Officer Singh was Killed Christmas night when he pulled the suspect over for a routine traffic stop. Cpl. Ronil Singh, 33 years old, was working overtime on Christmas Night when he was fatally shot. A few minutes after stopping the suspect he called out over the radio "shots fired".
When multiple agencies responded to assist they found Singh shot several times. He was pronounced dead at the local hospital.
Below is a picture of the suspect who was caught on Surveillance Video when in a convenience store purchasing beer minutes before the shooting. He is armed and dangerous so be cautious and do not approach.
In the photos, the heavyset suspect with short dark hair is wearing a thick chain necklace, jeans, a dark hoodie and dark-colored T-shirt. Surveillance footage also captured the suspect's vehicle, a grey Dodge Ram pickup with paper dealership plates, matching the description that Singh had called in. Authorities later located the vehicle and said it was being processed for evidence according to NBC News.
Singh leaves behind a wife and 5 month old son. He was native of Fiji and worked for the Newman Police Department for seven years at the time of his death. He also worked at various Police Departments during his short career.
Singh was described as outgoing and friendly with a beautiful soul. He is the 52nd Law Enforcement Officer killed in the line of duty in 2018.
In conclusion, if you have any tips, you can leave an anonymous tip by calling Crime Stoppers at (209) 521-4636. Tipsters can also e-mail tips athttp://www.modestopolice.com/CrimeStoppers. You can also contact Detective Michael Fisher at 209-525-7083 or dispatch at 209-552-2468.
Our thoughts and prayer go out to Officer Singh's family. Thank you for your service and Rest in Peace.


July 2018's Archives : This Is Not A Kitchen Cabinet Designs For Small Spaces But It Could've Been This Is Not A Showroom Interior Design But It Could've Been Do You Know How To Create The Italian Kitchen Design ?
Melody Wooten kitchen design interior, 2018-07-31 05:02:35. Living rooms could be art galleries, conversation piece rooms with Old World relics or cityscape viewing rooms. Home study interior design transforms a room with a computer into a library with cozy lighting, ergonomic leather chairs and a vibe of its own that is far from your typical office. Explore your space and dream a little before you get started. What is it you want most?
Laney Morris kitchen design interior, 2018-07-31 04:59:38. Check for this amazing innovation! For bathroom design, you will want to check out bathroom indirect lighting systems, which allow you the ability to transform your space into several different LED shades and styles, depending on your mood. You can turn on the underwater spotlight with white light for a peaceful bath, or you can stimulate productivity with red, inspire yourself with green or calm yourself with blue. Check out for more details.
Harlow Cruz Staircase Understairs, 2018-10-12 05:33:56. There are different building regulations that relate to various categories of staircases, from private homes to commercial properties; to inside stairways to stairs that are built outdoors. Obviously, in this article, we are talking about an internal staircase within a private home. The regulations appertaining to this incorporates the depth of each tread, the minimum size of each tread, and the most appropriate width for each tread. For a private home the width of each tread needs to be 600mm, with between 170 - 220mm for the rise between each tread. The main stair in a house really needs to be 190mm wide, with an optimum tread width of 800mm.


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01 March 2019 Venue Tameside Stadium Attendance
Burnley U23
West Bromwich Albion PL2
PL Cup qualification the aim for Smith's youngsters
ALBION Under-23s have the chance to reach the Premier League Cup knockout stages when they take on Burnley in a winner-takes-all clash on Friday afternoon (ko 2pm).
The young Baggies will finish top of Group C if they can beat the Clarets at Curzon Ashton's Tameside Stadium, though a draw or defeat will see them eliminated despite an encouraging campaign.
Boss Jamie Smith believes the game will be a good challenge for his side and hopes they'll get the chance to test themselves further by qualifying for the next round.
"It's an exciting prospect because it would give the players another experience in their young careers that will help them in years to come," said Smith.
"Knockout football and cup competitions, learning how to win games and understanding the importance of winning as well as putting in performances all become more relevant as they get older so these matches are vital to their development.
"We have a good chance and it's a game we are very much looking forward to, especially after the FA Youth Cup win because a lot of our squad played in that and are in a good place at the moment.
"It would be another fantastic achievement for them to progress through the group stages here."
Burnley PL2 1 Albion PL2 0
Burnley PL2 1 Albion PL2 0 highlights
All the highlights from Albion PL2's 1-0 defeat to Burnley PL2 in the Premier League Cup
Albion Under-23s exited the Premier League Cup at the group stage after a 1-0 loss to Burnley Under-23s.
Dan Agyei put the hosts ahead within the first two minutes, scoring the goal that proved to be the difference, as Burnley leapfrogged the Baggies in Premier League Cup Group C to progress to the knockout stages.
Albion searched for a way back into the game in the second-half but despite having several chances succumbed to a defeat at Curzon Ashton's Tameside Stadium.
The Clarets started the brighter of the two sides, with their opening goal coming almost immediately.
Tunde Bayode made progress down the flank before whipping a searching cross into the box that was met by Dan Agyei, who swept his effort past Alex Palmer in the Albion net.
In a half of few chances, a Morgan Rogers effort was deflected into the welcoming arms of Adam Legzdins before Jonathan Leko stung the goalkeeper's gloves with a powerful drive.
After the restart Rayhaan Tulloch went close on two occasions for the Baggies, with Smith's side in the ascendency.
A flurry of halfchances followed; Finn Azaz dragged a shot wide from the edge of the box, Leko fired a long range effort just wide and Tulloch fizzed an outside-of-the-boot attempt over the bar.
But the hosts held strong and with the time running out for the Baggies, the chances dried up.
The hosts went close once more at the end through Agyei, but Palmer was equal to it.
ALBION: Palmer; Ferguson, Solanke, Healy; Gardner-Hickman, Rogers, Azaz, Melbourne; Edwards, Leko (Asomugha 86), Tulloch.
Substitutes: House, Delaney, Brown, Gilbert.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Individuals often have a distorted view of the value they provide. They think that they are indispensable and no one could truly take their place. In reality, most individuals can be readily replaced.
Other individuals have the opposite problem… they feel that they are worthless and add no value to anything. They tend to undervalue anything they do.
How can we be realistic about our value and what we contribute? Is it possible to take a step back and be objective about our skills, abilities, and contributions?
Be the best – Even though there are literally hundreds of patio furniture sets on these buy/sell websites, the very best ones still have value. An entertainment center made of the best wood with fine details still has significant value to the right buyer. Being the best at something will always provide value to an employer. Don't get caught in the trap of merely getting by or blending in. Whatever you have been asked to do, do it with gusto and excellence. Distinguish yourself by doing things better than anyone expects. And, by consistently doing things well, you become known as one that can be trusted. This usually leads to more responsibility and new opportunities.
Be a problem solver – When viewing the hundreds of items on those buy/sell websites, I often ran across an item that would be very beneficial to solving problems that arise. For example, I found that some sellers had extra garden fencing that they no longer needed. The timing for this was perfect because deer, rabbits, and other creatures have recently ravaged our home garden. Problem solved, if we chose to buy the fencing. Likewise, having the ability and reputation as a problem solver adds value to an individual in the workplace. Being a "go to" person creates value that is immeasurable. As a former leader of a large organization, I can tell you that individuals with this ability are highly valued and tend to get a disproportionate number of promotions and career advancement opportunities. Can you objectively look at yourself and conclude that you are known as a problem solver? Are you the "go to" person when something needs to get done?
Make things better or easier – When browsing these buy/sell websites, I ran across several items that I did not expect, but that intrigued me… not by what they were, but by what they could do. By looking through these items, I realized that items that either made my life better or easier were attractive and had added value. A beautiful looking hammock caught my eye, as did a reasonably priced wicker couch. Likewise, individuals in the workplace that simply make it a better place have value. An individual that creates calm out of chaos; improves morale; encourages teammates; or motivates the team and others to perform at a higher level are extremely valuable to the organization. Think about this… Are you the kind of person everyone wants to work with or one they seek to avoid? Do you leave the place better or worse? Do you help drive the careers of others? If you can be this kind of employee, you'll always be valued.
Do not carry more burden than benefit – Similarly, I found several items on these websites that should have had value, but did not because of some "burden" associated with them. For example, I found a cast iron, claw-footed bathtub in great shape on one site. It was free! However, the advertiser said that it would take an army of folks to carry it downstairs for the upstairs bathroom and a heavy-duty truck to haul it away. Because of this, the advertiser knew that it would not be appealing to many despite its perfect shape and desirability. Though the tub had great apparent value, its actual value was low because of the haul-away burden it represented. When an individual in the workplace consumes more negative energy than they contribute, their value, as an employee is greatly diminished. Sometimes, a highly skilled individual has no value in the organization simply because they are more trouble than they or worth.
Finally, I cannot have any discussion on value without ensuring that we understand the huge difference between value and worth, as individuals. Value and worth have nothing to do with each other. Value is what we bring to the table, but worth is something that everyone has. Every person has worth in the eyes of God… we should never forget that! We need to remember that each person has been created as a unique individual and is loved by others. Treating each other as people of value is our duty as individuals, teammates, friends, and family members. So, please, do not confuse value as an employee and worth as a person… they are not connected!
So, what do you think? Are you adding value to your organization? Or, do you need to adjust your approach or enhance your skills? Let's be realistic… if you were the leader of your organization, would you hire yourself? If everyone in your organization was just like you, what kind of organization would yours be?


A presentation by Colin Rule, of Online Dispute Resolution fame, on a concept design for a mobile traditional justice platform. The m-Jirga program would mimic an elders council meeting in a town square or mosque, that would hear disputants' sides of a conflict, then vote and issue a ruling on who will prevail.
The M-Jirga from Colin Rule is a presentation from a few years ago, with an initial sketch of what a mobile-phone based dispute resolution system would look like.
The m-Jirga was proposed for a rural Afghan audience, but wasn't ultimately implemented. As a concept design, it is a useful starting point. How might we design systems of justice — that lets a person bring a dispute with another, get a chance to advocate her position, and receive an enforceable ruling — that could be accessed on dumb mobile phones or basic smart phones?
And, how might we let people who are disadvantaged in traditional justice systems (likely: young women, minorities, very poor) present their position in semi-anonymous way, so that their typical disadvantage is erased?


