People have sought meaning in nature for centuries, yet only in the twentieth century did contact with wild settings become both institutionalized and readily available to ever increasing numbers of visitors. John C. Merriam (1869-1945) wanted the national and state parks in the western United States to be more than mere recreational outlets for visitors from an expanding leisure class. These travelers have been described by others more recently as "scenic voyeurs," content with observing sensational landscapes and often validating their journeys through souvenirs and photographs. Merriam associated himself with a movement to save the last coast redwoods in northern California, but he also redefined how other parks centered on remnants of the geological past were perceived. Because he insisted that intellectual curiosity and an individual's search for meaning be the focus behind the public park as an institution, Merriam occupies a unique place in the pantheon of defenders of parks and other wild places.
Although strong willed and highly competitive, Merriam often recalled his boyhood, spent in a small Iowa town, in tones that echo the English romantic poet William Wordsworth's verse about the child being the father of the man. Merriam likened the experiences of his early years to the "natural piety" that Wordsworth so often celebrated, yet they also pushed him toward a career in science. From Iowa he went to the University of California, Berkeley, and eventually to Washington, D.C., first as a professor of paleontology and then as president of a foundation devoted to scientific research. His personality could best be described as austere yet articulate, his climb to national prominence helped less by his scientific credentials than by his capabilities as a man who knew how to seize an opportunity. He frequently turned to nature for reflection and inspiration, such that he could be both loner and leader. Merriam's protégés and associates in the preservation movement frequently wrote about the power of Merriam's ideas and his commitment to bringing about parks managed primarily for the education and inspiration of visitors.
Merriam's efforts on behalf of several national and state parks were part of a desire to continue the teaching he had pursued for twenty-six years as a professor at Berkeley, but in a setting other than a university. Parks made better venues than a lecture hall, Merriam believed, for allowing people to see how nature reflected a divine hand, yet had also evolved from a dimly perceived past. As the most active among three cofounders of a conservation group called the Save-the-Redwoods League, Merriam embraced what he saw as an opportunity to help visitors appreciate how a redwood grove represents continuity between life on earth now and how it was millions of years ago. Even if some ancient plant and animal species had given way to those presently occupying the forest, he said, ancient redwood trees could render the geological time scale comprehensible to visitors who contemplated the past according to a human time scale. This rationale translated into action as the league's program to buy redwoods from private owners (usually lumber companies) became a conduit for establishing a string of state parks in northern California during the 1920s and 1930s. The league's acquisitions gained so much momentum that Merriam, along with league officials based in California, spurred passage of a state bond measure in 1928 by which the state provided money to match private donations to purchase stands of ancient redwoods. This measure laid the foundation for a state park system to grow and eventually rival what entire nations have accomplished in preserving their heritage.
With that bond measure in place, Merriam helped to secure Point Lobos, a site four miles south of Carmel, for California's state park system. This site contained another living remnant of distant geological time, the Monterey cypress, which struggled for survival along a spectacular stretch of coastline. When trampling and disease threatened to damage the small cypress grove at Point Lobos, Merriam secured Carnegie grants to orchestrate the scientific studies needed for more effective management of the new park. The studies represented both a precedent and template for future efforts to preserve particularly sensitive places, and they expanded the scope of planning efforts into new and scientifically grounded dimensions. Instead of merely directing where facilities and other developments might be built, the master plan for Point Lobos, with science as its basis, set a laudable precedent for other parks to follow.
Merriam's paleontological discoveries in the John Day Basin of arid eastern Oregon made him an advocate for the establishment of two state parks there as well. A proposed park in the basin's Painted Hills held fossilized redwoods that made something of a tie to the league's work to save modern redwoods in California.1 An even greater showpiece of life from the Tertiary period (sixty-five million years ago to two million years ago), Picture Gorge, lay thirty miles east of the Painted Hills. In wanting to underscore the relevance of cooperative research that he and others had undertaken in the basin, Merriam conceived the idea for an oblong park extending from the John Day River all the way to the rimrock that delineated this portion of the valley. Merriam hoped a state park centered on features such as Picture Gorge, Sheep Rock, and the Blue Basin might allow visitors to meet scientists who were working at various fossil localities to reveal the geological past and its meaning. Much of this preservation effort took place after he retired, and it remained unfinished when he died, but Merriam set a precedent for linking Oregon's state parks with its university system: he fostered the creation of an officially sanctioned committee, composed largely of university researchers, that sought to guide land acquisition and educational outreach in the parks by publishing a book that "interpreted" nature in the basin, a guide akin to the one Wordsworth wrote in his effort to preserve his beloved English Lake District.
Merriam's enduring relevance is tied to his contention that merely setting aside an area as a park and prohibiting certain uses within its boundaries—mining, hunting, logging, real estate development—does not make for adequate stewardship in the long run. The "highest values" expressed by each place should be studied, he wrote, so that their contribution toward educating and inspiring visitors could have a lasting impact and would not be obscured by commercial services. Merriam made use of his toehold in the National Park Service to study the educational possibilities in three national parks: the Grand Canyon, Yosemite, and Crater Lake. Each of these parks hosted an experiment to find out how to most effectively reach visitors with what the parks represented as windows on the forces shaping life on earth. Merriam thought that people might truly support the parks if the Park Service could reach them through educational opportunities found nowhere else. By giving preservation this more exact meaning, Merriam also wanted to protect the characteristics that made national parks worth establishing in the first place. He pointed out that allowing commercial development to accommodate more and more people in the parks could lead to distortions in management priorities and ultimately the loss of the primary values that were meant to be preserved.
