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Rabbi Yirmiyohu KaganoffIyar 2 5776
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Question: Mule Inventors
"Who invented, or should I say 'discovered,' the mule?"
Question: The Hybrid or the Hybridization?
"Is it permitted to use the product of a prohibited hybridization (crossbreeding) of animals?"
Question: Buy me a Mule!
"May I purchase a mule from a gentile? May I hire him to produce it for me?"
Question: Crossbreeding Pro
"Before I became frum, I was well experienced at hybridizing and raising crossbred birds. Is there any way that I can use this skill to earn a livelihood, now that I have become a baal teshuvah?"
Question: Roommates
"Is the zoo permitted to house different species together?"
Two mitzvos of the Torah deal with the mixing of animal species. In parshas Kedoshim, the Torah teaches: Behemtecha lo sarbia kil'ayim, "Do not crossbreed your animal" (Vayikra 19:19). This prohibition applies to beheimah, usually translated as domesticated species; chayah, usually but somewhat inaccurately translated as wild or non-domesticated* species; birds; and sea chayos, such as sea mammals (Mishnah, Baba Kama 54b and Gemara 55a). Violating this proscription is punishable by malkus, as is true for most lo saaseh violations of the Torah, but only if one mates them physically. Encouraging the mating process less directly is prohibited and is the source of a dispute between early authorities whether it is prohibited min haTorah (Drishah, Yoreh Deah 297:1) or only miderabbanan (Taz, ad locum). It is permitted to house two species together, and one has no requirement to separate them if they mate on their own (Yerushalmi Kelayim 8:2, quoted by Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 297:3). (Those checking the references should note that there are two chapters in Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah numbered 297, and the laws we are discussing are in the second of those chapters.)
Lo Sacharosh
There is also another mitzvah of the Torah, mentioned in the context of Kelayim prohibitions in parshas Ki Seitzei: Lo sacharosh beshor uvachamor yachdav, You may not plough with an ox and a donkey together (Devorim 22:10). This mitzvah prohibits working two species of animals together. According to the opinion of the Rambam, the Torah prohibition of this law is violated only when one species is kosher and the other is non-kosher – other circumstances are prohibited, only because of a rabbinic injunction. Other authorities dispute this ruling of the Rambam, contending that working two species together is prohibited min haTorah, even when both are kosher or both are non-kosher. There is much to discuss about this topic, but we will leave it for a different article.
Which species?
The Mishnah (Kelayim 1:6) lists several combinations of species that one may not crossbreed, such as wolves and dogs, or mules and donkeys, and the Gemara (Bava Kama 55a) notes several other examples, including two varieties of geese where some physical differences determine that they are different species for halachic purposes. On the other hand, the Gemara (Bava Kama 55a) mentions that Persian camels and Arabian camels are not Kelayim together, even though the length of the neck of the two breeds are noticeably different. Furthermore, the Rambam rules that a species with wild and domesticated varieties, such as wild and domesticated oxen or horses, may be crossbred, even when the domesticated variety has some obvious differences from the wild variety (Rambam, Hilchos Kelayim 9:5).
We are left with a question: how does halachah define what is considered a variety of a species versus what is considered a different species? One may crossbreed or work together two animals that are considered two different varieties, but one may not crossbreed or work together two animals that halachah considers different species. However, the Mishnah never provides defining characteristics that we can use. It is also interesting to note that the Gemara (Bava Kama 55a) states that even two species that freely mate together in the wild may not be hybridized. Thus, an animal's social life, also, does not determine what is considered its species.
Rashi on the mule
At the end of parshas Vayishlach, the Torah recounts how Anah, Sei'ir Hachori's grandson, shepherded donkeys for his father, and, while doing so, discovered yeimim (Bereishis 36:24), which Rav Saadia Gaon, Rashi and others translate as mules. Rashi and the Ibn Ezra explain that Anah's "discovery" means he developed the science of crossbreeding a male donkey (called a jackass) and a mare (a female horse) which produces a mule. (See the Targum Onkelos and the Ramban, who explain the verse very differently.) Rashi explains that Anah, who himself descended from a scandalous relationship, was the first to crossbreed two different species, also a scandalous act.
This statement of Rashi presents two questions:
1. What is wrong with Anah having crossbred donkeys and horses? This is not one of the seven Noahide laws.
2. Rashi's comment that Anah was the first to create a mule implies that this was a newfangled "invention" and not yet commonly used. Yet Rashi himself, in parshas Tolados, mentions that when Yitzchak became well respected, people said that "the manure of Yitzchak's mules is more valuable than Avimelech's gold and silver" (Bereishis 26:13). Obviously, this means that mules were commonplace in the days of Yitzchak. Can both of these statements of Rashi be accurate?
Furthermore, the statement of Rashi in parshas Tolados presents yet another question, since it implies that it is not considered unbecoming to mention that Yitzchak owned mules, notwithstanding the fact that the Torah prohibits a Jew from producing them. Why, then, are Anah's mules considered to be so scandalous?
To answer the question why Rashi criticizes Anah for creating mules, when a ben Noach is permitted to crossbreed animals, we need some broader Talmudic background.
Bnei Noach and crossbreeding
Although the seven mitzvos are the most basic mitzvah requirements that apply to bnei Noach, there are other mitzvos that apply to them, at least according to some opinions. Some tanna'im rule that the laws prohibiting sorcery apply to them, and others understand that they are prohibited from grafting one species onto the rootstock of a different species.
There is a tanna, Rabbi Elazar, who contends that bnei Noach are forbidden to crossbreed animals of different species, even though this prohibition is not treated as severely as are the seven mitzvos (Sanhedrin 56b). The Gemara (Sanhedrin 60a) explains that Rabbi Elazar derives that bnei Noach are forbidden to crossbreed animals from the pasuk (partially quoted above), Es chukosai tishmoru behemtecha lo sarbia kil'ayim (Vayikra 19:19), which Rabbi Elazar interprets to mean, "You should be careful to observe the laws that I previously prohibited: Do not breed your animals -- one species with another!" However, there is no previous place in the Torah where we are commanded not to crossbreed animals. Rabbi Elazar reasons that this must mean that when Noach left the teivah and was commanded concerning other laws, he was also told that he may not crossbreed animals. Thus, it would appear that when Rashi, in our parshah, bemoans Anah's activities, he is assuming the halachah is as understood by Rabbi Elazar that all of mankind is prohibited from crossbreeding two species.
Halachic conclusion
The Rambam rules that a ben Noach is prohibited from crossbreeding animals (Hilchos Melachim 10:6). According to his approach, Rashi's comments about Anah introducing something forbidden into the world are halachically accurate.
Asking a gentile
May one ask or hire a gentile to create hybrid animals? According to the Rambam, who rules according to Rabbi Elazar, this is certainly prohibited, because one is thereby causing a gentile to violate the Torah (Drishah).
The authorities conclude that asking or hiring a non-Jew to crossbreed is prohibited, even according to those who disagree with Rabbi Elazar and contend that a gentile is permitted to crossbreed. The Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh Deah 297:4), as understood by most authorities, prohibits having a gentile crossbreed for a Jew, because of the prohibition of having a gentile perform something that a Jew is not permitted to do myself, which is called amirah lenachri (Rema, Shach and others, based on Bava Metzia 90a).
There is a difference in halachah that results from the dispute why one may not hire a gentile to crossbreed for you. May one teach a gentile how to crossbreed animals for the gentile's benefit (see Shach, Yoreh Deah 297:4)? According to the Rambam, this is prohibited, since one will be teaching him to do something that he may not do. However, according to those who contend that a gentile may crossbreed animals, it is permitted to advise or instruct the gentile how to do so, even if he uses a Jew's animals, since he is not doing so in order to benefit a Jew.
Crossbreeding pro
At this point, we can address another one of our opening questions: "Before I became frum, I was well experienced at hybridizing and raising crossbred birds. Is there any way that I can use this skill to earn a livelihood, now that I have become a baal teshuvah?"
The answer is that one can practice breeding of the same species, assuming one can figure out what is considered the same species according to halachah. Whether one can be paid to train a gentile how to crossbreed two different species will depend on the above-quoted dispute. It would appear that the Shach rules that one may, whereas the Derishah and others prohibit. I refer an individual with this question to his own rav or posek.
Using a hybrid
Whether we rule according to Rabbi Elazar or the differing tanna, the halachah remains that even when an animal is created by prohibited hybridization, one may benefit from the crossbred animal (Taz, Yoreh Deah 297:2). Even according to Rabbi Elazar, one may purchase a mule, once it has been produced, and use it, and even a person who violated the halachah and created a mule may use it. Thus, Yitzchak may have purchased many mules to assist him, and the fact that people praised the quality of Yitzchak's mules is not disturbing.
The beefalo
Relatively recently, a new hybrid was developed, which is a cross between the ordinary beef cattle and a North American bison, which Americans colloquially call a buffalo. Is it permitted to make this crossbreed? One major authority contends that whether one may crossbreed buffalo and cattle depends on whether one is required to perform kisuy hadam, the mitzvah of covering the blood of shechitah, after slaughtering a buffalo. Kisuy hadam is required only on fowl and chayos but not on beheimos, such as cattle. If there is no requirement to perform kisuy hadam on buffalo, this demonstrates that it is considered a beheimah. Since there are only three species of beheimah -- sheep, goats, and cattle, then ruling that a buffalo does not require kisuy hadam means that halachah considers it to be a beheimah, and, if it is a beheimah, the process of elimination proves that it must be considered a variety of cattle, since it is certainly not a sheep or a goat.
Sefardim, Ashkenazim and buffalos
Is kisuy hadam required on a buffalo? This is a dispute between the Shulchan Aruch and the Rema, the Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh Deah 28:4) concluding that there is no requirement to perform kisuy hadam, whereas the Rema rules that one should do so without a brocha since we are uncertain whether it is considered a chayah. The Aruch Hashulchan (Yoreh Deah 297:8) notes that this dispute between the Shulchan Aruch and the Rema will also affect whether one is permitted to crossbreed buffalo with ordinary cattle, since the Shulchan Aruch, by concluding that it is a beheimah, must hold that they are halachically considered to be the same species. On the other hand, since the Rema is concerned that buffalo might be a variety of chayah, one would not be permitted to crossbreed it with cattle.
Halachic conclusion: According to the Aruch Hashulchan, a Sefardi would be permitted to crossbreed buffalo with cattle, and an Ashkenazi would not.
Who invented the mule?
Was Anah the first one to create a mule, or did it precede him?
The Gemara (Pesachim 54a) cites a dispute among three tanna'im regarding who created the first mule. According to Rabbi Yosi, Adam created the first mule on the first motza'ei Shabbos of Creation. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel disagrees, contending that Anah created the first mule. In a different beraisa, the Gemara quotes Rabbi Nechemiah, who contended that mules were created by Hashem at the very end of the Six Days of Creation. The passage Rashi quotes in parshas Vayishlach is indeed originally from Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, in the Gemara. However, when Rashi in parshas Tolados quotes the Bereishis Rabbah about Yitzchok's mules, presumably that passage accords with one of the other opinions among the tanna'im, who date the creation of the mule much earlier.
By the way, it is possible that Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel accepts the essence of the statement about Yitzchok, but simply does not include the word mules in his version. Tosafos (Bava Metzia 85a) quotes the Midrash Rabbah that Rashi quotes in parshas Tolados, but with one change: In his version, people complimented the manure of Yitzchok's animals, rather than specifically his mules. This approach would reflect the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel.
Meet the mule
Although most people use the term mule to refer both to the offspring of a stallion (male horse) and a jenny (female donkey) and to the offspring of a jackass (male donkey) and a mare (female horse), this is technically inaccurate. A mule is the offspring of a jackass and a mare. The offspring of a stallion and a jenny is called a hinny. However, Chazal use the word pered to describe either a mule or a hinny; a mule is called pered ben susya, the offspring of a mare (see Chullin 114b) and a hinny is called pered ben chamorah, the offspring of a jenny. (The word pered, itself, is of Tanachic origin -- for example, Avshalom rode on a pered -- but there is no indication in Tanach regarding its specific parental origin.)
There are visible differences between a mule and a hinny, particularly in the appearance of their ears, tail and voice (Chullin 79a). Mankind has found mules useful, because they are very strong and often easier to train and work with than horses, and withstand difficult hardships better than do horses.
On the other hand, hinnies are sometimes no more useful than donkeys, and sometimes have a reputation for being of difficult temperament. In size and strength, they usually approximate donkeys. Since they are usually no more useful than donkeys, and they are virtually always sterile, it is far less common for farmers to breed them. In general, neither mules nor hinnies produce offspring, although there are anecdotal instances of female mules reproducing after mating with stallions or jackasses.
One is permitted to mate a male mule with a female one (Rambam, Hilchos Kelayim 9:6). However, whether one may mate a mule and a hinny is the subject of a dispute among tanna'im (Chullin 79a). The Rambam (Hilchos Kelayim 9:6) and the Shulchan Aruch rule that this is prohibited, just as it is prohibited to breed animals of different species. This is prohibited, even though it is almost certain that this match will not produce offspring.
Difference between pered and mule
Now that we are well educated about the difference between a mule and a hinny, we can answer another of our opening questions: "What is the difference between the Hebrew pered and the mule?" The answer is that the word pered is used by Chazal to mean either a mule or a hinny. Rashi, on the verse in parshas Vayishlach, says clearly that Anah crossbred a male donkey with a female horse, which means that he created a mule.
Speaking of mules reminds me of the passage of Gemara (Bechoros 8b) that recounts a puzzling conversation that transpired between the scholars of Athens and the tanna Rabbi Yehoshua. The Athenians asked Rabbi Yehoshua: "When salt spoils, with what do you salt it?" To this, Rabbi Yehoshua answered, "With the afterbirth of a mule." They then asked him, "Does a mule have an afterbirth?" To this he replied, "Does salt spoil?"
What is meant by this short but very enigmatic debate?
The Athenian scholars were challenging the fact that the Jews maintain that we will eventually be redeemed. The scholars claimed: "You Jews did not keep your end of the deal with G-d, and therefore your deal is abrogated. Indeed, it was to have been a covenant forever, like salt, but your salt spoiled!"
To this, Rabbi Yehoshua replied: "Our children (our afterbirth) continue to study Torah, and that is our guarantee."
The Athenians retorted: "But you are a mule. You do not have a future that will have a relationship with G-d."
Rabbi Yehoshua responded: "You are mistaken. You claim that our covenant with Hashem is abrogated. This is not true. Salt does not spoil, and our covenant with Hashem is forever!" (See Commentary of the Vilna Geon to Aggados Hashas.)
* The Gemara (Chullin 59b) mentions several characteristics that distinguish beheimos from chayos, mostly dependent on the animal's horns. Reindeer, although domesticated, are clearly chayos since they have branched antlers, whereas there are non-domesticated species that are almost certainly categorized as beheimah.


