Java had been relishing the thought of having seen Jenny at her apartment earlier that day. Each time he closed his eyes, the Malayali beauty seemed to serenade and seduce him. He had started getting restless. To top it all, the devils in his head had not stopped bickering once since he had got back. Rather, they continued to talk of Jenny and her body. It wasn't that he was not enjoying it. It was that she was a suspect and a murder suspect at that. Such stuff was not supposed to happen now; at least not when he had called her and that Virus guy to the police station to be interrogated tomorrow. He wondered if the two would turn up to the police station in time more so if that Virus guy would turn up at all. He hadn't cared to send a constable down to let him know that he was supposed to be present at the station. He decided that if Cyrus did not turn up tomorrow by about 10, he would send a constable down to his house and have him brought over. He had no other option. He hated not having any options.
Meanwhile, the devils had increased their torture on Java. The visual scenery kept getting more explicit by the passing minute, the passion soaring to an extent beyond his control. No, shaking them off or asking them to shut up did not help. It only came back with a vengeance and much more explicit. It was sometime in the middle of the night when he decided he had had enough and jumped out of the bed. He seemed to have more sleepless nights ever since this case had come up. He attributed some of it to the grudge he had long nursed against Shekhar.
He got into the shower and let the voices in him take control once again. However, this time, he ensured he was directing them to talk what he wanted them to. He did this often when he got into a difficult turn in a case and could think no further. Today was one such day. He had planned to interrogate all the five suspects, especially Jenny and Cyrus ever since he had found that they had been lying to him. He was sure that there was a strong motive behind the murder. What he was not sure of was whether Naina was really the target or was it somebody else. Ahuja had mentioned seeing two people walk in and out of the room before Naina had been murdered. He also mentioned that there was nobody standing behind her when she collapsed. May be it was too dark for Ahuja to have really made out somebody's presence. Maybe there really was no one. Or it could have been somebody shorter than Naina. There were too many "maybes" at this point. He just could not point his finger to one person and say you are the killer.
Releasing all his pent up anger on the bike's kicker shaft while nearly breaking it, Java started his ride from his home to the office. He had been lost in his own thoughts so much that he had forgotten both his breakfast and tea. He turned back to stop by his regular store to pick up something to eat and a cup of cutting to drink. The shopkeeper knew more than enough on how to keep such customers happy. At least that meant that he was not harassed like the other shop owners in his area. Java, to him today, appeared to be in a somber mood. On other days, he would have probably chatted up and passed on information or two. Today was not such a day. Quietly getting back to business, Java got back to his bike and was quickly on his way to work.
It was not the first time that Java had showed up early at work. His colleagues knew well that when Java arrived early at work, it purely meant that someone was a dead duck that day. They would maintain their distance and would do what they were asked to without once questioning it. Java glanced at the wall clock in his office. It was just about 7.30 in the morning. Relaxing back a bit, Java mentally went through the points that he had made a note of during the earlier interrogations he had performed. One technique that he had always found to have worked when a couple was around was to get both the suspects to sense that the other was breaking down and on the verge of confession. He wondered if that would work today. He had found Jenny to be a little weak when it came to emotions. No wonder she would always end up shouting at him. Cyrus, on the other hand, was different. Law schooling had taught him how to deal with the men of law. His romantic side had not come out yet.
At about 8, he assembled his team and decided on who shall be with him and what role shall be played by whom. He left the job of interrogating Jenny to a lady constable. The last thing he wanted was to get into a tussle with the Human Rights team about how to talk to women. The roles and role plays being decided, it was time to wait for Jenny and Cyrus. Interestingly, the two turned up together 15 minutes early much against the apprehensions that he had built up.
Not being of the kind to exchange pleasantries, Java got Cyrus into one room, while Jenny was taken to another to be questioned.
"Can we get straight to the point and be done with this? I have several things at hand to do than just sitting here all day," Cyrus interjected.
"Show it to me, I don't believe you. I have every right to know what evidence you have against me," thundered Cyrus.
"Show me Virus," said Java cutting Cyrus mid-sentence.
Java turned towards the door and walked out with his heels clicking behind him. Cyrus thought he had managed to scare Java away but before he could heave a sigh of relief, Java was back and he threw something on the table in front of him.
"I thought you knew that I knew this," he said.
Meanwhile, in the other room where Jenny was being interrogated, she was having no less a tough time either.
"We did not murder Naina…" Jenny said breaking into a sniff.
At the same time, Java who was interrogating Cyrus asked the same questions.
"Explore by finding your long lost father? Here in Mumbai?" said Java throwing another bomb on Cyrus by throwing the envelope that was found among Cyrus' possessions.
Cyrus was now beginning to get nervous. He thought that Java would not connect the dots and suspect him for murder of Naina, but this guy really knew a lot more than he had bargained for.
"Was he aware of my plan to make Shekhar suffer? Has he informed Shekhar about this?" Cyrus wondered.
Just then, a constable came in and whispered something into Java's ear. Immediately disappointed by the news, Java asked the constable to take Cyrus out and stepped into Jenny's interrogation room.
The shadow hummed these lines.


https://wildtracking.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/interview-with-an-adventurer.mp3 We had the distinct pleasure of meeting and talking with Don McIntyre, Australian yachtsman, polar explorer and living legend. Duncan, Dior, Xanthe and Monty took the chance to discuss Don's epic Bligh voyage and polar expeditions. We also discuss Don's plans for his new home at Nomuka Iki in the Ha'apai Group, Kingdom of Tonga.


Eleven percent of millennials demonstrated a relatively high level of financial literacy by answering over 75% of the index questions correctly. At the same time, 28% demonstrated very low financial literacy by answering 25% or less correctly. In fact, only 41% of millennials answered over one-half of the index questions correctly, compared with 51% of all U.S. adults (Figure 1).
A notable difference in financial knowledge exists between younger (ages 18 to 27) and older (ages 28 to 37) millennials; so, focusing on Gen Y as a whole provides a distorted understanding of the millennial financial literacy dynamic. In fact, financial literacy among older millennials more closely resembles that among Gen X. Older millennials answered 47% of the P-Fin Index questions correctly, on average, compared with 49% for Gen X and 41% for younger millennials (Figure 2). Analogously, 46% of older millennials and 48% of Gen X answered over one-half of the P-Fin Index questions correctly, while 35% of younger millennials did so (see Appendix Figure A1). The increase in financial knowledge with age is consistent with findings from other surveys and is seen across the entire population. People are confronted with financial decisions through their course of life which contributes to increasing the level of financial literacy.


The Ottawa Senators were founded in 1883 and the team is the 2nd team to use the Ottawa Senators team name. The Ottawa Senators are based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and compete in the Northeast Division of the Eastern Conference of the NHL. The Ottawa Senators play all their home games in the Scotiabank Place, which has changed names twice before. The Ottawa Senators have an impressive record, qualifying for the Stanley Cup playoffs 11 out of 12 seasons. The Ottawa Senators then proceeded to win the President's Trophy in 2003. The Ottawa Senators also appeared in the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals.


text:
module RailsEventStoreActiveRecord
  class EventRepositoryReader

    def initialize(event_klass, stream_klass, serializer)
      @event_klass = event_klass
      @stream_klass = stream_klass
      @serializer = serializer
    end

    def has_event?(event_id)
      @event_klass.exists?(event_id: event_id)
    end

    def last_stream_event(stream)
      record_ = @stream_klass.where(stream: stream.name).order('position DESC, id DESC').first
      record(record_) if record_
    end

    def read(spec)
      stream = read_scope(spec)

      if spec.batched?
        batch_reader = ->(offset_id, limit) do
          search_in = spec.stream.global? ? @event_klass.table_name : @stream_klass.table_name
          records = offset_id.nil? ? stream.limit(limit) : stream.where(start_offset_condition(spec, offset_id, search_in)).limit(limit)
          [records.map(&method(:record)), records.last]
        end
        BatchEnumerator.new(spec.batch_size, spec.limit, batch_reader).each
      elsif spec.first?
        record_ = stream.first
        record(record_) if record_
      elsif spec.last?
        record_ = stream.last
        record(record_) if record_
      else
        stream.map(&method(:record)).each
      end
    end

    def count(spec)
      read_scope(spec).count
    end

    private
    attr_reader :serializer

    def read_scope(spec)
      if spec.stream.global?
        stream = @event_klass
        stream = stream.where(event_id: spec.with_ids)                           if spec.with_ids?
        stream = stream.where(event_type: spec.with_types)                       if spec.with_types?
        stream = ordered(stream, spec)
        stream = stream.limit(spec.limit)                                        if spec.limit?
        stream = stream.where(start_condition_in_global_stream(spec))            if spec.start
        stream = stream.where(stop_condition_in_global_stream(spec))             if spec.stop
        stream = stream.where(older_than_condition(spec))          if spec.older_than
        stream = stream.where(older_than_or_equal_condition(spec)) if spec.older_than_or_equal
        stream = stream.where(newer_than_condition(spec))          if spec.newer_than
        stream = stream.where(newer_than_or_equal_condition(spec)) if spec.newer_than_or_equal
        stream.order(id: order(spec))
      else
        stream = @stream_klass.preload(:event).where(stream: spec.stream.name)
        stream = stream.where(event_id: spec.with_ids)                                                if spec.with_ids?
        stream = stream.where(@event_klass.table_name => {event_type: spec.with_types}) if spec.with_types?
        stream = ordered(stream.joins(:event), spec)
        stream = stream.order(position: order(spec), id: order(spec))
        stream = stream.limit(spec.limit)                                        if spec.limit?
        stream = stream.where(start_condition(spec))                             if spec.start
        stream = stream.where(stop_condition(spec))                              if spec.stop
        stream = stream.where(older_than_condition(spec))          if spec.older_than
        stream = stream.where(older_than_or_equal_condition(spec)) if spec.older_than_or_equal
        stream = stream.where(newer_than_condition(spec))          if spec.newer_than
        stream = stream.where(newer_than_or_equal_condition(spec)) if spec.newer_than_or_equal
        stream
      end
    end

