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Q: Game Objects Talking To Each Other What is a good way of dealing with objects and having them talk to each other?
Up until now all my games hobby/student have been small so this problem was generally solved in a rather ugly way, which lead to tight integration and circular dependencies. Which was fine for the size of projects I was doing.
However my projects have been getting bigger in size and complexity and now I want to start re-using code, and making my head a simpler place.
The main problem I have is generally along the lines of Player needs to know about the Map and so does the Enemy, this has usually descended into setting lots of pointers and having lots of dependencies, and this becomes a mess quickly.
I have thought along the lines of a message style system. but I cant really see how this reduces the dependencies, as I would still be sending the pointers everywhere.
PS: I guess this has been discussed before, but I don't know what its called just the need I have.

A: Here is a neat event system written for C++11 you can use. It uses templates and smart pointers as well as lambdas for the delegates. It's very flexible. Below you will also find an example. Email me at info@fortmax.se if you have questions about this.
What these classes gives you is a way to send events with arbitrary data attached to them and an easy way to directly bind functions that accept already converted argument types that the system casts and checks for correct conversion prior to calling your delegate.
Basically, every event is derived from IEventData class (you can call it IEvent if you want). Each "frame" you call ProcessEvents() at which point the event system loops through all the delegates and calls the delegates that have been supplied by other systems that have subscribed to each event type. Anyone can pick which events they would like to subscribe to, as each event type has a unique ID. You can also use lambdas to subscribe to events like this: AddListener(MyEvent::ID(), [&](shared_ptr ev){
  do your thing }..
Anyway, here is the class with all the implementation:
#pragma once

#include <list>
#include <memory>
#include <map>
#include <vector>
#include <functional>

class IEventData {
public:
    typedef size_t id_t;
    virtual id_t GetID() = 0;
};

typedef std::shared_ptr<IEventData> IEventDataPtr;
typedef std::function<void(IEventDataPtr&)> EventDelegate;

class IEventManager {
public:
    virtual bool AddListener(IEventData::id_t id, EventDelegate proc) = 0;
    virtual bool RemoveListener(IEventData::id_t id, EventDelegate proc) = 0;
    virtual void QueueEvent(IEventDataPtr ev) = 0;
    virtual void ProcessEvents() = 0;
};

#define DECLARE_EVENT(type) \
    static IEventData::id_t ID(){ \
        return reinterpret_cast<IEventData::id_t>(&ID); \
    } \
    IEventData::id_t GetID() override { \
        return ID(); \
    }\

class EventManager : public IEventManager {
public:
    typedef std::list<EventDelegate> EventDelegateList;

    ~EventManager(){
    }
    //! Adds a listener to the event. The listener should invalidate itself when it needs to be removed.
    virtual bool AddListener(IEventData::id_t id, EventDelegate proc) override;

    //! Removes the specified delegate from the list
    virtual bool RemoveListener(IEventData::id_t id, EventDelegate proc) override;

    //! Queues an event to be processed during the next update
    virtual void QueueEvent(IEventDataPtr ev) override;

    //! Processes all events
    virtual void ProcessEvents() override;
private:
    std::list<std::shared_ptr<IEventData>> mEventQueue;
    std::map<IEventData::id_t, EventDelegateList> mEventListeners;

};

//! Helper class that automatically handles removal of individual event listeners registered using OnEvent() member function upon destruction of an object derived from this class.
class EventListener {
public:
    //! Template function that also converts the event into the right data type before calling the event listener.
    template<class T>
    bool OnEvent(std::function<void(std::shared_ptr<T>)> proc){
        return OnEvent(T::ID(), [&, proc](IEventDataPtr data){
            auto ev = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<T>(data);
            if(ev) proc(ev);
        });
    }
protected:
    typedef std::pair<IEventData::id_t, EventDelegate> _EvPair;
    EventListener(std::weak_ptr<IEventManager> mgr):_els_mEventManager(mgr){

    }
    virtual ~EventListener(){
        if(_els_mEventManager.expired()) return;
        auto em = _els_mEventManager.lock();
        for(auto i : _els_mLocalEvents){
            em->RemoveListener(i.first, i.second);
        }
    }

    bool OnEvent(IEventData::id_t id, EventDelegate proc){
        if(_els_mEventManager.expired()) return false;
        auto em = _els_mEventManager.lock();
        if(em->AddListener(id, proc)){
            _els_mLocalEvents.push_back(_EvPair(id, proc));
        }
    }
private:
    std::weak_ptr<IEventManager> _els_mEventManager;
    std::vector<_EvPair>        _els_mLocalEvents;
    //std::vector<_DynEvPair> mDynamicLocalEvents;
};