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The sound of water cascading past pervades this converted corn mill, where the original character of the building has been beautifully preserved.
Kiln Wing at The Old Corn Mill, which sleeps 2 in a double bedroom, is part of a restored 19th century corn mill on the River Bush in Bushmills, Co.Antrim. This beautiful wing is full of character, integrity and with a real sense of warmth and welcome.
Please note there is no open fire or wood burning stove in Kiln Wing, Old Corn Mill.
For almost 400 years the water from the Bush River has been used by the world's oldest licensed distillery for its distinctive whiskey, Old Bushmills. Until 1949 it also provided the electricity to power the tramway which took generations of tourists along the spectacular Antrim coastline to marvel at the Giant's Causeway.
But the river has had another important function in the history of the village of Bushmills. It falls some 18 metres in its descent through the village and in the last century provided water power for several mills.
Palmer's Corn Mill looked like a hopeless case when Sam Huey and his American wife, Jan, first saw it in 1986. Gaping holes in the roof, crumbling walls and nesting birds would have deterred most, but Sam Huey had a soft spot for the area – his father was born in the nearby village of Dervock - and he was prepared to rise to the challenge of transforming the mill into a home. He was also prepared to devote the considerable amount of time and money he knew the project would require.
Built in the 1830s, the corn mill was listed in 1977 by Historic Monument and Buildings (HMB) of the Environment Service in Northern Ireland, because of the Bush River's significance in the evolution of power wheels and because it formed an integral part of the village. The mill's status as a B1 listed building meant that Sam Huey could benefit from advice from the HMB architects as well as some grant aid.
In return, Sam proved just how successfully a building such as this can be re-used as a home and that, even in a mill, it is possible to strike a happy balance between conversion and restoration.
The fact that so many of the original elements – including the machine components – have been retained, is central to this success. The cogs and wheels are still at the core of the building, and glimpses of its former life have been left exposed in nooks and crannies all over the house.
That Sam Huey personally supervised the transformation of the 740 sq.metres buiding is clear in the attention to detail. As a retired engineer, he says that the project has given him an enormous respect for the engineers and builders of the past.
Original door heights have been maintained, even though Sam Huey is a tall man and has had to resort to pinning ribbons to the door frames to remind himself and others to duck.
Having spent many years living in California, Sam Huey was at first surprised by the draw Northern Ireland (from which he had emigrated many many years ago) had for him when he retired. His love of the local heritage is clear in his choice of vernacular furniture and ornaments - farm implements, framed 19th century documents about salmon fishing (for which the Bush is famous), Old Bushmills bottles from yesteryear and black and white postcards of the long established tourist attractions in the area.
In the basement bedroom one of the original bench seats from the Giant's Causeway tramline, opened in 1887, sits against the cogs and wheels of the mill. Sam Huey has happy memories of travelling on the tram as a child.
The results of his passion for recycling are everywhere: the tiles in the kitchen were made in Scotland over a century ago and rescued from a house in Portrush; the timber flooring and the huge beams which support the roof were salvaged from quay side warehouses in Derry; you can still see the marks where oysters once clung to the posts which were sunk into the Foyle; and the simple blue lamp shades throughout the house were plucked from a skip.
The overall effect is one of a warm home, full of character and integrity.
"Had a fantastic stay. Wished we could have stayed longer! Many thanks - we will definitely be recommending a visit."
"Magical little spot. Thanks for everything. We really enjoyed our stay."
"We loved it!! A fascinating building, so comfortable we felt we should be staying in it ALL THE TIME! La Tartine across the road was brilliant for Sunday lunch...we will definitely be back. What a great place."
"Thank you Ken for keeping this place to such a welcoming, comfortable standards - clean, cheery, charming and beautiful crisp sheets! What great sleep...with our heads over a rushing river...All just what we like."
No. The only heating in this section is by oil fired central heating.
What is the earliest and latest arrival time?
4.30pm / 9pm. Your actual arrival time MUST be agreed with the local House Manager prior to your holiday start date.
The property is located in the town of Bushmills.
This is a small property that only sleeps 2 people. However a travel cot can be provided on request for babies.
This property is not suitable for anyone with mobility issues. Access to the front door is by means of some steps and lose gravel path.
There is oil fired central heating with radiators throughout the house.
Yes - there is a shower – but no bath.
Yes. You would get a train or bus to Coleraine and a local bus to Bushmills.
No. There is a gravelled area where you can park your car.


