that note, stay tuned! I look forward to bringing you an update as the school builds its staff, enrolls its founding students, and gets closer to its official launch.
CORRECTION: The original version of this post included an incorrect opening date for Ashé Prep. The correct date is August 2019.
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State report: Fremont High School violated 'the spirit' but not the 'letter' of ACT test rules
Updated Jan 20, 2019; Posted May 21, 2014
By Lynn Moore | lmoore8@mlive.com
Fremont High School students' ACT tests will not be invalidated though the school violated the "spirit" of testing policies by loading help info onto student-used calculators, the state has concluded.
(MLive file photo)
FREMONT, MI -- Fremont High School officials violated the "spirit" of ACT and Michigan Merit Exam policies, though they followed the "letter of ACT calculator use guidelines," a state investigation into allegations of cheating has concluded.
An anonymous tipster prompted the Michigan Department of Education to investigate the use of pre-loaded ACT help files onto school calculators that were used last fall by Fremont students taking the college entrance exam that is part of the MME.
The state investigation concluded there are discrepancies between state policy and ACT policy: While the state doesn't allow "cheat sheets" like those on the calculators, the ACT does not allow calculators to be erased. There may be other schools that also are using so-called "help" sheets on calculators that could be considered prohibited "cheat sheets," the state concluded.
"This discrepancy opens up the possibility that test scores have been improperly inflated," the investigation report concludes. "Importantly, if this information had been posted on the wall, or included in a physical 'cheat sheet,' the test scores would have been invalidated."
But because the ACT prohibits calculator files from being deleted, Fremont followed the "letter" of that policy and the state will not invalidate the test scores, the investigation report states.
Michigan officials will review state policies regarding the MME, and Fremont will have state monitors in place next time the test is given. The Michigan Department of Education released the investigation findings Wednesday afternoon.
Meanwhile, a separate investigation by the ACT determined there were no rules violations. Fremont officials posted a statement on the school website last week that read in part "our test administrators did not violate ACT rules for administration of the test."
Katie Wacker, a spokeswoman for ACT, said she would not reveal the contents of a letter detailing the ACT's investigation findings that was sent to Fremont administrators. However, she said the school's statement on the website "appeared to be accurate."
The state noted in its findings that any formula needed to solve a math problem is included on the ACT exam.
The state investigation found that Fremont staff had loaded ACT help information onto school calculators that students use in an ACT prep class. The information was reloaded onto computers "just prior" to the administration of the ACT test because staff thought the files had been corrupted or altered by students, the investigation found.
School staff members told the state investigator they had checked with the ACT and believed they were following ACT guidelines, which prohibit files from being deleted from the calculators.
"This is a loophole in the assessment integrity requirements that allowed for this behavior that should be prohibited, but on technical grounds is not prohibited," the report states.
Students were free to borrow the calculators when they took the test, and an interview with students concluded about 60 percent of the students did borrow the calculators, the findings indicate. That situation "raises the potential question of fairness to other students who may or may not have a calculator loaded with 'help' information," the report states.
The Department of Education concluded there is "ambiguity" about the fact that ACT does not allow any "unapproved testing aids" but also doesn't allow for calculators to be cleared before the test.
Department of Education policies prevent students from having a "cheat sheet," which the investigation findings said could be what the ACT help files on the Fremont calculators could be considered. Three other state policies also can be read to prohibit the placement of ACT help files on the calculators, according to the report.
It is unclear how many other schools in the state have stored ACT help information on student-used calculators, the report states. The state intends to review its test administration policies with its vendors "to determine appropriate clarifications to the policies to eliminate the discrepancies that allowed this situation to occur," the report states.
Lynn Moore covers education for MLive Muskegon Chronicle. Email her at lmoore8@mlive.com and follow her on Twitter and Facebook.


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Ireland name 4 debutants in squad for Italy Test
Image from IRFU
The Ireland Coaching Team have named the matchday squad for the rescheduled 2020 Guinness Six Nations Championships fixture against Italy which will take place at the Aviva Stadium on Saturday 24th October.
There are four uncapped players included in the squad with Will Connors and Hugo Keenan named in the starting XV. Ed Byrne and Jamison Gibson-Park are in line for their international debuts off the bench.
Captain, Johnny Sexton is joined in the half backs by Conor Murray with Bundee Aki and Garry Ringrose paired in the midfield.