Paleontologists are not generally known for their work as citizen activists, but this "blueprint" for preservation became Merriam's major focal point, particularly after his research career had reached its zenith, in 1915. He made a name for himself at the University of California, Berkeley, in the field of vertebrate paleontology, largely in fulfillment of a childhood ambition to be both a naturalist and a scientist whose work added to a general understanding of how life on earth had developed. When he moved into preservation work—and especially once he assumed the presidency of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, a privately endowed foundation supporting scientific research—he brought the lessons learned in his field of study with him. Paleontology is heavily interdisciplinary, and Merriam employed a team approach in his efforts on behalf of state and national parks. He appointed committee members to tackle the various facets of preservation that interested him, especially where scientific studies were needed. Because these committees, composed of technical experts, were external to the agencies that managed the state and national parks, they could function like independent advisory boards whose findings could be implemented by the operational branches of state and national park organizations.
Merriam's insistence on basing his work for the parks on larger meanings assigned to nature reflected not only his academic orientation, but also a personality that valued order. In making intellectual curiosity his foremost aim in the parks, he swam against the current of promotional activity at a time when state and national parks were becoming focal points for mass recreation. This conflict between Merriam's preservationist blueprint and the promotion of natural areas as tourist attractions arose with the increasing mobility of American society during the early years of the twentieth century. Merriam knew that the ability to get around with relative ease on the country's expanded road and rail network allowed more people to enjoy recreational opportunities, but it also made the importance of managing for the higher uses of the parks more acute. He often used the word primitive in reference to parks, a term whose meaning was akin to what we call wilderness today. It also suggested a ready link to a past that preceded the appearance of humans. The education and inspiration of visitors to the parks thus assumed an even greater importance, since this emphasis could lead to greater numbers of people seeing the primitive and its protection as valuable to understanding, or at least appreciating, the distant past.
Along with words like pristine and restoration, the term preservation is deceptively concrete. Although completely halting biological change is neither possible nor desirable, preservation involves a conscious decision not to extract commodities from a piece of land, much less convert it to agricultural or industrial use. Use may be largely recreational when land is set aside as public property, but there is also tension between the natural values supposedly preserved and the cumulative impacts associated with providing visitor access. How to resolve that inherent conflict deeply concerned him.
Merriam was in the best position to apply his blueprint for preservation while he served as president of the Save-the-Redwoods League, from 1921 to 1944. The organization raised millions of dollars, often in combination with matching funds supplied by state bonds, and formulated plans for four projects—the parks that later became known as the Humboldt Redwoods, Prairie Creek, Del Norte Coast, and Jedediah Smith state parks—as well as a parkway called the Avenue of the Giants. Although he was in Washington, D.C., much of the time, Merriam, as founder and head of the league, directed its course with help from officers such as the secretary, Newton B. Drury. The two men usually corresponded about league projects and other business several times a week, with the diplomatic and affable Drury acting as a sort of foil for the gruff and often uncompromising Merriam. Drury used his experience in the league to good effect, later becoming director of the National Park Service (1940-1951) and chief of the Division of State Parks and Beaches in California (1951-1959).
By having a hand in establishing the redwood parks, Merriam used his influence to help shape development and use of the fledgling California State Park System. He helped set the tone for a "rational" system of parks, with each individual site to emerge from a survey of the state conducted by the renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., during 1927 and 1928. After the state acquired each site, Merriam wanted the master plan for each park to be guided by the necessary studies and statements about what constituted their "highest uses," which would guarantee adequate protection. Nevertheless, subsequent administration of the parks has required something of a balancing act by managers, especially in parks where preexisting patterns of use resist the most well conceived changes envisioned in planning documents.
Resistance to Merriam's stance on the preeminence of education and his insistence on not compromising the primitive qualities of the parks' main features was greatest in the national parks. This is perhaps understandable, given how the early national parks, and the National Park Service itself, came into being. As a federal agency created by Congress in 1916 in response to the growing economic importance of recreational tourism, the Park Service, as well as its supporters, cast the national parks as public resorts. To garner and then keep enough political support for annual appropriations to the agency, the Park Service needed to project the idea that tourism in the parks possessed greater net value, even in the short term, than alternative uses such as mining, grazing, and logging. The Park Service had to promote the parks as worthy destinations for tourists, and provide ready access to them, since more visitors meant an increased number of constituents whose support could be demonstrated to Congress.
Still, appropriations for the national parks were lean, which made for a thin field staff with a generalist orientation. Specialists in forestry, landscape architecture, and engineering remained comparatively few and tended to work from central Park Service offices in San Francisco or Washington, D.C. Beginning in the 1920s, Merriam championed the addition of academically trained staff assigned to education and research in the parks. One of his aims was to redirect the main thrust of park operations away from law enforcement, facility maintenance, and regulation of privately run concessions such as hotels and restaurants. The Park Service did accommodate what came to be known as "interpretation," and it tolerated research, but Merriam failed to push recreational tourism and its attendant manifestations out of central position in the agency's mind-set.
Merriam opposed the paradigm characterizing the national parks as primarily public resorts, because tourist amenities like the dance halls, pony rides, and skating rinks in places such as Yosemite Valley impaired the possibility for inspiration to remain at the forefront of visitor experience. In his view, a national park should be a "super-university of nature," where the emphasis of operations lay in the story each place could tell, a story that visitors could retain when they returned home. The explosion in recreational use of the parks came after Merriam's death, though all the preconditions for it existed during the 1930s.
In the post-World War II era, yet another paradigm arose for the parks. Americans now had more leisure time, and that, combined with a soaring population and mass access to automobiles, prompted a perception of nature as a patient whose health had been put at risk by the heavy consumption that comes from affluence. According to this new paradigm, a national park could play a role in warding off impending environmental crises in regional ecosystems by acting as a refuge for endangered biota. Both visitor access and the potential for inspiration took a backseat, in this paradigm, to conservation strategies formulated to maximize potential habitat and allow for wildlife migration corridors. Such biocentric emphasis in management would probably have struck Merriam as too extreme, since he saw parks as valuable primarily for how they inspired visitors.
Public parks in the United States were inspired by such European antecedents, the first example being Central Park, which opened in New York City in 1857. As they had on the other side of the Atlantic, "landscape architects" played the key role in designing these spaces. Frederick Law Olmsted, who created Central Park, became their dean. Other city parks quickly followed, many of them designed by Olmsted and his assistants, their spread fueled by shared beliefs about the health benefits of fresh air and exercise in "natural" settings.
