text:
Ramco Announces Changes to Its Board of Trustees
DENNIS GERSHENSON STEPS DOWN AS CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES
ANDREA WEISS IS APPOINTED TO ITS BOARD OF TRUSTEES
FARMINGTON HILLS, Mich., Sept. 06, 2018 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- RAMCO (NYSE:RPT) (the "Company") announced today that Dennis Gershenson, the former President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, has stepped down from the position of Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Company and has informed the Board that he will not stand for reelection to the Board of Trustees when his current term expires at the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. Additionally, the Company announced the appointment of Andrea M. Weiss to its Board of Trustees. These changes are effective immediately.
"I am delighted with the progress that the Company's new Chief Executive Officer, Brian Harper, has made during his initial months at the Company's helm and with the leadership team that he has assembled," said Mr. Gershenson. "I am confident that the Company is in capable hands and that its future is bright, thus I am comfortable stepping away from the chairmanship and, when my current term as trustee is completed, from the Board. I will be dedicating my energies to interests I previously did not have time to pursue."
Ms. Weiss has extensive specialty retail experience having served in several senior executive positions with dELIA*s Inc., The Limited, Inc., Intimate Brands, Inc., Guess, Inc. and Ann Taylor Stores, Inc. She is the Founder and current President and Chief Executive Officer of Retail Consulting, Inc. and has served as its President and Chief Executive Officer since its formation in October 2002. Ms. Weiss is also the co-Founder and current Managing Member of The O Alliance LLC, a new branch of Retail Consulting, Inc. Ms. Weiss has served as director at NutriSystem Inc. since March 2013 and has also served on the Boards of Directors of Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. (since 2003) and has been a Director of Chico's FAS, Inc. (since 2009). Ms. Weiss also serves on several private advisory boards.
Previously, Ms. Weiss served on the Boards of Directors of GSI Commerce, Inc. from 2006 to 2011, Ediets.com, Inc. from 2004 to 2009, The Pep Boys—Manny, Moe & Jack from 2013 to 2016, Grupo Cortefiel from 2006 to 2007 and Brookstone, Inc. from 2002 to 2005. In 2016, Ms. Weiss was named by the National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD) as one of America's Top 100 Directors and in 2017, Ms. Weiss achieved NACD Leadership Board Fellowship status, the highest credential awarded for independent Board members.
About RAMCO
The Company owns and operates high-quality, dynamic open-air shopping centers principally located in the top U.S. metro areas. The Company is a fully integrated and self-administered REIT publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol RPT. As of June 30, 2018, the Company's portfolio consisted of 58 shopping centers (including two shopping centers owned through joint ventures) representing 14.0 million square feet. As of June 30, 2018, the Company's aggregate portfolio was 93.9% leased. For additional information about the Company please visit www.ramcoproperties.com.
Vin Chao
Vice President of Finance
vchao@ramcoproperties.com


text:
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namespace Grabber\Bundle\GrabBundle\Service;

use Grabber\Bundle\GrabBundle\Entity\Announce;
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/**
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We are looking for an Animator capable of doing 3D and 2D animations, to animate our next Animated Videos! The Ideal candidate will have excellent experience with creating 3D and 2D animations. Either with high-quality templates, pre-made elements or from scratch. See the attached screenshot to see the style we are looking for.
Absolutely No goanimate videos or any other videos using similar services!
Please include with your submission 3 and ONLY 3 examples of your best, most recent work. Videos must be 3D/2D Explainer videos ONLY!
Our Top Candidate will be a self - starter. Someone who has the creativity and confidence to come up with their own ideas/concepts for our video. Scene descriptions, of course, will be available.
Our top candidate must also have great communication and must adhere to strict deadlines and instructions! -THIS IS A MUST!
We don't want to have to wait for you to deliver the project only for it to have errors..
We are looking for someone who charges between $350-$650 for 2 15-second animations that include the storyboards, and multiple revisions.
Video File will need to be delivered in 1080p @ 60fps.
Include the word "TOP" in your submission so that we know you read and understand this brief in full. We are looking for an animator to start in the next week so we need to start interviewing now. We look forward to seeing your work!
We are hiring because of our next project, but also because we need to expand our team! We have tons of work for the right animator and would love to develop a long-term relationship with our new team member.
The work we have you do for us will belong to us, and we cannot allow you to share, copy, or distribute, any information we provide you regarding the project or the work you do under hire for us, as set forth in the default NDA contained within the Freelancer Terms of Service.
Hi I have read your project description.I have more than seven years of experience as an animator and motion graphic designer.I can deliver you a great quality work.I want to show you my work so please contact me.


This quantity comprises forty papers which describe the hot advancements in complicated regulate of chemical procedures and similar industries. the subjects of adaptive regulate, model-based regulate and neural networks are coated through three survey papers. New adaptive, statistical, model-based keep watch over and synthetic intelligence recommendations and their purposes are distinctive in different papers. the matter of implementation of keep an eye on algorithms on a electronic laptop is additionally considered.
KEY gains• Assists engineers in quickly studying difficulties and discovering potent layout equipment and mechanical requisites• Definitive consultant to the choice and layout of assorted apparatus kinds, together with warmth exchanger sizing and compressor sizing, with demonstrated layout codes • Batch heating and cooling of method fluids supported by way of Excel programsDESCRIPTIONThe fourth version of Ludwig's utilized strategy layout for Chemical and PetrochemicalPlants, quantity 3 is a middle reference for chemical, plant, and method engineers andprovides an unrivalled reference on equipment, procedure basics, and supportingdesign information.
In keeping with the profitable first variation, this ebook offers a common theoretical creation to electrochemical energy cells (excluding gas cells) by means of a finished remedy of the primary battery varieties - masking chemistry, fabrication features and functions. there were many adjustments within the box during the last decade and plenty of new platforms were commercialised.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Today Dr. Duke and spent the hour talking to author and former Jackman, Maine town manager Tom Kawczynski. The discussed a wide range of issues, such as the undermining of the Trump agenda from within the White House by Trump son-in-law Jared Kushner. They also talked about the degradation of the white race through Zio-promoted drugs and degeneracy.
Tom's new book, Someone Has to Say It: The Hidden History of How America Was Lost, can be found on Amazon or by going to his website at nationalright.us.
Click here and look for the show dated 5-24-18.