And the Cpp file:
#include "Events.hpp"

using namespace std;

bool EventManager::AddListener(IEventData::id_t id, EventDelegate proc){
    auto i = mEventListeners.find(id);
    if(i == mEventListeners.end()){
        mEventListeners[id] = list<EventDelegate>();
    }
    auto &list = mEventListeners[id];
    for(auto i = list.begin(); i != list.end(); i++){
        EventDelegate &func = *i;
        if(func.target<EventDelegate>() == proc.target<EventDelegate>())
            return false;
    }
    list.push_back(proc);
}

bool EventManager::RemoveListener(IEventData::id_t id, EventDelegate proc){
    auto j = mEventListeners.find(id);
    if(j == mEventListeners.end()) return false;
    auto &list = j->second;
    for(auto i = list.begin(); i != list.end(); ++i){
        EventDelegate &func = *i;
        if(func.target<EventDelegate>() == proc.target<EventDelegate>()) {
            list.erase(i);
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

void EventManager::QueueEvent(IEventDataPtr ev) {
    mEventQueue.push_back(ev);
}

void EventManager::ProcessEvents(){
    size_t count = mEventQueue.size();
    for(auto it = mEventQueue.begin(); it != mEventQueue.end(); ++it){
        printf("Processing event..\n");
        if(!count) break;
        auto &i = *it;
        auto listeners = mEventListeners.find(i->GetID());
        if(listeners != mEventListeners.end()){
            // Call listeners
            for(auto l : listeners->second){
                l(i);
            }
        }
        // remove event
        it = mEventQueue.erase(it);
        count--;
    }
}

I use an EventListener class for the sake of convenience as base class for any class that would like to listen to events. If you derive your listening class from this class and supply it with your event manager, you can use the very convenient function OnEvent(..) to register your events. And the base class will automatically unsubscribe your derived class from all events when it is destroyed. This is very convenient since forgetting to remove a delegate from event manager when your class is destroyed will almost certainly cause your program to crash.
A neat way to get a unique type id for an event by simply declaring a static function in the class and then casting it's address into an int. Since every class will have this method on different addresses, it can be used for unique identification of class events. You can also cast typename() to an int to get a unique id if you want. There are different ways to do this.
So here is an example on how to use this:
#include <functional>
#include <memory>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <list>
#include <map>

#include "Events.hpp"
#include "Events.cpp"

using namespace std;

class DisplayTextEvent : public IEventData {
public:
    DECLARE_EVENT(DisplayTextEvent);

    DisplayTextEvent(const string &text){
        mStr = text;
    }
    ~DisplayTextEvent(){
        printf("Deleted event data\n");
    }
    const string &GetText(){
        return mStr;
    }
private:
    string mStr;
};

class Emitter {
public:
    Emitter(shared_ptr<IEventManager> em){
        mEmgr = em;
    }
    void EmitEvent(){
        mEmgr->QueueEvent(shared_ptr<IEventData>(
            new DisplayTextEvent("Hello World!")));
    }
private:
    shared_ptr<IEventManager> mEmgr;
};

class Receiver : public EventListener{
public:
    Receiver(shared_ptr<IEventManager> em) : EventListener(em){
        mEmgr = em;

        OnEvent<DisplayTextEvent>([&](shared_ptr<DisplayTextEvent> data){
            printf("It's working: %s\n", data->GetText().c_str());
        });
    }
    ~Receiver(){
        mEmgr->RemoveListener(DisplayTextEvent::ID(), std::bind(&Receiver::OnExampleEvent, this, placeholders::_1));
    }
    void OnExampleEvent(IEventDataPtr &data){
        auto ev = dynamic_pointer_cast<DisplayTextEvent>(data);
        if(!ev) return;
        printf("Received event: %s\n", ev->GetText().c_str());
    }
private:
    shared_ptr<IEventManager> mEmgr;
};

int main(){
    auto emgr = shared_ptr<IEventManager>(new EventManager());