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Oviduct
Get Oviduct essential facts below. View Videos or join the Oviduct discussion. Add Oviduct to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Passageway from the ovaries in vertebrates other than mammals
The passageway from the ovaries to the outside of the body is known as the oviduct. In female mammals this passageway is also known as the uterine tube or Fallopian tube. The eggs travel along the oviduct. These eggs will either be fertilized by sperm to become a zygote, or will degenerate in the body. Normally, these are paired structures, but in birds and some cartilaginous fishes, one or the other side fails to develop (together with the corresponding ovary), and only one functional oviduct is found.
Except in teleosts, the oviduct is not directly in contact with the ovary. Instead, the most anterior portion ends in a funnel-shaped structure called the infundibulum, which collects eggs as they are released by the ovary into the body cavity.
The only female vertebrates to lack oviducts are the jawless fishes. In these species, the single fused ovary releases eggs directly into the body cavity. The fish eventually extrudes the eggs through small genital pore towards the rear of the body.
In amphibians and lungfishes, the oviduct is a simple ciliated tube, lined with mucus-secreting glands that produce the jelly that surrounds the ovum. In all other vertebrates, there is normally some degree of specialisation of the tube, depending on the type of eggs produced.
In cartilaginous fishes, the middle portion of the tube develops as a shell gland. The first portion of this gland secretes the egg white, while the lower portion secretes a hard, horny, capsule to protect the developing egg. Below the shell gland is the ovisac, a distended region in which eggs are stored prior to laying. In ovoviviparous species, the egg remains within the ovisac until it hatches. Some cartilaginous fishes, however, are truly viviparous, giving birth to live young, and producing no egg shell. In these forms, the ovisac nurtures the developing embryo, often with the aid of vascular outgrowths similar to, but much simpler than, the mammalian placenta.
The most primitive ray finned fishes retain the simple structure also found in lungfishes, but in teleosts, folds of peritoneum enclose the ovary and upper part of the tube, fusing them into a single structure. The ovary itself is hollow, with eggs being shed into the central cavity, and thence passing directly into the oviduct. The enclosed nature of the female reproductive system in these fishes makes it impossible for eggs to escape into the general body cavity; a necessary development given that thousands or even millions of eggs may be released in a single spawning.
Amniotes
In amniotes - reptiles, birds, and mammals - the egg is enclosed with an outer layer, or amnion, which has led to further development of the oviduct. In reptiles, birds, and monotremes, the main part of the oviduct is a muscular tube, capable of considerable distension to transport the large eggs that are produced. This part of the oviduct is lined with glands that secrete the components of the egg white. The lower portion of the oviduct, or uterus, has a thicker layer of smooth muscle and contains the glands that secrete the egg shell.
In marsupials and placental mammals, the uterus becomes lined by an endometrium,[1] and is more developed than in egg-laying amniotes. In many placental mammals, the uteri of each side become partially or wholly fused into a single organ, although in marsupials they remain completely separate. In mammals, the portion of the oviduct above the uterus is referred to as the Fallopian tube.[]
For birds, the oviduct is composed of:
Oviduct of a laying hen
Infundibulum (formation of Chalazae, place of fertilisation)
Magnum (formation of egg white)
Isthmus (formation of the shell membrane)
Shell gland (formation of egg shell)
Vaginal homologue (formation of cuticle)
(See matching numbers in the picture)
^ Patricia J. Armati; Chris R. Dickman; Ian D. Hume (17 August 2006). Marsupials. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-45742-2.
Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 387-392. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Oviductal Meaning
Anatomy of Oviducts
La fecondation animation 3D
Full Version Aldrovandi on Chickens: The Ornothology of Ulisse Aldrovandi (1600) Volume II Book
Abortion Figures Decrease in Ukraine


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Infrastructure & Mobility
Infrastructure & Mobility Planning
Bicycle and Pedestrian Office
What is Traffic Calming?
Most often, traffic calming describes techniques for managing speeds and volumes of vehicular traffic in residential areas. The purpose of the City's Traffic Calming Program is to implement traffic calming techniques, when appropriate, in response to neighborhood requests for assistance with residential traffic concerns. Typically, these techniques include installation of one or more devices in the street that make it inconvenient for drivers to drive fast or to use the street as a through way.
The program provides a way for neighborhoods to request assistance in calming traffic on residential neighborhood streets. The City then reviews and evaluates the requests or proposals. Consensus with a majority of the neighborhood is reached about appropriate strategies to address the problems identified, and the selected strategy is implemented by the neighborhood and the City.
For more information, view the application packet for the City of Missoula Traffic Calming Program.
Several kinds of devices are available; which is used depends on the specific situation on the street. Customarily, rather than a particular device, residents want a result: slower traffic and less of it, with the consequent improvement in noise levels and safety. Often, residents also want the physical enhancement to their streetscape that some installations can provide.
In Missoula
Traffic calming publicly began with a grant from the State of Montana that funded a workshop in November 1995 for neighborhood groups and others. Subsequently, seven neighborhoods submitted applications for temporary traffic calming. Four were accepted for preliminary review. The city analyzed traffic data, met with residents, and eventually selected two neighborhoods for the temporary devices.
Citizens are familiar with the curbing we installed on S. 4th Street West and on Evans. We had three intersections with curb bulb-outs on 4th Street, two intersections with bulb-outs, and two with elaborate roundabouts on Evans.
Our evaluation of the projects showed that on 4th Street, traffic slowed from 6% to 12% and volumes decreased by 7%. On Evans, speeds decreased from 2% to 8% and traffic volume decreased by 30%. Further, the devices eliminated 1/3 of all speeds over 35 mph and 1/4 of speeds over 25 mph.
Residents on Evans St. appreciated the effectiveness of the devices enough to petition the City to install permanent ones. In the summer of 1998, the City installed permanent, landscaped traffic circles at the intersections of Evans with Ronald, Hilda, and Helen.
Costs of these techniques were split by the residents, who formed a Special Improvement District (SID), and the City, which utilized grant funds to establish the circles as a demonstration project. Today, the majority of funding for a traffic calming project would have to come for the surrounding residents through the creation of an SID.
For more information or to initiate a traffic calming program in your neighborhood, contact Ben Weiss at 406-552-6352.
Bike and Walk Promotion
Biking in Missoula
Walking in Missoula


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5 of the best mech games on Steam
By Andrew Farrell December 9, 2019
MechWarrior 5 is coming out on Tuesday as an Epic Store exclusive. Due to this, any diehard mecha fans who prefer to keep their games in just a single library have quite the wait in front of them. If you fall in this camp, though, there are still some damn good mech games on Steam that you still might not have played. Here are my picks for five of the best ones.
Zone of the Enders: The 2nd Runner
ZoE 2 might be a fairly old game at this point, but it definitely still stands the test of time. Originally released in 2003, it received a high-quality port developed specifically for the PlayStation 3 after the version included in the Zone of the Enders Collection was in a terrible state. This port painstakingly upscaled and improved the game's visuals. But afterward, this port was subsequently moved around, which is how we got the game on Steam.
If you've never played a Zone of the Enders game, they basically play out like Dragon Ball Z. You pilot an extremely fast mech called Jehuty in a 3D space as you slash and shoot a host of enemies in your path. The second game doesn't require you to play the first, so there's no harm in jumping straight into it. It has some of the fastest, most satisfying combat in any game, so it's something that any fan of the genre shouldn't miss out on.
While there have been occasional rumblings about a third game being made, it looks as if that'll never happen. Still, ZoE 2 is an enduring classic that is a very strong note for the series to have bowed out on.
Project Nimbus
Originally funded via Kickstarter back in 2014, Project Nimbus is fairly different from many genre stalwarts. With very strong anime influences and a surprisingly in-depth storyline, it puts its best foot forward. The only version available on Steam is the complete edition, which adds a fair amount of new content that should keep mecha fans happy.
This game might have flown under some people's radars, but it's a damn fine mecha game. Unlike most others, Project Nimbus really plays more like a dogfighter. You have a melee attack, sure, but you won't be using it as much as the host of ranged weapons you'll find yourself switching between. It's a very fast, fluid title that belongs in the library of anyone fond of such things.
M.A.S.S. Builder
Unlike the other games on this list, M.A.S.S. Builder is currently in early access. However, even in that state, it's still one of the most interesting mech games you can find on Steam. As far as gameplay is concerned, it's a pretty standard affair where you're dropped into maps and have to take down hordes of alien foes with ranged or melee attacks. Everything works well currently and will only improve with subsequent updates, which the game receives regularly.
The real star of the show, however, is the customization. Here, you can fully change out and color every single part of your M.A.S.S., to the point that it's comparable to Gundam Breaker. Any mecha fans who are gung-ho about customizing their own mechs will possibly find M.A.S.S. Builder to be one of the best ways to do this on PC. And with more content on the way, it's certainly a game worth watching.
War Tech Fighters
This is the only game on this list not made in Asia. War Tech Fighters is wholly space-based, as you assault enemy forces with the stars as your backdrop. It looks solid and has a good sense of weight to it, but it still manages to nail some of that anime feeling that comes with the territory. The combat options here are more basic than in most of the other games I've talked about, but it plays very well.
See, you only really have a couple of different kinds of weapons in the game, and the customization options are kind of in the middle. They're not nothing and they're not extensive, but you can upgrade and change out various parts. If you're simply looking for some exciting space action, this is a very good choice of game. Especially if seeing a mech get cut in half is especially exciting to you.
This is the second port on this list. Metal Wolf Chaos, much like Zone of the Enders 2, originally came to consoles in the early 00s. However, this one was only released on the Japanese Xbox, making it very difficult to play for anyone who wasn't willing to make some pricey purchases. Now, though, it's on modern consoles and Steam in the West for all to enjoy.
The story here is a good part of why people were always so fascinated by the game. You play as the President of the United States as he works to fight off a coup perpetrated by his evil Vice President. Metal Wolf Chaos was developed by From Software, who was mostly known for the Armored Core games at the time. Naturally, that means that it has a really good understanding of what makes mecha games work.
You equip a few weapons on each arm and use them to assault targets. I personally find it to control much better than most of the Armored Core games, and I hope that some of those come to Steam in the future as well. It's not a particularly tough game, but it's extremely entertaining from beginning to end. Fans of mech action will certainly find a lot to enjoy about it.
And there you have it: my five favorite Steam mecha games. If you're looking for a more Western, sim-heavy approach to mecha like MechWarrior, there aren't a whole lot of options on Steam at the moment other than MechWarrior Online. As I'm more of a singleplayer type of guy, I didn't include that one. But it definitely is an option, and it's free-to-play to boot.
Are there any mech games that I missed that you feel belong on this list? Not happy with how anime-heavy it is? Make sure and tell us what your favorites are in the comments below.
zone of the enders
Andrew Farrell has an extreme hearing sensitivity called hyperacusis that keeps him away from all loud noises. Please do not throw rocks at his window. That is rude. He loves action and rpg games, whether they be AAA or indie. He does not like sports games unless the sport is Baseketball.
Bite the Bullet serves up a new weapons trailer
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The Alliance Alive HD Remastered PC technical review – Alliance of convenience
By Tim McDonald 2 days ago
Content Drop: January 2020's PC game releases
PC Invasion's Game of the Decade: Minecraft
By Jordan Bottrell 4 days ago 0
By Jason Rodriguez 4 days ago 1
Project Duru is an upcoming story of mole-rats and depression
By Nicholas Montegriffo January 8, 2020 0
MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries - Quick tips to get you started
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MechWarrior 5: Mercenaries - How to outfit your mechs


