For some, today is a day of flowers, chocolates, dinner with our S.O, exchanging of gifts, and just a sweet reminder of how special you are to someone.
Then there are those who will spend the day trying to forget that the day even exists, out with their girls, or drinking a glass of wine while watching TGIT (like they do every other Thursday). Some even go to extremes of rescheduling a meeting to 9pm on today (that literally happened at one of my gigs and I politely informed them that I would not be in attendance).
Not to mention the Cynics are usually cynical because they don't have anyone. Don't get me wrong, I get it. Today can be hard for those who don't have an S.O. It's an in your face reminder of rejection, relationships gone wrong, etc.
Let's not forget the few and in between ones who are just that- in between! They are dating someone but aren't exactly sure how the relationship is defined. Therefore, are unsure what today brings if anything at all. They have an expectation, but are afraid to show it so they just wait to see in hope that it will be something. Ok, let's face it, if you have to question it, you just aren't on that level- yet. Not saying that it will never be, but give it time and see. Maybe you just started dating a month, or two ago. Time will tell ( and it should at about month three or four). Usually if you're in a waiting to see pattern with someone and you haven't talked about it- it usually means you aren't celebrating it with that person. Enough said.
Then you have those who are like me. Unfortunately,I'm finding that there aren't many people who just love this day. As for me, on the other hand, I love everything it stands for. It's all about love and the meaning of love. Yes we are supposed to show love everyday, but what's wrong with having one day set aside to celebrate it. You can celebrate it in many different ways- popcorn and Netflix, a gift basket to mom, bake Valentine's Day cookies for your colleagues- ok, I have literally done all of these things.
Now, I myself, have spent this day with a special someone, have spent this day on dates with guys that I really could care less if I see again (just to feel like I had something on this day), spent the day on the couch watching TV drinking juice (this is before my wine drinking days). But honestly, I find that I'm most fulfilled when I'm honoring how I feel- whether it's doing nothing or putting smiles on the faces of those around me.
Happy Valentine's Day! Celebrate Love!
In last week's post, I briefly mentioned a guy that I once dated who gave me a rather cheap Christmas Gift. Cheap as in $4.99 to be exact. So, this week, I'd tell you how that actually played out.
We had been seeing each other for four months by the time Christmas rolled around. Yes, that's a short time frame, but the way I saw it- we had just returned from a week-long cruise, where he then invited me to home with him for the holidays to meet the family (I didn't make it home with him that time, that's a story for another blog). So, naturally, I thought that things had progressed to the point of exchanging gifts.
You meet someone. The two of you go on a couple of dates. Things seem to be going just fine and as a result, you've actually started to become quite fond of this person. Then the calls stop, and so do the text. All form of communication ceases and you realize that this person moonlights as a magician performing act of grander. Their most recent trick… disappearing.
I've been single the majority of my life. And in my mid-30's I am often confronted with the question of "when are you going to settle down?" I've been to wedding after wedding of friends whose parents try to marry me off next with whatever guy is in attendance and single. Let's not even start on the concept of having kids. By your mid-30s you are just expected to have kids and a husband, or as the consensus may have it, you are doomed to being a lonely spinster with a cat.


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A Biblioteca Passos Manuel é a biblioteca da Assembleia da República Portuguesa, a legislatura nacional portuguesa. Abriga uma coleção especializada de mais de 180 mil volumes, principalmente sobre questões parlamentares, Direito, Ciência Política, História, Economia e Estatística.

Foi instituído por decreto do Ministro Passos Manuel em 1836. Só em 1921 é que foi definitivamente instalado no local onde se encontra (antigamente os dormitórios do antigo Mosteiro de São Bento).

Foi renomeada em homenagem ao seu fundador após uma pequena cerimónia a 25 de outubro de 2017; esta foi a primeira de muitas cerimónias públicas realizadas para comemorar o bicentenário da Revolução Liberal de 1820.

