text:
These Ghoulish Things: Horror Hits For Hallowe'en Various Artists (Fun Time)
Save item | Buy from Amazon UK
CDCHD 1070
Gore blimey, Boris, what manner of beast is this?
True to its Mission Statement of bringing great music back from the dead, the House of Wax that is forever Ace Records has (temporarily) nipped over to the dark side, to disinter more than two dozen monstrous goodies (and one or two baddies) from rock'n'roll's overflowing Vault of Horror. Ace's resident Scaredy Cats, Tony "Mummy's Boy" Rounce and Rob "Gratefully Undead" Finnis have been for a little walk through music's graveyard, trying to keep the dark forces at bay while they toiled to create a monster that is as ghastly as you'd hope any CD entitled "These Ghoulish Things" could ever be.
Working overtime on the graveyard shift we've unearthed more than two dozen mouldering oldies, assembling the finished CD from only the finest 'spare parts' and working at a pace that can truthfully be described as 'frightening'. The delights that your gruesome twosome have dug up include a number of tracks that have lain undisturbed in Rock'n'Roll's Vault Of Horror since their first appearances on vinyl in the 1950s or early 60s. These tracks include Billy De Marco and Count Dracula's Drac's Back which, it is alleged, had to be recorded at night, due to the ongoing unavailability of one of its vocalists during daylight hours and Orvin Yoes' staggeringly inept The Vampire, which sounds as though it actually might have been recorded from the inside of a coffin with the lid nailed down, and for which "amateurish" might probably be too kind a description. But before you start thinking that this is just another heap of musical body parts, randomly cobbled together to form any old monster (mish-) mash, we'd like to assure you that this really is a creation of a quality that any top notch mad scientist would be proud to call his own.
This CD's Theatre Of Blood or "bloooerghhhhh", as Allan Sherman's My Son, The Vampire would have it presents a horror show that's drawn almost exclusively from rock'n'roll's Ghoul-den age, its time span approximately matching the mid-late 50s peak of popularity for scary movies, and dovetailing with the latter's impact on post WWII teenage America. With teens being scared out of their wits at drive-in movie theatres all across the USA, it was only natural that horror would quickly work its way into rock'n'roll. How much it did so is reflected unless you're a crazy, mixed-up Transylvanian, in which case nothing is reflected, of course in the number of doo woppers who cut songs that related to the genre. At least 25% of the inclusions here are vocal group records, many by immortal names like the Hollywood Flames and the Jayhawks. Their cuts here, as well as those of many others that we've disinterred from the Vault Of Horror, have first class reputations that their 'novelty value' does nothing to besmirch.
Likewise, big bad Bo Diddley's meeting with an unspecified monster is just as compelling as any of his marginally less horrific encounters with the Chess brothers. Other notable rockers from the locker here include die-hard Memphis rockabilly-cum-bluesman Billy Lee Riley, who has brought along a plateful of Nightmare Mash for your delectation (goes down very well with a little spot of congealed blood, we find. We're also pleased to welcome some other larger than life-or-death personalities to our Screamin' Ball At Dracula Hall, both of whom are well known world wide for their ability to spin a scary story or two. That's Philadelphia's John "Dinner With Drac" Zacherle over there in the foyer drinkin' blood (spo-dee-o-dee) with the great Jalacy "Screamin' Jay" Hawkins, whose original version of his classic Feast Of The Mau Mau is, quite frankly, a howl from start to finish.
In the true spirit of Halloween, every major monster of the big or small screen gets a look in. From TV land we've invited the Munsters and the Addams Family, dressed in their best funeral clothes and ready to do The Voo Doo Walk with The Creature From Outer Space, The Wolfman and The Mummy (be careful not to step on the latter's loose bandages, Daddy-O), and if he can find his way over from Sleepy Hollow without his head Ichabod Crane. (If you lust for a vampire, you'll also find plenty to sink your teeth into here thanks to Allan Sherman, the Duponts and the aforementioned Mr Yoes.)
Those who can't get into this Monster Party will be found close to hand, Rockin' In The Graveyard with Jackie Morningstar or maybe just taking a Midnight Stroll with the Revels. Try to join our party if you can: Dr Frankenstein assures us it's going to be really "alive! ALIVE!!" And when the CD's over, be sure to catch the Ghost Train leaving from track 5, where Virgil Holmes is ready to get you back to the Old Dark House in time for a glass of gin (it's our only weakness) and hibernation 'til the following night.
We'd love to tell you more, but it's getting close to midnight and frankly we know what happens once the clock strikes twelve, and we don't want to stick around to witness it for ourselves.
"Fire bad!" "Friend good!!" "These Ghoulish Things even better still!!!" It's your funeral if you don't dig it.
By Tony Rounce
See also: acerecords.co.uk/mostly-ghostly-more-horror-for-halloween
01 Preview Radio plug for Monster Mash on station KFWB - Bobby "Boris" Pickett
02 Preview Screamin' Ball (At Dracula Hall) - The Duponts
03 Preview Drac's Back - Billy De Marco & Count Dracula
04 Preview Midnight Stroll - The Revels
05 Preview Ghost Train - Virgil Holmes
06 Preview The Mummy's Ball - The Verdicts
07 Preview Frankenstein's Den - The Hollywood Flames
08 Preview I'm The Wolfman - Round Robin
09 Preview Spooksville - The Nu-Trends
10 Preview The Munsters Theme - Milton DeLugg & Orchestra
11 Preview Coolest Little Monster - John Zacherle
12 Preview Monster Party - Bill Doggett
13 Preview The Creature (From Outer Space) - The Jayhawks
14 Preview Mr Were-Wolf - The Kac-Ties
15 Preview Radio station promo for Bill Gavin - Bobby "Boris" Pickett
16 Preview My Son, The Vampire - Allan Sherman
17 Preview The Monster - Bobby Please & The Pleasers
18 Preview Theme From The Addams Family - The Fiends
19 Preview Nightmare Mash - Billy Lee Riley
20 Preview The Voodoo Walk - Sonny Richard's Panics with Cindy and Misty
21 Preview Feast Of The Mau Mau - Screamin' Jay Hawkins
22 Preview Frankenstein's Party - The Swingin' Phillies
23 Preview Legend Of Sleepy Hollow - The Monotones
24 Preview Bo Meets The Monster - Bo Diddley
25 Preview Rockin' In The Graveyard - Jackie Morningstar
26 Preview Radio plug for Monster Mash on station WCOP - Bobby "Boris" Pickett
27 Preview Monster Mash - Bobby (Boris) Pickett And The Crypt-Kickers
28 Preview The Vampire - Orvin Yoes
Dead! The Grim Reaper's Greatest Hits
Various Artists (Fun Time)
Rock Your Baby - 24 Red Hot Rompers Chosen By Mark Lamarr
Feline Groovy
Come Spy With Us
Rhythm & Blues Christmas
Feel Like Rockin' (MP3)
Johnny And The Roccos
Various Artists (Heard Them Here First)
Meteor Records T Shirt
Various Artists (Meteor)
TS £16.00
The Frisco Records Story (MP3)
Various Artists (Label Stories)
Dore Records Hollywood T Shirt
Various Artists (Merch)
The London American Label Year By Year - 1963
Various Artists (London American)
The Best Of Rosie And The Originals
Rosie And The Originals
Catch Records T Shirt
Various Artists (Dore)
Quarter To Three/Twist Up Calypso
Gary "US" Bonds
All American Rock 'n' Roll From Fraternity Records (MP3)
Various Artists (Fraternity Records)
Feline Groovy Cotton Bag
Ace Records Sampler Volume 2 : Rock 'n' Roll & Doo Wop (MP3)
Various Artists (Ace Records Samplers)
The Wham Of That Memphis Man!
Downey Records Cotton Bag
Music City Records M.C. Cotton Bag
Various Artists (Music City)


text:
Serial MRI to determine the effect of dexamethasone on the cerebral pathology of tuberculous meningitis: an observational study
dc.date.issued 2007-03-01 en_US
dc.description.abstract BACKGROUND: Adjunctive dexamethasone increases survival from tuberculous meningitis, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. We aimed to determine the effect of dexamethasone on cerebral MRI changes and their association with intracerebral inflammatory responses and clinical outcome in adults treated for tuberculous meningitis. METHODS: Cerebral MRI was undertaken, when possible, at diagnosis and after 60 days and 270 days of treatment in adults with tuberculous meningitis admitted to two hospitals in Vietnam. Patients were randomly assigned either dexamethasone (n=24) or placebo (n=19) and received 9 months of treatment with standard first-line antituberculosis drugs. We assessed associations between MRI findings, treatment allocation, and resolution of fever, coma, cerebrospinal fluid inflammation, and neurological outcome. FINDINGS: 83 scans were done for 43 patients: 19 given placebo, 24 given dexamethasone. Basal meningeal enhancement (82%) and hydrocephalus (77%) were the most common presenting findings. Fewer patients had hydrocephalus after 60 days of treatment with dexamethasone than after placebo treatment (p=0.217). Tuberculomas developed in 74% of patients during treatment and in equal proportions in the treatment groups; they were associated with long-term fever, but not relapse or poor clinical outcome. The basal ganglia were the most common site of infarction; the proportion with infarction after 60 days was halved in the dexamethasone group (27%vs 58%, p=0.130). INTERPRETATION: Dexamethasone may affect outcome from tuberculous meningitis by reducing hydrocephalus and preventing infarction. The effect may have been under-estimated because the most severe patients could not be scanned.
dc.identifier.uri http://localhost:8080/dspace7/handle/123456789/48
dc.language English en_US
dc.title Serial MRI to determine the effect of dexamethasone on the cerebral pathology of tuberculous meningitis: an observational study en_US
dc.type Journal Article

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


During the course the students attend each day to reflective workshops. In the reflective workshops the students work in multicultural groups of 5-6 students. Each group will have one or two mentoring teachers that help them to reflect and to work towards the aim of the course. The groups will be formed by teachers in advance.
The aims for the reflective workshops are to discuss about the topics and experiences during the course, to include the preassignment to the course contents and to help the students to understand the sexual health promotion as a phenomenon in nursing. Each group of students will write a blog everyday on the course´s platform in reflective workshops and make a poster presentation as their course assignment during the course. The essence of the assignment is sexual health promotion and the field of nursing, how to utilize, include and develop as a nurse in this area. What competence is needed when working as a nurse in this field?
After you have established the blog for your group, please let the teachers know the web address to it, then we are able to link it to this platform.