The idea of creating public parks beyond city limits can be attributed both to the gradual closing of uncontrolled frontier areas and a growing acceptance of the idea of traveling to experience nature. Tourists became essential to this new type of park, once again predicated on the notion of finding landscapes that resembled paintings. By the end of the nineteenth century, many tourists had expanded their pursuit beyond the search for the merely pastoral or beautiful. They sought the sublime, an experience with religious roots that aroused sentiments of awe and reverence beyond full human comprehension. During the nineteenth century, scientific discovery of seemingly harmonious "laws" governing how the earth had formed gave Americans on tour of the western states a geologic focal point. In places such as Yosemite or the Grand Canyon, visitors not only contemplated sublime spectacles, but also could see them as scenery derived from a distant past.
In 1872 Congress moved to establish another public park, this one to be managed by the federal government, containing some two million acres near the headwaters of the Yellowstone River, in Wyoming. Yosemite and Yellowstone possessed striking geological features in abundance, ones that lured visitors to experience firsthand the scenes already scripted by painters and photographers. The government supported tourism to these areas, if only in a tentative way, in large part for economic reasons. Because the parks had been carved from federal land that might otherwise have been sold, it was thought by some that national public parks could—and perhaps should—become self-supporting by charging admission. Moreover, the business of transporting and lodging tourists could have a beneficial overall effect on a fledgling western economy.
In the nineteenth century, images produced by landscape painters and photographers stimulated the interest of the few who possessed the means to travel for pleasure. So did natural history, since this pursuit centered on the notion that knowledge and experience could be broadened by future journeys or reinforced by study at home.7 Tourists in nineteenth-century America found themselves in need of interpretation in order to decipher the spectacular natural phenomena they saw in person or in photographs. One way to make wild places like Yosemite or Yellowstone intelligible was through the natural history essay, a genre of writing whose popularity largely stemmed from the belief that through the aid of some scientific knowledge, nature could be explained as a story.
Muir remained a compelling figure at the forefront of the movement for nature preservation in the United States. He founded the Sierra Club in 1892, and it had expanded to become a powerful force for preservation by the time Muir died, in 1914. As the club's president, Muir preferred to lead hikes instead of handling the mundane aspects of administration. Other members, such as William E. Colby, could pursue those tasks with greater energy. Muir's considerable personal charisma made him a popular dinner guest, even if he dominated polite conversation with a repetitious mountaineering story or a polemic on the necessity of saving forests in the Sierra. Muir could afford to be a strident preservationist. He had acquired a small fortune through shipping fruit grown in California to market in Hawaii.9 The luxury of remaining an amateur naturalist and writer also freed Muir from the burden of having to maintain his scientific credibility by contributing to scholarly journals.
Merriam, more than a full generation younger than Muir, resembled Muir in only a few ways. Both were prolific writers, though most of Merriam's work appeared in scientific journals, read only by small numbers of practitioners.10 Muir's advocacy came through his depiction of the Sierra and other mountainous regions as wild gardens where visitors could hike or climb. Merriam focused more on the appreciation visitors could derive from finding evidence of how the geological past influenced the present. Where Muir could describe the Sierra as a resident (he spent all or part of each summer there from 1869 until his death), Merriam linked beauty and time with sublime landscapes of a wider geographic breadth from the perspective of someone who visited for a few days at most.
Merriam, on the other hand, liked the idea of states managing parks that, in some instances, possessed national significance. Although a political conservative, he thought such sites could become part of a state's "educational program" as a kind of open-air university. The national parks had their place, of course, and Merriam emphasized how they could lead the way in adult education with naturalist programs aimed at inspiring visitors. But he disparaged the militancy engendered by "causes," preferring instead to organize committees loaded with technical experts who could then settle important questions of policy and management outside the political arena.
The two men, who knew each other only as acquaintances, each served as head of the preservation group he had started for more than two decades. Some people joined both organizations, but Muir's Sierra Club remained recreational in its orientation, and its scope was broad with respect to the issues the club tackled. Much of the club's work consisted of pressuring government bureaus to preserve areas already in federal ownership. Merriam, as head of the Save-the-Redwoods League, made sure the group kept its main focus on fund-raising so that acquisitions might eventually be transferred to the state as parks. He actively helped the league define its aims and priorities on each park project so that funding could be used the most expeditiously in each negotiation with lumber companies and private owners. A nonconfrontational, ordered approach to building parks became the hallmark of the league's work.
More than almost any of his colleagues and protégés, Merriam personified the aloof, though public-spirited, professional scientist. His demeanor and dress were formal (he sometimes collected fossils wearing a suit), though Merriam retained some quirks, such as repeatedly brushing real or imagined dust from himself. A hat generally covered his balding head, where he took pains to comb over some strands of hair. A graying mustache and a small goatee accentuated Merriam's facial appearance as he aged. His slender build and medium stature did not strike his contemporaries as physically imposing, but Merriam's grave, forceful personality, his intelligence, and his unbending will and determination to succeed impressed many people around him. Those traits alienated some people (he lacked what could be called a common touch), but Merriam also inspired the loyalty of others—generally talented protégés or associates with some political influence.
Merriam's late-blooming interest in preservation came during his second career as an administrator. He remained a scientist and teacher over the course of his life, but Merriam is largely remembered as the longtime president of the Save-the-Redwoods League, a role that gave him an effective public forum, if one without the celebrity status Muir enjoyed. Dedication ceremonies for what became the largest park in the redwoods are thus highlighted in chapter 1, because they allowed Merriam to publicly express his vision as a preservationist. His career in science consumed most of his energy until he reached middle age, so chapters 2, 3, and 4 are presented chronologically. As Merriam's trajectory shifted from research toward administration, however, this profile of the preservationist becomes complex enough to warrant a topical treatment, which begins in chapter 5 with Merriam taking an increasingly active role in saving the redwoods of California. His involvement with parks and preservation widened beyond his focus on state parks and the Save-the-Redwoods League during the 1920s, so it makes sense to keep discussion of Merriam's role in bringing about an educational program in the national parks (chapter 6), separate from his perspective on wilderness (discussed in chapter 7) and his work to establish state parks (the topic of chapter 8). How Merriam articulated a guiding philosophy for preserving nature serves as the conclusion, mainly because it is in this realm that his blueprint has provided a lasting legacy.