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Seung-Hui Cho of Virginia Tech, a victim of bullying and repetitive humiliation? - CNN iReport (article link)
Seung-Hui Cho of Virginia Tech, a victim of bullying and repetitive humiliation similar to Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold involved in the Columbine massacre?
see the BULLYING, SUICIDE FACTORS, and RAGE SHOOTING FACTORS page.
http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-714901
High school classmates say gunman was bullied - MSNBC (article link)
The deadliest mass shooting in the United States in 2007 may have links to bullying.
"Long before he killed 32 people in the worst mass shooting in U.S. history, Seung-Hui Cho was bullied by fellow high school students who mocked his shyness and the strange way he talked, former classmates said."
"As soon as he started reading, the whole class started laughing and pointing and saying, 'Go back to China,'"
msnbc.msn.com/id/18169776/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/t/high-school-classmates-say-gunman-was-bullied/
The whole class started laughing and pointing and saying, 'Go back to China.'" Another classmate, Stephanie Roberts, stated that "there were just some people who were really cruel to him, and they would push him down and laugh at him. He didn't speak English really well, and they would really make fun of him."[27] Cho was also teased as the "trombone kid" for his practice of walking to school alone with his trombone. Other students recall crueler names and that most of the bullying was because he was alone.[28] Christopher Chomchird and Carmen Blandon, former classmates of Cho, stated that they heard rumors of a "hit list" of other students Cho wanted to kill. Blandon stated that she saw the "list" as a joke at the time.[29] While several students recalled instances of Cho being teased and mocked at Westfield, most left him alone and later said they were not aware of his anger.[30][31] Cho graduated from Westfield High School in 2003.[4]
In 1999, during the spring of Cho's eighth grade year, the Columbine High School massacre made national news. Cho was transfixed by it. "I remember sitting in Spanish class with him, right next to him, and there being something written on his binder to the effect of, you know, ' 'F' you all, I hope you all burn in hell,' which I would assume meant us, the students," said Ben Baldwin, a classmate of Cho.[25] Also, Cho wrote in a school assignment about wanting to "repeat Columbine". The school contacted Cho's sister, who reported the incident to their parents.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho
"He was known as a shy child who liked basketball and did well in math. But according to an article in Newsweek magazine, Cho was also bullied by other children, including wealthy members of his church."
"In between the two sets of attacks, Cho went to the post office to mail a package to NBC News in New York. Received two days after the murders, it contained video clips, photographs of Cho posing with his weapons, and a rambling document. In one of the video clips he rails against rich "brats" and talks about being bullied and picked on; he also attacks Christianity and positioned himself as some type of avenger for the weak and defenseless. Cho even referenced the notorious Columbine school shooters, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold."
biography.com/people/seung-hui-cho-235991
Several years after the Columbine school massacre, it was concluded that those involved were also victims of bullying and repetitive humiliation.


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Q: Ubuntu 20.04 server installed on usb stick does not see root UUID, Gives up, Drops to Shell I was running Ubuntu 19.10 Server on two USB sticks for the operating system with four 2 TB ZFS Raid 6 volumes for months before upgrading to Ubuntu 20.04 when it came out a bit ago.  I restarted once since, but never turned off the power since on my Dell T110 server.  Recently I completely powered it off for about an hour then powered it back on.  It boots from the USB stick but doesn't see the root partition on the USB stick, complains that no zfs volumes exist even though blkid shows them just fine.  blkid does not show the usb stick.
The UUID of the USB stick root doesn't show up anywhere.  How would I get it booting again?  I'm convinced at this point that Ubuntu 20 doesn't natively support running root on usb sticks where version 19 was just fine.  It stops at a busybox prompt.
I can mount the same missing partition on a different computer, check it with gparted just fine, and read the information after mounting it just fine.  I've also tried having the usb stick show as a hard drive and a removable drive.
I've tried turning on/off UEFI, on/off TPM Security (usually off), and even pulled half the RAM then swapped for the other two sticks all with the same results.  I've tried booting from the Ubuntu Live CDs, checked the drive which had no errors, even made a gparted copy of the entire USB drive to a regular SATA drive (but couldn't get the ramdisk working.)  I also tried booting from the live server USB to do a reinstall on a fresh drive, but it complains that it cannot locate a live install.  I re-downloaded and remade a separate USB stick twice but cannot get it to boot either.  I've tried the front, back, and inside USB ports with the same results.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I'm going to tell you a little secret…..I'm a cowgirl at heart!!! Seriously, no kidding! And these short cowboy boots are perhaps the most worn of all the cowboy boots I've ever had! And to modernize my "cowgirl" style, I've added a hot pink sweater and a neck scarf! And the embellished jeans are SO DANG CUTE (back in stock and linked below)!!! Oh, and always some FUN earrings!
I lived in Arizona for a long time as we raised our family there for the most part. While I was there, I fell in love with the whole vibe of this sort of western look! Cowboy boots, fringe, leather jackets, turquoise, and of course cowboy hats!!! It's probably not the most fashionable look right now, but do you think you can still make it fit in with what's going on out there in the FASHION WORLD? I believe you can!!! I think you can take these cowboy boots and pair them with something else more on trend, and look just fine. Some of you don't care about trends and wear what you want, and that's all good! In fact I think it's great when we can feel good about whatever it is we choose to put on that day. But for me….I like to be more up-to-date. What do you all think? Do you agree or disagree?
These boots are also so cute with a maxi dress or skirt! A little hippie-like…a bit bohemian! You can shop this look here, with a few things that are "similar"! Don't miss out on these FUN jeans! LOVE them!
I live in Illinois and own 2 pairs of cowgirl boots, every time I wear them someone compliments me on them. I must say I LOVE your boots Shauna!
I have a pair of red cowboy boots that I love. Your shorter style boot with the zipper is great!
Where did you find the ones you have on?
I don't see the link for the darling jeans?
Bought the jean and love them. Thank you for all of your ideas. You are starting to bring out the wild in me at 57:).


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\section{Introduction}

Wireless channels suffer from many factors, e.g. shadowing, fading, co{-}channel interference and adjacent interference that decrease the performance of the communication in terms of capacity. Cooperative communications are recently proposed as techniques to increase the system capacity and diversity gain in wireless networks.
Multi{-}hop relaying networks allow wireless terminals to aid a transmission of information between a transmitter and a corresponding destination. Such a relaying can be applied in ad{-}hoc networks to realize a transmission between two far wireless nodes in order to increase the coverage and the throughput in terms of energy consumption and capacity \cite{zahedi-thesis}. The deployment of relaying communications realize a cost effective communications by minimizing the requirements for fixed infrastructures.

The most well{-}known relaying schemes are \emph{amplify and forward} (AF), \emph{decode and forward} (DF) and \emph{compress and forward} (CF) \cite{GastparKramerGupta02}. In AF strategy, the relay nodes do not regenerate a new code word, or equivalently there is no decoder or encoder at the relays.
On the other hand, in DF and CF schemes, the relay nodes regenerate a new code word and there are encoder and decoder at each relay node.
The AF scheme is less complex than that DF and CF and for this much contributions are focused on that. The max{-}flow min{-}cut (cutset) theorem introduces the most general coding strategy and its upper bound capacity is larger than that of DF and CF strategies \cite{GastparKramerGupta02}.
Although the performance of relaying wireless communications with AWGN channels is extensively studied in terms of error probability and power allocation, but there are few remarkable contributions around information theoretic aspects of point{-}to{-}point multiple relayed communications.

Aref in his Ph.D. dissertation \cite{aref-thesis} formulated the cutset upper bound for the case of point{-}to{-}point connection through multiple relays.
Zhang in \cite{Zhang88} established the capacity of the relay channel when the channel from the relay to
the destination is a noiseless channel of fixed capacity allowing the relay sending additional information to the destination.
Gastpar \etal in \cite{GastparKramerGupta02} introduce information theoretic aspects of a point{-}to{-}point connection using multiple parallel relays wherein each transceiver has multiple antennas.

In this paper, we treat the upper bound capacity of a peer{-}to{-}peer communication with multiple ``parallel" relays wherein there is no cooperation among relays. We investigate the upper bound capacity of point{-}to{-}point cooperative communication assisted by more than one relay in particular by a bank of \relaynumber ``parallel" relays. As the number of relays increases, more radio resources and more degrees of freedom can be jointly utilized to assist the source transmission.
We detail the mathematical model of different relaying schemes and introduce a capacity upper bound of each of them. We will show that in such a reliable network, the upper bound capacity is achieved by either only one relay or by all relays together.
We present the information{-}theoretic perspective, and outer range capacity of different relayed communication scenarios, using the cutset theorem , and also applying known AF relaying protocol. The main focus of this paper is to derive the highest achievable data rate of the transmitter, applying different strategies at the relay nodes.
We will show that increasing the number of relays does not necessarily raise the upper bound of the capacity region, and may even decrease data rate and harmfully increase the network cost in terms of power expenditure.

The rest of this paper is structured as follows. First, in \sectionname~\ref{sec:model1M1} we describe the channel model of a multiple parallel relayed point{-}to{-}point communication. The cutset theorem is used in \sectionname~\ref{sec:cutset1M1}.
The following section is devoted to AF strategy. We exemplify the results in \sectionname~\ref{sec:casestudy1M1}. Finally, we conclude in \sectionname~\ref{sec:conclusion1M1}.

\begin{notation}\label{nota:scaledpathgain}
We use the same notation as that in \cite{Shams13}.
\end{notation}