On Friday, Snoop, 46, shared a message on Instagram that may have pointed blame at the Keeping Up with the Kardashians reality star, 37, for her husband's outbursts, even comparing West's personal growth to JAY-Z's.
"The evolution of Jay-Z and Kanye show you how influential your wife can be to your life," Snoop shared, alluding to JAY-Z's wife Beyoncé.
In addition, Snoop gave a shout-out to his wife Shante Broadus, who he celebrating a 21-year wedding anniversary with in June.
"Thank u @bosslady_ent Love u for being my rock and keeping me straight," he captioned the post.
kim admitted that she had unfollowed her husband and didn't know he had made a big April 18 return to Twitter until his outburst this week.
"I didn't even know he got his Twitter again until I started seeing tweets coming in from other people retweeting them.
And I was like, wait, is this real?" Kardashian said in a sneak peek of her The Ellen DeGeneres Show interview, airing on Monday.


text:
Q: flex/lex yacc/bison multithreaded environment Can I use the code generated by flex/bison|lex/yacc in a multithreaded environment ? I'm afraid there are a lot of global variables. How can it be fixed ?

A: With flex you can use %option reentrant and with bison %pure-parser to generate re-entrant code that does not have global data. You may still need some sort of synchronization to prevent multiple threads using the same data blocks at the same time.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Page 292 - Gallery Design of Interior Architecture | Provence Calanques Area Rug Blue. Reclaimed Wood Cabinet. Modern Drinking Glasses.
collection of galleries from Interior Architecture like Area Rug Blue. Reclaimed Wood Cabinet. Modern Drinking Glasses. and other designs you might like Milgard Sliding Door. Built In Medicine Cabinets. Bath Vanity Cabinets. Mini Crystal Chandeliers. Shutter Closet Doors. Mid Century Club Chair. U Shaped Couch.


text:
The Mystery of Agatha Christie
Gere Branch – Special Event – September 30, 2018
Scott C. and Kristen A.
Bennett Martin Public Library – Special Event – November 7, 2018
Bethany Branch BooksTalk – November 30, 2018
Gere Branch BooksTalk – December 3, 2018
Scott C.
On September 30th, 2018, a special 75-minute literary program was presented at the Gere Branch Library — "The Mystery of Agatha Christie". This program was a biographical profile of Christie as a writer, including a look at her 11-day disappearance in 1926; it also covered several "Top Ten" lists of her works, and a look at the actors/actresses who have played Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple on TV/Film over the years. This program was hosted, in character as Hercule Poirot, by one of the Bennett Martin Public Library staff — Scott C. — who was then featured as Poirot in a Lincoln Community Playhouse production of Christie's play, "Black Coffee" in October and November 2018. The program was then repeated at the downtown Bennett Martin Public Library on November 7th, 2018.
Scott C. also gave a shortened version of this presentation as part of the BooksTalk series at both Bethany and Gere Branch Libraries. The original, longer, versions, included an Agatha Christie PowerPoint slide show, which is viewable online.
Several handouts were prepared for the audience of this program, and are available in digital form here:
Complete Agatha Christie Checklist
Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple Portrayers
The Mystery of Agatha Christie: Books About Christie (and Related Topics) [non-fiction titles about Christie]
Agatha Christie Readalikes
The Hercule Poirot Fictional Canon
The Hercule Poirot Fictional Canon with Plot Descriptions


We are a Church of England, voluntary controlled primary school nestled in the heart of Oldswinford. Larger than the average primary school, we are two-form entry and have 420 children who start their learning journey with us at 4 years of age in the Foundation Stage. At the end of Year 6, we are always so proud of the way our pupils have progressed and fondly wave them off to secondary school at the grand old age of 11, where we hope they will portray and share the Oldswinford spirit. Our dedicated team of staff and governors (more than 60 in total!) work hard to give the children the very best deal that we possibly can.
Swinford is mentioned in a Saxon charter of 950 AD [spelt Suineforde]. It is also mentioned in William the Conqueror's Doomsday Survey when the manor was in the possession of William Fitz Ansculf a powerful Norman Lord who resided in his hilltop castle at Dudley. 'Old' was added to Swynford to distinguish it from the adjacent Swinford Regis.
Old Swinford Church Schools [originally housing a Boys, a Girls and a mixed Infants School] was opened in the Spring of 1860 in School Street (later renamed Craufurd Street). The three departments remained separate for 79 years until September 1939 when they were amalgamated and renamed Old Swinford Junior and Mixed Infants. In 1967, the infant and junior departments were separated when the juniors moved to a new building in Field Lane and named Oldswinford Church of England Junior School. Ten years later in 1977, the infants moved out of the original 1860 building into mobile classrooms on Field Lane, thus creating Oldswinford Church of England Primary School. June 2000 was the official opening of a permanent building for the infants, alongside the junior building.
The Stourbridge area has been a major glassmaking centre for 400 years and there is still a thriving industry in Stourbridge today. Not only was it the lifeblood of the community, but also a substantial contributor to Britain's manufacturing strength and national wealth. It is recognised as amongst the finest in the world and has been used countless times as gifts for royalty and visiting dignitaries. Its golden age was the Victorian period when firms introduced a dazzling array of cameo, coloured glass and crystal that equalled the best in the world.
Did you know that the first locomotive to run in America was built in Stourbridge? 180 years ago, the town's ironworks produced two locomotives that earned their place in history: 'America' and The Stourbridge Lion.' The Lion was so-named because someone painting the boiler front noticed dents which reminded him of a lion's head. So, the locomotive was from Stourbridge was named the 'Stourbridge Lion'.


When creating your Referral Campaign the last step in the process is to configure the Referral Widget. This is a Call To Action item that you can install on your business' website to encourage visitors, customers, and brand ambassadors to easily sign up for your referral program without ever having to leave your site.
However, the decision of whether to use the referral widget is completely up to you, and is NOT mandatory. If you choose not to use the Referral Widget on your site we've got you covered with our own self-hosted Referrer Signup pages, which you can get more details about in the Site Installation area of your campaign dashboard.
These Referrer Signup Pages are an easy way for you to send potential new referrers to a place to register their own affiliate/referral account, without you needing to do any integration into your site whatsoever.
So, the choice is up to you: Referral Widget or Referral Signup Page. Of course you could use both too, and the data will all be ported to the same place in your campaign dashboard.


Superb and bespoke safari lodge with one double, one twin and one with bunks. Spacious open plan living area with 39" flat screen HD TV and Blu-ray. French doors leading onto verandah with garden furniture and barbecue. Early 2.00pm check in.
Beautifully clean and well maintained luxury safari lodge. Everything was perfect and the little touches to our lodge made our holiday even better. We enjoyed staying in a unique style of accommodation and it was very well furnished and comfortable. Would highly recommend and we will return as soon as we can!
The holiday was spoilt by finding out 6 days before we were due to go that our accomodation was unavailable. We accepted a substitute, the Safari Tent 3, but it was woefully inadequate compared to the Exclusive Lodge we had booked.


text:
Q: Get information from user who signed in for course I would like to get a list off users under the Deelnemers: who signed up for the course. I'm not sure how to do this have been trying for a while now.
Database looks like the picture down below.

<?php
session_start();
require_once('includes/mysql_config.php');
$id = isset($_SESSION['id']) ? $_SESSION['id'] : header('location: login.php');
$Cursist = mysqli_query($con, "SELECT id FROM users WHERE id =".$_SESSION['id']);

require_once('header.php');
$cursus = mysqli_fetch_array(mysqli_query($con, "SELECT id FROM cursus WHERE id =".$_GET['id']));
?>

            <?php echo $cursus['title'] . "
";?>
            <?php echo $cursus['beginDatum'] . "
";?>
            Deelnemers:
            <?php
            $sql = mysqli_fetch_array(mysqli_query($con, "SELECT * FROM users t WHERE EXISTS(SELECT * FROM aanmeldingen B WHERE t.id = b.user_id)"));
            $amount = mysqli_affected_rows($con);

            for ($i = 0; $i < $amount; $i++) {
              $user = mysqli_fetch_array($sql);

            echo $user['email']. "
";
          }?>

How can i get this to work since i dont know how to do this anymore

A: You can try this sql
SELECT cursus.id, aanmeldingen.cursus_id, aanmeldingen.users_id, users.*
FROM users INNER JOIN (cursus INNER JOIN aanmeldingen ON cursus.id = aanmeldingen.cursus_id) ON users.id = aanmeldingen.users_id
WHERE cursus.id = 'ID number of the cursus';

*

*The Table cursus makes contact with aanmeldingen

*The Table aanmeldingen makes contact with users

*By WHERE cursus id = given id number, I can get the a all information of the users who are member of the given cursus