Although preservationists have never really dominated the social and political realms of American society, they have helped to set aside an impressive number of parks and other protected areas for the benefit of current and future generations. These places can provide an array of public benefits, not the least of which is stimulating the curiosity of visitors about nature. In this regard, evidence of the geological past can provoke thought and lead to an ever deepening appreciation of nature's intricacies. In realizing what could be achieved through parks, Merriam saw it as his duty to provide guidance. He always aimed high, and Merriam knew he could fail, but Merriam succeeded in providing a vision that gave new meaning to the challenge of preserving nature.
CIWFCarnegie Institution of Washington files, Washington, D.C.
JCMPJohn C. Merriam papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
1.These fossilized trees were deciduous, or "dawn," redwoods (Metasequoia spp.), not Sequoia sempervirens; see Ralph W. Chaney, "Ancient Forests of Oregon," in Ancient Oregon (Eugene: University of Oregon Press, 2001), 22-33.
2.John C. Merriam, The Highest Uses of the Redwoods: Messages to the Council of the Save-the-Redwoods League, 1922-1941 (San Francisco: Save-the-Redwoods League, 1941). The essay first appeared as "Forest Windows" in the June 1928 issue of Scribner's magazine and was revised and republished as "A Living Link in History," chapter 4 in Merriam, The Living Past (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930).
3.Denis E. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998), 142-60.
4.Susan Lasdun, The English Park: Royal, Private, and Public (New York: Vendome Press, 1992), 135-86.
5.Act of June 30, 1864 (13 U.S. Stat. 325); for more details, see Alfred Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990), 21-22.
6.Frederick Law Olmsted, "The Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Big Trees: A Preliminary Report" (1865) in Landscape Architecture 43 (October 1952), 17, 22-23; the passage is also quoted by Alfred Runte, "Prospect," Landscape Architecture 81, no. 3 (March 1991): 136.
7.Paul Shepard, Man in the Landscape: A Historical View of the Esthetics of Nature (New York: Knopf, 1967), 136.
8.John Muir, Our National Parks (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1901), 1.
9.Thurman Wilkins, John Muir: Apostle of Nature (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995), 159-68.
10.A full bibliography of Merriam's work can be found in Chester Stock, "Memorial to John Campbell Merriam," Proceedings Volume of the Geological Society of America, Annual Report for 1946 (Washington, D.C.: The Geological Society of America, 1947), 183-97.
11.Stephen Fox, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1981), 144.
Stephen R. Mark is a historian with the National Park Service as well as Adjunct Professor of History at the Oregon Institute of Technology. He is the author of Floating in the Stream of Time: An Administrative History of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument (1996).
1. Why Save the Redwoods?


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by Mathew Di Salvo
Indian Police Arrest 'Cashcoin' Gang Accused of Scamming Millions From Investors
Police in Mumbai have busted a gang allegedly involved in a cryptocurrency scam that amassed an estimated 1 billion rupees (nearly $14 million). The gang targeted people by launching a cryptocurrency called Cashcoin and sold it to investors, promising to double their money.
Also Read: Indian Blockchain Summit Draws Policy Makers to Speed up Crypto Regulation
An Intention to Cheat
Four people have been arrested in relation to the scam, which saw investors swindled out of nearly $14 million. The Times of India reports that those arrested are Sanjay Sontakke, 44; Rajnikant Kumavat, 46; Alpesh Barodia, 32; and Kirankumar Panchsara, 38. The four suspects allegedly launched Cashcoin a year ago, with the inspector involved in the case, Sunil Jadhav, quoted as saying: "The accused held meetings in Mumbai, Surat and other parts of Gujarat, and lured people into investing their hard-earned money by promising to double it in two months." He added:
Initially, the gang repaid a few investors to lure more people in and then defaulted. Their intention was to cheat.
The offences drawn up by the police include cheating, breach of trust, criminal conspiracy under the Indian Penal Code and sections of the Information Technology Act. The complaint was initially lodged by a resident of Surat who alleged that 10.2 million rupees ($145,000) were stolen from him. Police are in the process of freezing a number of bank accounts in the country as part of the investigation. The Times reports that the police are still looking for a fifth suspect, Ashok Goyal, who reportedly played a key role in the alleged scam but is on the run.
Hostile Crypto Environment
The scam shows that even in India, where the government has been slow to come up with a crypto regulatory framework and where digital assets have historically been illegal, crypto scams can be successful. The crypto climate in India is hostile – the central and state governments are continuing to crackdown on crypto businesses, while authorities have been constantly warning investors against investing in cryptocurrencies. Banks in India have even stopped servicing crypto exchanges in the country. A scam of this nature and magnitude risks leaving the public even warier of cryptocurrencies.
There is evidence, however, that cryptocurrency adoption is moving in the right direction in India. Its crypto community has been campaigning on social media for "positive regulations" and the rollback of the banking ban, and the country's Supreme Court is due to hear the petitions against the cryptocurrency ban by the country's central bank. These moves will hopefully ease the world's seventh largest economy closer to accepting cryptocurrencies, for the benefit of its 1.34 billion people.
What do you think about the Cashcoin crypto scam and others of this nature? Let us know in the comments section below.
Images courtesy of Shutterstock.