    def ordered(stream, spec)
      case spec.time_sort_by
      when :as_at
        stream.order("#{@event_klass.table_name}.created_at #{order(spec)}")
      when :as_of
        stream.order("#{@event_klass.table_name}.valid_at #{order(spec)}")
      else
        stream
      end
    end

    def start_offset_condition(specification, record_id, search_in)
      condition = "#{search_in}.id #{specification.forward? ? '>' : '<'} ?"
      [condition, record_id]
    end

    def stop_offset_condition(specification, record_id, search_in)
      condition = "#{search_in}.id #{specification.forward? ? '<' : '>'} ?"
      [condition, record_id]
    end

    def start_condition(specification)
      start_offset_condition(specification,
        @stream_klass.find_by!(event_id: specification.start, stream: specification.stream.name),
        @stream_klass.table_name)
    end

    def stop_condition(specification)
      stop_offset_condition(specification,
        @stream_klass.find_by!(event_id: specification.stop, stream: specification.stream.name),
        @stream_klass.table_name)
    end

    def start_condition_in_global_stream(specification)
      start_offset_condition(specification,
        @event_klass.find_by!(event_id: specification.start),
        @event_klass.table_name)
    end

    def stop_condition_in_global_stream(specification)
      stop_offset_condition(specification,
        @event_klass.find_by!(event_id: specification.stop),
        @event_klass.table_name)
    end

    def older_than_condition(specification)
      ["#{@event_klass.table_name}.created_at < ?", specification.older_than]
    end

    def older_than_or_equal_condition(specification)
      ["#{@event_klass.table_name}.created_at <= ?", specification.older_than_or_equal]
    end

    def newer_than_condition(specification)
      ["#{@event_klass.table_name}.created_at > ?", specification.newer_than]
    end

    def newer_than_or_equal_condition(specification)
      ["#{@event_klass.table_name}.created_at >= ?", specification.newer_than_or_equal]
    end

    def order(spec)
      spec.forward? ? 'ASC' : 'DESC'
    end

    def record(record)
      record = record.event if @stream_klass === record

      RubyEventStore::SerializedRecord.new(
        event_id: record.event_id,
        metadata: record.metadata,
        data: record.data,
        event_type: record.event_type,
        timestamp: record.created_at.iso8601(RubyEventStore::TIMESTAMP_PRECISION),
        valid_at: (record.valid_at || record.created_at).iso8601(RubyEventStore::TIMESTAMP_PRECISION),
      ).deserialize(serializer)
    end
  end

  private_constant(:EventRepositoryReader)
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Drawing lines in HTML5/JS webGL using user input from text field I am currently working on project in HTML and js where I have a simple canvas and two text fields (x and y) with a button called "Draw".
Trying to get it to draw a line via the user's entered x and y intercepts onto the canvas with onclick.
The function I am calling with onclick is generateImage().
I can tell that the text fields are in fact receiving the users info. I tested this by using a window.alert to show a pop up with the info (i have it commented out for now).
At first I thought it had to do with how i set up my button, but after asking around I think this cannot be true:
<button type="button" onclick="generateImage()"> DRAW LINE!</button>

I have no more errors on the console.
I even had my professor look at it and he said that it looked alright. I am beginning to think that this is a problem somewhere else within the program. I am sure I am either a) being stupid/frustrated or b) seriously over looking something.
Here is some of my code.
One last thing. var x0=... and var y0 =...  I am aware that I will get a slope of zero and a line length of zero because they are the same..
My professor has told us to use this algorithm even thought it doesn't make sense to me. I would like to mention that I have also tried to hard code the x and y values and it still does not work.
Thanks
HTML

    <form action="demo_form.asp">
        X = <input name="X Value" type="text" id="Xvalue">

        Y = <input name="Y Value" type="text" id="Yvalue">

    </form>
    <button type="button" onclick="generateImage()"> DRAW LINE!</button>

Click "DRAW LINE" button to draw the line with custom X and Y coords

<canvas id="gl-canvas" width="512", height="512">

No Support... :(

</canvas>

***JS***

function generateImage()
{

        var x0 = document.getElementById('Xvalue').value;
        var y0 = document.getElementById('Yvalue').value;
        var x1 = document.getElementById('Xvalue').value;
        var y1 = document.getElementById('Yvalue').value;
    //  window.alert(x0);
    //  window.alert(y0);

        var slope = (y1-y0)/(x1-x0);

        for (var i=0; i<x1-x0; i++){

            var y = (slope*i)+y0;
            var x = x0 + i;

            myImage.setPixel(x,y, RED);
        }

}

function glInit(canvas)
{
    //makes our GL instance
    gl=WebGLUtils.setupWebGL(canvas);
    //gets and initializes our vertex and fragment shaders
    program = initShaders(gl, "vertex-shader", "fragment-shader");
    //sets the resulting shader program to use
    gl.useProgram(program);
}

window.onload=function init()
{

    var canvas = document.getElementById("gl-canvas");

    glInit(canvas);

    myImage=new Image(canvas);

    myImage.setImageSize(700, 350);
    myImage.clearImage();

    generateImage(myImage);

    renderImage(myImage);

}

function renderImage(myImage)
{
    points=[];
    colors=[];

    for (var i=0; i<pixels.length; i++)
    {
        var y=Math.floor(i/myImage.width);
        var x=i-(y*myImage.width);

        colors.push(myImage.getPixel(x, y));

        x/=myImage.width/2;
        y/=myImage.height/2;

        x-=1.0;
        y-=1.0;

        points.push(vec3(x, y, 0.0, 0.0));
    }

    gl.clearColor(0.7, 0.7, 0.7, 1.0);
    gl.viewport(0, 0, myImage.width, myImage.height);

    var posBufferID=gl.createBuffer();
    gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, posBufferID);
    gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, flatten(points), gl.STATIC_DRAW);

    program.vPositionA=gl.getAttribLocation(program, "vPosition");
    gl.vertexAttribPointer(program.vPosition, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
    gl.enableVertexAttribArray(program.vPositionA);

    var colBufferID=gl.createBuffer();
    gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, colBufferID);
    gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, flatten(colors), gl.STATIC_DRAW);

    program.vColorA=gl.getAttribLocation(program, "vColor");
    gl.vertexAttribPointer(program.vColorA, 4, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
    gl.enableVertexAttribArray(program.vColorA);

    render(program, colBufferID, posBufferID);
}

function render(program, colBufferID, posBufferID)
{
    gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

    gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, colBufferID);
    gl.vertexAttribPointer(program.vColorA, 4, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
    gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, posBufferID);
    gl.vertexAttribPointer(program.vPositionA, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
    gl.drawArrays(gl.POINTS, 0, points.length);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Currently, we have up to 150 visitors per Wednesday drop-in session.
Every visitor is provided with free all day tea, coffee and fruit. Also everyone has free access to many types of bread to take away.
Everyone has a free hot meal cooked on the premises.
Everyone has access to our free clothes and bedding store.
The most destitute are provided with a week's groceries, toiletries and baby items.
A caseworker to help and mentor service users.
A trained triage team to assist our caseworker and provide further support to our clients and supplementary help to our caseworker.
Table tennis, pool and football tables.
English Lessons and many other arts and crafts classes.
We have a link with the Octagon Theatre who come and join our clients to rehearse shows.
We provide instruction in such as gardening, bike maintenance and mural painting.
We provide vital free health checks with the BHA.
We have a free barber.
Everything we offer is FREE.


OSLO (IDN-INPS) - Nobel Peace Prize Day in Oslo dawned with clear and sunny skies on Sunday, but not everyone was celebrating. The Norwegian Nobel Committee's decision to award this year's Peace Prize to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) challenges Norwegian leaders to finally support a ban themselves, and now pressure is building on them to do so.
The Peace Prize to ICAN thrust the prize's own home country into a difficult, even embarrassing, position. Norway, in line with its NATO allies and other nuclear powers, have refused to support or sign a UN treaty to prohibit nuclear weapons that was adopted by 122 other nations last summer. Critics called that shameful.
It's indeed a paradox, not least for a country that otherwise promotes an image of being a major international promoter of peace. Norway is not only the home of the Nobel Peace Prize but also has played major roles in peace talks to resolve conflicts around the world. Norwegian leaders on both ends of the political spectrum also claim they strongly support disarmament and the "vision" of a world without nuclear weapons.
Yet neither Prime Minister Erna Solberg of the Conservatives nor her precedessors in Norway's Labour- or centrist-led governments have backed the UN treaty, and have in fact distanced themselves from it. Solberg congratulated ICAN on the Peace Prize when it was announced in October, saying ICAN had done "a great job in gathering civilian society" together against nuclear weapons.
Growing numbers of Norwegians also see the irony of promoting peace while refusing to ban nuclear weapons, with media commentators, lawyers and professors in Norway calling it "embarrassing," "un-Norwegian" and equivalent to a lack of understanding of Norway's international obligations. They've blasted Børge Brende, who was still Solberg's foreign minister when the prize was announced, and Ine Eriksen Søreide, who replaced Brende when he resigned to rejoin the World Economic Forum as its new leader.
Brende had even tried to get Norway's former left-center government to support the UN treaty against nuclear weapons when he headed the Norwegian Red Cross, before joining Solberg's government and changing his position. Norway's former left-center government, meanwhile, was led by the Norwegian Labour Party's leader at the time, Jens Stoltenberg, who's now secretary general of NATO and also opposes a ban on nuclear weapons.
"It's disappointing that the government stands firm with policies that the Nobel Peace Prize shows are politically and morally wrong and can't continue," Audun Lysbakken, a Member of Parliament and leader of the Socialist Left party (SV), told newspaper Dagsavisen. He's been among the most outspoken critics of Norway's failure to support a ban on nuclear weapons, while SV has been a longtime critic of Norway's membership in NATO as well.
Last week [earlier in December], Lysbakken managed to assemble a majority in the Norwegian Parliament to challenge the current minority Norwegian government's position. SV, Labour, the Center Party, the Christian Democrats and the Liberal Party agreed to ask the government to study the consequences of a nuclear weapons ban for Norway. It must both analyze the UN treaty's contents and what consequences it would have for Norway to sign it. The government will have no choice but to do so after the measure is due to be passed in January.
Lysbakken looked forward to attending the annual Nobel Peace Prize ceremony, just before he needs to have an operation and go on sick leave. Solberg and her government seemed to take the measure in stride.
Photo: ICAN, represented by Setsuko Thurlow and Beatrice Fihn, receives the Nobel Peace Prize Medal and Diploma from Berit Reiss-Andersen of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, during the award ceremony in Oslo. Copyright: Nobel Media AB 2017.