A: I would suggest reorganizing your database to just 3 tables - users, cursus and cursusstudent.
email in users is unique for every user so that they can use it with their password to login.
cursus:
db_id, cursus_id, naam_cursus, beschrijving, begindatum, cursussoort, prijs
cursusstudent:
db_id, cursus_id, email
(The email column here should not be unique because one student can be in more than one course)
To get list of users with related cursus :
1. Query cursusstudent
$sql_student_and_cursus_id = mysqli_query($conn, "SELECT * FROM cursusstudent");
// Declare the name of the list variable
$list = "";

*Save the cursus_id and email in a while loop. Inside the loop, query cursus for the current cursus_id and also query users for the current email.
Get their respective naam_cursus and name. Save them in the list variable.

if(mysqli_num_rows($sql_student_and_cursus_id) > 0){
while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($sql_student_and_cursus_id)){
$cursus_id = $row['cursus_id'];
$email = $row['email'];

// Collect cursus name
$query_cursus = mysqli_query($conn, "SELECT naam_cursus FROM cursus WHERE cursus_id = '$cursus_id'");
if(mysqli_num_rows($query_cursus) > 0){
while($row_cursus_naam = mysqli_fetch_array($query_cursus)){
$naam_cursus = $row_cursus_naam['naam_cursus'];

        }
    }

// Collect name of user
$query_users = mysqli_query($conn, "SELECT name FROM users WHERE email = '$email'");
if(mysqli_num_rows($query_users) > 0){
while($row_naam_user = mysqli_fetch_array($query_users)){
$naam_user = $row_naam_user['name'];

        }
    }

// Save them in the list
$list .= $naam_user . ' ' . $naam_cursus;
    }
}

*Display the list outside the loop:

if(isset($list)){
echo $list;
}


I can't find it anywhere in stock? Anyone knows a source?
Right now I'm deciding between Agilent U1733C (US$400) and IET Labs DE-5000 (US$335) http://www.amazon.com/IET-DE-5000-Handheld-LCR-Meter/dp/B005EMT8PC/ref=sr_1_10?ie=UTF8&qid=1317706425&sr=8-10 though I plan to buy by 2012.


Hardcover books printing - ADverts printing house in Latvia Riga. Softcover hardcover books brochures magazines POS materials paperbags.
During the production process a book is sewn together with thread. The sewn block is glued into the book cover, which has been prepared earlier.
The cover design can vary from very simple to extremely luxurious using different leathers, foils, reliefs, etc.
For hardcover books, the block thickness is usually greater than 3mm, although for children's books literature the thickness often starts from 2mm.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The adjustment of surface interactions is crucial for controlling the phase behavior of colloidal systems \cite{Anderson02} and the adhesiveness of biological cells and membranes \cite{Alberts02}. These interactions are often dominated by the composition of the surfaces, which may be charged, hydrophobic, etc. In some systems, the interactions are also strongly affected by molecules or particles in the surrounding medium. The concentration of these particles is an additional control parameter for the surface interactions, a parameter that is often easier to adjust than the surface composition, and can be varied over a wider range than external parameters such as temperature.

On the one hand, non-adhesive particles can induce attractive `depletion' interactions between surfaces, because close contact of the surfaces reduces the excluded volume for the particles \cite{Asakura54,Dinsmore96}. On the other hand, adhesive particles can directly bind two surfaces together. For example, the surface interactions and colloidal phase of membrane-coated silica beads \cite{Baksh04,Winter06} and the force between membrane-coated mica surfaces \cite{Hu04} have been altered by adding soluble, adhesive proteins. Multivalent ions such as chromium can induce the adhesion of lipid membranes, presumably by crosslinking the polar headgroups of lipids in apposing membranes \cite{Franke06}. Linker proteins that interconnect membrane receptors are known to assist biomembrane adhesion \cite{Alberts02}, which has also been utilized in biomimetic experiments \cite{Saterbak96,Orsello01}.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{\includegraphics{figure1small}}
\caption{Two surfaces in contact with a solution of adhesive particles. A particle can bind the two surfaces together for surface separations slightly larger than the particle diameter (particle on the right). At large separations,  the particles can only bind to one of the surfaces (particles on the left). }
\label{cartoon}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\resizebox{2\columnwidth}{!}{\includegraphics{figure2small}}
\caption{Effective adhesion energy $U_{\rm ef}$ of the surfaces, given in eq.~(\ref{gamma2}), as a function of the particle bulk volume fraction $\phi$ for the binding energy $U= 8T$ and $q = 0.25$. The effective adhesion energy is maximal at the optimal bulk volume fraction $\phi^{\star} \approx e^{-U/T}/ q \approx 1.34 \cdot 10^{-3}$. At the optimal volume fraction, the particle coverage of two planar parallel surfaces is 50\% for large separations, and almost 100\% for small separations at which particles can bind to both surfaces. The surface coverage at these small separations remains close to 100\% for volume fractions $\phi^{\star} /10 \lesssim \phi \lesssim 10 \, \phi^{\star}$, while the coverage $c_{\infty} = \phi / ( \phi + \phi^{\star} )$ for large separations changes between approximately 9\% and 90\% in this example. }
\label{g}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

Adhesive particles can bind two surfaces together if the separation of the surfaces is equal to or slightly larger than the particle diameter, see fig.~\ref{cartoon}. At larger separations, the particles can only bind to one of the surfaces. In this letter, we consider particles that exhibit short-ranged, attractive interactions with the surfaces, and repulsive hard-sphere interactions with each other. Our central result is that the effective, particle-mediated adhesion energy of the surfaces is given by
\begin{equation}
U_{\rm ef} \approx \frac{T}{d^2} \ln \frac{ 1+ q \,\phi \, e^{2U/T} }{ \left( 1+ q \,\phi \, e^{U/T} \right)^2 }
\label{gamma2}
\end{equation}
with a dimensionless coefficient $q$ for small bulk volume fractions $\phi\ll 1$ of the particles and large binding energies $U$ with $e^{U/T}\gg 1$. Here, $d$ is the particle diameter, and $T$ denotes the temperature in energy units.

Interestingly, the effective adhesion energy (\ref{gamma2}) of the surfaces exhibits a maximum at an optimum bulk volume fraction of the particles, see fig.~\ref{g}. At this volume fraction, the particle coverage of two planar parallel surfaces turns out to be close to 50\% for large separations (`half coverage'), and 100\% (`full coverage') for short, binding separations, see fig.~\ref{g}. Bringing the surfaces from large separations within binding separations thus does not `require' desorption or adsorption of particles at the optimum volume fraction. The existence of an optimum particle volume fraction has interesting, experimentally testable implications, for example `re-entrant transitions' in which surfaces or colloidal objects first bind with increasing concentration of adhesive particles, and unbind again when the concentration is further increased  beyond the optimum concentration.

Even though our derivations of eq.~(\ref{gamma2}) are based on some simplifying assumptions, the effective adhesion energy (\ref{gamma2}) should be applicable in general since it can simply be understood as a difference of two Langmuir adsorption free energies per binding site: (i) the adsorption free energy $(T/d^2)\ln \left( 1+ q\, \phi \, e^{2U/T}\right)$ for small surface separations at which a particle binds both surfaces with total binding energy $2U$, and (ii) the adsorption free energy $(T/d^2)\ln \left(1+ q \, \phi \, e^{U/T}\right)$ for large surface separations, counted twice in (\ref{gamma2}) because we have two surfaces. These Langmuir adsorption free energies  result from a simple two-state model in which a particle is either absent (Boltzmann weight $1 - \phi\approx 1$) or present (Boltzmann weights $q\, \phi \, e^{2U/T}$ and $q\, \phi \, e^{U/T}$, respectively) at a given binding site, see e.g.\ \cite{davis96}. The factor $q$ depends on the degrees of freedom of a single adsorbed particle and has to be determined from more detailed binding models.

In the following, we will study particles of diameter $d$ that are attracted to the two surfaces within the binding range $r$. We will first consider a 3-dimensional lattice gas model with $d = r$ that leads to relation (1) with $q = 1$. We will then study a more general  tube model with arbitrary values of $d$ and $r$ from which we obtain another derivation of (1) with $q = r/d$. Finally, we generalize our main result (\ref{gamma2}) to surfaces with specific receptors for solute particles or molecules.

\section{Lattice gas model}

The simplest model for a gas of adhesive particles between two parallel and planar surfaces is obtained by discretizing the space between the surfaces into a cubic lattice. In this model, the hard-core interactions between the particles are incorporated by choosing a lattice spacing $d$ equal to the particle diameter. Each lattice site then can contain only one particle, and the bulk volume fraction of particles is $\phi = e^{\mu/T}/(1+e^{\mu/T})$ where $\mu$ is the chemical potential. If a particle is located at a lattice site adjacent to one of the two surfaces, it gains the binding energy $U$. The separation of the surfaces is $\ell = n_\perp d$ where $n_\perp$ is the number of lattice layers between the surfaces. The total number of lattice sites between the two surfaces is $n_\parallel n_\perp$.