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text:
Disaster relief Disaster Risk Management
Press Release: USVI Hurricane Recovery and Resilience Task Force releases final report
Updated report incorporates hundreds of suggestions following public comment period
ST. THOMAS, US Virgin Islands: Today, the US Virgin Islands Hurricane Recovery and Resilience Task Force published its revised, final 273-page report to help guide reconstruction and resilience efforts in the Territory in the wake of Hurricanes Irma and Maria. Topics addressed in the report include government response to the storms, as well as recommendations for recovery and future resilience in: Energy; Climate Risks; Telecommunications; Transportation; Water; Solid Waste and Wastewater; Housing and Buildings; Health; Vulnerable Populations; Education; Economy; Nonprofit, Philanthropy and Voluntary Organizations.
The report includes 228 initiatives related to the USVI's continuing recovery and focused on improving long-term security and economic growth, with a special focus on critical infrastructure, public services, and increasing businesses' resilience in future storms and other natural disasters. The recommendations—many of which are already in the process of implementation—generally fall into four major strategy groups: harden infrastructure; reconfigure systems; change governance and regulation; and improve planning, coordination and preparation.
"I want to thank all of the Members of the task force who worked tirelessly to create this strategy and pathway to a resilient recovery. We are implementing these initiatives as we work with our federal partners and technical teams of both the Bloomberg and Clinton Foundations. The progress in the VI's recovery thus far has been remarkable because all of us, public sector, private sector, non-profit community and philanthropy joined forces on one objective; the rebirth of a stronger and better US Virgin Islands. I thank you all," Governor Mapp concluded.
The majority of the recommendations outlined in the report will be paid for with federal recovery funding. The two major sources are Community Development Block Grants for Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR) from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and various funds from FEMA. As of June 2018, the USVI is expecting $1.86 billion in HUD money ($1.09 billion for unmet needs and $0.77 billion for mitigation) and $2.47 billion in FEMA money. Implementation of the report will be led by a separate office. This office will release annual progress reports discussing updates and forward momentum on the implementation of initiatives in this report through 2021.
Following a 10-day public comment period when the report was released online and in printed book form from July 20 through July 30, 2018, the Task Force underwent a month of editing to implement community feedback and comments. In total, the Task Force collated over 500 comments from more than 100 readers throughout the Territory. Suggestions came from individuals, local government agencies and organizations, and federal partners. The final report incorporates over 1,000 changes in content and design, in addition to integrating comments and updates. The public comment period ensured that the Task Force's comprehensive recovery recommendations continue to be a community-centered effort.
"We received wonderful, thoughtful feedback that guided our revisions" Dina Simon, CEO of the Task Force said. "This report provides a foundation for the long-term effort to strengthen the US Virgin Islands for many years to come."
The final report can be accessed at www.usvihurricanetaskforce.org starting on Thursday, September 6. Hard copies will be available beginning the week of September 17 on St. John at the St. John Community Foundation and Long Term Recovery Offices Suites 201, 203, 205 at the St. John Marketplace, Third Floor; on St. Croix at Florence A. Williams Public Library; on St. Thomas at Charles W. Turnbull Regional Library; and at the Administrator's Offices on all three islands.
In October 2017, Governor Kenneth Mapp called for the Task Force to perform a qualitative and quantitative assessment of damage sustained from the September 2017 hurricanes and to outline risks facing the Territory from potential future natural hazards, including risks posed by climate change. The Task Force also assessed hurricane damage and outlined risks facing the USVI from potential future natural hazards looking ahead 30 years, including how climate science predicts those risks may evolve.
The Task Force was made up of local and federal government agency representatives, local officials, business and community members, as well as subject matter experts and thought leaders in business, economy and environmental science from around the United States. Members of the Task Force Advisory Committee volunteered their time and expertise to contribute to the recommendations. In addition to the feedback from public comment period during the initial draft release, the report was also influenced by more than 500 community members who participated in five community meetings across St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas, as well as two resilience workshops and many other special interest group meetings focused on housing and the economy.
President and CEO of the West Indian Company (WICO), Clifford Graham, led the Task Force Advisory Committee as Chairman, along with Task Force CEO Dina Simon, who previously served as a senior advisor to the Governor. Task Force activities were funded by a grant administered by the Community Foundation of the Virgin Islands (CFVI).
Contact: Dina Simon
Email: usvihurricaneresiliency@gmail.com
Website: www.usvihurricanetaskforce.org
Facebook: www.facebook.com/usvihurricanetaskforce/
Image credit: US Virgin Islands Hurricane Recovery and Resilience Task Force
Tags: Virgin IslandsHurricane
What lessons have been learnt from the 2017 hurricane season?
British Virgin Islands launches disaster notification app
Hurricane Maria death toll is over 4000 more than originally thought
The US should prepare for an even worse hurricane season in 2018
Puerto Rico officially increases death toll from hurricane Maria to 2,975


text:
Home Authors Posts by Diana Shaw
136 POSTS 33 COMMENTS
Australia Sets New Guidelines to Make Sports "Inclusive" for "Transgender & Gender Diverse" Athletes
Sydney, AU - Sport Australia has joined with the Australian Human Rights Commission and the Coalition of Major Professional and Participation Sports to establish...
Male, Transgender, Accused of Beating Woman Nearly to Death Over Political Discussion: Linda (né...
Mauston, Wisconsin, US - A 57-year-old man is accused of attempting to beat a woman to death with a baseball bat before going on...
Report Finds Most People Oppose Trans Athletes on Opposite Sex Teams; Female Athletes File...
Transgender Ice Pick Attacker Blames Violence on Ex-Colleague & the Community's Rejection of His...
Timaru, Canterbury, NZ - A man who savagely attacked his former colleague with a knife and an ice pick before beating the victim with...
Male, Transgender Employee Threatens Female Colleague With a Knife For "Misgendering" Him
New York, US - A man who identifies as a woman pulled a knife on a female colleague, held it up to her, and...
Transgender Rights Activist & Ars Technica Writer Charged With Sexually Soliciting Minors: Peter Bright
New York, New York, US - A man who dismissed concerns about the effects of the gender identity movement on women's and girls' privacy...
Male, Transgender, Confesses to Murder of His Male "Wife": Jessica Winkler
Englewood, Florida, US - A man who identifies as a transgender woman shot his spouse to death, and dug a hole in the backyard...
Guerrero, Cuauhtémoc, MX - Three men mercilessly stabbed and beat a woman to her death in broad daylight, witnesses say. At around 6:00 in...
Male, Transgender & Trans Activist, is Accused of Physical Attack on Women's Rights Campaigner
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK - A male, transgender individual and transgender activist who advocates violence against women who reject gender identity ideology has been accused...
The Transgender Community Decries Routine Job Background Checks & Jail Booking Procedures As Discriminatory
Men Who Identify as Women Banned from Women's USA Powerlifting Competitions
M. Brownstone - February 9, 2019
Opinion The old saying, if it sounds like a duck, walks like a duck, and looks like a duck, then it must be a duck....


"Kinderseiten und DSGVO: Das geht gut!"
The brochure "Kinderseiten und DSGVO: Das geht gut! [Websites for Children and the GDPR: That Works Well!"] provides information and assistance on the GDPR implementation for providers of online content for children. It was written by the German Association for Voluntary Self-Regulation of Digital Media Service Providers (FSM) in close cooperation with Dr. Stephan Dreyer, fragFINN e.V. and Seitenstark e.V. and supported by the Commissioner of the Federal Government for Culture and Media (BKM).
The publication addresses in particular providers of online content for children such as websites, apps and other digital offerings. The new regulations of the EU General Data Protection Regulation are explained in a way that is also understandable for laypersons. The obligations for providers are listed in a checklist with step-by-step instructions. The instructions for action for implementing them can be analysed on the basis of the content and functions of one' s own offerings and revised in line with data protection requirements. In this way, the handbook bundles well-founded legal information in a media pedagogical context for the diverse digital offerings for children in Germany.
Providers of online content for children make a significant contribution to children's first positive online experiences. The aim of the brochure is also to raise the awareness of providers for online data protection. As a result, this topic also attracts the attention of their target groups children, young people as well as parents and pedagogical experts. The guidelines also contain extensive references to further information and contact points for advice as well as positive examples. Further information: www.fsm.de/de/datenschutz-bei-kinderangeboten.
The brochure was compiled in close cooperation with the following partners: fragFINN e.V., Hans-Bredow-Institut for Media Research and Seitenstark e.V.. The project is funded by the Commissioner of the Federal Government for Culture and Media (BKM).