text:
NGOs fear more arrests with proposed law against fake news
February 5, 2018 March 13, 2018 HAKAM_Intern
KUALA LUMPUR, Feb 4 — Human rights groups have raised concerns that free speech could be curtailed by proposed legislation to curb fake news.
Suara Rakyat Malaysia chairman K. Arumugam said that in order for implementation of laws against fake news to be a success, the strengthening of other institutions like the judiciary and enforcement agencies had to take place first.
"The proposal to enact new laws to fight against fake news is also linked to the fight for greater freedom of expression because of the government's intolerance in using existing laws like the Sedition Act 1948, the Official Secrets Act 1972, the Communications and Multimedia Act, among others," he said.
Human Rights & Wrongs	Eric Paulsen, fake news, freedom of expression, LFL - Lawyers for Liberty, Suara Rakyat Malaysia
Enough with 'pondan' and other media distortions of transgenders — Eric Paulsen
January 30, 2018 March 13, 2018 HAKAM_Intern
BY ERIC PAULSEN
In the latest twist to the ongoing Nur Sajat saga, the well-known cosmetic entrepreneur bemoaned the preoccupation of the Malaysian Islamic Development Department (Jakim) and the public over her gender identity.
"This gender issue… is like the country's biggest issue," she wrote in Malay on her Facebook page. She continued: "Should Nur Sajat's issues really be the topic of conversation in this country? Think about it!"
Despite the public embarrassment, however, Nur Sajat's story represents an opportunity to start a conversation that has been put off for far too long. Transgender persons in Malaysia are often vilified by means of misrepresentation in the news media.
Opinions & Statements	discrimination, equality, Eric Paulsen, gender, LFL - Lawyers for Liberty, Trans Rights, transgender
Bilqis appeal: There are real crimes for govt to go after, say activists
PETALING JAYA: A human rights NGO has questioned the government's decision to appeal the acquittal of a woman who dropped balloons at an event attended by the prime minister and his wife in 2015.
Lawyers for Liberty (LFL) executive director Eric Paulsen also questioned the need to secure a conviction for a minor incident, adding that it was a "waste of resources".
"Surely there are real crimes for the public prosecutor to go after?
"He must not forget that he acts as a guardian for public interest. What public interest is being served by continuously appealing such a petty matter?"
Human Rights & Wrongs	'insulting behaviour' charge, appeal, Bilqis Hijjas, democracy, Eric Paulsen, High Court, human rights, LFL - Lawyers for Liberty, yellow balloon
Our prison system archaic, says Paulsen
January 15, 2018 January 19, 2018 Hakam_Volunteer
PETALING JAYA: The Home Ministry's censure of opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim for issuing statements from jail has prompted a human rights lawyer to denounce the Malaysian prison system as archaic. Pic drawn from Free Malaysia Today
Speaking to FMT, Lawyers for Liberty director Eric Paulsen complained that the Malaysian system was, unlike progressive systems around the world, still based on the principle of punishment rather than rehabilitation.
"If we look at more progressive prison systems such as those in the Nordic states, we see that the prisons are aimed at rehabilitation rather than punishment and this means that prisoners retain many of their rights. including free speech, internet access and even the right to vote," he said.
Deputy Home Minister Nur Jazlan Mohamed recently warned Anwar against issuing statements without approval from prison authorities, saying it could affect his jail term.
"Lately, several statements have been issued by Anwar and I wonder whether he really made the statements," Bernama quoted him as saying.
"If the statements were relayed through third parties and were not approved by the Prisons Department, then it is an offence that can affect the jail period."
Human Rights & Wrongs	Eric Paulsen, LFL - Lawyers for Liberty, Prison Act of 1995
Court to hear application over constitutionality of Sedition Act on March 19
Source: The Star Online
KUALA LUMPUR: A Sessions Court here has fixed March 19 to hear an application by Padang Serai MP N. Surendran, lawyer Eric Paulsen and cartoonist Zunar to refer constitutional questions to the court about the Sedition Act 1948.
Judge Zaman Mohd Noor fixed the date when the case was mentioned before him on Wednesday (Dec 10).
Lawyer Latheefa Koya, who acted for the applicants, said they made the application under Section 30 of the Courts of Judicature Act 1964.
Latheefa said since the Federal Court had not resolved the question of "intention" by ruling that it must be proven under the Sedition Act, they could in fact proceed with the issue.
In their decision, a five-member Federal Court bench quashed the 2016 landmark decision, ruling that intention must be proven in every sedition case.
The latest decision means that the law has reverted to its previous position, and it only needs to be proven that the accused had made the seditious statement, without the need to prove the intention.
Human Rights & Wrongs	Eric Paulsen, Federal Constitution, LFL - Lawyers for Liberty, Paulsen, sedition, Zunar
Independent judiciary: PPBM must keep its word, say lawyers
January 1, 2018 January 2, 2018 Intern Post
An independent judiciary is a welcome idea, as there is little transparency nor accountability in the appointment and promotion of judges, says Paulsen. – Pic drawn from FMT News
SHAH ALAM: To realise an independent judiciary, it is important for all parties within Pakatan Harapan (PH) to be of one mind, said human rights lawyer Eric Paulsen.
"As a coalition, it will be difficult for any one top leader to make decisions on his own.
"Therefore, if an independent judiciary is on PPBM's manifesto, then it is up to the coalition as a whole to keep that promise," he said.
He was responding to a proposal by PPBM chairman Dr Mahathir Mohamad, at the party's annual general meeting on Saturday, to restore the independence of the judiciary should PH take over Putrajaya in the next general election (GE14).
Paulsen said Mahathir must be reminded that it was during his administration that the judiciary came under its worst attack with the sacking of the then Lord President. Read more →
Human Rights & Wrongs	democracy, Eric Paulsen, independent judiciary
Judiciary should determine sentence, not prosecutor
November 24, 2017 November 25, 2017 Nur Farzana Md Yusof
PETALING JAYA: Lawyers for Liberty (LFL) today hit out at the proposed bill to amend the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952, saying it is for the judiciary to determine the sentence, not the prosecutor.
LFL executive director Eric Paulsen acknowledged that the bill allowed for the trial judge to sentence a drug offender to life imprisonment and whipping instead of handing out the death sentence.
However, he pointed out that this was only possible if the public prosecutor issued a certificate verifying that the convict had assisted an enforcement agency in disrupting drug trafficking activities within or outside Malaysia. Read more →
Human Rights & Wrongs	Eric Paulsen, LFL - Lawyers for Liberty, mandatory death penalty, Section 39B of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952
Opposition lawmakers, member seek to challenge constitutionality of Peaceful Assembly Act
Source: The Malaysian Insight
TWO opposition assemblymen and a party worker who were charged for violating the Peaceful Assembly Act (PAA) by participating in a street protest two years ago, have applied to refer their case to the Federal Court on constitutional grounds.
Kuala Lumpur High Court judge Azman Abdullah stayed the proceedings today and said he would decide on December 13 whether the case would be referred to the Federal Court.
Teja assemblyman Chang Lih Kang, 37, Semambu assemblyman Lee Chean Chung, 36, and former political secretary to PKR vice-president Tian Chua, Rozan Azen Mat Rasip, 40 were ordered to by the magistrate's court to enter their defence in August.
They were charged under Section 4(2c) of the PAA for participating in the "Kita Lawan" rally in March 2015 to call for opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim to be released and for Prime Minister Najib Razak to step down. Read more →
Human Rights & Wrongs	#KitaLawan, constitutionality, Eric Paulsen, Peaceful Assembly Act (PAA) 2012
Why treat children like hardcore criminals, asks lawyer
November 8, 2017 December 1, 2017 Nur Farzana Md Yusof
There must be a better way for the authorities to handle children who commit criminal offences, says Paulsen. Pic from FMT News
PETALING JAYA: Lawyers for Liberty executive director Eric Paulsen has asked why the home ministry is treating children like hardcore criminals by detaining them under the Prevention of Crime Act (Poca) and Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012 (Sosma).
He explained that these two laws are too harsh for children and are supposed to be used against serious offenders like terrorists or hardcore criminals.
"This is shocking. Surely there must be a better way for the authorities to handle these children who commit criminal offences. You can charge them under ordinary laws.
"Poca has detention without trial, which means somebody can be locked up for two years and another two years without evidence. It is similar to the Internal Security Act (ISA).
"As for Sosma, even though there is a trial, pending the trial, the child is not able to get bail. This can go on for many years," he told FMT. Read more →
Human Rights & Wrongs	Eric Paulsen, Gerald Joseph, LFL - Lawyers for Liberty, minors, Prevention of Crime Act 1959 (POCA), Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012 (SOSMA), Sevan Doraisamy, SUARAM - Suara Rakyat Malaysia, Suhakam - Human Rights Commission of Malaysia, The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
No excuse for Poca threat, say human rights groups
November 7, 2017 June 25, 2018 Nur Farzana Md Yusof
Paulsen: LFL is against all forms of preventive detention. Pic from FMT News
PETALING JAYA: Several human rights groups have criticised Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi's warning that enforcement authorities will not hesitate to use preventive laws to detain those suspected of involvement in money-laundering activities.
The Citizen Action Group On Enforced Disappearance (CAGED), Lawyers for Liberty (LFL) and Bersih 2.0 agreed that a lack of witnesses or insufficient evidence was no excuse to put suspects under detention without a fair trial.
This came after Zahid said the police, in particular, would not compromise when acting against those who allegedly participate in illegal activities such as misusing bank accounts to make illicit payments.
"If there are no witnesses brave enough to provide information, or if there is insufficient evidence to press criminal charges against the suspects, the police will not be lenient in using the Prevention of Crime Act 1959 (Poca)," he was quoted as saying. Read more →
Human Rights & Wrongs	Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, Bersih 2.0, CAGED - Citizen Action Group on Enforced Disappearance, Eric Paulsen, LFL - Lawyers for Liberty, Prevention of Crime Act 1959 (POCA), preventive detention

