text:
\section{Introduction}
The Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC (NEXT) will search for the $\beta\beta^{0\nu}$ decay in $^{136}$Xe using a 100 kg, high-pressure gaseous xenon, electrominescent time projection chamber (HPXe TPC). The project is approved for operation in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC), Spain. The TPC will have separated readout systems for calorimetry and tracking to facilitate both measurements (see Figure \ref{fig:schem}).

The two electrons emitted by the $\beta\beta^{0\nu}$ decay transfer their energy to the medium through ionization and excitation with the characteristic topological signature ``spaghetti with two meat balls''. The excitation energy results in the prompt emission of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light -- primary scintillation. The ionization tracks (positive ions and free electrons) left behind by the particles are prevented from recombination by a suitable drift electric field. Negative charge carriers -- primary electrons -- drift toward the TPC anode, entering a region with a more intense electric field created by two parallel meshes (EL region in Figure~\ref{fig:schem}). There, they are accelerated and collide with the gas atoms. Depending on the intensity of the electric field, electrons can either elastically collide with the atoms, or excite or even ionize them. As a result of the de-excitation of excited atoms, further VUV photons are generated isotropically -- secondary scintillation or electroluminescence (EL), Section \ref{teory}. Therefore, in such an electroluminescent TPC, both the scintillation and ionization processes ultimately produce VUV photons, to be detected with a photosensors array (photomultiplier tubes, PMTs) located behind the cathode. The detection of the primary scintillation light constitutes the start-of-event, $t_0$, whereas the detection of EL provides an energy measurement. Electroluminescent light is used also for tracking, as it is detected also by a second array of photosensors (e.g. multi-pixel photon counters, MPPCs) located behind and close to the EL region \cite{NEXTloi}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.80\textwidth]{schem.eps}
\caption{Schematic representation of the Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC detector and of the topological signature ``spaghetti with two meat balls'' of the two electrons emitted by the $\beta\beta^{0\nu}$ decay.}
\label{fig:schem}
\end{figure}

Electroluminescence has already demonstrated in the past to be a very good option in order to achieve excellent energy resolution \cite{Bolotnikov,JMFSantosPMTdistance}, which is of particular importance in neutrinoless double beta decay searches. As an important example, high resolution spectrometry of low-energy X-rays is possible with Gas Proportional Scintillation Counters \cite{CondeGPSC,JMFSantosPortable}.

Because of this, it is important to understand the process of secondary light emission (electroluminescence)  and try to assess its different properties, namely excitation and electroluminescence efficiencies, EL yield and corresponding fluctuations. With these parameters in hand, it is possible to predict the light gain and energy resolution that are achievable with a particular detector geometry.  This assessment can be done through detailed simulations as explained in reference \cite{OliveirauE}. In this work we present results obtained applying detailed Monte Carlo simulations to the NEXT experiment conditions.

\section{Electroluminescence process}
\label{teory}

At pressures above few hundred Torr \cite{Tanaka}, the main channel of de-population of the excited atoms is through the formation of excimers --- electronically excited molecular states. Excimers, $R_2^{**}$, are formed through three-body collisions between one excited atom, $R^*$, and two atoms in the ground state, $R$:
\begin{equation}
R^*+2R \rightarrow R_2^{**} + R
\label{eq:excimerformation}
\end{equation}

The excimers are formed through process (\ref{eq:excimerformation}) in high vibrational states and, at the pressures studied in this work, collide with ground atoms, $R$, losing vibrational energy:
\begin{equation}
R_2^{**}+R \rightarrow R_2^{*} + R
\label{eq:vibdecay}
\end{equation}

The resultant excimers, $ R_2^*$, in a low vibrational state, emit VUV photons:
\begin{equation}
R_2^{*} \rightarrow  2R + h\nu
\label{eq:excimerdecay2}
\end{equation}

This results in the so-called ``second continuum'' centered at $173\textrm{ nm}$ and with a Full-Width-at-Half-Maximum (FWHM) of $14\textrm{ nm}$ \cite{Suzuki}. Further details about the electroluminescence process in pure noble gases can be found in Ref. \cite{OliveirauE}.

\section{Simulation}
\subsection{Toolkit}
The platform used to perform the simulations is the new C++ version of the microscopic technique of GARFIELD \cite{garfield}. This is a Monte Carlo technique which tracks the electrons at the atomic level using, currently, procedures and cross sections available in MAGBOLTZ 8.9.3 \cite{magboltz1,magboltz2}.

The electron follows a vacuum trajectory between collisions, the path length being sampled according to an exponential distribution around the (energy-dependent) electron mean free path. The null-collision technique is used to consider the variations of the mean free path due to changes of the electron kinetic energy between collisions \cite{nullcoll}. In pure xenon, the program classifies the collisions as elastic, inelastic (electronic excitation) or ionization. It is possible to obtain information about each excited atom produced in the gas, namely: spatial position, time, excitation level and energy spent in the excitation.

Figure \ref{fig:xsections} shows the cross sections used in our simulations. Detailed simulation of xenon excitations is possible by parametrizing the excited energy levels as a function of 50 energy groups.

An anisotropic angular distribution for elastic collisions is implemented by using both the momentum transfer (EMT) cross section and the total elastic (ELT) cross section according to the method described in Ref. \cite{anisotropic}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.80\textwidth]{xs.eps}
\caption{Cross sections used by Magboltz 8.9.3 for Xe. The program includes detailed cross sections for elastic collisions, excitations (represented in 50 energy groups) and ionizations. Anisotropic elastic scattering is considered by using both the momentum transfer (EMT) and the total elastic (ELT) cross sections, shown as continuous and dashed gray lines, respectively. The blue lines refer to the first four excited states of Xe corresponding to the electronic configuration $5\mathrm{p}^56\mathrm{s}^1$ (Racah notation is used \cite{Racah}), the green lines correspond to the 10 levels of the $5\mathrm{p}^56\mathrm{p}^1$ configuration, and the gray dotted lines to other sparsely populated levels. The red line corresponds to ionization (ION).}
\label{fig:xsections}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Model}
\label{sec:model}

Each primary electron is allowed to drift a distance of $d=5\textrm{ mm}$ under the influence of a uniform electric field. The effect of the field distortion near the meshes is not considered since it has no significant effect \cite{yop_argon}. We assume that the gas is at a pressure of $p=10\textrm{ bar}$ and at a temperature of $293\textrm{ K}$. A set of $N_\mathrm{e}=40,000$ primary electrons is used for each value of the voltage applied between the parallel planes, $V$. The starting direction of each primary electron is generated isotropically. The starting energy is generated according to the energy distribution calculated by Magboltz for the actual reduced electric field, $\left(\frac{E}{p}\right)=\frac{V}{dp}$, (see Figure \ref{fig:endist}).

We assume that every excited atom gives rise to the isotropic emission of a VUV photon. Its energy is generated according to a Gaussian distribution with the characteristics of the ``second continuum'' (see Section \ref{teory}).

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.80\textwidth]{en_dist.eps}
\caption{Energy distributions of the electrons before each collision with the xenon atoms for different values of the reduced electric field. As the value of $\left(\frac{E}{p}\right)$ increases, the distribution gets broader and the peak shifts to higher energies.}
\label{fig:endist}
\end{figure}

The model was previously validated in Ref. \cite{OliveirauE} by comparing the simulations with available values of the EL yield, the excitation and the electroluminescence efficiencies. Earlier Monte Carlo results \cite{3d} and experimental measurements \cite{expy} in uniform electric field geometry are presented in Figure \ref{fig:yop_q} to illustrate the good agreement.

\section{Results}
\subsection{Efficiencies}
Excitation and electroluminescence efficiencies, $Q_\mathrm{exc}$ and $Q_\mathrm{EL}$, respectively, as a function of the reduced electric field are shown in Figure \ref{fig:yop_q}. The first quantity represents the fraction of energy that is supplied by the electric field to the primary electrons and that is spent in excitations \cite{3d}:
\begin{equation}
Q_\mathrm{exc}=\frac{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n_\mathrm{exc}}n^i\varepsilon^i_\mathrm{exc}}{edN_\mathrm{e}E}
\label{eq:qexc}
\end{equation}
In Eq.~(\ref{eq:qexc}), $n_\mathrm{exc}=50$ is the number of excitation groups available in Magboltz 8.9.3 for xenon, $n^i$ is the number of excitations of group $i$ produced by the set of $N_\mathrm{e}$ primary electrons, $\varepsilon_\mathrm{exc}^i$ is the energy of the $i^{th}$ excitation group, $E$ is the modulus of the applied electric field and $e$ is the charge of one electron. The second parameter, $Q_\mathrm{EL}$, is the ratio between the energy emitted in the form of VUV photons and the energy transferred from the field to the $N_\mathrm{e}$ electrons:
\begin{equation}
Q_\mathrm{EL}=\frac{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n_\mathrm{exc}}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n^i}\varepsilon^{i,j}_\mathrm{EL}}{edN_\mathrm{e}E}
\label{eq:qel}
\end{equation}
In Eq.~(\ref{eq:qel}), $\varepsilon^{i,j}_\mathrm{EL}$ is the energy of the VUV photon emitted after the $j^{th}$ excited atom of the $i^{th}$ group is produced. The VUV photon energy is randomly generated according to Section \ref{teory} parameters.