Jacob Stockdale is named at fullback with Andrew Conway and the uncapped Keenan, who has been capped at Ireland 7s level, on the wings.
In the front row Cian Healy edges closer to a century of caps as he makes his 99th appearance. He is joined by Rob Herring and Andrew Porter while James Ryan and Tadgh Beirne fill the second row berths
In the back row Caelan Doris is named at blindside, Will Connors makes his debut at openside and CJ Stander is at No.8.
In the replacement forwards Byrne is joined by Dave Heffernan, who will be hoping to add the cap he won against the USA in 2017, Finlay Bealham, Ultan Dillane and Peter O'Mahony.
Ross Byrne and Robbie Henshaw are the replacement backs alongside the uncapped Gibson-Park
Kick-off at the Aviva Stadium is 3.30pm on Saturday 24th October and the game is being televised by Virgin Media and ITV and is live in RTÉ radio.
#TeamOfUs
Four uncapped players in the squad for our #GuinnessSixNations return on Saturday.#ShoulderToShoulder #IREvITA https://t.co/k3V5NDbszl
— Irish Rugby (@IrishRugby) October 21, 2020
Press Release from IRFU
Related Topics:6 NationsFeaturedIrelandItalyUSA
England v Barbarians: CANCELLED
Scotland name team to face Georgia
New process can benefit players and the global competitiveness of rugby
Fairness and integrity key principles that underpin the framework
Approval follows extensive discussion and collaboration across the game
Revised Regulation will apply from 1 January 2022
The World Rugby Council has approved an amendment to the sport's regulations governing national team representation that will now permit an international player to transfer once from one union to another subject to demonstrating a close and credible link to that union via birth right.
From 1 January, 2022, in order to transfer from one union to another under the revised Regulation 8 (eligibility), a player will need to achieve the below criteria:
The player must stand-down from international rugby for 36 months
The player must either be born in the country to which they wish to transfer or have a parent or grandparent born in that country
Under the revised Regulation 8 criteria, a player may only change union once and each case will be subject to approval by the World Rugby Regulations Committee to preserve integrity
After 1 January 2022, any player who meets the above criteria can apply immediately for a transfer.
The Regulation 8 revisions will also align the "age of majority" across 15s and sevens. All players will now be 'captured' at 18 years of age to simplify the Regulation and improve union understanding and compliance.
Approval of the amended regulation follows requests by emerging nations and a subsequent wide-ranging consultation process with member unions, regions and International Rugby Players examining the possibility of amending the principle within Regulation that stipulates that a player may only represent one union at international level, save for specific circumstances relating to participation in the Olympic Games.
The benefits of the amendment include:
Simplicity and alignment: transfers are currently permitted in the context of participation in the Olympics in the sevens game. This amendment will create one aligned, simplified process across the game
Development of emerging nations: the player depth of emerging nations may be improved by permitting players, who have close and credible links to the "emerging union" through birth or ancestry, to "return" to those unions having previously represented another union
Player-focused approach: the process recognised the modern rugby environment, including global player movement, the current ability to capture players by selecting them on the bench, and the desire of some players to transfer having been selected a limited number of times for one union. It also examined the impact of any change on the integrity of the international competition landscape.
World Rugby Chairman Sir Bill Beaumont said: "Approval of this landmark regulatory change is the culmination of detailed and widespread modelling and consultation across the game. We have listened to our membership and players and sought to update the regulation recognising the modern professional rugby environment without compromising the integrity of the international game.
"Any player who wishes to transfer will need to have a close and credible link to their new union, namely birth right or parent or grandparent birth right while meeting strong criteria, including a 36-month stand down period. We believe that this is the fairest way to implement progressive change that puts players first while also having the potential to support a growing, increasingly competitive international men's and women's game."
World Rugby Vice-Chairman Bernard Laporte added: "We have listened to our membership and honoured our pledge to undertake wide-ranging review of this important regulation. We have consulted, sought feedback from our unions, regions and most importantly to players' representatives, before making a recommendation to the Council. This change to how international rugby operates will provide transformational opportunities to players with dual backgrounds, providing they meet the key criteria sets out in the Regulation 8."
