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SQUADRON LEADER ROGER JOYCE BUSHELL – THE GREAT ESCAPER
Roger Bushell was born in South Africa on 30th November 1910. His father, a mining engineer, had immigrated to the country from England and he used his wealth to ensure that Roger received a first-class education. He was first schooled in Johannesburg but was later moved to Wellington, in England, and in 1929 he spent his first year at Cambridge University, where he studied law. However, his talents extended far beyond a promising career in the legal profession. He furthered his interest in the theatre and was up there with the best of them when it came to a party, but he was also a competent athlete and had the honour of representing the University, both as a skier and rugby player. He excelled at skiing and during the early 1930's he was declared the fastest Briton in the downhill category. He became a member of the Kandahar Club, at Mürren, and had a black run at St Moritz named after him in recognition of his setting of the fastest time down it. During an event in Canada, however, he had suffered a fall which came within a whisker of tragedy when the tip of one of his skis narrowly missed his right eye and opened a gash in the corner of it. The resulting stitches left him with a slight droop in that eye, which proved to be a feature that he could use to sinister effect whenever the need came.
Although he excelled as both an academic and a sportsman, Bushell yearned to fly and so in 1932 he joined the RAF Auxiliary and Reserve Volunteers. He was posted to 601 Squadron, which was commonly referred to as the "Millionaires' Squadron", because it was a unit in which wealthy young men paid their way in return for being taught how to fly Hurricanes on weekends and Bank Holidays. Bushell, meanwhile, pursued his legal career with vigour and from the handling of his first case in 1934 it was clear that he possessed a considerable talent to defend the accused. On the military side of the profession he also participated in courts-martial and prosecuted numerous RAF personnel, usually charged with dangerous flying, and such was Bushell's success rate that it has been suggested that his superiors acted to restrict the number of cases that he dealt with because he was inadvertently having a negative effect on the public relations effort. In 1939, Bushell defended a notorious London gangland boss on a charge of murder and he succeeded in securing a "not guilty" verdict. Delighted with the conduct of his defence counsel, the man in question offered his hand to Bushell only to be told in no uncertain terms that although he was happy do his duty and defend a blatant murderer, he would not shake his hand. Nevertheless, Bushell was promised that he would be helped if he ever got into trouble in London, though it is unlikely that he received this offer with any greater warmth.
Roger Bushell stood 5′ 10″, and he was a heavily built individual. He possessed a charismatic personality, and was warm and friendly by nature, but when the occasion called for it his deep voice and piercing eyes could make him an intimidating figure. Bushell was a natural leader and a bold organisational genius with a knack of making tough decisions in an instant, and so it is small wonder that he went on to mastermind the largest and most extravagant escape of prisoners of war ever attempted.
WAR IS DECLARED
Roger Bushell was a Flight Lieutenant with 601 Squadron when the war began, but he was soon promoted to Squadron Leader and, on 10th October 1939, he was presented with the task of raising 92 Squadron. The Squadron was to fly twin-engined Blenheims out of RAF Tangmere, close to Littlehampton, however at this time the Squadron existed only in name as there were no officers besides Bushell himself and the scant ground crew had no equipment with which to work. Despite this barren state of affairs, he received an enthusiastic welcome from a neighbouring squadron, based on the same airfield, and they invited him to come and get completely paralytic with them for the evening. As soon as he had recovered, Bushell set to work making the Squadron operational, and in a relatively short space of time he had achieved this. Training was carried out with a marked intensity, beginning with aircrews gaining experience in night-fighting over Tangmere, before they were relocated to Gatwick and then on to Croydon.
Bushell was given command of 92 Squadron in October 1939. His promotion to squadron leader was confirmed on 1 January 1940.
On 5th March 1940, 92 Squadron traded in their Blenheims for 12 Spitfires, and with these they removed to Hornchurch. Neither Bushell nor those under his command had ever flown in combat before, but on 23rd May they received orders to patrol the French coastline in support of the retreat to Dunkirk. The 12 Spitfires flew to Boulogne, and from here they followed the coastline to Dunkirk via Calais before returning in the same direction. They had been briefed to expect considerable fighter harassment, and over Picardy this threat materialised in the form of six Me-109's. One of the Spitfires was lost during the opening exchange, after which any sense of discipline was lost amongst the inexperienced pilots as they threw themselves into the attack from all directions, clogging up the radio with their chatter no matter how many times Bushell ordered, "Shut up!". The engagement was brief, and the remaining 11 Spitfires returned to England, having shot down 4 of the Messerschmitts. During this engagement with enemy aircraft Bushell was credited with damaging two Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighter aircraft of ZG 26 before being shot down himself, probably by future ace Oberleutnant Günther Specht. The lost pilot and aircraft were immediately replaced and at 2pm on the same day the Squadron were ordered into the air for a repeat performance. Taking advantage of this momentary respite, Bushell had lectured his men to maintain both formation and radio silence in the event of attack. As they were about to leave the French coast for home they were pounced upon by a very large flight of up to 40 Me-110's, but the twin-engined German attackers were not able to capitalise on their advantage because Bushell ordered his pilots to hold formation and draw their opponents in by circling wide to the left before breaking rapidly to the right and getting violently in amongst their pursuers. In spite of their initial discipline the intercom was soon jammed with every voice except that of the flight commander, however Bushell was in no state to lead at this point because five Messerschmitts were on his tail. His manoeuvres succeeded in bringing one German aircraft into his sights and he shot it down, and possibly one other, but his Spitfire had taken fatal damage in the action and Bushell found himself trailing smoke and going down. To extinguish the flames that had developed, he switched off the engine and went into a steep dive, but the fires returned as his Spitfire glided towards a grassy field. Bushell made a safe landing, and he was under the impression that he had come down in Allied territory and so it wouldn't be long before someone picked him up. This proved to be an accurate assessment, but the motorcycle patrol which appeared were of German origin. Although their Leader was a Prisoner of War, POW number 621, 92 Squadron fought on in the skies above and shot down 17 of the Me-110's.
'Bob' Tuck's logbook mentioning losing Roger Bushell
Norman Frank's book on the Dunkirk Air Battle contains an eyewitness account by 92 Squadron pilot Tony Bartley which gives an idea of what that air combat was like. He wrote:
"The Squadron took off again after refuelling and rearming and ran into trouble as soon as we hit the beaches. A swarm of Heinkels approached like a gaggle of geese. Above them in attendance, followed a cloud of 109's and 110's. I didn't know how Roger proposed to attack this armada, and I thought of Henry V at Agincourt. Perhaps because it was not far from us.
"Suddenly Roger's voice broke the RT silence, 'Pabby, take on the high cover. Bob and I will take on the bombers. Over.' I scrambled for altitude after Paddy, and then suddenly we were in the missile of it. They came down on us like a swarm of angry bees. I ducked a stream of tracer and turned in behind a Me110. He had a shark's jaw painted on his nose. I aimed with eight guns. He turned over and went straight down. I watched him hit the ground in a burst of flames. My first Hun … I felt sick. I was then milling in a mass of aeroplanes, twisting, turning, climbing and diving in pursuit of one and other. Suddenly my port wing was drilled with holes. Paddy came up on my left wing with five Me110 on his tail. I attacked the Me110s and another five attacked me.
"I heard Roger swearing on the radio as he plunged into the bomber force. None of his section returned."
Foreman's book on Fighter Command claims does list two Bf110 as damage by Squadron Leader R Bushell off Boulogne at 17:20 and Franks in his book on Fighter Command losses does record Bushell as being shot down in Spitfire N3194 in combat with Me 110s and that he was taken prisoners.
DULAG LUFT
Bushell was sent to Dulag Luft and he soon made his administrative powers felt. Lieutenant Commander James Buckley, of the Fleet Air Arm, had established the Escape Committee at Dulag Luft, and following his first meeting with Roger Bushell he quickly recognised his potential and appointed him as his deputy. Bushell's training as a lawyer served him well, and throughout the Summer of 1940 he interrogated every new prisoner that arrived at the camp. This very thorough debriefing served to fulfil a number of functions, first to collect the latest news from home and also to find out what questions that the Germans had asked them, but above all they were asked to vouch for prisoners already at the camp whom they had known in England, just to be sure that none of them was an infiltrating agent. During the course of these interviews, Bushell appeared to be rather an intimidating person, largely due to the intensity of his gaze, but once the ordeal was over, he immediately became much more pleasant, relaxed and welcoming.
Of all the various methods of escape, Bushell evidently favoured tunneling, because whereas the over-ground techniques were dangerous and could succeed in breaking out just one or two men, a well-built and disguised tunnel had the potential to accommodate many more with a much higher degree of safety. Bushell put a team together and began work on a tunnel. Unfortunately, their efforts proved to be little more than a harsh lesson in the realities of excavation. It was a dark, dirty and extremely uncomfortable affair, but the camp also stood on a high-water table and not only were they digging mud but the tunnel flooded so often it had to be abandoned, only two metres short of its objective. A second tunnel was started, but this was discovered by watchful guards and no further efforts were mounted during the remainder of 1940.