We note that $Q_\mathrm{EL}$ is always lower than $Q_\mathrm{exc}$. This is due mainly to the loss of vibrational energy by excimers before they emit a VUV photon (as explained in Section \ref{teory}). The fast increase of both efficiencies for $\left(\frac{E}{p}\right) >  5.0\textrm{ kVcm}^{-1}\textrm{bar}^{-1}$ is due to the contribution of secondary charges that start to be produced at high reduced field values.

\subsection{Electroluminescence yield}

The reduced electroluminescence yield, $\left(\frac{Y}{p}\right)$, as a function of the reduced electric field is also shown in Figure \ref{fig:yop_q}. The reduced electroluminescence yield is defined as the average number of VUV photons emitted per primary electron and per unit of drift length divided by the pressure of the gas, $p$. The behaviour of $\left(\frac{Y}{p}\right)$ with $\left(\frac{E}{p}\right)$ is approximately linear even if some ionization occurs. This happens for $\alpha<0.1\textrm{ ions}\cdot\textrm{cm}^{-1}$, being $\alpha$ the First Townsend coefficient (see Figure \ref{fig:alpha}), defined as the number of secondary charges produced when one electron crosses a distance of 1 cm.

Performing a linear fit to the simulation results, we obtain the following dependence:
\begin{equation}
\left(\frac{Y}{p}\right)=\left(136\pm1\right)\left(\frac{E}{p}\right)-\left(99\pm4\right) \left[\textrm{photons electron}^{-1}\textrm{ cm}^{-1}\textrm{ bar}^{-1}\right]
\label{eq:yopfit}
\end{equation}
where $E/p$ is expressed in $\textrm{ kVcm}^{-1}\textrm{bar}^{-1}$. Eq.~(\ref{eq:yopfit}) is in good agreement with experimental data measured at $1\textrm{ bar}$ \cite{expy}:
\begin{equation}
\left(\frac{Y}{p}\right)=140\left(\frac{E}{p}\right)-116 \left[\textrm{photons electron}^{-1}\textrm{ cm}^{-1}\textrm{ bar}^{-1}\right]
\label{eq:yopexp}
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.80\textwidth]{yop_q.eps}
\caption{Reduced EL yield, $Y/p$, as a function of the reduced electric field, $E/p$. Excitation efficiency, $Q_\mathrm{exc}$, and EL efficiency, $Q_\mathrm{EL}$, are also shown. Full symbols are the results of this work. Earlier Monte Carlo results for $Q_\mathrm{exc}$ and $Q_\mathrm{EL}$ \cite{3d}, as well as experimental measurements of the reduced EL yield \cite{expy}, are also shown (open symbols) for comparison.}
\label{fig:yop_q}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.80\textwidth]{alpha.eps}
\caption{Simulated first Townsend coefficient, $\alpha$ , as a function of the reduced electric field.}
\label{fig:alpha}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Fluctuations and energy resolution}

The FWHM energy resolution, $R_\mathrm{E}$, of an EL detector (such as NEXT) corresponds to the quadrature sum of the contributions of the different processes happening in the detector:
\begin{equation}
\displaystyle R_\mathrm{E}=2\sqrt{2\ln{2}}\sqrt{\frac{\sigma_\mathrm{e}^2}{\overline{N}_\mathrm{e}^2}+\frac{1}{\overline{N}_\mathrm{e}}\left(\frac{\sigma_\mathrm{EL}^2}{\overline{N}_\mathrm{EL}^2}\right)+\frac{\sigma_\mathrm{ep}^2}{\overline{N}_\mathrm{ep}^2}+\frac{1}{\overline{N}_\mathrm{ep}}\left(\frac{\sigma_\mathrm{q}}{\overline{G}_\mathrm{q}}\right)^2}
\label{eq:re1}
\end{equation}

In Eq. (\ref{eq:re1}) the factor $2\sqrt{2\ln{2}}$ corresponds to the relation between the FWHM and the standard deviation, $\sigma$, of a given probability distribution ($\mathrm{FWHM}=2\sqrt{2\ln{2}}\sigma\simeq 2.35\sigma$).
The first term of the expression is related to fluctuations in the number of primary charges created per event (that is a $\beta\beta^{0\nu}$ decay in NEXT), $N_\mathrm{e}$, the second to fluctuations in the number of EL photons produced per primary electron, $N_\mathrm{EL}$, the third reflects the variations in the number of photoelectrons extracted to the PMT photocathode per decay, $N_\mathrm{ep}$, and the fourth the distribution in the the PMT's single electron pulse height, $G_\mathrm{q}$.

The primary charge fluctuations are well known and described by the Fano factor, $F=\sigma_\mathrm{e}^2/\overline{N}_\mathrm{e}$. In this work we consider $F=0.15$ \cite{nygren}. In literature are reported values between 0.13 and 0.17 for pure xenon \cite{fano1,fano2,fano3,fano4,w} which we used to estimate the overall energy resolution error bars presented in Figure~\ref{fig:re}.

The fluctuations associated with the electroluminescence production are described by the parameter $J$ defined as the relative variance in the number of emitted VUV photons per primary electron:
\begin{equation}
\displaystyle J=\frac{\sigma^2_{\mathrm{EL}}}{\overline{N}_\mathrm{EL}}
\label{eq:j}
\end{equation}

Concerning the third term, the conversion of VUV photons into photoelectrons follow a Poisson distribution and thus $\sigma_\mathrm{ep}^2=\bar{N}_\mathrm{ep}$.

The fluctuations in the photoelectron multiplication gain within the PMT can typically be described by $\left(\frac{\sigma_\mathrm{q}}{\bar{G}_\mathrm{q}}\right)^2=1$ \cite{pmt_fluct}. Taking into account the previous relations, Eq. (\ref{eq:re1}) can be rewritten as follows \cite{JMFSantosPortable}:
\begin{equation}
\displaystyle R_\mathrm{E}=2.35\sqrt{\frac{F}{\overline{N}_\mathrm{e}}+\frac{1}{\overline{N}_\mathrm{e}}\left(\frac{J}{\overline{N}_\mathrm{EL}}\right)+\frac{2}{\overline{N}_\mathrm{ep}}}
\label{eq:re2}
\end{equation}

Usually $J$ is much smaller than $F$ and the energy resolution of a EL detector is attributed only to the fluctuations in the primary charge production and in the photon detection system (a plane of PMT's in the case of NEXT) -- first and third terms of Eq. (\ref{eq:re2}). Given that we deal with simulated data, in this work we can also calculate the parameter $J$ for the present geometry. Figure \ref{fig:j} shows $J$  as a function of the reduced electric field. As the electric field increases, the parameter $J$ decreases until secondary electrons begin to be produced and the avalanche fluctuations start to dominate. For $J$, values that are much smaller than the Fano factor, can be achieved in optimal conditions, namely for reduced electric fields between 1.5 and 3.5 $\textrm{kV cm}^{-1}\textrm{ bar}^{-1}$. In order to better understand the effect of avalanche fluctuations in EL fluctuations, in Figure \ref{fig:hists} we show the $N_\mathrm{EL}$ distributions for different values of the reduced electric field. The effect of secondary charges is clearly visible, since a long tail in the distribution appears for higher values of the electric field (Figures \ref{fig:hist4} and \ref{fig:hist5}).

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{J.eps}
\caption{Relative variance in the number of emitted EL photons, $J$, as a function of the reduced electric field. It is also shown the Fano factor -- the relative variance in the number of primary charges produced per event -- for high pressure xenon and a total deposited energy of $Q_{\beta\beta}=2.458\textrm{ MeV}$.}
\label{fig:j}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \subfloat[$\left(\frac{E}{p}\right)=2\textrm{ kV cm}^{-1}\textrm{ bar}^{-1}$]{\label{fig:hist2}\includegraphics[height=0.4\textwidth]{histnuv2kv.eps}}\hspace{0.5cm}
  \subfloat[$\left(\frac{E}{p}\right)=3\textrm{ kV cm}^{-1}\textrm{ bar}^{-1}$]{\label{fig:hist3}\includegraphics[height=0.4\textwidth]{histnuv3kv.eps}}\\
  \subfloat[$\left(\frac{E}{p}\right)=4\textrm{ kV cm}^{-1}\textrm{ bar}^{-1}$]{\label{fig:hist4}\includegraphics[height=0.4\textwidth]{histnuv4kv.eps}}\hspace{0.5cm}
  \subfloat[$\left(\frac{E}{p}\right)=5\textrm{ kV cm}^{-1}\textrm{ bar}^{-1}$]{\label{fig:hist5}\includegraphics[height=0.4\textwidth]{histnuv5kv.eps}}
  \caption{Distribution in the number of emitted EL photons per primary electron, $N_\mathrm{EL}$, during the drift along $d= 5\textrm{ mm}$ of xenon at $10\textrm{ bar}$ and $293\textrm{ K}$, for different values of the reduced electric field. }
  \label{fig:hists}
\end{figure}

Using the data obtained by the simulation, we can estimate the energy resolution which can be achieved by the NEXT detector. We assume that all the energy of the two $\beta\beta^{0\nu}$ decay electrons, $Q_{\beta\beta}=2.458\textrm{ MeV}$, is deposited in the gas medium, with an average energy lost per ion pair formed of $w=21.9\textrm{ eV}$ \cite{nygren,w}:
\begin{equation}
\overline{N}_\mathrm{e}=\frac{Q_{\beta\beta}}{w}=\frac{2.458\times10^6\textrm{ eV}}{21.9\textrm{ eV}}\cong 112,237 \textrm{ electrons}
\label{eq:N}
\end{equation}

Taking into account the intensity of the electric fields in the drift and electroluminescence regions that are planned to be used, we assume that all the primary electrons arrive to the EL region and cross the first mesh without either any recombination or attachment to electronegative contaminants in the drift region.