International Rugby Players CEO, Omar Hassanein said:"The proposal to change the rules around player eligibility is something that we have worked on over many years with our member associations. Many players across the world will now benefit from the chance to represent the country of their or their ancestors' birth, serving as a real boost to the competitiveness of emerging nations, which in turn, will benefit the game as a whole."
England name interesting squad to face Wallabies
(Photo by Shaun Botterill/Getty Images)
The England line-up for this weekend's Test match against Australia has been named.
Maro Itoje will make his 50th appearance for England, following his debut against Italy in 2016.
Captain Owen Farrell returns to the side at inside centre, Henry Slade stays at outside centre and Marcus Smith will start at fly half.
Jonny May (left) and Manu Tuilagi (right) will be on the wings, Freddie Steward is at full back and Ben Youngs is at scrum half.
In an unchanged forward pack from England's 69-3 win over Tonga last weekend, Itoje is joined by lock Jonny Hill, hooker Jamie George and props Ellis Genge and Kyle Sinckler.
Courtney Lawes stays at blind-side flanker, Sam Underhill is open-side flanker and Tom Curry is at No. 8.
Bevan Rodd and Raffi Quirke could make their England debuts after being named as finishers – alongside Jamie Blamire, Will Stuart, Charlie Ewels, Alex Dombrandt, Sam Simmonds and Max Malins.
Jones said: "We know this will be a tough test for us, we're playing against a team who have been together a while and who have beat the world champions twice. As an Australian I know how much this game means.
"We've had a really good week of preparation, we're looking to improve our performance this week and I think this side is building well."
England v Australia is live on Amazon Prime Sport and TalkSPORT [Saturday 13 November, 5.30pm KO].
ENGLAND XV
15. Freddie Steward (Leicester Tigers, 3 caps)
14. Manu Tuilagi (Sale Sharks, 44 caps)
13. Henry Slade (Exeter Chiefs, 41 caps)
12. Owen Farrell (Saracens, 93 caps)
11. Jonny May (Gloucester Rugby, 67 caps)
10. Marcus Smith (Harlequins, 3 caps)
9. Ben Youngs (Leicester Tigers, 110 caps)
1. Ellis Genge (Leicester Tigers, 31 caps)
2. Jamie George (Saracens, 60 caps)
3. Kyle Sinckler (Bristol Bears, 45 caps)
4. Maro Itoje (Saracens, 49 caps)
5. Jonny Hill (Exeter Chiefs, 10 caps)
6. Courtney Lawes (Northampton Saints, 88 caps)
7. Sam Underhill (Bath Rugby, 25 caps)
8. Tom Curry (Sale Sharks, 34 caps)
FINISHERS
16. Jamie Blamire (Newcastle Falcons, 3 caps)
17. Bevan Rodd (Sale Sharks, uncapped)
18. Will Stuart (Bath Rugby, 13 caps)
19. Charlie Ewels (Bath Rugby, 24 caps)
20. Alex Dombrandt (Harlequins, 2 caps)
21. Sam Simmonds (Exeter Chiefs, 7 caps)
22. Raffi Quirke (Sale Sharks, uncapped)
23. Max Malins (Saracens, 8 caps)
Triple injury blow for Wales as stars require surgery
(ADRIAN DENNIS/AFP/Getty Images)
Wales captain Alun Wyn Jones and back row Ross Moriarty underwent scans yesterday (Monday) due to shoulder injuries sustained on Saturday, in the game against New Zealand.
The scans revealed that neither Jones nor Moriarty will be able to participate further in the Autumn Nations Series, and will therefore be released from the squad. Both players will require surgery with an estimated recovery period of a number of months respectively.
Bath Rugby's Taulupe Faletau has also been released from the Wales squad. Faletau's ankle injury, sustained whilst training at Bath, will preclude him from taking part in the Autumn Nations Series.
Centre Uilisi Halaholo will re-join the squad on Friday, having spent 10 days in isolation after testing positive for Covid.
Cardiff Rugby's Shane Lewis-Hughes and Ospreys' Rhys Davies have been called in to the squad.
The 23-year-old Lewis-Hughes has three Test caps to his name, having made his international debut against Scotland in October 2020. He also featured against Ireland and England in last year's Autumn Nations Cup.
Lock Davies, 22, was called into the summer squad but has yet to make his senior debut for Wales.


For all who really know me, know that I place great value on ALL life including insects. So with this in mind, let me begin my story.