Bibliotecas de Portugal
Fundações em Portugal em 1836

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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46 - AL-AHQAF
THE KEY-WORD of this surah (the last of the Ha-Mim series) is found in verse 21. It was most probably revealed at approximately the same time as surah 72, that is, about two years, or even less, before the Prophet�s hijrah to Medina.
1. Ha. Mim.
2. THE BESTOWAL from on high of this divine writ I issues from God, the Almighty, the Wise.
3. We have not created the heavens and the earth and all that is between them otherwise than in accord�ance with [an inner] truth, and for a term set [by Us]: (2) and yet, they who are bent on denying the truth turn aside from the warning which has been conveyed unto them. (3)
2 - Regarding the expression �in accordance with [an inner] truth�, see note on 10: 5. The reference to the �term� set by God to all creation is meant to stress the fact of its finality in time as well as in space, in contrast with His Own timelessness and infinity.
3 - Lit., �from that whereof they have been warned�: i.e., they refuse to heed the warning not to attribute divine qualities to any being or force beside God.
4. Say: �Have you [really] given thought to what it is that you invoke instead of God? Show me what these [beings or forces] have created anywhere on earth! Or had they, perchance, a share in [creating] the heavens? [If so,] bring me any divine writ pre�ceding this one, or any [other] vestige of knowledge - if what you claim is true!� (4)
4 - Sc., �in support of your claim that there are other divine powers besides God�.
5. And who could be more astray than one who invokes, instead of God, such as will not respond to him either now or on the Day of Resurrection, (5) and are not even conscious of being invoked?
5 - Lit., �will not respond to him till the Day of Resurrection�, i.e., never.
6. such as, when all mankind is gathered [for judgment], will be enemies unto those [who worshipped them], and will utterly reject their worship? (6)
6 - For this symbolic �enmity� of all false objects of worship, see note on 35: 14.
7. But whenever Our messages are conveyed to them in all their clarity, they who are bent on denying the truth speak thus of the truth as soon as it is brought to them: �This is clearly nothing but spell�binding eloquence!� (7)
7 - Lit., �sorcery�: see note on 74: 24, where the term sihr has been used, chronologically, for the first time in the above sense. As in that early instance, the truth referred to here is the message of the Quran.
8. Or do they say, �He has invented all this�? Say [O Muhammad]: �Had I invented it, you would not be of the least help to me against God. (8) He is fully aware of that [slander] into which you so reck�lessly plunge: enough is He as a witness between me and you! And [withal,] He alone is truly-forgiving, a true dispenser of grace.� (9)
8 - Sc., �then why should I have invented all this for your sake?�
9 - The implication is, �May God forgive you, and grace you with His guidance� (Zamakhshari).
9. Say: �I am not the first of [God�s] apostles; (10) and [like all of them,] I do not know what will be done with me or with you: for I am nothing but a plain warner.� (11)
10 - Thus Tabari, Baghawi, Razi, Ibn Kathir, implying - as Razi stresses � �I am but a human being like all of God�s message-bearers who preceded me�. Alternatively, the phrase may be rendered as �I am no innovator among the apostles� - i.e., �I am not preaching anything that was not already preached by all of God�s apostles before me� (Razi and Baydawi): which coincides with the Quranic doctrine of the identity of the ethical teachings propounded by all of God�s prophets.
11 - I.e., �What will happen to all of us in this world� (Tabari, quoting with approval this interpretation of Al-Hasan al-Basri), or �both in this world and in the hereafter� (Baydawi). Either of these two interpretations implies a denial on the Prophet�s part of any foreknowledge of the future and, in a wider sense, any knowledge of �that which is beyond the reach of human perception� (al-ghayb): cf. 6: 50 or 7: 188.
10. Say: �Have you given thought [to how you will fare] if this be truly [a revelation] from God and yet you deny its truth? - even though a witness from among the children of Israel has already borne wit�ness to [the advent of] one like himself, (12) and has believed [in him], the while you glory in your arro�gance [and reject his message]? Verily, God does not grace [such] evildoing folk with His guidance!�
12 - I.e., a prophet like himself. The �witness� spoken of here is evidently Moses: cf. the two Biblical passages relating to the advent of the Prophet Muhammad (Deuteronomy xviii, 15 and 18): �The Lord thy God will raise up unto thee a prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren, like unto me�; and �I will raise them up a prophet from among thy brethren, like Unto thee, and will put My words in his mouth.� (See in this connection note on 2: 42.)
11. But they who are bent on denying the truth speak thus of those who have attained to faith: �If this [message] were any good, these [people] would not have preceded us in accepting it!� (13) And since they refuse to be guided by it, they will always say, �This is [but] an ancient falsehood!� (14)
13 - Lit., �towards it�. Almost all of the classical commentators assume that this refers, specifically, to the contempt with which the pagan Quraysh looked down upon the early followers of Muhammad, most of whom came from the poorest, lowliest strata of Meccan society. However, the above �saying� has undoubtedly a timeless import inasmuch as the poor and lowly have always been among the first to follow a prophet. Moreover, it may also have a bearing on our times as well, inasmuch as the materially powerful nations, whom their technological progress has blinded to many spiritual verities, are increasingly contemptuous of the weakness of those civilizations in which religion still plays an important, albeit largely formalistic, role; and so, not realizing that this very formalism and the ensuing cultural sterility, and not religious faith as such, is the innermost cause of that weakness, they attribute it to the influence of religion per se, saying as it were, �If religion were any good, we would have been the first in holding on to it� - thus �justifying� their own materialistic attitude and their refusal to be guided by spiritual considerations.
14 - I.e., the concept of divine revelation as such, as is evident from the subsequent reference to the revelation of Moses.
12. And yet, before this there was the revelation of Moses, a guide and a [sign of God�s] grace; and this [Quran] is a divine writ confirming the truth [of the Torah] (15) in the Arabic tongue, to warn those who are bent on evildoing, and [to bring] a glad tiding to the doers of good:
15 - Sc., in its original, uncorrupted form.
13. for, behold, all who say, �Our Sustainer is God�, and thereafter stand firm [in their faith] - no fear need they have, and neither shall they grieve:
14. it is they who are destined for paradise, therein to abide as a reward for all that they have done.
15. NOW [among the best of the deeds which] We have enjoined upon man is goodness towards his parents. (16) In pain did his mother bear him, and in pain did she give him birth; and her bearing him and his utter dependence on her took thirty months. (17) And so, when he attains to full maturity and reaches forty years, (18) he [that is righteous] prays: �O my Sustainer! Inspire me so that I may forever be grateful for those blessings of Thine with which Thou hast graced me and my parents, and that I may do what is right [in a manner] that will meet with Thy goodly acceptance; and grant me righteousness in my offspring [as well]. Verily, unto Thee have I turned in repentance: (19) for, verily, I am of those who have surrendered themselves unto Thee!�
16 - Cf. 29: 8 and 31: 14. In the present instance, this connects with the reference to the �doers of good� at the end of verse 12 and in verses 13-14.
17 - See note on 31:14.
18 - I.e., the age at which man is supposed to attain to full intellectual and spiritual maturity. It is to be borne in mind that the masculine noun insan (�man� or �human being�) appearing in the first sentence of this verse applies to both sexes alike.
19 - Sc., �of whatever sin I may have committed�. See note on the last sentence of 24: 31.
16. It is [such as] these from whom We shall accept the best that they ever did, (20) and whose bad deeds We shall overlook: [they will find themselves] among those who are destined for paradise, in fulfillment of the true promise which they were given [in this world].
20 - I.e., �whom We shall reward in accordance with the best that they ever did�: cf. 29: 7.
17. But [there is many a one] who says to his parents [whenever they try to imbue him with faith in God]: �Fie upon both of you! Do you promise me that I shall be brought forth [from the dead], although [so many] generations have passed away before me?� (21) And [while] they both pray for God�s help [and say], �Alas for thee! For, behold, God�s promise always comes true!� - he but answers, �All this is nothing but fables of ancient times!�
21 - Sc., �without any indication that anyone has been or will be resurrected�. This parabolic �dialogue� is not only meant to illustrate the ever-recurring - and perhaps natural - conflict between older and younger generations, but also points to the transmission of religious ideas as the most important function of parenthood, and thus, in a wider sense, as the basic element of all social continuity.
18. It is [such as] these upon whom the sentence [of doom] will fall due, together with the [other sinful] communities of invisible beings (22) and humans that have passed away before their time. Verily, they will be lost:
22 - See Appendix III.
19. for, [in the life to come,] all shall have their degrees in accordance with whatever [good or evil] they did: and so, (23) He will repay them in full for their doings, and none shall be wronged.
23 - The particle li prefixed to the subsequent verb is evidently what the grammarians call a lam al-aqibah: i.e., not an indication of intent (�so that�) but simply of a causal sequence, which is best rendered as �and�, �and so�, or �hence�.
20. And on the Day when those who were bent on denying the truth will be brought within sight of the fire, [they will be told:] �You have exhausted your [share of] good things in your worldly life, having enjoyed them [without any thought of the hereafter]: and so today you shall be requited with the suffering of humiliation for having gloried on earth in your arrogance, (24) offending against all that is right, and for all your iniquitous doings!�
24 - I.e., for having arrogantly, without any objective justification, asserted that there is no life after death.
21. AND REMEMBER that brother of [the tribe of] Ad, (25) how - seeing that [other] warnings had already come and gone within his own knowledge as well as in times beyond his ken (26) he warned his people [who lived] among those sand-dunes: �Worship none but God! Verily, I fear lest suffering befall you on an awesome day!�
25 - I.e., the Prophet Hud (see note on 7: 65). The mention of Hud and the tribe of Ad connects with the last sentence of the preceding verse, inasmuch as this tribe �transgressed all bounds of equity all over their lands� (89:11).
26 - Lit., �from between his hands and from behind him�. This idiomatic phrase (explained in note on 2: 255) is evidently an allusion to the many warning messages, in Hud�s own time as well as in the almost forgotten past, which ought to have made - but did not make - the tribe of Ad conscious of how far astray they had gone. We have here a subtle, parenthetic reminder that, apart from the revelations which He bestows upon His prophets, God offers His guidance to man through the many signs and warnings apparent in all nature as well as in the changing conditions of human society.
22. They answered: �Hast thou come to seduce us away from our gods? Bring, then, upon us that [doom] with which thou threaten us, if thou art a man of truth!�
23. Said he: �Knowledge [of when it is to befall you] rests with God alone: I but convey unto you the message with which I have been entrusted; but I see that you are people ignorant [of right and wrong]!�
24. And so, when they beheld it (27) in the shape of a dense cloud approaching their valleys, they exclaimed, �This is but a heavy cloud which will bring us [wel�come] rain!� [But Hud said:] �Nay, but it is the very thing which you [so contemptuously] sought to hasten - a wind bearing grievous suffering,
27 - I.e., when they beheld, without recognizing it as such, the approach of their doom.]
25. bound to destroy everything at its Sustainer�s behest!� And then they were so utterly wiped out (28) that nothing could be seen save their [empty] dwellings: thus do We requite people lost in sin.
28 - Lit., �then they became so that��, etc. See 69: 6-8, describing the sandstorm which destroyed the tribe of Ad without leaving any trace of them.
26. And yet, We had established them securely in a manner in which We have never established you, [O people of later times;] (29) and We had endowed them with hearing, and sight, and [knowledgeable] hearts: (30) but neither their hearing, nor their sight, nor their hearts were of the least avail to them, seeing that they went on rejecting God�s messages; and [in the end] they were overwhelmed (31) by the very thing which they had been wont to deride.
29 - This relates in the first instance to the pagan contemporaries of the Prophet, but applies to later generations as well. The tribe of Ad was the unchallenged lords in the vast region in which they lived (cf. 89: 8 - �the like of whom has never been reared in all the land�). Moreover, the social conditions of their time were so simple and so free of the many uncertainties and dangers which beset people of higher civilizations that they could be regarded as more �securely established� on earth than people of later, more complex times.
30 - I.e., intellect and feeling, both of which are comprised in the noun fuad.
31 - Lit., �enfolded�.
27. Thus have We destroyed many a [sinful] community living round about you; (32) and yet, [before destroying them,] We had given many facets to [Our warning] messages, so that they might turn back [from their evil ways].
32 - I.e., �close to you in space as well as in time�. In its wider sense, this phrase denotes �all the rest of the world�.
28. But, then, did those [beings] whom they had chosen to worship as deities beside God, hoping that they would bring them nearer [to Him], help them [in the end]? (33) Nay, they forsook them: for that [alleged divinity] was but an outcome of their self-delusion and all their false imagery. (34)
33 - This clause gives the meaning of the expression qurbanan, which contains an allusion not merely to false deities but also to the deification of saints, living or dead, who allegedly act as mediators between man and the transcendental Supreme Being.
34 - Lit., �that was their lie and all that they were wont to invent�.
29. AND LO! (35) We caused a group of unseen beings to incline towards thee, [O Muhammad,] (36) so that they might give ear to the Quran; and so, as soon as they became aware of it, (37) they said [unto one another], �Listen in silence!� And when [the recitation] was ended, they returned to their people as warners. (38)
35 - See note on 2: 30. The connection between this passage and the preceding one apparently lies in the fact that whereas �those who are lost in sin� (of whom the tribe of Ad is given as an example) refuse to heed God�s messages, the �unseen beings� spoken of in the sequence immediately perceived their truth and accepted them.
36 - The term nafar signifies a group of more than three and up to ten persons. The occurrence mentioned in this passage - said to have taken place in the small oasis of Nakhlah, on the way leading from Mecca to Taif (Tabari) - is evidently identical with that described in 72: 1-15; for a tentative explanation, see note on 72: 1.
37 - Lit., �as soon as they attended to it�, i.e., to its recitation by the Prophet.
38 - I.e., as preachers of the Quranic creed. The expression �as warners� connects with the preceding references to �warning messages�.
30. They said: �O our people! Behold, we have been listening to a revelation bestowed from on high after [that of] Moses, confirming the truth of what�ever there still remains [of the Torah]: (39) it guides towards the truth, and onto a straight way.
39 - For an explanation of this rendering of the phrase ma bayna yadayhi, see note on 3: 3. As pointed out in note on 72: 1, this reference to the Quran as revealed �after Moses�, omitting any mention of Jesus, seems to indicate that the speakers were followers of the Jewish faith; hence my interpolation of the words �of the Torah�.
31. �O our people! Respond to God�s call, and have faith in Him: He will forgive you [whatever is past] of your sins, and deliver you from grievous suffering [in the life to come].
32. But he who does not respond to God�s call can never elude [Him] on earth, nor can he has any protector against Him [in the life to come]: all such are most obviously lost in error.� (40)
40 - See note on 72: 15.
33. ARE, THEN, they [who deny the life to come] not aware that God, who has created the heavens and the earth and never been wearied by their creation, (41) has [also] the power to bring the dead back to life? Yea, verily, He has the power to will anything!
41 - This is apparently an allusion to the Quranic doctrine that God�s creative activity is continuous and unending.
34. And so, on the Day when those who were bent on denying the truth will be brought within sight of the fire [and will be asked], �Is not this the truth?� - they will answer, �Yea, by Our Sustainer!� [And] He will say: �Taste, then, this suffering as an outcome of your denial of the truth!�
35. REMAIN, then, [O believer,] patient in adversity, just as all of the apostles, endowed with firmness of heart, bore themselves with patience. And do not ask for a speedy doom of those [who still deny the truth]: on the Day when they see [the fulfillment of] what they were promised, (42) [it will seem to them] as though they had dwelt [on earth] no longer than one hour of [an earthly] day! (43) [This is Our] message. Will, then, any be [really] destroyed save iniquitous folk?� (44)
42 - I.e., the reality of life after death.
43 - In this parabolic manner the Quran points to the illusory concept of �time� as experienced by the human mind - a concept which has no bearing on the ultimate reality to be unfolded in the hereafter.
44 - Cf. the last sentence of 6: 47 and the corresponding note.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Besides running, I have another love in my life: group fitness classes.
You will meet awesome people. Sometimes hitting the pavement or treadmill with headphones ion and iTunes blaring can be a great way to unwind; however, those headphones also inhibit any type of conversation from the people surrounding you. Taking classes is a great way to meet people who you might not see out there on the running circuit or at local races. Strike up a convo before class starts. How long have you taken this class? What should I expect? You get the gist. In fact, some of my best fitness friendships have been created in group fitness classes asking questions just like this!
Cross train, Cross train, Cross train. I get it; you are totally obsessed with mileage. You HAVE to hit a certain number of miles per week, at a certain pace, do so many fartleks…. I have seen this before many times. Runners just gotta run. When you favor certain workouts, you are subconsciously creating imbalances in your body as certain muscles become overworked and other muscles are underworked. Variety truly is a necessity in a well-rounded fitness life. What is a better way to stay injury free than changing things up and trying a different group fitness class?
You might end up loving something you once hated. If you would have asked me to go to a yoga class 5 years ago I probably would have said, "Not no, but heck no. I have mileage to get in!" Fast forward to today, I am a certified BodyFlow instructor who literally cannot get enough yoga in her life! I even have a separate membership to a hot yoga studio in addition to my gym membership at the Y. So what happened to change my mind? Well, I had a misconception of what yoga was in my mind. After taking a few classes from an amazing instructor – I became hooked. Every Friday morning I would wake up at 4:45 am just so I could make it to her class. There are several different types of yoga – maybe you just haven't taken a class which fits your needs.
You will probably fall in love – and you might even get a job. I fell in love hard with group fitness classes and I have never looked back. Running – we have more of a torrid love affair. Sometimes we are hot and heavy, other times I can't even think about lacing up for one more mile. Group fitness is my constant. So constant in fact, I was offered a part-time job a few years back teaching a class one day a week on a temporary basis. That has since blossomed into teaching 4 to 5 classes a week. I teach BodyPump, BodyFlow, and cycle fusion. Even more ironic – I teach first thing in the morning at 5:30 am. The Courtney from 5 years ago would NEVER work out that early. I was a strict "after work is when I work out" type of person. Now, I am officially part of the morning crew. You know who we are – the people that are waiting outside the Y's front door, in the dark, in -10 degree weather for the Y to open; the people who have completed their sweat session before the sun has even come up. Yes – that's us alright. What caused me to make the switch to a.m. sweat sessions you ask? Oh, I like to thank my former yoga teacher – she only taught at 5:30. Hmm… isn't it amazing how things change?!
So you haven't tried a group fitness class before? Don't feel intimidated. Over the next few weeks, Kristen and I will break down some of our favorite group fitness classes. We will tell you everything: what the class is like, what you should wear, and we will even rate the class in terms of difficulty for you. Trust us when we say – with group fitness, there really is something for everyone!
Ohh, I like this series. I like fitness classes too – especially spin & yoga – but don't have a gym membership right now so I'm missing them. Either way, I like combining what I know + what I've learned in classes to workout at home.