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Asia, Bitcoin crime, Cashcoin, Crime, Crimes, Criminal Activity, crypto crimes, Cryptocurrency, India, Mumbai, N-Featured, Scam
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Low-Power GNSS in the Cloud for IoT
By Peter Gutierrez
Innovative European developers use emerging GNSS-based Internet of Things technologies to create more power-efficient solutions for a range of logistics, maintenance and other applications.
Only a few years ago, observers scratched their heads as early Internet of Things (IoT) proponents suggested equipping stationary objects, even refrigerators and toasters, with connected positioning technologies. "When I first heard about it, I thought it was a joke," confessed Thierry Torlotin, director of engineering at Syntony GNSS, headquartered in Toulouse, France. "Someone was talking about how to locate a light bulb. I thought to myself, why do I need to locate a light bulb? They don't move!"
The IoT turned out, of course, to be no laughing matter. "After thinking about it for a while," Torlotin said, "of course, it became clear to me." If you can determine the location of a light bulb, for example in an overhead streetlamp, and tie a message to that location about when the bulb was installed, then you can be more proactive in your maintenance practices. You can plan just-in-time interventions and optimize the time spent by your teams in the field.
"There are many, many time-saving and money-saving applications that we can imagine of this sort," Torlotin added, "involving the maintenance of all types of equipment and even consumer appliances.
"We are seeing a lot of demand for a means to locate transport containers. But this is not just location for location, just to know where something is. There could be a question of insurance, or there might be a payment due, based on that location, so this is what the IoT is really about. It's about providing information that is significant for users and their businesses."
It has become clear is that real money can be made in the IoT market. Perhaps even more pertinent and potentially lucrative than maintenance-related applications are those aimed at optimizing asset management. Large industrial interests, particularly in the logistics sector, have clear and well-defined asset location and tracking needs. That spells big opportunities for suppliers who can provide practical, IoT-based solutions.
"We want to develop solutions that allow our end users, our customers, to make money," said Samuel Ryckewaert, who heads business development and marketing for Rennes, France-based UbiScale. "That means we need to provide something cheap to buy, cheap to operate, and that needs no maintenance. We have a constraint on the size of the hardware, the tracking device, and it has to last as long as the lifetime of the asset being tracked, which might be a container. So all of these requirements lead to very strong constraints in terms of power consumption."
GNSS has become a core tool for the IoT, but it carries that major constraint: power efficiency. "GNSS is the technology we need to use because it's worldwide," Torlotin said. "It's global, and that's nice. The problem for GNSS and the IoT is power supply, current drain."
The European GNSS Agency (GSA), one of whose main tasks is to stimulate the development of downstream GNSS-based positioning and navigation products and services, has cited power consumption associated with GNSS positioning as a major obstacle to increasing IoT exploitation. The Agency is challenging European companies to find new low-power IoT solutions and offering substantial support for research and development towards that end.
Syntony's GSA-funded APOLLO project is a case in point. Torlotin explained: "To track a container you first have to install a bit of hardware. We are currently attaching an object about the size of a packet of cigarettes to these containers." This onboard module includes a battery, similar in size and shape to a smartphone battery and delivering about three amperes of current. It has a processor, front end, antenna and a communication interface.
"In the APOLLO project we're using Sigfox as the interface. A company like DHL, for example, to do the same job without the GNSS feature, would have to use something like Cell IDs of the network to locate itself, but this might only give a position to within some kilometers. "With a GNSS-based IoT system, even with standard GNSS, we can deliver an accuracy of something like twenty meters," said Torlotin, "and this puts you in a parking lot and able to locate a truck carrying your container."
Ubiscale's Ryckwaert said, "For our GSA-funded project, Galileo-of-Things, the approach has been to integrate different technologies, basically combining GNSS assistance and pseudoranges, and then adding the right connectivity, in this case NB-IoT."
"We are really agnostic when it comes to the network," said Torlotin. Both Syntony and Ubiscale are happy to work with a variety of network solutions, encompassing SigFox, NB-IoT, LoRa, 4G and similar.
Syntony's IoT asset tracking system uses a combination of pseudorange and snapshot techniques. The positioning operations are not carried out by the tracker attached to the object but at a distance, in the Cloud. "The module on the container does not know where it is," said Torlotin. "We are not actually using a GNSS chipset at all, and, in a way, this sets us apart from a lot of other IoT suppliers.
"We are already in the business of delivering high-end GNSS receivers for the transportation, aeronautics and other sectors, but when it comes to IoT applications, we are adapting our modules to perform only those tasks that are absolutely necessary, the processing that needs to be done to get a position, and we are deeply focused on understanding and controlling where the energy consumption is taking place."
Controlling Consumption
Under snapshot technique, Syntony's APOLLO system acquires and transmits a position only once every four hours. "We are not navigating," said Torlotin. "This is not real-time tracking, but that does not matter. A four-hour update rate is enough to satisfy this particular application.
"We started with our own software-defined radio (SDR). We sell SDR GNSS receivers, so this is something we already have in-house. From there we looked at IoT; we knew what information from the satellites we were interested in, and we decided that we could run our process on an off-the-shelf processor, an STM32 or something similar." STM32 is a family of 32-bit microcontroller integrated circuits made by STMicroelectronics.
"From there, we use an off-the-shelf IC front-end, which is nothing compared to the cost of a chipset." Torlotin said the APOLLO project started out with the goal of reducing by 10 the energy needed to acquire a position, compared to the cost when using a chipset. "This we have done," he said, "and we are still continuing to improve the performance, now targeting a reduction by 20+ with a plan to reach a ratio of 100, depending on the use case."
He pointed to similar use cases, one involving the location of airport assets, such as luggage carriers and other trailers used by ground vehicles. "Operators may want to find a particular trolley in a large airport complex," he said, "and they may not want a lot of people spending hours looking for it. Again, you don't need a very high update rate. It doesn't have to be real time."