Are the lines on racism blurring?
CNN's John Blake looks at the evolution of racial language in the US and how words have ended the careers of many politicians and public figures.
A top exec leaves Netflix after using the N-word in front of black employees. A conservative commentator tells a black man he's out of his "cotton-picking mind" during a televised debate. Roseanne Barr makes a racist tweet, leading to the cancellation of her sitcom.
"So welcome, let's give a welcome to Macaca here. Welcome to America, and the real world of Virginia," Allen said.
Macaca is a derogatory term meaning filthy monkey that some white colonists in Africa had used to describe African natives. Allen later apologized, saying he didn't know it was a racial slur. But he was criticized so heavily by both Republicans and Democrats that he lost his re-election bid, and his political career -- which some said was destined for the Oval Office -- never recovered.
"There are very few people left in either party who want to nominate somebody who has a history of racial insensitivity," political analyst Larry Sabato said at the time.
Critics say President Donald Trump has given people permission to be openly racist. Consider these comments from the President: Some Mexican immigrants are "rapists." Democrats want illegal immigrants to "infest" America. Haitians and Africans come from "s---hole" countries. And some "very fine people" marched alongside white supremacists last summer in Charlottesville, Virginia.
Trump rose to political prominence on a racist "birther" conspiracy theory. He repeatedly suggested that the nation's first black President was an Oval Office fraud born in Kenya. The New York Times recently published a "definitive list" of racially insensitive remarks by Trump stretching back to the 1970s.
Jeremy Levitt, a professor at Florida A&M University College of Law who has written about Trump, says the President is a "fire-starter," someone who "accentuates our inner-worst biases."
"He's a racial arsonist," Levitt says.
When "Roseanne" was canceled after Barr's racist tweet, Valerie Jarrett -- the former Obama adviser who was the comedian's target -- said Trump was partly responsible because "the tone does start at the top." The White House didn't respond to requests for comment.
This constant barrage of racially offensive language causes standards to shift, says Jacob Levy, author of an essay titled "The Weight of the Words."
"Things begin to seem normal when they weren't normal before. Now you have a large population with more tolerance for racism than would have been publicly acceptable 10 years ago," says Levy, who is also a political scientist at McGill University in Canada.
It used to be different. Few people knew what Macaca meant when Allen used it in 2006, but it didn't matter. There was zero tolerance for any remark that was seen as racist.
Former NFL sportscaster Jimmy Snyder, known as "Jimmy the Greek," lost his job when he said that blacks were superior athletes because of breeding from slavery. And Trent Lott resigned as Senate majority leader in 2002 after he seemed to suggest that the United States could have avoided "all these problems" if it had remained segregated.
"The norm against publicly legitimizing Klan-type explicit racism was built up over a long time, calling on white Americans to be better than they were, partly by convincing them that they were better."
Somewhere in the late 1960s, most American politicians made an unspoken deal with the public. Dog-whistle phrases, or coded racial appeals, were fine: states' rights, forced busing and law and order. But raw racist rhetoric was no longer acceptable.
Wallace was a proud white supremacist whose favorite speechwriter was a former Klansman. The former governor of Alabama once vowed in his inaugural speech, "Segregation forever!" He won five Southern states and about 10 million votes when he ran as a third-party candidate for the presidency in 1968.
But by the time Wallace ran for president, the rules of racial rhetoric had already begun to change. The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated that same year. Race riots were spreading across America. And two monumental civil rights laws -- the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 1965 Voting Rights Act -- were already reshaping American society.
Trump's string of racially offensive remarks, though, unraveled that deal, Levy says: "There's so much desensitization to what Trump says that you can't stay shocked every day."
A new report says that anti-Semitic incidents in the country had their largest single-year increase on record in 2017. Trump's rhetoric and policies are driving a spike in hate crimes against Muslim and South Asian communities, another report says. And the Anti-Defamation League said that white supremacist groups are now hanging banners from freeway overpasses with slogan such as "WHITE FAMILIES MATTER," "'DIVERSITY' IS A CODE WORD FOR GENOCIDE" and "UNjew HUMANITY." Steve Bannon, Trump's former White House chief strategist, recently told a far-right gathering in France: "Let them call you racists. ... Wear it as a badge of honor."
Instead, many support Trump because his language allows them to be comfortable being white, says Ian Haney López, a law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and author of "Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class."
"He understands that his base sees whites as victimized, and (they) believe one of the primary ways that they are victimized is by being falsely accused of being racist," Haney López says. "Trump says things that border on being racist, and almost dares pundits to label them racist. And then Trump goes to his base and says, 'They're accusing you of being a racist.' "
If anything, Trump's language liberates people who felt constrained by political correctness, says Musa Al-Gharbi, a sociologist at Columbia University and author of an essay in The American Sociologist, "Race and the Race for the White House: On Social Research in the Age of Trump."
"He's weakened the stigma of being branded a racist," he says. "People feel like they can express themselves much more forcefully when it comes to immigration, crime or inequality. But this is not the same thing as actually becoming more racist."
Words matter. Language that dehumanizes another group can lead to all sorts of atrocities -- particularly when they come from people in positions of power, author Maria Konnikova wrote in a 2017 New Yorker essay on "How Norms Change."
What triggered the violence were the messages that came from people in positions of power and respect in Rwanda, she says. Hutu leaders took to the radio calling Tutsis "cockroaches." Konnikova wrote that "norms can shift at the speed of social life" when the wrong leaders command the public megaphone.
"To a great extent, the norms in Rwanda shifted so rapidly because they did so from the top: Influential radio stations broadcast a powerful, persuasive and constantly repeating message urging listeners to join killing squads and organize roadblocks," Konnikova wrote.
No one is saying Americans are poised to go after one another with machetes and commit genocide. But Americans don't have to look at Rwanda to see how dehumanizing language could make atrocities possible, says Jennifer Mercieca, a Texas A&M University speech professor and author of the essay "The Rhetorical Brilliance of Trump the Demagogue."
"If you look back in American history, one of the ways that Americans could convince themselves that it was OK to possess people as property is through calling them objects," Mercieca says.
Norms are fragile in a country like the US -- a multiethnic democracy where one group that subjugated another is poised to become the minority in the future, says Steven Levitsky, co-author of "How Democracies Die."
"I can't come up with a single example of a multiracial society in which there was a reasonable level of racial equality and everyone shared the same rights and democracy was sustained," Levitsky says.
In his book, Levitsky talks about a concept known as "defining deviancy down." It's why some say it's dangerous when a society starts accepting offensive language it rejected before.
"When unwritten rules are violated over and over, we become overwhelmed -- and then desensitized," Levitsky wrote. "We grow accustomed to what we previously thought to be scandalous."


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text:
Share this Story: U.S. says will buy initial 30 mln bbls of oil for strategic reserve
U.S. says will buy initial 30 mln bbls of oil for strategic reserve
WASHINGTON — The U.S. Department of Energy said on Thursday it will buy 30 million barrels of oil for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve as an initial step to fulfill President Donald Trump's directive to fill the reserve to help domestic crude producers.
The reserve, in caverns on the Texas and Louisiana coasts, has the capacity for an additional 77 million barrels. The solicitation for the first 30 million barrels will be for both sweet and sour crude oil and is focused on buying from small and midsize producers, the Energy Department said.
U.S. says will buy initial 30 mln bbls of oil for strategic reserve Back to video
The Energy Department will buy up to 11.3 million barrels of sweet crude and up to 18.7 million barrels of sour crude. The delivery date is from May 1 to June 30 and proposals are due by March 26, the department said.
Some of the funding for a full 77 million barrel purchase would have to be mandated by new legislation. The Energy Department said it is working with Congress to finalize the funding to support the full purchase, which could run about $2 billion or more, depending on prices. Oil prices rose nearly 3% on Thursday after a three-day sell-off sparked by the spread of the coronavirus and a price war between Saudi Arabia and Russia drove them to their lowest in almost two decades.
The Energy Department said the reserve can receive up to 685,000 barrels per day of crude. "With its extensive storage, pipeline, and marine infrastructure along the Gulf Coast, the SPR will help relieve oil-related disruptions to our economy," said Steven Winberg, assistant secretary for fossil energy at the department.
(Reporting by Timothy Gardner; Editing by Dan Grebler)