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Rob Pelinka – Rui Hachimura Moving 'Doesn't Mean Our Work Is Done'
LOS ANGELES – After making a big move 2½ weeks before the NBA trade deadline by acquiring Rui Hachimura from the Washington Wizards on Monday, Los Angeles Lakers vice president of basketball operations and general manager Rob Pelinka still stressed the urgency of improving the roster.
"[We] "We felt like it was an opportunity to strike early and address the need in a market that's been a little slow," said Pelinka, who joined Hachimura for an introduction before the Lakers lost to the LA Clippers 133-115 on Tuesday. news conference. [it] It doesn't mean our work is over, we will continue to monitor the situation with the 29 teams. …
"Our job as a front office is always to look to improve our team now and in the future, and we felt like Rui was the right way to do that, and that's why we brought him up early."
Pelinka was asked if the Lakers are pursuing additional deals that extend through February. 9 includes parting with the franchise's 2027 and 2029 first-round picks to complete the trade deadline deal. LA was able to grab the picks in the Wizards trade, sending Kendrick Nunn and three future second-round picks to Washington.
"I think the Lakers' calculation is whether or not to win a championship. There's no in-between or incremental growth," Pelinka said. "So we have to put that lens on when we're looking at opportunities. And I said this at the beginning of the season, if there's an opportunity to go all the way and win a championship, there's no source we're going to use. If we feel it's there, we'll stay."
Part of that determination was motivated by LeBron James, now in his 20th season, signing a two-year extension with the Lakers in the paint — the twilight of the original when he committed to French, still looking to add to his four. Career topics.
"The absolute unwise thing is to shoot early and not do it later when you have a better championship run," Pelinka continued. "It's a very rough calculation and it's something the entire front office is evaluating with every move. If we see a move that puts us as the front-runner to win another 18th championship here, we'll make it. And if that move doesn't manifest itself, we'll be smart and do it later."
"I'm very happy to be a part of this family, and I'm very happy to be back in LA," Rui Hachimura said at a news conference Tuesday when he was introduced as the newest member of the Lakers. Jane Kamin-Oncia-America Today Sports
Pelinka also continued to distance himself from his previous position regarding the decision-making process in the front office, making it clear that the responsibility for each decision falls in his lap – even if he wants input from the leaders of the team in James and Anthony Davis.
"LeBron said at a press conference the other night, 'My job is to play basketball. The front office's job is to do their job and build the roster. [Darvin] Ham's job is to train.' I agree with that." Pelinka said. "We all have to do our jobs and do them better and we all have to be united. This is how we work and continue to work.
Hachimura, 24, averaged 13.0 points on 47.9% shooting and 5.1 rebounds in four seasons with Washington against the No. They picked 9 out of Gonzaga in 2019.
A native of Toyama, Japan, Hachimura is the first Japanese player in Lakers history.
"I'm very excited for this opportunity," Hakimura said Tuesday. "The Lakers are definitely one of the greatest organizations. I'm very happy to be a part of this family, and I'm very happy to be back in LA."
"It's funny, when I was in college, I came here for the college games … and I was joking about how this is going to be my home. So now it's great."
Hachimura took a red-eye flight to LA on Monday and began the check-in process at the Lakers' practice facility at 6 a.m. Tuesday morning, completing a physical and meeting with staff and coaches.
According to Hamm, he will be ready to play against the San Antonio Spurs on Wednesday. He wears a number. 28.
"I was always in awe of him," Hamm said. "Just a multi-faceted, strong, athletic, talented young player. I'm excited to have the opportunity to add him to our ball club. I think he's going to bring a lot."
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Digital Fluoroscopy uses x-ray images to produce a digital moving picture sequence that can be viewed by the radiologist on a monitor.
What to expect if you are having a Digital Fluoroscopic examination?
The radiographer will confirm your details and explain the examination. You will then enter the Fluoroscopy room and the radiographer will position you as required on the table. You may be asked to move into a number of different positions as various images are taken. The radiologist will use the video sequence plus still x-ray images to report on the examination.
What type of Digital Fluoroscopy machine do we have at Repat Radiology?
Repat Radiology has a fully digital fluoroscopy system, the Siemens Axiom Sireskop SD. The unit has excellent image quality, maximum dose reduction, optimal networking capability and above all patient comfort.
How long does a Digital Fluoroscopic examination take?
A Digital Fluoroscopic examination can take from 30 – 60 minutes to complete depending on the examination requested.
For further information regarding Digital Fluoroscopic examinations please refer to patient information below.


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We are keen to support the young people of our community by providing engaging and safe places for them to meet.
St Raphael's Centre provides accommodation for our Sunday School, and is also a Centre for outreach. Drop-in for a chat.
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We are a diverse and vibrant Anglican congregation, made up of an array of nationalities, worshiping in the Anglo-catholic tradition and serving the people of Wood Green in Jesus' name. St Michael's is a centre of Christian worship, witness and service in an ever-changing community.
The church is open most days. You are very welcome to come in to have a look around, to pray, to light a candle or just to be still in this house of God. Do tell us how you think we can best serve Wood Green.
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Easter Day is the greatest day in the Church's calendar. Jesus has over-come death, not only for himself, but for all of us. The joy of Easter fills all the earth, the joy that death has been conquered. Let us open our hearts to receive this great joy.
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Religious Studies seeks to encourage pupils to consider the whole way a person lives - the quality of life and human values - and the spiritual strength an individual needs.
Human beings are faced with many issues and problems in life; there are decisions to make about how to live together in peace, about how to treat people, creation and the world. This course will enable pupils to examine these perspectives from the point of view of two religious traditions - Christianity and Hinduism or Buddhism.
William Farr Church of England Comprehensive School has chosen to follow the Lincolnshire Locally Agreed Syllabus for Religious Education (2018-2022).
This syllabus aims to help children and young people develop their religious literacy so that they are able to hold balanced and well-informed conversations about religions and beliefs. It requires schools to teach about Christianity, Hinduism and Islam, alongside a range of other religions and worldviews. In this school, we have decided to teach the three core religions.
The Lincolnshire locally agreed syllabus for Religious Education ensures that all children and young people have the opportunity to develop skills of critical analysis, interpretation, evaluation and reflection, as well as supporting schools to help them improve their knowledge and understanding of religion and belief. For more information about this syllabus and the way in which Religious Education is delivered at William Farr, please contact the RE subject leader, Carole Lymn.
Miss C Lymn (HoD)
Miss W Brown (AHoD)
Mrs R Holt
Miss R Simons
Miss J MacLean
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More Reasons to Celebrate at the Picnic House
Check Out the 2019 Summer Movie Lineup
University Open Air Brings Free Lectures to the Rose Garden
caribBEING Prospect Park
New BBQ Grills Kick Off Summer Fun
Stroud Playground Opens
Spring Fling Weekend Checklist
Ribbon Cut on Adult Fitness Area
PPA Profiles: Shanny Tan
Since its founding in 1987, the Prospect Park Alliance has grown from a grassroots organization to an internationally recognized leader in urban parks management. Its acclaimed volunteer program, which engages more than 4,400 volunteers who provide nearly 22,500 hours of service each year, has recently attracted the attention of Singapore's National Parks Board. Over the last year, the Alliance hosted two of its staff, including Park Maintainer Shanny Tan, who manages volunteers in Bishan Park, a 153-acre linear urban park in central Singapore that features a 3-kilometer meandering river enlivened by pond gardens and river plains.
Shanny joined the Prospect Park Alliance to learn about creating a culture of volunteerism at Bishan Park, which hosts a number of school volunteer groups but would like to increase individual park stewardship. She spent her time on a variety of projects, working alongside volunteer program staff. She took a leadership role managing the weekly Thursday Volunteer Corps, and also the recently launched Junior Volunteer Corps and Volunteer Leader programs. Shanny also worked closely with the Alliance's Director of Volunteer Programs, Jessica Jamhoury, to develop training materials and help streamline operations.
Shanny explains, "One of the main reasons we approached the Prospect Park Alliance is to learn more about engaging communities. My colleague Nanthini Elamgovan, who joined me for this program, visited New York many years ago and learned about the success of its volunteer program. We would like to encourage active volunteerism in Bishan Park in order to forge a stronger connection between the park and its visitors."
The National Parks Board is an organization set up by the Singapore government to improve the island's park system, and is currently launching a diverse volunteer program that includes conservation, gardening, guided tours, and guest services. "I am always so touched by how much people care about Prospect Park," Shanny said. "It is so beautiful, but it's really about the people. The volunteers really form true friendships forged through their love for this wonderful place."
Learn more about volunteering in Prospect Park, or if you are with a park group that is interested in being mentored by the Alliance contact us at info@prospectpark.org.
Prospect Park Alliance, Volunteer
PPA Profiles: Volunteers
PPA Profiles: Steven DiFalco
PPA Profiles: Woodlands Youth Crew
PPA Profiles: Peter Dorosh, Natural Resources Crew
PPA Profiles: Sue Donoghue


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Pennine Heritage Ltd
At the Birchcliffe Centre
The Pennine Heritage Story
The Birchcliffe Centre
About the Pennine Horizons Digital Archive
Pennine Horizons Digital Archive
Pennine E-Trails
1. Charlestown and Jumble Hole
2. Power in the Landscape
3. Cragg Vale .
4. The Sam Hill Story
5. Hebden Bridge's woodland heritage
6. The Heptonstall Trail
7. Blackshawhead Packhorse Trail
8. Todmorden with the Fieldens
9. Todmorden Tops & the Fielden Dynasty
10. Radical history around Todmorden
11. Radical history around Hebden Bridge
12. Hills and Mills of Cornholme
13. Midgley with Luddenden
14. Hebden Bridge Tour
Wild Rose Arts
4. The Sam Hill Story – Fortunes, feuds and scandals
Follow the trail of Sam Hill, an 18th century pioneer in the Yorkshire wool trade whose personal life was full of strife.
In the early 1700s, well before the industrial revolution, Sam Hill made millions with his strong business sense. He was known, in his time, as 'one of the greatest manufacturers in the kingdom' – and all this happened in our seemingly quiet Ryburn Valley. He transformed the sleepy hamlet of Soyland and the area around Ripponden and Kebroyd into a highly profitable hub of international wool trading.
You will discover that while his 'empire' of mills, grand houses and property spread across this industrious valley, his personal life was dogged by trials and tribulations. Come and find out about Sam Hill.
About the Trail
This 3½ mile (5.6km) e-Trail will take you about 2½ hours (a bit longer if you have children with you).
How strenuous:
There are two steep hills, and two steep downhills.
Start & Finish:
The trail starts and finishes at St Bartholomew's Church in the centre of Ripponden. (Postcode is HX6 4DF, OS Grid reference: SE04055 19769).
Come by bus from Halifax, (651\652) Hebden Bridge (900, 901) or Rochdale (X58).Get off at the bus stop by the Brig Royd surgery. Bus numbers may change, please check: www.wymetro.com
If you come by car, there are two car parks in the centre of Ripponden. Take the B6113 signposted Greetland, after 200 metres at the bottom of the hill, take a right turn called Mill Fold Way to a car park.
To read the script for the audio commentary, please click here The story of Sam Hill
Listen to the E-trail commentaries at home
If you don't have a mobile phone or tablet, don't worry. You can also listen to the E-trails on your computer at home by clicking HERE.