Another use case involves truck fleet management at a harbor in Australia. "They are using this kind of system to optimize the movement of trucks," Torlotin explained, "to ease noise pollution for the local population. Of course, every truck already has a GNSS tracker, but for security and flexibility reasons the fleet manager wants to be able to use a low-power IoT system, where the tracker is not connected to the battery of the truck." Finally, Torlotin said, Syntony is looking at IoT-based applications to reinforce its already successful line of underground, subway-related, positioning and navigation products.
Research on Multiple Tracks
Ryckewaert said UbiScale emphasizes flexibility. "We started with a core technology that we provide as a service called Ubi-Cloud. It's essentially based on pseudoranges, and then we add our own processing and power optimization to deliver efficient asset tracking." Ubi-Cloud shifts a portion of power-draining GNSS and connectivity processing to the Cloud to minimize size, power consumption and the cost of trackers.
The UbiScale solution is GNSS provided by an intellectual property (IP) block that can be integrated into a chipset. "This is a piece of original software," he said, "that enables the chipset to do GNSS processing on top of its existing functions and alongside other elements such as the NB-IoT modem. The result should be the best division of tasks between on-chip processing and Cloud services, for lowest power consumption and of course with minimum battery size and hardware cost."
Ubiscale is also developing other kinds of IoT applications, including consumer products such as wearables. "For consumer targets, the approach may be slightly different," said Ryckewaert. "There, you want something basically that brings more value than it creates problems. There is usually a constraint on price but also on size, with mass market consumers often wanting something smaller or even very, very small." The technical approach really depends on the use case, he said. "In some cases, where IoT wearables serve safety and security functions, you may want to have a device that is able to report position but that can also log position. You may want a device that is able to communicate both with a public network and with a smartphone."
Key Moment for IoT Developers
The IoT is real and opportunities for developers and service providers are expanding.
Why all the attention on containers, one might ask. "It's an important industry," said Syntony's Torlotin. "Just to give you an idea, for a single shipping company, potentially a single customer for an IoT solution provider, you can be looking at something like several tens of thousands of individual containers to equip and track."
At some point, scalability may become an issue. Today's global container fleet is likely to number somewhere between 40 and 50 million units, and that figure will surely continue to rise. Authoritative estimates show seaborne container trade accounting for about 60 percent of all world seaborne trade, with the quantity of goods carried by containers rising from about 102 million metric tons to about 1.83 billion metric tons between 1980 and 2017.
"It's big numbers," said Torlotin.
Shift to the Cloud at the Core of Restaged OCX Program
Are there low-cost and low-weight options for GNSS…
u-blox Launches Super-Low-Power GNSS Receiver Chip…
Skyworks Launches Low-Power LNA for GNSS Radio…


Jane's love of drawing is evident in her work. Firstly she observes and then responds, drawing and layering.
She uses her own personal language to describe her subject. Janes most recent work is of intimate portraits, monoprints, where she enjoys the immediacy and the accidental.
Janes digital work is taken from her painted pieces.
As a creative practitioner Jane works with children of all ages, in a variety of settings. In the last few years she has worked within mental health and in particular projects in the Asian and homeless communities.
The work is hugely varied. Jane sees her work as inspiring, challenging and a great opportunity to work with amazing people.


text:
#! /bin/sh

# Generate index and map
for fullFile in /thomas1/mcbs913/anthony/panda_trials/data/prot/*/*/*.fna
do
   fileName=$(basename "$fullFile")
   fullFileBase="${fullFile%%.*}"
   /thomas1/mcbs913/anthony/mcbs913/bwa-fork/panda index $fullFileBase.fna $fullFileBase.gff
done

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Dr Lifesgud's secrets to delivering a killer pitch
Published by Lebohang Thulo at 3rd Apr 2014
Selebogo Molefe, also known as DrLifesgud to his Twitter followers, should know a thing or two about what it takes to deliver a great pitch. The 32-year-old entrepreneur, who is also the brains behind The Hookup Dinner (THUD), has seen his fair share of pitches.
Asked about his first pitch, he says it was to his mother and it didn't go so well. "She thought I should just get a job, I had to prove myself until she saw it working," he says.
Fortunately his presentation skills did improve, he nailed his interview to enter the Branson Centre of Entrepreneurship programme and later started his own company, Lifesgud Global Investments.
The Hookup Dinner
The THUD concept is an interesting one. The platform was launched in 2012. It gives young entrepreneurs an opportunity to test out their ideas by delivering a 180-second elevator pitching competition called #JustPitch180 in front of an audience.
This event, hosted in Johannesburg, Durban, Cape Town Pretoria, allows participants to receive real time feedback on their ideas. THUD is also a space where entrepreneurs can get serious networking done, including a chance to connect with potential corporate funders.
As far as the best pitch he has seen, Molefe says it was one delivered by a female entrepreneur at one of last year's events. She pitched the idea of lebola insurance. She received an overwhelming response from the audience and walked away with the ultimate prize (the winner is voted by audience majority vote). "She identified a solution to a problem that they could relate to," says Molefe.
Here are Molefe's do's and don'ts for giving a winning pitch:
Pitching do's
"Less is more" – Keep it concise and deliver your message "from the get go". A pitch is not a presentation, it's what gets your leg into the door.
"Be convincing and inspire confidence" – Investors buy into you before they buy into your idea. No matter how good the idea looks on paper, it's about you. Smart investors will look at whether you have what it takes to move the idea forward.
"Prepare, prepare, prepare" – Do your research, practice by pitching to as many people as you can.
"Know why you are pitching" – Have a goal, what are you trying to achieve with your pitch (See Simon Sinek, TEDx presentation Start with Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action. Based on a book by the same name.)
Pitching don'ts
"Don't sell" – People are looking to hear the reasons why you came out with a particular solution, don't sell the solution.
"Don't deliver the same pitch to everyone" – Adjust your pitch to suit the audience, whether it's a potential investor, collaborator or clients.


Yes we've all been waiting patiently for it, but now finally, the new 2017 Annual Catalogue from Stampin' Up! is LIVE.
You can see an online copy of it by linking the image of the front cover above. Or clicking HERE.