The escaping season resumed in the Spring of 1941, but the Escape Committee had not been idle over winter and had invented methods of drainage to deal with flooding difficulties. The first tunnel that Bushell had dug had yet to be discovered, and as soon as it was realised that it could be salvaged and repaired the escapers returned to their task, amongst whom were now men with whom Roger Bushell would plot at Stalag Luft III, including Wing Commander Day and Major Johnny Dodge. Bushell hoped to pass 18 men through the tunnel.
In May 1941, the tunnel was ready for use, but Bushell did not go down it. Instead he had spotted another opportunity for escape and asked to have a 24-hour head start on the other escapers on the undeniable grounds that he, with his fluent knowledge of French and German, was the most likely to make a home run. In order to maintain the secrecy of the tunnel, he proposed to escape over-ground by making use of the camp's goat. Billy the Goat, as he was known, lived in a hut in the exercise field, an area which was outside the camp and the wire. Bushell had observed that the guards were casual at best concerning the numbers of men who entered the field and of those who returned, and so over the previous week he had accompanied the football players out so that he could sneak into Billy's hut to dig a shallow dip in the earth, in which he could lie and be covered by straw and not be noticed unless he was trodden upon. The only downside to the plan was enduring the appalling smell, but one prisoner predictably added, "Oh, I'm sure the goat won't mind that."
The plan was agreed. On the eve of the tunnel escape, Bushell went out into the exercise area as usual and got into his hole, where other prisoners laid thin strips of wood over the top of him and then a scattering of straw over the top of that. Bushell lay there, quiet and motionless, and endured the stench of the goat and its faeces for the six hours until it was dark enough for him to leave the area. His absence had not been noted when the other prisoners returned inside the wire, and it was very easy for fellow conspirators to cover for him at roll call using tried and tested methods. Once it was suitably dark, Roger emerged from the straw to find himself staring into the face of the goat, who was fortunately more concerned with chewing his feed than with violently defending his territory, as Billy was prone to doing. Quietly, Bushell left both the hut and the camp behind him and headed in the direction of Oberursel. He was wearing a civilian suit that he had bribed from a guard and carried an amount of German money and passable papers, which reinforced his rehearsed story that he was a German ski instructor on leave from the Army. Although he was fluent in German, he spoke it with the Swiss accent that he had acquired from his pre-war skiing days, but to cover up any suspicions that his voice might betray he decided to act as if he were slightly drunk.
Bushell walked the streets openly and, hiding behind a newspaper that he had bought, caught the train from Frankfurt to Tuttlingen, via Darmstadt, Mannheim, Heidelberg and Karlsruhe. From Tuttlingen he boarded the service to nearby Bondorf, but he arrived at his destination a little too early to be inconspicuous and so passed the time with his newspaper in the waiting room until the rush hour commuters crowded onto the platform. He then strolled into the centre of the town and stopped at a cafe to refresh himself with a cup of coffee and a slice of cake. Whilst strolling about, Bushell came upon a bookshop, from where he purchased some maps and a guidebook, which he hoped would cement his appearance as a tourist, having guessed that tourism was still an acceptable pastime in war-torn Europe.
Bondorf was but 10 miles from the Swiss border, and for the final leg of his journey Bushell concluded that a stroll through the countryside was called for. He was certain that his escape was not a mere formality and during the day he wandered into an area of woodland, where he sat with his back against a tree to decide how he should approach Switzerland. He knew that the escape from Dulag Luft would not take place until nightfall, after which all ports would be alerted to the threat of escaping prisoners. There were two options open to him; to cautiously make his way cross-country and sneak across the border at night, or to adopt the cavalier approach of simply passing through the border post as if he were a normal tourist. He had heard rumours that the border posts in the area were not watched so closely and so he decided to play the tourist to the end. Bushell walked through the border village of Stühlingen without giving rise to any hint of suspicion amongst the locals. The border post was indistinct and seemingly unmanned, so he decided to cross it, but within mere steps of freedom a German voice cried, "Halt!". A large German border guard emerged, holding a pistol aimed at Bushell in one hand while the other accepted his papers. Not in the least intimidated, Bushell hoped to bluff his way out of the situation and so explained his tourist aspirations, but unfortunately the guard happened to be a more shrewd individual than most, and when he took Bushell to the police station to check his papers there was clearly no alternative but to give himself up. Tragically, it was later discovered that if Bushell had decided to cross the border at only 200 yards of either side of the village, he could have passed into Switzerland without the slightest hindrance.
Back at Dulag Luft, the tunnel escape went ahead as planned and it was a success, however within 24 hours most of the participants had been recaptured.
SECOND ESCAPE
Roger Bushell did not return to Dulag Luft but was instead dispatched to a camp at Lübeck, where there were about 50 RAF officers with some representatives of the British Army. Conditions at the camp were far from satisfactory, with very little heating, poor quality food and low levels of hygiene. Understandably, Bushell wanted to get out of the camp at the earliest opportunity and so he organised the digging of a tunnel, but this was abandoned when the prisoners were informed that they were all to be moved to a more satisfactory Oflag at Warburg. There was little despair at this news because all of the prisoners knew that they would be transported via rail, inside of cattle cars, and as trains were an ideal platform from which to mount an escape, Bushell began to make preparations for his first taste in a year of life beyond the wire. He teamed up with a resourceful Czech fighter pilot by the name of Jack Zaphok. The plan was for both men to wear civilian clothes under their uniforms, break out of the slow-moving train, and then make their way to Czechoslovakia where they would contact the Resistance in the hope of being smuggled out to either Turkey or Yugoslavia.
There were guards inside the cattle cars, but they gathered near to the door and so it was not hard for Bushell and Zaphok to work out of their sight, behind some other prisoners who suddenly felt the desire for a game of cards. One of the men in the carriage had provided them with a knife that he had notched to act as a saw, and so they took it in turns to cut away at the wooden floor, a slow and arduous process that left all of them with cut hands. Their efforts were rewarded, however, and they cut a big enough hole for them to squeeze through. They first waited for the train to slow down, whereupon they dropped out onto the tracks below, and then dangerously rolled off the railway line in between the carriage wheels. Five men got out in this manner; the other three went their separate ways and were later captured. The train showed no signs of acknowledging their absence, and so Bushell and Zaphok, who were both carrying excellent forged papers and wore civilian clothes beneath their uniforms, caught a train heading for the Czech border. They made it to Prague, where they stayed with a married couple in their apartment whilst Zaphok attempted to contact the Underground.
All seemed to be going well, but again bad luck conspired to ruin Bushell's hopes. He had arrived in the capital at the same time that Reinhard Heydrich, "The Butcher of Prague", was appointed Reichsführer over the country, and proceeded to carry out his work with customary ruthlessness. British Intelligence seized upon an opportunity to deploy two Czech paratroopers to Prague with orders to assassinate Heydrich. They succeeded in inflicting fatal wounds upon him, but as might be expected there were vicious Nazi reprisals for the loss of this esteemed members of their establishment. In excess of 1,000 civilians were herded together and massacred, their only crime being that they were Czechs. Having heard the appalling news on the radio, Bushell knew that he and Zaphok must leave immediately, if only because their presence placed their hosts in grave danger. Unfortunately, every street was so closely watched that any kind of movement was now impossible, and before long the Gestapo kicked down the door and arrested everyone in the house. The couple who had sheltered the two escapers were executed, while their son was sent to a concentration camp.
Bushell never saw Jack Zaphok again, who after his interrogation was sent to Colditz. Bushell, however, was taken to Berlin for a closer examination. The Gestapo were not prepared to listen to his claims that he was an escaped Prisoner of War, but instead they suspected him of having a hand in Heydrich's assassination and were determined to set him up on a charge of sabotage. One can only assume that his interrogation was not a sedate and pleasant affair, but Bushell maintained his story and it eventually became clear to the Gestapo that he was telling the truth. The precise circumstances of his release are not known, but it believed that influential members of the Luftwaffe, who knew, respected and even liked Bushell, had heard rumours of his detention and were beginning to make enquiries. The Gestapo did not wish to risk coming into conflict with the honourable Luftwaffe and so they returned Bushell to their care. Before he left the Gestapo, he had been assured him that if he escaped and fell into their hands again then he would be shot, and as was later pointed out to him by Group Captain Massey, the Senior British Officer at Stalag Luft III, this was no light-hearted threat because the Gestapo had committed so many atrocities during the war that one more would hardly alter their fate. Bushell, however, was determined to escape again and would not allow himself to be caught for a third time.