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Conway, South Carolina, United States
Coastal Carolina University is a dynamic public institution located in Conway, just minutes from the resort area of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.
8 Masters
10641 Students
M.Acc. Accountancy
M.B.A. Business Administration
M.Ed. Educational Leadership
M.A. Teaching
M.A. Liberal Studies
M.A. Writing
M.Sc. Coastal Marine and Wetland Studies
Hospitality, Leisure & Sports (1)
M.Sc. Sport Management
On the evening of July 23, 1954, a group of citizens met in the Horry County Memorial Library to discuss a daring proposal – the creation of a local college. The Coastal Educational Foundation, Inc. Edward Woodhouse begins his service as director of Coastal Carolina Junior College, taking the helm just nine days prior to the first day of classes on Sept. 20, 1954.
Coastal Carolina University offers baccalaureate degrees through 84 majors. Among CCU's graduate-level programs are 26 master's degrees, two educational specialist degrees, and two doctoral programs: the Ph.D. in marine science: coastal and marine systems science, and the Ph.D.
The most popular undergraduate majors are marine science, management, exercise and sport science, and communication. CCU boasts a growing array of internship, research and international opportunities for students, as well as numerous online programs through Coastal Online.
Career Services provides the following services:
College Major Consultation
Internships/Service Learning
In order to support you during your time with us at Coastal Carolina University, we offer many services to help you get the most of your experience.
CCU Alert & Chauncey Patrol
Coastal Carolina University considers the safety of its students, employees and visitors to be paramount.
Teal Goes Green
Sustain Coastal is committed to transform Coastal into an environmentally sustainable university through campus operations, student curriculum, engaging students through learning and outreach
Living on campus is one of the most significant experiences students will have at Coastal Carolina University. Traditionally, students spend more time in their residential community than anywhere else on campus. In their new homes they are challenged and educated by the cultural, diverse and intellectual exchanges that surround them daily.
The Kimbel Library and Bryan Information Commons serve as a vibrant, student-centered intellectual gathering place offering portals to information and ideas that enhance learning and research for a successful, engaging and diverse community of learners.
TEAL Nation is the collective notion of excellence, integrity and tradition that reflects who we are as individuals and a community. Coastal Carolina University is an exciting, ever-changing place in which students can learn, grow, socialize and become part of something bigger.
Our students fill the baseball stands at Spring Brooks Stadium, the home of the 2016 NCAA College World Series champions, pack Brooks Stadium to watch football, and visit the HTC Center to catch a basketball or volleyball game. Our "Chantourage" supports all 19 NCAA Division I teams, which also includes soccer, tennis and lacrosse. And for students who want to get in on the athletic action, there are dozens of intramural and club sports – from rugby to field hockey to surfing. Coastal even has its own rock climbing wall and a disc golf course.
With more than 190 student clubs and organizations to join, there is no shortage of ways for students to get involved on campus in areas that interest them most. The Office of Student Life is the gateway for involvement opportunities, leadership development and exciting entertainment. Intercultural and Inclusion Student Services gives students ways to embrace and share what makes them unique, because while our students are all a part of Teal Nation, they are all also unique individuals who hail from almost every state across the U.S. and from several countries around the world.
The E. Craig Wall Sr. College of Business Administration is accredited by AACSB International – The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, and the Spadoni College of Education is accredited by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) and is approved by the South Carolina Department of Education.
Shelby Ladewig rated 5 out of 5 stars
Studying at Coastal Carolina University was the perfect balance between education and starting your own life. The university offers a wide range of activities/clubs/organizations for the student to engage in leisurely or academically. Attending Coastal Carolina University was an amazing experience that molded me to be the person I am today.
do not go there
lot of admin staff but les support than expected


text:
MARKET REPORT: The vocal founder of Wetherspoons is silenced as sales lose fizz and shares fall 4.4%
By Lucy White City Correspondent For The Daily Mail
Published: 17:10 EST, 8 May 2019 | Updated: 17:15 EST, 8 May 2019
The vocal chairman of Wetherspoons was unusually quiet yesterday, as the pub group revealed sales which fell flat with investors.
Rather than packing his company's trading update with criticism of Remainer MPs and comments conveying his frustration with EU trade policies, Tim Martin, who founded Wetherspoons after buying his first pub in 1979, simply said he expected trading to be in line with previous expectations.
But this wasn't enough for shareholders, who have become accustomed to stellar sales growth.
Tim Martin founded Wetherspoons after buying his first pub in 1979
Shares fell 4.4 per cent, or 59p, to 1286p as Wetherspoons revealed like-for-like sales climbed 7.6 per cent in the 13 weeks to April 28, the third quarter of its financial year.
This was down from 9.6 per cent in the six weeks to March 10, and analysts at Peel Hunt and Liberum think it will have to push up prices to maintain profitability.
FTSE CLOSE: Markets on edge over trade war worries; ITV... The revolution starts now: Volkswagen opens order books for... Energy supplier SSE to cut 444 jobs at its retail arm as... Delays with new online probate service leaves bereaved...
Co-op Bank swings to near-£30m loss at start of the year but... House prices jump 5%, says Halifax, but estate agents warn... Wickes owner Travis Perkins says warmer weather boosted...
Wetherspoons, which has made a point under Martin's leadership of promoting British beer and wine, has opened three new pubs since the start of its financial year last July but closed seven.
As Martin toured his pubs in Edinburgh yesterday, it confirmed plans to open two more before the end of July. It has also spent £70.9 million buying pub property in which it was previously a tenant.
Lingering worries about a US-China trade deal kept a lid on the FTSE 100, which was up 0.2 per cent, or 10.53 points, at 7271.
Lingering worries about a US-China trade deal kept a lid on the FTSE 100, which was up 0.2pc, or 10.53 points, at 7271
Keystone Law, one of the UK's few stock market-listed legal firms, boasted soaring results. Revenue at the firm, which allows its lawyers to work remotely and has worked on cases such as Noel Edmonds' dispute with Lloyds Bank, shot up by 35.1 per cent to £42.7 million.
Profit before tax climbed 56.8 per cent to £5.1 million, and it added 50 more fee-earners to its books, and now has 277. Shares, however, dipped 2.2 per cent, or 11p, to 496p.
STOCK WATCH: Eqtec
Shares were rising in waste gas-to-energy firm Eqtec as it moved one step closer to building a new power plant in Billingham, County Durham.
It signed off on negotiations with Spanish infrastructure builder Cobra and Teesside haulage and recycling firm Scott Bros, which has agreed to help develop the plant.
The project aims to process some 200,000 tonnes per year of fuel derived from household waste.
Shares in Eqtec climbed 26.3 per cent, or 0.21p, to 1.01p.
Russ Mould, at AJ Bell, said: 'Keystone's shares are still trading at pretty much their all-time high after a terrific run.'
He said that although the dividend is growing, the yield – or how much dividend an investor gets compared with the share price – is relatively low at 2 per cent. But given its prospects, it may still appeal to growth-seeking investors.
Sales at the UK's fifth-largest car retailer, Vertu Motors, were driving ahead even though profit slipped by £5.1 million to £25.3 million.
Analysts at Liberum said the performance was 'resilient' in a difficult year. Revenue jumped by 6.7 per cent to £3 billion, and Vertu said it was drawing to the end of a three-year improvement plan which has seen it spend more than £85 million.
It now has 123 outlets in the UK, including three Mercedes-Benz and five Land Rover dealerships but chairman Peter Jones announced that he would be stepping down soon. Shares climbed 8.3 per cent, or 2.9p, to 37.9p.
Online Blockchain, the internet investment company, edged up as it announced it had started testing a new website which allows users to obtain digital currencies like bitcoin without paying. Shares climbed 10 per cent, or 2p, to 22p.
When it changed its name to include the word 'blockchain' at the end of 2017, its shares rocketed as much as 394 per cent. Investors were excited at the prospect of a company focused on new blockchain technology, which underpins digital currencies and has been heralded as a safer, more efficient way to do business online.
But for Argo Blockchain, another company which has tried to elbow in on the hype, enthusiasm appears to be waning. The digital currency firm has been affected by bitcoin's sliding value and, even though it expects to break even in the second half of this year, the market seemed dubious. Shares slid by 7.7 per cent, or 0.25p, to 3.5p.
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The Small Firms Association has called for 2 December 2017 to be 'Small Business Saturday' and has called on shoppers across the country to support small businesses in their communities.
"Small business must take every opportunity to offer the widest possible range of goods at the most competitive prices if they are to attract as many Christmas shoppers as possible. Today's shoppers are very value-conscious and, with prices down 8.4% in the last 36 months, there are great deals to be had in small businesses around the country," Spollen-Behrens continued.


Many experts agree that the happier your employees, the more successful your company. If your workforce is bad tempered, tired and demotivated, it is probably time to make some changes to boost your staff wellbeing.
We spoke to seven business experts who have been shortlisted in this year's, The Business Book Awards, to find out their top tips on how to do this.
"When we think about wellbeing we often think about the body and about helping with mental health. Helping the mind feel energised is really important too.
Set up a business book club and invite authors to speak or contribute via a chat forum.
"Staff wellbeing can be dependent on feeling valued and equipped with the CAPABILITY of being resilient in challenging circumstances. The suggestions below help us engender that capability within ourselves and others.
Firstly, we equip our employees with the knowledge and awareness to manage their own wellbeing, through communication and training, so they become more proactive and set healthier boundaries.
Secondly, we encourage our managers to support these new behaviours, so we create a culture conducive to employee wellbeing.
"Review the policies and procedures in place for flexible family-friendly working, to boost wellbeing and encourage retention of staff. Consider potential strategies, including job sharing and temporary or permanent changes to part-time hours, provision for working from home, annualised hours, discretionary paid leave and support with childcare.
"The working environment can have a huge impact on an employee's performance, mood and wellbeing. It also influences who fits in and who doesn't.
Employees want to work in an environment where they feel safe, secure and where there is trust. The majority of people spend most of their time at work, so you need to enjoy it.
Environment is about the atmosphere, the decoration, the cleanliness, the smell and the feel of the place. More importantly your environment should match your values.