Grab a cuppa and sit down and enjoy the new loveliness! Then download your shopping list by clicking HERE and start compiling a list of what you need!!
The new items are delightful and will inspire your creativity for the next 12 months and beyond! Want to see them in real life?
For now though, or if you can't make the Launch Event, you might want to start with the new In Colours for 2017-2019. The new colours are fabulous, so bright and zingy!
I'm now taking orders for Product Shares of the new In Colour items. A Product Share is a great way for you to get a sample of products so you can see them in all their glory without having to purchase full sets of every item.
All of the above for just £15 including postage.
There is a process for product shares…collect reservations, send invoices via Paypal, collect payments, place the order, receive shipped order, cut and sort product, repackage product, package up your product share and post it out to you (2nd class).
I will email a Paypal invoice to you to complete the payment process. I will then place my order with Stampin' Up! Upon it's arrival, I will sort, cut, wrap/assemble, package and post. The entire process takes approximately two weeks after I place my order with Stampin' Up! Please be patient!
If you'd rather just buy the items you want in full then click the link below. Don't forget if your order is less than £150 add the new June Monthly Giveaway Host Reward Code to get an extra thank you from me. If your order is more than £150 keep the Host Rewards for yourself! Read more about this here.
Whatever you choose, have fun and enjoy the New 2017 Annual Catalogue from Stampin' Up!


My friend Heather inspired me. Her son is one month older than Zoltan and got his first haircut last week by her hands and the family hair clippers. I told Terry he was welcome to cut Z's hair whenever he liked, as he's been bugging me about Z's "hippie looking" long hair.
Today was the day. Alex helped Terry comb Z's hair, then the clipping began. Z was pretty indifferent to the whole thing, but he really didn't like Terry getting too close to his ears and didn't like when Terry pulled out the haircutting scissors to do a final trim on the parts that still annoyed him.
I commented that he wasn't a baby anymore, he looked like a boy. Alex didn't accept any of the explanations I tried to give her as to why I said that (she's deep into the "why" phase) and in the end demanded a haircut RIGHT NOW.
I figured with long hair and a slight wave, nobody would notice the imperfections of the very tiny trim I intended to give her. She fidgeted the entire time, so it was a very imperfect cut, but I don't think it is noticeable. We'll see if anyone asks about her hair when they see her next week when she returns to preschool. The one thing I will say is it seems a lot healthier. We'll see if it's any easier to comb.
Had we lived in the USA, they definitely would have gotten their haircuts by professionals, but this was probably way less traumatic for them - at least, the photos many of my friends have sent of their kids' first haircuts seem to indicate the home remedy may be easier to take.


text:
Pandiaka é um género botânico pertencente à família  Amaranthaceae.

Espécies
 Pandiaka andongensis
 Pandiaka angustifolia
 Pandiaka benthamii
 Pandiaka carsonii
 Pandiaka confusa
 Pandiaka fasciculata
 Pandiaka heterochiton
 Pandiaka heudelotii
 Pandiaka involucrata
 Pandiaka lanceolata
 Pandiaka lanuginosa
 Pandiaka metallorum
 Pandiaka porphyrargyrea
 Pandiaka ramulosa
 Pandiaka rubrolutea
 Pandiaka welwitschii

Amaranthaceae
Géneros de plantas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Born in Levanto, Ranieri was trained as a Designer in Milan; he is co-author of some of the products of the Ultimate collection of Matrix International.
Raneri Massola Taliacarne was trained as a Designer at the Polytechnic School of Design in Milan, and started his professional carrier in the Milanese studio of Enrico Bona. His meticulous approach and the search for a formal outcome as synthesis of the design process allowed him to develop a number of rigorous, outstanding projects, some of which are part of the Ultimate Collection.


text:
Vacancy Movie Review
August 6, 2007 Carl Doherty	Leave a comment
Dir: Nimród Antal
Script: Mark L. Smith
Cast: Luke Wilson, Kate Beckinsale, Frank Whaley
Bickering couple David and Amy Fox (Wilson, Beckinsale) spend the night in a rundown motel when their car breaks down in the middle of nowhere. Discovering a stash of horror movies, the couple soon realise that the cassettes are a collection of snuff movies, of which their murder will be the latest release.
Vacancy - Luke Wilson, Kate Beckinsale
You'd be forgiven for thinking that Vacancy was the next notch on the baseball bat of moral depravity that is the gorn/h-porn genre, but Hungarian director Nimród Antal's (Kontrol) influences lie closer to Hitchcock than Craven. Like the "Rear Window for teenies" Shia LaBeouf vehicle Disturbia, this is more a modern-day re-imagining of Psycho than a cash-in on the torture porn fad.
Screenwriter Mark L. Smith rests on the film's prominent scene – which audiences will already be familiar with from the trailer – but soon loses interest, resorting to tedious genre clichés and a hurried, unsatisfying finale. It's a real shame, as Antal keeps the tension infallibly high throughout, relying on traditional suspense (banging on the walls, screams from an off-screen monitor) rather than offal and red syrup.
Luke Wilson and Kate Beckinsale's do an admirable job given the material, and their soon-to-be divorced couple develop once the terrible realisation of their predicament kicks in, with husband David relying on some surprisingly logical intuition. Sinister motel owner Frank Whaley (doing his best impersonation of William H. Macy impersonating Norman Bates) is intriguing, if not entirely menacing. Fortunately his motivations are left unexplained; there's little of the hokum commentary Eli Roth insists on.
Limp ending aside, there's little to let Vacancy down. From the ingeniously minimalist title sequence onward, it's a short, taut, and distinctly old-fashioned thriller that ticks all the right boxes, but suffers from a lack of distinguishable moments.