    Emitter emit(emgr);
    {
        Receiver receive(emgr);

        emit.EmitEvent();
        emgr->ProcessEvents();
    }
    emit.EmitEvent();
    emgr->ProcessEvents();
    emgr = 0;

    return 0;
}

A: EDIT: Below I describe a basic event messaging system I have used over and over. And it occurred to me that both school projects are open source and on the web. You can find the second version of this messaging system (and quite a bit more) at http://sourceforge.net/projects/bpfat/ .. Enjoy, and read below for a more thorough description of the system!
I've written a generic messaging system and introduced it into a handful of games that have been released on the PSP as well as some enterprise level application software. The point of the messaging system is to pass only the data around that is needed for processing a message or event, depending on the terminology you want to use, so that objects do not have to know about each other.
A quick rundown of the list of objects used to accomplish this is something along the lines of:
struct TEventMessage
{
    int _iMessageID;
}

class IEventMessagingSystem
{
    Post(int iMessageId);
    Post(int iMessageId, float fData);
    Post(int iMessageId, int iData);
    // ...
    Post(TMessageEvent * pMessage);
    Post(int iMessageId, void * pData);
}

typedef float(*IEventMessagingSystem::Callback)(TEventMessage * pMessage);

class CEventMessagingSystem
{
    Init       ();
    DNit       ();
    Exec       (float fElapsedTime);

    Post       (TEventMessage * oMessage);

    Register   (int iMessageId, IEventMessagingSystem* pObject, FObjectCallback* fpMethod);
    Unregister (int iMessageId, IEventMessagingSystem* pObject, FObjectCallback * fpMethod);
}

#define MSG_Startup            (1)
#define MSG_Shutdown           (2)
#define MSG_PlaySound          (3)
#define MSG_HandlePlayerInput  (4)
#define MSG_NetworkMessage     (5)
#define MSG_PlayerDied         (6)
#define MSG_BeginCombat        (7)
#define MSG_EndCombat          (8)

And now a bit of an explanation. The first object, TEventMessage, is the base object to represent data sent by the messaging system. By default it will always have the Id of the message being sent so if you want to make sure you have received a message you were expecting you can (Generally I only do that in debug).
Next up is the Interface class that gives a generic object for the messaging system to use for casting while doing callbacks. Additionally this also provides an 'easy to use' interface for Post()ing different data types to the messaging system.
After that we have our Callback typedef, Simply put it expects an object of the type of the interface class and will pass along a TEventMessage pointer... Optionally you can make the parameter const but I've used trickle up processing before for things like stack debugging and such of the messaging system.
Last and at the core is the CEventMessagingSystem object. This object contains an array of callback object stacks (or linked lists or queues or however you want to store the data). The callback objects, not shown above, need to maintain (and are uniquely defined by) a pointer to the object as well as the method to call on that object. When you Register() you add an entry on the object stack under the message id's array position. When you Unregister() you remove that entry.
That is basically it. Now this does have the stipulation that everything needs to know about the IEventMessagingSystem and the TEventMessage object... but this object should Not be changing that often and only passes the parts of information that are vital to the logic dictated by the event being called. This way a player doesn't need to know about the map or the enemy directly for sending events off to it. A managed object can call an API to a larger system also, without needing to know anything about it.
For example: When an enemy dies you want it to play a sound effect. Assuming you have a sound manager that inherits the IEventMessagingSystem interface, you would set up a callback for the messaging system that would accept a TEventMessagePlaySoundEffect or something of that ilk. The Sound Manager would then register this callback when sound effects are enabled (or unregister the callback when you want to mute all sound effects for easy on/off abilities). Next, you would have the enemy object also inherit from the IEventMessagingSystem, put together a TEventMessagePlaySoundEffect object (would need the MSG_PlaySound for its Message ID and then the ID of the sound effect to play, be it an int ID or the name of the sound effect) and simply call Post(&oEventMessagePlaySoundEffect).
Now this is just a very simple design with no implementation. If you have immediate execution then you have no need to buffer the TEventMessage objects (What I used mostly in console games). If you are in a multi-threaded environment then this is a very well defined way for objects and systems running in separate threads to talk to each other, but you will want to preserve the TEventMessage objects so the data is available when processing.
Another alteration is for objects that only ever need to Post() data, you can create a static set of methods in the IEventMessagingSystem so they do not have to inherit from them (That is used for ease of access and callback abilities, not -directly- needed for Post() calls).
For all the people who mention MVC, it is a very good pattern, but you can implement it in so many different manners and at different levels. The current project I am working on professionally is an MVC setup about 3 times over, there is the global MVC of the entire application and then design wise each M V and C also is a self-contained MVC pattern. So what I have tried to do here is explain how to make a C that is generic enough to handle just about any type of M without the need to get into a View...
For example, an object when it 'dies' might want to play a sound effect.. You would make a struct for the Sound System like TEventMessageSoundEffect that inherits from the TEventMessage and adds in a sound effect ID (Be it a preloaded Int, or the name of the sfx file, however they are tracked in your system). Then all the object just needs to put together a TEventMessageSoundEffect object with the appropriate Death noise and call Post(&oEventMessageSoundEffect); object.. Assuming the sound is not muted (what you would want to Unregister the Sound Managers.
EDIT: To clarify this a bit in regards to the comment below:
Any object to send or receive a message just needs to know about the IEventMessagingSystem interface, and this is the only object the EventMessagingSystem needs to know of all the other objects. This is what gives you the detachment. Any object who wants to receive a message simply Register(MSG, Object, Callback)s for it. Then when an object calls Post(MSG,Data) it sends that to the EventMessagingSystem via the interface it knows about, the EMS will then notify each registered object of the event. You could do a MSG_PlayerDied that other systems handle, or the player can call MSG_PlaySound, MSG_Respawn, etc to let things listening for those messages to act upon them. Think of the Post(MSG,Data) as an abstracted API to the different systems within a game engine.
Oh! One other thing that was pointed out to me. The system I describe above fits the Observer pattern in the other answer given. So if you want a more general description to make mine make a bit more sense, that is a short article that gives it a good description.
Hope this helps and Enjoy!