Antares x3 Multi Coated Barlow Lens 1.25"
Very well made, multi coated 1.25" barlow lens giving 3x amplification to use with virtually any eyepieces with a 1.25" barrel.
If you want to get closer to the moon and planets with your eyepices, simply buy a x3 barlow lens to really magnify your image. Ideal for solar system.


Comprehensive list of Bethesda, Maryland based veterinary clinics and animal hospitals offering advanced medical diagnostics or pet treatment. Find a veterinarian for your dog, cat or other pet.
We're a holistic veterinary clinic delivering superb, holistic and integrated veterinary care for cats and dogs, and more recently tiny exotics: rabbits, rats, hedgehogs, ferrets, guinea pigs, and mice. Our focus is on keeping your pet healthy and promoting quality of life.
Our aim to Fairland Animal Hospital is to provide reasonably priced best quality veterinary medicine in a friendly, compassionate and consistent manner. Our primary emphasis is educating you concerning your pet's health care requirements. Our veterinarians and team will consider your pet's diagnostic and treatment options, prognosis and follow up care as well as educate you on preventive health matters.
Check back later for new content. Please be aware that we cannot access e-mail yet, so any e-mail sent to us will not be read or receive a response. Call us by phone--we will be more than pleased to talk with you in person! We couple this with a truly caring attitude and a friendly, knowledgeable team that wants to keep your pet healthy and safe.
On behalf of our whole team, welcome to the Veterinary Health Care Center, P.A. Pet owners in this area generally look upon their pets as members of their respective families. That is one reason why we know that your trust in us adds up to a special responsibility. Your pet will love you for it!
Take your veterinary practice to the next level with a seamless communication platform connecting your customers, your practice, and the high-quality products and services you supply. Plus, once you get began with Vetstreet, you're all set to add on automatic reminder postcards and pet ID cards. See how Vetstreet can benefit YOUR practice. Watch a brief overview or get more detail.
We're committed to providing the best in feline medicine. We specialize in cats only because a visit to an animal hospital is frequently stressful for a cat. Being feline-specific enables us to better accommodate our feline friends. The Clinic has a quiet, calm atmosphere that both you and your cat will appreciate.
Four Corners Animal Hospital was set up in 1957, and moved to its present location in 1963. Through Dr. Bowersett, Sr., and Dr. Bowersett, Jr., we currently have seen two generations of Silver Spring customers. In 1988, Dr. Bowersett, Jr., started working at Four Corners with his dad. He will be greatly missed by all who loved him.


JLab Audio FLEX Studio DJ Style Headphones with METAL Build, GUARANTEED FOR LIFE, carrying case and folding for easy travel.
JLab FLEX Over-Ear Studio Headphones Metal Build. Guaranteed Comfort. From the studio to the club, JLab Audio Flex Headphones bridge the gap between DJ club-mixing and studio-producing headphones. With ergonomic Form-Fit™ Earcups and a Stainless Steel Metal backbone, not to mention audiophile-loving, award-winning sound, Flex Headphones are the go-to for any music lover, record remixer, or bold city-goer. Endless Comfort: Form-Fit™ Earcups are ergonomically shaped to the natural outline of the ear. Say goodbye to the me-too, round earcups typical of headphones today. Plus with three-fourths-inch Cloud Foam, we guarantee the Form-Fit Earcups are the most comfortable headphones ever. DJ-Inspired Mobility: Fully embracing, ergonomically shaped earcups swivel 100° to provide optimum listening options: Spin tracks in one ear and listen to vibe of the crowd in the other. Plus the earcups tilt 20° for a cush, customized fit for long-term studio use. Supreme Durability: Built to last, Flex Headphones feature category-leading materials without the rock-star price. A perfectly molded Stainless Steel metal headband with ultra-plush half-inch Memory Foam™ cushion combined with iodized alloy earcups with Eco Leather offer ultimate resilience for vigorous use. Incredible Sound: JLab�s award-winning sound, C3™ (Crystal Clear Clarity) technology delivers a clean, crisp, immersive sound with vibrant highs, mids and drop it like it�s hot bass through pristine high performance neodymium backed 40mm drivers.
One of the lightest studio headphones, JLab Flex Headphones offer the optimal balance of durable materials and comfort. Industrial grade hinges allow Flex to collapse into the palm of your hand or in the included carrying case for easy storage.
TechPlay CTA99 Blue 3speed portable turntable with matching stand. AUX in and Headphone jack and built-in speakers.


text:
Personas

  Avatar Style for DiceBear

    Personas by Draftbit
    by Draftbit - draftbit.com

  While our code is MIT licensed, the design is licensed under
    CC BY 4.0.
  See license overview for more information.

    Read Documentation


Aldous ate the World: Happy 3rd Anniversary, Team Aldous!
Last Saturday, the sexiest blogger group on the planet Team Aldous celebrated its third anniversary with a bang. The event was a big celebration with delicious food, unlimited drinks, incredible performances and a celebrity host at a rooftop party. Three years ago, if you told me I would be holding something like this then I would have told you that you were crazy. But fast forward three years later and we celebrate a wild journey in building a group that I am looking forward to being with every single event. It ended up being one of the best events I have ever made despite the heavy rains.
With the absence of rice, we still had some carbs in the form of create your own pasta. I loved the pasta choices and for those who don't know, the brains behind The Royal Caterer is none other than Chef Boy Logro. That's right! Mr. Yum-yum-yum-ping-ping-ping is the man in the kitchen so you can expect nothing but good quality food from them.
The Pork Kebab is a favorite that is always served in Royal Caterer events. Now that Christmas is around the corner, their food is a must for all company Christmas parties. Your company won't have an unforgettable party without good food and they will take good care of that so call them now.
It was a good thing the Royal Caterer decided to bring out its Maja Blanca as it is something I always see in the 7 Flavors buffet spread. Every time I eat there, I never fail to get a couple and it is best when mixed with ice cream or buko pandan.
Maraschino Bakeshop delivered with their Chocolate Cheesecake and Red Velvet Cheesecake. Everyone enjoyed their sweet endings to this party. What a wonderful treat! Some of the bloggers even took home some in order to have their family taste it because it was that good. I definitely had a smile on my face when Team Aldous' Anxious Auntie Jel arrived with the cakes. I knew we were going to be headed to a happy ending and I was right. Who would not be happy with cheesecakes right?
Fantasy Kiosk provided a nice photo booth with a waterproof frame when it gets printed. There was one time when all 12 of us were able to fit in one picture and there is no better feeling than having all your friends in one photo as it will serve as remembrance of this memorable event in the future. It also showed how close we were as a unit.
Chichay Balagtas and AM^2 both performed and they were equally impressive. The best part has got to be Chichay's version of "Secret Love Song". She is definitely in a different level in terms of singing and she is still very young. There is no doubt she has a bright future ahead if she continues to pursue her singing career.
DJ Toni Tubero hosted tonight's event and I must say he did a pretty good job. I recommend him to anybody out there looking for a host for any event. His best lines were "Maglalaro naman tayo ng game...alam nyo ba un Pak Ganern?" and "Salamat sa Team Aldous Bloggers kasi kung hindi dahil sa inyo wala tayong audience ngayon".
I actually rewrote Parokya ni Edgar's The Yes Yes Show and me and Manfred sang our own version. It became a laughing stock to say the least as I ended up showing everyone that it is not really a good idea to drink before rapping. I loved my third verse though.
The night would not have been a wild one without some vodka shots from Wild Cocktails. They had some fine drinks for everyone whether they preferred alcoholic or non-alcoholic drinks. As you can see, me, Jen, Issa and Jenny all drank at the same time and we all had different reactions after it.
When the night was over, I closed the event with a speech. I told the group that we went through a lot and I mean a LOT. We have been to restaurants, waxing salons, cooking classes, food parks, beach trips, team buildings and even quiz nights. I promised them the best is yet to come and this is definitely just the beginning. I would not have done any of this with another group of bloggers. Long live the sexiest blogger group on the planet!


text:
Маріана Алькофораду ( або Mariana Vaz Alcoforado; хрещена , Бежа — , там само) — португальська черниця і духовна письменниця, автор «» (Португальські листи).

Біографія
Була дочкою землевласника з Алентежу. Бежа, її місце народження, була головним гарнізонним містом області та головним театром війни з Іспанією, яка йшла протягом 28 років з 1640 року після Португальської революції, і її овдовілий батько, зайнятий роботою в адміністративних і військових комісіях, влаштував Маріану на період її дитинства в багатий жіночий монастир заради її безпеки і отримання там освіти. У 16 років або раніше вона прийняла постриг і стала францисканською черницею, однак не займалася будь-якою реальною роботою і жила тихим чернечим життям у цьому монастирі з нестрогими порядками до 25-річного віку, коли зустріла Ноеля Бутона.

Ця людина, згодом маркіз де Шамільї і маршал Франції, був одним з французьких чиновників, які приїхали до Португалії, щоб служити під начальством гранд-капітана Фрідріха, графа Шомберга, який займався реорганізацією португальської армії. Протягом 1665—1667 років Шамільї проводив більшість свого часу в Бежі та її околицях і, ймовірно, познайомився з сім'єю Алкофорадо через брата Маріани, який був солдатом. Звичай у той час дозволяв черницям приймати і розважати відвідувачів, і Шамільї, якому допомогли престиж його військового звання і деякі лестощі, без особливих зусиль спокусив довірливу черницю. Незабаром про їх зв'язок дізналися, виник скандал, і, щоб уникнути небажаних наслідків, Шамільї покинув Маріану і таємно втік до Франції.

Листи до свого коханого, завдяки яким Маріана і стала відомою в літературі, були написані нею між груднем 1667 і червнем 1668 року і описували послідовно пройдені нею в житті стадії віри, сумніву і відчаю. Ці п'ять коротких листів отримали виключно високу оцінку завдяки своєму стилю як серед сучасників, так і серед літературознавців наступних століть. Листи врешті-решт опинилися у , який переклав їх французькою мовою і видав анонімно в Парижі у січні 1669 року. Ім'я їх авторки стало відомим тільки 1810 року. Сама Маріана Алкофорадо провела решту життя в монастирі, ведучи суворе чернече життя, 1709 року стала заступницею настоятельки і померла у 83-річному віці.