\section{System model}\label{sec:model1M1}
We study a cooperative network that consists of one source $\sourceindex$, one destination $\destindex$, and an arbitrary number of parallel relays belonging to set $\relayset=[1,\dots,\relayindex,\dots,\relaynumber]$. We assume there is no link between relays and the communication is full{-}duplex mode, so that relay assisted transmissions must be conducted over one phase and all channels are always busy. The cooperative network of \figurename~\ref{fig:onesmultiplerencdec} consists of $2\relaynumber+2$ alphabet spaces: $\varSpace[\sourceindex]$ at the transmitter's encoder, $\varSpace[\relayindex]$ and $\othervarSpace[\relayindex]$ at each relay $\relayindex$, and finally $\othervarSpace[\destindex]$ at the destination's decoder.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \psfrag{s}[r][b][0.85]{$\sourceindex$}
    \psfrag{r1}[c][b][0.8]{$1$}
    \psfrag{r2}[c][b][0.8]{$2$}
    \psfrag{r}[c][b][0.8]{$\relayindex$}
    \psfrag{rR}[c][b][0.8]{$\relaynumber$}
    \psfrag{d}[l][b][0.85]{$\destindex$}
    \psfrag{Enc}[c][b][0.7]{Encoder}
    \psfrag{Dec}[c][b][0.7]{Decoder}
    \psfrag{Z1}[c][b][0.75][48]{$\noise[1]$}
    \psfrag{Z2}[c][c][0.75][48]{$\noise[2]$}
    \psfrag{Zr}[c][b][0.75][-20]{$\noise[\relayindex]$}
    \psfrag{ZR}[c][b][0.75][-36]{$\noise[\relaynumber]$}
    \psfrag{Zd}[c][b][0.75]{$\noise[\destindex]$}
    \psfrag{hs1}[c][c][0.75][45]{$\sqrt{\pathgain[\sourceindex]{1}}$}
    \psfrag{hs2}[c][c][0.75][30]{$\sqrt{\pathgain[\sourceindex]{2}}$}
    \psfrag{hsr}[c][c][0.75][-14]{$\sqrt{\pathgain[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}}$}
    \psfrag{hsR}[c][c][0.75][-38]{$\sqrt{\pathgain[\sourceindex]{\relaynumber}}$}
    \psfrag{h1d}[c][c][0.75][-35]{$\sqrt{\pathgain[1]{\destindex}}$}
    \psfrag{h2d}[c][c][0.75][-17]{$\sqrt{\pathgain[2]{\destindex}}$}
    \psfrag{hrd}[c][c][0.75][25]{$\sqrt{\pathgain[\relayindex]{\destindex}}$}
    \psfrag{hRd}[c][c][0.75][41]{$\sqrt{\pathgain[\relaynumber]{\destindex}}$}
    \psfrag{hsd}[c][b][0.75]{$\sqrt{\pathgain[\sourceindex]{\destindex}}$}
    \psfrag{xs}[c][c][0.8]{$\var[\sourceindex]$}
    \psfrag{y1}[c][b][0.8]{$\othervar[1]$}
    \psfrag{x1}[c][b][0.8]{$\var[1]$}
    \psfrag{y2}[c][b][0.8]{$\othervar[2]$}
    \psfrag{x2}[c][b][0.8]{$\var[2]$}
    \psfrag{yr}[c][c][0.8]{$\othervar[\relayindex]$}
    \psfrag{xr}[c][c][0.8]{$\var[\relayindex]$}
    \psfrag{yR}[c][c][0.8]{$\othervar[\relaynumber]$}
    \psfrag{xR}[c][c][0.8]{$\var[\relaynumber]$}
    \psfrag{yd}[c][b][0.8]{$\othervar[\destindex]$}
    \psfrag{ws}[c][b][0.8]{$\signal[\sourceindex]{}$}
    \psfrag{wd}[c][b][0.8]{$\destsignal[\sourceindex]{}$}
    \includegraphics[width=0.95\columnwidth]{one_s_multiple_r_EncDec.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption{One source, multiple parallel relays, one destination cooperative communication network.}
  \label{fig:onesmultiplerencdec}
\end{figure}

The sent message $\signal[\sourceindex]{}$ is a sequence of sub{-}messages $\signal[\sourceindex]{1},\dots,\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex},\dots,\signal[\sourceindex]{\blocknumber}$ uniformly drawn from a message set with size $\signalnumber$ and rate $\rate[\sourceindex]{}$ represented by
${\signalset[\sourceindex]=\{0, 1, ..., 2^{\signalnumber\rate[\sourceindex]{}}-1\}}$.
First, the transmitter encodes the message $\signal[\sourceindex]{}$ in a symbol sequence $\var[\sourceindex][1]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{1}\right),\dots, \var[\sourceindex][\blocknumber]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{\blocknumber}\right)$ under the constraint that $\expectation[{\var[\sourceindex]^2}]\le\powermax[\sourceindex]{}$, with $\expectation[{\var[\sourceindex]}]=0$. Each $\var[\sourceindex][\blockindex]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex}\right)$ represents the $\blockindex${th} random Gaussian codeword in the alphabet space $\varSpace[\sourceindex]$. In each block with index $\blockindex$, the $\var[\sourceindex][\blockindex]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex}\right)$ is broadcast to the destination and to all relays.
A noisy version of the transmitted signal approaches the relay $\relayindex$ as:
\begin{align}\label{eq:sRbroadcast}
\othervar[\relayindex][\blockindex] = \sqrt{\pathgain[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}}\,\var[\sourceindex][\blockindex]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex}\right) + \noise[\relayindex]
\end{align}
where $\noise[\relayindex]\sim\gaussian\left(0, \noisePower\right)$ is additive white Gaussian noise at the proper relay.
At the same time, each relay $\relayindex$ executes a function of $\othervarSpace[\relayindex]\to\varSpace[\relayindex]$. That is, every relay $\relayindex$ processes the received signal in the previous block index, generates a new signal
and then forward the new symbol $\var[\relayindex][\blockindex]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex-1}\right)$ to destination.  The information $\var[\relayindex][\blockindex]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex-1}\right)$ is the output of the relay $\relayindex$'s deterministic function that depends on the specific cooperative strategy whose inputs are the previous received signals:
\begin{align}\label{eq:deterministinfunc}
\var[\relayindex][\blockindex]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex-1}\right) = \relayfunction[\relayindex]{\blockindex}(\othervar[\relayindex][\blockindex - 1], \othervar[\relayindex][\blockindex - 2], ...,\othervar[\relayindex][1]);
\end{align}

Each relay $\relayindex$ has its own individual power constraint as $\expectation[{\var[\relayindex]^2}]\le\powermax[\relayindex]{}$. The symbol $\var[\relayindex][\blockindex]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex-1}\right)$ is forwarded to the destination simultaneously with broadcasting a new symbol by the source. The receive signal at the destination is given by:
\begin{align}\label{eq:Rdestreceive}
\displaystyle\othervar[\destindex][\blockindex]\!=\! \sqrt{\pathgain[\sourceindex]{\destindex}}\var[\sourceindex][\blockindex]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex}\right)\!+\! \sum_{\relayindex\in\relayset}{\sqrt{\pathgain[\relayindex]{\destindex}}\,\var[\relayindex][\blockindex]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex-1}\right)}\!+\! \noise[\destindex]
\end{align}
where $\noise[\destindex]\sim\gaussian\left(0, \noisePower\right)$. The decoding function at the destination is a Gaussian de{-}mapping function of $\othervarSpace[\destindex]\rightarrow\displaystyle\signalset[\sourceindex]$ with error probability:
\begin{align}
P_{e}^{\signalnumber}=\displaystyle{2^{-\signalnumber\rate[\sourceindex]{}}}\cdot\sum_{\signal[\sourceindex]{}}{\text{Pr }\{\destsignal[\sourceindex]{}\neq\signal[\sourceindex]{}|\signal[\sourceindex]{}\,\text{was sent}\}}
\end{align}
based on the assumption that the messages are independent, and uniformly distributed over the alphabet space $\signalset[\sourceindex]$. The minimum rate $\rate[\sourceindex]{}$ is achievable if there exists a sequence of code $\left(\signalnumber,2^{\signalnumber\rate[\sourceindex]{}}\right)$ for which $P_e^{\signalnumber\to\infty}$ is arbitrarily close to zero.

To go on with our analysis, we define the parameter $\corrsr[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}$ as the correlation between the output sequences of $\var[\sourceindex]$ and $\var[\relayindex]$ where $\relayindex\in\relayset$, i.e.  $\corrsr[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}=\displaystyle\frac{\expectation[{\var[\sourceindex]\var[\relayindex]}]}{\sqrt{\expectation[{\var[\sourceindex]^{2}}]\expectation[{\var[\relayindex]^{2}}]}}$ , and using a similar formulation, we represent the parameter
$\corrrr[\relayindex]{\otherrelay}$ as the correlation between the outputs of two relay nodes $\relayindex, \otherrelay\in\relayset$, i.e. the statistical correlation between $\var[\relayindex]$ and $\var[\otherrelay]$.

\section{Cutset upper bound}\label{sec:cutset1M1}

To compute the achievable cutset capacity of \figurename~\ref{fig:onesmultiplerencdec} cooperative network, we resort on the general representation of Aref's tool \cite[Th. 3.4]{aref-thesis}.

\begin{proposition}\label{pro:Arefcutset}
\cite[Th. 3.4]{aref-thesis} A network consisting of one transmitter, multiple relays, and one destination satisfies:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:Arefcutset1M1}
\displaystyle\upperbound[cutset]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)} = \underset{p(\varsample[\sourceindex], \varsetsample[\relayset])}{\sup}\; \min_{\relaysubset\subseteq\relayset} \;\left\{\information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\,\varset[\relaysubset]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\varset[\relaysubset^C]\right)\right\}
\end{equation}
where maximization is subject to the power constraints defined by the network, and the channel condition $p(\othervarsample[\destindex]\,\othervarsetsample[\relayset]\,|\,\varsample[\sourceindex]\,\varsetsample[\relayset])$.\\ $\text{ }$\hfill$\blacksquare$
\end{proposition}

The aim of \propname~\ref{pro:Arefcutset} is to find the minimum data flow between the source and receiver via one of the $\sum_{\relayindex=0}^{\relaynumber}\binom{\relaynumber}{\relayindex}$ possible relay selections. There are $2^{\relaynumber}$ possibilities to select subset $\relaysubset\subset\relayset$, known as \emph{network cuts}.
In \equationname~\ref{eq:Arefcutset1M1}, suppose the mutual information term achieves its minimum with an $\setname\subseteq\relayset$, i.e.  $\upperbound[cutset]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)}=\sup_{p(\varsample[\sourceindex], \varsetsample[\relayset])} \information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\varset[\setname]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\othervarset[\setname^C]|\varset[\setname^C]\right)$.
This means that the members of $\setname$ are in a sufficiently good conditions to (perfectly) receive signals from the transmitter rather than to deliver signals to the destination. On the other hand, the relays in $\setname^C$ are in a good positions to (error freely) convey signals to the destination.