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With all of the many dumpster options and rental businesses out there looking for your business it can be difficult deciding on the selection that will best fit your needs. If you're looking to rent a dumpster in Dane, then you'll first want to be aware of the different size, weight and material capacities that can possibly suit your needs. It's not always about size options when choosing a dumpster to rent, but also the types of waste you're going to be disposing of and if they will result in additional charges. Throughout this document we'll review some of the options and the most common concerns people have when looking to rent the best dumpster for their job.
It's vital to consider the different types of costs you can encounter when renting a dumpster in Dane. The main costs in your rental will include size, weight and the composition of your waste. Possible permit fees in Dane are another consideration in your waste disposal efforts. You should always check with your rental business and ask certain questions before moving forward.
Roll-off dumpsters in Dane come in a variety of sizes and you will usually find rentals anywhere between 10 and 40 cubic yards. If you've never rented a dumpster previously you may be unsure of what size you require for your specific job. In general, a 10 yard dumpster will be suitable to clean out a garage or dispose of waste from a one room project. If you're simply cleaning out a large portion of clutter or doing some spring cleaning with a lot of smaller objects, you could likely get away with a 10 cubic yard dumpster. A 40 cubic yard dumpster would be best for a large home improvement job, such as replacing a roof, or construction work. Any decent dumpster rental company can assist you with this decision as well.
You might rent a dumpster that has a lot of space for your garbage, but you should also be aware of possible weight restrictions. A dumpster may look large, but you'd be shocked how much weight and space your objects can take up. Because of this, it's important to keep an eye on the weight of the objects you're throwing away, since no one wants to incur extra fees due to exceeding weight capacities. It's not just weight charges to be aware of, but also any added environmental charges that you could have to pay depending on the laws in Dane.
Before making a dumpster choice you'll want to think about the manner of items that you'll be disposing of. If you're only trying to get rid of a handful of appliances or furniture, such as couches, then you could probably consider a junk removal service that might be more effective. Sometimes you may just need to get rid of junk or debris in your garage, and in that case a 10 cubic yard dumpster could be ideal for that job. You'll want to make sure you inquire as to what types of waste might be prohibited by your dumpster rental company before making a decision. Things like big appliances, oil cans, antifreeze batters and grease waste are sometimes prohibited by dumpster rental companies in Dane. It's very important to ask these kinds questions when speaking with your rental company.
There are several different factors to take into account when figuring out the cost of renting a dumpster. Thankfully, most rental companies will give you an estimate at no cost, but you should still know how that is arrived at. Regardless of the weight in your dumpster, the bigger it is the more it will cost. This is because the bigger containers will require more manpower, fuel to transport and dumping fees, which the rental company will have to pay.
It's usually best to choose a dumpster company within the local area of Dane. This is because locally managed companies can save you a bunch of time and effort going through paperwork, since they will already work with local recycling and waste disposal businesses. They also know where particular waste materials can be disposed of. Take your time when looking for dumpster rentals to choose the best one for your job, and plan accordingly to provide your rental company with as many details as possible.


Professor of Philosophy. Professor Langsam works primarily in the areas of philosophy of mind and epistemology. He is especially interested in the nature of conscious states and their relevance to epistemic justification. He also teaches Nietzsche at the undergraduate level and human nature at the introductory level.
The Wonder of Consciousness: Understanding the Mind through Philosophical Reflection (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011).
"Nietzsche and Value Creation: Subjectivism, Self-Expression, and Strength," Inquiry 61 (2018): 100-113.
"The Intuitive Case for Naïve Realism," Philosophical Explorations 20 (2017): 106-122.


When Alten returned to the art colony in Old Lyme, Connecticut in 1911, he worked in a much brighter color palette and a more impressionistic manner than during his previous visit. Impressionism had become the dominant style of the Old Lyme art colonists.
Oxen and farmers gathering corn using a red cart. Tree and cows in background at right.


Anyone remember Radio Merseyland, Radio Free Liverpool, Radio 222, Radio 252, Radio 242 and Radio Tower or the early days of Radio Jackie North and MAR - Merseyland Alternative Radio? If so, please discuss here!
I remember several land-based stations in the 1960s, especially Radio Rhonda, which I think was on 243 metres in 1969, and later in the 1970s around 1973. At that time, Caroline had closed down in 1968, and several local pirate stations appeared. I do recall Bert Williams running Radio 252, and Sandie Shaw tracks were featured regularly.
Bert's voice was unmistakable, but the Radio Rhonda voices were more BBC-style. Does anyone know any more about these stations or any others that were around at the end of the 60s or early 70s?
Hey it's great to hear from you RADIOWIRRAL, especially since you're someone who remembers so far back in time to the original radio pirates of Merseyside.
I do chat with Bert Williams from time to time, so I'll ask him about the original Radio Rhonda. I believe Bert was first on the air around 1968/69 with Radio 255 and then Radio Merseyland (though I stand to be corrected on the exact start date) and Eric (Rick Dane) was on from Whit Sunday 1969 with Radio Free Liverpool on 217 metres. As for the exact start date of Radio Rhonda I'm not sure of this. Yes you must be right as regards their wavelength as someone else told me that the original Radio Rhonda was on the 243/244 metres area of the medium wave.
Any other memories on stations that you have from that era would be appreciated. Or even recordings? Were you an ex pirate by any chance?
Hi, Gary, and many thanks for your memories of Radio Rhonda.
I did used to dabble in the radio scene in those days, and met Bert and also Rick Dane. Sad to read about Rick, but the legacy of local land-based stations continues, and MAR is a great station! Please say hello to Bert, and keep up the good work!
I've long since hung up the microphone, but I always listen to stations locally. I recall NORTH COAST RADIO also in the late 1980s, which seemed to be on air for a long period. There was a female DJ on there called Ellaine.
With Radio Caroline's 47th birthday yesterday, I have been tuning around to see what is on air, and glad to hear MAR on 1314 and 1395. I can't believe it's 47 years since Radio Caroline began in 1964! I remember it well!
Arh that's nice. An old timer eh I think they're called, aren't they? Someone who's been into radio for such a long time.
Well, not so much of an old timer, more of a person who remembers free radio on Wirral back then and now!
I've always been interested in radio, and even listened in the 50s, but mainly to Auntie Beeb! The free radio stations locally are always interesting, and MAR continues to grow. Simon Dee was a great broadcaster, too, and was the first DJ on Radio Caroline. It's a shame he's no longer with us.
If you find out any more about Radio Rhonda, or those early stations, I'd be interested.
Great to see MAR still going strong in 2015, and I recall North Coast Radio on 1350 mw back in 90s too, with DJ Ellaine playing some great music! I shall try and tune in this weekend to MAR on the frequencies above.
By the way, the VOP (Voice of Peace), on the Internet also plays great music, with Brian Cullen doing his Wing Ding show at weekends at 12 noon Saturday, with loads of pirate jingles!


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Oreobates cruralis é uma espécie de anfíbio  da família Craugastoridae.

Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: Bolívia, Peru e possivelmente em Brasil.

Os seus habitats naturais são: florestas subtropicais ou tropicais húmidas de baixa altitude, regiões subtropicais ou tropicais húmidas de alta altitude, plantações , jardins rurais e florestas secundárias altamente degradadas.

Oreobates
Anfíbios descritos em 1902

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In June, a first section of Helveticat – the Swiss National Library's catalogue – and of the Bibliography of Swiss History that was integrated into Metagrid has become accessible via Metagrid widget.
The linking of Metagrid and these two catalogues is the result of a long-standing cooperation between Metagrid and the Swiss National Library. The importance of this connection has also been expressed by the director of the Swiss National Library, Marie-Christine Doffey in the National Library's 2015 annual report, under the title «Libraries shape the future».
The data now available consists in keywords on people who have already been assigned a GND identifier. In the future, this data pool is to be extended, and data on persons as authors will be supplemented.


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Some Denver Public Libraries Reopening Now, Recreation Centers Soon to Follow
March 15, 2021 By David Sabados Leave a Comment
The Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales Library is one of the first in the city to reopen. Photo by David Sabados
After being closed to the public for nearly a year, some Denver public libraries are again open, including the Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales Library near Federal and Colfax. The first group of libraries reopened on March 9th as the first part of their phased reopening plan. "We are delighted to begin to reopen our locations to the public,"said Michelle Jeske, city librarian. "Our teams have been working hard behind the scenes to determine a safe way to provide the community with access to our spaces and resources."
Other locations, including the Woodbury and Smiley Branches in NW Denver, remain closed to browsing but are still offering curbside pickup. Smiley has also been undergoing renovations (more on that in our next issue) and the city hopes to reopen it as soon as work is completed. Denver public libraries are also continuing their expanded online programming for the time being.
As locations reopen, they ask anyone who is not feeling well to stay home.Libraries will be enforcing social distancing and requiring all guests over the age of three to wear a mask when inside. For more information, visit denverlibrary.org. You can also call the Gonzales branch at (720) 865-2370.
Meanwhile, Denver's recreation centers are planning their own phased reopenings soon. Some rec centers are planning on opening in May, offering access to cardio and weight training areas by reservation only. Like libraries, reopening may look different at different locations; some rec centers are planning both indoor and outdoor activities at a reduced capacity, including Highland in May and potentially Rude in June. A welcomed update for many parents is that eight pools should be opening this summer, including Berkeley (at Scheitler) and Globeville-Argo. Denver kept all pools shut during the summer of 2020. Scheitler is currently scheduled to fully open in August.
Some fulltime rec center staff were redeployed to other departments last year, helping with COVID testing sites, staffing learning centers for DPS students who couldn't study from home, and working on other projects as needed; most of them will now transition back. Since many employees are seasonal and did not work last year, the city will have to hire and (re)train enough employees to operate the facilities, so anyone interested in season work should keep an eye out for job postings.
Like the libraries, Denver rec centers are also continuing their expanded online programing for the time being and the public is encouraged to take advantage of online classes.
Officials were quick to add that all reopening plans are contingent upon CDC guidance, CDPHE public health orders, and other regulations. In order for the city to continue to reopen, the public is reminded to continue to wear a mask when in public, continue social distancing, and otherwise take precautions to keep Denver's COVID-19 infection rate from climbing. For more information on rec center reopenings as it becomes available, visit denvergov.org/Recreation.