I experienced a very traumatic day yesterday. I literally made myself sick. The thought of food made me want to gag but the lesson I learned, will, I hope, last me the rest of my life because I definitely DO NOT want to experience another like it.
I've been going to another town all week for training for work. Yesterday was the last day as well as test day. I was feeling pretty good about it all and just before I got ready to leave for my 30 minute drive, I decided to start a little early to stop at the local convenience store to treat myself to a cinnamon roll and cappuccino. Got my stuff together, went out to my car in the garage as usual. As I closed the back door to the house behind me, I pushed the garage door button on the wall. Once I got to the car, I reached in and gathered my vest and jacket together, climbed in and proceeded to drive out of the garage. I felt a little bit of a bump that was not the normal bump coming out. My immediate thought was that I ran over something. Leaving the car running, I climbed out and walked behind to see if there was something there. A Turtle!!! My worst nightmare just became reality!
He was trying to run away with only his front legs. I saw a rather large puddle of splattered blood and a small pile of his innards lying on the concrete and I immediately began running in circles in my garage, crying profusely and simultaneously screaming "No, no, no. Oh God, what do I do. No, no, no. Oh God, please tell me what to do." Still crying, I picked him up and sat him in the dirt under a bush next to the drive way. Realizing I couldn't leave him there and that he needed help, I found a foam cooler and put him in it. I tried to call a friend for support and to find out how to get a hold of the training center but she didn't answer. I then called my job to see if the manager on duty could tell me how to contact the training center so that I could let them know I was going to be late. The manager knew that I was upset and when I told her what had happened, she said she would take care of it and let them know for me, to just do what I had to do.
I proceeded to put the cooler containing the turtle into my car to take it to the vet that I use for my pets. I knew that he needed to either get help or be euthanized. My whole goal at this point was to get help for him. Still crying uncontrollably, I began driving. About 10 minutes into my drive, a train blocked my path. I turned to take another route. That route ended with another train blocking me. I then decided I was now closer to a veterinarian I used to use than the one I was headed to so I changed course. I finally arrived to my new destination only to find out that they were still closed and would be for another 25 minutes. I couldn't wait that long. I HAD to get help for this poor suffering little creature so I again changed course and started back to my original plan to my current veterinarian. It was another 10 minutes away.
As I was still crying and wondering what to do next, I saw a side street that could take me to another entrance to the highway. I went for it. Yay, success! I made it onto the highway and to the emergency clinic. They were expecting me. I, still upset and crying, handed over the foam cooler as they assured me that they would take care of him. I told them I would pay to have him fixed if possible or to have him put to sleep if not. They informed me that he could not be fixed but they would take care of everything. I told them I didn't want him to suffer any longer than necessary and how upset I was that I caused this to him. I told them I am one of those stupid people that pull over to move turtles out of the road so that they don't get ran over and what do I do, I run over one in my own driveway. One of the ladies shocked me back to sanity momentarily by telling me that the Bible says there is a time for everything including death and it was this poor little guys time. My response was more tears but the reality of what she said hit me fleetingly. Still I cried.
If that is not an immediate answer, I truly do not know what is. One small but long hour of life carried so much pain, fear, questioning, testing, trusting, experience and life lessons. I learned much in that hour. Nothing in life on earth is guaranteed, mans plans are futile and fallible, and trust and expectations in people will only provide a false sense of security. It is only through God that we have guarantees of life, His plans are the only reliable plans, trust and faith in Him is the only true security we have, and our faith must show what we say (in other words, be prepared to walk the talk). Through the pain, both mine and the poor turtle, I gained growth in character and learned that victory over Satan can only be gained by following the spirit as it leads. It could've been easy to say, "oh it's just a turtle" and moved him out of the way so that I could continue my day for my comfort, not giving second thought to his suffering and need. But instead, I practiced my faith and followed what was right. I am so sorry for the pain and loss of life of the poor turtle but the lessons learned and growth of character will stay forever.


Affected population Within South Africa''s FMD Protection Zone. Does not affect South Africa''s FMD free status. African buffalo tested for movement were positive for FMD on serology.
Epidemiological comments Within South Africa's FMD Protection Zone. Does not affect South Africa's FMD free status. Buffalo tested for movement were positive on serology. Serotype could not be determined. Coordinates altered for confidentiality as required by South African legislation.