The free energy $F$ of this lattice gas of particles between the surfaces can be decomposed into a bulk and a surface term. The bulk free energy $f_b$, which is equal to the free energy per lattice site in the limit of large $n_\parallel n_\perp$, has the simple form $f_b = -T \ln(1 + e^{\mu/T}) = T \ln(1 - \phi)$. The surface free energy $f_s= (F-n_\parallel n_\perp f_b)/n_\parallel$ is the excess free energy per pair of apposing surface sites in the limit of large $n_\parallel$. The surface free energy depends on the separation of the surfaces, i.e.~on the number of lattice layers $n_\perp$.
The surface free energy is given by
\begin{equation}
f_{s,n_\perp} = f_{s,\infty} = -2 \,T \ln\frac{1+e^{(U+\mu)/T}}{1+e^{\mu/T}}
\label{fsn}
\end{equation}
for $n_\perp \ge 2$ and by
\begin{equation}
f_{s,1} = -T \ln \frac{1+e^{(2 U+\mu)/T}}{1+e^{\mu/T}}
\label{fs1}
\end{equation}
for $n_\perp = 1$. The effective adhesion potential of the surfaces, defined as $V =  f_{s,n_\perp} /d^2$, thus is constant for $n_\perp \ge 2$ and has an attractive well of depth  $U_\text{ef} = (f_{s,\infty} - f_{s,1})/d^2$ at $n_\perp = 1$. After replacing the chemical potential $\mu$ in eqs.~(\ref{fsn}) and (\ref{fs1}) by the bulk volume fraction $\phi = e^{\mu/T}/(1+e^{\mu/T})$, we obtain
\begin{equation}
U_\text{ef} = \frac{T}{d^2} \ln \frac{1- \phi + \phi \, e^{2 U/T}}{(1- \phi + \phi\, e^{U/T})^2}
\label{Ueflattice}
\end{equation}
For small volume fractions $\phi\ll 1$ and large binding energies $U$ with $e^{U/T}\gg 1$, the effective adhesion energy (\ref{Ueflattice}) is identical with (\ref{gamma2}) for $q = 1$.

\section{Tube model}

We now consider a semi-continuous model to obtain a realistic estimate of the factor $q$ in eq.~(\ref{gamma2}) from the separation-dependent effective interaction potential of the surfaces. In this model, we discretize the space between the surfaces into tubes of the same diameter $d$ as the particles. We assume that the two apposing surfaces are on average parallel and nearly planar, with local curvature radii much larger than the diameter $d$ of the adhesive particles. The tubes are oriented perpendicular to both surfaces and contain the particles. The length $\ell$ of the tubes thus corresponds to the local separation of the surfaces. The particles can exchange between the tubes and with the bulk solution (see fig.~\ref{cartoon}). We assume that the attractive interaction of a particle with the surfaces is short-ranged and model this interaction by a square-well potential with binding energy $U$ and range $r<d/2$. A particle is thus bound to a surface with binding energy $U$ if the separation between the surface and the center of the particle is smaller than $r+d/2$. The pair interactions between particles are purely repulsive hard-sphere interactions.
For simplicity, we assume that the tubes are arranged on a square lattice. Each tube then occupies a volume $d^2 \ell$. The approximation implied by this discretization should be valid for the experimentally relevant small particle bulk volume fractions $\phi$ considered here. Since the particle-surface interaction is short-ranged, the gas of particles between the surfaces is as dilute as in the bulk for large surface separations $\ell\gg d$, except for the single adsorption layers of particles at the surfaces. For large binding energies $U$, these adsorption layers will fully cover the surfaces.

In this model, the problem of determining the effective adhesion potential of the surfaces is reduced to calculating the partition function of a one-dimensional gas of particles in a tube. Since the number of particles in a tube varies, the suitable statistical ensemble is the grand-canonical ensemble in which the chemical potential $\mu$ of the particles is fixed. The free energy is
\begin{equation}
F = - T \ln \left[ 1+ \sum_{n=1}^{ \lfloor \ell /d \rfloor } e^{n \mu /T} \mathcal{Z}_n \right] \label{free_energy}
\end{equation}
where $\mathcal{Z}_n$ denotes the canonical partition function for a system of $n$ particles confined in the tube. The upper limit of the sum, $\lfloor \ell /d \rfloor$, equals the largest number of hard spheres of diameter $d$ that can be placed in the tube of length $\ell$. The effective adhesion potential of the surfaces is $V= (F  - f_b d^2 \ell)/d^2$, where $f_b = \lim_{\ell \to \infty} F / (d^2 \ell)$ denotes the free energy density in the bulk. The effective adhesion potential thus is again defined as the surface contribution to the free energy $F$. With eq.~(\ref{free_energy}), we obtain
\begin{equation}
V = - \frac{T}{d^2} \ln \left[ \left( 1+ \sum_{n=1}^{\lfloor \ell /d \rfloor} \mathcal{Z}_n e^{n \mu /T} \right) \exp \left( \frac{ f_b d^2 \ell}{T} \right) \right]
\label{VV}
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\resizebox{0.99\columnwidth}{!}{\includegraphics{figure3small}}
\caption{Effective adhesion potential $V$ as a function of the surface separation $\ell$ for the bulk volume fraction $\phi =0.01$, binding energy $U=8T$, and binding range $r =d/4$ of the particles with diameter $d$. The potential has a minimum at the surface separation $\ell =r+d$ and attains a constant value for separations $\ell >2(r+d)$. The effective adhesion energy of the surfaces, $U_{\rm ef}$, is the difference between the asymptotic and minimum value of potential $V( \ell )$. For large binding energies $U$ with $e^{U/T} \gg 1$, the effective potential has a barrier of height $U_{\rm ba}$ at surface separations $d+2r< \ell < 2d$. }
\label{Vef1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\resizebox{0.99\columnwidth}{!}{\includegraphics{figure4small}}
\caption{Effective adhesion potential $V$ as a function of the surface separation $\ell$ for the particle bulk volume fraction $\phi =0.1$,  binding range $r =d/4$, and binding energies $U= 0.9 \, T$ (lower curve) and $U=0.6 \, T$ (upper curve). The global minimum of potential $V( \ell )$ is located at surface contact $\ell =0$ for small energies $U\lesssim \frac{1}{2} T \ln(1+d/r)$ (upper curve), and at the separation $\ell =d+r$ for binding energies $U\gtrsim \frac{1}{2} T \ln(1+d/r)$ (lower curve). }
\label{Vef2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

One-dimensional models for hard spheres have been studied extensively \cite{tonks36, lieb66, davis90, davis96, iwamatsu03, chou03}. Two well-known results that we will use in the following are: (i) The hard-sphere gas fugacity is $e^{\mu /T} \approx \left( \phi + 2 \phi^2 \right) \Lambda /d$, up to second order terms in the bulk volume fraction $\phi$ \cite{davis90}. Here, $\Lambda$ denotes the thermal de Broglie wavelength. (ii) The bulk free energy density is $f_b = - T \phi /(d^3(1 - \phi))$,  with the denominator describing the volume accessible to a sphere \cite{davis96}. In contrast to previous studies, we are interested here in the effective adhesion potential V given by eq.~(\ref{VV}). With the relations (i) and (ii) above, a virial expansion of the potential $V$ leads  to
\begin{equation}
V \approx - \frac{T}{d^2} \ln \left[ 1+ a_1 ( \ell ) \phi + a_2 ( \ell ) \phi^2 \right]
\label{V}
\end{equation}
for $\phi\ll 1$ with the expansion coefficients
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{l}
a_1 = \left[ \Lambda \mathcal{Z}_1 (\ell) - \ell \right] /d \quad {\rm and } \\
a_2 = \left[ \left( 2d - \ell \right) \Lambda \mathcal{Z}_1 (\ell) + \Lambda^2 \mathcal{Z}_2 (\ell) - \ell d + \ell^2 /2 \right] /d^2.
\end{array}
\label{virial}
\end{equation}

The partition function $\mathcal{Z}_1$ is given by
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{Z}_1 = \frac{1}{\Lambda} \int_{d/2}^{\ell - d/2} {\rm d} x_1 \, e^{-H(x_1) /T}
\label{Z1}
\end{equation}
with the one-particle configuration energy $H(x_1) = -U \Theta \left( d/2 +r -x_1 \right) -U \Theta \left( x_1 - \ell + d/2 +r \right)$. Here, $x_1$ denotes the center-of-mass position of the particle in the tube, and $\Theta$ is the Heaviside step function with $\Theta (x) =1$ for $x>0$ and $\Theta (x) =0$ for $x<0$. We have assumed here that the tube length $\ell$ is larger than the particle diameter $d$. For tube lengths $\ell > 2d$, the partition function $\mathcal{Z}_2$ is
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{Z}_2 = \frac{1}{\Lambda^2} \int_{3d/2}^{\ell - d/2} {\rm d} x_2 \int_{d/2}^{x_2 -d} {\rm d} x_1\, e^{-H( x_1 , x_2 ) /T}
\label{Z2}
\end{equation}
with the two-particle configuration energy $H(x_1, x_2) = -U \Theta \left( d/2 +r -x_1 \right) -U \Theta \left( x_2 - \ell + d/2 +r \right)$. For tube lengths $\ell < d$ and  $\ell < 2 d$, respectively, the partition functions $\mathcal{Z}_1$ and $\mathcal{Z}_2$ are zero.

To perform the integrations in eqs.~(\ref{Z1}) and (\ref{Z2}), it is helpful to rewrite the integrand by making use of the simple relation $e^{U \Theta (x) /T} = 1+ (e^{U/T} -1) \Theta (x)$. The integrations then lead to
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{Z}_n =
\frac{e^{2U/T}}{\Lambda^n} \bigg[
\left( 1- e^{-U/T} \right)^2 {\rm f}_n \left( \ell  -2 r \right) \nonumber \\
- 2 \left( 1- e^{-U/T} \right) {\rm f}_n \left( \ell - r \right)
+ {\rm f}_n \left( \ell \right) \bigg]
\label{Zn}
\end{eqnarray}
with the auxiliary function f$_n (l)=(l-nd)^n \Theta (l-nd) /n!$. The effective adhesion potential $V( \ell )$ finally is obtained from inserting this result into eqs.~(\ref{V}) and (\ref{virial}).