Bushell did not speak to anyone about his ordeal at the hands of the Gestapo, but from his manner thereafter and the language he used whilst writing letters home, it is clear that the experience had left a profound mark upon him. He had spent time in Germany before the war and was no enemy of either its people nor its culture, but this awakening he had received had filled him with an absolute and burning hatred of everything that the Nazi regime stood for.
Bushell was sent to Stalag Luft III, and as his reputation was widely known he was quickly brought on board the Escape Committee. At the time of his arrival, this considerably effective group was headed by Lieutenant Commander James Buckley, whom Bushell had served under at Dulag Luft, but in November 1942, he and other acknowledged trouble makers were sent off to Oflag XXIB in an effort to disrupt the escapes out of the camp. Bushell had only just arrived when he found himself in command of the Escape Committee.
During the initial months, Bushell channelled the escape effort into probing for weaknesses and looking for opportunities, but in the Spring of 1943, he announced the most ambitious escape plan of the war that would utilize all the hard-won experience that he and his fellow prisoners had acquired during their captivity. He planned that three very long and deep tunnels would be dug, codenamed "Tom", "Dick" and "Harry". The simultaneous digging of these tunnels would become an advantage if any one of them were discovered by the Germans, because the guards would scarcely imagine that another two could be well underway. The most radical aspect of the plan was not merely the scale of the construction, but the sheer number of men that Bushell intended to pass through these tunnels. Previous attempts had involved the escape of anything up to a dozen or twenty men, but Bushell was proposing to get in excess of 200 out, all of whom would be wearing civilian clothes and possessing a complete range of forged papers and escape equipment. It was an unprecedented undertaking and would require unparalleled organisation. As the mastermind of the Great Escape, Roger Bushell inherited the codename of "Big X".
Falling back on his legal background to represent his scheme, Bushell called a meeting of the Escape Committee and not only shocked those present with its scope but injected into every man a passionate determination to put their every energy into the escape. He declared, "Everyone here in this room is living on borrowed time. By rights we should all be dead! The only reason that God allowed us this extra ration of life is so we can make life hell for the Hun… In North Compound we are concentrating our efforts on completing and escaping through one master tunnel. No private-enterprise tunnels allowed. Three bloody deep, bloody long tunnels will be dug – Tom, Dick, and Harry. One will succeed!".
From the outset security had been a priority, and as such no prisoner ever asked questions or drew attention to any happenings in the camp which might be regarded as odd. As Roger Bushell himself put it to a group of new arrivals, "If you see me walking around with a tree trunk sticking out of my arse, don't ask any questions, because it'll be for a damned good reason."
During the summer of 1943, all of the tunnels were well underway, however it was at this time that the actions of the camp authorities had outwitted the escapers. Up until now the US airmen at the camp had been cramped into the North Compound with the RAF, but the sight of Russian prisoners cutting down trees outside the camp betrayed the intention to build a separate area for the Americans. The South Compound would rob the Americans of the chance to escape through a tunnel on which they had worked, and this was felt by all to be very bad form on behalf of the Germans. Kommandant Lindeiner was asked to intervene, but it was clear that the order to separate the USAAF from the RAF had come from far above him and he could do nothing. Bushell decided that the Escape Committee must do all they could to help their American friends, and so he decided to abandon "Dick" and "Harry in order to put the entire effort into "Tom", in the hope that it would be ready for use before the South Compound was built. This was a risky proposal as increased activity could give "Tom" away, and it was by no means certain that the tunnel would be completed in time. In view of this fear, care was taken to not only employ the best tunnellers down "Tom", but also to involve the Americans wherever possible so that they could take a lot of experience with them to the South Compound.
As a result, the length of "Tom" increased dramatically, but as soon as the tunnel reached the perimeter fence the Germans began to cut down trees in the very area where the tunnel was expected the open. Bushell was livid. It appeared that in spite of the tunnel being dug far below the surface, the microphone detection equipment around the perimeter of the camp had picked up a great deal of activity which led the guards to believe that a tunnel was nearing completion. Although the guards had an idea where "Tom" might emerge, this information was useless to them unless they could locate the entrance, and so the regular game of cat and mouse between the prisoners and ferrets continued apace. Traces of the tunnel sand were spotted in the gardens, and it was noted by the prisoners that the guards in the watch towers were using binoculars to look for any suspicious signs which might betray the dumping of the soil. Clearly, they were hoping to identify in which barrack the tunnel originated, and Bushell knew that he had to do as much as possible to disguise Hut 123. The number of penguins, who wandered about the compound and disposed of the tunnel sand, was greatly reduced so as not to draw so much attention to 123, but as a result this slowed the digging effort. The guards carried out several raids on various barracks, and in spite of a definite and targeted search of Hut 123, which lasted for five hours, nothing was found. There was a debate as to whether progress on the tunnel should be halted until the heat cooled off, but as "Tom" was only 16 metres short of completion, the digging cautiously crept on. However, the hut was searched again, and due to a complete accident, the entrance was discovered, and the tunnel was destroyed with explosives. Faced with the cruel loss of "Tom", Roger Bushell gave the order that "Harry" should be reopened and pushed into the woods.
There was one positive aspect to the discovery of "Tom" that helped to brighten a terrible day for the prisoners, and was revealed because the Germans were euphoric in their success, and as a result even the most experienced and cautious ferrets allowed their guard to slip a little. Sergeant Hermann Glemnitz, who was regarded as possibly the sharpest tool in the box, was overheard by a German-speaking prisoner telling a fellow guard that his feelings were that as they had discovered such a huge and well-constructed tunnel, there could not be another one underway, and added that he would be checking up on how many bed boards were disappearing from prisoners bunks in the future. The man who overheard this at once informed Roger Bushell, who naturally ordered that the bed boards, used to shore up the tunnels, were to be plundered before Glemnitz could count them. Many of the 2,000 boards that were collected were hidden down "Dick".
Work continued, and by February 1944 the tunnel was nearing completion, but the guards knew that something was afoot. In a desperate effort to foil the escape, they selected 20 men whom they believed to be ringleaders and moved them on to another camp, however they only succeeded in picking out four key workers, and amazingly Roger Bushell was not amongst them. Escaping the attention of the guards did not happen by chance, indeed Bushell had gone out of his way to make himself look as inconspicuous as possible. He kept a low profile about the camp, and also made a point of participating in rugby matches and displaying numerous cultural leanings. He took up language classes and began to learn Russian, Czech and Danish, and he also took to the stage. In the early days of 1944, he had approached the acting community in the camp about lending them his strong voice and natural acting talent, and as such was welcomed with open arms. Such a good actor was he that he prepared for the lead role of Professor Henry Higgins in George Bernard Shaw's "Pygmalion". The word was deliberately put about that Bushell was no longer an escaper and instead spent all of his time in the theatre, and this assessment was accepted by even the more cunning ferrets at Stalag Luft III, so much so that they crossed him off their list of possible escape masterminds. As the play was due to open at the end of March 1944, the approximate time that "Harry" would be complete, Bushell took care to inform Ian McIntosh, his understudy, to learn the part of Henry Higgins very thoroughly as he might not be available to do the honours himself.
Although the three tunnels had been his main effort, Bushell oversaw the planning of numerous opportunistic escapes which involved just one or two men, though he did not participate in any himself. One day, Bushell announced that he had a plan to march a group of escapers out of the front gate, in broad daylight and in full view of the goons. He decided that the Germans would discover a louse because the effect of this find was most predictable. So terrified were the guards of an outbreak of lice, their procedure was to immediately evacuate the infected barrack, and not only de-louse it but also all of its occupants. The de-lousing block lay beyond the wire, outside of the camp, and so with impeccable timing, Bushell planned that when two German guards entered the camp to collect the prisoners from the barrack, two prisoners dressed in guard uniform would escort 22 men out through the main gate. The plan worked beautifully and once they were clear the men scattered into the woods however all were recaptured.
Bushell's other responsibilities including overseeing elements of intelligence gathering. Every conceivable detail about the terrain beyond the wire was gathered and analysed, and for each country that an escaper might pass through there was one man in charge of the collection and distribution of all information relating to that country. Bushell was the acknowledged master of everything German, due to his ability to speak the language as well as his extensive knowledge of the country from his pre-war skiing days.
On the 24th March 1944, "Harry" was declared ready for use. Unfortunately, the weather was not in the least ideal as the ground was covered with six inches of snow and it showed every likelihood of getting worse. Winter conditions were not the time to make an escape, especially for the many "hard arses" who would not have the comforts of a train journey but would instead have to travel cross-country with a trail of their footsteps mapping their progress.