1977 року Хесус Франко на основі сюжету «Листів» зняв художній фільм «».

Примітки

Посилання
 Стаття в Encyclopedia Britannica (сучасної)

Португальські письменниці
Статті, що включають цитати з Британської енциклопедії 1911 року
Поверх спадщини
Клариски

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Rivière du Premier Rang (English: First Row River) is a tributary of the west bank of the Jean-Noël River flowing on the north bank of the Saint Lawrence River, in the municipalities of Saint-Hilarion and Les Éboulements, in the MRC of Charlevoix Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Capitale-Nationale, in the province of Quebec, in Canada.

The southern part of this small valley is accessible by the chemin du 1er Rang de Saint-Hilarion and the chemin du rang Saint-Nicolas (south side of the river) of Les Éboulements. The upper part is served by Chemin Principal de Saint-Hilarion and chemin des Pins. Forestry is the main economic activity in this valley; recreational tourism, second.

The surface of the Premier Rang river is generally frozen from the beginning of December until the end of March; however, safe traffic on the ice is generally from mid-December to mid-March. The water level of the river varies with the seasons and the precipitation; the spring flood occurs in March or April.

Geography
The Premier Rang river originates from Lac aux Bois Verts (length: ; altitude: ), located on the south side of route 138, in a forest area. This lake has two large islands which divides it in two, forming almost a large U open to the west. This small lake is located at:
  northeast of the village center of Saint-Hilarion;
  north-west of the mouth of the Premier Rang river.
  west of Saint-Irénée town center;
  north-west of Anse de la Grosse Roche on the north-west bank of the St. Lawrence River;
  south-west of La Malbaie town center;
  north of downtown Baie-Saint-Paul.

From this source, the course of the Premier Rang river descends on  on an agricultural and forestry plateau, with a drop of , according to the following segments :

  to the south by forming a hook towards the west, to a stream (coming from the west);
  to the east by crossing the Principal road, collecting a stream (coming from the southwest) forming a hook towards the north to a stream (coming from the northeast);
  south-east, up to Chemin du Premier Rang;
  to the south, winding greatly at the start of the segment, collecting a stream (coming from the west), curving towards the south-east, then going up towards the north-east by winding in end of segment, to its mouth.

The Premier Rang river flows on the west bank of the Jean-Noël River into a forest area. This mouth is located at:
  east of the village center of Saint-Hilarion;
  south-west of La Malbaie town center;
  north of downtown Baie-Saint-Paul.

Toponymy
The origin of this toponymy refers to the fact that this river flows largely in the territory of the Premier Rang of Saint-Hilarion.

The toponym "Rivière du Premier Rang" was formalized on March 29, 1989 at the Place Names Bank of the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

Notes and references

Appendices

Related articles
 Charlevoix Regional County Municipality
 Saint-Hilarion, a municipality
 Les Éboulements, a municipality
 Jean-Noël River
 St. Lawrence River
 List of rivers of Quebec

External links

Rivers of Capitale-Nationale
Charlevoix Regional County Municipality


GRANTING ACCESS TO OUR BUILDINGS IS SOMETHING WE TAKE VERY SERIOUSLY.
Treat your access devices and parking sticker as you would your driver's license.
All gates require an access device for entrance. New owners should receive access devices, parking stickers and a copy of the condominium documents from the previous owner at closing.
In order to park in the resident parking decks, you must display a current parking sticker in your back windshield. New residents should be sure to get current parking stickers from the previous owner, tenant or if needed, PTW management office. Peachtree Walk strictly enforces the parking policy. Vehicles will be booted or towed if improperly parked.
New residents must complete a Resident Information Sheet and E-mail it to or drop it by the management office. Once your resident information has been received, your name and telephone number will be added to the call-box directory.
If your access device is malfunctioning, click here: achristman@teammgt.com Include your name, unit number, telephone number and malfunctioning device number. Note that there is a charge of $30 to replace an access device.
One bedroom units receive one resident parking sticker. Two bedroom units receive two resident parking stickers. Resident parking stickers are renewed annually with an updated resident information sheet given to the management office in January. If you plan to buy a home at PTW, parking stickers(s) and access cards should be conveyed at closing. If you plan to rent, your landlord should provide the card and resident parking sticker prior to your move in.
See Condominium Documents for complete information concerning insurance, pets, balconies, noise annoyances, and more.


The Best and Cheapest Soil Mix For Growing!
This year, I challenged myself to fill our raised garden beds for under $20. Last year, we used Mel's mix to fill our two raised beds and vowed to find a less expensive way for the future. For those who do not know, Mel's mix is a great solution for square foot gardening. It consists of one part compost, one part peat, and one part vermiculite. The only issue with this mix is if you want to do this on a larger scale or with larger raised beds you will spend more money filling the beds than you will recoup over your first few years or gardening! The biggest issue we had was finding a good source of the vermiculite and had to order it online. We also sourced the rest of the fill from local big box stores and bought everything by the bag. All in all this turned out to be over $60-70 per bed that we filled and was way more than we were willing to spend. We knew that this year we needed a better solution and I hope we have found it! I spent a lot of time trying different mixes researching different options and this is what I came up with.
There are three main components of a good raised bed or gardening soil. The first is nutrients, you have to have a good base of nutrient rich soil. In our case we are using a composted manure for the majority and will also amend throughout the year with worm castings and our backyard compost. This provides all of the N-P-K macronutrients as well as the micro nutrients needed for most plants to thrive. Compost is available from local farms, big box stores by the bag, and free if you have your own compost pile!
The second component is something to allow the soil to retain water and also provide aeration to the soil. In our case we are using Spagnum peat moss to fulfill this need. Peat is one of the best things for retaining water and nutrients as well as providing aeration for the soil and roots. This helps to prevent the compost from clinging together and drying out and also provides needed air the roots of the plants. The peat moss was the most expensive part of the mix but since we aren't using that much we were able to still get some benefits of the peat without breaking the bank.
The last main components is something to provide drainage. In my case I chose to use sand because it is locally available, cheap, and does a great job at keep the soil loose and allowing water to drain through. You can get sand from any landscape supply for the best price or by it in bags just about anywhere.
The ratio that I chose to use is 60-70% Compost, 15-20% peat, and 15-20% sand. This gave me a nutrient rich soil that is light and fluffy, does not compact, and holds moisture very well. Only this years growing season will tell the full story of how well this works out for us, but just working with this soil over the past week has me with high hopes.
The total estimated cost for the this soil mix was approximately $ .92 per cubic foot. For our 3' x 6' beds it cost us around $14.00 to fill each bed. This is just an estimate and your costs will vary depending on time of year and how you are able to source the sand and compost. This is a huge leap in the right direction for us as we are expanding our small homestead gardening operation this year by quite a bit. With plans to double our gardens again next year this soil mix has the potential to save us a lot of money and provide excellent soil for our gardens!


What is every inventor dreaming of? To implement his idea into reality and eager to make money on it. Inventor can create working prototype or pre-alfa version, discover local market statistical data, ask friends and family opinion. Inventor makes video and description and post them to crowdfunding platform. Startuper can try to find 'angels' for seed investment or take credit in a bank. Every of these methods to get money have their own pros and cons. And there is one thing which unites all these ways - they are based on past world with those old rules and 'classic' fiat money.
It is time to create a new method and to change the rules according to the new abilities and challenges.
Statistically it is about 10% of startups that become successful businesses. Why 90% are failed? It happens because of lack of some factors for success. Fundaria creates environment to perform all needed conditions for an idea to be turned into successful business.
- Dev. Ideas Voting Sys.