For small bulk volume fractions $\phi$ considered here, the effective adhesion potential is constant for separations $\ell>2(d+r)$, with the asymptotic value
\begin{eqnarray}
V_{\infty} \approx - \frac{T}{d^2} \ln \bigg[ 1+ \phi \left( 2 \frac{r}{d} \left( e^{U/T} -1 \right) -1 \right) \nonumber \\
+ \phi^2 \frac{r^2}{d^2} \left( e^{U/T} -1 \right) \left( e^{U/T} -2 \right) \bigg] .
\label{Vinfty}
\end{eqnarray}
The adhesion potential has a local minimum
 %
\begin{equation}
V_{\rm min} \approx-\frac{T}{d^2} \ln \left[ 1+ \phi \left( \frac{r}{d} \left( e^{2U/T} -1 \right) -1 \right) \right]
\label{V_d_plus_r}
\end{equation}
at the surface separation $\ell = r+d$, see figs.~\ref{Vef1} and \ref{Vef2}. At this separation, terms of order $\phi^2$ are negligible since the two-particle partition function $\mathcal{Z}_2$ is 0. The virial expansion coefficients $a_1$ and $a_2$ then are of the same magnitude, and $a_2 \phi^2$ is much smaller than $a_1\phi$ for $\phi\ll 1$.

Depletion interactions are reflected in a second minimum of the effective potential at surface contact $\ell =0$, see fig.~\ref{Vef2}. For surface separations $0 < \ell <d$, the potential $V( \ell ) = \ell T \phi / [(1- \phi)d^3]$ increases linearly with $\ell$ due to the depletion forces. By definition, the effective potential vanishes at surface contact $\ell =0$. The two minima thus have equal depths for $V_{\rm min} = 0$, i.e.~at the binding energy $U_0 \approx \frac{1}{2} T \ln(1+d/r)$. For binding energies $U>U_0$, the global minimum of the potential $V( \ell )$ is located at $\ell=r+d$.
The effective adhesion energy of the surfaces then is $U_{\rm ef} = V_{\infty}  - V_{\rm min}$ with $V_{\infty}$  and $V_{\rm min}$ as in eqs. (\ref{Vinfty}) and (\ref{V_d_plus_r}). For large binding energies $U$ with $e^{U/T} \gg 1$, we obtain the effective adhesion energy (\ref{gamma2}) with $q = r/d$.

The adhesion energy $U_{\rm ef}$ is maximal at the bulk volume fraction $\phi = \phi^{\star}$ with $\phi^{\star} \approx e^{-U/T} \, d/r$, see fig.~\ref{g}. At this optimal volume fraction, the coverage of the unbound surfaces, $c_{\infty} = -(d^2 /2) (\partial V_{\infty} / \partial U) \approx \phi /( \phi + \phi^{\star})$, is 50\%. In contrast, the coverage of the bound surfaces at separation $\ell =d+r$ is $c_{\rm min} = - (d^2 /2) (\partial V_{\rm min} / \partial U) \approx \phi /( \phi + \phi^{\star} e^{-U/T})$ and approaches 100\% for $\phi \approx \phi^{\star}$.

Besides the two minima at $\ell =0$ and $\ell = d+r$, the effective adhesion potential has a barrier at surface separations $d+2r< \ell < 2(d+r)$ for large binding energies, see fig.~\ref{Vef1}. At these separations, only a single particle fits between the surfaces, but this particle can just bind one of the surfaces. The particle thus `blocks' the binding site at the apposing surface, see particles in the center of fig.~\ref{cartoon}.
At the surface separation $\ell =2d$ within the potential barrier, the effective adhesion potential $V( \ell )$ attains the value
\begin{equation}
V_{\rm ba} \approx - \frac{T}{d^2} \ln \left[ 1+ \phi \left( 2 \frac{r}{d} \left( e^{U/T} -1 \right) -1 \right) \right]
\end{equation}
for small bulk volume fractions $\phi$. At large binding energies $U$ with $e^{U/T} \gg 1$, the barrier height $U_{\rm ba} =  V_{\infty}  - V_{\rm ba}$ then is
\begin{equation}
U_{\rm ba} \approx \frac{T}{d^2} \ln \frac{\left( 1+ \phi \, e^{U/T} \, r/d \right)^2}{1+ 2 \phi \, e^{U/T} \, r/d }
\label{U_ba}
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\resizebox{\columnwidth}{!}{\includegraphics{figure5small}}
\caption{Two surfaces, e.g. lipid membranes, with specific receptors for solute particles or molecules in the bulk. For small surface separations, a particle can link the surfaces together by binding to two receptors at apposing surface sites (particle on the left).}
\label{cartoon_two}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Surfaces with specific receptors}

The effective adhesion energy (\ref{gamma2}) can be generalized to cases in which the adhesive particles specifically bind to receptor sites or molecules at the surfaces, e.g.~to receptors  in fluid lipid membranes. An example are biotinylated lipids, which can be crosslinked by streptavidin \cite{Albersdoerfer97,Leckband94}. In principle, the two membranes can contain the same type of receptors, as in fig.~\ref{cartoon_two}, or different types of receptors. We characterize the receptors in membrane 1 by their binding energy $U_1$ and chemical potential $\nu_1$, and the receptors in membrane 2 by the  binding energy $U_2$ and chemical potential $\nu_2$. For simplicity, we assume the same binding range $r$ for both types of receptors. The chemical potential of the receptors is the free energy difference between a membrane patch of size $d^2$ containing a receptor molecule, and a membrane patch of the same size without receptor \cite{Weikl06}. In the absence of adhesive particles, the chemical potentials $\nu_1$ and $\nu_2$ are directly related to the area fractions $\alpha_1 = e^{\nu_1/T}/(1+e^{\nu_1 /T})$ and $\alpha_2 = e^{\nu_2 /T}/(1+e^{\nu_2 /T})$ of the receptors in the two membranes.

Let us first consider the Langmuir adsorption free energy of a single membrane with receptors. Since each patch of the membrane can attain four possible states, the Langmuir free energy per patch area $d^2$ is $(T/d^2) \ln \left(1+ e^{\nu_i /T} + q \, \phi + q \, \phi \, e^{(U_i + \nu_i )/T} \right)$ with $i=1$ or $2$. Here, $e^{\nu_i /T}$ is the Boltzmann weight for the state in which a receptor is present in the patch but no particle is within binding range, $q \phi$ is the Boltzmann weight for having a particle within binding range in absence of a receptor, and $q \phi \, e^{(U_i + \nu_i )/T}$ is the Boltzmann weight for a receptor bound to an adhesive particle. The prefactor $q$ depends on the degrees of freedom of bound particles. In our model, we obtain $q=r/d$, see previous section.

At large separations, the Langmuir adsorption free energy of two membranes simply is the sum of the adsorption energies above. At the optimum binding separation, however, the Langmuir adsorption energy of two apposing membrane patches is $(T/d^2) \ln [ (1+e^{\nu_1/T})(1+e^{\nu_2 /T})+ q \phi (1+ e^{(U_1 + \nu_1)/T})(1+ e^{(U_2 +\nu_2)/T}) ]$. As before, the effective particle-mediated adhesion energy of the membranes is  the difference between the Langmuir adsorption energies at large separation and the optimum binding separation. In the symmetric case with binding energies $U= U_1 =U_2$ and chemical potentials $\nu = \nu_1 = \nu_2$, we obtain
\begin{equation}
U_{\rm ef} \approx \frac{T}{d^2} \ln \frac{ 1+ \phi \left( 1 - \alpha
+\alpha e^{U/T} \right)^2 \, r/d }{ \left( 1+ \phi \left( 1- \alpha +
\alpha e^{U/T} \right) r/d \right)^2 }
\label{gamma3}
\end{equation}
with $\alpha = e^{\nu /T}/(1+e^{\nu /T})$. The effective adhesion energy (\ref{gamma3}) can be obtained directly from eq.~(\ref{gamma2}) by replacing the Boltzmann factor $e^{U/T}$ with the term $1 - \alpha + \alpha e^{U /T}$. For $\alpha =1$ where each membrane patch contains a receptor, the eqs.~(\ref{gamma2}) and (\ref{gamma3}) become identical. The effective adhesion energy (\ref{gamma3}) is maximal at the bulk volume fraction $\phi^{\star} \approx (d/r)/(1 - \alpha + \alpha e^{U/T})$.

\section{Discussion and outlook}

We have determined the effective interactions between two surfaces in contact with adhesive particles. Our results apply to a wide range of surfaces, which may be soft or rigid, and planar or non-planar. For non-planar surfaces, the local surface separation $\ell$ varies, and the total particle-mediated interaction energy is obtained by integration over the separation-dependent local interaction $V(\ell)$ defined in (\ref{VV}). The overall interaction potential of the surfaces is a superposition of the particle-mediated interactions with direct interactions, such as van der Waals, electrostatic and hydration forces. For large particle radii $d$, the particle-mediated interactions should dominate since the particle-bound surfaces have a separation close to $d+r$, where $r$ is the range of the attractive surface-particle interaction. The interactions induced by the particles then can be measured directly, e.g.~via the surface-force apparatus \cite{Hu04}, or inferred from the phase behavior of colloidal systems \cite{Baksh04,Winter06}.

The effective adhesion energy (\ref{gamma2}) has been obtained from two different models: (i) from a 3-dimensional lattice gas model; and (ii) from a more elaborate tube model for hard spheres. In both cases, we discretized the space in order to incorporate the hard-core interaction between the particles in an analytically tractable manner. In the lattice gas,  we discretized all three coordinates of the particles. In the tube model, the coordinate perpendicular to the two surfaces was taken to be continuous. As far as relation (\ref{gamma2}) is  concerned, the only difference between the  lattice gas model and the tube model is that they give somewhat different expressions for the dimensionless coefficient $q$. Thus, it is rather plausible that the effective attractive interaction (\ref{gamma2}) also applies to hard spheres with  three continuous spatial coordinates. This  proposition can be checked by Monte Carlo or Molecular Dynamics simulations, which have been previously used to study hard spheres confined between nonadhesive surfaces \cite{Chu94,Schmidt97,Schoen98,Fortini06,Mittal08}.