At 11:30am, Roger Bushell strolled around the exercise area with Wing Commander "Wings" Day, thinking hard about whether to give the order to go. Although Bushell was prone to instant decision making, this was a decision like no other. If the escape was postponed for the night then it would have to be postponed for a month, because the day was a Friday, and they could not even leave the escape until Saturday night because no trains ran on Sunday. If the escape was postponed for any longer than the weekend then the advantage that came with the darkness of a New Moon would be lost and there would be a delay of one month. Morale amongst the prisoners would slump if this happened, and it should not be forgotten that it was perfectly possible for the guards to discover "Harry" during this delay. It may have seemed to be sensible to abandon the attempt for another month, but the tunnel diggers knew that the April downpour would put pressure on the structure of the tunnel and the strain could collapse. At length, Bushell made up his mind and insisted that they had to proceed, regardless of the risk. The order was passed around and immediately the team of forgers stamped Friday's date on all of the papers.
Bushell with 'Bob' Tuck
Bushell planned to journey with a friend, a French RAF pilot by the name of Lieutenant Bernard Scheidhauer. He intended to pass himself off as a French businessman, wearing a trilby hat and a dark overcoat, beneath which was the very same grey suit, presented to him by the family with whom he had stayed, that he had worn when he had been recaptured by the Gestapo in Prague.
On the night of the escape, Bushell and Scheidhauer took their places towards the front of the tunnel, which was reserved for those who were considered most likely to succeed. It was whilst they were waiting in the tunnel that Johnny Bull, who had just dug out the exit shaft, reported to Roger that "Harry" had emerged in only the first line of the fir trees and that they were twenty feet short of any kind of cover that would prevent the patrolling guards from spotting them. Without hesitation Bushell announced the solution; to tie one end of a length of rope around the top rung of the ladder and the other about a tree, and that two tugs from the man at the tree meant that it was safe for the man waiting in the shaft to come out. Once the rope had been produced, Bull climbed out of the tunnel and signalled to Harry Marshall, who was number 1 in the queue, that it was safe to come out and set up the rope around a tree. Marshall did this, and when he saw that the sentry was moving away from him, he tugged the rope to signal his escape partner, Ernst Valenta, to come out, quickly followed by Roger Bushell and Bernard Scheidhauer. As Marshall and Valenta disappeared into the woods together, Bushell took his turn on the rope and when it was safe, he signalled for the next man to come out. Safe in the knowledge that the improvised procedure of escape was being passed to each man as he came, Bushell and Scheidhauer headed into the woods.
Again, Bushell favoured the use of trains as the best means of getting away from the scene of his crime as quickly as possible, and so he and Scheidhauer made for the railway station where they awaited the 3:30am service to Breslau. Amongst the second-class carriages on which they travelled were a further six escapers from Stalag Luft III, but naturally none of them made any attempt to acknowledge each other. The train arrived at Breslau at 5:00am, and it was feared that they might arrive to an intense level of security, signalling that the authorities had been altered about the escape, but happily the tunnel had not yet been discovered and so there was no barrier to their progress. The tunnel was eventually discovered, but not before 76 men were already out. Unfortunately, not including the men who were captured at the mouth of the tunnel, Bushell and Scheidhauer were the very first escapers to be recaptured. Early on the 26th March they had reached Saarbrücken without incident, but they were arrested when police inspected their papers and spotted a minor fault in them.
The Gestapo had promised to execute Bushell if they crossed his path again, and they were true to their word. A few days later, Obersturmbannführer Dr. Leopold Spann, the Saarbrücken Gestapo chief, gave the order to type up death certificates for Bushell and Scheidhauer, in advance of their murder.
Before dawn on the 29th March 1944, Dr. Spann, Kriminalsekretär Emil Schulz, and Walter Breithaupt, their driver, collected Roger Bushell and Bernard Scheidhauer from the Kripo prison and drove them in the direction of Mannheim, where Breithaupt had been told that they were to be handed on to the relevant authorities. After they had travelled for approximately 25 miles and were passing through woodland, Dr. Spann ordered the driver to stop, whereupon he and Schulz got out to talk and smoke cigarettes, leaving Breithaupt alone with the two handcuffed men. He was soon summoned to join them and was informed that they had received an urgent order from Berlin Head Office that the two "terrorfliers" were to be killed at once. Bushell and Scheidhauer were let out of the car and were told that they could relieve themselves in bushes a few short steps from the car but were told that they would be shot if they tried to escape. Emil Schulz and Dr. Spann walked to within a metre behind each man, both of them holding a pistol. Facing away from their captors, the two men began to unbutton their trousers, whereupon Dr. Spann gave a signal and he and Schulz simultaneously shot both men in the back of the neck. The bullet that struck Roger Bushell did not kill him, but left him in spasms, requiring Schulz to administer a final shot to his left temple. The bodies were taken to Neue Bremm Concentration Camp where they were cremated.
Of the 76 men who escaped through "Harry", three men succeeded in escaping. The remaining 73 were all recaptured, but Hitler gave a direct order that 50 of these men should be shot.
Roger Bushell is buried at the Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery (Coll. grave 9. A.) in Poznań, Poland.
Gravestone of R.J.Bushell in Poznań, Poland
Bushell was posthumously mentioned in despatches on 8 June 1944 for his services as a POW. This award was recorded in the London Gazette dated 13 June 1946.
Emil Schultz centre of picture
After the war an RAF Special Investigations Branch team was assigned to hunt down the killers of the Fifty. The driver, Walter Breithaupt, was arrested and gave a very thorough statement and his evidence prompted the S.I.B. team to track down Dr. Spann and Emil Schulz. Their search concluded that Spann had been killed during an air raid at Gestapo Headquarters in Austria, whilst Schulz was believed to be alive and living somewhere in the French Zone. Further investigation revealed that he was under arrest and using the name Ernst Schmidt, but it did not take much of an interrogation by Flight Lieutenant Francis McKenna to reveal his true identity. The French authorities handed Schulz over to McKenna, who took him back to England where he was tried, convicted, and hanged.
SOUTH AFRICANS WHO DIED AS PART OF THE FIFTY
Lieutenant Johannes Stephanus Gouws MID 103275 SAAF Age 29. 40 Squadron Pilot. P-40 Tomahawk 9 April 1940. Pow Number 116. Murdered on 29 March 1944. Born on 13 August 1919. Parents Mr and Mrs J S Gouws of Bultfontein, Orange Free State, South Africa.
Lieutenant Clement Alwyn Neville McGarr MID 95961 SAAF age 27. Pilot. P-40 Tomahawk on 6 October 1941. POW number 655. Murdered on 6th April 1944. Born 24 November 1917, from Johannesburg, South Africa.
Lieutenant Rupert John Stevens MID 47431 SAAF age 25. 12 Squadron. Pilot. Marauder AH297.14 November 1941, POW number 712. Murdered 29th March 1944. Born in London 1919. Son of Mr and Mrs GR Steven of Cape Town, South Africa.
BUSHELL'S PLANES
Example of 601 Squadron Blenheim MkIf
Thanks to Andrew Thomas
Bushell's Spitfire N3194 GR-Z
Below is a colour profile for GR-U from 92 Squadron, from June 1940, remember Bushell was shot down on 23 May 1940, so this is a very accurate representation of what GR-Z would have looked like.
Thanks to Lucas
BUSHELL AND THE MOVIES
Bushell was the basis for the character "Roger Bartlett" in the film The Great Escape (1963), played by actor Richard Attenborough.
Bushell has been portrayed by Ian McShane in the made-for-TV film The Great Escape II: The Untold Story (1988).
Published Works and further reading
Brickhill, Paul 2000. The Great Escape. London, UK: Cassell & Co
Dix-Peek, Ross 1 February 2010. "The Great Escape and its South African Mastermind". The South African. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014.
Durand, Arthur 1989. Stalag Luft III: The Secret Story. London, UK: Patrick Stephens.
Foreman, John 2003, Raf Fighter Command Victory Claims of World War Two – Part One 1939-1940, Red Kite.
Franks, Norman 1997. Royal Air Force Fighter Command Losses of the Second World War – Volume 1 Operational Losses: Aircraft and Crews 1930-1941, Midland Publish Limited.
Norman, Franks 2000. Air Battle Dunkirk 26 May – 3 June 1940, Grub Street.
Lucas, Paul No Date. The Battle for Britain – RAF May to December 1940 – Camouflage and Markings No. 2, Scale Aircraft Monographs, Guideline Publications, Luton
Meserole, Mike 2008. The Great Escape: The Tunnel to Freedom. New York: Sterling Publications.
Pearson, Simon 15 August 2013. The Great Escaper: The Life and Death of Roger Bushell – Love, Betrayal, Big X and the Great Escape. Hodder & Stoughton.
Rollings, Charles 2004. Wire and Worse. Hersham, UK: Ian Allan.
Smith, Sydney 1968. Wings Day. London, UK: Collins.
Thomas, Andrew 2012. Defiant, Blenheim and Havoc Aces, Osprey Publishing.
Vance, Jonathan F. 2000. A Gallant Company. Pacifica, California: Pacifica Military History.
van der Stok, Bram 1987. War Pilot of Orange. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co.
Walters, Guy 2013. The Real Great Escape. London, UK: Bantam
http://www.pegasusarchive.org/pow/roger_bushell.htm accessed on 22/11/2019
https://www.bing.com/search?q=Roger+Bushell&form=IE11TR&src=IE11TR&pc=EUPP_DCJB accessed on 22/11/2019
http://aircrewremembered.com/stalag-luft-sagan-and-belaria-the-fifty.html accessed 22/11/2019
"No. 34765". The London Gazette. 2 January 1940. p. 25.
Meet the Warriors
FLIGHT LIEUTENANT CAESAR BARRAND B HULL
GROUP CAPTAIN PETRUS 'DUTCH' HUGO
CHARLES JAMES LAUBSCHER
ROSAMUND EVERARD STEENKAMP
BAILEY JAMES RICHARD ABE
LE ROUX , JOHANNES JACOBUS
MALAN ADOLF GYSBERT
MAJOR FROST
MAJOR ERIC COWLEY SAVILLE
ALBERT GERALD LEWIS
ANDREW CHRISTIAAN BOSMAN
SPITFIRE RESTORATION PROJECT. © COPYRIGHT 2019. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.