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Q: Remove stuck ethernet cable tab that has gone through the top of the port The ethernet cable tab has actually gone through the top of the port, making it impossible to remove the cord without damaging the port/laptop. In the picture, note the metal pieces at the top of the port are UNDER the tab
Zoomed...

Original...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Working in Tandem
IS WHAT SETS US APART
Tandem Building Group is a privately owned and operated construction company. We operate across key market sectors in new construction, refurbishment and fit out. Our team of experts work with pride to deliver exceptional outcomes.
Tandem's clients in the commercial office sector include many of Australia's leading real estate investment trusts, both public and private. Our specialist teams have successfully completed many projects in Melbourne's most prestigious buildings. Tandem takes a solutions-based project approach, using industry leading systems, the right teams and a commitment to environmental sustainability in everything we do.
The Tandem team has experience in the planning and construction of contemporary, elegant residential buildings. We work alongside award winning architects and designers to bring their vision to life - from bespoke apartment developments to large scale residential projects. Our commitment to quality, form, fit and function is our driving force in building exceptional living spaces.
Tandem's competitive strength lies in our successful delivery of projects in live operating environments. This is essential when building and refurbishing childcare, primary, secondary and tertiary facilities, each having its own set of specific requirements. Our systems and experience in the education space has led to an enviable portfolio of repeat clients.
Our teams are skilled and experienced in delivering health building and refurbishment projects. We understand how to operate in staged and occupied live environments. Our systems and unwavering commitment to safety, client communication and technical understanding, put people and precision at the centre of every health project we undertake.
Tandem continues to grow its diverse array of industrial buildings across Victoria. Our broad experience includes warehouse upgrades, self-storage facilities, office warehouses and factory upgrades, many of which require a high level of logistical pre-planning, transportation coordination and re-establishment works. Tandem's focus is on matching client expectations and working collectively to deliver highly effective buildings for the industrial sector.
Working successfully alongside a number of hospitality industry leaders, Tandem is proud to have delivered some of Melbourne's iconic venues. We have developed our expertise in this sector while working collaboratively with clients to deliver their vision. Tandem is committed to the meticulous service that sits at the heart of hospitality and creating venues that ultimately create unforgettable experiences.
Level 3, 56 Claremont Street, South Yarra, Victoria 3141
Email: enquiries@tandembuilding.com.au
© 2019 Tandem Building Group Pty. Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Privacy & Terms
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Puy de Sancy (, ;  , ) is the highest mountain in the Massif Central. It is part of an ancient stratovolcano which has been inactive for about 220,000 years.

The northern and southern slopes are used for skiing, and a number of cablecars and skilifts ascend the mountain. Skiing has been practised on the mountain since the early 20th century. Two local priests traversed the Puy de Sancy on skis in 1905. In 1936, a cable car link was built from Mont-Dore to one of the needles just below the summit. In December 1965, a cable car accident injured ten passengers and killed seven others. Super-Besse is another ski resort, located on the southwestern slope.

The valley to the north is also the source of two streams called Dore and Dogne, which unite to form the Dordogne, which flows through the nearby spa town of Mont-Dore and on to the Gironde estuary.

References

Sources
 .

External links

 The Sancy Ski Area

Landforms of Puy-de-Dôme
Inactive volcanoes
Landforms of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Massif Central
Mountains of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Pleistocene volcanoes
Stratovolcanoes of Metropolitan France
Tourist attractions in Puy-de-Dôme


In and out, no hassle … good people to work with, especially Leigh Kaysar. The whole space/area was clean and neat. I would recommend Storage Zone on Beach Blvd to anyone/everyone.
Utc otis utc climate, controls & security pratt & whitney utc aerospace systems. By your side from the start. Our dedicated teams across the globe work non-stop to keep you moving.


Enjoy a unique air adventure in the paradise island of Mauritius. If heights do not frighten you and you love panoramic views then do not miss the opportunity to try the seaplane tours. As you fly above the turquoise blue lagoon, enjoy the impressive view of Le Morne Brabant, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
From the seaplane, accompanied by experienced and professional pilots, enjoy the views of the clear blue lagoon, green lush sugarcane fields, beautiful landscapes without forgetting the World Heritage site, Le Morne Brabant Mountain.
Book for your thrilling seaplane tour with Exotic Holiday (Mauritius) for an unforgettable adventure.


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        <input type="text"
            class="form-control" id="username" name="username" [(ngModel)]="credentials.username"/>

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            class="form-control" id="password" name="password" [(ngModel)]="credentials.password"/>

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CAPITOL UPDATE BY SENATOR CHRIS KIDD:
Although the session was cut short by COVID-19, we did get nearly 200 bills signed into law. I'll be discussing some of these measures in the coming weeks as well as providing updates as our state's economy works to recover.
HB 4018 RURAL BROADBAND EXPANSION ACT
Living the Pledge of Allegiance
"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
CAPITOL UPDATE BY SENATOR CHRIS KIDD: We've been through the wringer
This year has been one for the books. Between falling energy prices and the COVID-19 outbreak, our state has been through the wringer, which is unfortunate because last year our economy was the strongest it's ever been.
Thank you, Military
Throughout Military Appreciation Month, we have rightly joined in expressing gratitude for our service members, their families and their daily sacrifices on our behalf.
Oklahomans are strong - we will recover
ELGIN - Slowly but surely America is recovering. Slowly but surely the curve is flattening. As many people know, Oklahomans are resilient - May 3, 1999, May 20 and 31, 2013. These three days have seen the worst tornadoes in history and all three have come in Oklahoma.
Dear Graduates...
As the school year comes to a close and graduation season begins, I am thinking of the many high school and college seniors who will be celebrating their achievements differently than they expected.
Preparedness is key
Oklahomans are no strangers to severe weather and the terrible destruction that can result from it. Our past experiences serve as a sobering reminder that we must be ready at a moment's notice to face tornadoes and other unpredictable weather patterns.
Over the last several weeks, the spread of COVID-19 has caused unthinkable disruptions to life as usual, and it will continue to do so for some time, even as we "flatten the curve." Following the unprecedented strain on our health care systems and the devastating economic hits to hardworking Amer
Time for tough budget decisions
I hope everyone had a blessed Easter and are remaining strong through this health crisis. But have faith friends, Oklahoma's curve is flattening.
REVENUE FAILURE
Americans want to step up, help
While the COVID-19 pandemic has created a lot of uncertainty, one thing is certain when it comes to Americans. We always come together in times of crisis. When faced with unimaginable difficulty and loss, you can count on Americans to step up and pitch in to help.


text:
.class Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard$1;
.super Ljava/lang/Object;
.source "UiccCard.java"

# interfaces
.implements Landroid/content/DialogInterface$OnClickListener;

# annotations
.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/EnclosingMethod;
    value = Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard;->onIccSwap(Z)V
.end annotation

.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/InnerClass;
    accessFlags = 0x0
    name = null
.end annotation

# instance fields
.field final synthetic this$0:Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard;

# direct methods
.method constructor <init>(Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard;)V
    .locals 0

    .prologue
    .line 319
    iput-object p1, p0, Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard$1;->this$0:Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard;

    invoke-direct {p0}, Ljava/lang/Object;-><init>()V

    return-void
.end method

# virtual methods
.method public onClick(Landroid/content/DialogInterface;I)V
    .locals 4
    .param p1, "dialog"    # Landroid/content/DialogInterface;
    .param p2, "which"    # I