We have neglected that flexible surfaces such as lipid  membranes can wrap around adhesive particles \cite{Lipowsky98,Deserno03,Bickel03,Fleck04}. A partial wrapping  leads to effective, surface-mediated interactions between the adsorbed particles \cite{Weikl03,Mueller05and07,Reynwar07}, and to cooperativity effects in adsorption \cite{Hinderliter06}. We have also assumed that the receptors considered in the last section are rigid molecules and not flexible tethers \cite{Jeppesen01,Moreira03,Martin06}, which seems to be a good assumption for most biological receptors. In addition, we have neglected direct, long-ranged interactions of the adhesive particles, e.g.~electrostatic repulsion of charged particles. At small bulk concentrations of the particles, repulsive interactions will mainly affect the packing density of the adsorbed particles and, thus, the concentration of available binding sites.
For charged solutes, such as multivalent ions \cite{Franke06} or charged proteins \cite{May00} adhering to lipid membranes, the average particle separation at maximum surface coverage is affected by the salt-dependent screening length of the solutes at the surfaces.

Thermal shape fluctuations of lipid membranes lead to an unbinding transition if the fluctuation-induced repulsion exceeds  the effective adhesion energy $U_{\rm ef}$. The character of the transition depends on the barrier in the effective adhesion potential. According to scaling arguments \cite{Lipowsky94}, the unbinding transition of the membranes is discontinuous for strong barriers with $U_{\rm ba} l_{\rm ba}^2 > c \, T^2/\kappa$  where $c$ is a dimensionless coefficient of order $0.01$ \cite{Weikl02}, and continuous for weak potential barriers. The thickness of the barrier here is $l_{\rm ba} \approx d$, see fig.~\ref{Vef1}, and $\kappa$ is the bending rigidity of the lipid membranes.  At the optimum bulk volume fraction $\phi^{\star} \approx  e^{-U/T} \, d/r$, the effective barrier strength is $U_{\rm ba}d^2  \approx 0.3 \, T$ and thus clearly beyond the threshold for discontinuous unbinding, since the bending rigidity of lipid membranes typically is between 10 and 20~$T$.

In this letter, we have considered equilibrium aspects of adhesion. The unbinding dynamics of surfaces with multiple receptor-ligand bonds under a pulling force has been studied in \cite{Seifert00and02,Prechtel02,Erdmann04}. If receptors in apposing surfaces are connected via adhesive solutes, each bond between the surfaces consists of two molecular bonds in series. Such serial bonds can break at either of their bonds, and therefore have been found to break earlier than single receptor-ligand bonds under an applied force \cite{Saterbak96,Orsello01}.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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After a week of looking at the ocean and mountains in Cape Town, my boyfriend and I took a short flight to Johannesburg. Joburg has a different vibe from Cape Town - it is, after all the largest city in South Africa. Since our return, many friends and family members have been asking us about the general safety and security of South Africa. Honestly, we are aware that South Africa does not have a good reputation when it comes to safety. But even the safest place on earth can be dangerous, right? Just be sure to take the usual precautions and everything should be fine!
South Africans, based on my observations, are usually cautious and curious. They tend to look intimidating but they are mostly warm and friendly when the ice is broken. A cashier at a grocery store asked me to share my recipe after she saw the produce I bought. We spent 20 minutes talking and laughing and I gained a free Afrikaans language lesson! Though I was the only Asian lady in a sea of South Africans, I didn't feel even the least bit intimidated. Instead, I felt safe.
I love how travelling can change a person's perspective. I could go on and on about my trip to South Africa because I have too many good stories to share. My heart is warm and fuzzy, and I'm just beyond glad that my dream destination turned out to be a complete dream come true.
Warning: The post contains a lot of squeal-worthy pictures!
We chose to stay on a farm that is 3 hours away from the city of Joburg. Rosemary Hill Farm has a top notch security team and we felt very safe during our stay. We decided to rent mountain bikes to explore the farm. If you love biking and are always in for a challenge, I highly recommend exploring the longest trail. I am a pretty bad cyclist and after 10km, I returned with a very sore bottom. But, I felt extremely accomplished!
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After the farm stay, we stayed at an Airbnb apartment that was opposite one of the most popular art scenes in Johannesberg - Arts on Main at Maboneng. They say that Maboneng used to be a neighbourhood of crime but that's all in the past. The vibe is great and you can find many artists, offices, and cool cafes around. Do try the food at the weekend market - Market on Main. Grab a plate of seafood paella, grilled haloumi pita and wash it down with a pint of cold beer.
Thank you South Africa, for being such a dream come true. I'll be back someday!


text:
<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace League\CommonMark\Tests\Unit\Normalizer;

use League\CommonMark\Normalizer\SlugNormalizer;
use League\CommonMark\Normalizer\UniqueSlugNormalizer;
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

final class UniqueSlugNormalizerTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testNormalize(): void
    {
        $normalizer = new UniqueSlugNormalizer(new SlugNormalizer());

        $this->assertSame('test', $normalizer->normalize('test'));
        $this->assertSame('test-1', $normalizer->normalize('test'));
        $this->assertSame('test-2', $normalizer->normalize('test'));
        $this->assertSame('test-3', $normalizer->normalize('test'));

        $normalizer->clearHistory();

        $this->assertSame('test', $normalizer->normalize('test'));
        $this->assertSame('test-1', $normalizer->normalize('test'));
        $this->assertSame('test-2', $normalizer->normalize('test'));
        $this->assertSame('test-3', $normalizer->normalize('test'));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A full template and example to help you write a citation for a Book in the Harvard style. Create your citations, reference lists and bibliographies automatically using the APA, MLA, Chicago, or Harvard referencing styles. This is a guide on how to write references for various documents Oxford style intended for footnotes with complete bibliographic information (see Citing references Oxford) and reference lists.
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There are many good referencing guides for Harvard styles since it is one of the most used, and some are given in the section on recommended books, It's an especially good idea to use page numbers when you reference books, as a book can be many hundreds of pages long making the information very difficult to find.
Referencing the page numbers of journals is usually not necessary, and of course, websites don't have page numbers. This is a guide how to write references intended for reference lists formatted according to the Harvard style for various documents.
Books with one Author. Include (if available): authors last name and first name; year of publication; title; edition (if not 1st); place of publication and publisher. Example Bryman, Alan. 2008. APA Reference List Examples Book with Single Author: Gore, A. (2006). An inconvenient truth: The planetary emergency of global warming and what EasyBib reference guide to book citation in APA format.
The major changes include: Agreement to arbitration as sole means of legal dispute Aug 29, 2018 Edit Article How to List References. Five Methods: Sample Reference Pages List References in APA Style List References in MLA Style List References in Chicago Style List References for a Job Application Community Q& A Listing references can either refer to creating a page for references made in an essay, or making a page for references Note: When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use" pp.
" before the numbers: (pp. 121). This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references, except for newspapers.


Last summer, on my nonstop red eye to Las Vegas for an Esthetician's Conference, I found myself feeling surprisingly energetic. I felt like I could make it through another 18 hours, and had no worries about the busy day ahead of me: 8 hours of a class and multiple meetings with vendors.
After the long flight, I finally made it my hotel room, had breakfast, and immediately crashed in my comfy bed. "I'll just take a quick, hour- long nap…" I told myself. But when I opened my eyes, I realized I had only 30 minutes to get to class and I hadn't even checked in at the conference registration yet!
After walking one mile to the exhibit hall from my hotel in 95 degree weather, I felt like I had melted… The second mile from the registration desk to the classroom drained any energy I had left.
"Why did I do this to myself?" I kept thinking on the way. I knew I should have caught an evening flight and had a whole night's worth of beauty rest before the long day. Unfortunately, things don't always work out that way. Keeping up with work as a business owner and finding a convenient flight from Alaska to Nevada is a difficult task.
I had a really hard time for the first part of my class, "I just need to keep my eyes open and save myself the embarrassment of falling asleep." Thankfully the class was taught by a world-renowned professor, who was engaging and provided a lot of interesting information.
During break, I headed to the exhibit hall hoping to get energized. I met a wonderful vendor of the Amethyst BioMat, who offered a 15 minute trial session. At that point, I had nothing to lose and didn't want to turn away an opportunity for a quick nap.
As soon as I laid down on the Biomat, I began to feel vibration all over my body. "It's probably just my fatigued body trying to relax," I thought to myself, not believing that this FDA approved, scientifically proven form of physical therapy had an effect on me. At the end of my session, I thanked the vendor and hurried to meet others. To my pleasant surprise, I immediately felt refreshed and rejuvenated, as if I had slept all night long! Just 15 minutes of the Amethyst BioMat treatment brought me back to my senses -mentally and physically. My mind was clear and focused, and all the neck and back tension from my long flight had disappeared.
Because of the Amethyst BioMat session, I was able to not just make it through the day and productively participate in the second half of my class, but to also go out and enjoy the beautiful music on the Picasso deck at the Bellagio later that evening.
Today I am happy to introduce and invite you to experience the magic of Amethyst BioMat.
Come to Sonata Spa and try it yourself!


As small business owners we don't always have the cash flow to hire an expensive web designer to create the website of our dreams.
We are pround to announce that we are now accepting applications for The Glam Galore Holiday Bazaar!
Welcome to the Glam Galore Vendor Space. This is place for business owner's to get information, news, articles, tips and more!