The average number of photoelectrons produced in the plane of PMTs per decay, $\overline{N}_\mathrm{ep}$, can be obtained as:
\begin{equation}
\overline{N}_\mathrm{ep}=k\overline{N}_\mathrm{e}\overline{N}_\mathrm{EL}
\label{eq:Ne}
\end{equation}
where $k$ is the fraction of EL photons produced per $\beta\beta^{0\nu}$ decay that gives rise to the production of a photoelectron.

The FWHM energy resolution, $R_\mathrm{E}$, is shown in Figure \ref{fig:re} as a function of the reduced electric field for two different scenarios: an optimistic ($k=0.06$ \cite{nygren}) and a conservative ($k=0.005$ \cite{NEXTloi}). The contributions of each of the three terms of Eq. (\ref{eq:re2}) are also shown. The optimal energy resolution is achieved for a value of $\left(\frac{E}{p}\right)$ that is higher than the one marking the beginning of ionization, shown in Figure~\ref{fig:j} as the reduced field value minimizing the value of $J$. The reason is that the still small additional fluctuations introduced by the production of secondary charge are compensated by the increase in the number of EL photons produced per primary electron due to the increase of the EL yield. Also, and as expected, the reduced electric field value which gives the best energy resolution increases as $k$ decreases, and the best value of $R_\mathrm{E}$ is worst for lower values of $k$. For the experimental conditions considered here, the best energy resolution is obtained for $\left(\frac{E}{p}\right)$ between $\sim4.0$ and $\sim5.0\textrm{ kVcm}^{-1}\textrm{bar}^{-1}$, that is the value usually attributed to the ionization threshold of Xe \cite{ionthres}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{RE.eps}
\caption{FWHM energy resolution, $R_{E}$, as a function of the reduced electric field for two different scenarios: an optimistic (circles, $k=0.06$) and a conservative (squares, $k=0.005$). The values of $R_E$ if only each of the three terms of Eq. (\protect \ref{eq:re2}) would contribute are also shown.}
\label{fig:re}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}
The C++ version of the microscopic technique of Garfield, allows to gather information on the excited atoms produced during the drift of electrons through a xenon gas detector. Such simulations rely on detailed cross sections for elastic collisions, excitations and ionization as modelled by Magboltz 8.9.3. By considering that every excited atom leads to the emission of a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photon, we are able to accurately simulate electroluminescent (EL) light production in realistic detector geometry setups.

In this work we consider EL light production in the NEXT $\beta\beta^{0\nu}$ experiment. We evaluate the EL yield and the corresponding fluctuations produced in such a setup, corresponding to a EL region given by a $5\textrm{ mm}$ uniform electric field gap of xenon at $293\textrm{ K}$ temperature and $10\textrm{ bar}$ pressure. We obtain that a FWHM energy resolution of 0.4\% or better at the $Q$ value of the $\beta\beta^{0\nu}$ reaction, $Q_{\beta\beta}=2.458\textrm{ MeV}$, can in principle be obtained, even considering conservative assumptions regarding the VUV photon detection efficiency.

In conclusion, our simulations indicate that the 1\% FWHM energy resolution goal of the NEXT experiment can in principle be met and even be improved upon, as far as fluctuations in the primary ionization charge, in the electroluminescence, and in the VUV photodetection processes are concerned. This energy resolution goal is one of the main figures of merit for the NEXT experiment \cite{NEXTloi}.

\acknowledgments
We acknowledge the support of the NEXT Collaboration (and the CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010 grant CSD2008-0037 (CUP)). This work was partially supported by project CERN/FP/109283/2009.
C. A. B. Oliveira was supported by a doctoral grant from FCT (Lisbon) with reference SFRH/BD/36562/2007.

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Adrian was born in Mirboo North in Gippsland where he lived until late primary school years, when he, his parents and four sisters moved to Boronia. On completion of secondary school Adrian decided to join VictoriaPolice Force, commencing in the Police Academy in June 1979. He remainedin the force for 20 years, working both in metropolitan and country areas. In 2000, he purchased an agricultural business in west Gippsland dealing in which he ran for about 6 years. After selling the business he was employed by a major Australian seed company as a Regional Business Manager for Tasmania and Gippsland.
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McDonald's CEO Steve Easterbrook published an op-ed in the Chicago Tribune last week in which he opined that he is attempting to transform the global fast-food behemoth into a "modern, progressive burger company." Whether or not this new burger will help reach that objective remains to be seen.
Over the past year, due to tumbling sales, falling revenues and millennial customers shunning the iconic brand, McDonald's has done a lot to remedy the image that it's an unhealthy and antiquated company. For instance, it recently announced that it would limit the amount of antibiotics it inserts into its meat, while also revising its recipes in order to minimize the number of preservatives.
Aside from the ingredients, we reported that it's also rolling out a self-serve touch screen that allows customers to build their very own burger. The technology is in its infancy and remains to be seen if it will be rolled out across all of its restaurants.
Moreover, McDonald's made headlines this past week when it announced that it would be raising the pay of its staffers by $1 and would offer its personnel at McDonald's-owned restaurants additional paid time off, college tuition and perks. Experts purported that the corporation was responding the improving labor market as well as growing social calls for the business changing its policies.


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Q: SQL Server Generate Script To Fill Tables With Data From Other Database? Let's say I have two databases with identical tables, but one database's tables contains data while the other doesn't.  Is there a way in SQL Server to generate a script to fill the empty tables with data from the full tables?

A: If the tables are identical and don't use an IDENTITY column, it is quite easy.
You would do something like this:
INSERT INTO TableB
SELECT * FROM TableA

Again, only for identical table structures, otherwise you have to change the SELECT * to the correct columns and perform any conversions that are necessary.

A: And, to add to the @WilliamD answer, if there is an IDENTITY column you can use a variation of the INSERT statement.
Assuming you have two columns (Col1 and Col2, with Col1 having IDENTITY property) in the tables, you can do the following:
SET IDENTITY_INSERT TableB ON