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Paycheck Fairness Act Reintroduced in Senate
Senators Barbara Mikulski (D-MD) and Rosa DeLauro (D-CT) re-introduced the Paycheck Fairness Act, which addresses the wage gap between men and women, in the Senate on Wednesday.
The bill, S. 84 seeks to amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 and require employers to prove that differences in wage are the result of differences in merit, not gender. It also prohibits retaliation against employees who file claims of wage discrimination, and allows victims of wage discrimination to seek punitive damages for lost wages.
In a press release, Senator Mikulski said "The Paycheck Fairness Act ensures that women will no longer be fighting on their own for equal pay for equal work." Senator DeLauro echoed Mikulski's sentiment by saying "The Paycheck Fairness Act will help the Equal Pay Act fulfill its intended objective, offer real protections to ensure equal pay for equal work, and see that women are paid the same as the other half of our nation's workforce for the same job."
The Paycheck Fairness Act was first introduced in 2009 but failed to get the necessary 60 votes to pass in the Senate. Last year, the act was filibustered by Senate Republicans in June.
Press Release of Senator Mikulksi 1/23/2013; Thomas.gov 1/23/2013; Feminist Newswire 6/5/2012; 1/9/2009


In November, 2018, Sears closed their store at Glebrook Square Mall in Fort Wayne, Indiana. I made this photograph of the store's auto center just a few days after the store closed, and they had already taken down the signs!
This store, which was one of Glenbrook's original stores when the mall opened in 1966, was the last Sears store in Fort Wayne. The other one, located at Southtown Mall, closed in 2002, shortly before Southtown was closed and demolished.
Sears is one of the oldest companies in the United States, and was once the largest retailer. In recent years, the dying company has been closing stores at a rapid pace. They've been unable to weather competition from discounters like Walmart and online stores.
It is a shame to see Sears in this condition. My family shopped there all the time when I was young. I still have some Sears Craftsman tools that my father bought for me when I was younger, and he still has some he bought in the 1970s. They were great tools, but sears moved production to China several years ago and we quit buying.


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Boczkowice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Książ Wielki, within Miechów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately  east of Książ Wielki,  north-east of Miechów, and  north-east of the regional capital Kraków.

The village has a population of 230.

References

Boczkowice


Having undertaken previous refurbishment projects on behalf of the East of England Co-operative Society, we were delighted to be awarded this £2.4m project constructing a new Co-op with associated parking and also six Housing Association Houses in Wickham Market.
Due to the location of the construction, we kept the local community in mind, inviting members of the Wickham Market Friends League and also school children from Wickham Market Primary School to see the ongoing build and also educate them on the running of a building site and also the dangers. We were happy to sponsor the school so they were able to purchase a new set of crockery which was overdue for this local primary school.
The associated houses are of a traditional masonry construction built in a functional design with views over the village playfield.
Party walls are robust – to e-wm-11 standard ensuring that privacy for the resident was paramount.
All units have photovoltaic panels on the roofs to ensure the eco creditentials of this small housing unit were good and in the future enabling residents to keep their bills to a minimum.
We were delighted to be awarded a Considerate Constructors score of 36.5 on this project.