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© 2023 by ACDS. Proudly created by Boost Midwest LLC.
Bill Yoder
Bill Yoder leads the Arkansas Center for Data Sciences (ACDS) team with a long standing reputation for building loyal, long-term relationships with business partners, client accounts, and staff members. Bill is guiding the ACDS team's effort to build a sustainable, long term catalyst for the future of data and computer sciences in Arkansas.
Crystal Arcicovich,
Chief Chaos Officer
Crystal Arcicovich brings a wealth of knowledge on leading teams and managing the daily operations of the business. At ACDS, Crystal will lead events & programs logistics as well as build out programs to allow ACDS to reach all stakeholders statewide and beyond. Crystal is a Little Rock transplant, relocating from Metro-Detroit, Michigan. Graduating from Walsh College in 09' with her BBA, majoring in Management, minoring in Marketing, she possesses a comprehensive understanding of business, with experience in accounting, event coordinating, sales and management roles.
Marie Stacks,
Director of Operations & Marketing
Marie Stacks is leading the ACDS operations and marketing during the strategic start up of the organization and will continue to develop organizational strategies as ACDS moves into the future. With nearly a decade of experience in organizational change, project management and process improvement along with a Master's from the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, she has provided companies both small and corporate level with expertise on building ground level practices and filling gaps in processes to assist in long-term, sustainable growth.
Lonnie Emard,
Apprenticeship Director
With over 35 years in the Information Technology profession, Lonnie Emard brings a versatile background to ACDS combining his leadership and technical knowledge with a valuable set of organizational design, human capital and business strategy capabilities to become one of the nation's leaders in the field. Lonnie's national experience will help set the foundation for leading a dynamic Apprenticeship Program for the state of Arkansas and surrounding areas.
Ashley French,
Ashley French, our Director of Talent Acquisition, has more than a decade of experience in successful IT Recruiting in Arkansas. A quality apprenticeship program starts with the talent pipeline, and Ashley has a proven background of establishing the process and achieving the results.
Lisa Wiggins,
Director of Client Relations
Lisa Wiggins serves as a Director of Client Relations and has more than 20 years experience in Training Development, Training Delivery, Business Sales, Marketing, and Event Planning here in Arkansas. Lisa has a track record of forging trusted relationships, and for ACDS her primary stakeholders will be Arkansas Corporations and Higher Education.
James Morgan,
Senior Consulting Editor
A former magazine editor, James Morgan is the author of five books, including one best seller and two New York Times Notable Books of the year. Morgan will produce the ACDS newsletter and will consult and advise on other communications tools and projects. For more detailed information on James Morgan's extensive work history, click on Publisher's Marketplace.
Katie Frazier,
After earning her Master's from Western Kentucky University, Katie Frazier returned to Arkansas where she shortly after was welcomed by the ACDS as a Recruiter for our Apprenticeship programs throughout the state. Katie brings a warmth and energy to the team with her passion to make a difference in her community.
Kelsey Hedrick,
Administration & Office Manager
Kelsey Hedrick is an Arkansas transplant from Tucson, Arizona. She has made Little Rock her home for the last ten years.
With nearly 20 years of office administration and management with a background in executive level support, Kelsey brings expertise in all areas of office operations and project coordination.
NEWS + NOTES


First edition, second printing. Octavo, original cloth. Signed by N.T. Wright on the title page. Fine in a fine dust jacket.
Paul: In Fresh Perspective comprises the Hulsean Lectures Wright delivered at Cambridge. These lectures, Wright says, are a further development beyond another small book he wrote, What St. Paul Really Said. In Paul in Fresh Perspective Wright hits themes familiar from that earlier book: the narrative of creation and covenant, Messiah and apocalyptic, and gospel and empire. The most controversial of Wright's emphases are those which have a bearing on justification. He is famous for arguing that justification is not about how you get into God's family; it's proof that you are in. It's God's declaration that you are, in fact, part of His covenant family. He thus questions the traditional Reformation doctrine of imputation. In the second half of Paul in Fresh Perspective, Wright takes Jewish theology as an organizing principle for laying out a Pauline theology, viewing it through the three primary lenses of monotheism, election, and eschatology. This is a work with a popular look but a scholarly appeal. It appears to be a forerunner to the fourth volume of what will likely prove Wright's magnum opus, the New Testament and the People of God series.
London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 2003.
First edition. Octavo, original original illustrated wrappers. Inscribed by the author on the title page, "For Keith with thanks for all your support and friendship Tom Wright." In near fine condition.
The Climax of the Covenant: Christ and the Law in Pauline Theology.
Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1991.
First edition. Octavo, original cloth. Signed by N.T. Wright on the title page. In fine condition.
Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman's Publishing, 1996.
First edition. Octavo, original black cloth. Signed by the author on the title page. Fine in a fine dust jacket.
Borg, Marcus & Wright, N.T.
San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1999.
First edition, second printing. Octavo, original half cloth. Fine in a near fine dust jacket. Signed by N.T. Wright on the title page.


Pointe Pest Control believes in providing you and the community we live with the most environmentally friendly pest control and management services. This attention to the environment ensures that your pest control will be handled in a way that not only rids you of bugs and pests but guards any adverse health and property side effects.
The team at Pointe Pest Control is committed to providing safe and environmentally conscious options to tackle even the toughest pest problems. We practice Integrated Pest Management; or IPM, which often includes non-chemical approaches to Pest Control.
We're not in the chemical application business, that's not always how you solve problems. Pointe Pest Control's approach is effective. We use inspection, monitoring and proper identification to determine the root cause of pest problems to find a solution.
If pest activity is already present, Pointe Pest Control's knowledgeable and friendly technicians will tailor a pest removal plan to suit your needs. Methods, products and frequency programs all depend on factors such as the pest type, degree of infestation and surrounding environment. There is no one-size-fits-all approach to smarter, more responsible pest control. If it's too good to be true, it probably is.
Schools, daycares, hospitals, restaurants, government agencies and more are all moving toward a smarter, more responsible approach to pest control by implementing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies and programs. We are proud to be a part of this revolution in pest control and look forward to providing you with the highest level of service quality and care.


Salt Lake City is committed to providing and facilitating funding for local food programs to enhance access to fresh, healthy, and sustainable food.
Community Gardens. Salt Lake City has taken measures to increase food production locally through community gardens and urban farming. It also has pledged full support of Salt Lake County's initiative to increase urban farming along the Wasatch Front.
Composting. Composting is nature's way of recycling. You can turn fruit, vegetables and yard waste into dark, crumbly, sweet-smelling soil amendment. Composting saves you money by lowering your garbage bill and avoiding the purchase of commercial fertilizers. The addition of compost helps your garden and plants, saves water and, by keeping it out of your garbage bin, saves landfill space.
Backyard Chickens. Salt Lake City has made changes to city ordinances to relax restrictions and allow residential chicken coops. Residential chickens benefit our community in a variety of ways while providing a sustainable, healthy and fun source of food.
Beekeeping. Residential bees benefit our community in a variety of ways while providing a sustainable, healthy and fun source of food. Playing a larger role in the production of the food on your table will help foster a greater understanding of and appreciation for what you eat.
SLC FruitShare. Salt Lake City contracts with the Green Urban Lunch Box to run the SLC FruitShare program. Residents can register their fruit trees to receive harvesting help. Surplus fruit is donated to local food assistance programs.
Food Mapping. Have you ever wondered how much food you could grow in your yard if you took the time to garden? The Food Map helps you find an estimate of your yard's food production potential and provides resources that will educate and empower you to grow more food.
Farmers' Markets. Community gardens, urban farms, public lands, urban plots, and even rooftops are all innovative ways to address food security, environmental issues, and the need for green space in an urban setting. They also support Salt Lake City's goal of increasing direct access to fresh foods and promoting community-based food production to minimize the environmental impacts of transporting food long distances. Click here for a list of farmers' markets in Salt Lake City.
Urban Greens Market. The Urban Greens Mobile Market was established by Salt Lake City, in partnership with Green Urban Lunch Box, Utahns Against Hunger and Utah Community Action Program's Real Food Rising. Check back soon for dates and locations. All locations accept SNAP/EBT and Double Up Food Bucks, meaning the Urban Greens Mobile Market will match what you spend with free Double Up tokens, up to $10, every market day. You spend $1, the market matches $1. Use the Double Up tokens right away or save for another day. Click here for the 2018 Urban Greens Market schedule.
Local First. Local First Utah is a not-for-profit organization that seeks to strengthen communities and local economies by promoting, preserving, and protecting local, independently owned businesses throughout Utah. Organized in 2005 by a small number of volunteer business owners and community minded residents, Local First Utah today has more than 2,700 locally owned and independent business partners, including citizens and government organizations across the state.
The Curbside Compost Container. It's not just for yard waste! Use your brown can to dispose of fruit & vegetable scraps, eggshells, tea bags, and coffee filters too.
SLC FruitShare. Salt Lake City contracts with the Green Urban Lunch Box to run the SLC FruitShare program. Residents can register their fruit trees to receive harvesting help. Surplus fruit is donated to local food assistance programs. Volunteers are needed to help harvest.
Backyard GardenShare. Get involved with this local organization that helps local neighborhoods rescue and share their surplus homegrown vegetables and fruit with local families, refugees, and immigrants who have little or no access to fresh produce. Fight hunger, reduce food waste, and build community.
Food Rescue US – Salt Lake City Chapter. Food Rescue US is committed to ending American food insecurity by engaging volunteers to transfer fresh, usable, excess food from grocers, restaurants, and other sources to hungry families throughout the US. Download the app and sign up as a volunteer or a business.
Wasatch Resource Recovery. This anaerobic digester will soon be available for business clients. Once operational in late 2018, this facility will process organic waste which includes food scraps, liquid waste and manufacturing food waste. The process will turn the organic matter into sustainable resources –– biogas and bio-based fertilizer.
Food Policy Task Force. The Food Policy Task Force (FPTF) is comprised of a diverse group of individuals and organizations interested in improving food policy in Salt Lake City. They are working to identify policy and program opportunities which will improve access to more fresh and nutritious food for all Salt Lake residents. The FPTF is also working to identify opportunities to expand urban farming, preserve open space and to empower residents to live more sustainably.
Culinary Incubator Kitchen. The "Square Kitchen" opened in 2018 and was started with seed money and project guidance from SLCgreen. Incubator kitchens are designed to give small food businesses a competitive advantage when entering or continuing in the local marketplace by providing an affordable certified kitchen space for food prep.
Local Microgrant Fund. Salt Lake City is proud to unveil a new grant program, offering $85,000 to spur local sustainable farming efforts. Just 3% of the fruits and 2 percent of the vegetables consumed by residents are grown in Utah, this program aims to support a more resilient local food system. The grant program allows area farmers, such as those who sell at the Downtown Farmers Market and Winter Market at the Rio Grande, to apply for funds to access technology, education, tools and equipment to grow more organic local produce. Examples include the installation of sustainable farming techniques, building hoop houses or greenhouses to extend the growing season, purchase of organic seed, continuing education for farmers, or sponsorship of labor costs.
Urban Farming. As documented in the 2013 Community Food Assessment, Salt Lake City has lost almost all of its agricultural land, while the average age of farmers in Utah has risen to 57. Furthermore, just 3 percent of the fruits and 2 percent of the vegetables consumed by local residents are grown in Utah. Launched in 2017, the Urban Farming Program works on four primary objectives: preserve existing agricultural lands, identify City plots that can be used for agriculture to support local food production, expand opportunities for young farmers, and to increase the amount of local, sustainable food available to the community. There are now three urban farms leased to local farmers on City-property. Read about one of them.
Community Food Assessment. To help make relevant and practical decisions about Salt Lake City's future, Salt Lake City embarked on a project to look at challenges and opportunity for a more sustainable local food system. Recognizing the need for more information about the current state of it's own food system, the City initiated a process to identify important information that could shed light on specific influences and impacts within the local food framework.
All food comes with a carbon footprint that we should be aware of so we can make informed choices.
In Utah, our food choices contribute to 25% of the household carbon footprint, and the impacts occur throughout the entire life-cycle of the food we eat. Therefore, understanding the food system allows us to make dietary decisions that have a direct impact on climate change, as well as our local environment and economy. Click here to learn more about Dining With Discretion.