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Being Mercy: The Holy Is Everywhere
Author: Father Joseph V. Corpora, CSC, '76, '83M.Div.
Photo by Matt Cashore '94
Every year on the third Saturday of Lent, we hear the Gospel of the parable of the Pharisee and the tax collector. We know the parable well.
The Pharisee enters the temple, takes up his position in the front of the temple and prays, "O God, I thank you that I am not like the rest of humanity — greedy, dishonest, adulterous — or even like this tax collector. I fast twice a week, and I pay tithes on my whole income."
The tax collector enters the temple, takes up his position at the back of the temple and prays, "O God, be merciful to me, a sinner."
It seems at first that this parable is about the pride of the Pharisee and the humility of the tax collector. Listeners try to figure out which one they are, and are doomed — because if you figure out which one you are, there's some pride in the discovery, no matter the outcome.
The parable of the Pharisee and the tax collector is not about pride and humility. Rather, the parable of the tax collector and the Pharisee reinforces one of the central themes of the parables of Jesus — the end of the social landscape in favor of a new map of the kingdom of God.
The Pharisee was considered an insider and a member of the religious elite, and he only did what the temple rules at the time required for someone of his standing. In fact, the social context of the temple as we now know it from historical documents would depict him as the ideal, pious Pharisee! His conduct, prayers and speech are typical of his role.
The same social rules determining the proper conduct of the Pharisee, of one belonging to the sacred precincts of the temple as an insider, also determine the place, the stance and the prayer of the tax collector. He belongs to the group outside the bounds of the temple. He stands apart because he knows that, as an outsider, this is his place. The position that he took was not a manifestation of his humility, but simply of his awareness of his proper place as a sinner and not as a Pharisee.
Thus, the two men described in the parable stand in their relative place and status within the accepted culture of the time. One, the "insider," belongs to the sacred precincts of the temple and is an insider, and the other, an "outsider," belongs to the secular world. The social map calls for him to pray apart from one another. So, from the text, there is no evidence of merit or blame in the conduct or the prayers of the two men.
Yet Jesus stuns the hearers with the conclusion: "The tax collector went home to his house justified. The other man did not."
These words are a total shock to the crowd. How could the holy one go home without being justified? And how could the sinner go home — to the secular world — justified?
The main point of the parable is now very clear: Through Jesus, the social map of the time is being abandoned, and the kingdom of God is no longer to be found only in the temple.
In this story, the activity of the kingdom of God has moved from the sacred precincts of the temple to the profane area of the secular world. If the representative of the secular world can go home justified while the representative of the sacred world does not, the sacred place must no longer be the only place of the sacred.
The idea that the sacred place is right where you are is a revolution in the popular concept of the sacred. There are places such as churches and shrines where we are spiritually renewed, where we hear the word of God, and where we may have spiritual experiences. According to this parable, however, they are not the usual places where transformation takes place.
Daily life in the secular world is the place where transformation in Christ is worked out. This is what transformation is. It is not going on a pilgrimage or entering a special state of life. It is how we live, where we are, and what we do with these circumstances.
For most of us, the ordinary circumstances of daily life bring back the same faults, the same temptations, the same routines, and often the same sense of going nowhere. But "nowhere" is where the Kingdom of God is most active.
Grace and daily life are always in dialogue and sometimes in a state of war. There is a struggle to figure out what God is saying in the events and circumstances of daily life and how everyday life is meant to transform us.
For most us, daily life sounds like this: How can people do this to me? Why is my spouse treating me like this? Why are my children misbehaving? What am I going to do about my mother and father now that they are ready for a nursing home?
With such reflections buzzing in our heads, how do we listen to what the Spirit is saying? How do we act out of divine love?
These are difficult questions, but this parable — like the quotation from Therese of Lisieux that tells us that "everything is grace" — proves that answering them is possible. When we begin to experience from the inside out that everything is truly a grace, we are being transformed, not through a sublime experience in a sparkling cathedral but in the daily struggles of our everyday lives. As this Lenten parable teaches us to do, we are finding God in day-to-day life.
Lord, Jesus Christ, Son of the Living God, have mercy on me a sinner.
Father Joe Corpora works in the Alliance for Catholic Education and in Campus Ministry, lives in Dillon Hall and is one of 700 priests whom Pope Francis appointed in 2016 to serve as Missionaries of Mercy. He has written two books of reflections on this experience, The Relentless Mercy of God and Being Mercy: The Path to Being Fully Alive, both published by Corby Books.
What I'm Reading: The Bell, Iris Murdoch
Anna Keating '06
What I'm Reading: The End of the House of Alard, Sheila Kaye-Smith
Katy Carl
The Weakness in Our Power
Colleen Shaddox