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The thirsty traveler download skype
Before it became one of the most successful internet companies of its time, skypes founders were running their technology without a user interface, interacting with it. Update to the latest skype client to try out the new skype. How can i be sure that the install file i download is from skype. Out of all the voice and video call options out there, i find facetime to consistently deliver the best quality. Skype for windows 10 is already installed on the latest. When skype announced its realtime translation program back in may, most of us seized on the scifiness off it all star treks universal translator, babel fish, etc. Once the installation is finished you can start pamela. He began his television career on the tvokids programming block of ontario provincial public broadcaster tvo in 1994. How to download and install skype free tutorial at. Get skype getting started support for your skype for windows 10 and stay connected with friends and family from wherever you are. A tech enthusiast and fan of smartphones who keeps track of every little happening in the smartphone world. Thank you for downloading the latest version of skype from. From classic rock to new age rock, each show has something for everyone.
Not only does kevin indulge in exotic libations, but he learns about the customs and. Follow us as we explore our way through the world, feasting on interesting sights and amazing food. Share location, use gifs or quick reactions in your chats. In free mode, you can talk to and even have video conversations with anyone else that is using skype on their computer. Mohamed alfayed, the stores owner, stops by oprahs skype station to give a shopping report. Explore skype features or get skype for your mobile device. Here is the swot analysis of skype which is a telecommunication software that enables users to interact online through various means. The thirsty traveler journeys from the crowded streets of dublin, landing in cork in search of perfect pint of stout. I tried to update, why does my skype still look the same. If this is the case, simply click get skype for windows desktop. How skype translator works translate instant messages in over 40 languages using the system teaching the system putting machine learning to the test now youre speaking my language literally skype has always been about making it easy to talk with family and friends all over the world. By continuing to browse this site, you agree to this use. A second skype camera is stationed in london at harrods, one of the worlds largest department stores.
Download skype for your computer, mobile, or tablet to stay in touch with family and friends from anywhere. My friend has already updated it and i cannot contact him without it. Apple unfortunately prohibits them from its partners cellular data networks. Depending on the meeting options set by the organizer, youll either join the meeting immediately, or be. The thirsty traveler, executive produced by bryan smith, is a weekly journey into the heart of the worlds greatest wine, beer, and spirit producing regions. Brauch worked for cfnyfm in toronto from 1988 to 1990. You can follow the question or vote as helpful, but you cannot reply to this thread. Here are the basic steps to join a skype for business meeting with skype meetings app. After you start pamela, you will see a dialog window by skype. With a consequent navigation to skype download page on windows store after confirmation. Backing circle ive got the new skype rosette the whole world can talk for free. We are a local band providing music through the ages. I cant seem to download skype and when i click on the icon it doesnt work answered by a verified software technician. I cant download the latest version of skype windows 10 i cannot download a latest version of skype windows 10.
Download skype translator right now, no invite required. How to fix please install skype from the windows store. Get skype skype to go support for your skype for windows desktop and stay connected with friends and family from wherever you are. Updating to the latest version of skype skype support. Pamela for skype thank your for downloading the free. Join host kevin brauch as he travels the world in search of the best beer, wine, and spirit producing regions. The thirsty traveler episodes the thirsty traveler. Participants included whistler rum, deep south distillery, musgrave gin, distillery 031. Whether you need to take it to the office, on a plane, or just store it in a bathroom with limited. They skype team is semiautonomous, either that or microsoft has no real idea or understanding of how skype works and doesnt work. To download this animated smiley, press the rightclick on the link ontheloo.
Please install skype from the windows store for the best. As a side note, i tried skype with my iphone last night with no phone plan or sim card or anything. Born and raised in toronto, ontario, brauch worked as a bartender for seven years early in his career while working his way through the radio and television arts program at ryerson university. Thai street food giant egg fried rice bangkok seafood thailand. Most of skype s original functionality voice calls plus instant messaging is there, but voice over internet protocol, or voip, calls can only be made via wifi. Skype is a communications tool that allows you to have audiovisualtext conversation with one or more people at the same time. Skype ive got the new skype rosette the whole world can talk for free. If you need to stay in touch with friends and relatives. Open the meeting request in your email or calendar, and select join skype meeting. Download skype for desktop available for windows, mac and linux. Journidock thirsty traveler package is equipped with a set of cup holders.
From the desire to find the greatest watering holes in the world, the thirsty traveler was born. Skype midterm report the new york times frugal traveler. Join a skype for business meeting with skype meetings app. Waterpik unveils the sidekick water flosser and whitening. Thirsty traveler theres nothing quite like a little liquid refreshment to cap off a day of sightseeing in southern new mexico. As of this morning, skype for iphone is available as a free download at the itunes app store. We use cookies to give you the best possible experience on our website. On the skype for business web app signin page, enter your name, and select join the meeting. Depending on your version, you may see join online meeting. Each episode explores the land, people, production, companies, customs, traditions, food, and stories connected with the.
Thirsty soft from yellow design studio is the rounder, warmer, extravintage version of thirsty script. I cant download the latest version of skype windows 10. Click the device that you want to download skype for. Do you enjoy trekking the world and have a thirst for adventure. I mean, skype has pretty much been the same pos app since well before microsoft purchased them. If you want to help microsoft in testing the new skype on linux, you can install the alpha version. First up is the sidekick, whose collapsible package was created with the busy traveler in mind. Thank you for downloading skype download freeware and. Thirsty traveler held their annual winter spirit tasting at brickmakers distillery on 16 august 2019. Alpha version of new skype client for linux is out now. You can download and install the latest version of skype free of charge. If you happen to have chatty neighbors you can opt to download audiobooks that will assist you to drown out the noise.
Skype has a lot to offer to its customers through the instant messaging platform. Do not download skype install files from anywhere else. Download skype for mobile available for android, iphone or. The problem is, the skype team is going left, while the messaging team is going right. To get the latest version of skype for windows 10 version 14, please go. Skypes website should automatically prompt you to download a setup package for the skype program. It is the leader in the computertocomputer audio video communication world and is very high quality. Watch the thirsty traveler episodes, get episode information, recaps and more. This site uses cookies for analytics, personalized content and ads. This community is dedicated to windows 10 which is a personal computer operating system released by microsoft as part of the windows nt. Participants included whistler rum, deep south distillery, musgrave gin, distillery 031, brickmakers distillery, cape town gin company, richmond hill brewing company who contributed a total of 18 different spirits. Each episode explores the land, people, production, companies, customs, traditions, food, and stories connected with the alcoholic beverage that a region is known for. This is how the new version looks like in ubuntu 16.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Massimo Bonini (born 13 October 1959) is a Sammarinese former professional football player and coach, who played as a midfielder for Italian sides Bellaria Igea, Forlì, Cesena, Juventus and Bologna.