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Prince Rupert Rampage
Charles Hays Rainmakers
All Native Basketball Tournament
MVP of the Week
Heart of our City
Heart of Our City: A counselor and a competitor
Roberta Edzerza has left a mark on the court and in the classroom
Feb. 18, 2019 12:41 a.m.
Whether she is in the classroom or on the basketball court, Roberta Edzerza always strives to make an impact both for her city and her family.
"I can't imagine living or working anywhere else," Edzerza said. "This is where my family is, this is where my community is."
Edzerza is currently the district principal for Aboriginal Education in School District 52. She is also a longtime basketball competitor and member of several All Native Basketball Tournament championship teams in the women's division.
She said that both passions were inspired by family early in her life, especially her mother Sandra Carlick.
Originally hailing from the village of Metlakatla, Edzerza says some of her earliest and fondest memories were of putting on her life jacket every morning to go on the ferry to attend school in Prince Rupert with Carlick, who was a teacher.
Carlick was also the one who introduced Edzerza to basketball and encouraged her to try out for her Grade 5 team.
Edzerza said her mother would also be the peacemaker for her and her younger sister, Judy, when they would play basketball against each other.
The two siblings would often play intense games against one another. Sometimes, the contests would start in the middle of the afternoon and continue until it was dark and the only light on the court came from the headlights of Carlick's car.
"Our mom would be the coach and referee," Edzerza said. "I did not take it easy on her and we pushed each other to be stronger and better."
After playing basketball in elementary and high school, Edzerza went to Capilano college where she played on the varsity team.
READ MORE: Basketball is a family business
Playing at the college level introduced Edzerza to a structure and discipline she carried with her for the rest of her basketball and teaching career.
"We woke up early, had practice in the morning, we'd go to school all day, have another practice and then would have shootarounds in the evening," she said. "And then there was more travelling every weekend or more practicing on the weekend. It was continuous, but it was good. I loved it."
In addition to playing for her college team, Edzerza was the first woman to play in the All Native Tournament on one of the men's teams.
In 1992, Edzerza suited up to play for Prince Rupert's senior mens basketball team.
"There was no rule saying that women can't play and someone encouraged me to go and play so I did," she said. "I asked the team if I could play with them and they agreed."
Edzerza played a few minutes in one of the team's final games, but said the point of her participation was not to try and score 30 points. Rather, she wanted to show the value that women could bring to the tournament.
"We were told that if we have a women's division, there weren't going to be as many people watching," she said. "But over the years, we have just as many fans if not more."
The following year, the All Native Basketball Tournament had a women's division for the first time.
Edzerza played in that tournament with a club team from Vancouver Island that made it all the way to the finals. In the tournament's final game against Kaien Island, Edzerza found herself matched up against her sister once again with her mother in the stands cheering for them both.
Even though Edzerza's team lost the game, she said she was happy to be a part of that moment and proud of her sister for performing so well.
"I was probably the first one to go over and congratulate her on the victory," Edzerza said.
In the years since then, Edzerza has returned to the tournament on teams from Lax Kw'alaams, Metlakatla and Prince Rupert. Along the way, she has made deep runs to the tournament's final games and won championships.
Sandra Carlick passed away before the 2018 tournament. It was hard for both Edzerza and her sister to play without their biggest fan, but neither could see themselves sitting it out and made a run to the finals with the Prince Rupert Rain.
READ MORE: Prince Rupert Rain make All Native Finals
"Mom would have been proud," Edzerza said.
She also returned to the community she loved to follow in her mother's footsteps as an educator. Edzerza taught and served as a counselor in School District 52 for 12 years before becoming the district principal for Aboriginal education.
She said helping young students grow as people and watching them develop has been one of the most rewarding parts of her job.
"Being in a small community, you can check in with them as they get older," she said. "You remember their names and they remember you when they see you on the street or they might be working and the just come to you and share about their lives."
To report a typo, email: editor@thenorthernview.com.
Matthew Allen | Reporter
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Roberta Edzerza is currently the District Principal with School District 52. Ezerza was also the first woman to play on an All Native Tournament men's team. (Matthew Allen / The Northern View)
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© 2021, Prince Rupert Northern View and Black Press Group Ltd.


In a small village up in the most northern part of Norway, there is a man called Leif. Leif (50) is depressed, lonely and boring, and he knows it. That's hard to change when you are depressed, lonely and boring.
One beautiful northern midsummer night, Leif wakes up and remembers what he's been dreaming for the first time in years. And he wonders - perhaps for the first time - if his dreams are connected to his real life.
Once Leif learns how to bring his consciousness into his unconscious world, he can affect his dreams. Is he going crazy or has he found something to live for?


A place so great to be.
And seeing the smoke I would breathe in the cold morning.
And the fog forms an orb all around you.
And the ground beneath me crunches due to frost.
And I hear a small stream flow in the distance.
And feel the soft scaly bark of evergreen trees beneath my fingertips.
And don't have anything else to do today.
I had just flown in.
Grab hold of my hand.
Intricate fingers laced together in holy union.
And transplant it into my being.
With the HD reality of your true self.
As intimacy becomes the sole thing on our minds.
And minds probing the essence of the beings before us.
Clean slate in which to instill my wisdom upon.
And the words are my colors.
To the faithful readers of these words.
Of another unsuspecting blank canvas.
Swift winds pile increasing pressure on the troubles already on my back.
Thick mean words of disillusionment continue to freeze my feet in its tracks.
The steady diet of fear of failure twirls my stomach in knots.
Depressed ideas are my only thoughts.
Clouds of sadness keep the warm sunlight at bay.
A final letter to loved ones before I depart.
A brave step I must take, my destiny now is clear.
Breath painlessly, relax, and watch it all burn.


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Home Immigration News Denmark Danish PM Turned down DF ...
Danish PM Turned down DF Referendum on EU Membership
June 2016, 25
Britain's exit from the European Union has led to Danish People's Party or DF calling for a referendum on Friday. This right-wing party called for a vote on Denmark continuing its membership in the EU.
"I believe that the Danes obviously should have a referendum on whether we want to follow Britain or keep things the way we have it now," said Kristian Thulesen Dahl, leader of DF party.
The DF is one of the three parties that support the single-party administration. The DF occupies 37 out of 179 seats in the Danish parliament.
Lars Lokke Rasmussen, Danish Prime Minister, rejected this referendum call stating, "We belong in the EU. I do not foresee that there will be a situation in the foreseeable future where we need to take a break with that".
According to the opinion poll, 59 % of Danes are against the referendum while 33% support the call to vote.
Nigel Farage, UK Independence Party's leader, said that Brexit would create a ripple effect. Beginning with Denmark, European countries will want to leave the European Union one by one.
For more immigration updates, follow us on Facebook, Google+ and LinkedIn.
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The outfits at this year's festival were pretty much as expected. (Except for Beyoncé's Balmain stage getups, which slayed…twice.) While cutoffs and crop tops were practically everywhere, double denim was another big trend. We also spotted lots of Victoria's Secret models sporting Victoria's Secret gear (natch) — it pays to represent a brand at Coachella. While the second weekend wasn't as jam-packed with stars, the second round of Beyoncé did bring out a few heavy hitters that were missing in action from weekend one. For all the festival fashion highlights, check out the slideshow above.