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The legal drinking age in Australia is 18 years.
Please Enter only if you are at least 18 years of age.
Liquor License No. 36137562
NOW AVAILABLE ACROSS AUSTRALIA - FREE SHIPPING FROM $150
the social distillery — NOW STOCKED IN AUSTRALIA
FÀILTE — WELCOME
Isle of Harris Gin — Sale price $119.99
The Harris Gin Highball Serve Gift Set — Regular price $170
Isle of Harris Gin Tumbler Twin Gift Set — Regular price $55
Isle of Harris Distillery
Nestled high in Scotland's Outer Hebrides, the Isle of Harris Distillery welcomes all with a sense of adventure.
We make our spirit in a remote corner of the world but we'd love you to make the journey to join us someday soon.
You'll find us in the small village of Tarbert, where the Isle of Harris pinches into an isthmus between two sea lochs, the harbour moorings and local pier just a stone's throw from our door.
Whether crossing The Minch by sea or by air, all winding roads will eventually lead you to us from the north and south of the Outer Hebrides.
However you choose to travel, simply bring a sense of adventure and we'll be ready to welcome you when you finally arrive...
The Social Distillery
The Isle of Harris Distillery is known as 'The Social Distillery', an ethos which embraces the generous character of our island and the people who live here.
Although very much a working distillery, we open our doors six days a week, to connect with all those who want to learn more about our story and share our spirit.
A peat fire burns at the heart of the building in Tarbert, symbolising the warmth of an Outer Hebridean welcome and the life we are bringing to our wider community.
We have built a distillery on the Isle of Harris to be about people and to benefit the people of Harris. In the face of local population decline, we are a creator of sustainable employment and a catalyst for commercial growth.
We strive to be symbol of optimism and change and a new voice for the islands, a nourishing source of pride and belonging for the Hearach in all of us.
Isle of Harris Gin
The award-winning Isle of Harris Gin is our distillery's inaugural spirit release.
Every drop is distilled here in Tarbert in our small copper gin still, known affectionately as 'The Dottach' after a similarly fiery and feisty local woman.
The Dottach imbues our spirit with the complex delights of nine carefully chosen botanicals as we seek to capture the elemental nature of our island, particularly the maritime influences of the seas which surround us.
Of all our botanicals, it is Sugar kelp which is key to the subtle coastal notes that mark out our spirit.
Hand-harvested by a local diver from the deep underwater forests of the Outer Hebrides, this natural and sustainable ingredient completes the wider aspects of the gin's flavour profile.
Unlike many gin-makers, our distillers discard, instead of recycling, the 'heads' and 'tails' of their spirit run, leaving only the very best of the distillate's 'heart'.
We capture all this in a beautiful glass bottle, ribbed and rippled like the seas of Luskentyre, a gentle azure rising from its depths. There are subtle imperfections, dimples and dips to hold it safely while you pour a generous measure.
The label is simple but you will struggle to find any two alike, each individually flecked with fragments of copper leaf and Sugar Kelp.
A latin motto to live by hides beneath the reassuring weight of the base, while a simple wood and cork stopper is sealed with the coordinates of our distillery's location, your guarantee that this a truly Outer Hebridean gin.
The final result is a smooth and complex spirit which is wonderful to enjoy on its own or with a few drops of our Sugar Kelp Aromatic Water to heighten the subtle coastal notes in your glass.
OFFERINGS FROM THE ISLE OF HARRIS DISTILLERY
Isle of Harris Gift Packs
Sugar Kelp Bitters
Scotland's Favourite Gin Distillery
The Isle of Harris Distillery was named 2018's Scottish Gin Distillery of the Year at the annual Scottish Gin Awards.
Nominated alongside the team from Harris were the respected businesses of Eden Mill, Edinburgh Distillery, Glasgow Distillery Co. and MacQueen Gin, a strong indication of the standard set for this prestigious award.
We're incredibly happy to receive this recognition of the hard work and achievements made so far. There have been many highlights and milestones along they way but we're perhaps most proud of the secure local employment we continue to create and the sound foundation being set for our future generations.
© 2021, Harris Distillery
Under the Liquor Control Reform Act 1998 it is an offence;
• To supply alcohol to a person under the age of 18 years Penalty exceeds $17,000
• For a person under the age of 18 years to purchase or receive liquor Penalty exceeds $700
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Writing from the Blue House
Amity & Sorrow
No Berlin Today
by ukpr on May 19, 2010
I almost went to Berlin. Nearly. I was so close I could taste it, and for a vegetarian that's a big admission. But I was scuppered by life and schedules and all those things that serve to scupper.
Had I gone to Berlin, I would have gone to Berghain, a Berlin nightclub in what was once a power plant, behind a rail station on the border between Kreuzbert and Friedrichshain – its name a blend of the last syllable of each. Berghain professes to be the current world capital of Techno music. Its Panorama bar features not a panorama of anything, but instead panorama-sized saucy photos by Wolfgang Tillmans.
But I was not Berlin-bound for its Techno, fine though it may be. Berghain is being developed as a concert hall and it is dabbling in opera. My sister-in-law was in one such opera there, and it would have been a treat to mooch along and see it. But no dice. It was recorded and will soon be a DVD, so that I can see her in a blue rubber prom dress and Rapunzel hair.
Here's a photo of Berghain's insides, with lovely lighting. I would have enjoyed the opera, to be sure, and would have enjoyed having a peek around such a notorious night spot, without having to queue and worry about what to wear. But what I wanted most was to see if it was "real."
Writing about Berlin is a bit like chasing a ghost. A ghost that has been in an awful lot of popular culture. Each piece about Berlin feels like a checklist. Nazis, check. Boot girls, check. Unter den Linden, check. Decadence, debauchery, check and check. Do modern spaces capture this spirit of "old Berlin" better than the kinds of sites and books that offer up maps of ghost buildings? And if I go there – no, when I go there – will I be able to find any ghosts of my own?
From: Berlin
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Marnie	#
What an extraordinary building. Sinister, yet home to such jollity!
Hope you get to go and will look forward to reading your thoughts about it when you have been.
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Andrée Clément brings goth noir to Roxie Theatre in S.F.
Arts & Entertainment // Movies
Mick LaSalle July 23, 2018 Updated: July 23, 2018 12:32 p.m.
Andrée Clément was a spooky, interesting French actress who died of tuberculosis.
Photo: Roxie Theater
MICK LASALLE'S MOVIE PICK
Have you ever heard of Andrée Clément? Probably not. I never heard of her until the Roxie programmed an Andrée Clément double feature — "Devil's Daughter" and "The Back Streets of Paris."
Just on the evidence of these films, both from 1946, Clément (1918-54) was a seriously weird and interesting talent, with a quality unlike anyone else: fierce, intelligent, desperate, scary and uncompromising.
The better of the two films is "Devil's Daughter," a strange and effective noir in which she plays an evil, angry young woman running a coterie of petty criminals, while suffering from tuberculosis — the illness that would claim Clément herself at age 35.
"The Back Streets of Paris" is of value mainly if you want to see something of Clément's range, because there she plays a nice person.
Don Malcolm, who programs the Roxie's French noir festivals, will introduce the double feature. It's a chance to become acquainted with an actress who was goth before goth was cool.
Andrée Clément Double Feature: Midsummer Nightmare: Thursday, July 26. "Devil's Daughter" at 7:15 p.m., "The Back Streets of Paris" at 9 p.m. $12. Roxie Theatre, 3117 16th St., S.F. www.roxie.com
Mick LaSalle is The San Francisco Chronicle's film critic. Email: mlasalle@sfchronicle.com Twitter: @MickLaSalle
Mick LaSalle
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Mick LaSalle is the film critic for the San Francisco Chronicle, where he has worked since 1985. He is the author of two books on pre-censorship Hollywood, "Complicated Women: Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood" and "Dangerous Men: Pre-Code Hollywood and the Birth of the Modern Man." Both were books of the month on Turner Classic Movies and "Complicated Women" formed the basis of a TCM documentary in 2003, narrated by Jane Fonda. He has written introductions for a number of books, including Peter Cowie's "Joan Crawford: The Enduring Star" (2009). He was a panelist at the Berlin Film Festival and has served as a panelist for eight of the last ten years at the Venice Film Festival. His latest book, a study of women in French cinema, is "The Beauty of the Real: What Hollywood Can Learn from Contemporary French Actresses."
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With US shale production booming, Saudi Arabia might be on the brink of losing its position as the world's second biggest oil producer. But apparently, the Saudi Kingdom isn't all that concerned.
After a recent meeting with the US energy secretary in Riyadh, Saudi Oil Minister Ali al-Naimi said his country "welcomes this new source of energy that helps fulfil the growing world demand for energy, and helps stabilise oil markets," AFP reported.
The US only recently became a net exporter of oil, driven by an explosion in shale fracking. In October 2013, imports were at their lowest since February 1991.
And there's been a lot of debate recently about a decades-long ban on crude exports, as a senior Republican senator called last week for an end to the "antiquated" export ban, the Financial Times reported.
Somehow none of this talk about an emerging competitor is worrying the Saudi Kingdom.
Oil is Saudi Arabia's number one economic driver. The country is the world's biggest exporter of petroleum products, according to the US Energy Information Administration. It's also the biggest exporter of oil to the US after Canada.
In its most recent annual World Oil Outlook, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) recognized that US shale production will threaten the market share of OPEC countries. OPEC identified shale oil as "one of the most important changes" in last year's Outlook "in terms of the medium – and possibly long-term impact."
This isn't the first time the Saudi Kingdom has expressed its lack of concern over the US' shale ambitions. Just a few months ago Prince Abdulaziz Bin Salman Bin Abdulaziz said that "world economic growth will be sufficient to handle growth from all sorts – shale oil, shale gas, tight oil and including renewable [sic]," Reuters reported.
"The world economy over the long term will need every contribution of every source of energy available," he said. "The kingdom welcomes new resources of energy supplies, as they are needed."
Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia has been making a serious push to diversify its domestic energy supplies in order to keep more of its oil for export purposes; its goal is to generate almost half of its energy from renewable fuels by 2020.
But not everyone in Saudi Arabia is indifferent to the US' shale plays. Last November Prince al-Waleed bin Talal told the Globe and Mail that his country's leaders are being "reckless" by ignoring the US as an economic threat.
He said that new shale discoveries "are threats to any oil-producing country in the world," the Globe and Mail reported.


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text:
In the end, Lel proves a bit stronger than Rop
22 November, 2003 00:00 IST
Martin Lel and Rodgers Rop are good friends. Lel, 24, and Rop, 27, have trained together in their native Kenya.
FRANK LITSKY
Martin Lel, the top finisher in the men's section. — Pic. REUTERS-
Martin Lel and Rodgers Rop are good friends. Lel, 24, and Rop, 27, have trained together in their native Kenya. Lel has won his last three half-marathons, the most recent at the world championships a month ago in Portugal. Rop won the New York City Marathon last November and the Boston Marathon in April.
Lel and Rop were sure they would run well in the New York City Marathon, and they did. In the second half of the race, they drew away from an oversize lead pack of 25 or 30. Lel went on to beat Rop by 200 metres, almost all of that achieved in the last half-mile, inside Central Park from 59th Street to the 67th Street finish.
Their countrymen Christopher Cheboiboch, 26, finished third and Elly Rono, 33, was fourth. Kenyans also placed seventh, eighth and ninth. In all, 11 of the top 20 finishers were from Kenya.
The five-borough race covered 26 miles 385 yards from the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in Staten Island to Central Park in Manhattan. It attracted more than 35,000 men, women and wheelchair racers. Lel's winning time was two hours 10 minutes, 30 seconds, the slowest here since German Silva's 2:11:00 in 1995. Blame the weather and that big pack of leaders, Lel said.
For the spectators, the weather was ideal — 61 degrees at the start and 65 when the winners finished. For the runners, it was a bit too warm.
"It was hot," Lel said. "I could have gone faster if it wasn't."
Overcrowding is common for the first few miles of a race like this, but a dozen or so serious contenders usually break clear of the pretenders. This time, for the first half, the thick running traffic made caution a prime consideration.
"It was very difficult for me to run with them," Lel said. "I was back of them because 10 of them were very strong. When I was at 13 miles, I was stepped on by a Kenyan guy."
The overcrowding ended after 16 miles. The leaders had crossed the Queensboro Bridge into Manhattan and headed for the long First Avenue straightaway. Rop upped the ante there with successive miles in 4:40, 4:42 and 4:42. That reduced the lead pack to five, all Kenyans, and soon that group thinned out.
"I could not keep it up any longer," said Rop, who finished in 2:11:11. "My aim was to reduce the group. Then, after doing that, I said, `Let others come and do.'"
The only one who came and did was Lel. After 21 miles, the race was down to Rop and Lel, running side by side, their strides in the same cadence, a city block ahead of their fading pursuers.
"I thought he was real strong," Lel said, "so I was really scared. But I thought, maybe in my mind, I was going to win. I knew I was able to win."
There was also a little con job working."He told me he's the best," Lel said. "I said: `It's O.K. Let us maintain.'"They did maintain that pace until the 25th mile, deep into Central Park. There, Lel inched ahead, with Rop a stride behind.
Just before they left the park for the east end of Central Park South, Lel was perhaps two metres ahead when a strange thing happened. Just before a right turn back into the park for the final half-mile, Rop drifted to the left.
"I just wanted to go to the other side," Rop said. "I don't know. The mind told me that you are now tired, and really I was feeling tired."
That made the rest easy for Lel. He finished strong and, in his third marathon ever, he won for the first time. Rop hung on for second place.
Lel found the finish easier than he anticipated. "I was surprised no one pushed me," he said.
Rop said that he was confident before the race, but that Lel changed his mind.
"I didn't feel he was stronger," Rop said, "but after reaching a certain stage, I felt he was going to win because he was stronger. In the last mile, when he broke away, I knew he was going to win because I was feeling tired."
Lel won $100,000 for finishing first and an $8,000 bonus for bettering 2:11. He will receive a Smart coupe, a European car worth $14,000. And Fila, his main sponsor, will donate $100,000 to New York City parks because Lel and Margaret Okayo, two of its four runners here, swept the men's and women's races.
Lel owns a grocery store in Kenya. He said his family was taking care of it while he was running. With his winnings, he said, he would build a home for the family: mother, father, three sisters and six brothers.
"My family will be able to live at a higher standard of living now," he said.
With that in mind, and with the prestige of winning what he called the world's most important marathon, Lel was gracious, but he did not overdo it. When asked if he felt sorry when his friend Rop faded at the end, he smiled.
"No," he said. "I was very happy." New York Times News Service