INSERT INTO TableB (col1, col2)
SELECT col1, col2 FROM TableA

SET IDENTITY_INSERT TableB OFF

It's necessary to list the columns in this situation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
A recipe to tear down trade unions
The new labour laws are a brutal attack on workers' ability to safeguard their rights
November 16, 2020 12:47 am | Updated 01:03 am IST
Gautam Mody
Trade Unions protest against Government in Gurugram. A two-day strike has been called by the central trade unions against the alleged repressive policies for workers in Gurugram on Tuesday. Photo by Manoj Kumar 8.1.2019
Labour law 'reform' has been on the table since 1991 as every government's favourite solution for economic growth. Yet, there was no consensus between governments, political parties, workers and their trade unions, and employers, on what this meant. Unlike other political formations, the BJP has been in unqualified agreement with employers that the existing labour laws needed to be replaced. During its rule in 1998-2002, the BJP constituted the 2nd National Labour Commission and limited trade union representation in it. The consequent recommendations of the Commission were rejected by trade unions across the country.
This time too, the BJP-led Central government has actively excluded trade unions from pre-legislative consultations on drafting the new labour codes, repealing all existing labour laws and replacing them with four new labour codes. It saw these through Parliament in the absence of the Opposition, whilst ignoring substantive recommendations of the Parliamentary Standing Committee.
Also read | Labour Ministry seeks feedback on draft social security rules
The BJP portrayed the now-repealed laws as serving only a small, exclusive section of working people, while claiming that what has now been legislated has a universal reach. This is just political chicanery. What is common to all the four codes is that they dilute workers' rights in favour of employers' rights, and together undermine the very idea of workers' right to association and collective action.
Long history
Trade unions first emerged in the 19th century as self-managed organisation of workers in the face of extreme exploitation. They provided, and continue to provide, a collective voice to working people against employers' exploitative, unfair and often illegal practices.
It is through trade unions that workers have been able to win better wages, fairer employment conditions, and safe and secure workplaces.
The Hindu Explains | What does the new Industrial Relations Code say, and how does it affect the right to strike?
In India, workers won the legal right to form trade unions under the colonial rule in 1926, when the Trade Union Act (TUA) was adopted. The law provided a mechanism for the registration of trade unions, from which they derived their rights, and a framework governing their functioning. The TUA also bound workers' actions within a legal framework by providing for deregistration if a trade union "contravened any provisions of the Act".
The TUA gave workers the right, through their registered trade union, to take steps to press their claims, and where necessary, as in the case of a malevolent employer, agitate for their claims and advance them before the government and the judiciary. It also provided members (workers) and elected officers of a union a degree of immunity, including against the law on criminal conspiracy. Importantly, the law recognised that actions based on collective decisions by workers were legal and did not constitute criminal conspiracy.
Comment | A wage code that is a hasty composition
The so-called "simplifying" of labour laws, repealing the TUA, the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 and the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946, and creating the Industrial Relations Code (IRC), has a very sinister outcome for workers' right to association. The code enormously widens the grounds under which a trade union may be deregistered. Under the TUA, deregistration was limited to the internal functioning of a union — in case a union violated the financial rules set down under the law or its own constitution. The Standing Orders Act and the Industrial Disputes Act were concerned with conditions of employment and settlement of disputes respectively. They had nothing to do with the internal functioning, and, therefore, with the existence of a trade union.
Also read | Can't keep deferring labour reforms in the name of consultation, says Labour Minister Gangwar
Vague definitions
Under the new IRC, a trade union can be deregistered for contravention of unspecified provisions of the code. It simply says that deregistration would follow in case of "contravention by the Trade Union of the provisions of this Code". The possibility of deregistering a trade union in this unspecified manner shifts the balance completely in favour of employers, who continue to enjoy protection under the Companies Act. This violates the principles of equality before the law and of natural justice.
When a trade union is deregistered, it can no longer represent its members (the workers) before the dispute resolution machinery or in court. And, the moment a trade union loses its registration, any collective decision taken by its members and elected officers can be treated as illegal. For example, a decision for strike action would leave employers free to either dismiss striking workers or charge them huge penalties for their claimed losses. It also means that the trade union's members and elected officers lose their immunity from prosecution for criminal conspiracy for collective decisions and actions, which is exactly what the TUA protected them against. The new code has cut and pasted from the TUA the provisions granting immunity against charges of conspiracy, but this is meaningless if the trade union itself is deregistered. The new code appears to be designed to deter collective action by workers' unions, and make them fearful of getting trapped in the cross hairs of the new, supposedly "simplified" code.
Also read | Labour codes passed are anti-worker, say trade unions
Extra-legal formations
With the threat of deregistration ever-present, workers and their unions will be pushed to create extra-legal formations like 'struggle committees' and 'workers' fronts, such as existed before the TUA, in order to advance their demands against unreasonable employers. This would have two outcomes: first, it will push employment dispute resolution outside the legal framework, which, in turn, will lead to the second, even more damaging outcome, which is criminalising working class dissent, since workers' agitations will have to take place through extra-legal formations. The freewheeling provision for trade union deregistration in the IRC, apart from being an attack on a century-old universal right is, very importantly, also the withdrawal of an absolute right. Once a trade union is deregistered or is effectively silenced by a constant and amorphous threat of deregistration, workers effectively lose their fundamental right to freedom of association.
Comment | Dilution without adequate deliberation
This has grave implications for the working class's ability to defend its rights at a time when it is up against a capitalist class whose greed is insatiable, a vengeful government, and a capricious judiciary. Undermining trade unions, as the new code does, bodes ill for democratic rights in this country.
The author is general secretary of the New Trade Union Initiative