The relation stated in \propname~\ref{pro:Arefcutset} was proved in a general case where the relays are physically connected to each other.
For the cooperative network scenario of \figurename~\ref{fig:onesmultiplerencdec}, where there is no cooperation among the relays, references
 \cite{delcoso-thesis, gastpar-thesis, Kramer05} represent remarkable contributions for which concern the maximum achievable capacity. In \cite[Sec. 5.4]{gastpar-thesis} and \cite[Sec. 3.2.2]{delcoso-thesis} only two broadcast $\left(\relaysubset=\emptyset\right)$ and multiple-access $\left(\relaysubset=\relayset\right)$ cuts have been considered and the power constraint was not identified for each node.
In the present work, for the scenario of \figurename~\ref{fig:onesmultiplerencdec}, first we demonstrate that $\upperbound[cutset]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)}$ takes the maximum when the Gaussian variables $\varset[\relayset]$ are fully correlated, i.e. $\corrrr[\relayindex]{\otherrelay}=1\;\;\forall\relayindex, \otherrelay\in\relayset$. Then, we approach the upper bound capacity considering all $2^{\relaynumber}$ network cuts.

\begin{theorem}\label{th:corrrr1}
In the network of \figurename~\ref{fig:onesmultiplerencdec}, the $\upperbound[cutset]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)}$ takes the maximum value when the Gaussian variables $\varset[\relayset]$ are fully correlated.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
We expand \equationname~\ref{eq:Arefcutset1M1} as:
\begin{multline*}
\information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\,\varset[\relaysubset]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\varset[\relaysubset^C]\right)=\\ \qquad=\entropy\left(\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\varset[\relaysubset^C]\right)- \entropy\left(\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\varset[\relayset]\var[\sourceindex]\right).
\end{multline*}
In the second term, $\entropy\left(\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\varset[\relayset]\var[\sourceindex]\right)$ is not a function of $\corrrr[\relayindex]{\otherrelay}$. To prove the theorem, it is enough to show that the maximum of $\entropy\left(\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\varset[\relaysubset^C]\right)$ is achieved when ${\corrrr[\relayindex]{\otherrelay}=1}$ $\forall\,\relayindex,\otherrelay\in\relayset$, irrespective of the value $\corrsr[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}$. This is somehow obvious for Gaussian random variables because conditioning reduces entropy except the case of fully correlated given variables condition. That is $\entropy\left(A|B\right)\ge\entropy\left(A|B, C\right)$ , with equality whenever $B$ and $C$ are fully correlated, or $A$ is conditionally independent of $C$ given $B$, i.e. $A\leftrightarrow B\leftrightarrow C$.
\end{proof}

The following results can be derived from \theoremname~\ref{th:corrrr1}. First, it is reasonable if we assume the same correlation coefficient between $\var[\sourceindex]$ and every $\var[\relayindex]${s}. Thus, in the rest of this section, we suppose $\corrsr[]{}=\corrsr[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}\;\forall\,\relayindex\in\relayset$. The second result is that  $\covs\mathopen{}\left[\othervar[]|\varset[\relayset]\right]=\Varop(\othervar[]|\var[\relayindex])$.

In the following, we find a general formula, considering all $2^{\relaynumber}$ cuts, for a relayed communication consisting of one source, multiple parallel relays and one destination where each node has its own individual power constraint.

\begin{theorem}\label{th:cutsetMrelays}
For one source, multiple parallel relays, one destination network, the cutset upper bound of \propname~\ref{pro:Arefcutset} is shortened to:
\begin{multline}\label{eq:cutset1M1}
\displaystyle\upperbound[cutset]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)} = \underset{p(\varsample[\sourceindex], \varsetsample[\relayset])}{\sup} \min \left\{\min_{\relayindex\in\relayset}{\{\information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervar[\relayindex]|\var[\relayindex]\right)\}};\right.\\
\information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\,\varset[\relayset]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\right)\bigg\}\quad
\end{multline}
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
The second term is the multiple{-}access capacity of all relays and the source node at the destination, i.e. $\relaysubset=\relayset$. To prove the theorem, it is enough to show that the following equality holds:
\begin{equation*}
\min_{\relaysubset\subsetneq\relayset} \;\left\{\information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\,\varset[\relaysubset]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\varset[\relaysubset^C]\right)\right\} = \,\min_{\relayindex\in\relayset}\,\{\information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervar[\relayindex]|\var[\relayindex]\right)\} .
\end{equation*}
The expansion of the left{-}hand side gives:
\begin{flalign*}
&\;\displaystyle\information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\,\varset[\relaysubset]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\varset[\relaysubset^C]\right) =\\
&\qquad\qquad\underbrace{\information\left(\,\varset[\relaysubset]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\varset[\relaysubset^C]\right)}_{(1)\,=\,0} +\,\underbrace{\information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\varset[\relayset]\right)}_{(2)}\\
&\;(1):\,\information\left(\,\varset[\relaysubset]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\varset[\relaysubset^C]\right)=\frac{1}{2}\log_{2}{\frac{\covs\mathopen{}\left[\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\varset[\relaysubset^C]\right]}{\covs\mathopen{}\left[\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\varset[\relayset]\right]}} =\\
&\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad=\frac{1}{2}\log_{2}{\frac{\covs\mathopen{}\left[\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\var[\relayindex\in\relaysubset^C]\right]}{\covs\mathopen{}\left[\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\var[\relayindex\in\relaysubset^C]\right]}} = 0.&\\
&\;(2):\,\information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\varset[\relayset]\right)=\,\information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\var[\relayindex]\right) \qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad
\end{flalign*}
Until now, we demonstrated that:
\begin{equation*}
\displaystyle\min_{\relaysubset\subsetneq\relayset} \!\left\{\information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\,\varset[\relaysubset];\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\varset[\relaysubset^C]\right)\right\} \!=\!\min_{\relaysubset\subsetneq\relayset} \!\left\{\information\left(\var[\sourceindex];\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\var[\relayindex]\right)\right\}
\end{equation*}
Since $\relaysubset$ is every strictly subset of $\relayset$, it is clear to conclude that:
\begin{equation*}
\displaystyle\min_{\relaysubset\subsetneq\relayset} \;\left\{\information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervarset[\relaysubset^C]|\var[\relayindex]\right)\right\}=\,\min_{\relayindex\in\relayset}\{\information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervar[\relayindex]|\var[\relayindex]\right)\}.
\end{equation*}
\end{proof}

The result of \equationname~\ref{eq:cutset1M1} is the minimum value between $\relaynumber+1$ mutual information terms.
The first term of the $\upperbound[cutset]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)}$ is the broadcast capacity from the source node to the destination and the relay with which has the minimum information flow rate. The second term is the multiple{-}access capacity of all relays and the transmitter from the destination point of view.
The novel result of \theoremname~\ref{th:cutsetMrelays} is:
\emph{the upper bound cutset capacity of a point{-}to{-}point multiple parallel relayed network is achieved either using one relay only or using all relays together.}
If all relays are in good conditions to transmit signals to the destination rather than to receive signals from the source, $\upperbound[cutset]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)}=\upperbound[cutset]{(\sourceindex;\relayindex;\destindex)}$ wherein $\relayindex$ is the relay with which the source node achieves the smallest broadcast capacity of $\information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\,\othervar[\relayindex]|\var[\relayindex]\right)$. \emph{In such a network the existence of all others relays is useless}.
On the other hand, if all relays are in good conditions to receive data from the transmitter rather than to convey signals to the destination,
the $\upperbound[cutset]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)}$ is achieved with maximization of the multiple{-}access capacity of all relays and the source node at the destination, i.e. $\information\left(\var[\sourceindex]\,\varset[\relayset]\,;\,\othervar[\destindex]\right)$.
As can be seen, the capacity of the broadcast term of $\upperbound[cutset]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)}$ is much less than that presented by \cite[Sec. 3.2.2]{delcoso-thesis} and \cite[Sec. 5.4]{gastpar-thesis}. This is because, \cite{delcoso-thesis} and \cite{gastpar-thesis} consider only two broadcast and multiple-access cuts rather than all $2^\relaynumber$ possible cuts.

At this point, we recall some useful equalities relevant to the equations of \figurename~\ref{fig:onesmultiplerencdec}, with $\corrrr[\relayindex]{\otherrelay}=1\;\forall\,\relayindex, \otherrelay\in\relayset$. To review the algebraic manipulation of the following formulas see \cite[Ch. 5]{Allan09}.
\begin{subequations}\label{eqs:statistics1M1}
\begin{flalign}
&\!\Varop\left(\othervar[\destindex]\right)=\pathgain[\sourceindex]{\destindex}\powermax[\sourceindex]{}+\sum_{\relayindex\in\relayset}{2\corrsr[]{}\sqrt{\pathgain[\sourceindex]{\destindex}\powermax[\sourceindex]{}\pathgain[\relayindex]{\destindex}\powermax[\relayindex]{}}}
+\nonumber\\ &\quad\qquad\qquad\qquad+\sum_{\relayindex\in\relayset}\sum_{\otherrelay\in\relayset}{\sqrt{\pathgain[\relayindex]{\destindex}\powermax[\relayindex]{}\pathgain[\otherrelay]{\destindex}\powermax[\otherrelay]{}}}\;+\noisePower\\
&\covs\mathopen{}\left[\othervar[\destindex]\othervar[\relayindex]|\varset[\relayset]\right]\!=\! \covs\mathopen{}\left[\othervar[\destindex]\othervar[\relayindex]|\var[\relayindex]\right]\!=\!\left(\pathgain[\sourceindex]{\destindex}\!+\! \pathgain[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}\right)\powermax[\sourceindex]{}\!\left(1\!-\!{\corrsr[]{}}^2\right)\!+\!\noisePower\\
&\covs\mathopen{}\left[\othervar[\destindex]\othervar[\relayindex]|\varset[\relayset]\var[\sourceindex]\right]=\covs\mathopen{}\left[\othervar[\destindex]\othervar[\relayindex]|\var[\relayindex]\var[\sourceindex]\right]=\noisePower\\
&\covs\mathopen{}\left[\othervar[\destindex]|\varset[\relayset]\var[\sourceindex]\right]=\noisePower
\end{flalign}
\end{subequations}

In the following we introduce the capacity of the cooperative framework depicted by \figurename~\ref{fig:onesmultiplerencdec} with Gaussian channels.
\begin{theorem}\label{th:AWGNonesmultipleRcutset}
The AWGN cutset upper bound of the capacity one source, multiple parallel relays is:
\begin{multline*}
\!\upperbound[cutset]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)}\!=\!\underset{-1\le\corrsr[]{}\le1}{\sup}\!\min\! \left\{\!\min_{\relayindex\in\relayset}\!\left\{\!\capacitySymbol\!\left(\frac{\covs\mathopen{}\left[\othervar[\destindex]\othervar[\relayindex]|\var[\relayindex]\right]\!-\!\noisePower}{\noisePower}\right)\!\right\} \;\right.\\
,\;\capacitySymbol\left(\frac{\Varop\left(\othervar[\destindex]{}\right)-\noisePower}{\noisePower}\right)\bigg\}
\end{multline*}
\end{theorem}
which is calculated using \equationsname~\ref{eqs:statistics1M1}.
\begin{proof}
\begin{flalign*}
\;&\displaystyle\information(\var[\sourceindex]\;;\; \othervar[\destindex]{}\,\othervar[\relayindex]{} | \var[\relayindex])=\frac{1}{2}\log_2{\frac{\covs\mathopen{}\left[\othervar[\destindex]\othervar[\relayindex]|\var[\relayindex]\right]}{\covs\mathopen{}\left[\othervar[\destindex]\othervar[\relayindex]|\var[\relayindex]\var[\sourceindex]\right]}}
=&\\
&\quad\qquad=\frac{1}{2}\log_2{\frac{\covs\mathopen{}\left[\othervar[\destindex]\othervar[\relayindex]|\var[\relayindex]\right]}{\noisePower}}=
\capacitySymbol\left(\frac{\covs\mathopen{}\left[\othervar[\destindex]\othervar[\relayindex]|\var[\relayindex]\right]-\noisePower}{\noisePower}\right);\\
&\displaystyle\information(\var[\sourceindex]\,\varset[\relayset]\;;\;\othervar[\destindex]{}) = \frac{1}{2}\log_2{\frac{\Varop\left(\othervar[\destindex]{}\right)}{\covs\mathopen{}\left[\othervar[\destindex]|\var[\sourceindex]\,\varset[\relayset]\right]}} =\\
&\qquad\qquad\qquad=\frac{1}{2}\log_2{\frac{\Varop\left(\othervar[\destindex]{}\right)}{\noisePower}}
=\capacitySymbol\left(\frac{\Varop\left(\othervar[\destindex]{}\right)-\noisePower}{\noisePower}\right).\;\;
\end{flalign*}
\end{proof}

If all relays are much closer to the destination than source node, or equivalently $\SNR[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}\!<\!\SNR[\relayindex]{\destindex}$ $\forall\,\relayindex\!\in\!\relayset$, then $\upperbound[cutset]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)}\!=\!\upperbound[cutset]{(\sourceindex;\relayindex;\destindex)}$ wherein $\relayindex$ is the relay with the weakest $\SNR[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}$ channel. This means that the others relays make only ``crowd" and increase the overall power consumption. In such a relay assisted network the supremum is achieved with $\corrsr[]{}=0$. On the other hand, if all relays are located in the contrary positions, i.e. they are much closer to the transmitter than destination, $\upperbound[cutset]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)}$ is achieved with the multiple{-}access term (the second term) and the supremum is achieved when $\var[\sourceindex]$ and $\varset[\relayset]$ are fully correlated, i.e. $\corrsr[]{}=1$.