    .prologue
    .line 322
    iget-object v1, p0, Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard$1;->this$0:Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard;

    # getter for: Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard;->mLock:Ljava/lang/Object;
    invoke-static {v1}, Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard;->access$000(Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard;)Ljava/lang/Object;

    move-result-object v2

    monitor-enter v2

    .line 323
    const/4 v1, -0x1

    if-ne p2, v1, :cond_0

    .line 324
    :try_start_0
    iget-object v1, p0, Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard$1;->this$0:Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard;

    const-string v3, "Reboot due to SIM swap"

    invoke-virtual {v1, v3}, Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard;->log(Ljava/lang/String;)V

    .line 325
    iget-object v1, p0, Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard$1;->this$0:Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard;

    # getter for: Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard;->mContext:Landroid/content/Context;
    invoke-static {v1}, Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard;->access$100(Lcom/android/internal/telephony/uicc/UiccCard;)Landroid/content/Context;

    move-result-object v1

    const-string v3, "power"

    invoke-virtual {v1, v3}, Landroid/content/Context;->getSystemService(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/Object;

    move-result-object v0

    check-cast v0, Landroid/os/PowerManager;

    .line 327
    .local v0, "pm":Landroid/os/PowerManager;
    const-string v1, "SIM is added."

    invoke-virtual {v0, v1}, Landroid/os/PowerManager;->reboot(Ljava/lang/String;)V

    .line 329
    .end local v0    # "pm":Landroid/os/PowerManager;
    :cond_0
    monitor-exit v2

    .line 330
    return-void

    .line 329
    :catchall_0
    move-exception v1

    monitor-exit v2
    :try_end_0
    .catchall {:try_start_0 .. :try_end_0} :catchall_0