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text:
Home News Energy
Can Brazil follow China's lead on energy efficiency?
Strong policies and financing have underpinned China's push for industrial energy efficiency. Can the country set an example for other developing economies?
A worker at a power plant in Tianjin, in China's industrial north-east. Image: Asian Development Bank, CC BY 2.0
By Feng Hao and Fabio Couto, Chinadialogue
China's economic growth since the turn of the century has been accompanied by efforts to improve energy efficiency, leading it to become "the world heavyweight" in this area, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA).
Energy efficiency improved by 30 per cent in China between 2000 and 2015. Industry was both the main driver of economic growth and the biggest consumer of energy during this period but recorded the largest improvements in efficiency. Brazil's economy also recorded high annual growth rates over the same period until it entered recession in 2014. Yet, energy efficiency in Brazil has not improved.
Economies tend to use more energy as they grow. However, reducing energy intensity—calculated as the amount of energy used per million US dollars of gross domestic product (GDP) generated—can lead to an eventual decoupling of energy consumption from economic growth.
In Brazil, the energy intensity of the economy has remained conspicuously unchanged since 1990, when the country used less than four terajoules of energy per US$1 million of GDP.
The research group Climate Transparency rates Brazil's recent developments (2009-2014) as "very poor". In contrast, China has witnessed steady improvements in its energy intensity, with recent performance rated as "very good". These improvements are linked to centrally planned programmes designed to optimise the country's energy efficiency that were first launched in the 1990s.
Almost 30 years ago, China required over 20 terajoules/US$1 million GDP. Today, the figure stands at around a third of that 1990 high.
The energy-intensity of China's economy (1990-2014)
The energy-intensity of Brazil's economy (1990-2014)
Why have these "emerging economies" had such different experiences of balancing energy efficiency with growth? A closer examination of consumption patterns in both countries, and the policies that influence them, hold important clues.
Industry is key
Industry in China accounts for around 70 per cent of total end-user energy consumption, which makes the sector critical to China's efforts to reduce carbon emissions because 85 per cent of its energy use is derived from non-renewable sources.
As in many developing nations, combining measures to save energy and boost efficiency has been a challenge for China. In the 1980s, when energy use was particularly high in the steel, oil-refining, coking and chemical sectors, the government started building a system to improve efficiency.
Both the IEA and China's top planning body the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), estimate that between 1990 and 2013 the G20 nations, which account for 80 per cent of primary energy consumption worldwide, saw energy intensity drop by around 1.5 per cent a year, collectively.
In Brazil, industry is followed closely by residential consumers, which represent 28 per cent (2016) of total energy consumption, according to the 2017 Statistical Annual of Electrical Energy, published by Brazil's Energy Research Company's (EPE), the government's planning and research arm. Most energy saving initiatives have tended to focus on domestic consumption.
After more than two years of recession that led to an aggregate 8 per cent contraction of the economy, Brazil's economy is now growing again, albeit slowly. Greater energy consumption looks likely to follow, especially in the industrial south-east (which accounted for the largest regional drop in energy use during the downturn). Nationally, energy consumption grew 1.3 per cent in 2017; following decreases in 2015 and 2016 of 6.2 per cent and 2.5 per cent respectively.
But as its economy recovers, Brazil could look to China as an example for how to deliver improvements in energy efficiency, according to Dai Yande, head of the NDRC's Energy Research Institute (ERI).
While there are lessons in China's success, many of these are closely linked to the country's unique political and governance systems. Applied to an ambitious programme of industrial upgrading, which prioritised the development of higher value-added sectors and shifted investment away from energy-intensive heavy industries, it reveals where gains in energy efficiency can be achieved.
The third stage: from 'managing' to 'promoting'
China's system for reducing energy intensity has gone through two stages, and is currently shifting to a third, according to ERI.
The first stage was from 1981 to 1997. At the beginning of this period, China produced only one-seventh of the energy it does today. Government energy saving campaigns were intended to relieve energy shortages by planning all aspects of energy-saving in businesses.
This period saw the establishment of mechanisms for assigning and auditing energy quotas for state-owned companies, the main consumers of energy at that time. These were driven by government orders that placed strict limits on energy use by businesses. Energy use was brought under control, and reduced where possible.
The second phase started in 1997 when the Energy Conservation Law came into effect. This made the state responsible for setting energy efficiency standards. New companies were required to satisfy the standards before starting operations.
The government no longer only ordered state-owned firms to take certain energy-saving steps – all types of companies were legally required to save energy. The Central Committee, the Chinese Communist Party's top leadership body, approved the conservation of resources as part of national policy.
The Administrative Measures for Energy Conservation in Key Energy Consumers, which were issued in 1999, provided more detailed rules to firms using more than the equivalent of 10,000 tonnes of coal for energy per year.
Companies hired "energy managers", responsible for overseeing energy use. Only engineers with three years of experience in energy-saving work were qualified to hold the position.
The government also started to offer substantial subsidies to encourage energy-saving measures, such as the purchase of better equipment and technology. By this point, a sound system for managing energy-saving in some Chinese companies had begun to take shape.
The third, most recent phase of energy saving arrived with the new environmental focus of the 11thand 12th Five-Year Plans (FYP) for development that covered the periods of 2006-2011 and 20011-2015, respectively.
The 13th FYP period beginning 2016 continues the legacy with a special Action Plan for Energy Conservation jointly issued by 12 ministries including NDRC, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT), the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), and the Ministry of Finance (MOF).
Toughening targets
As China's energy-saving strategy intensified, its national energy consumption targets grew steadily more ambitious.
In 2006, a target was set to reduce energy intensity by 20 per cent over the period of the 11th FYP. This stressed the need for a more sustainable model of development. It was the first time China had set a binding energy-intensity reduction target in its national quinquennial plan and marked the start of energy-intensity controls.
Wei Han, program officer on industry at the Energy Foundation China, said that industry insiders regarded the target as a powerful signal from government promoting energy saving and emissions reductions, mitigating climate change and promoting green economic growth. The target translated into an estimated annual emissions reduction of over 1.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide.
But it also attracted controversy.
In a desperate late rush to meet the targets, local authorities reportedly cut power supplies to factories, traffic lights, and even hospitals. The episode also served to demonstrate how responsibility for targets was increasingly held by local officials that were accountable for their performance. In the end, China achieved an energy intensity reduction over the 11th FYP of less than one percentage point shy of the goal.
Under conditions of rapid economic growth an energy intensity target may not prevent growth in overall energy consumption. To achieve this, the Chinese government added a total energy consumption target in 2016 to existing intensity targets, saying that "2020 total energy consumption will be within 5 billion tonnes of coal equivalent."
This story was originally published by Chinadialogue under a Creative Commons' License. Read the full story.
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Today, he says, the question comes across like we would be reading "a political novel or a conspiracy theory fantasy book mixing politics with police investigations, the game of nations and mafia wars.
By the first week of the U.S. invasion thieves had plundered at least 15,000 items from Baghdad's Iraq Museum, many of them choice antiquities: ritual vessels, heads from sculptures, amulets, Assyrian ivories and more than 5,000 cylinder seals.
"Every single item that was lost is a great loss for humanity," says Donny George Youkhanna, an Iraqi Assyrian archeologist, anthropologist, author, curator, scholar and former Director General of Iraqi Museums, now a visiting professor at Stony Brook University in New York. The Iraqi National Museum in Baghdad "is the only museum in the world where you can trace the earliest development of human culture—technology, agriculture, art, language and writing—in just one place…"
In the case of Syria now, Zein writes, the theft of antiquities for a rapacious international black market is thriving.
He says antiquities plundered from museums and archeological sites in Syria are finding their way chiefly to (1) Beirut (2) Antakya, seat of the Hatay Province in southern Turkey, and (3) Erbil, capital of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, by way of Qamishli, the city in northeastern Syria that is a stone's throw away from the border with Turkey.
Where Beirut is concerned, Zein suggests offices and shops are currently opening under all sorts of names to specifically market looted Syrian antiquities.
"The ongoing devastation inflicted on the country's stunning archaeological sites—bullet holes lodged in walls of its ancient Roman cities, the debris of Byzantine churches, early mosques and crusader fortresses—rob Syria of its best chance for a post-conflict economic boom based on tourism," Aryn Baker wrote for Time magazine last year.
"All six of Syria's UNESCO world heritage sites have been damaged by rocket, tank and small-arms fire, some 'potentially irreversibly,' according to archaeologist Emma Cunliffe, a PhD researcher at the United Kingdom's Durham University who has just published a report during the course of her Fellowship at Global Heritage Fund, which details the destruction of Syria's historical sites.
"Syria has been at the crossroads of culture and religion for millennia. The world's first agricultural societies are thought to have sprung upon its fertile plains, and Damascus is one of the longest continually inhabited cities in the world, with early temples dating back an estimated 5000 years.
"Alexander the Great's Macedonian lieutenants built vast cities in Palmyra and Apamea, and the Apostle Paul sheltered in Damascus after his conversion to Christianity. Some of the country's Islamic mosques, still in use today, were built during the Prophet Muhammad's time.
"…The sheer diversity of Syrian antiquities -- everything from Mesopotamian cylinder seals, Roman statues, early Christian iconography, Jewish incantation bowls, and centuries-old Korans have passed through smuggler hands —means that the appetite for illicitly-acquired artifacts is unlikely to be sated.
Zein says the looting and destruction of Syria's past is taking place in Damascus and Rif Dimashq, Deraa, al-Jazirah area (which is extremely important archeologically), Idlib, Maarrat al-Nu'man (near the Dead Cities), Homs, Hama, and of course Aleppo.
"Only crystal gazers would claim to know what is being looted from these places and sold to gangs specialized in marketing their loot in Western countries.
"The heartbreaking reality -- or sneaking suspicion -- is that renowned Western museums have been the final destination of our stolen heritage through the ages.
"Remarkably, the Iraqi government is still trying to this day to retrieve from a range of Western governments its stolen national treasures and priceless antiquities. It succeeded in some instances and failed in most others.
Zein says historians have yet to determine if the modern-day looting of the Arab world did not start with Napoleon's Egypt campaign.
One of the most important treasures brought back from the campaign was the Rosetta Stone, which is now in the British Museum.
In today's Egypt, sophisticated and systematic looting is taking place across major archaeological sites.
Satellite images from before and after the Revolution of January 25 show a marked increase in looter holes. In fact, parts of the landscape are starting to look like "Swiss cheese," Deborah Lehr, chairman of the Capitol Archaeological Institute at George Washington University, who has been charged with helping the Egyptian government protect its antiquities, told the New York Times last October.
Zein's mind goes into fast forward to ponder the loss 10 weeks ago of ancient Islamic manuscripts in Mali's fabled desert city of Timbuktu.
It is not known how many of the priceless documents were destroyed by al-Qaeda-linked fighters who torched the Ahmed Baba Institute library.
News of the destruction came last January 28 from the mayor of Timbuktu.
With its Islamic treasures and centuries-old mud-walled buildings including an iconic mosque, Timbuktu is an UN-designated World Heritage Site.
The damage caused by the fleeing fighters was limited, but irreplaceable treasures were lost.
The documents date back to the late 12th century, the start of a 300-year golden age for Timbuktu as a spiritual and intellectual capital for the propagation of Islam on the continent.
In a VOA interview, Michael Covitt, chairman of Malian Manuscript Foundation, said the 30,000 manuscripts cover a wide variety of topics.
"The manuscripts cover pretty much every science under the sun, from astronomy to astrology to numerology to mathematics to medicine to jurisprudence," he said.
All are in Arabic script, in the Arabic language and African languages.
Zein says, "Because of the preplanned Iraq National Museum precedent, I initially cast doubt on the story of rebels torching the library in Mali. I then thought the story might be plausible in view of the rebels' brutality and fanaticism.
"Still, my nagging questions: Did the rebels do it? What happened to the manuscripts that weren't lost? Why did the media embedded with French troops at the time remain close-mouthed on the whereabouts of the spared manuscripts?
"The questions remain open-ended because whereas the looting of the Iraqi National Museum coincided with U.S. forces storming Baghdad, the torching of the manuscripts preceded the storming of Timbuktu by French troops.


The Round Walk is Chesterfield's pedestrian M25, a 34 mile circular route that can be done in one bite, as in the Chesterfield Area Walking Festival each May – or in varying smaller pieces, dependent on time, taste and energy.
It's nine years old this year and is a great credit to former Footpath Secretary, Dennis Ransby, and the project team that set it up.
No route is maintenance free, and thanks are also due to those who have kept walking it and maintaining it in the intervening years.
There are still copies of the original leaflet available for those without a copy. Inevitably there are a few changes that have occurred. The Alma Inn at North Wingfield is no longer there as a waymark, for example, and bus arrangements for getting to various points on the walk will have changed. Is there still a 'no tipping' sign in Brimington ?
The route instructions nevertheless, laboriously recorded by Rob Haslam, are still fundamentally correct.
We've taken the opportunity that technology gives us to replicate them, where they appear still relevant, in a PDF file that can be viewed, downloaded, or printed as required. Just click on the adjacent image.
If anyone comes across errors or omissions let us know and we'll endeavour to keep it up to date.
A bit of warm sun and wind quickly makes an impact on this winter's atrocious ground conditions. No one lost their boot in the mud today.
21 were drawn to a Kelstedge circular, led by Anne. A fairly gentle route, apart from a walk up to Ashover Rock (the Fabrick) – 299 metres above sea level, the highest point for miles around.
Snowdrops are a welcome sign.
Thanks to Cathy for these photos of today's Whaley Thorns circular.
Just then they came in sight of thirty or forty windmills that rise from that plain. And no sooner did Don Quixote see them that he said to his squire, 'Fortune is guiding our affairs better than we ourselves could have wished. Do you see over yonder, friend Sancho, thirty or forty hulking giants? I intend to do battle with them and slay them'….
You don't have to be a latter-day Don Quixote to view wind turbines as giants to be slain.
Everybody has their view on how effective they are – and few would say they add to the landscape.
However, with climate change there is a clear objective to increase the proportion of our energy that comes from renewable sources – and in places like NE Derbyshire (away from areas of outstanding natural beauty like the Peak District) they are beginning to make a greater impact, albeit on a relatively small scale.
As Ramblers, we are notified of planning applications when they are to be sited near to public rights of way.
We can no doubt expect to come across more 'windmills' in the future.
A good February day to be walking. Mild with some sunshine, although sadly creatures with webbed feet are still faring better in much of the countryside.
Andrew led 14 ramblers on a route from Bradway, on the edge of Sheffield, to Baslow across the damp Eastern Moors.
The walk passed one of the cryptic Companion Stones associated with moorland in this part of the world.
Thanks to all our leaders and walk organisers, we're fortunate in being able to offer up to 400 walks a year within our own group of the Ramblers.
With both car and public transport walks of various lengths we try to cater for everyone, but a recent email suggested there could possibly be more walks at the weekend for people who use public transport.
Sunday is always a poor day for buses and trains, but Saturday is usually a weekday service – and bus pass holders are not restricted by a 9:30 am start for free travel.
Not every car walk can be easily accessed by public transport – but some can. Of course it's not just a matter of getting to the start, but having a reasonable return service once the walk is over.
Websites like Traveline East Midlands are well worth book-marking.
They show, for example, that the Rowthorn Trail circular on Saturday 8th March is available to anyone catching the 9:35 am Pronto bus from Chesterfield Coach Station to the Glapwell Young Vanish Inn, followed by a short walk. There are other options avoiding Chesterfield, such as the Bolsover – Clay Cross service.
Pronto buses back from Glapwell to Chesterfield normally run every 30 minutes during the day.