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Niagara Center
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Othello Essay
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Emilie, Sago's wife, is neither fully honest nor fully dishonest in her actions and dialogue, providing an interesting role in the play. The central theme of honesty is linked to motifs in the play, including reputation and irony. Ago is an extremely manipulative character and a very good liar. He uses his skills in deception to lie to almost every other character in the play -? in particular Othello, but also to Eroding and Cassia.
It is only the audience that knows of Sago's true intentions and feelings.Ago tells the viewers in a soliloquy – "I do hate [Othello] as I do hell's pains" and "nothing can… Intent my soul till am evened with him". Despite his consistent lying, he holds a reputation for being honest. It is this reputation that makes Othello believe every word Ago says, even calling him "honest Ago". Othello appointment of Ago as an officer (because "a man he is of honesty and trust") and also him giving Ago the duty of transporting his beloved wife to Cyprus clearly show that Othello had full trust in Ago.
This ultimately leads to Othello death.Although certain aspects of Othello personality (such as his tendency to trust people easily and his aloes nature) played a part in his downfall, Sago's skill and care in his dishonest deeds could have fooled the biggest disbeliever. The original Elizabethan audience of Othello would have known that Satan is called 'the father of lies', so Sago's dishonesty increases his villain status.
The Elizabethan connection between the devil and lying is also seen when Othello "look[s] down toward [Sago's] feet" when he discovers the truth about him – Othello was seeing whether or not Ago had devils hooves for feet.Ago is a main character whose dishonesty results in several main events in Othello. His resonantly emphasizes the central theme of honesty because his complete lack of it highlights the truthfulness of other characters. Honesty in the 21st century is usually defined as telling the truth, but in the context of Othello is also means chastity. Desman is honest in both senses of the word. She remains completely faithful to her husband Othello and never tells a lie in the play.
However, her secret marriage to Othello can be seen as deceptive.One can assume that she may have had to lie, or at least hide the truth from certain people, in order for her marriage to be carried out. She redeems resell somewhat when she whole-heartedly professes her love towards Othello in front of her father and the court. Still, the cunning Ago uses the fact that Desman betrayed her father to his advantage when trying to convince Othello of Adhesion's unfaithfulness – "she did deceive her father, marrying you". The one thing that Desman does which is somewhat untruthful is used by Ago, in a way that eventually leads to her murder.
There is much irony in the fact that Othello chooses to believe everything the lying Ago says, while not believing anything the truthful Desman has to say. Furthermore, the more Desman tells the truth, the less Othello is inclined to trust her. When she repeatedly tries to convince Othello to reinstate Cassia, she thinks that she is doing a good thing, when she is really just increasing Othello suspicions. Shakespeare shows in Othello that though honesty is a worthy trait to have, there are many other factors that will affect others opinions of oneself.In the case of Desman, her honesty was not enough to save her life. Sago's dishonesty is contrasted with Desman, but is also contrasted with the character of Cassia. The word honest is used several times to describe Cassia and although Cassia considers Desman to be "indeed perfection" he never pursues Desman, knowing that she and Othello are in a loving relationship. Cassia is also the only attendant at their wedding.
The differences in Ago and Cassia in terms of honesty relate well to the motif Of reputation. Despite his lying ways, Ago retains his honest facade right until the end of the play.On the other hand, Cassia's reputation is ruined when he takes part in a drunken fight, costing him his esteemed military position. From this point onwards, Othello no longer fully trusts Cassia. This demonstrates the importance of reputation, whether one's reputation is actually valid or not.
Cassia knows of the importance of reputation, when he loses his, he is beyond disappointed – "O, I have lost my reputation! Have lost the immortal part of myself, what remains is bestial. My reputation…
My reputation! " Othello continued to trust Ago throughout the play because Ago was still seen as a very honest man.If Othello ever doubted Ago, the play could easily have been very different. Ago may not eve been honest but his honest reputation served him well and allowed him to carry out his scheming plans.
Emilie is an interesting character in Othello in regards to honesty. She did take Adhesion's handkerchief and give it to Ago, which he then used to fully convince Othello of Adhesion's infidelity. As Sago's wife for a number of years, one assumes that she must have had some idea of Sago's dishonesty. Since he lies so well in Othello, he has probably had much practice over the years.If Emilie did suspect something during her marriage to Ago, was it untruthful of her to not investigate it rather? Would it be possible for Emilie to prevent Sago's actions in the play if she had recognized his untruthfulness earlier in their marriage, before Ago started lying to Othello? However, one must remember that in Shakespearean time women were always inferior to their husbands, and if Emilie were to risk her marriage she would also risk any hope of leading a respectable life. When Emilie does find out that Ago lied about Desman and Cassia, she is horrified – "My husband say that she was false?..
. F he say so, may his pernicious soul rot half a grain a day! He lies to thereat. " Despite threats from Othello – "peace, you were best" , she is the one that tells everyone that of Sago's lies and that Othello killed Desman. There is irony when she speaks of the consequences of dishonesty in front of the most dishonest character in the play, Ago.
She says that the person who lied about Desman is an "eternal villain, some busy and insinuating rogue, some cogging, cozening slave". This person is of course Ago himself.Emilie may speak so strongly about the damage that can result from slander because of arsenal experiences – she knows that some "base notorious knave" gave Ago the idea that she was unfaithful to him with Othello. Emilie is important to the central theme of honesty in Othello because while she was technically, though unknowingly, Sago's accomplice, she clearly did not stand for deceitfulness and was brave enough to tell the truth, even when it cosseted Emilie her life.
In Othello, the stark contrast between the innocence of Desman and Cassia and the double nature of the villainous Ago promotes the central theme of honesty.As the audience are the only people ho know of Sago's plans, much tension is created as Othello continues to trust Ago due to his honest reputation, while holding his disbelief in the honest characters Cassia and Desman. The irony of this situation keeps the audience engaged, while the role of Emilie as the truth teller of the play provides interest and also is another contrast with her lying husband Ago. The interactions between honesty and dishonesty are vital to the play Othello because they lead to the occurrence of significant events, most notably the event that makes this play a tragedy, the suicide of the protagonist Othello.
Infidelity it is difficult to maintain a
Paying Close Attention to Iago's Language in Ii.Iii.303-328 and Iii.Iii.92-259, Explain Why Many Readers/Audiences, Actors and Directors Have Found His Character so Fascinating… Essay
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Q: Getting a runtime error while passing a function I am writing a function that takes an integer "size" as input and returns a 2d vector which is filled spirally from 1 to size*size. So, I created 4 additional functions to traverse left, right, bottom and top. All functions are working correctly except bottom function. Here, i am providing a part of the whole code that is necessary to resolve the problem.
Error :- Your submission stopped because of a runtime error. ex: division by
          zero, array index out of bounds, uncaught exception.
I am getting a runtime error when i am passing a "right" function and a "bottom" function. The problem is in the function but I am unable to resolve it. The right function is passing smoothly but the problem is with the bottom function.
void right(vector<vector<int>> &A,int &row,int &column,int &total_elements,int size)
{
    if(total_elements==0) return;
    while(A[row][column]==INT_MIN && column<size)
    {
        A[row][column]=1+A[row][column-1];
        column++;
        total_elements--;
    }
    column--;
    return;
}

void bottom(vector<vector<int>> &A,int &row,int &column,int &total_elements,int size)
{
    if(total_elements==0) return;
    while(A[row][column]==INT_MIN && row<l)
    {
        A[row][column]=1+A[row-1][column];
        row++;
        total_elements--;
    }
    row--;
    return;
}

vector<vector<int> > Solution::generateMatrix(int size) {
    int total_elements=size*size;
    vector< vector <int> > arr(size, vector <int> (size, INT_MIN));
    arr[0][0]=1;total_elements-=1;
    int row=0;
    int column=1;

    right(arr,row,column,total_elements,size);
    row++;

    bottom(arr,row,column,total_elements,size);
    column--;
    return arr;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Swiss private bank Julius Bär on Monday said net profit fell by 30 percent in 2013 owing to costs related to its takeover of Merrill Lynch's global wealth management business.
Based on IFRS international accounting standards, net profit was 188 million francs ($207 million), Julius Bär said.
It noted that an improvement in operating results was more than offset by the impact of the international wealth management (IWM)deal with US group Merrill Lynch, the costs of which had been expected.
Operating income, meanwhile, rose by 26 percent to 2.2 billion francs, and adjusted net profit, reflecting the underlying operating performance, went up by 19 percent to 480 million francs.
"After a period of intense preparations, the implementation of the IWM integration process paid off in 2013, resulting in an impressive transfer of clients, assets and highly-rated IWM professionals to Julius Baer," the group's chief executive Boris Collardi said in a statement.
"In 2014, our focus will shift to improving the cost efficiency of the rapidly grown business," he said.
Julius Baer's assets under management rose by 34 percent to 254 billion francs last year, it said.
The Merrill Lynch deal accounted for 53 billion francs of the 65 billion of new assets under management in 2013.
Net new money into the bank rose by 4.0 percent to 7.6 billion Swiss francs.
The integration of the former Merrill Lynch operations into Julius Bär will continue until the start of 2015, the bank said.
It noted that based on current expectations, by early 2015 Julius Bär will have achieved an asset transfer target from Merrill Lynch at the "lower end" of the 57 to 72 billion franc range.
Julius Bär's financial director Dieter Enkelmann said that that was down to unfavourable exchange rates since the deal was announced in August 2012, as well as the departure of some clients.
The bank has also excluded some clients due to regulatory concerns — Julius Bär is among 14 Swiss banks under investigation by Washington for allegedly allowing Americans to put undeclared money out of sight of US tax authorities.
Julius Bär said that its board would propose a dividend of 0.60 francs per share, unchanged from 2012.


Shows teachers how to incorporate the body's micro-actions in their teaching.
Presents "mindfulness" techniques, the leading edge in psychotherapy.
Includes scenarios that show the impact words have on children.
Explains the relation between up-to-the-minute brain research and the techniques presented.
Unpacks the effectiveness of the Reggio Approach to teaching.
Ann Lewin-Benham founded and for 20 years directed the Capital Children's Museum in Washington, DC, where she also founded and directed the Model Early Learning Center, an early type of charter school and ran under contract to DC Public Schools. Ann lectures frequently and works side-by-side with teachers in classrooms to demonstrate techniques she writes about. more..
Describes eight techniques that foster intentional and reflective classroom practice, including over 70 exercises to help teachers learn to use body, face, hands, voice, eyes, and word choices to precisely convey meaning. Some exercises are for teachers to practice, while others build intention and reflection in children. This lively resource is a companion to Twelve Best Practices for Early Childhood Education.