In a multiple parallel relay network wherein all relays are well located to correctly receive signals from the transmitter, i.e. $\SNR[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}>\SNR[\relayindex]{\destindex}$, the $\upperbound[cutset]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)}$ dominates the parallel channels capacity that is $\capacitySymbol(\SNR[\sourceindex]{\destindex}+\sum_{\relayindex\in\relayset}{\SNR[\relayindex]{\destindex}})$. This is because Gaussian variables $\varset[\relayset]$ are fully correlated.
In such a reliable network, adding a new relay, always close to the source node, expands the upper bound of the cutset capacity region, up to the number of relays until which the multiple{-}access capacity does not exceed that broadcast (the first term).

Another interesting result of the \theoremname~\ref{th:AWGNonesmultipleRcutset} is:
\emph{adding a new relay does not always increase the cutset upper bound capacity}. In a one source{-}multiple parallel relays{-}one destination system, locating a new relay very close to the destination may decrease the upper bound capacity, and adding a new relay very close to the transmitter may do not change upper bound capacity.

\section{Amplify and forward technique}\label{sec:AFTech1M1}

In a reliable network applying AF technique, the relays do not have any code space. There exist two Gaussian codebooks: $\varSpace[\sourceindex]$ at the source's encoder, and $\othervarSpace[\destindex]$ at the destination's decoder. Suppose a transmit message $\signal[\sourceindex]{}$ which is a sequence of $\blocknumber$ sub{-}messages $\signal[\sourceindex]{1},...,\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex},...,\signal[\sourceindex]{\blocknumber}$ and each sub{-}message $\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex}$ is uniformly drawn from $\signalset[\sourceindex]=\{0, 1, ..., 2^{\signalnumber\rate[\sourceindex]{}}\!-\!1\}$. Each sub-message $\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex}$ is separately encoded to $\var[\sourceindex][\blockindex]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex}\right)$ under the constraint that $\expectation[{\var[\sourceindex]^2}]\le\powermax[\sourceindex]{}$. In each block index $\blockindex$, each relay \relayindex scales the amplitude of the analog observed signal $\othervar[\relayindex][\blockindex-1]$ as:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:AFMrelays}
\begin{split}
\var[\relayindex][\blockindex]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex-1}\right)&=\AFconstant[\relayindex][\blockindex].\othervar[\relayindex][\blockindex-1]\\
&=\AFconstant[\relayindex][\blockindex].\left(\sqrt{\pathgain[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}}\,\var[\sourceindex][\blockindex-1]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex-1}\right)+\noise[\relayindex]\right)
\end{split}
\end{equation}
wherein the amplification factor $\AFconstant[\relayindex]$ is chosen so as to satisfy the proper relay's power constraint. Each relay node has its own power constraint as ${\expectation[{\var[\relayindex]^2}]\le\powermax[\relayindex]{}}$. We assume all channels are slow time{-}varying. So that we can assume $\AFconstant[\relayindex][\blockindex]=\AFconstant[\relayindex]$ and
\begin{align}\label{eq:AFfactorlimit1M1}
|\AFconstant[\relayindex]|^{2}\le\frac{\powermax[\relayindex]{}}{\,\noisePower + \pathgain[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}\powermax[\sourceindex]{}}
\end{align}

As can be seen, if $\noisePower + \pathgain[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}\powermax[\sourceindex]{}\gg\powermax[\relayindex]{}$ the (amplification of the) relay $\relayindex$ is useless. Replacing \equationname~\ref{eq:AFMrelays} into \eqref{eq:Rdestreceive}, the received signal at the destination is:
\begin{multline}\label{eq:AFdestreceiveMrelays}
\hspace{-0.3cm}\othervar[\destindex][\blockindex]\!=\! \sqrt{\pathgain[\sourceindex]{\destindex}}\,\var[\sourceindex][\blockindex]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex}\right)+
\sum_{\relayindex\in\relayset}{|\AFconstant[\relayindex]|\sqrt{\pathgain[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}\pathgain[\relayindex]{\destindex}}\var[\sourceindex][\blockindex\!-\!1]\left(\signal[\sourceindex]{\blockindex\!-\!1}\right)}
\\+\sum_{\relayindex\in\relayset}{|\AFconstant[\relayindex]|\sqrt{\pathgain[\relayindex]{\destindex}}\noise[\relayindex]} + \noise[\destindex]
\end{multline}

The relay nodes do not regenerate any new code, and consequently the complexity of this scheme is low. Since every relay node amplifies whatever it receives, including noise, it is mainly useful in high SNR environments.
Increasing the amplification factor $\AFconstant[]$ increases the noise of inter symbol interference (ISI) at the destination, and also significantly increase the noise of inter carrier interference (ICI) where there is only one antenna at the destination. The relay should thus transmit with an appropriate power where the network is able to adjust the power of the relay. By \equationname~\ref{eq:AFdestreceiveMrelays}, the maximum data rate of the AF scheme is formulated as:
\begin{multline}
\displaystyle\upperbound[AF]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)} =  \\ \capacitySymbol\left(\frac{\left(\sqrt{\pathgain[\sourceindex]{\destindex}}+\sum_{\relayindex\in\relayset}{|\AFconstant[\relayindex]|\sqrt{\pathgain[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}\pathgain[\relayindex]{\destindex}}}\right)^2.\powermax[\sourceindex]{}}{\left(1+\sum_{\relayindex\in\relayset}{|\AFconstant[\relayindex]|^{2}\pathgain[\relayindex]{\destindex}}\right)\noisePower}\right)
\end{multline}

Reference \cite[p. 46]{LiuBook09} demonstrates that under the condition
 $|\AFconstant[\relayindex]| \le \SNR[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}$,
the $\displaystyle\upperbound[AF]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)}$ outperforms the capacity of the maximal ratio combining (MRC) technique that is:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:MRC1M1}
\displaystyle\upperbound[MRC]{(\sourceindex;\relayset;\destindex)}=\capacitySymbol\left(\SNR[\sourceindex]{\destindex}+\sum_{\relayindex\in\relayset}{\frac{\SNR[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}\,\SNR[\relayindex]{\destindex}}{\SNR[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}+\SNR[\relayindex]{\destindex}}}\right)
\end{equation}

\section{Case study}\label{sec:casestudy1M1}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \psfrag{s}[c][c][0.9]{$\sourceindex$}
    \psfrag{r1}[c][c][0.9]{$\relayindex$}
    \psfrag{r2}[c][c][0.9]{$\relayindex$}
    \psfrag{d}[c][c][0.9]{$\destindex$}
    \psfrag{d1}[c][c][1]{$d_{\sourceindex\relayindex}$}
    \psfrag{h}[c][c][1]{$d_{\relayindex}$}
    \psfrag{1}[c][b][1]{$d_{\sourceindex\destindex}$}
    \includegraphics[width=0.55\columnwidth]{Net_Relay1M1.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Point{-}to{-}point two relayed communication network scenario.}
  \label{fig:Net_R1M1}
\end{figure}

Here, we illustrate the various outer region bounds of a point{-}to{-}point multiple relayed communication with Gaussian channels wherein the transmitter $\sourceindex$, two relays $\relayindex$, and the destination $\destindex$ are located as depicted in \figurename~\ref{fig:Net_R1M1}. We assume a vertical equidistance of $d_{\relayindex}$ between two relays and the $\sourceindex\to\destindex$ direct{-}link.
The path condition values ${\pathgain[\sourceindex]{\relayindex}=\pathgain[\relayindex]{\destindex}=\pathgain[\sourceindex]{\destindex}=1}$ are scaled with respect to Notation~2 in \cite{Shams13}.
First, we experiment a high SNR environment and suppose that the source and destination are located at a distance of $d_{\sourceindex\destindex}=1\m$, and the relays are located in vertical distances of $d_{\relayindex}=0.1\m$ and they are simultaneously and horizontally moving from $d_{\sourceindex\relayindex}=-0.5\m$ to $d_{\sourceindex\relayindex}=1.5\m$. \figurename~\ref{fig:high_1M1} plots various data rates for $\powermax[\sourceindex]{}=\powermax[\relayindex]{}=100\mW$, and $\noisePower=1\muW$. The curve labeled AF shows the outer region of AF strategy with the largest possible scaling factor $\AFconstant[\relayindex]$ in \equationname~\ref{eq:AFfactorlimit1M1}.
We studied a point{-}to{-}point communication relayed by only one intermediate node in \cite{Shams13} and here we use the same parameters.
The curve labeled $\corrsr[]{}$ plots a particular value of the correlation coefficient which is the same as \cite[Fig. 4]{Shams13}.
As the relays moves toward the destination the received signal at the relay becomes weaker and this significantly reduces AF data rate.
\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \psfrag{xaxis}[c][c][0.9]{$d_{\sourceindex\relayindex} \left[\m\right]$}
    \psfrag{yaxis}[c][c][0.9]{Rate $\left[\bpsHz\right]$}
    \includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{high_1M1.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Rates for two relays with $\powermax[\sourceindex]{}=\powermax[\relayindex]{}=100\mW$, $\noisePower=1\muW$,  $d_{\sourceindex\destindex}=1\m$, and $d_{\relayindex}=0.1\m$.}
  \label{fig:high_1M1}
\end{figure}
The comparison of \figurename~\ref{fig:high_1M1} to \cite[Fig. 4]{Shams13} reveals that when the relays are close to the transmitter, the data rates of two{-}relays network exhibits almost $25\%$ higher performance. On the contrary, when the relays are close to the destination, data rate is equal to that of the one{-}relay network in \cite[Fig. 4]{Shams13}. This is because, in such a situation the maximum cutset data rate of coding techniques is achieved by one relay only.