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Title: Impact of Cerebrospinal Fluid Multiplex Assay on Diagnosis and Outcomes of Central Nervous System Infections in Children: A Before and After Cohort Study.
Authors: O'Brien, Matthew P
Francis, Joshua R
Marr, Ian M
Baird, Robert W
Affiliation: From the Departments of Microbiology..
Pediatrics, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.. Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia..
Department of Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Campus, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia..
Department of Microbiology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia..
Issue Date: Sep-2018
Citation: The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2018-09; 37(9): 868-871
Abstract: This study evaluated the performance of cerebrospinal fluid multiplex assay in the diagnosis of pediatric central nervous system (CNS) infection, and assessed for the effect on clinical management. A 15-month prospective cohort of pediatric patients with confirmed CNS infection was compared with a 15-month retrospective cohort from the Top End region of the Northern Territory, Australia. The study characterized all the CNS infections over the 30-month period and compared the time to organism identification and antibiotic management before and after the introduction of the multiplex assay. Thirty-six cases of pediatric CNS infection were diagnosed before the introduction of the multiplex assay, and 29 afterwards. Multiplex assay was performed on 26/29 (90%) of the cerebrospinal fluid isolates from children with confirmed CNS infections in the prospective cohort. Enterovirus was the most common causative organism identified in 14 children, followed by human parechovirus in 4 children. The multiplex assay performed with 93.8% sensitivity and 90.0% specificity when compared with microbiologic culture or reference laboratory results. The median time to organism identification reduced from 6.0 to 2.0 days (P value <0.001), the median duration of antibiotic therapy from 3.0 to 2.0 days (P value <0.001) and median hospitalization reduced from 5.0 to 3.0 days (P value 0.016) after introduction of the multiplex assay. The multiplex assay is a useful adjunct diagnostic tool enabling prompt organism identification and reducing antibiotic treatment and hospitalization duration. The assay would be of most value to hospitals that do not have access to an onsite molecular laboratory.
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000001936


mayday, I can't control it!
of the ridge there or not?
- What is it, Mitch?
- It was Darren's plane?
- Was there anyone with him?
with them 23 minutes ago.
don't know where they are.
you what they told me.
missing persons or the plane.
- We rejoice in our sufferings.
I've gotta go close the deal.
you're not talking to me.
I can't keep going like this.
- I'll call you when I land.
This is not unusual Rachel.
You heard what Dr. Norris said.
This happens to a lot of people.
that's just making it worse.
You gotta let it go.
- You said you would call.
meeting as soon as I landed.
It has been four months.
You have got to start healing.
- You promised you'd call.
I, um, I gotta go out.
- Yes, on a Sunday.
Richard, can we just talk?
- You wanna talk about that now?
year and you wanna open up?
No, I'm not gonna talk.
I've gotta make a living.
and that book to talk to.
and I can't move my leg.
you're gonna be okay, baby.
Am I bleeding on the inside?
Don't, I'll do it, I'll do it.
do it, I'll do it.
I'm gonna save you, baby.
gonna get you outta here.
- Well, where, where is here?
- One thing at a time.
I've gotta get you back.
- Okay, to the plane.
- Baby, I know that.
I'm gonna figure this out.
but I've gotta go, I'll be back.
I promise, I'll be back.
- Rachel please, it's alright.
- No, please, don't do this.
- Rich, please don't leave me.
I'll stop the bleeding later.
- Of course I remember.
- We really did that, didn't we?
Do you remember what it cost?
to pay the rent, but we got by.
to pay any of the bills.
- That was a struggle.
- Look, that's not what I mean.
but we didn't need much.
big house or the cars.
I've gotta take care of you.
You've gotta trust me, alright?
I've got to get you out.
- You've got to trust me.
- Be careful with your.
- C'mon, oh, it's okay.
okay, sit down, it's okay.
Lay back, lay down, lay down.
Come this way, that's it.
Oh, please, no, no, no.
- Gotta get you back.
in the things that you do.
- I am working, Rachel.
of your new little friend.
instead of throwing it around.
any worse that this Rachel, huh?
there's a plan for everything?
- And a reason, yeah.
you to have a miscarriage?
For us to lose our baby?
you to get hooked on drugs?
- Is that where we are?
but you leave me out of it.
- Just a little further.
Oh, God, no, Rich, please.
just for a minute, please stop.
- You need some water.
Sorry I made you laugh.
We shouldn't even be out here.
I'm the one who should.
talk about his right now.
about it after the trip.
I gotta get you back.
Okay, okay, okay, be careful.
Be careful with your leg.
This fire's gonna burn out soon.
I gotta get some more wood.
I got us some more firewood.
- I know you are, honey.
and rest now that I'm back.
seen the plane go down.
a search party out, okay?
back close to the crash site.
- That's not what I mean.
until after we get back.
big save our marriage retreat.
Take a look around, Richard.
private retreat to save us.
There may not be a tomorrow.
- Don't talk like that.
growing old and gray together.
- This is the perfect time.
house if you want it.
if it's what you want.
or the cars or any of it.
Is it even worth saving?
- You know I know, right?
Come on, work for me.
- Just give me something to say.
I can do at this point.
Help me save my marriage.
Baby, I know you're cold.
It was just the next step.
soundly as you think I do.
- Rachel, I tried to help you.
And nothing I tried was working.
the same day we lost Evan.
you were off on business trips.
Rachel, I tried, I did.
I didn't just give up on you.
- Oh, I never meant to hurt you.
I just, I felt numb.
I was hurting so much.
I just shut you out.
you weren't waiting for me.
But do you know who was?
- Don't, don't go there.
for me my whole life.
come to me for answers.
So I just hid from everything.
the man that I became.
I need you to forgive me.
I do, I forgive you.
- I forgive you for all of it.
gotta have you do first.
to be able to forgive you.
Well, we're running out of time.
I'm gonna take care of you.
camp run by a church.
- And that book is to blame.
till we get outta here.
something I need to say.
into our only water supply.
I started feeling such a peace.
and it started to make sense.
How much God loves us.
I just had to let go.
I'm glad that it worked, baby.
much longer I can hold on.
We're gonna get outta here.
for me two months ago.
I messed it all up.
- It's not okay with me.
we, we can make this work.
I will never forgive your God.
I need to find us some shelter.
believed in what I can see.
All this is just pain.
What's left to believe in?
- I have no room.
be for a couple of hours.
Don't worry, it's gonna be fun.
over the head by a Bible fun.
- How do you know that Rachel?
gonna be some kind of a cult?
- It's not a cult.
talking about peace and love.
- It's not 1965 Richard.
- I'll give it a chance.
gonna be good for us.
It'll give us some time away.
It might really do us some good.
- It's just some rough air.
How much longer before we.
She asked you to help her.
and you let this happen?
the pain to be over.
- Rachel this is not gonna work.
and the storm's gonna be big.
I found a cave earlier.
to get you there instead.
Can I make you more comfortable?
- Can you hold me?
Will you read this to me?
The way I am ye may be also.
catch me looking at you.
- I wanted a little boy.
after we lost him, baby.
didn't love him because I did.
I don't wanna live without you.
I'm gonna make you comfortable.
What kind of a God are you?
and this is what you do?
And this is how you treat her?
- We can't keep going like this.
we die unto the Lord.
And now you take my wife.
Are you trying to punish me?
Because I don't believe in you?
That's what this is, isn't it?
in what you could see Richard.
You're seeing inside your heart.
- It means you believe.
till we get out of here.
I wanna see you again.
Please, just in my heart.
but I ask you to forgive me.
I, I need you in my live.
I wanna see Rachel again.
And I wanna see Evan.
And, and I wanna see you.
- We found the plane.
way of waking us up.
I needed her the most.
I know I'm gonna see her again.
he saved me from me.
but you can make it through.
and I owe them both my life.


text:
Q: Extracting rows from selected column in repeated/grouped data I have a dataframe (B) given below which contains some repeated entries for various ids (x_1). For each id in x_1, I'm interested in extracting rows which have minimum values (as well as their repeats) in the second column (z_1). For example, for A1, I would like to extract rows 5 and 6. I would also like to keep rows that don't have more than 1 value under the z_1 column-for example, all other entries apart from A1 and B10 should be included in the ouput.
x_1 <- c("A1", "A1", "A1", "A1", "A1", "A1", "B10", "B10", "B10","B10", "B500", "B500", "C100", "C100", "C100", "D40", "D40", "G100", "G100")
z_1 <- c(rep(1.87, 2), rep(1.56, 2), rep(1.15, 2), rep(1.60, 2), rep(1.44, 2), rep(1.34, 2), rep(1.50, 3), rep(1.90, 2), rep(1.59, 2))
z_2 <- c( c(0.5, 1, 0.5, 1, 0.5, 1), c(0.2, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4), c(0.3, 0.6), c(0.6, 1.2, 1.8), c(0.25, 0.5), c(0.15, 0.3))

Here's the dataframe:
B <- data.frame(x_1, z_1, z_2)
x_1  z_1  z_2
 A1  1.87 0.50
 A1  1.87 1.00
 A1  1.56 0.50
 A1  1.56 1.00
 A1  1.15 0.50
 A1  1.15 1.00
B10  1.60 0.20
B10  1.60 0.40
B10  1.44 0.20
B10  1.44 0.40
B500 1.34 0.30
B500 1.34 0.60
C100 1.50 0.60
C100 1.50 1.20
C100 1.50 1.80
D40  1.90 0.25
D40  1.90 0.50
G100 1.59 0.15
G100 1.59 0.30

Here's the result I would like to obtain:
y_1  d_1  d_2
A1   1.15 0.50
A1   1.15 1.00
B10  1.44 0.20
B10  1.44 0.40
B500 1.34 0.30
B500 1.34 0.60
C100 1.50 0.60
C100 1.50 1.20
C100 1.50 1.80
D40  1.90 0.25
D40  1.90 0.50
G100 1.59 0.15
G100 1.59 0.30

Just to add that I've tried a few things which I found from other similar posted questions but none of these is giving the desired output:
aggregate(grouped_B$x_1, by = list(grouped_B$z_1), min)
do.call("rbind", by(B, B$x_1, function(x) x[which.min(unique(x$z_1)), ]))

Also just to add that the data-frame I'm working on is a grouped data:
grouped_B <- groupedData(z_1 ~ z_2 | x_1,
                         data = B, FUN = mean,
                         labels = list( x = "duration",
                         y = "height"), units = list("(years)"))

I would really appreciate any useful hints/codes.