Carl Doherty
Carl Doherty has written about movies, video games, comic books and literature for almost a decade, forging ill-informed critiques for numerous websites, blogs and publications that no one has ever heard of. His debut novel, the epic fantasy comedy Welcome to The Fold, is available now on Kindle here (UK) and here (US).
films / movies
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Kim Newman's Video Dungeon: The Collected Reviews
Rose-tinted #3: Revenge of the Sith
Rose-tinted #2: Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones
Rose-tinted #1: Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace
The Art of Hotel Transylvania 2 Review
Finding Neighbors Film Review
Shelf Abuse's reviews are opinion pieces intended to encourage conversation, nothing more, nothing less. They are not intended as product descriptions or endorsements, but instead serve to discuss ideas and concerns which stem from a experiencing a specific book, comic, film or video game. There is no set structure and no scores.


text:
Where White People Make the Difference
White Wrap: Thursday (2019-05-16)
May 16, 2019 Uncategorizedkville
PIEVILLE.NeT –
Loxberry Piecast #001
recorded: 2019-05-15
title: Catholicism Is Liberalism
time: 44m
Grubach's Letters to David Irving on the Hoefle telegram: http://forum.codoh.com/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=4563&p=29296
'Irving's 'holocaust' lite / but what '2.4 million document'?': http://forum.codoh.com/viewtopic.php?t=4548
'Irving attempts 'rehabilitation' via the Hoefle Telegram': http://forum.codoh.com/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=4558&p=50552
'The Razor and the Ring, by John Weir': http://codoh.com/library/document/364
DEPLATFORMING:
VIDEO:Rise of jewporn in Sweden (jones on redice).
NEWS: PCR comes all the way around: the Nazis and Hitler were actually the good guys. Which is the truth.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
ALISON CHABLOZ
Short review of last weekend's Forum de l'Europe in Paris
With grateful thanks to the organisers.
Alison Chabloz.
Forum de l'Europe: an Englishwoman in Paris
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
An entire litany of examples of the British initiating the bombing of civilians long before Germany was forced to retaliate here:
Britain started bombing civilians first: https://forum.codoh.com/viewtopic.php?f=20&t=8172
Chaim Weizmann, future president of Israel, said in New York in 1942 that it was Jewry's war:
'We are not denying and are not afraid to confess that this war is our war and that it is waged for the liberation of Jewry…Stronger than all fronts together is our front, that of Jewry. We are not only giving this war our financial support on which the entire war production is based, we are not only providing our full propaganda power which is the moral energy that keeps this war going.'
Vladimir Jabotinsky, founder of Irgun, 1934: '…our Jewish interests demand the complete destruction of Germany. Collectively and individually, the German nation is a threat to us Jews.'
Professor A Kulischer, 1937: 'Germany is the enemy of Judaism and must be pursued with deadly hatred. The goal of Judaism today is: a merciless campaign against all German peoples and the complete destruction of the nation.'
I think no one would ever nuke Mexico, so that is a plus, also Mexico's population growth is slowing and it is doing better. China and Japan used to bleed tons of migrants and now they are leading the world. Mexico may have passed its bleeding migrants phase and moved onto a development phase. In the U.S I won't be able to provide the rural and autonomous lifestyle I want for me and a possible wife. It is kind of ironic, because that is what my grandparents had. The allures of life in America, the expensive trinkets have zero draw on me. I have fallen out of love with the U.S. A cheesy metaphor was that I was in arranged marriage to the U.S but I saw her face and am now running away. Back to the point, I don't think Mexico will become a superpower, nor would I want it to, I just think my future is brighter there than here.
It is the child welfare agencies that are the most danger to us. Children belong to their parents in the Philippines.
We were raided by child protective services for "teaching to walk too early". Because we followed published science on early infant learning.
So we fled to Philippines. Until we were no longer under investigation for teaching our kids to walk.
That NSDAP economic policy was to release German people from debt slavery is so obvious to a monetary historian, that it doesn't even need to be discussed. Yet, here we are decades later, still arguing over the obvious, because the average human is not taught about money and how it works.
It is regular historians and people who don't understand economic history, who go off down rabbit holes of bad thought and get trapped.
Here is a plain fact: Germany between 1933 and 1938 had an uptake in taxes that almost tripled.
This was not done with foreign credit or Rothschild money, it was done through internal emissions of German credit, which channeled to improve German citizen conditions.
Anybody who is reading this now, should never take their eye off of that ball. That is what happened. Germany escaped the ((international)) finance system, and was made to pay for their hubris through war.
The secret method of Schacht's mefobills were a large component of injecting new credit into German industry, which is the reason for the large increase in tax uptake.
Negroes in America can also be analyzed by Credit/Debt. It has always been intent of Creditors to hold Negroes in bondage. The north eastern banking class, which includes Jews, used Negros after reconstruction by installing them into government positions. In those positions, said Negros as agents passed legislation to in-debt the former debt free south. Chattel slavery in the south was a business plan of mostly Jewish capitalists from Wall Street and London, to outfit slave ships, and always keep said ships full of cargo, thus making money on the movement of goods and people. Finance creditors created the Atlantic slave trade as a business model.
Marcus Garvey was ejected as an undesirable alien because he had the temerity to provide a path for Negros to go back to Africa. The ruling creditor class found Marcus Garvey as an undesirable.
The Jew problem, and their Shabbos Goy followers are reduced to CREDITOR relations, where this group of creditors own the money power, and they use various forms of usury and rents to milk their hosts.
Farrakahn sees knock on effects these parasitic creditors are having on the black community.
However, Farrakhan is circling wide over the target, and is doing little about the money power, as he like most do not understand it – it is not taught.
Garvey was more bold by creating a system for negro repatriation. The better path for blacks is to be in their own country and in charge of their own affairs, and not subordinate to third party creditors (especially Jews) who insert themselves to milk others.
It turns out that anybody who is against mass population replacement in New Zealand is getting a knock on their door from the SWAT team equivalent. The victim says that neighbors are being asked to keep tabs on each other, and report back to the police – all under Jacinda's Occupation Government (JOG).
← White Wrap: Wednesday (2019-05-15)	White Wrap: Friday (2019-05-17) →
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