    throw v1
.end method


text:
Dictionary > Archaea
n., plural: archeon
[ɑːˈkiːə]
Definition: prokaryotes that live in extreme environmental conditions and are genetically distinct from bacteria, which is another group of prokaryotes
Archaea Definition
Archaea Etymology
Domain Archaea and other Classification Systems
Table 1: Summary of the Different Classification Systems
Archaea versus Archaebacteria
Difficulties with Studies of Archaea Group
Differences between Archaea and Bacteria
Table 2: Summary of the Differences between Archaea and Bacteria
Habitats of the Archaea
Archaeal Groups Inhabiting Different Extreme Habitats
Characteristics of the Archaea
Energy sources used by archaea
Roles in Earth's biomes functioning
Archaea in biogas production
Structure, Composition Development, and Operation
Cell wall and archaella (archaeal flagella)
FAQs on Archaea
Gene transfer and genetic exchange
Archaeal viruses
Archaea Reproduction
Featuring … the Archeon "Haloquadratum walsbyi"
Send Your Results (Optional)
Archaea is a group of prokaryotic life forms distinct from bacteria forming a separate domain of life. They possess pseudo-peptidoglycan cell wall, archaeol plus ether-linked plus highly branched isoprenoid chain lipids in their cell membrane with no nuclei or cell organelles. They have a ubiquitous distribution and are widely known extremophiles.
Let's gain a deeper understanding of archaea definition, habitats, characteristics, structure, metabolism, genetics, reproduction, placement in the tree of life, and many more.
What are archaea? In biology, the definition of archaea is that they are prokaryotic forms of life sharing some features with bacteria and other features with eukarya. Archaea constitute one major domain of life and comprise only single-celled organisms devoid of nuclei.
Now we know how to define archaea, let's move ahead and learn more.
Archaea is a modern Latin word derived from the Greek word "arkhaios" meaning 'primitive'. The singular of archaea is archaeon. Archaea is the plural form of "archaeon".
When biological sciences are studied, a variety of different organisms come into the picture. Understanding one organism in relation to the other is very difficult due to the vast diversity.
For ease of studying, classification systems are proposed. In the history of life science, several such methods have been proposed. Look at the table below for a brief summary of the different classification systems over the course of time.
Systems of classification
Groups under the system
1735 Carl Linnaeus 2-kingdom system Primary kingdoms-Vegetabilia & Animalia
1866 Ernst Haeckel 3-kingdom system Plantae, Protista & Animalia
1925 Édouard Chatton 2-empire system Prokaryota & Eukaryota
1938 Herbert Faulkner Copeland 4-kingdom system Monera, Plantae, Protista & Animalia
1969 Robert Harding Whittaker 5-kingdom system Monera, Plantae, Fungi, Protista & Animalia
1990 Carl Richard Woese 3-domain system Domain bacteria, domain archaea, third domain eukarya
1998 Thomas Cavalier-Smith 2 empire, 6 kingdom system Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi, & Animalia
2015 Thomas Cavalier-Smith 2 empire, 6 kingdom system Bacteria, Archaea kingdom, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi, & Animalia
Data Source: Dr. Harpreet Narang of Biology Online
Notice the introduction of archaea in 1990 by Carl R. Woese. It was at this time that nucleotide sequences of the small subunit of rRNA (16S ribosomal RNA) were compared from all the cellular life forms from common ancestors. Since this molecule is conserved in all other life forms that are cellular in nature, the genome phylogeny (phylogenetic structures derived from phylogenetic trees upon phylogenetic analyses) derived from this work turned out revolutionary. What was earlier believed to be just "monera" was now split into "bacteria and archaea". This global phylogeny overturned the existing notions of purely prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell dichotomy. An understanding of the prokaryotic domain deepened from this point.
Since they were earlier placed under the monera kingdom up till the 5-kingdom classification (1969), they are called archaebacteria then. But after the introduction of the 3-domain system (1990) and the identification of the major differences between archaea and bacteria, the term "archaebacteria" has fallen out of use in the scientific community.
Although the discovery of this group from the studies of Carl R. Woese and group ignited interest in the subject, there were some legit problems associated with it. Most of the archaeal cells haven't been discovered or isolated in the lab. They have only been detected in some environmental samples with the aid of gene sequencing.
This has made their classification into different phyla relatively difficult. In recent years, a lot of evolutionary biology-related work has been undertaken to better understand evolutionary relationships between different archaeal species.
Evolutionary relationships and evolutionary history can bring a lot of clarity to the table. Evolutionary histories help in clearly deciphering the origin, evolution, and directions of further changes at molecular levels (molecular evolution). Molecular biology tools help in such work.
Figure 1: Eukarya group is in red, the bacteria group is in blue and the archaea group is in green. Notice the close affinity of archaea with eukarya rather than with bacteria. Image Credit: Ciccarelli et al. (2006).
Look at the table of comparison below to learn about the major differences between these 2 domains of life; archaea vs bacteria. Both of these domains have been found to be evolutionarily distinct as per 16S rRNA phylogeny.
Characteristics of prokaryotic cells
Membrane constitution Prominence of ether-linked lipids Prominence of ester-linked lipids (like Eukarya)
Peptidoglycan in cell wall Absent Present
Pseudopeptidoglycan in cell wall Present Absent
Types of RNA 3 1
Transcription similar to Eukarya Yes No (Unique)
Number of RNA polymerases Many Only one
Translation similar to Eukarya Yes No (Unique)
Translation initiation codon (for protein synthesis) Methionine Formylmethionine
Major reproductive strategy
Binary fission
Spore formation
Rigid or fragile towards harsh environmental conditions Very rigid Relatively fragile
Major metabolic activity
Diazotrophy
Chemotrophy
Methanogenesis (a form of anaerobic respiration that is unique to this group)
Autotrophy
Genetic similarity to Eukarya More Less
Sensitivity to diphtheria toxin Sensitive Resistant
Example Halobacterium spp. Escherichia coli
Figure 2: Notice the differences in the structure of RNAP (RNA polymerase) required for the transcription process. Archaeal lineage RNAP shares similarities with eukaryotic RNAP II, while the RNAP of bacteria is different from both groups. Image Credit: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.
Figure 3: Archaeal membrane is formed by lipids containing ether links. Contrastingly, bacterial membranes are formed by lipids containing ester links. Image Credit: Tortora, G.J.
Watch this vid about archaea:
Biology definition:
Archaea are unicellular prokaryotes that comprise the domain of the same name, Archaea. These microorganisms physically resemble the bacteria but are genetically distinct from the latter. Archaea are typically found inhabiting and thriving in extreme environmental conditions. They include halophiles (archaea inhabiting extremely salty environments), methanogens (archaea producing methane), and thermophiles (archaea that thrive in scorching environments).
Archaea or archaebacteria evolved separately from eubacteria and eukaryotes. They are similar to eubacteria in being prokaryotes and lacking a distinct nucleus. However, they differ in terms of ribosomal structure, the presence of introns (in some archaeal species), and membrane structure or composition. They are similar to eukaryotes in ways that archaea possess genes and several metabolic pathways that are more closely related to those of eukaryotes, notably, the enzymes involved in transcription and translation. They are regarded to be living fossils and survivors of an ancient group of organisms that bridged the gap in evolution between eubacteria and eukaryotes.
Etymology: The term archaea (ar-KAY-ə) (singular: archeon) came from Greek arkhaion, arkhaios, meaning "ancient". Synonyms: archaebacteria.
Compare: eubacteria
See also: prokaryote, eukaryote
Archaea were first identified from extreme environments like volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, etc. But as the sequencing technology became more widely available, the archaeal presence was found to be ubiquitous. Now they are known to inhabit a vast range of natural environments and habitats. Besides constituting a major part of the ecosystem, they play an instrumental role in its functioning, too. They inhabit both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
Where do archaebacteria live? To answer that, here's the list of some of their major habitats:
Deeps seas and oceans (archaea form nearly 20% of microbial diversity of the oceans)
Hot water springs
Hydrothermal vents
Black smokers
Mines and oil wells
Very cold habitats like ice sheaths of tundra
Highly saline lakes
Highly acidic places
Highly alkaline waters
Swamps, wetlands, and marshlands
Intestinal tracts of humans and animals
Highly degraded soils, anoxic muds (archaea in soil)
Figure 4: Archaea examples- Both thermophilic and extreme thermophilic species. Image Credit: Carolina Andrade.
Since archaea inhabit extreme habitats, they are called extremophiles. Within extremophiles, there are different physiological categories or types of archaea like:
Halophiles (live in extreme salt conditions like salt lakes, and brackish waters)
Example: Halobacterium spp.
Thermophiles (live in extremely high temperatures like hot springs and vents)
Example: Methanopyrus kandleri
Alkaliphiles (live in extreme alkaline conditions like marine hydrothermal systems)
Example: Thermococcus alcaliphilus is a marine archaea.
Acidophiles (live in extremely acidic conditions like dry hot soil and volcanic sites)
Example: Picrophilus torridus
An archaeon doesn't necessarily come under only one of these categories. In fact, many archaea are a combination of two or more of these features.
Figure 4: The Great Salt Lake of Utah in the United States is home to halophilic archaea species. They inhabit the salt crust (shown in [a]). Figure [b] shows them growing in lab conditions on salt agar. Figure [c] shows the pinkish tinge that these halophilic archaea impart to the Utah lake. Image Credit: Daniel L. Jones.
Figure 6: Picrophilus torridus is an acidophilic archaeon whose membrane integrity is disturbed at pH above 4.00. It was isolated for the 1st time from dry hot soil samples from Hokkaido in Japan. Image Credit: Alchetron.
So, read the archaea characteristics in this section and get an answer to what is special about archaea.
Relatively diverse group sources than eukaryotic organisms, like sugars, ammonia, metal ions, and hydrogen gas
Based on their preference of source for deriving energy, they are divided into different nutritional groups. Some of them are:
Phototrophic Archaea: Some species of archaea are known to utilize energy from the sun. Hence they are called phototrophic archaea. Although they can utilize sunlight like the plants, they can't fix atmospheric carbon. So, the answer to the query "if archaea photosynthesize" is NO. They can be "PHOTOTROPHIC" and "NOT PHOTOSYNTHETIC".Example: Haloarchaea or Halobacterium.
Figure 7: This is a picture of a lake in India, Lonar lake that recently turned color to pinkish red. A probe led by the scientists from CSIR-NEERI lab brought to light the presence of salt-tolerant Haloarchaea populations in the lake. The photo pigment (for phototropism) of these archaea organisms is called 'bacteriorhodopsin' which is opaque to long wavelengths (red) and imparts this color to the lake. Image Credit: Mohammad Iqbal.
Lithotrophic Archaea: Some species of archaea are known to utilize inorganic compounds (chemical energy) to take care of their energy needs like metal ions, hydrogen, ammonia, etc.Examples: Pyrolobus, Ferroglobus, Methanobacteria, ammonia oxidizing archaea, sulfate reducing archaea.
Figure 8: Ferroglobus placidus is a lithotrophic archaea. It is an extremophile and can grow at temperatures up to 113°C. Image Credit: GI Genome Portal.
Organotrophic Archaea: Some species of archaea are known to utilize organic compounds to take care of their energy needs like pyruvate, starch, maltose, etc.Examples: Methanosarcinales, Pyrococcus, Sulfolobus