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Industrial applications make use of the most robust versions of equipment in all processes, simply due to the fact that equipment must be kept up and running at all times. In industrial settings you will often find equipment within the harshest of environments, fully or partially exposed to the elements, and enduring ongoing wear and tear. All the while industrial equipment is expecting to outperform residential equipment and remain working through any day or night. Industrial equipment is tasked with far more arduous operation than anything that is being used in the residential space. It is responsible for keeping critical systems online for the ongoing function of whatever business they support. Industries such as communications, power generation, transportation and others are responsible for keeping the connected world moving, and huge amounts of energy is expended to support that effort.
When the specific components involved in a particular industrial site are being installed, there may be instances where ancillary equipment that is not integral to the specific processes is overlooked. Such is the case with industrial surge protection from time to time, due to the fact that SPDs are not required by the system in order for it to function and perform the tasks that it has been charged with. Surge protection equipment is designed to exist in the background, installed as a precaution to only be utilized in the case of a power surge that would overwhelm the attached computers and data processors. The status of the installed surge protection equipment will also be unknown to the overall operations as well, due to the fact that it is not going to cause a shutdown of operations if it is not functioning properly. The status of these devices being verified at periodic intervals as operational and functional is critical; however in the case that it is not functioning properly the business is being exposed to potential losses if a surge was to take place. Simply put, surge protection equipment has a single function, to cut off or divert the overflow of excess electricity going to connected equipment in an emergency so as to not let an over voltage pass through and come in contact with the expensive and sensitive computer equipment. If the surge protection equipment fails, a power surge will most likely cause large amounts of damage to all components connected.
Having surge protection equipment integrated into or adjacent to industrial systems should not be an afterthought. Instead it should be one of the priorities of system functionality that is built into every plan. In the event of a power surge there is a good chance that system functionality would be lost due to damage, essentially taking the entire business or service offline. In order to avoid these situations and limit the amount of downtime to a resetting of any component that has gone offline at that point, the most robust surge protection devices must be used. These devices must be checked in order to assure proper functionality and verified that they are not compromised. A failure to do so can result in exposure of millions of dollars of business equipment to complete loss. No loss is good for business, and the minimization of losses is what surge protection equipment does.


text:
import _ from '../util/lodash-wrap'
import stringifyAnything from './anything'

export default (args, joiner = ', ', wrapper = '') =>
  _.map(args, arg =>
    `${wrapper}${stringifyAnything(arg)}${wrapper}`
  ).join(joiner)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Algorithm for BASH/CSH/ZSH style brace expansion If I have a string like
a/{b,c,d}/e

then I want to be able to produce this output:
a/b/e
a/c/e
a/d/e

You get the idea. I need to implement this in C. I have written a brute force kind of code which i capable of parsing a single pair of braces (for example: /a/{b,c,d}/e/ but if there are multiple pair of braces, like /a/{b,c}/{d,e}/f in that case my method will break. I would like to take a better approach.
I am not asking directly for the code, just a hint towards an efficient algorithm would be sufficient. I think the task of parsing the braces is repetitive and we could follow a recursive algorithm?

A: If you're on any kind of Unix, Linux or OS X system, there is a built in library function to do this.  man 3 glob will tell you about how to call it from C.  Or you can visit http://linux.die.net/man/3/glob to find online documentation.
If you want to roll your own, a simple way to go is to first scan the string and build an intermediate data structure, and then recursively walk that data structure, printing strings.  That data structure could be built out of structs with the following fields:

*

*text: pointer to a piece of string

*next_node: pointer to what comes after this text when printed

*sibling_node: pointer to the next choice that could be made instead of this one

A: What you're showing here isn't really recursive. If you could nest the brackets, then that would be recursive.
basically what you have is a simple grammar:
thing ::= element { "/" element }*
element ::= symbol || list
list ::= "{" symbol { "," symbol }* "}"
symbol ::= [a-z]+

That's a off the cuff grammar language. * means "zero or more", + means "1 or more". Fairly common.
So, you need a simple tokenizer, something that groups up your symbols and separates out the punctuation mostly.
Then a simple parser
parseThing() {
    Element e = parseElement();
    while (nextToken != null) {
        Slash s = parseSlash();
        e = parseElement():
    }
}

Slash parseSlash() {
    Token t = peekNextToken();
    if (t.getText().equals("/")) {
        return new Slash();
    }
    throw "expected a '/' but got a " + t;
}

Element parseElement() {
    Token t = peekNextToken();
    if (t.isSymbol()) {
        return parseSymbol();
    }
    if (t.isOpenCurly()) {
        return parseList());
    }
    thrown "Syntax error, wanted a symbol or { and got " + t;
}

List parseList() {
    List l = new List();
    Token t = peekNextToken();
    if (t.isOpenCurly()) {
        consumeNextToken();
        Symbol s = parseSymbol();
        l.add(s);
        t = peekNextToken();
        while (t.isComma()) {
            consumeNextToken();
            s = parseSymbol();
            l.add(s);
            t = peekNextToken();
        }
        if (!t.closeCurly()) {
            throw "expected close of list, but got " + t;
        }
        consumeNextToken();
     } else {
         throw "expected start of list but got " + t;
     }
     return l;
}

Symbol parseSymbol() {
    Token t = peekNextToken();

    if(!t.isSymbol()) {
        throw "expected symbol, got " + t;
    }
    consumeNextToken();
    return new Symbol(t);
}

This is incomplete, and high level, but gives you an idea of how you could go about it.

A: I have been doing something like this recently, and it took me a lot of time to solve this, so here's how I do it. There may be a simpler algorithm for this though.
You can write a recursive descent parser to transform the text into the tree. Make the strings leaf nodes that holds that string and the matched pair of braces an internal node. Each leaf node can contain more than one string.
For example, this:
/a/{b,c}/{d,e{f,g,h}}/i

can become:
(
   ["/a/"]
   {
      ( ["b"] )
      ( ["c"] )
   }
   ["/"]
   {
      ( ["d"] )
      (
         ["e"]
         {
            ( ["f"] )
            ( ["g"] )
            ( ["h"] )
         }
      )
   }
   ["i"]
)

Try to look at it as a tree, where ["stringA", "stringB"] denotes a leaf node, and matched pair of braces represents an internal node. There are 2 types of internal node, one that can choose between one of the alternatives (I use {} in this example) and one that combines all the combination (I use () here).
So, the above tree would go like this:
(
   ["/a/"]
   {
      ["b"]
      ["c"]
   }
   ["/"]
   {
      ["d"]
      (
         ["e"]
         {
            ["f"]
            ["g"]
            ["h"]
         }
      )
   }
   ["i"]
)

then
(
   ["/a/"]
   ["b", "c"]
   ["/"]
   {
      ["d"]
      (
         ["e"]
         ["f", "g", "h"]
      )
   }
   ["i"]
)

then
(
   ["/a/"]
   ["b", "c"]
   ["/"]
   {
      ["d"]
      ["ef", "eg", "eh"]
   }
   ["i"]
)

then
(
   ["/a/"]
   ["b", "c"]
   ["/"]
   ["d", "ef", "eg", "eh"]
   ["i"]
)

and finally, you end up with a single leaf node, which are all the combinations:
["/a/b/di", "/a/b/efi", "/a/b/egi", "/a/b/ehi",
 "/a/c/di", "/a/c/efi", "/a/c/egi", "/a/c/ehi"]

Then you can pretty print it.