Budapest Airport has certainly had a lot of reasons to celebrate in recent years. The airport has greeted a number of new airlines and routes, particularly its new transatlantic services, and its hard work resulted in the airport collecting the Routes Europe marketing award for the best airport in the 4-20 million category at this year's event in Bilbao. Seen here collecting the prestigious accolade were the airport's: Balázs Bogáts, Head of Airline Development; Máté Ritter, Airline Development Manager; Nikoletta Gerzanics, Travel Trade Marketing Manager; Eszter Almási, Airline Development Manager; Nikoletta Huszák, Airline and Property Marketing Manager; and Sándor Saly, Senior Airline Development Manager. With traffic up 15% in H1 2018, the airport could pass the 15 million passenger barrier this year.
The gateway to the heart of Hungary and indeed a major centre in Eastern Europe, Budapest Airport is an airport on the move, not only in terms of passenger traffic, but also for the fact that on 1 September it will play host to the Budapest Airport-anna.aero Runway Run, taking place at 11:00 on Runway 13R-31L. Besides this mass sporting movement, Budapest has been one of Europe's big hot-spots during the last few years, with it seeing passenger numbers skyrocket, even with the collapse of flag carrier Malév in 2012.
Budapest has been phenomenally successful over the past few years, with annual traffic growing from 8.52 million in 2013 up to 13.10 last year. This represents an increase in annual passengers across that period of 54%. Last year's traffic result meant that Budapest was the 42nd largest airport in Europe in terms of passengers processed, sitting just behind Edinburgh (13.42 million), but ahead of Gran Canaria (13.09 million). In terms of Eastern Europe, Budapest is the sixth biggest airport after Moscow's Sheremetyevo (39.84 million) and Domodedovo (30.66 million), St. Petersburg (16.15 million), Warsaw Chopin (15.75 million) and Prague (15.42 million).
For H1 2018, Budapest recorded a 15% increase in traffic, handling over 6.86 million passengers during the first six months of the year, compared with 5.98 million during H1 2017. If the airport is able to maintain this level of growth for the remainder of 2018, then it should register just over 15.07 million passengers this year. The best month for growth so far this year was March, with over 1.11 million passengers travelling through the airport's terminal, an 18% increase versus the same month last year.
Having increased its departing seat capacity from Budapest by just under 19% versus S17, Wizz Air has further strengthened its position as the leading airline in the Hungarian capital. However, one airline certainly making strides is LOT Polish Airlines, with the Star Alliance member reporting just under a 108% rise in capacity, a result of the airline adding a route from Krakow, plus basing a 787-8 in Budapest to establish flights to New York JFK and Chicago O'Hare. These are two of three new transatlantic routes for the Hungarian capital in 2018, with the other coming from new airline entrant American Airlines, with it having begun a daily service from Philadelphia in May.
Along with American Airlines, another new entrant to the Budapest market this year is Bluebird Airways, an airline which offers a four times weekly service from Tel Aviv using its 737-300s, with it having begun the city pair on 7 May when referencing Flightradar24.com data. Overall one-way departing seat capacity from Budapest in S18 has increased by 15% versus S17, matching with the 15% increase witnessed in traffic for the first half of the year.
With Wizz Air moving its Budapest flights from Frankfurt Hahn to Frankfurt, it means that latter German hub has overtaken London Luton to become Budapest's leading route this summer. Overall one-way capacity to the German gateway has increased by 44% this summer as a result of Wizz Air moving its service. In total, Budapest will have scheduled operations to over 130 destinations this summer, with the airport welcoming 13 new destinations since S17. The most high profile of those are the transatlantic services mentioned above, while the following have also been launched since the end of last summer: Krakow with LOT Polish Airlines; Paphos, Marrakech, Santander, Palermo and Valencia with Ryanair; Agadir and Stavanger with Wizz Air; plus Marsa Alam with Travel Service Hungary. The next new destination to be launched before the start of the W18/19 season is Târgu Mureș, a route Wizz Air will launch on 20 September.
Along with new destinations being added to the schedules, a few more have also seen strong capacity increases, with Tel Aviv (27% growth in capacity in S18), London Stansted (13%), Barcelona (33%), Helsinki (23%), Warsaw Chopin (16%), Moscow Sheremetyevo (60%), Rome Fiumicino (18%), Madrid (24%), Milan Malpensa (16%) and Doha (55%) being just a number of examples to witness double-digit seat capacity increases this summer.
With just under 2.02 million passengers travelling between Budapest and the UK in 2017, the latter is the largest country market from the Hungarian capital city airport, with the market showing continued growth in H1 2018, with 959,378 people flying between the two during the first six months of the year, up 3.9%. This summer there are six airlines flying between Budapest and the UK, with the leading provider of services being Wizz Air, followed by Ryanair. In total some 127 weekly departures from Budapest in S18 are destined for 13 UK airports, while a 14th will be joining the list in 2019 when LOT becomes the seventh carrier to serve the market, launching flights to London City.
Only one of the top 15 markets is showing a reduction in traffic for the first half of the year, with passenger numbers to the Netherlands down 2.6%. While Amsterdam (traffic up 1.3% in H1 2018 versus H1 2017) and Eindhoven (+4.0%) have both seen a rise in traffic, the drop has been a result of traffic to Rotterdam falling 42% when referencing Budapest Airport data. The decline has been a result of Transavia going from a six times weekly to a four times weekly rotation on the city pair.
Outside of the top 15 many country markets are reporting strong growth. Just missing out on a place in the table is Finland, with Budapest's 16th largest country market (250,179 passengers in 2017) seeing traffic rise by over 11% in H1 2018. Poland (17th; 239,109 passengers in 2017) witnessed a 14% rise in traffic during H1 2018, while Norway (19th; 23% growth in H1 2018 traffic), Portugal (20th; 82%), Ukraine (21st; 73%), Romania (22nd; 12%) and Qatar (23rd; 32%) also encountered strong double-digit growth.
An analysis of OAG Traffic Analyser data shows that the leading unserved destination Budapest in 2017 was New York JFK, offering an PDEW of 117 passengers last year. With this route now having been picked up by LOT, along with Chicago O'Hare which was the fifth largest unserved market, it means that the leading market not flown to directly from Budapest this year is Seoul Incheon, with over 46,600 passengers travelling between the two cities in 2017, up 30% from the demand witnessed in 2016. With Korean Air launching flights to Zagreb in Croatia on 1 September, could Budapest be the airline's next new market in Europe?
Along with Seoul Incheon, other strong long-haul markets currently without a direct service from Budapest include Los Angeles (41,600 passengers in 2017; up 24% from the level of indirect traffic in 2016), Miami (36,200; 25%) and Shanghai Pudong (30,000; 15%). The leading unserved market in Europe is Bremen, with 30,100 indirect passengers last year. It should be noted however that due to the close proximity of Budapest to Vienna, a two-hour 40-minute drive away, a number of passengers in Budapest's catchment leak to the Austrian airport for direct flights.
Budapest Airport's route map for S18 is certainly different to S17, with the major development being three US airports joining the network, with American Airlines adding flights from Philadelphia, while LOT Polish Airlines has based a 787-8 in the Hungarian capital to operate flights to Chicago O'Hare and New York JFK.


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The ATO will double the number of audits scrutinising rental deductions and has warned rental property owners to file correct rental claims this tax time.
The ATO has flagged its intention to make rental deductions a top priority. ATO staff will investigate and prompt taxpayers to amend unjustifiable claims. While no penalties will apply for taxpayers who amend their returns due to genuine mistakes, deliberate attemtps to over-state deductions can attract penalties of up to 75% of the claim.
- a deduction can only be claimed on interest (or a portion of the interest) of a loan to the extent the loan was used to purchase a rental property.
- repairs or maintenance to restore something that's broken, damaged or deteriorating may be deducted immediately. However the cost of initial repairs or improvements or renovations are categorised as capital works and are only deductible over a number of years.
-whether proper records are kept as furnishing fraudulent or doctored records may attract higher penalties and may also result in prosecution.