His greatest achievements in club football were at Juventus, where his work-rate enabled him to form a notable midfield partnership with French playmaker Michel Platini and mezzala Marco Tardelli, having won 3 Serie A titles, 1 Italian Cup, 1 European Cup, 1 Cup Winners' Cup, 1 European Super Cup and 1 Intercontinental Cup and becoming the first and only Sanmarinese footballer to win a UEFA club competition.

At the international level, he gained 19 caps for the San Marino national football team.

One of only two Sanmarinese sportsmen to have won a world title alongside motorcyclist Manuel Poggiali, he is regarded the most iconic athlete born in the country. For its 50th anniversary in 2004, UEFA asked each of its then 52 member associations to nominate one player as the single most outstanding player of the period 1954–2003, and Bonini was chosen as the Golden Player of San Marino by the San Marino Football Federation in November 2003.

Club career
Bonini began his career at Juvenes Dogana in 1973 but failed to make a league appearance during his 4 years at the club. After leaving Juvenes Dogana in 1977, he moved on to join Bellaria, going on to make 33 appearances scoring 1 goal. After leaving Bellaria in 1978, he moved on to join Forli, going on to make 23 appearances, scoring 1 goal. After leaving Forli in 1979, he moved to Cesena, appearing 60 times and scoring 5 goals.

After leaving Cesena in 1981, Bonini played for Juventus between 1981 and 1988, in which he played 296 matches and scored 6 goals. He won 3 Scudetti, 1 Italian Cup, 1 European Cup, 1 Cup Winners' Cup, 1 European Super Cup and 1 Intercontinental Cup. He is the only Sammarinese footballer to have won an official international title. For his performances, he was awarded the Bravo Award in 1983, as the best under-23 player in European Competitions.

After leaving Juventus in 1988, he moved to Bologna going on to make 112 appearances and scoring 5 goals. Bonini retired in 1993.

One of the solely two Sanmarinese sportsmen to have won a world title alongside motorcyclist Manuel Poggiali, he is regarded the most iconic athlete born in the country.

International career
Since the San Marino Football Federation was not officially recognised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) until 1990, players from San Marino were assimilated to Italian players. For this reason, Bonini was entitled to play for the Italian Football Federation and actually played for the Italian Under-21 football team. Since he always refused to give up the citizenship of San Marino, he had to wait until 1990 in order to play for San Marino's first team, winning 19 full caps since then. He played his first match for San Marino against Switzerland on 14 November 1990.

Managerial career
After his retirement, Bonini also briefly served as the head coach of the San Marino national football team, from 2 June 1996 to 10 September 1997.

Style of play
Bonini was a hardworking, energetic and versatile box-to-box midfielder, who was frequently deployed as a central midfielder or as a defensive midfielder during his time at Juventus. Although this position did not provide him with the freedom to contribute offensively or creatively that he had possessed in his early career, he excelled in his new role as a ball winner, and at breaking down opposition plays, due to his tactical intelligence, work-rate and positional sense, supporting his more creative teammates defensively, such as Michel Platini, alongside Marco Tardelli. He was known in particular for his pace and stamina, which earned him the nickname "Platini's lungs", due to his successful partnership in midfield with the Frenchman.

Honours
Juventus
Serie A: 1981–82, 1983–84, 1985–86
Coppa Italia: 1982–83
European Cup: 1984–85
European Cup Winners' Cup: 1983–84
European Super Cup: 1984
Intercontinental Cup: 1985

Individual
Bravo Award: 1983
UEFA Jubilee Awards - Golden Player of San Marino: 2004
Medaglia d'oro al valore atletico CONS: 1989
FIFA Centennial Golden Medal: 2005

References

External links
UEFA.com's article on San Marino's Golden Player

UEFA Golden Players
1959 births
Living people
Sammarinese footballers
San Marino international footballers
Italian footballers
Italy under-21 international footballers
Italian people of Sammarinese descent
Forlì F.C. players
A.C. Cesena players
Juventus F.C. players
Bologna F.C. 1909 players
A.C. Bellaria Igea Marina players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Sammarinese expatriate footballers
San Marino national football team managers
Association football midfielders
Italian football managers
Sammarinese expatriate sportspeople in Italy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I received the product for free from Best Buy. All opinions are mine.
The holiday is a time we all love to be with friends and loved ones but sometimes this isn't just possible! Good news Facebook Portal which is a home video device makes it very easy to connect with friends and family when you can't be there. With Portal it seems as if you are in the same room with the person you are chatting with. Hence, If you can't be there with friends and family don't worry as you can connect with them regularly through portal.
Portal makes it easy to share each and every moment with your loved ones, so there is no missing out of those beautiful moments of your life by your loved ones. That is why Facebook Portal has Smart Camera and Smart sound, this means you can move around the house, the kitchen and share those little moments that matters and the Smart Camera will adjust to capture each and every moment!
The beauty of Portal is that regardless of if your loved ones are miles apart, it seems as if you are together in the same room, it feels less like being on a video call and allows you to connect via video more frequently and naturally than is possible with existing video chat technology.
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Smith Speaks to FOX 26 about Manti Te'o Controversy, Finding Affordable Suits
On Jan. 17, Multimedia Executive Todd A. Smith appeared on Fox 26 (KRIV) in Houston to talk about the controversial Manti Te'o "cat fishing" hoax. Smith gave his expertise on how the Internet can be used to deceive its audience and how through the Internet (online dating, social media, etc.) people can create a totally unrealistic persona and that can lead to unsafe dating practices.
In addition, the CEO of Regal Media Group appeared again on Fox 26 (Feb. 2) to educate Houston men on how to find an affordable suit without breaking the bank. Smith informed Fox fans that they have to stick with their core colors (black, navy blue, brown, etc), wear belts that match their shoes and use accessories to showcase their personality and uniqueness. Appearing with Smith were models Jeremy Kindle and Michael Carter (of the Spring-The Woodlands-Huntsville Alumni Chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Inc.) and Ryan Small (of Medley, Inc.).


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Nirvana Sued By Now-Grown Baby From Iconic Album Cover -Claims 'Child Pornography'
by Wes Walker And Jeff Dunetz | Aug 25, 2021 | Culture
Nirvana Nevermind album cover
Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.— Mark Twain
Before it was famous for overpriced coffee and political rioters, the city was known as the birthplace of the Seattle sound known as 'grunge,' with none more famous than Nirvana. Nirvana Nevermind album cover
In 2014, Nirvana was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame.
But now, one plaintiff hopes the same album that launched them to stardom could lead them to one of the few kinds of infamy rebellious rockers would never willingly embrace. The label of child pornographers.
The album that started their journey, for anyone who may not remember, was 'Nevermind.'
Thirty years later, the kid on the cover is grown, and he is all lawyered up.
Per NBC News
Spencer Elden, the man whose unusual baby portrait was used for one of the most recognizable album covers of all time, Nirvana's "Nevermind," filed a lawsuit Tuesday alleging that the nude image constituted child pornography.
The album cover depicts Elden underwater in a swimming pool as a then-infant with his genitalia exposed. The image has generally been understood as a statement on capitalism, as it includes the digital imposition of a dollar bill on a fishhook that the baby appears to be enthusiastically swimming toward. Non-sexualized nude photos of infants are generally not considered child pornography under law.
The case the lawyer has been making is that the dollar bill on the fishhook is, in fact, sexualizing the photo.
Instead of being treated as a rebuke of capitalism, Elden thinks the nude baby 'chasing money' portrays the kid as a 'sex worker,' which would take it outside the 'non-sexualized" protections, especially if one is trying to get money from the album thirty years later.
The fish hook with a dollar bill was later added digitally to the image for the cover. The shoot lasted 15 seconds, and Elden's parents made only $200, his dad told NPR in 2008.
The cover art subject — who, like the "Nevermind" album itself, is now 30 — is asking at least $150,000 from each of the defendants, who include surviving band members Dave Grohl and Krist Novoselic; Courtney Love, the executor of Kurt Cobain's estate; Guy Oseary and Heather Parry, managers of Cobain's estate; photographer Kirk Weddle; art director Robert Fisher; and a number of existing or defunct record companies that released or distributed the album in the last three decades.
Curiously, original Nirvana drummer Chad Channing is also named as a defendant who was part of the group at the time, even though he had been replaced by Grohl in 1990, before the album was recorded or the cover photography shot. [The techical term is double dipping].
…What was a constant, in the past as now, is that Elden has said he was never compensated for the photo beyond the $200 his parents were paid for it on the day of the shoot. In previous interviews, he's said he tried to get in touch with Grohl and Novoselic, on a friendly basis, but never got a reply. A possibly new contention in the lawsuit is that Elden's parents never even signed paperwork allowing any use of the image.
…' beyond the $200 his parents were paid for it', you say?
The deep irony of the kid on this album cover coming back 30 years later, looking to cash in on a payday, was not lost on social media.
Maybe he'll finally get the money. https://t.co/vfBzthyZU6
— Seth Dillon (@SethDillon) August 25, 2021
He repeated the picture in 2016, although without the dollar bill and thankfully with pants.
This might not help his case.https://t.co/l2TEpwUgOX
When he took the 2016 picture, he seemed to express bitterness about not becoming rich from the use of his picture in an interview with Time Magazine:
Today, Elden lives in Los Angeles with his mother and focuses on making art and growing tomatoes. Over the past few years, his interest in art has developed after he interned for street artist Shepard Fairey, who has acted as a mentor. But Elden is still trying to figure out how he feels about Nevermind. "It's a trip. Everyone involved in the album has tons and tons of money. I feel like I'm the last little bit of grunge rock," Elden says, "I'm living in my mom's house and driving a Honda Civic."
(…)Frustrated about never receiving any sort of compensation for Nevermind, Elden recently looked into pursuing legal action against Geffen Records, but was unsuccessful. "It's hard not to get upset when you hear how much money was involved," he says. (Nevermind has sold over 30 million copies worldwide.) "[When] I go to a baseball game and think about it: 'Man, everybody at this baseball game has probably seen my little baby penis,' I feel like I got part of my human rights revoked," says Elden.
Sorry Mr. Elden, but the only time people know that it's your little baby penis is when you make it an issue—unless it hasn't grown since 1991 (I don't want to know).
Parts of this post were first seen at Clash Daily
https://lidblog.com