A: Dunno about efficient, but an intuitive way would be to use some form of recursion. The function should be able to find the first brace. Say the first brace contains N alternatives. So the function produces N expansions, and recursively calls itself upon each expansion. Each "fork" keeps on forking till it exhausts every brace.
Does that help?


text:
Q: Error on `it-1` with set iterator In following code I can not recognize difference between --it, and it-1.
Also is words.end() value is out of set range?
#include <iostream>
#include<set>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    set<string> words;
    words.insert("test");
    words.insert("crack");
    words.insert("zluffy");
    set<string>::iterator it=words.end();
    cout<<*(--it)<<endl;//just works fine
    cout<<*(it-1)<<endl;//Error
    return 0;
}

A: That's because std::set::iterator is a constant BidrectionalIterator. That means it supports ++it and --it. However, it is not a RandomAccessIterator (like std::vector::iterator) - which is what it would need to be to support it + n and it - n.
While --it and it -= 1 conceputally do the same thing, the latter requires more functionality than std::set provides. That's why it's not supported. You could always use something like: std::prev(it, 1), which would work on any iterator that satisfies the BidirectionalIterator concept.

A: words.end() gives an iterator to an "element" past the end of the set. It does not point to anything so you cannot dereference it.
It serves at a bound for your set. You can for example scan your set from words.end() to words.begin() :
for (set<string>::iterator it = words.begin() ; it != words.end() ; ++it)
{
    cout << *it << endl;
}


text:
Combining science and community benefit: The community engagement coordinating council pilot grant review process
Adam Paberzs, MPH, Michigan Institute for Clinical & Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Celeste Choate, MLIS, Services, Collections & Access, Ann Arbor District Library, Ann Arbor, MI
Karen Calhoun, MA, City Connect Detroit, Detroit, MI
Patricia Piechowski, MPH, MSW, MA, Michigan Institute for Clinical & Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Marc Zimmerman, PhD, Prevention Research Center of Michigan, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
Carolyn Sampselle, PhD, ANP, FAAN, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Kanchan Lota, MPH, CQIA, Michigan Institute for Clinical & Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Kent Key, MPH, PhD, Community Based Organization Partners, Flint, MI
While a growing number of communities are being engaged in health research, community partners are often left out of the review process to award grant applications. Community involvement and decision-making during the review process is essential to ensuring that research conduct is fair, equitable, and results in tangible benefits to community health. At the University of Michigan's (UM) Clinical and Translational Science Award, an innovative review process has been developed to improve the quality of pilot proposals and strengthen community leadership in funding decisions. The Community Engagement Coordinating Council (CECC), a group of community partner organizations and researchers, reviews pilot studies funded through the Community-University Research Partnership Award (CURES). CECC community peer reviewers evaluate and score applications based on specific criteria, including shared responsibility of research activities, equitable distribution of budget, relevance of research topic to the community, and translation for improved health outcomes. In the past four years, the CECC has reviewed 42 CURES pilot applications and funded 16 projects totaling $431,482 in various communities. Community and academic partners have worked together to establish a detailed review process and scoring guidelines modeled after standards recommended by the National Institutes of Health. Throughout its history, the CECC has incorporated many lessons learned and adapted the process to enhance community decision-making. The CECC model for pilot grant review represents a promising approach to developing community leadership on grant review boards and sustaining meaningful community involvement in research that is relevant, reliable, and responsive to community health priorities.
Assessment of individual and community needs for health education
Conduct evaluation related to programs, research, and other areas of practice
Implementation of health education strategies, interventions and programs
Public health or related organizational policy, standards, or other guidelines
Describe the CECC model for community partner pilot grant review and scoring. Demonstrate how community leadership in funding decisions for pilot grants can improve proposals and community-based participation in health research.
Keyword(s): Community Research, Community Capacity
Qualified on the content I am responsible for because: I am a research liaison for the Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research focused on building community-academic partnerships in health research. I coordinate the CECC community partner pilot grant review process and work closely with pilot teams and community co-investigators to ensure that research is equitable and responsive to community-identified health priorities.
Back to: 5150.0: The Importance of Community Involvement in Research


Parts, tools, and components for aviation and aerospace are sold in 'Aviation Monetary Units' (AMU). Right now, the conversion factor from USD to AMU is about 1000 to 1. This stuff is expensive, but there is a small portion of the flying community that prides itself on not breaking the bank every time something needs to be replaced. Theses are often the microlight, ultralight, and experimental aircraft enthusiasts. Steam gauges are becoming obsolete and expensive to repair, and you're not going to throw a 15 AMU Garmin G500 in an ultralight that only costs 10 AMU.
To solve this problem, [Rene] is turning to sensors, displays, and microcontrollers that are cheap and readily available to build modular aviation instruments.
As with all aviation gear, the first question that springs to mind is, 'what will the FAA think about this?'. [Rene] is in South Africa, so the answer is, 'nothing'. If a few American pilots decide to build one of these, that'll fly too; these are instruments designed for non-type-certified aircraft. That's not to say there are no rules for what goes into these aircraft, but the paperwork is much easier.
Right now, the design goals for [Rene]'s instruments is under 0.1 AMU per module, robust, RF shielded, with engine monitoring, fuel management, heading, air and ground speed, altitude, attitude, and all the other gauges that make flying easy. He's using a CAN bus for all of these modules, and in the process slowly dragging the state of the art of ultralight aviation into the 1990s. It's fantastic work, and we can't wait to see some of these modules in the air.


The first week of learning and activity in the Primary School has been a very exciting one, as students have connected with new classmates and teachers to begin their 2019 learning journey. Thank you to all parents for supporting and encouraging your children to have such a positive start with their peers and for ensuring they were well resourced and prepared for the new year. We were very impressed to see so many parents joining us for the Prep Parent Preparation and Set for Success events on Tuesday, to establish connections and start the new year in partnership with the College. For those families unable to attend, the information shared has been compiled into the attached handouts as a summary of the key points. We look forward to a great year of learning and progress across the school, as we share the journey of 2019 with you all.


text:
Defendants' rights
Access to asylum
Borders and information systems
Irregular migration, return and immigration detention
Trafficking and labour exploitation
Inter-governmental human rights systems
National human rights systems and bodies
What are fundamental rights ?
Title I: Dignity
1 - Human dignity
2 - Right to life
3 - Right to integrity of the person
4 - Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
5 - Slavery / Forced Labour
6 - Right to liberty and security
7 - Respect for private and family life
8 - Protection of personal data
9 - Right to marry and right to found a family
10 - Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
11 - Freedom of expression and information
12 - Freedom of assembly and of association
13 - Freedom of the arts and sciences
14 - Right to education
15 - Freedom to choose an occupation and right to engage in work
16 - Freedom to conduct a business
17 - Right to property
18 - Right to asylum
19 - Protection in the event of removal, expulsion or extradition
20 - Equality before the law
21 - Non-discrimination
22 - Cultural, religious and linguistic diversity
23 - Equality between women and men
24 - The rights of the child
25 - The rights of the elderly
26 - Integration of persons with disabilities
Title IV: Solidarity
27 - Workers' right to information and consultation within the undertaking
28 - Right of collective bargaining and action
29 - Right of access to placement services
30 - Protection in the event of unjustified dismissal
31 - Fair and just working conditions
32 - Prohibition of child labour and protection of young people at work
33 - Family and professional life
34 - Social security and social assistance
35 - Health care
36 - Access to services of general economic interest
37 - Environmental protection
38 - Consumer protection
39 - Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at elections to the European Parliament
40 - Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at municipal elections
41 - Right to good administration
42 - Right of access to documents
43 - European Ombudsman
44 - Right to petition
45 - Freedom of movement and of residence
46 - Diplomatic and consular protection
Title VI: Justice
47 - Right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial
48 - Presumption of innocence and right of defence
49 - Principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties
50 - Right not to be tried or punished twice in criminal proceedings for the same criminal offence
51 - Field of application
52 - Scope and interpretation
53 - Level of protection
54 - Abuse of rights
Application for access to documents
EU institutions and other bodies
Member States of the EU
Civil society and the Fundamental Rights Platform
NHRIs, Equality Bodies and Ombudsperson Institutions
UN, OSCE and other international organisations
FRANET
Agency to join independent living event
ENIL
FRA will take part in the presentation of results from the European Network on Independent Living's (ENIL) first Independent Living Survey on 10 December.
The survey aims to gather data on the extent to which disabled people in Europe had access to the right to live independently and to be included in the community. ENIL launched the survey in June and it was open until the end of September.
It targeted disabled people and organisations of disabled people in the Council of Europe area.
FRA will comment on the survey results and highlight the results of its own research on independent living.
Find out more about the Agency and its work here.
Where to turn for help
Fundamental rights define minimum standards to ensure everyone is treated with dignity. We help promote and protect these rights.