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Home » Latest Updates » What are the 3 types of bony fish?
What are the 3 types of bony fish?
By Amalia Bowden January 20, 2023 15 Mins Read
Do you know what type of fish is bony? Have you ever heard about the three subclasses of bony fish? Living Osteichthyes, also known as bony fish, are divided into three subclasses: Dipnoi, Crossopterygii, and Actinopterygii. But what are the differences between these three subclasses? Are salmon a bony fish? Why are they called bony fish?
In this blog post, we will explore these questions and provide you with a comprehensive overview of bony fish. We will discuss the characteristics of each of the three subclasses of bony fish, as well as what makes them different from one another. We will also look at the various types of bony fish, including salmon, and explain why they are called bony fish. Finally, we will explore the meaning of the term "bony fish" and how it is used in the scientific community.
So if you're looking to find out more about bony fish and the three subclasses they are divided into, then this blog post has all the information you need. Keep reading to find out more about these fascinating creatures and their important roles in the ecosystem.
Fish are some of the most diverse species in the world and come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. They are found in a variety of freshwater and marine habitats, and are the main source of food for many people. Bony fish, or Osteichthyes, are the most abundant type of fish and are divided into three different subclasses: Dipnoi, Crossopterygii, and Actinopterygii. In this article, we will explore the characteristics of each subclass and how they differ from one another.
Dipnoi
Dipnoi are the oldest group of bony fish and are also known as "lungfishes" because they possess a pair of lungs as well as gills. This allows them to survive in low-oxygen environments and to move onto land for short periods of time. Dipnoi are found in Africa, Australia, and South America and are usually solitary, bottom-dwelling fish. They have a fleshy, eel-like body with a long tail and a pair of pectoral fins. Some species of Dipnoi can reach up to 6.6 feet (2 meters) in length.
Crossopterygii
Crossopterygii, also known as "lobe-finned" fish, are the second subclass of bony fish and are characterized by their fleshy fins, which are supported by bony rays. These fins are thought to be the precursor to the limbs of land-dwelling animals. Crossopterygii are found in both freshwater and marine habitats and usually live in shallow waters. They range in size from a few inches to several feet in length. Examples of Crossopterygii include coelacanths, lungfishes, and the extinct Dunkleosteus.
Actinopterygii, also known as "ray-finned" fish, are the most abundant and diverse group of bony fish. They are found in both freshwater and marine habitats and range in size from small minnows to large sharks. Actinopterygii are characterized by their thin, flexible fins, which are supported by bony rays. These fish typically have streamlined bodies and large eyes, making them well-suited for swimming in the open ocean. Examples of Actinopterygii include salmon, herring, and tuna.
In conclusion, bony fish are divided into three subclasses: Dipnoi, Crossopterygii, and Actinopterygii. Each subclass has its own unique characteristics and can be found in a variety of habitats. Knowing the differences between these three subclasses can help you identify the fish you encounter in the wild.
What type of fish is bony?
Fish come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but one thing that many of them have in common is a skeletal structure made of bone. This type of fish is known as a bony fish, and is classified in the scientific order Osteichthyes.
Bony fish are one of the most diverse groups of vertebrates, comprising over 30,000 species of fish. This includes many well-known fish, such as salmon, cod, catfish, and eels. The distinguishing features of bony fish are their hard, bony skeletons, paired fins, gills, jaws, and paired nostrils.
Characteristics of Bony Fish
Bony fish can be found in both saltwater and freshwater habitats, and they have adapted to survive in a variety of conditions. They range in size from less than an inch to over 10 feet long! Bony fish have scales, which can range from smooth to ridged. Some scales are even armored, making them better suited for survival in their habitats.
Bony fish have gills, which are located on either side of their head and are used to extract oxygen from the water. This allows them to breathe underwater. They also have a pair of nostrils that are used to sense their surroundings and help them find food.
Types of Bony Fish
Bony fish can be classified into two main groups: ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish. The main difference between the two is the structure of their fins. Ray-finned fish have long, thin fins that are supported by rays of bone, while lobe-finned fish have fleshy, lobed fins that are supported by a single, central bone.
Ray-finned fish are the most common type of bony fish, and include species such as salmon, cod, catfish, and eels. Lobe-finned fish are much less common, and include species such as lungfish and coelacanths.
Importance of Bony Fish
Bony fish are an important part of aquatic ecosystems. They serve as a food source for larger predators, and some species are even fished commercially. They also play an important role in maintaining the health of aquatic habitats.
They are also important to humans as a food source and for recreational activities, such as fishing and boating. Many species of bony fish are also kept as pets in aquariums and ponds.
Bony fish are an incredibly diverse group of animals that can be found in a variety of aquatic habitats. They have a hard, bony skeleton, paired fins, gills, jaws, and paired nostrils. They are an important part of aquatic ecosystems and are also important to humans for food and recreation.
Is salmon a bony fish?
Salmon are one of the most iconic and recognizable fish species in the world. They are often associated with the ocean, but they actually spend most of their lives in freshwater rivers and streams. But is salmon a bony fish?
The answer is, yes, salmon are bony fish. Bony fish are a class of fish that have skeletons with hard, bony plates instead of soft, cartilaginous plates. The most well-known bony fish are the salmon, trout, and other members of the salmonidae family.
Bony fish have many adaptations that enable them to survive in the wild. They have a streamlined body shape and a large tail, which helps them swim faster and further. They have gills that allow them to extract oxygen from the water and a covering of scales that provide protection from predators.
Bony fish are also highly adapted to the environment where they live. Salmon, for example, are anadromous fish, meaning they spend part of their life in freshwater and part in saltwater. They migrate between the two environments, often traveling hundreds of miles. This allows them to take advantage of different food sources and habitats.
Salmon also have a unique life cycle. They are born in freshwater rivers, where they spend their juvenile years growing and maturing. Then, they migrate to the ocean, where they feed and grow to adulthood. Finally, they return to freshwater rivers to spawn and die.
What Are the Benefits of Eating Salmon?
Salmon is a healthy food choice, packed with essential nutrients and omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids are an important nutrient for the body and have been linked to improved heart health, better brain and eye development, and a reduced risk for certain diseases.
Salmon is also an excellent source of Vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium and build strong bones. It's also a great source of high-quality proteins, B-vitamins, and minerals such as selenium and phosphorus.
In addition to its nutritional benefits, salmon is a delicious choice for dinner. It can be cooked in a variety of ways, including baking, grilling, and poaching. It's also a great addition to salads, soups, and stews.
Salmon are an iconic species of fish with a unique life cycle and many health benefits. They are bony fish, meaning they have a skeleton with hard, bony plates instead of soft, cartilaginous ones. Bony fish have many adaptations that enable them to survive in the wild, including a streamlined body shape and large tail, gills, and scales.
In addition to being a healthy food choice, salmon is also a delicious and versatile addition to many meals. Whether you're looking for a nutritious dinner or a tasty snack, salmon is a great option.
Why are they called bony fish?
Fish are an incredibly diverse group of animals, with more than 29,000 species in the oceans and freshwater environments. They have adapted to their environment in a variety of ways, from the streamlined shape of tuna to the colorful displays of angelfish. One of the most notable characteristics of fish is that they are divided into two groups: bony and cartilaginous. But why are some fish referred to as bony?
What is a Bony Fish?
Bony fish are fish that have an internal skeleton made up of bone. This is in contrast to cartilaginous fish, which have skeletons made up of cartilage. Bony fish are the most common type of fish, accounting for more than 95% of all fish species. They are found in both marine and freshwater habitats, and they range in size from tiny gobies to the massive whale shark.
The majority of bony fish have a swim bladder, which is an organ that helps them to maintain buoyancy. This organ is filled with gases that can be adjusted to help the fish to stay at a specific depth in the water. Bony fish also have paired pectoral and pelvic fins, and all but a few species have bones in their fins.
The term "bony fish" is derived from the fact that these fish have an internal skeleton made up of bone, rather than cartilage. This is an important distinction, as cartilaginous fish, such as sharks and rays, lack an internal skeleton made of bone. This difference is due to the evolutionary history of these two groups of fish.
Cartilaginous fish evolved earlier than bony fish, and they were the only type of fish for millions of years. Eventually, bony fish evolved from cartilaginous fish, and they began to diversify and spread across the world. This evolutionary event is what gave rise to the modern-day bony fish, with their distinctive internal skeleton.
What are the advantages of having a bony skeleton?
A bony skeleton is advantageous for a number of reasons. First, it provides the fish with a sturdy framework to hold their organs in place and keep their body shape. It also helps the fish to move more efficiently through the water by providing a solid support for their muscles.
The bones also provide protection for the fish's internal organs. This is especially important for bottom-dwelling bony fish, which need to be able to withstand the pressure of the water. Finally, a bony skeleton provides a measure of buoyancy, which helps the fish to maintain its position in the water column.
Bony fish are an incredibly diverse group of fish that make up the majority of the world's fish species. They are characterized by an internal skeleton made of bone, which provides them with advantages such as protection and buoyancy. This skeleton is what gives them their name, and it is a defining characteristic of the group.
What means bony fish?
Bony fish, also known as osteichthyes, are one of the most common vertebrates in the world. They are found in freshwater, marine and brackish habitats, living in a range of depths, from shallow coastal waters to the deepest parts of the ocean. Bony fish are an incredibly diverse group, ranging from tiny minnows to large sharks, and from brightly colored tropical fish to plain-looking bottom-dwellers.
Bony fish have an internal skeleton made of bone, which gives them their name. This makes them different from cartilaginous fish, such as sharks and rays, which have skeletons made of cartilage. Bony fish also have scales, which are made of a type of hard, protective material called ganoin. In addition, bony fish have gills, which allow them to take in oxygen from the water.
Bony fish are an important part of the food chain, and they are eaten by many animals, including humans. They are an important food source for larger predators, such as seals, dolphins, and even some whales. There are over 25,000 species of bony fish, making them one of the most diverse groups of vertebrates.
Bony fish are divided into four main groups: ray-finned fish, lobe-finned fish, cartilaginous fish, and jawless fish.
Ray-finned fish are the most common type of bony fish and make up the majority of species. They have fins with slender, flexible rays, and their bodies are usually covered with scales. Examples of ray-finned fish include salmon, trout, and perch.
Lobe-finned fish have fleshy, lobed fins which are supported by bony spines. These fins give them more flexibility than ray-finned fish, allowing them to move in a more graceful manner. Examples of lobe-finned fish include lungfish and coelacanths.
Cartilaginous fish are a type of bony fish which have skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone. Cartilaginous fish include sharks, skates, and rays.
Jawless fish are a type of bony fish which lack jaws. They are usually found in very deep waters, and their bodies are usually elongated and eel-like in shape. Examples of jawless fish include lampreys and hagfish.
Bony fish have several characteristics which make them distinct from other types of fish.
One of the most important characteristics of bony fish is their ability to breathe underwater. This is because they have gills, which are a specialized organ which allows them to extract oxygen from the water.
Bony fish also have scales, which are made of a hardened material called ganoin. Scales protect the fish from predators and help them to move through the water more efficiently.
Bony fish also have two sets of fins. The first set is the pectoral fins, which are located on either side of the body, and the second set is the pelvic fins, which are located near the tail. The fins help the fish to move and steer through the water.
Finally, bony fish have a swim bladder, which is a specialized organ filled with gas. The swim bladder helps the fish to maintain its buoyancy, allowing it to float or sink in the water.
Bony Fish in the Food Chain
Bony fish are an important part of the food chain, and they are eaten by many animals. Smaller bony fish are eaten by larger predators, such as seals, dolphins, and some whales.
Human beings also rely on bony fish for food. In fact, over 20% of the world's animal protein comes from bony fish. Bony fish are an important source of nutrition, and they provide essential vitamins and minerals to people around the world.
Bony fish are one of the most diverse and widespread vertebrate groups in the world. They are found in both freshwater and marine habitats, and they play an important role in the food chain. Bony fish have an internal skeleton made of bone, scales, gills, and two sets of fins.
Bony fish are an important source of food for humans and other animals, and they provide essential vitamins and minerals to people around the world. Bony fish are an essential part of the global ecosystem, and they play a crucial role in maintaining balance in the environment.
Overall, there are three main subclasses of living Osteichthyes, namely Dipnoi, Crossopterygii, and Actinopterygii. Each of these classes of bony fish offers its own unique characteristics, with some species of fish being incredibly diverse in their appearance and behavior. With some species of fish living in freshwater environments and others living in saltwater, these different types of fish offer an incredible range of possibilities when it comes to exploring the world's oceans and waterways.
No matter what type of fish you decide to explore, one thing is certain: these amazing creatures have been around for millions of years and have adapted to their environment in some amazing ways. From the smallest freshwater fish to the largest predators of the sea, these fish are remarkable examples of evolution and adaptation.
So the next time you're out fishing, take a moment to appreciate the beauty of these incredible creatures and the incredible variety of life in the ocean. Bony fish come in all shapes and sizes, and with so many different species, it's impossible to understand them all. Fortunately, with a little bit of research and knowledge, you can gain insight into the fascinating world of bony fish and the incredible creatures that inhabit it.
bony bony fish fish


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Zhou Tianhua (; born April 10, 1966 in Jiangsu) is a former female shot put athlete from China. She competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, finishing in fifth place in the overall-rankings.

Doping
In 1993 Zhou tested positive for a prohibited substance and was banned from sports by the Chinese Olympic Anti-doping committee.

Achievements

References

sports-reference

1966 births
Living people
Doping cases in athletics
Chinese sportspeople in doping cases
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Chinese female shot putters
Olympic athletes of China
Athletes from Jiangsu
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade bronze medalists for China
Medalists at the 1989 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1991 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1993 Summer Universiade
20th-century Chinese women


The Sunseeker Motor Yacht RAY III (Ex Anya) was launched in 2013 and is 28m (91,10ft). She offers luxury accommodation for up to 9 charter guests, in 4 cabins.
The yachts interiors are welcoming, with an open plan salon and dining, ideally suited to socializing and relaxing. Large side windows and wide aft sliding doors allow for plenty of natural light and scenic views. Below decks are 2 guest cabins, comprising a master, VIP, double and twin with a Pullman berth.
M/Y RAY III has 2 exterior decks and offers numerous areas to entertain. Her partially shaded aft deck has alfresco dining and further seating, the space features direct access to the salon, as well as foredeck and stern swim platform. On the bow, there is a sunning arrangement and additional alfresco dining table. The Sunseekers upper level boasts alfresco dining, sun pads, seating, cocktail bar, and shade.
Twin MTU engines power the yacht with speeds of 23 - 29 knots.
Four cabins for up to 9 charter guests comprise a full beam master stateroom amidships, a VIP suite forward, one double cabin located on the port side, plus a twin cabin to starboard, with a Pullman berth. All cabins have TV entertainment and ensuite facilities.