Can an audacious young prince make his tradition-bound family bow to his will and force his somnolent society to wake up? With the sweeping powers recently bestowed on 30-year-old Saudi Deputy Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, the Saudi royal family, its 30 million subjects and the outside world may soon find out.
Read more about What can we learn from the Trump and ISIS eras?
"Donald Trump and Abu Bakr el-Baghdadi peddle similar fantasies to ordinary people living in diminished and stressed conditions. The fantasy of being born again into a perfect, orderly and triumphant world is hard to resist for ordinary men and women whose ordinary lives have suddenly taken a turn to vulnerability, uncertainty, weakness, humiliation, and even military and terror attacks by hostile foreigners they can neither understand nor neutralize. They are promised, and expect to enjoy, instant personal wellbeing, communal power, and national re-assertion, in Nevada and New Jersey as in Raqqa and Casablanca..."
"Like most public political dramas across the Middle East, the current events in Lebanon revolving around uncollected garbage are really about several different issues that have merged into one."


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Der Autonome Kreis Cangyuan der Va (; kurz: ) ist ein autonomer Kreis der Va der bezirksfreien Stadt Lincang (临沧) im Westen der chinesischen Provinz Yunnan. Sein Hauptort ist die Großgemeinde Mengdong (勐董镇). Die Fläche beträgt 2.490 km² und die Einwohnerzahl 160.262 (Stand: Zensus 2020). 1999 zählte der Kreis 157.219 Einwohner.

Der Birmanische Guangyun-Tempel (), ein Tempel des Hinayana-Buddhismus, und die Felsmalereien von Cangyuan () stehen seit 1988 bzw. 2001 auf der Liste der Denkmäler der Volksrepublik China.

Administrative Gliederung

Auf Gemeindeebene setzt sich der autonome Kreis aus drei Großgemeinden und sieben Gemeinden zusammen. Diese sind:

 Großgemeinde Mengdong (勐董镇)
 Großgemeinde Yanshuai (岩帅镇)
 Großgemeinde Mengsheng (勐省镇)

 Gemeinde Danjia (单甲乡)
 Gemeinde Nuoliang (糯良乡)
 Gemeinde Menglai (勐来乡)
 Gemeinde Mengjiao (勐角乡)
 Gemeinde Banhong (班洪乡)
 Gemeinde Nanla (南腊乡)
 Gemeinde Banlao (班老乡)

Siehe auch
 Banhong-Zwischenfall

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website - Chinesisch

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Yunnan
Autonomer Kreis / Autonomes Banner (China)


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Exhibition Victor Moriyama
Amazon Deforestation
Victor Moriyama
Victor Moriyama for The New York Times
"From time to time, nature, confronted with such ignorance and devastation, causes a wave of mass destruction… Nature will die in embers."
Davi Kopenawa Yanomami, an indigenous leader in Brazil
Xapiri indigenous gods had foreseen the environmental tragedy that struck Brazil in 2019 when humans destroyed a total of 9,762 square kilometers of Amazon rainforest, an area as large as Lebanon. This set a record for deforestation: an increase of 29.5% on the previous year, shocking the international community and triggering protests across the world, with Greta Thunberg speaking out and demanding urgent measures.
Soldiers provide security for firefighters. During fires, henchmen acting on orders from farmers attempt to intimidate firefighters and rangers.
Soybean farmers have burned forestland to expand their acreage. Near Porto Velho, state of Rondônia.
Climbing an açaí palm. Combu Island, near Belém, state of Pará.
Why should we conserve forestland? We are experiencing a climate emergency, and the loss of the tropical rainforest could mean a further increase in greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change. The land use model in the Amazon and other tropical rainforests around the world, cutting down trees to clear land for non-sustainable use, has brought the worst impact of global warming upon us. The selection of images presented here is an overview of the Brazilian Amazon in 2019, showing deforestation carried out by persons illegally occupying untitled land. The photographs were taken over a period of 70 days which I spent immersed in different parts of the Brazilian Amazon, reporting for The New York Times. This is an investigative project designed to give a deeper understanding of the social and environmental relations inside the forest where illegal occupation of land is prevalent. The expansion of farmland for livestock is the main factor in the destruction of the forest, and is backed by powerful politicians in Brazil's National Congress. There are also illegal mining activities, supported by President Bolsonaro who has presented draft legislation to allow mining and hydroelectricity operations on indigenous land. Predatory logging is the first step in a complex network of illegal operations: felling trees, then selling and exporting them with false documents. The process known as "esquentar madeira" consists of recording timber taken illegally from protected areas as wood from legally felled trees prepared ready for shipment. How can the process of destruction under way, and backed by the Brazilian government, be stopped? My ambition is for my photographs to have an impact on the general public, triggering a reaction so that we can force the authorities and companies to take action and implement proper sustainable forest management. With the knowledge of the forest-dwelling communities and with contributions from science based on the concept of the green economy, we could find satisfactory ways of reversing this situation of climate emergency. The challenge is here. It is time to act!


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Home FEATURES Tours & Travel
EgyptAir launches direct flights to Kigali, as Rwanda vies for aviation hub status
byJAVIRA SSEBWAMI | PML Daily Staff Writer
Egypt's national carrier EgyptAir touched down at Kigali International Airport at 3:30am on Sunday. (PHOTO/COURTESY)
KIGALI – Egypt's national carrier EgyptAir on weekend launched two weekly flights connecting Kigali and Cairo, a development officials say will ease the cost and movement of people and goods.
The first flight of EgyptAir, operated by the airline's Boeing 737-800's touched down at Kigali International Airport at 3:30am on Sunday and was greeted by a 'water salute' from Rwanda Civil Aviation Authority, making it the 8th airline to have direct flights to Kigali, a local daily reported.
The Minister of State in charge of Transport, Jean de Dieu Uwihanganye, who officiated at the launch of the EgyptAir flights to Kigali, was quoted as saying that the opening of the Cairo-Kigali route by the EgyptAir, confirms Rwanda's ambition to become an aviation hub.
"The arrival of EgyptAir affirms Rwanda's ambition to make aviation a pillar in the economic transformation of the country. We are continuing to achieve that target step by step. As part of our aviation policy, we have liberalised our airspace, which is why we are receiving our brothers from Egypt and other African countries with open arms," he said.
"EgyptAir is an African airline. With Rwanda being one of the pioneers of the Single Africa Air Transport Market, which Egypt is also a member of, having EgyptAir coming here means a lot to Rwanda and it also means a lot for the bilateral relations between Egypt and Rwanda," Uwihanganye said, adding that it also created close links between civil aviation authorities of both countries.
He said that EgyptAir opening the route also comes with new economic opportunities and jobs for both countries.
"There are a lot of economic opportunities because relations between Rwanda and Egypt have in recent years warmed up and we are seeing improvement in terms of trade –an increase in the amount of goods we export to Egypt and what we import from Egypt," he said.
Mr. Uwihanganye said that the opening of airspace between African countries will help reduce the cost of travelling by air, which remains prohibitive. He said with African airlines directly connecting countries, Africans will no longer have to travel through Europe or Middle East to connect to African cities –something he said will benefit passengers.
The Egyptian ambassador to Rwanda, Ahmed El Ansary said Rwanda has been keen on opening her airspace to Egypt, to facilitate trade and bilateral relations between the two countries.
"We always talk about the challenges of connectivity between our African capitals and I guess with EgyptAir on the ground today in Kigali is a step in the right direction," he said
The flights from Cairo to Kigali will be on Thursday and Saturday, while flights from Kigali to Cairo will be on Friday and Sunday, with a stopover at Entebbe international airport in Uganda.
The airline also said it will be running promotional offers through their country general sales agent Alpine Travels to encourage more people to travel to Egypt, which is one of the continent's leading tourist destinations.
Tags: Ahmed El AnsaryEgyptAirEntebbe International AirportKigalirwandatop