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You are here: Home1 / News2 / UK News3 / Buckley Tyres wins two best tyre retailer awards
Buckley Tyres wins two best tyre retailer awards
Date: 4th October 2019 Author: Chris Anthony Comments: 0
Buckley Tyre Service has been based on the same site since day one but has grown and is now one of the largest independent single tyre depots in Wales, situated on a 1.5-acre site.
Flintshire-based Buckley Tyre Service has been named the best tyre dealer in the UK after picking up the hotly contested Tyre Retailer of the Year Award at last night's National Tyre Distributors Association (NTDA) Awards.
The independent dealership initially won the Small Retailer category, before going on to be crowned the NTDA's overall Tyre Retailer of the Year – a flagship award which pitted the business against the winners of the Medium Retailer (up to 25 centres) and Large Retailer (national) categories.
It marks a successful 45th anniversary year for the business, which was founded by John Atkin and his late father Michael in October 1974, initially operating from a small tin shed. Today the company, which is a Michelin Certified Centre, employs 25 people, and pulls in motorists and motorcycle riders far beyond any 'territory' you'd normally associate with a fast-fit firm.
"It was the first time we'd ever entered, so to go home having won our category and been named the best tyre dealer in the country was a magnificent result," he says. "It's testament to the hard work of every member of my team; we're all absolutely chuffed. It doesn't get more special than going head-to-head with some of the biggest tyre companies in the country, and winning!"
In recognition of his father's key role in founding the business, John chose to wear his father's dinner jacket to the event. "It didn't really fit me, but I wanted a part of him to be with me last night. He'd have been very proud of what we've accomplished."
Key to Buckley Tyre Service's success is a focus on customer service which is instilled into every member of the team, and where the average length of service is an impressive 14 years.
"We constantly remind ourselves that we are only as good as today," explains John, who is a hands-on owner and still regularly fits tyres in the workshop. "We might have been trading for 45 years, but you've got to keep that standard going day-in, day-out, just like a Michelin Star restaurant. This means being on the case all the time, every day, and making sure our level of service is the same every time a customer comes in."
He adds: "I can't say enough about the support Michelin has given us since we joined the Michelin Business Professional network for motorcycle tyre specialists six years ago, and then the Michelin Auto Professional network for car tyre dealers earlier this year. They are just like us; so professional in everything they do – and they bring huge value to our business."
Andy Aylward, Michelin's Retail Programme Manager for the UK and Ireland, says: "This is one of the very best examples in the country of how to run an independent tyre dealership. Every single person on the team knows their role inside out, and works hard to deliver complete customer satisfaction. We use the Google reviews this business generates when we're training other dealers; it's a shining example of just what's possible when everyone's pulling in the same direction."
Buckley Tyre Service has been based on the same site since day one. Over the years it has bought the shops at the front, and land at the back and side, to make it one of the largest independent single tyre depots in Wales, situated on a 1.5-acre site.
NTDA Tyre Industry Award 2014 winners announced
Stapleton's 'Wholesaler of the year' crown an 'extra special achievement'
Continental sponsoring 2017 NTDA annual dinner
2018 NTDA Tyre Industry Awards finalists named
awards, Buckley Tyre Service, NTDA, Tyre Industry Awards
Over 600 attend 90th NTDA annual dinner and Tyre Industry Awards Yokohama secures first NTDA 'tyre manufacturer of the year' award


If you know you are intoxicated, do not take any breath, blood or urine test.
If you know you are not intoxicated and have taken no medications that could produce a false positive, then go ahead and take whatever test police ask you to take.
If you are not sure whether you are intoxicated or not, you are likely to be better off not taking the test.
Once you take a blood alcohol level test and fail it, it can be extremely difficult or impossible to get those test results set aside in your case.
Even more important advice than the above points is this strong recommendation: You should contact a DUI attorney immediately . Do not engage in conversation with the police without legal advice. Do not answer questions about how much you had to drink and where you were. Do not let police hear you say anything except, "I want to speak to my lawyer."
Call 203-800-7343 or email Lynch, Traub, Keefe & Errante, in New Haven, to learn how we can help protect your rights and your freedoms after a drunk driving arrest.


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Police Play Motor-Cycle Leapfrog Playing leapfrog over a speeding motor cycle was the daring stunt performed by English police at a recent exhibition in London. Facing an oncoming motor cycle, the jumper spread his legs and vaulted over.
New Phone Attachment Dials Numbers Wanted Twelve numbers frequently called are automatically dialed on a telephone by a new mechanical attachment. When the user sets a pointer at a desired number and presses a lever, the apparatus spins the dial.
Ready-Made House Costs $500 Equipped with a stove, refrigerator, window screens, dining table, couch, and other home accessories, a new type of prefabricated house costs less than $500. Designed as a first unit to which later additions may be made, the factory-built structure includes living room, dinette, and kitchen, with folding beds for four people.
Spring Tricycle Frame Gives Smoother Ride BUILT into a new velocipede for children, a resilient backbone of spring steel replaces the conventional rigid frame. The shock-absorbing member is said to minimize jolts and jars, giving a more comfortable and healthful ride.
By GAYLORD JOHNSON SIMPLE PROJECTOR MAKES THE CONSTELLATIONS MARCH ACROSS A SCREEN IN YOUR LIVING ROOM IF YOU ever attended a performance in a large public planetarium, you probably envied the lecturer's ability to rehearse any part of the drama of the skies at will. Or perhaps you never have witnessed the march of the stars across a giant dome, and are anxious to see a man-made sky in action. At a cost of less than a dollar, you can assemble, from odds and ends, a midget planetarium that will put on a performance right in your own parlor.
Japanese Runners Wear Mitten Shoes Accustomed in daily life to wearing sandals held on by straps passing between the first two toes, Japanese athletes run marathon races in odd shoes with divided tips. The big toe of each foot has a separate compartment, making it resemble a mitten.
By PHILIP BAILEY MARIONETTES in the guise of chorus girls and movie stars dance and strut before a starlit background in one of the most novel scenes ever devised and filmed in Hollywood. Cleverly carved and costumed by skilled craftsmen working under the direction of Russell Patterson, famous artist, the puppet entertainers were accompanied in their marionette musical comedy by a curious symphony orchestra made up of weird animated instruments that played themselves. Most of the dummy performers, which are featured in the recently completed film "Artists and Models," are about three feet high, with bodies shaped from sponge rubber and hinged moving parts carefully carved from wood. Each marionette was operated by a maze of invisible strings manipulated by groups of operators working out of the camera's range on platforms built above the stage.
BREATHE NATURAL GAS TO PROVE IT NONPOISONOUS DELIBERATELY exposing four human guinea pigs, as well as six rats and two monkeys, to heavy concentrations of natural gas for varying periods, Dr. D. R. Drury of the University of Southern California School of Medicine has determined in novel experiments that gas as it comes from the earth has little effect on the bodies of either humans or animals. In the first test, six rats were kept in a cylindrical iron tank approximately two feet in diameter and three feet long, fitted at one end with a transparent cover. Gas taken from a domestic supply pipe, and air forced in by pump, were so mixed as to give a gas concentration of eight percent. The rats lived in this mixture for thirty-six days, ate well, and on being removed were clean and healthy. A litter of new-born rats born in the gas chamber were found alive.
Reflector Vest Safeguards Policeman Studded with reflector buttons on the front, back, and shoulders, a new safety vest for policemen has just been adopted in Bridgeport, Conn. Worn at night, the vest reflects the lights of approaching cars to warn motorists of a policeman's presence at unlighted corners.
Mechanical Hobbyhorses Race on Boardwalk Racing hobbyhorses have made their appearance in competitions upon the boardwalk at the seashore resort of Atlantic City, N. J. Propelled by foot pedals, the three-wheeled mechanical mounts not only attain a lively pace but also imitate the motion of a galloping horse.
New Tooth-Paste Tubes Are Made of Glass Glass containers for tooth paste, recently developed by a German firm as a substitute for conventional metal tubes, have a built-in piston at one end to force the paste out onto the brush. When empty, the containers can be refilled with paste.
HOME-LABORATORY STUNTS WITH LUMINOUS SUBSTANCES By Raymond B. Wailes AMONG the most mysterious and beautiful of chemical experimerits are those producing substances that glow in the dark. With the aid of your home laboratory, you can make any number of common household products self-luminous. Coffee, tea, pepper, chili powder, mustard, cocoa, ginger, and many other groceries will produce a really visible light in a dark room, after you have treated them with the proper chemicals. You may even be able to make a flower from your garden emit enough illumination to allow you to read a few letters of print, and you will find that oil of bergamot, an ingredient of inexpensive perfumes, gives an especially strong glow. All that you will need to produce these strange effects is a little grain or J denatured alcohol, a common alkali such as lye, hydrogen peroxide from the drug store, and one of the newer, "made with electricity" bleaching liquids and laundry whiteners. There are several of these liquids, widely advertised and obtainable at any grocery store. They are solutions of sodium hypochlorite, and you will find that this statement appears on the labels of the bottles. Suppose you start in by purchasing about an ounce of oil of bergamot at the drug store. Add half a teaspoonful of it to an ounce of grain alcohol, rubbing alcohol, or radiator alcohol. Also dissolve in the liquid several pieces of solid sodium hydroxide (ordinary household lye will do), or potassium hydroxide. Now add about half a teaspoonful or so of drug-store hydrogen peroxide, and a like amount of the sodium hypochlorite solution. Darken the room, or take the mixture into a dark closet.
PHYSICIANS, SURGEONS, AND MENTAL SPECIALISTS FIND THAT MELODY HAS WEIRD EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL HEALTH By E. W. Murtfeldt BEETHOVEN'S Moonlight Sonata—three times a day. That is how doctors' prescriptions may read in the near future, according to reports from the world's leading medical centers. For in laboratories, hospitals, prisons, and mental clinics, research experts are uncovering strange facts that throw new light on the weird effects of music on our physical and mental health. Just recently, for instance, Prof. S. V.Kravkov, a Russian scientist, discovered that music and similar sounds can even improve a listener's eyesight as much as twenty-five percent. As little as the rhythmic ticking of a clock, experiments showed, served to stimulate the vision. A practical application of the discovery, the Soviet professor points out, is expected to serve as an aid to astronomers, microscopists, engravers, and others whose work depends on the strength and accuracy of the eyes. Even more astonishing, however, are tests being carried on in this country. Not long ago, Moissaye Boguslawski, famous pianist, conducted a series of novel experiments in a Chicago hospital for the insane. Seated before an Italian mother so mentally deranged that she refused to look at her young baby and demanded that she be treated like an animal, Boguslawski played a group of Italian melodies ranging from nursery tunes to folk songs. The woman showed no reaction until he began an aria from the opera "II Trovatore." Before he had finished, the patient began to weep and begged attendants to bring her baby to her.
Six Persons Play Giant Accordion at Once Six persons can play simultaneously on a gigantic accordion recently exhibited in Germany. Over six feet high, the mammoth musical instrument has a keyboard covering more than ten octaves. Casters at the base facilitate the manipulation of the bellows.