Figure 9: Pyrococcus furiosus is an extreme thermophilic organotrophic archaeon that can grow at temperatures up to 100°C. The main metabolic pathway in this organism is anaerobic oxidation/ respiration as it's an anaerobic archaeon. This metabolism makes it a suitable candidate for microbial fuel cell (MFC) development. MFCs are biological cells that can generate power at temperatures close to boiling point. As can be seen in the picture, the main source of energy is the organic compound "malt-short form of maltose". Image Credit: Narendran Sekar.
Most of the members of the archaeal phylum are extremophilic in nature growing in vents, springs, salt lakes and ditches, volcanoes, marshlands, and deep surfaces of seas and oceans. In fact, archaea were first discovered in such habitats.
Asexual reproduction is the only way for archaea. They reproduce asexually via binary fission, budding, or fragmentation. No archaeal member has been reported to undergo endospore formation.
Archaea play a multitude of ecological roles ranging from that in the nitrogen cycle to the maintenance of microbial symbiotic communities. Most of the known archaea either build mutualistic or commensalistic relationships. Their pathogenic or parasitic representatives haven't been observed yet.
Example of mutualistic archaea: Methanogenic archaea inhabiting the GIT of humans and other organisms like ruminating animals like cows, buffalo, etc. Archaea in the gut help in the facilitation of digestion.
Figure 10: A number of examples of the archaea inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tracts (archaea in humans). Image Credit: Nadia Gaci.
Figure 11: The different methanogenic genera found in the biogas plant in a study by I. Bergmann et al. in 2010. The figure also shows their relative abundances as qPCR %. Methanomicrobiales showed the highest abundance here (84%). Image Credit: I.Bergmann.
Because of their methanogenic and extremophilic activity, archaea are extensively used in the commercial production of biogas and also in sewage treatment plants. Biotechnological advancements enable the exploitation of archaeal enzymes from these extremophilic species. Since processes including high temperatures, pressures, and usage of organic solvents are mainstream in biogas production and sewage treatment; these hydrogenotrophic species widen the scope.
Example: Methanoculleus sp., Methanobrevibacter sp., etc.
Archaea, although different from bacteria, share many common features with bacteria too. Both of them being prokaryotic life forms lack nuclei and membrane-bound cell organelles.
Size range: 0.1-15 micrometers
Shape range: Spherical, rod-like, spiral, plates, irregularly shaped, lobed, needle-like filamentous, rectangular rods, flat square shape.
Figure 12: Structure of archaeal cells. Image Credit: ucmp.berkeley.edu.
The cell wall is present in most archaea except Thermoplasma and Ferroplasma. The surface-layer proteins encoded constitute the cell wall or S-layer. The role of the S-layer or cell wall in archaea is for physical and chemical protection. While bacterial cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan, archaea cell walls lack it. They rather possess pseudo-peptidoglycan like in Methanobacteriales.
Pseudopeptidoglycan is similar to bacterial peptidoglycan (morphologically, functionally) but is chemically distinct (no D-amino acids & N-acetylmuramic acid). Rather, they have N-Acetyltalosaminuronic acid.
The name for archaeal flagella is archaella. It functions similar to bacterial flagella.
Figure 13: Notice the presence of pseudopeptidoglycans in the archaeal cell walls. Image Credit: Erin E. Gill.
While bacterial and eukarya cell membranes have ester-linked lipids, archaea cell membranes have ether-linked lipids. Bacterial and eukarya cells have D-glycerols in their membranes but archaeal membranes have L-glycerols.
The bacterial and eukarya backbone is built on "sn-glycerol-3-phosphate" whereas the archaeal phospholipid backbone is built on "sn-glycerol-1-phosphate".
The enzymes used by archaea for their membrane synthesis are different from those used by bacteria and eukarya.
Archaeal membrane lipid tails possess multiple side branches whereas the bacterial and eukarya membranes lipid tails are devoid of side branches or rings.
Isoprenoids find their distinct usage in the archaeal membrane phospholipids. Other microbes/organisms have isoprenoids in their bodies but not in membrane phospholipids.
Archaea also have archaeols, a type of core membrane lipids. These are often used as "archaeal biomarkers" associated with methanogens.
Figure 14: Notice the presence of archaeol, ether-links and branched isoprene chains in the archaeal membrane. Contrastingly, bacterial membranes lack archaeol and possess unbranched fatty acids with ester links. Archaea cell structure is distinct in a number of ways. Image Credit: K. Gottlieb.
Figure 15: Archaeols are unique core membrane lipids synthesized by the archaea group. The process of archaeol synthesis is carried out via an 'alternate MVA pathway'. For the synthesis of the isoprenoid chains constituting archaeol, a total of 3 unique steps have been identified. Image Credit: Dhoenngg.
Are archaea prokaryotes? Answer: Yes
Do archaea have cell walls? Answer: Yes (of pseudo-peptidoglycan and not peptidoglycan)
Are archaea unicellular or multicellular? Answer: Unicellular
Which are the most culturable species of archaea? Answer: Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Crenarchaeota and korarchaeota were included in a superphylum in 2011 and are closely related to the evolution of eukarya.
Is Thermus aquaticus archaea? Answer: No, it's a bacterium.
What are asgard archaea? Answer: They are a supergroup that have been speculated to be "a connecting link between prokaryotic and eukaryotic life")
Do archaea have circular or linear chromosomes? Answer: One circular chromosome.
Archaeal metabolism displays a range of biochemical reactions. Some of these are common to all archaeal species; others are specific to certain taxa.
Figure 16: Chemical structure of methanofuran, a unique coenzyme possessed by methanogenic archaea. Image Credit: PubChem.
As discussed in previous sections, there are 3 major nutritional groups namely phototrophic, lithotrophic and organotrophic. Lithotrophic and organotrophic are sometimes placed under a broader category called chemotrophic. They, as chemotrophs, play vivid roles like:
Nitrifiers
Methanogens
Anaerobic methane oxidizers (main inhabitants of anaerobic environments)
Phototrophic archaea carry out the chemiosmosis process without fixing atmospheric carbon.
Archaea also carry out aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The process of glycolysis occurring in the archaea is a modified form of the one happening in eukarya and bacteria.
Archaea carry out citric cycles; complete or partial.
Archaea residing in anaerobic conditions are often methanogenic (produce methane). Studies have found that this metabolic reaction would have evolved very early on, probably signaling the methanogenic nature of the 1st free-living organisms on this planet.
Archaea are in possession of a unique set of coenzymes for methanogenesis activity. Example: Methanofuran and coenzyme M.
Let's briefly discuss archaeal genomes and genetic material.
Number and nature of chromosome: 1 and circular
The largest known genome for archaea: Methanosarcina acetivorans (5,751,492 bp)
The smallest known genome for archaea: Nanoarchaeum equitans (490,885 bp)
The presence of plasmids is also noted in archaea just like in bacteria. And their inter-cell transfer is also similar via conjugation-like processes. Both archaea and bacterial conjugation aid plasmid transfer.
Genetically quite different from bacteria and eukarya.
Transcription: Close resemblance to eukaryotic transcription (archaeal RNAP is also similar to that of eukaryotes RNAP II).
Some of the archaeal transcription factors (TFs) have a resemblance with those of bacteria.
Post-transcriptional modification (PTMs): Closely resemble those of eukaryotes.
Gene transfer, exchange, and horizontal gene transfer/ lateral gene transfer happen via inter-cell cytoplasmic bridges.
Figure 17: The illustration shows the "cytoplasmic bridge" formation between 2 Haloferax volcanii cells. These are extreme halophilic archaeal species. Image Credit: Shamphavi Sivabalasarma.
Cellular aggregations are also known for genetic exchange and recombinations in archaeal species. These aggregations are induced by physical agents (UV, pH, temperature) or chemical agents (mitomycin C, bleomycin). These homologous recombinations serve as the repair mechanisms for the DNA damage caused due to different agents. Some scientists have also speculated this as an alternative type of sexual reproduction in primitive archaeal species.
Figure 18: "Cellular aggregation" has been studied in hyperthermophilic archaeal species Sulfolobus solfataricus.
Pic A: Cellular aggregation after different UV doses.
Pic B: Light micrographs of Sulfolobus solfataricus cell aggregates at different UV doses.
Pic C: A cell aggregate at 75 J/m2 UV dose.
Image Credit: Sabrina Fröls.
A number of viruses target archaea; some are archaea-specific while some are cosmopolitan. In contrast to bacterial viruses which either conduct lytic or lysogenic pathways or display a mixed version of both, archaeal viruses usually maintain stable, lysogenic-like pathways.
Archaea reproduction strategies encompass:
Multiple fission
There is no endospores formation of archaea as in bacteria and some eukarya.
Haloquadratum walsbyi is a unique species of archaea with "typically flat, square-shaped cells". This taxon was discovered in a brine pool by British microbiologist, Dr. A.E. Walsby in Egypt in 1980. Hence the species was named after him. This is a halophilic archaeon that survives highly saline conditions rich in sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2). This species is also phototrophic in nature.
Haloquadratum walsbyi is a unique archaeon because the members possess unique square-shaped cells. Image Credit: Alchetron.
An infographic related to Haloquadratum walsbyi. Image Credit: UST Microbiology Society.
Answer the quiz below to check what you have learned so far about archaea.
Choose the best answer.
1. With distinct nucleus
Archaea and Bacteria
Neither archaea nor bacteria
2. Prokaryotic organisms
3. Reproduce by binary fission
4. Carry out methanogenesis
5. Cell wall is made up of pseudopeptidoglycan
Howland JL (2000). The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 25–30. ISBN 978-0-19-511183-5.
Woese CR, Fox GE (November 1977). "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74 (11): 5088–90. Bibcode:1977PNAS…74.5088W. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. PMC 432104. PMID 270744
Ciccarelli FD, Doerks T, von Mering C, Creevey CJ, Snel B, Bork P (March 2006). "Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life". Science. 311 (5765): 1283–87.
Bibcode:2006Sci…311.1283C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.381.9514. doi:10.1126/science.1123061. PMID 16513982. S2CID 1615592
Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case, C.L. and Johnson, T.R., 2004. Microbiology: an introduction (Vol. 9). San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
Gaci, N., Borrel, G., Tottey, W., O'Toole, P. W., & Brugère, J. F. (2014). Archaea and the human gut: new beginning of an old story. World journal of gastroenterology, 20(43), 16062–16078. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.16062
I.BergmannI. Bergmann, E.NettmannE. Nettmann, K.MundtK. Mundt, and M.KlockeM. Klocke. Determination of methanogenic Archaea abundance in a mesophilic biogas plant based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 56(5): 440-444. https://doi.org/10.1139/W10-021
Wagner, A., Whitaker, R., Krause, D. et al. Mechanisms of gene flow in archaea. Nat Rev Microbiol 15, 492–501 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.41
Fröls, S., Ajon, M., Wagner, M., Teichmann, D., Zolghadr, B., Folea, M., Boekema, E. J., Driessen, A. J., Schleper, C., & Albers, S. V. (2008). UV-inducible cellular aggregation of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus is mediated by pili formation. Molecular microbiology, 70(4), 938–952. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06459.x
Pace, N. R. (May 2006). "Time for a change". Nature. 441 (7091): 289. doi:10.1038/441289a
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