In today's business world, every business needs an Internet presence, and that means that every business needs effective Internet marketing strategies. This does not mean that you have to hire an Internet marketing expert to do the job for you. If you understand best Internet marketing techniques, you can do what is needed for your business by yourself.
If you want to create an effective Internet marketing campaign, then you need to learn who to target it toward, and how to reach them. To do this, you will need to conduct market research when you are bringing a new product to market, to gauge how it will likely perform. You should conduct it when contemplating a price change or feature change, to gauge the likely reaction from your customers. You should also periodically conduct research to look for new markets for your existing products or services.
* Is there a demand for this product or service?
* Are other businesses offering products or services that are similar?
* What is the best price for the product or service?
* How should the product look?
I just purchased rights to Sean Mizers Training Courses to offer to my subscribers, I will be adding a few of them to a new training section on the blog to help you guys get FREE training. You can sign up via email below.
Your strongest marketing angle is going to be the quality of the product or service you are offering. To create the best Internet marketing campaign, you should offer the best product or service of its kind.
Never assume that everyone will be interested in buying what you're selling. If you make this rookie mistake, you will end up wasting much of your marketing budget and efforts. You want your company to be a specialist service or seller, that is laser-targeted at those people most likely to buy. You will do much better presenting your company as an expert in its field rather than trying to make it seem like all things to all people.
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Most people participate in online social media networks to some degree or other. You need to leverage these social media networks to drive some of these people to your business. Create a social media marketing plan, that identifies where your potential customers congregate. Create a social media page for your company there, that provides quality content that your potential customers will want to read. Videos are good, and so are blogs. You need to create an online space where your potential customers can interact, learn, and enjoy themselves. This is a internet marketing technique that is a must in today's business world, if you're not signed up at Google Plus, Facebook and Twitter, go signup right now and start connecting with people in your industry.
One of the cheapest and most effective forms of online advertising is via an opt-in email list. When your customers buy from you online, give them an opportunity to become included on your email list. You should also have a way for browsers who do not buy anything to join. A portion of each month's online marketing budget should go exclusively to list building. The members of an opt-in list are already motivated to listen to what you have to say, at no additional cost to you. This is infinitely more valuable than trying to squeeze a few customers out of a non-opt-in list. Send a regular newsletter to list members, something that provides them with useful, interesting information in addition to sales attempts.
Create some free products or services to offer online. You can use them as incentives to make purchases, to join your opt-in email list, provide market research feedback, and more. One common way to do this at a cheaper cost, is to purchase a PLR product with a PLR license and then re-brand it with your name and custom graphics. I just started my Freebies page, where I will be offering free training, ebooks, audios and other cool free stuff for my readers.
According to studies, more than 65% of all new purchases come as the result of a referral. This strategy offers incentives for customers to refer people they know to your company's product or service.
Pay Per Click, or PPC, marketing is essentially a way of buying visits to your website. Advertisements for your business will be placed at strategic locations online. Every time somebody clicks on one of those ads and visits your site, you are charged a small fee. Businesses bid to place their ads on different search result pages for different keywords or keyword combinations.
As with any other form of marketing, successful Internet marketing takes time and experience. Always follow the best practices laid out here, but don't be afraid to hire professional help when you don't really know what you are doing.
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5 years ago, I was engaged to be married in 3 months, I had just quit my job at an SEO firm because my boss did not want to allow me to study further. I then decide, let me try my luck and start working online trying tons of different things to make money. My wife went as far as to ask me "Babe, are you going to be able to look after us, I feel like you can't keep a job" - This was a real ego buster but at the same time encouraged me to work even harder. I kept quiet and just kept at learning Internet Marketing and how to make money with it. I am proud to say, 2 years later, I bought a house, 2 cars and was earning a pretty good salary from just working online doing SEO, Link Building, Adsense and a few other things to keep money flowing steadily to the extent that I started earning a lot more then her. This is one of my proudest achievements and I honestly love what I do.
The reason I am telling you all this is because, I know how it feels to be stuck in a place and want more. I would love to help and guide you to achieve what I have achieved and even better! Follow my latest posts and check out some of older popular posts you might have missed to start learning right away. Also do not forget to subscribe to my newsletter, I regularly send out free internet marketing course, special offers and share the secrets of my trade only with my most loyal followers.
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