text:
Gorilla Glass 4: Better Smartphone Drop Protection
Corning says its next-generation glass is twice as strong as anything now on the market.
Eric Zeman
Credit: (Source: Pixabay)
6 Things Not To Do With iPhone 6
(Click image for larger view and slideshow.)
The next time you fumble your smartphone onto the street, it just might live to see another day. Corning on Thursday announced Gorilla Glass 4, its strongest-ever glass for protecting smartphone displays. Corning promises the glass is better at surviving the most common breakage scenario: butterfingered people who drop their devices.
Corning loves to demonstrate how tough its Gorilla Glass is. At trade show after trade show, I've stopped by Corning's booth to watch the company smack the glass with a hammer or drop steel balls onto it. The demonstrations are offered as proof of the glass's durability against impact. If it's so strong, then why do our screens seem to break so easily? Out in the real world people aren't hitting their phones with hammers. Smartphone glass most often breaks when the phone slips out of an owner's hand and falls from waist level to the ground. If that ground happens to be asphalt or concrete, the phone's display is probably a goner.
[Want to know about the software behind Apple's upcoming wearable? See Apple WatchKit: 6 Facts.]
Corning decided to go back to the drawing board. Its scientists spent thousands of hours looking at hundreds of broken screens and concluded that 70% of breakage comes from what it calls "sharp contact." Corning's team of big thinkers came up with new ways to drop phones that "simulate real-world break events." Specifically, they researched how glass responds when dropped face-down a distance of one meter onto a hard, rough surface. (Hasn't Corning seen these examples?) The scientists wanted to make sure the glass came into direct contact with the rough surface. With new data to compile, Corning went to work. The result is Gorilla Glass 4.
Corning makes Gorilla Glass using its proprietary fusion draw process. The company says this provides the optical clarity, thinness, and durability demanded by today's device makers. "With Gorilla Glass 4, we have focused on significantly improving protection against sharp contact damage, which is the primary reason that mobile devices break," said James R. Steiner, Corning senior VP and general manager. "Dropping and breaking a phone is a common problem, and one that our customers have asked us to help address." Corning claims that Gorilla Glass 4 is up to two times tougher than competitive glasses and survives 80% of drops. By way of comparison, the soda-lime glass used by many of today's commercial devices breaks in almost 100% of drops.
Gorilla Glass 4 is being sampled by device makers and should reach production devices next year.
Corning isn't alone in its pursuit of tougher glass. Apple was widely expected to use sapphire to protect the display of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus. Poor yields from its supplier, GT Advanced Technologies, forced it to scrap those plans at the last moment. Sapphire is practically immune to scratches, though it is more brittle than normal glass.
Replacing a cracked screen is the most common -- and most expensive -- phone repair today. Repair bills amount to billions of dollars per year in the US alone. If Corning and others can cut down the number of broken phones by even 20%, it would have a huge impact on consumers' wallets.
Apply now for the 2015 InformationWeek Elite 100, which recognizes the most innovative users of technology to advance a company's business goals. Winners will be recognized at the InformationWeek Conference, April 27-28, 2015, at the Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas. Application period ends Jan. 16, 2015.
MobileMobile Business
The Essential Guide to Secure Web Gateway
Network Monitoring with Corning Tap Modules


When Christine Vine came face to face with the jury she was very defensive. But maybe the hurt is coming from this mother of two who lived through a 25 year unhappy marriage and is finally letting lose. Though Christine insists she's healed inside she still hides behind her raver lifestyle and layers of make that conceal her deep set pain. Will Christine find her unconditional self-love?


text:
Rudy Giuliani: Bernie Sanders Would Be The Nominee If Clinton's Wall Street Speeches Came Out Earlier
10/09/2016 01:42 pm ET Updated Oct 10, 2016
Excerpts from 2013 speeches Clinton made reveal she thought bankers were in the best position to regulate themselves.
By Laura Barrón-López and Ryan Grim
Gerald Herbert/ASSOCIATED PRESS
Giuliani joins Trump at a campaign rally in Ohio last month.
WASHINGTON ― Former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani said Sunday that if Hillary Clinton's speeches on Wall Street had been released earlier, the Democratic nominee for president would be Bernie Sanders.
On Friday, Wikileaks published excerpts of Clinton's paid speeches made in private to Wall Street firms like Morgan Stanley, which show her espousing views at odds with her 2016 platform. The emails ultimately were obtained by hackers working for the Russian government, according to the FBI.
Giuliani, a Donald Trump surrogate, lamented that the excerpts were not made public during the primary and attempted to shift the focus away from recently released audio of Trump making lewd comments about sexually assaulting women.
"We've got two candidates that have flaws," Giuliani said on "Fox News Sunday" with Chris Wallace. "And I do think one of the really horrible things about that is, had those come out, Bernie Sanders would be the candidate now that we'd be running against, not her, because she fought so hard to keep those secret."
"We now know why, because if she had run the way she ran on those tapes for all those bankers, for all that ― I mean, she got paid millions of dollars for saying that stuff," Giuliani continued.
Host Chris Wallace later pressed Clinton's campaign chairman, John Podesta, whose emails were hacked, ultimately revealing the transcripts. Wallace quizzed Podesta specifically on Clinton's suggestion to the Wall Street crowd that bankers are in the best position to regulate the banking industry because they know it better than anybody.
That has long been a talking point Wall Street uses to fend off regulation, though it was disproven rather dramatically by the 2008 financial crisis.
Podesta struggled to answer, suggesting that Clinton meant the opposite of what she said.
"That's hardly a revelation," he said. "What people on Wall Street know is how to game the system. What she wants to do is crack down on the system, make sure that there's no one institution that's too big to fail, and no person that's too big to jail."
He then noted that Sanders himself, after reading the partial transcripts, said he still supports Clinton.
Laura Barrón-López
Congressional Reporter, HuffPost
Former Washington Bureau Chief, HuffPost
Elections 2016 Hillary Clinton Bernie Sanders Rudy Giuliani