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« NOVEMBER 2012 BAD FAITH CASES: COURT RULES THAT SERVICE UPON CARRIER'S STATUTORY AGENT DOES NOT COMMENCE THIRTY-DAY PERIOD FOR REMOVAL (New Jersey Federal)
NOVEMBER 2012 BAD FAITH CASES: COURT DENIES BAD FAITH CLAIM BECAUSE CARRIER'S DELAY WAS VALID IN LIGHT OF THE INSURED'S ALLEGED MISREPRESENTATIONS OF FACT (District of New Jersey) »
NOVEMBER 2012 BAD FAITH CASES: APPELLATE COURT AFFIRMS DENIAL OF INSURED'S BAD FAITH CLAIM, DESPITE FACT THAT TRIAL COURT SHOULD HAVE PERMITTED INSURED'S EXPERT TO TESTIFY REGARDING CARRIER'S ITPA VIOLATIONS WHICH ARE RELEVANT EVIDENCE TO BAD FAITH CASES (New Jersey Appellate Division)
Published on November 12, 2012 in NJ - Experts and NJ -ITPA and UCSPA. Closed
In Lydon v. Chubb Group of Ins. Cos., the appellate court heard an appeal from the dismissal of an insured's claim for bad faith damages in relation to its carrier's denial of benefits under a homeowner's policy.
Specifically, the insured argued that the trial court erred in dismissing its claim for bad faith because it prohibited the insured's expert from testifying about the carrier's representative, whose conduct allegedly violated the Insurance Trade Practices Act ("ITPA").
According to the insured, violations of the ITPA may provide evidence of bad faith. However, the trial court precluded such a discussion because the expert did not mention "the concept of bad faith." Rather, the judge reasoned that the expert's report "contained net opinions" that "downgrade[d] the . . . proof required" to sustain a claim for bad faith.
The appellate court disagreed with this reasoning, finding that "the judge conflated two separate issues – whether violations of the ITPA are relevant evidence of bad faith and whether such evidence necessarily proves bad faith." However, ITPA violations are indeed relevant to a finding of bad faith on behalf of an insurance carrier.
Regardless, the appellate court held that the insured's evidence was insufficient to yield a finding of bad faith. Assuming that the court did permit the insured's expert to testify, the insured would have failed to prove that the carrier's conduct caused them to sustain damages as a result of its alleged bad faith.
Lydon v. Chubb Group of Ins. Cos., No. A-4344-09T1, 2012 N.J. Super. Unpub. LEXIS 2068, Superior Court of New Jersey – Appellate Division (App.Div. Aug. 30, 2012) (Messano, Kennedy and Guadagno, JJ)
0 Responses to "NOVEMBER 2012 BAD FAITH CASES: APPELLATE COURT AFFIRMS DENIAL OF INSURED'S BAD FAITH CLAIM, DESPITE FACT THAT TRIAL COURT SHOULD HAVE PERMITTED INSURED'S EXPERT TO TESTIFY REGARDING CARRIER'S ITPA VIOLATIONS WHICH ARE RELEVANT EVIDENCE TO BAD FAITH CASES (New Jersey Appellate Division)"


Another Etsy update. I've added three more Fairy Houses to my store over the past few days. The holidays are coming up soon and I don't know about you, but I get excited to decorate my mantle.
These houses are neutral enough to look great year round, though you can always add decorations to them for Thanksgiving, Christmas, etc.
I think this is the first and only time I've given a music house a black roof - just like I always used to make the French houses with a red roof. Why not change it up?
I love this house - even the back looks great, doesn't it??
So cute on a shelf!
A small vintage French book papered house. J'aime ma maison.
Don't forget you can always store jewelry, miniatures, etc. inside!
So pretty! I love these houses. There is just something about black and white - especially antique white that goes so well together. And they seem so fitting in the Fall - I can't wait to pair mine with a small pumpkin - orange or white to keep with the monochromatic theme?? Decisions, decisions... Papered all around, of course!
And they go so well together. You could mix it up with the music house and a French house or buy both French houses together.
If you do decide you want more than one - if it is a small house and a medium house together they can nest within each other and be shipped together. (Two of the larger houses require a bigger box). You can convo me on etsy and I will make a custom listing for you with a combined shipping price.
All houses are one of a kind - I use pages from real vintage French books and antique sheetmusic. No copies. I hand paint them, antique them and seal them with a matte finish. A lot of work goes into each one.
Finally it's a post that is not an Etsy update! But instead I'm spamming you with pictures of tomatoes! Isn't that fun? It's looking like rain outside so I decided to grab a basket and check if there were a few tomatoes needing to be picked... Boy, were there! This basket is so full of tomatoes it feels like I have a brick in there.
The basket looks small, but it is very deceptive!
Lots of small, medium, large and even jumbo ones along with little bitty cherry tomatoes. More like mini grape tomaoes or something - they are very cute! My green peppers are stunted this time - not sure why. Last time I got two that were almost as big as the ones at the grocery store. Oh well.
And I do have a few new items to add to the shop, but I still need a few finishing touches and to seal a few so they will be up tomorrow or so. Bye for now!
Just a quick note to let you know I bought a few more canvases at my local art store and made a new Shabby Sheep for the store - with Crow! I know several of you have said you love the crow with the sheep and I agree - they make a cute pair, don't they?
The sheep stands on his French text - the same text is stamped on all four sides as well.
And I also have made some Silhouette boxes. I think these would make really cute little gifts at a Wedding or a Book Club, etc. or just to keep for yourself anywhere in your house. I love to store buttons, ribbon and other supplies on my desk in my studio or you could use them in your sewing room.
They are all Prim and antiqued - slightly Grubby look. I used antique white and plain black. They are handpainted all over as well as antiqued and sealed with a matte finish.
Hello, all - I'm reporting to you live from my bed where I am confined flat out with some of the worst back pain ever (and that's saying something) for the foreseeable future. So, what better time to update both my shop and blog?
I didn't antique it, either - left it clean and simple. I think they look good both ways, but if someone did want to buy it and wanted it antiqued I could do that - just convo me at etsy or comment here.
Bigger and better pictures are on Etsy, of course.
Next up is a set of vintage French book papers with some pretty Naturalist images.
You could frame and display them all together or seperate them into groups - the pair of sea shell pages and the butterflies with the other insects, etc. It's all up to you. I wish I had one of those display coffee tables with a clear glass window to a collection below. I'd lay these out on the bottom and then add my own shells and curiosities with it. You could decoupage a cabinet or table with these, too. Lots of possibilities.
I just love the prim crow, the haunted house, Phrenology chart and that spooky little eye staring at you. I'm going to frame mine and display them in the hall or the living room, I think. They'd look good all year round, really.
Doesn't this get you in the mood for Halloween?? I'm feeling it!
ETA: After a cat scan and resting my slipped disc is healing and I'm back on my feet. Yay. Just gotta take it easy and be careful.


hey there gals and guys....this is a little something Lori put together to help promote this lovely kit we all made!!...hope you like them!!...cheers liz...and please scroll down and put your name in the comments and email address if you are interested in winning this wonderful collaboration for the Susan G. Komen fund!!
Hi there everybody...did you know that October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month????...this month at K-Joi Studios we have decided to get together some of our most talented designers to make a mega collab to raise funds for the Susan G. Komen fund...all proceeds go to this very worthy cause so i decided to give it away on my blog for free...if you would like this lovely kit and it is pretty spectacular please come and leave a comment plus your email address here on my blog...thanks very much to all who participate...i will give you all till the 15 of November to get your names in..then i will pick one lucky winner to win this fabo kit!!
This kit was put together by 13 designers who want to get out the word on Breast Cancer Awareness. ALL proceeds from the sale of this kit will go to the Susan G. Komen Fund to aid in this cause! For more information, or to donate to this cause directly visit: http://ww5.komen.org/. This kit is for all the mothers, daughters, sisters, aunts, cousins, friends, grandmothers, and many other loved ones who have ever suffered from this illness and their families.
It is so important to catch this early...and that is the message we want to get out! Check yourselves, be checked by your doctor, and be aware for those that care so deeply about you! To those that haven't survived this...we will remember you forever!! And to those that have survived this...we are amazed by the strength and courage you inspire in those that are around you...THANK YOU!
This kit includes 71 papers, 113 elements, and 2 alphas. All items are 300ppi resolution, and are jpg/png files. The papers are all 12x12 in size.
There is also a generous coupon added by Kara of KjoiStudios for her shop!
The alphas are: A distressed chipboard alpha (Uppercase only), and A glittered polka dot alpha (Uppercase, Lowercase, Numbers, and Punctuation).
If you would like to purchase this lovely kit please visit K-Joi Studios here .
I am a stay at home mum to two kitties, a husband and a doggy. I live in Sunny Queensland Australia. I really enjoy keeping house and spending time with friends and family. I love entertaining and will often have a guest for tea. I adore digital designing and can't imagine life without it. You can contact me at bethlizard@msn.com . I sell at Ivy Scraps. Thanks for visiting my blog!!