A: If each row in your data set is unique, you could do this simply with data.table
library(data.table)
DT <- setDT(B)[, min(z_1), by = c("x_1", "z_2")]
setnames(DT, 1:3, c("y_1", "d_2", "d_1"))
#      y_1  d_2  d_1
#  1:   A1 0.50 1.15
#  2:   A1 1.00 1.15
#  3:  B10 0.20 1.44
#  4:  B10 0.40 1.44
#  5: B500 0.30 1.34
#  6: B500 0.60 1.34
#  7: C100 0.60 1.50
#  8: C100 1.20 1.50
#  9: C100 1.80 1.50
# 10:  D40 0.25 1.90
# 11:  D40 0.50 1.90
# 12: G100 0.15 1.59
# 13: G100 0.30 1.59

If it's not unique, could do
DT <- setDT(B)[, list(d_1 = z_1[grep(min(z_1), z_1)],
                d_2 = z_2[grep(min(z_1), z_1)]), by = c("x_1")]

#      x_1  d_1  d_2
#  1:   A1 1.15 0.50
#  2:   A1 1.15 1.00
#  3:  B10 1.44 0.20
#  4:  B10 1.44 0.40
#  5: B500 1.34 0.30
#  6: B500 1.34 0.60
#  7: C100 1.50 0.60
#  8: C100 1.50 1.20
#  9: C100 1.50 1.80
# 10:  D40 1.90 0.25
# 11:  D40 1.90 0.50
# 12: G100 1.59 0.15
# 13: G100 1.59 0.30

A: Pretty simple in base R as well:
result <- merge(B,aggregate(z_1~x_1,B,min))
result
#     x_1  z_1  z_2
# 1    A1 1.15 0.50
# 2    A1 1.15 1.00
# 3   B10 1.44 0.20
# 4   B10 1.44 0.40
# 5  B500 1.34 0.30
# 6  B500 1.34 0.60
# 7  C100 1.50 0.60
# 8  C100 1.50 1.20
# 9  C100 1.50 1.80
# 10  D40 1.90 0.25
# 11  D40 1.90 0.50
# 12 G100 1.59 0.15
# 13 G100 1.59 0.30

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


CareerSource Gulf Coast, the regional workforce board serving Bay, Gulf and Franklin Counties, came away a winner at the 2016 Workforce Professional Development Summit Sept. 26-28.
Gulf County employee Johanna White was recognized as the CareerSource Gulf Coast Workforce Champion by the State of Florida. A Special Projects Manager with CareerSource Gulf Coast in Port St. Joe, White earned the award for her passionate dedication to community and especially to the children and youth in the community. The Port St. Joe Community Resource Center that White manages serves Gulf County with a broader scope of services than typical workforce centers due to a matching fund foundation grant. The center operates a food pantry and Farm Share program that feeds approximately 300 families per month, and a full-time summer youth program with hot meals provided daily for 230 kids during the summer. In addition to an emergency assistance program, the center also provides traditional job seeker and employer services as well as a small business startup program.
CareerSource Gulf Coast also earned a 2016 Veterans Incentive Award at the Summit for demonstrating exemplary services to veterans above and beyond state requirements.
Among those programs is the annual Homeless Veterans Stand Down in Bay County, working with transitioning military members from both Tyndall Air Force Base and the Naval Support Activity Center, providing special access to significant hiring events, and the enrollment of veterans/disabled veterans in training programs. CareerSource Gulf Coast also developed a Military Member Reemployment Initiative during the past program year. This project aims to utilize military skill set data to attract jobs specific to the skill sets of exiting military members. Access to a qualified workforce has become one of the primary decision drivers for companies seeking a destination for their relocation or expansion projects. Unfortunately, economic development and workforce officials have not been able to quantify and qualify the skill sets and number of transitioning military members causing a data gap that negatively impacts efforts to create jobs for veterans through economic development efforts. This data gap is expected to increase as federal budget constraints have led to reduction in force many military branches. CareerSource Gulf Coast has made significant progress in bridging the data gap.
CareerSource Gulf Coast has teamed up with members of the business community, the military community, Florida Department of Economic Opportunity and decision makers in the US Air Force, Department of Defense and Congress to pilot the data collection of military members' skill sets, and to survey exiting military members about their plans upon exit. This program, specifically, was the subject of an information display at the 2016 Summit.


(T9/TRZ) (Sanford, Florida) 1995 - 2005. Framable Color Prints and Posters. Digital Sharp Images. Aviation Gifts. Slide Shows.
Travel Span (TransMeridian Airlines-TMA) (USA) Boeing 757-236 N521NA (msn 25592) (TransMeridian colors) MIA (Bruce Drum). Image: 100633.


A Hazel Park man was charged with assault in connection with a stabbing last month at a Mount Clemens night spot according to an article titled, Lapeer County man hospitalized after stabbing at Mount Clemens nightclub, in the Macomb Daily on March 14, 2011.
The suspect was arraigned in 41-B District Court, located in Clinton Township, with a felony charge of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder. The maximum penalty for this offense is 10 years in prison. The court set bond at $30,000.00.
The defendant is accused of stabbing a man outside the Hayloft Bar on Feb. 20, 2011. The victim, a 27-year-old man, was treated for non-life-threatening injuries.
Under Michigan Law, the offense known as "assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder" requires the prosecutor to prove that the defendant specifically intended to cause great bodily harm. Great bodily harm has been defined as "serious injury" of an aggravating nature. The seriousness of an injury along with the manner in which it was done may be introduced as evidence of the defendant's intent.
However, an actual injury is not required to be charged with this offense as long as the defendant had the ability, or believed he had the ability, to commit the offense. For example, aiming a loaded gun at someone could be introduced in evidence to show the ability to shoot someone. At this point, a person could be charged with an offense of "assault with a dangerous weapon". To elevate this to the offense of "assault with intent to do great bodily harm", more evidence would be required.
A common defense to an assault charge is self-defense. If a person acts in self-defense, his or her actions are excused and he or she is not guilty of any crime. When this defense is introduced, the prosecutor must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not act in self-defense.
Many of our clients facing domestic violence or assault charges in Macomb County have asserted self-defense. When used, we ask for many details surrounding the incident. The main question I like to ask is: WHO WAS THE FIRST AGGRESSOR. If you have not been assaulted or were not in fear of an imminent assault, then you do not have a legitimate self-defense argument. The other factors that I look for are the words or statements made by the other party. For example, the other party to the fight may have said something like, "I am going to drag your face on the sidewalk". These words, coupled with aggressive actions, could put someone in fear that the other party was going to act upon the earlier threat.
Self-defense requires diligent inquiry into many other details for effective results. In this regard, the issue of drug or alcohol use of the parties may be relevant. In addition, the relative physical size and strength of the parties can make a self-defense assertion stronger or weaker depending on the circumstances. If other individuals were involved, I like to take their statements and add them to our witness list as potential witnesses to be called upon to testify if necessary.


There are no comments for The Harpist. Click here to post the first comment.
This is a digital art showing a brunette plucking the strings of a pedal harp.The harpist is wearing a red dress with a long train.She steps on one of the seven pedals of the harp with her left foot. She wears a pair of red flat shoes.She is playing her harp in a garden. The garden has some roses and a tree.


Excited to tell you that Content Distribution Networks and LONAP member Akamai have connected at Equinix HEX with our first 100GigE port. This is a testament to the great work done by our engineering team Will, Rob and Tom.
If you aren't in the business this might not mean that much to you. 100Gigabits per second of connectivity seems difficult to get your brain around. However if you consider that when streaming HD video from the internet you could be using several Mbits per second and that millions of people are also doing this all at the same time then the core of the internet needs to be able to handle a lot of traffic.
When it comes to shifting internet data around the bigger the pipe the better and 100GigE is the current state of production art. The project at LONAP is still only part way through. We are replacing our old Extreme switches with a brand new LAN using Arista.
This is a big investment for LONAP but one that has to be repeated every few years as internet traffic grows and capacity requirements increase. This time around we have been under some pressure from our content provider members to get the 100Gig ports installed. The timing on this occasion is good as the Euro2016 football tournament gets into full sway and folk start watching the matches on the internet. The 100Gig port adds instant capacity. We like to have plenty of headroom on our network at LOANP.
The member and port count at LONAP continues to grow up and to the right. It is a good place to be right now. We are very lucky to have a great community of members. If you haven't yet registered but plan on coming to the UK and Ireland Peering Forum in Dublin next Monday I'd get your name down. See you there.
PS For what it's worth I'll be helping to reduce the pressure on the internet by watching the Wales v England game on the TV in the beer garden at the Strugglers pub in Lincoln. C'mon Wales.
More peering posts on trefor.net.