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text:
Message Encryption Algorithms
DES in CBC Mode (DES-CBC)
Message Integrity Check Algorithms
RSA-MD2 Message Digest Algorithm
Symmetric Key Management Algorithms
DES in ECB Mode (DES-ECB)
DES in EDE Mode (DES-EDE)
Asymmetric Key Management Algorithms
Asymmetric Keys
Asymmetric Encryption Algorithms
Asymmetric Signature Algorithms
RFC 1423 Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part III: Algorithms, Modes, and Identifiers
Network Working Group                                        D. Balenson
Request for Comments: 1423                                           TIS
Obsoletes: 1115                               IAB IRTF PSRG, IETF PEM WG
Part III: Algorithms, Modes, and Identifiers
This document provides definitions, formats, references, and
citations for cryptographic algorithms, usage modes, and associated
identifiers and parameters used in support of Privacy Enhanced Mail
(PEM) in the Internet community.  It is intended to become one member
of the set of related PEM RFCs.  This document is organized into four
primary sections, dealing with message encryption algorithms, message
integrity check algorithms, symmetric key management algorithms, and
asymmetric key management algorithms (including both asymmetric
encryption and asymmetric signature algorithms).
Some parts of this material are cited by other documents and it is
anticipated that some of the material herein may be changed, added,
or replaced without affecting the citing documents.  Therefore,
algorithm-specific material has been placed into this separate
Use of other algorithms and/or modes will require case-by-case study
to determine applicability and constraints.  The use of additional
algorithms may be documented first in Prototype or Experimental RFCs.
As experience is gained, these protocols may be considered for
incorporation into the standard.  Additional algorithms and modes
approved for use in PEM in this context will be specified in
successors to this document.
This specification was initially developed by the Internet Research
Task Force's Privacy and Security Research Group (IRTF PSRG) and
subsequently refined based on discussion in the Internet Engineering
Balenson                                                        [Page 1]
RFC 1423         PEM: Algorithms, Modes and Identifiers    February 1993
Task Force's Privacy Enhanced Mail Working Group (IETF PEM WG).  John
Linn contributed significantly to the predecessor of this document
(RFC 1115).  I would like to thank the members of the PSRG and PEM
WG, as well as all participants in discussions on the "pem-
dev@tis.com" mailing list, for their contributions to this document.
1.  Message Encryption Algorithms ....................... 2
1.1  DES in CBC Mode (DES-CBC) .......................... 2
2.  Message Integrity Check Algorithms .................. 4
2.1  RSA-MD2 Message Digest Algorithm ................... 4
3.  Symmetric Key Management Algorithms ................. 6
3.1  DES in ECB mode (DES-ECB) .......................... 6
3.2  DES in EDE mode (DES-EDE) .......................... 7
4.  Asymmetric Key Management Algorithms ................ 7
4.1  Asymmetric Keys .................................... 7
4.1.1  RSA Keys ......................................... 7
4.2  Asymmetric Encryption Algorithms ..................  9
4.2.1  RSAEncryption ...................................  9
4.3  Asymmetric Signature Algorithms ................... 10
4.3.1  md2WithRSAEncryption ............................ 11
5.  Descriptive Grammar ................................ 11
References ............................................. 12
Patent Statement ....................................... 13
Security Considerations ................................ 14
Author's Address ....................................... 14
1.  Message Encryption Algorithms
This section identifies the alternative message encryption algorithms
and modes that shall be used to encrypt message text and, when
asymmetric key management is employed in an ENCRYPTED PEM message, for
encryption of message signatures.  Character string identifiers are
assigned and any parameters required by the message encryption
algorithm are defined for incorporation in an encapsulated "DEK-
Info:" header field.
Only one alternative is currently defined in this category.
1.1  DES in CBC Mode (DES-CBC)
Message text and, if required, message signatures are encrypted using
the Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm in the Cipher Block
Chaining (CBC) mode of operation.  The DES algorithm is defined in
FIPS PUB 46-1 [1], and is equivalent to the Data Encryption Algorithm
(DEA) provided in ANSI X3.92-1981 [2].  The CBC mode of operation of
DES is defined in FIPS PUB 81 [3], and is equivalent to those
provided in ANSI X3.106 [4] and in ISO IS 8372 [5].  The character
string "DES-CBC" within an encapsulated PEM header field indicates
the use of this algorithm/mode combination.
The input to the DES CBC encryption process shall be padded to a
multiple of 8 octets, in the following manner.  Let n be the length
in octets of the input.  Pad the input by appending 8-(n mod 8)
octets to the end of the message, each having the value 8-(n mod 8),
the number of octets being added.  In hexadecimal, the possible
paddings are:  01, 0202, 030303, 04040404, 0505050505, 060606060606,
07070707070707, and 0808080808080808.  All input is padded with 1 to
8 octets to produce a multiple of 8 octets in length.  The padding
can be removed unambiguously after decryption.
The DES CBC encryption process requires a 64-bit cryptographic key.
A new, pseudorandom key shall be generated for each ENCRYPTED PEM
message.  Of the 64 bits, 56 are used directly by the DES CBC
process, and 8 are odd parity bits, with one parity bit occupying the
right-most bit of each octet.  When symmetric key management is
employed, the setting and checking of odd parity bits is encouraged,
since these bits could detect an error in the decryption of a DES key
encrypted under a symmetric key management algorithm (e.g., DES ECB).
When asymmetric key management is employed, the setting of odd parity
bits is encouraged, but the checking of odd parity bits is
discouraged, in order to facilitate interoperability, and since an
error in the decryption of a DES key can be detected by other means
(e.g., an incorrect PKCS #1 encryption-block format).  In all cases,
the encrypted form of a DES key shall carry all 64 bits of the key,
including the 8 parity bits, though those bits may have no meaning.
The DES CBC encryption process also requires a 64-bit Initialization
Vector (IV).  A new, pseudorandom IV shall be generated for each
ENCRYPTED PEM message.  Section 4.3.1 of [7] provides rationale for
this requirement, even given the fact that individual DES keys are
generated for individual messages.  The IV is transmitted with the
message within an encapsulated PEM header field.
When this algorithm/mode combination is used for message text
encryption, the "DEK-Info:" header field carries exactly two
arguments.  The first argument identifies the DES CBC algorithm/mode
using the character string defined above.  The second argument
contains the IV, represented as a contiguous string of 16 ASCII
hexadecimal digits.
When symmetric key management is employed with this algorithm/mode
combination, a symmetrically encrypted DES key will be represented in
the third argument of a "Key-Info:" header field as a contiguous
string of 16 ASCII hexadecimal digits (corresponding to a 64-bit
key).
To avoid any potential ambiguity regarding the ordering of the octets
of a DES key that is input as a data value to another encryption
process (e.g., RSAEncryption), the following holds true.  The first
(or left-most displayed, if one thinks in terms of a key's "print"
representation) (For purposes of discussion in this document, data
values are normalized in terms of their "print" representation.  For a
octet stream, the "first" octet would appear as the one on the "left",
and the "last" octet would appear on the "right".) octet of the key
(i.e., bits 1-8 per FIPS PUB 46-1), when considered as a data value,
has numerical weight 2**56.  The last (or right-most displayed) octet
(i.e., bits 57-64 per FIPS PUB 46-1) has numerical weight 2**0.
2.  Message Integrity Check Algorithms
This section identifies the alternative algorithms that shall be used
to compute Message Integrity Check (MIC) values for PEM messages.
Character string identifiers and ASN.1 object identifiers are
assigned for incorporation in encapsulated "MIC-Info:" and "Key-
Info:" header fields to indicate the choice of MIC algorithm
A compliant PEM implementation shall be able to process all of the
alternative MIC algorithms defined here on incoming messages.  It is
a sender option as to which alternative is employed on an outbound
2.1  RSA-MD2 Message Digest Algorithm
The RSA-MD2 message digest is computed using the algorithm defined in
RFC 1319 [9].  ( An error has been identified in RFC 1319.  The
statement in the text of Section 3.2 which reads "Set C[j] to S[c xor
L]" should read "Set C[j] to S[c xor L] xor C[j]".  Note that the C
source code in the appendix of RFC 1319 is correct.)  The character
string "RSA-MD2" within an encapsulated PEM header field indicates the
use of this algorithm.  Also, as defined in RFC 1319, the ASN.1 object
md2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
iso(1) member-body(2) US(840) rsadsi(113549)
digestAlgorithm(2) 2
identifies this algorithm.  When this object identifier is used with
the ASN.1 type AlgorithmIdentifier, the parameters component of that
type is the ASN.1 type NULL.
The RSA-MD2 message digest algorithm accepts as input a message of
any length and produces as output a 16-octet quantity.  When
symmetric key management is employed, an RSA-MD2 MIC is encrypted by
splitting the MIC into two 8-octet halves, independently encrypting
each half, and concatenating the results.
When symmetric key management is employed with this MIC algorithm,
the symmetrically encrypted MD2 message digest is represented in a
the fourth argument of a "Key-Info:" header field as a contiguous
string of 32 ASCII hexadecimal digits (corresponding to a 128-bit MD2
message digest).
of an MD2 message digest that is input as a data value to another
encryption process (e.g., RSAEncryption), the following holds true.
The first (or left-most displayed, if one thinks in terms of a
digest's "print" representation) octet of the digest (i.e., digest[0]
as specified in RFC 1319), when considered as an RSA data value, has
numerical weight 2**120.  The last (or right-most displayed) octet
(i.e., digest[15] as specified in RFC 1319) has numerical weight
2**0.
RFC 1321 [10].  The character string "RSA-MD5" within an encapsulated
PEM header field indicates the use of this algorithm.  Also, as
defined in RFC 1321, the object identifier
the symmetrically encrypted MD5 message digest is represented in the
fourth argument of a "Key-Info:" header field as a contiguous string
of 32 ASCII hexadecimal digits (corresponding to a 128-bit MD5
of a MD5 message digest that is input as an RSA data value to the RSA
encryption process, the following holds true.  The first (or left-
most displayed, if one thinks in terms of a digest's "print"
representation) octet of the digest (i.e., the low-order octet of A
(i.e., the high-order octet of D as specified in RFC 1321) has
numerical weight 2**0.
3.  Symmetric Key Management Algorithms
This section identifies the alternative algorithms and modes that
shall be used when symmetric key management is employed, to encrypt
data encryption keys (DEKs) and message integrity check (MIC) values.
Character string identifiers are assigned for incorporation in
encapsulated "Key-Info:" header fields to indicate the choice of
algorithm employed.
All alternatives presently defined in this category correspond to
different usage modes of the DES algorithm, rather than to other
algorithms.
When symmetric key management is employed, the symmetrically
encrypted DEK and MIC, carried in the third and fourth arguments of a
"Key-Info:" header field, respectively, are each represented as a
string of contiguous ASCII hexadecimal digits.  The manner in which
to use the following symmetric encryption algorithms and the length
of the symmetrically encrypted DEK and MIC may vary depending on the
length of the underlying DEK and MIC.  Section 1, Message Encryption
Algorithms, and Section 2, Message Integrity Check Algorithms,