Now, we consider a point{-}to{-}point relayed connection in a low SNR regime. The transmitter and the destination are placed at a distance of $d_{\sourceindex\destindex}=500\m$, and the relays are simultaneously and horizontally moving in a range of ${d_{\sourceindex\relayindex}=-100\div600\m}$ with vertical distance of $d_{\relayindex}=10\m$.
\figurename~\ref{fig:low_1M1} plots various data rates for $\powermax[\sourceindex]{}=\powermax[\relayindex]{}=100\mW$, $\noisePower=1\muW$, and the same $\AFconstant[\relayindex]$ as the previous simulation.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \psfrag{xaxis}[c][c][0.9]{$d_{\sourceindex\relayindex} \left[\m\right]$}
    \psfrag{y1axis}[c][c][0.9]{Rate $\left[\bpsHz\right]$}
    \psfrag{y2axis}[c][c][0.9]{\color{blue}Correlation coefficient $\corrsr[]{}$}
    \includegraphics[width=0.85\columnwidth]{low_1M1.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Rates for one relay with $\powermax[\sourceindex]{}=\powermax[\relayindex]{}=100\mW$, $\noisePower=1\muW$, ${d_{\sourceindex\destindex}=500\m}$, and $d_{\relayindex}=10\m$.}
  \label{fig:low_1M1}
\end{figure}

We draw a different experimental function for correlation value which is the curve labeled $\corrsr[]{}$, and that is the same as the correlation function in \cite[Fig. 5]{Shams13}.
From \figurename~\ref{fig:low_1M1}, it is clearly derived that, like in the one{-}relay network, the AF technique is not quite useful in a low SNR network, whereas  MRC technique performs much better than AF.
Our experiments in a given scenario with different parameters reveals that reducing the amplification factor does not increase the AF data rate.
The comparison between \figurename~\ref{fig:low_1M1} and \cite[Fig. 5]{Shams13} shows that the data rates of coding techniques in two{-}relays network is almost $50\%$ higher than those of one{-}relay network. This means that adding a new relay in a low SNR network is much more useful than that in a high SNR network.
Like one{-}relay case in \cite[Fig. 5]{Shams13}, in a low SNR scene, the cutset technique shows significant higher rate than the relay off mode.

\section{Summary}\label{sec:conclusion1M1}

We studied point{-}to{-}point communications aided by multiple parallel relays with full{-}duplex signaling and AWGN channels.
We focused on finding the maximum achievable capacity applying cutset and AF relay strategies.
First, we showed that, in coding strategy, the maximum data rate is achieved when the output signals of the relays are fully correlated.
The first novel result is that the maximum source to destination cutset flow rate is approached by either only one relay or all relays together.

Like in the single{-}relay networks, the performance of multiple parallel relays channels basically depends upon both the strategy of the relays and their positions.
If all relays are located so as to perfectly receive signals from the source, the maximum capacity is limited by the weakest source{-}to{-}relay channel data rate. In this situation, the others relays can be turned off.
Placing a relay very far from the source node can even decrease the source to destination direct{-}link capacity.
On the other hand, when all relays are located so as to perfectly deliver signals to the destination, the maximum capacity is equal to the multiple{-}access capacity of all relays at the destination. In such a network, adding a new relay may expand the outer region of capacity.

\setlength{\IEEEilabelindent}{2\IEEEiedmathlabelsep}
\IEEEusemathlabelsep

\bstctlcite{mybibfile:BSTcontrol}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
How Do We Show Respect for Our Country?
Credit: Tetra Images/Getty Images
How to show respect - Search on our website - helpwire.com
www.helpwire.com/How to show respect/Save your time
Find info on HelpWire.com. Here we have everything you need. How to show respect
Showing respect for one's country, or the Untied States, involves showing respect to the flag. Therefore, certain protocols are followed in displaying and handling the flag, The banner should never be shown with the union down unless the flag is being used as a distress signal. Also, the right hand is placed on the heart when reciting the country's Pledge of Allegiance, which is a tribute recited during flag-raising events.
The Home of Heroes website states that a flag code is followed in the handling and displaying the American flag. For example, the flag should never be transported horizontally, but should remain free and aloft. The code also states that the flag should not be used for drapes, bedding or clothing.
The banner should not be displayed or stored in a way that would cause it to be soiled or damaged. The code also states that the flag should not be used as a ceiling cover and should never be defaced with any kind of insignia, letter or marking.
In addition, flag protocol dictates that the flag should not be used to hold or carry items. It should not be used for advertising and should not be embroidered on handkerchiefs or imprinted on anything that will be used and thrown away.
A flag patch may be attached to a policeman's, fireman's or military officer's uniform. Flag lapels, according to flag etiquette, should be displayed on the left lapel above the heart.
What Are Some Examples of Moral Values?
What Is an Example of a Dedication Speech for a Classmate?
Why Is Sportsmanship Important?
Why Is Important to Pay Attention in Class?
Ways to Show Respect
Pictures of Respect
Treating People with Respect
People Showing Respect


text:
Q: Windows 10 SSTP with self-signed certificates I can't seem to get the Windows 10 sstp client to connect to the (router) sstp server
I have tried numerous combinations when creating my self signed certificates (ca & server) but I have to admit that I'm a little stumped
CA : https://prnt.sc/rqtkhv + https://prnt.sc/rqtks0
Server : https://prnt.sc/rqtls4 + https://prnt.sc/rqtm0y
Windows 10 : https://prnt.sc/rqtxsq + https://prnt.sc/rqtyfm
Q1) When installing the certificate in Windows I usually select  [Local Computer] certificate store rather than [current user]. Is it normal for Windows to also install a copy in the [current user] store ? If so what is the point of this duplicate certificate installation ?
Q2) When installing the certificate into the "Trusted Root Certificate Authorities" for [current user] I obtain the following warning : https://prnt.sc/rqtoyb - why don't I get this same warning when installing via [Local Computer] ?
Q3) What is the meaning of the yellow triangle with exclamation mark on both [Basic Constraints] and [Key Usage] ? https://prnt.sc/rqtzj0 + https://prnt.sc/rqtzut
Q4) Why doesn't the SSTP client (https://prnt.sc/rqu1r5) detect the presence of the previously installed (sstp server's ca) certificate ? https://prnt.sc/rqu0o0
Q5) I feel like my multiple certificate installation attempts may have 'polluted' my Windows' certificate store. Is this possible ? If so is there a way to 'clean up' the certificate store (besides manually deleting unwanted certificates) ?
Q6) I believe that this used to work with Windows 10 before but, maybe because of the regular updates, things seem to have changed ?
regards
yann

A: The mistake I made was to set the "Type of sign-in info" to [certificate]; this needs to remain [user name and password]
The sstp server's ca certificate will is still checked by Windows 10 because that is an SSTP requirement


text:
Siemens wins North American membrane filtration contract
Archer Western Contractors has awarded Siemens Water Technologies a US$7 million contract to supply 11 Memcor CP membrane filtration systems for the City of Scottsdale, Arizona, Water Campus Advanced Water Treatment (AWT) Facility expansion. The membrane systems from Siemens will provide Scottsdale with additional capacity within the existing Water Campus building footprint. Siemens will also provide unit control panels and membrane system programming. System installation is scheduled to be completed by August 2011.
The AWT Facility expansion will help meet the increased water reuse supply demands in Scottsdale for the foreseeable future. The new system from Siemens will be utilised as pre-treatment to reverse osmosis for treating wastewater that will be used for both aquifer recharge and irrigation of local golf courses. Each membrane system skid will consist of 222 membrane modules, and will produce a combined total flow rate of 23.5 MGD (88.9 MLD). The 1.8-metre tall PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) membrane modules increase the filtrate capacity by over 50%, compared to the earlier generation of Memcor pressurised membrane modules. Its compact, modular design allows the system to be easily modified and expanded, and takes up roughly 70% less space than conventional water treatment systems.
With this project, the City of Scottsdale and Siemens continue a long-standing partnership that also included the supply of five Memcor CP systems in 2009 for drinking water treatment.
Siemens wins membrane filtration system contract
New modular, compact ultrafiltration system from Siemens
Siemens awarded $14 million contract to supply membrane treatment system to Orange County Water District
Siemens to provide system for treating FGD scrubber wastewater
Siemens to supply membrane filtration system to new water treatment plant
Siemens to upgrade Chinese drinking water facility


While I had a nasty cold last week, I was feeling great all day yesterday. And today, I feel like I've taken 3 steps back. But, you know what, it was totally worth it, because seeing Ted Leo & the Pharmacists live last night was the coolest thing I've seen this year (with 300 right behind it)! The man himself is a riot. Just a brief example here, as he explains what happened the last time he tried to come to Arizona for a showIt was such a cool show, and they played almost every song I wanted to hear, including Me & Mia, Where Have All the Rude Boys Gone? (my poor clip), Whole Lotta Walking To Do, Tell Balgeary Balgury is Dead, some of the new stuff, and, to my immense delight, Under Your Hedge (my favorite).
It was also a pretty mixed crowd. I wasn't sure who would be there, just because you really don't hear that much about TL in Phoenix. Some younger, some older, some Frat boys and indie kids, all amongst the regular folks. I also was once again reminded that, if standing next to an indie kid at a show, don't give them the space to dance, because then you'll just spend the entire time worried you're gonna get smacked in the face. You'll also save them from looking like morons with Brazilian fire ants in their pants.
If there's any question as to how awesome he is live, just ask Wesley.
This entry was posted on Tuesday, April 10th, 2007 at 11:53 pm	and is filed under Arts, Life, Photo, Photo Essay. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


Nestle Boost® Kid Essentials 1.0 Pediatric Nutrition Complete Drink is a delicious, complete nutritional formula specially designed for children of ages one to 13. It delivers 25 essential vitamins, minerals and protein per serving. It is the first calorically-dense pediatric formula and delivers critical whole-protein nutrition in fewer servings. Rich in calcium to help build strong bones. May be consumed orally or used as a tube feeding.
Provides 100% or more of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for protein and 25 essential vitamins and minerals.
Protein source: sodium and calcium caseinates (milk), whey protein concentrate.
Rich in calcium to help build strong bones.
May be consumed orally or used as a tube feeding.