Meng Wanzhou seeks bail amid fraud allegations. Share Tweet Reddit Flipboard Email. Last Updated Mar 28, 6: Some bloom as young as seven thanks to a diet high in sugar and fat, declining physical activity and exposure to endocrine disrupters, chemicals in the environment that act on hormones. Latest Features China warns of "grave consequences" if Huawei exec isn't released. Is this any surprise considering girls reach puberty a heck of a lot younger than they did even ten years ago?
Last Updated Mar 28, 6: Is this any surprise considering girls reach puberty a heck of a lot younger than they did even ten years ago? Meng Wanzhou seeks bail amid fraud allegations. Latest Features China warns of "grave consequences" if Huawei exec isn't released. British clothing chain Primark withdrew a line of padded bikinis for 7 to 14 year olds following criticsm from The Children's Society accusing the company of " premature sexualisation and unprincipled advertising. Originally billed as " push up triangles ," the bathing suits sparked a swift and searing backlash from mommy bloggers and news pundits.


text:
import Data.List --sort und reverse

hIndex :: (Num a, Ord a) => [a] -> a
hIndex l = helper (reverse (sort l)) 0
    where helper [] acc = acc
          helper (z:ls) acc
            | z > acc   = helper ls (acc + 1)
            | otherwise = acc

-- Alternativ
hindex1 = length . takeWhile id .
          zipWith (<=) [1..] . reverse . sort
hindex2 = length . takeWhile (\(i, n) -> n >= i) .
          zip [1..] . reverse . sort


text:
Commercial Restroom Reflections: Safeguarding Your Building Ahead of Re-opening
As commercial buildings begin to re-open from shutdowns related to the COVID-19 pandemic, it's important for building managers to follow the proper protocols when flushing out a building's water systems. That's because water left in plumbing lines for an extended period of time becomes stagnant, posing significant safety risks. A number of Sloan in-house experts outline the importance of the water purging process in commercial buildings, and how to do so safely and effectively.
What are the perils of stagnant water, and why is it important to purge stagnant water from a building's water system?
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in widespread building shutdowns and low occupancy rates in buildings across the globe. As buildings begin to re-open, it is paramount for these facilities to properly flush out buildings' water systems to introduce fresh potable water into the system and reduce the serious water safety risks that are associated with stagnant water.
Municipal drinking water treatment plants add small amounts of disinfectant to keep bacteria from growing, but these chemicals degrade over time while the water sits idle in unused plumbing systems. Waterborne pathogens, like Legionella, thrive in this warm and still environment, and heavy metals can slowly leach out of aging pipes, too. This increases the risk of exposing occupants to illnesses in schools, offices, and other buildings with water that may have sat idle for the past few months.
– Patrick Boyle, Director of Corporate Sustainability
Why is it important to remove aerators before purging water from faucets?
It's crucial to either remove the aerators before or immediately after the purging process for a few reasons. During the purging process, any debris that is in the water may become lodged in the aerator and can block the process from being completed properly. Additionally, it's also important to remove aerators so they can either be replaced or cleaned and disinfected from anything that might be on those spray heads.
– Morgan Butts, Senior Product Line Manager - Faucets, Sinks, Soap Dispensers, and Hand dryers
How is technology working to make the purge process safer and easier?
The Sloan Connect app and products with an automatic line purge feature help to keep water moving through the plumbing lines even if users are in the building or using that particular product frequently. Having products like these makes the re-opening process safer and easier because they lessen the risk of microbiotic growth in standing water. If a building is closed for an extended period of time, it is important to wear proper personal protective equipment and follow the guidelines for restarting properly, but these products make it safer for the workers that are tasked with re-opening those buildings.
– Morgan Butts
Why is it important to start purging water closets and urinals that are located the farthest from branch lines in the restroom?
As water moves rapidly through a water closet outlet, it causes churning and dislodged sediment upstream. To thoroughly push any large sediment out, you want to start at the farthest point upstream of the purging fittings (branch line feed) on the supply and work your way to the most extreme distance. This way you are ending with the farthest fitting and getting any incomplete dislodged sediment out through the last fixture.
The idea of purging a system is to pass through as many harmful particles and sediment that can loosen up in the high flowing piping feeding flushometers and faucets, so when the actual building's plumbing system becomes in full demand, the occurrence of leaks and run-ons caused by large debris can be reduced.
– Peter Jahrling, Director, Product Engineering and Intellectual Property
Why should pressure-assisted and tank type toilets be flushed more often than traditional toilets when preparing to re-open?
A pressure-assisted toilet has an inlet filter mesh screen, leaving it more susceptible to clogging by larger debris than a traditional gravity toilet. The filter will protect the toilet's internals, but would have to be cleaned more frequently if purging was not performed adequately.
– Mark Lawinger, Senior Product Line Manager, Flushometers and Fixtures
As some businesses go back and forth from re-opening to closing again, how long does a building need to be closed for to consider purging the water lines?
While we don't have any empirical numbers, there is a relationship between the age of the plumbing system (supply piping type) and the period of re-opening occurrences. The relationship can be represented as a decaying exponential curve that suggests more frequent purges as the reopening occurrences decline and as the plumbing system ages.
– Peter Jahrling
This is the 19h edition in a series of Q&A segments with Sloan leadership and subject matter experts for their take on where the commercial restroom has been, what it's evolved to now, and where it's headed. A previous edition—and Sloan's first podcast in this series—on the impact of touch-free on health and wellness can be found here.


Happy 27th Birthday too me! I thought it would be an excellent idea to do my first photo an hour on my birthday. HA great idea Michelle! Will you ever learn?
This was the first time in 5 years that I wasn't working on my birthday so had an epic lie in then popped out into Leeds for food and a drink. Since I've been declaring it my birthday weekend for 2 days already, I was lucky enough to be chauffeured by Kevin meaning I could enjoy a glass of wine.
So I'm now sat here waiting for a takeaway to come and realising that I'm not going to take any more photos today because 1. I want to enjoy the rest of my Birthday Evening before I go back to work tomorrow. 2. I'm sat in my jamas on the sofa wrapped in a blanket. 3. My camera battery is dead.
Here's to 27! Lets see what this year brings!


Mads Nørgaard Copenhagen has announced a collaboration with rising womenswear star Freya Dalsjö. The capsule collection contains two pieces of bikinis and two pieces of swimsuits made in the iconic stripes of Mads Nørgaard with a Freya Dalsjö touch. The collection will be available through selected stockists in the beginning of June. We are ready for summer!


The west border area of Quang Ninh is very well-known for its majestic miniature version of the Great Wall of China. Knowing this beautiful destination from a brother, I am very excited and immediately start a plan to explore this place with my friends on this weekend. Come with us to conquer this wonderful paradise right now!
Ultimate Odyssey - To have a complete and memorable journey, we have find out all information about this destination including location, interesting places, transportation, hotels, local food… and finally prepared a detailed plan.
Our first pleasure is Binh Lieu - the homeland of beautiful "dinosaur spine". In spring, this destination is bustling with many festivals and full of cool fresh water from streams and waterfalls in the summer. In the autumn, the place becomes gentle with white bulbuls and in the winter, it is beautified by a frame of So flowers - the symbols of the land border.
About 100 kilometers from Ha Long city to the Northeast, Binh Lieu is the plateau that belongs to Dong Trieu bow about 471 square kilometers. Without gentle beauty and salty flavor of the sea, this destination owns many majestic mountains stretching to the border of China. Besides being famous for So flower season, local festivals of native people and delicious local food such as: cà sáy, Cooc Mò cake… Binh Lieu is also well-known for its specialty "border markers" in which "dinosaur spine" - the way to the milestone 1305 with nearly 2000 stone ladders.
From Hanoi, you can travel by cars, motorbikes, coaches or trains... However, the most convenient choice is travelling by your own motorbike because it is the most flexible and economical way.
When reaching the destination, you will certainly be overwhelmed and excited about the fresh and beautiful scenery. There is magically no noise, no busyness and no burden of living condition.
The first way: from Binh Lieu town, move to the north along highway no. 18C. Then turn right to the milestone 68 and keep going to Hoanh Mo about 5 - 6 kilometers. You will see the milestone 1305 in the end.
The second way: begin from Hoanh Mo border guard station, then ask border soldiers for the way to the border patrol road. The "dinosaur spine" is also known as the Vietnam - China border patrol road.
The road is full of beautiful flowers and surrounded by many majestic mountains.
After some hours, you will get the very special and valuable achievement and catch in your eyes the most poetic and beautiful scenery of the border area at the end of autumn.
From the top of the milestone, you will feel that you are too small before the majestic nature. The picture of bulbul hills shaking in the wind will never be forgotten. The unique natural scenery is an ideal place to take photos with friends. Just standing anywhere in this destination and counting from 1 to 3, you can take a number of deep photos.
Because tourism services in this place are still not developed, you need to ask for place to stay before coming. There are some suggestions for you: Luong aunt's house, a Thanh homestay… with reasonable price from 50.000 VND/ person.
This is the handbook "The journey conquering Vietnamese version of The Great Wall of China". If you have any question about the schedule, let Ultimate Odyssey accompany with you in your journey.