provide information on the proper manner in which a DEK and MIC,
respectively, are symmetrically encrypted when the size of the DEK or
MIC is not equal to the symmetric encryption algorithm's input block
size.  These sections also provide information on the proper format
and length of the symmetrically encrypted DEK and MIC, respectively.
3.1  DES in ECB Mode (DES-ECB)
The DES algorithm in Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode [1][3] is used
for DEK and MIC encryption when symmetric key management is employed.
The character string "DES-ECB" within an encapsulated PEM header
field indicates use of this algorithm/mode combination.
A compliant PEM implementation supporting symmetric key management
shall support this algorithm/mode combination.
3.2  DES in EDE Mode (DES-EDE)
The DES algorithm in Encrypt-Decrypt-Encrypt (EDE) multiple
encryption mode, as defined by ANSI X9.17 [6] for encryption and
decryption with pairs of 64-bit keys, may be used for DEK and MIC
encryption when symmetric key management is employed.  The character
string "DES-EDE" within an encapsulated a PEM header field indicates
use of this algorithm/mode combination.
may optionally support this algorithm/mode combination.
4.  Asymmetric Key Management Algorithms
This section identifies the alternative asymmetric keys and the
alternative asymmetric key management algorithms with which those
keys shall be used, namely the asymmetric encryption algorithms with
which DEKs and MICs are encrypted, and the asymmetric signature
algorithms with which certificates and certificate revocation lists
(CRLs) are signed.
4.1  Asymmetric Keys
This section describes the asymmetric keys that shall be used with
the asymmetric encryption algorithms and the signature algorithms
described later.  ASN.1 object identifiers are identified for
incorporation in a public-key certificate to identify the
algorithm(s) with which the accompanying public key is to be
4.1.1  RSA Keys
An RSA asymmetric key pair is comprised of matching public and
private keys.
An RSA public key consists of an encryption exponent e and an
arithmetic modulus n, which are both public quantities typically
carried in a public-key certificate.  For the value of e, Annex C to
X.509 suggests the use of Fermat's Number F4 (65537 decimal, or
1+2**16) as a value "common to the whole environment in order to
reduce transmission capacity and complexity of transformation", i.e.,
the value can be transmitted as 3 octets and at most seventeen (17)
multiplications are required to effect exponentiation.  As an
alternative, the number three (3) can be employed as the value for e,
requiring even less octets for transmission and yielding even faster
exponentiation.  For purposes of PEM, the value of e shall be either
F4 or the number three (3).  The use of the number three (3) for the
value of e is encouraged, to permit rapid certificate validation.
An RSA private key consists of a decryption exponent d, which should
be kept secret, and the arithmetic modulus n.  Other values may be
stored with a private key to facilitate efficient private key
operations (see PKCS #1 [11]).
For purposes of PEM, the modulus n may vary in size from 508 to 1024
bits.
Two ASN.1 object identifiers have been defined to identify RSA public
keys.  In Annex H of X.509 [8], the object identifier
rsa OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
joint-iso-ccitt(2) ds(5) algorithm(8)
encryptionAlgorithm(1) 1
is defined to identify an RSA public key.  A single parameter,
KeySize, the length of the public key modulus in bits, is defined for
use in conjunction with this object identifier.  When this object
identifier is used with the ASN.1 type AlgorithmIdentifier, the
parameters component of that type is the number of bits in the
modulus, ASN.1 encoded as an INTEGER.
Alternatively, in PKCS #1 [11], the ASN.1 object identifier
rsaEncryption OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
iso(1) member-body(2) US(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1)
pkcs-1(1) 1
is defined to identify both an RSA public key and the RSAEncryption
process.  There are no parameters defined in conjunction with this
object identifier, hence, when it is used with the ASN.1 type
AlgorithmIdentifier, the parameters component of that type is the
ASN.1 type NULL.
A compliant PEM implementation may optionally generate an RSA
public-key certificate that identifies the enclosed RSA public key
(within the SubjectPublicKeyInformation component) with either the
"rsa" or the "rsaEncryption" object identifier.  Use of the "rsa"
object identifier is encouraged, since it is, in some sense, more
generic in its identification of a key, without indicating how the
key will be used.  However, to facilitate interoperability, a
compliant PEM implementation shall accept RSA public-key certificates
that identify the enclosed RSA public key with either the "rsa" or
the "rsaEncryption" object identifier.  In all cases, an RSA public
key identified in an RSA public-key certificate with either the "rsa"
or "rsaEncryption" object identifier, shall be used according to the
procedures defined below for asymmetric encryption algorithms and
asymmetric signature algorithms.
4.2  Asymmetric Encryption Algorithms
when asymmetric key management is employed, to encrypt DEKs and MICs.
Character string identifiers are assigned for incorporation in "MIC-
Info:" and "Key-Info:" header fields to indicate the choice of
Only one alternative is presently defined in this category.
4.2.1  RSAEncryption
The RSAEncryption public-key encryption algorithm, defined in PKCS #1
[11], is used for DEK and MIC encryption when asymmetric key
management is employed.  The character string "RSA" within a "MIC-
Info:" or "Key-Info:" header field indicates the use of this
algorithm.
All PEM implementations supporting asymmetric key management shall
support this algorithm.
As described in PKCS #1, all quantities input as data values to the
RSAEncryption process shall be properly justified and padded to the
length of the modulus prior to the encryption process.  In general,
an RSAEncryption input value is formed by concatenating a leading
NULL octet, a block type BT, a padding string PS, a NULL octet, and
the data quantity D, that is,
RSA input value = 0x00 || BT || PS || 0x00 || D.
To prepare a DEK for RSAEncryption, the PKCS #1 "block type 02"
encryption-block formatting scheme is employed.  The block type BT is
a single octet containing the value 0x02 and the padding string PS is
one or more octets (enough octets to make the length of the complete
RSA input value equal to the length of the modulus) each containing a
pseudorandomly generated, non-zero value.  For multiple recipient
messages, a different, pseudorandom padding string should be used for
each recipient.  The data quantity D is the DEK itself, which is
right-justified within the RSA input such that the last (or rightmost
displayed, if one thinks in terms of the "print" representation)
octet of the DEK is aligned with the right-most, or least-
significant, octet of the RSA input.  Proceeding to the left, each of
the remaining octets of the DEK, up through the first (or left-most
displayed) octet, are each aligned in the next more significant octet
of the RSA input.
To prepare a MIC for RSAEncryption, the PKCS #1 "block type 01"
RSA input value equal to the length of the modulus) each containing
the value 0xFF.  The data quantity D is comprised of the MIC and the
MIC algorithm identifier which are ASN.1 encoded as the following
sequence.
SEQUENCE {
digestAlgorithm   AlgorithmIdentifier,
digest            OCTET STRING
The ASN.1 type AlgorithmIdentifier is defined in X.509 as follows.
AlgorithmIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE {
algorithm         OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
parameters        ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL
An RSA input block is encrypted using the RSA algorithm with the
first (or left-most) octet taken as the most significant octet, and
the last (or right-most) octet taken as the least significant octet.
The resulting RSA output block is interpreted in a similar manner.
When RSAEncryption is used to encrypt a DEK, the second argument in a
"MIC-Info:" header field, an asymmetrically encrypted DEK, is
represented using the printable encoding technique defined in Section
4.3.2.4 of RFC 1421 [12].
When RSAEncryption is used to sign a MIC, the third argument in a
"MIC-Info:" header field, an asymmetrically signed MIC, is
4.3.2.4 of RFC 1421.
4.3  Asymmetric Signature Algorithms
This section identifies the alternative algorithms which shall be
used to asymmetrically sign certificates and certificate revocation
lists (CRLs) in accordance with the SIGNED macro defined in Annex G
of X.509.  ASN.1 object identifiers are identified for incorporation
in certificates and CRLs to indicate the choice of algorithm
Balenson                                                       [Page 10]
4.3.1  md2WithRSAEncryption
The md2WithRSAEncryption signature algorithm is used to sign
certificates and CRLs.  The algorithm is defined in PKCS #1 [11].  It
combines the RSA-MD2 message digest algorithm described here in
Section 2.2 with the RSAEncryption asymmetric encryption algorithm
described here in Section 4.2.1.  As defined in PKCS #1, the ASN.1
object identifier
md2WithRSAEncryption OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
There is some ambiguity in X.509 regarding the definition of the
SIGNED macro and, in particular, the representation of a signature in
a certificate or a CRL.  The interpretation selected for PEM requires
that the data to be signed (in our case, an MD2 message digest) is
first ASN.1 encoded as an OCTET STRING and the result is encrypted
(in our case, using RSAEncryption) to form the signed quantity, which
is then ASN.1 encoded as a BIT STRING.
; Addendum to PEM BNF representation, using RFC 822 notation
; Provides specification for official PEM cryptographic algorithms,
; modes, identifiers and formats.
; Imports <hexchar> and <encbin> from RFC [1421]
<dekalgid> ::= "DES-CBC"
<ikalgid>  ::= "DES-EDE" / "DES-ECB" / "RSA"
<sigalgid> ::= "RSA"
<micalgid> ::= "RSA-MD2" / "RSA-MD5"
<dekparameters> ::= <DESCBCparameters>
<DESCBCparameters> ::= <IV>
<IV> ::= <hexchar16>
<symencdek> ::= <DESECBencDESCBC> / <DESEDEencDESCBC>
<DESECBencDESCBC> ::= <hexchar16>
<DESEDEencDESCBC> ::= <hexchar16>
<symencmic> ::= <DESECBencRSAMD2> / <DESECBencRSAMD5>
<DESECBencRSAMD2> ::= 2*2<hexchar16>
<asymsignmic> ::= <RSAsignmic>
<RSAsignmic> ::= <encbin>
<asymencdek> ::= <RSAencdek>
<RSAencdek> ::= <encbin>
<hexchar16> ::= 16*16<hexchar>
[1] Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS PUB)
46-1, Data Encryption Standard, Reaffirmed 1988 January 22
(supersedes FIPS PUB 46, 1977 January 15).
[2] ANSI X3.92-1981, American National Standard Data Encryption
Algorithm, American National Standards Institute, Approved 30
81, DES Modes of Operation, 1980 December 2.
[4] ANSI X3.106-1983, American National Standard for Information
Systems - Data Encryption Algorithm - Modes of Operation,
American National Standards Institute, Approved 16 May 1983.
[5] ISO 8372, Information Processing Systems: Data Encipherment:
Modes of Operation of a 64-bit Block Cipher.
[6] ANSI X9.17-1985, American National Standard, Financial
Institution Key Management (Wholesale), American Bankers
Association, April 4, 1985, Section 7.2.
[7] Voydock, V. L. and Kent, S. T., "Security Mechanisms in High-
Level Network Protocols", ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 15, No. 2,
June 1983, pp. 135-171.
[8] CCITT Recommendation X.509, "The Directory - Authentication
Framework", November 1988, (Developed in collaboration, and
technically aligned, with ISO 9594-8).
[9] Kaliski, B., "The MD2 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1319, RSA
Laboratories, April 1992.
[10] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321, MIT
Laboratory for Computer Science and RSA Data Security, Inc.,
[11] PKCS #1: RSA Encryption Standard, Version 1.4, RSA Data Security,
Inc., June 3, 1991.
[12] Linn, J., "Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part
[13] Kent, S., "Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part
[14] Kaliski, B., "Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail:
Part IV: Key Certification and Related Services", RFC 1424, RSA
Laboratories, February 1993.
David Balenson
Trusted Information Systems
Glenwood, Maryland 21738
EMail: balenson@tis.com