NEW YORK — Former Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning has been cleared by the NFL of allegations he used human growth hormone, the league announced Monday.
In December, Al Jazeera reported that Manning's wife, Ashley, received shipments of HGH from an Indianapolis anti-aging clinic. The report also said several other NFL players used HGH.
The NFL announced in January, ahead of the Broncos playing in Super Bowl 50 against the Carolina Panthers, that it would conduct an investigation into the allegations.
The league's seven-month investigation concluded that there was no evidence Manning used HGH or any other performance-enhancing drug, the league said in a statement Monday.
The NFL said it interviewed Manning and his wife, who were "fully cooperative with the investigation." The league also reviewed medical records in association with the investigation.
After several interviews and reviewing the documents, it was determined there was no evidence of any violations being broken.
Manning vehemently denied he used HGH when the allegations surfaced, and there was a report that Manning hired investigators to look into Al Jazeera's source.
Al Jazeera cited an intern with the anti-aging clinic as its source. The intern, Charles Sly, later recanted his story.
Manning helped the Broncos win Super Bowl 50 over the Carolina Panthers, 24-10, on Feb. 7.
Manning announced his retirement in early March.


text:
Monday - Friday, 6:00 - 7:00 PM ET
Mad Money with Jim Cramer
Cramer's Covid-19 Index
Cramer's Soundboard
A Stock With Just What Cramer's Looking For
Published Thu, Jul 12 20126:51 PM EDT Updated Fri, Sep 13 20134:33 PM EDT
To protect one's wealth in this difficult environment, "Mad Money" host Jim Cramer recommends high-yielding stocks with "domestic security," meaning the underlying company has zero exposure to Europe and its ongoing debt crisis.
Take American Realty Capital Trust, for example. American Realty Capital is a real estate investment trust that sports a 6.5 percent dividend yield. American Realty owns 485 properties across 43 states and Puerto Rico. It happens to boast a 100 precent occupancy ratio, too, because it has a sale leaseback business model — tenants sell their real estate to American Realty and then the firm leases the property back to them. While the sale-leaseback concept is not a new idea, Cramer said it has been incredibly popular as of late. And in addition to paying a dividend and having "domestic security," a consistent business model is just what investors should be looking for, he added.
American Realty Capital only listed on the Nasdaq on March 1, but Cramer it didn't have a "traditional initial public offering." So, the company is trying to educate investors about their business. Cramer wanted to learn more, so welcomed CEO Nick Schorsch. Watch the video to see the full interview.
Call Cramer: 1-800-743-CNBC
Questions for Cramer?
Questions, comments, suggestions for the Mad Money website? madcap@cnbc.com


"We support the calls for an appropriate national legislative framework that protects individual civil rights and ensures that governments are transparent in their use of facial recognition technology".
After concerns have been raised over possible discrimination and civil rights violations, AWS noted that it consistently tests its facial recognition to optimize the benefits and weigh the potential risks.
In his blog post Thursday, Amazon Web Services VP of Global Public Policy Michael Punke suggested such legislation should be handled at the federal level.
In less controversial settings, facial recognition tech is also used to unlock Apple iPhones using the Face ID feature and to check travelers' identities at government kiosks at USA airports. In law enforcement identification scenarios or others that could threaten civil liberties, presumably such as at border crossings, Amazon recommends using a confidence threshold of 99 percent. Punke writes that facial recognition matches should not be the sole determinant for making arrests or identifying persons of interest in a criminal investigation.
"There is no legal mechanism to stop misuse of facial recognition technology in India", Pavan Duggal, one of the nation's top cyber law experts, told IANS, adding that the Information Technology Act does not specially deal with misuse of this technology.
The use of this technology and calls for its restricted rollout were first reported in 2018 when Amazon was accused of trying to sell the Rekognition software to USA officials.
Amazon is taking an active role advising lawmakers on legislation that would govern facial recognition technology, like the Seattle tech company's own Rekognition software. "Best practices" should be developed, implemented, and taught.
However, not everyone believes Amazon is acting in good faith. The person shared details of the prompt with Buzzfeed anonymously.
Amazon.com might be experimenting with a new seller verification programme which requires sellers wishing to register across its site to record a five-second video of their face. "The video will be encrypted and stored for identification goal".
The technology is particularly prone to misidentify people of different ethnicities, civil liberties groups argue.
Sellers have previously verified their identities with documents such as state-issued ID, a business bank account statement, a utility bill statement, or data such as a business address or tax ID.
Nobody has seemingly gained more from Mourinho's departure than Pogba. "Well I've just spoken to him outside", Solskjaer said. Schurrle fired over from close-range after Alexsandar Mitrovic harried Chris Smalling into another mistake moments later.
Manafort's hopes for a pardon was one of several revelations in the 142-page transcript of a sealed hearing. Manafort faces a separate sentencing in Virginia for bank- and tax-fraud convictions.
Grande declined to perform and stayed relatively quiet about the ordeal. "I've kept my mouth shut but now you're lying about me". Join PeopleTV live on the red carpet at Clive Davis and the Recording Academy's iconic pre-Grammy Awards gala on Saturday night.
The possibility of coordination between the Trump campaign is also being investigated by special counsel Robert S. Trump himself expressed his frustration on Twitter early Thursday.


The design may be humble, but we were inspired. This ceramic savings bank is decorated with a hypothetical object of desire: a 21 speed bike. In these days of financial uncertainty, there's something resonant about saving pocket change for one big thing. In this case it's a bike, which is moreover a gift that gives back — in gas savings.
Making one of these would be a great rainy-weekend project. Ours would have a picture of a flat-screen TV on it, which we could place next to our current, ancient and enormous TV. What design would you put on yours?


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Your specialist source of news and reviews for games, anime, manga, film and literature
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Review: Slain: Back From Hell (Sony PlayStation 4)
by ddnetadmin
2D platformer/Heavy Metal/Indie/platformer/PlayStation 4/PS4 Review/Retro/Reviews/Slain!
Review by Brad L.
Heavy Metal was one of my favourite music genres growing up as an angst-ridden teenager. As time went on and I gained a family, my angst slowly disappeared and with it my love for heavy metal music. Occasionally, some sort of media will come along and awaken a part of my past self, allowing to remember the path I've taken to get where I am today. Slain: Back from Hell is one such example.
Related reading: Our review of the very first Castlevania game.
Bathoryn, the protagonist of Slain, is a grumpy, old grizzled champion of the underworld. In what was supposed to be an eternal slumber, Bathoryn is awoken by the gods seeking his assistance in vanquishing the evil Lord Vroll and his minions. Bathoryn acts like pretty much anyone woken up two minutes before their alarm and complains and whines that it's his time to rest. Begrudgingly he gets out of bed (a tomb) and the adventure begins.
The adventure is presented in the form of an old school Castlevania. Think of Castlevania III and we're getting pretty close to what we've got in Slain. Exploration is minimal, there are no large Metroid-like maps to be found here, and it is somewhat refreshing. That feeling of refreshment dissipates rather quickly upon Bathoryn's first death which presents him with the trophy "Get Used to It". And get used to it I did, dying repeatedly throughout the game, earning the "A Good Day to Die" trophy within the first couple of hours (hint: it meant I died 100 times). It is definitely a test of hand-eye coordination with a bit of dumb luck sprinkled in. It feels very old-school, and while that could put off a lot of people, I personally had a blast with it.
The traps in Slain are plentiful, and require Bathoryn to recognise the tell-tale signs that a trap is ahead. This means a lot of deaths will come so Bathoryn can learn from his errors and pass by unscathed the next time around. The only drawback to this comes sometimes when Bathoryn dies, and the last checkpoint was seven or eight minutes of gameplay prior to the trap. This seems more like an unnecessary punishment to Bathoryn rather than an attempt to increase the difficulty by any means necessary.
In order to make it through the game, Bathoryn is equipped with an awesomely oversized sword and magic. With the sword, Bathoryn can simply swing it at enemies and kill anything that moves, but more powerful enemies require some precise dodging and parrying. The swordplay takes some time to get used to, but there is a feeling of satisfaction when Bathoryn blocks an enemy's attack at the precise moment and lands a critical strike. The magic is pretty minimal but also useful. There are fireballs that can be thrown, standard or charged. When the mana bar is completely filled, Bathoryn can crouch and dish out an attack that destroys pretty much everything on the screen. Bathoryn gains more weapons as the title goes on and give an additional level of depth to the combat.
This is all presented in the now-common 16-bit art style. Seemingly over the 8-bit throwback fad from a couple of years ago, developers are now turning to classic titles from the Super Nintendo and the Sega Mega Drive/ Genesis for inspiration. I do feel that Slain kind of needs this art style though, as if it were presented in any other fashion it would deteriorate from what is achieved here. The animations are crisp and the hit-detection is spot on, and watching the way that enemies spew blood and show off their insides when they die fits in with the theme of the world. The environments themselves are incredibly creepy and dark. Imagine if Castlevania IV was mixed with the original DOOM and you wouldn't even be imagining half of what is going on in Slain.
The music of Slain is beautifully crafted by Curt Victor Bryant of Celtic Frost fame. Widely known in the heavy metal community for progressive heavy metal tunes, his style suits the game brilliantly. Every instrument seemingly served a purpose in driving up my anxiety for most of the game. The way the music plays slowly as Bathoryn traverses the landscape, then amps up when he reaches an underling of Vroll does well to increase adrenaline and a need to destroy everything in sight. I hadn't felt this way since Simon Belmont's theme ramped up the action against Dracula in Super Castlevania IV. Coincidence? I need to find this soundtrack in some form of official capacity (YouTube is not enough), I want to throw money at this and see more of it. It's so good that even Bathoryn can head bang to the music upon defeating a boss!
Related reading: For a look at where modern Castlevania is at, check out the recent 3DS game.
Slain: Back from Hell is a unique fish in a sea of pixel-art platforming throwbacks. The level design for the most part is well-done. The difficulty suits the atmosphere created by the music and art style. I mentioned earlier that Slain awoke a part of my past-self. Needless to say, it was fun to feel a similar adrenaline to what I felt as a 17-year-old. It felt like Wolf Brew reached into my brain, and plucked out a combination of my favourite things growing up. If the element of luck was reduced some of the checkpoints a little more forgiving, this would be essential.
– Brad L.
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Rapid TV News is the premier online daily news service for the television industry. The international team of journalists report on all aspects relating to broadcast technology, information, analysis, and provide up to date context and comment on the latest developments.
Started in 2007, Rapid TV News delivers global coverage through a network of journalists in the UK, Germany, Australia, Spain, France, and Italy.
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text:
Himi (氷見市; -shi) é uma cidade japonesa localizada na província de Toyama.

Em 2003 a cidade tinha uma população estimada em 55 476 habitantes e uma densidade populacional de 240,88 h/km². Tem uma área total de 230,31 km².

Recebeu o estatuto de cidade a 1 de agosto de 1952.

Ligações externas
 Site oficial em japonês

Cidades de Toyama

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Sponsored by the Student Health Center, "Movies with a Meaning" are playing at Brookdale at 11:30 a.m. every Wednesday.
All of the films being shown are meant to be entertaining and have moral and inspirational value for students. Although some may differ in genre, they all have clear meanings that students can take into consideration.
Films that will be shown, such as "The Help," Diary of a Mad Black Woman, and The Pursuit of Happyness all have the common theme of struggling characters. Additionally, they have the common theme of success in the end.
Films will be shown on the Lincroft campus in room 112 in the MAC building from 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m.
For more information contact the Student Health Center at(732) 224-2106.