Year after year, the Dune Medical team attends Miami Breast to meet with breast surgeons, medical and radiation oncologists and the institutions and innovators that support them.
The care of breast cancer patients is rapidly changing and we want Miami Breast 2018 attendees to know that Dune Medical's first FDA approved device, the MarginProbe, is contributing to improving patient outcomes by giving surgeons an effective way to identify intra-operatively residual microscopic cancer and thereby reduce the risk of having to call back patients to tell them their margins were positive and they need a second surgery. As a result, patients care paths are uninterrupted and return to living their lives without the anguish of a second surgery or prolonged treatment. MarginProbe can help healthcare providers better meet their patient needs and reduce unnecessary patient anxiety from questioning "Did we get it all".
At Miami Breast 2018, March 8th through 11th, we look forward to reconnecting with colleagues and creating new relationships with the surgeons on the front lines of care for breast cancer patients. Stop by our booth T7 in the Luster Gallery to learn more about the MarginProbe!
March 8th, 02:10 PM – DCIS: What Is the Evidence for a 2-MM Margin?
Access the full Miami Breast 2018 conference program here.
If you would like to learn more about MarginProbe and Radiofrequency spectroscopy contact info@dunemedical.com to arrange a meeting onsite at Miami Breast 2018 or stop by booth T7 in the Luster Gallerie!


text:
class DefaultEventStrategy {
  constructor(){
    this.delegatedEvents = {};
  }

  ensureDelegatedEvent(eventName){
    if(this.delegatedEvents[eventName]){
      return;
    }

    this.delegatedEvents[eventName] = true;
    document.addEventListener(eventName, this.handleDelegatedEvent.bind(this), false);
  }

  handleCallbackResult(result){
    //todo: coroutine via result?
  }

  handleDelegatedEvent(event){
    event = event || window.event;
    var target = event.target || event.srcElement,
        callback;

    while(target && !callback) {
      if(target.delegatedEvents){
        callback = target.delegatedEvents[event.type];
      }

      if(!callback){
        target = target.parentNode;
      }
    }

    if(callback){
      this.handleCallbackResult(callback(event));
    }
  }

  createDirectEventCallback(callback){
    return event => {
      this.handleCallbackResult(callback(event));
    };
  }

  subscribeToDelegatedEvent(target, targetEvent, callback){
    var lookup = target.delegatedEvents || (target.delegatedEvents = {});

    this.ensureDelegatedEvent(targetEvent);
    lookup[targetEvent] = callback;

    return function(){
      lookup[targetEvent] = null;
    };
  }

  subscribeToDirectEvent(target, targetEvent, callback){
    var directEventCallback = this.createDirectEventCallback(callback);
    target.addEventListener(targetEvent, directEventCallback, false);

    return function(){
      target.removeEventListener(targetEvent, directEventCallback);
    };
  }

  subscribe(target, targetEvent, callback, delegate){
    if(delegate){
      return this.subscribeToDirectEvent(target, targetEvent, callback);
    }else{
      return this.subscribeToDelegatedEvent(target,  targetEvent, callback);
    }
  }
}

export class EventManager {
  constructor(){
    this.elementHandlerLookup = {};
    this.eventStrategyLookup = {};

    this.registerElementConfig({
      tagName:'input',
      properties: {
        value:['change','input'],
        checked:['change','input']
      }
    });

    this.registerElementConfig({
      tagName:'textarea',
      properties:{
        value:['change','input']
      }
    });

    this.registerElementConfig({
      tagName:'select',
      properties:{
        value:['change']
      }
    });

    this.registerElementConfig({
      tagName:'content editable',
      properties: {
        value:['change','input','blur','keyup','paste'],
      }
    });

    this.defaultEventStrategy = new DefaultEventStrategy();
  }

  registerElementConfig(config){
    var tagName = config.tagName.toLowerCase(), properties = config.properties, propertyName;
    this.elementHandlerLookup[tagName] = {};
    for(propertyName in properties){
      if (properties.hasOwnProperty(propertyName)){
        this.registerElementPropertyConfig(tagName, propertyName, properties[propertyName]);
      }
    }
  }

  registerElementPropertyConfig(tagName, propertyName, events) {
    this.elementHandlerLookup[tagName][propertyName] = {
      subscribe(target, callback) {
        events.forEach(changeEvent => {
          target.addEventListener(changeEvent, callback, false);
        });

        return function(){
          events.forEach(changeEvent => {
            target.removeEventListener(changeEvent, callback);
          });
        }
      }
    }
  }

  registerElementHandler(tagName, handler){
    this.elementHandlerLookup[tagName.toLowerCase()] = handler;
  }

  registerEventStrategy(eventName, strategy){
    this.eventStrategyLookup[eventName] = strategy;
  }

  getElementHandler(target, propertyName){
    var tagName, lookup = this.elementHandlerLookup;
    if(target.tagName){
      tagName = target.tagName.toLowerCase();
      if(lookup[tagName] && lookup[tagName][propertyName]){
        return lookup[tagName][propertyName];
      }
      if (propertyName === 'textContent' || propertyName === 'innerHTML'){
        return lookup['content editable']['value'];
      }
    }

    return null;
  }

  addEventListener(target, targetEvent, callback, delegate){
    return (this.eventStrategyLookup[targetEvent] || this.defaultEventStrategy)
      .subscribe(target, targetEvent, callback, delegate);
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Reposted with permission from Redfin.
Most of what we buy — bubble gum, blouses, books, baseball — is destined to last days, weeks, maybe years. But we think of houses as investments rather than consumable goods because houses last decades or centuries.
Over that time, what makes a house valuable doesn't change much: we'll always like plenty of square footage, views, and mostly prefer living in cities with nearby restaurants, train stations and jobs.
But now a change is at hand. Tesla CEO Elon Musk predicts that cars will drive themselves in two years. Chris Urmson at Google estimates it will take five years. Already, Lyft and Uber have shifted millennials' home-buying preferences: who needs a garage — or for that matter a kitchen or a living room — when transportation, food and even a social life are all available online and on-demand?
This is why, even as urban home prices boom, we see couples with one car or no cars preferring smaller homes with fewer amenities but a high Walk Score and nearby transit.
In our lifetimes, and the lifetimes of our mortgages, the self-driving car could change the shape of the American city even more profoundly. Unlike the cars of today, which are parked 96 percent of the time, self-driving cars will be in semi-continuous service except in the wee hours; we'll need far fewer cars overall, and those that remain will leave town at night.
A third of urban real estate is devoted to parking garages that could become parks; there are eight U.S. parking spaces for every car in operation, for as many as two billion U.S. spaces overall. Thirteen percent of every lot for a typical single-family home is now dedicated to a garage that could be converted into an office or a mother-in-law apartment; with the income provided by Airbnb and other property-rental sites, single-family homes could thus become 13 percent more affordable.
Perhaps a decade from now, architects and contractors may offer fixed-fee garage-conversion services, in much the same way that old houses were once converted en masse to use modern furnaces and plumbing.
How should this affect your homebuying decisions today? Perhaps not much; the average lifespan of a car is 15 years, so it may be 2035 or later before nearly all cars are self-driving. And we'll still need at least some parking, not to mention a place for our skis and lawn-mower.
Glenn Kelman is the CEO of Redfin, a technology-powered real estate broker. Follow him on Twitter.


Remember the days when a standard TV could only pick up five channels? We do. It was horrible. Thankfully, since the digital switchover, that number has jumped up to more than 60 - and that's all thanks to Freeview.
What channels can I get with Freeview?
It's the basic, free digital TV you can get in the UK. It doesn't require any kind of monthly subscription - just a TV set, an aerial, and a TV licence - and gives you the minimum number of channels you can get on telly. That's around 70 channels or so.
Freeview was founded in 2002, and it became the default way to receive basic TV after the digital switchover in 2012. It's what's known as DTT - digital terrestrial television.
Modern TVs have a Freeview tuner built right into them, but if you want a few more features - like recording from Freeview+, catch-up TV from Freeview Play, and apps like BBC Sport - you can get a separate, more advanced set-top box. That'll cost you anything from £25 to £200.
For anyone who just wants a bit of TV to watch every now and then, it's ideal; but serious telly fans will find it a bit lacking. There aren't any on-demand box sets, recommendations, or premium channels here, for instance. You'll only get those with a proper pay-TV package from Sky, Virgin Media, BT, or TalkTalk, even if it's just a cheap one.
Which is best: Freeview, Freesat, or YouView?
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As well as all that, you also get a few +1 versions, around 15 HD channels, various local channels (like Estuary TV and Sheffield Live), adult channels, and 30 or so digital radio stations.
So you get a decent range, but a lot of great telly is still missing. There's no Sky 1, Sky Atlantic, Comedy Central, GOLD, Discovery, Cartoon Network, or sports - you'll need to take out a full TV package for those.
When it comes to boxes, Freeview has various available to use, at numerous price levels.
You can pick up the Manhattan T1 Freeview HD Set Top Box relatively cheaply. Although it doesn't come with a lot of swanky mod-cons, this neat little box is one of the most user-friendly you can buy to access subscription-free TV. Simply save your favourite channels and find them without any fuss or bother.
If you're feeling lavish, you could fork out for a Humax FVP-5000T 1TB Freeview Play HD TV Recorder box. This box is kitted out with all the bells and whistles; 3 HD tuners, a smooth user interface, built-in Netflix, and it'll even let you record up to four programmes at the same time. Plus, by installing the Humax Live TV iOS or Android App, you can get reminders and plan your recordings from your phone.
Perk 1: With YouView, you get access to a plethora of sky sports and movie channels including membership to Sky Cinema.
Perk 2: It's nice to use. In fact, it boasts one of the smoothest user-friendly interfaces optimised to work with screen reader apps on your smartphone.
Perk 3: A YouView box is usually included at no extra cost with certain so, if you're thinking of taking out a contract with either BT or TalkTalk, you could save a bit of money.
Which is best: Freeview, Freesat or Youview?