A: This probably does not only apply to game classes but to classes in the general sense. the MVC (model-view-controller) pattern together with your suggested message pump is all you need.
"Enemy" and "Player" will probably fit into the Model part of MVC, it does not matter much, but the rule of thumb is have all models and views interact via the controller. So, you would want to keep references (better than pointers) to (almost) all other class instances from this 'controller' class, let's name it ControlDispatcher. Add a message pump to it (varies depending on what platform you are coding for), instantiate it firstly (before any other classes and have the other objects part of it) or lastly (and have the other objects stored as references in ControlDispatcher).
Of course, the ControlDispatcher class will probably have to be split down further into more specialized controllers just to keep the code per file at around 700-800 lines (this is the limit for me at least) and it may even have more threads pumping and processing messages depending on your needs.
Cheers

A: the generic solutions for communication between objects avoiding tight coupling:

*

*Mediator pattern

*Observer pattern

A: Be careful with "a message style system", it probably depends on implementation, but usually you would loose static type checking, and can then make some errors very difficult to debug. Note that calling object's methods it is already a message-like system.
Probably you are simply missing some levels of abstraction, for example for navigation a Player could use a Navigator instead of knowing all about the Map itself. You also say that this has usually descended into setting lots of pointers, what are those pointers? Probably, you are giving them to a wrong abstraction?.. Making objects know about others directly, without going through interfaces and intermediates, is a straight way to getting a tightly coupled design.

A: Messaging is definitely a great way to go, but messaging systems can have a lot of differences. If you want to keep your classes nice and clean, write them to be ignorant of a messaging system and instead have them take dependencies on something simple like a 'ILocationService' which can then be implemented to publish/request information from things like the Map class. While you'll end up with more classes, they'll be small, simple and encourage clean design.
Messaging is about more than just decoupling, it also lets you move towards a more asynchronous, concurrent and reactive architecture. Patterns of Enterprise Integration by Gregor Hophe is a great book that talks about good messaging patterns. Erlang OTP or Scala's implementation of the Actor Pattern have provided me with a lot of guidance.

A: @kellogs suggestion of MVC is valid, and used in a few games, though its much more common in web apps and frameworks. It might be overkill and too much for this.
I would rethink your design, why does the Player need to talk to Enemies? Couldn't they both inherit from an Actor class? Why do Actors need to talk to the Map?
As I read what I wrote it starts to fit into an MVC framework...I have obviously done too much rails work lately. However, I would be willing to bet, they only need to know things like, they are colliding with another Actor, and they have a position, which should be relative to the Map anyhow.
Here is an implementation of Asteroids that I worked on. You're game may be, and probably is, complex.


text:
// This file is part of Moodle - http://moodle.org/
//
// Moodle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// Moodle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Moodle.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

define(['jquery'], function($) {

    /**
     * UserCourseNavigation
     *
     * @param {String} The selector of the user element.
     * @param {String} The base url for the page (no params).
     * @param {Number} The course id
     * @param {Number} The user id
     */
    var UserCourseNavigation = function(userSelector, baseUrl, userId, courseId) {
        this._baseUrl = baseUrl;
        this._userId = userId + '';
        this._courseId = courseId;

        $(userSelector).on('change', this._userChanged.bind(this));
    };

    /**
     * The user was changed in the select list.
     *
     * @method _userChanged
     * @param {Event} e
     */
    UserCourseNavigation.prototype._userChanged = function(e) {
        var newUserId = $(e.target).val();
        var queryStr = '?user=' + newUserId + '&id=' + this._courseId;
        document.location = this._baseUrl + queryStr;
    };

    /** @type {Number} The id of the user. */
    UserCourseNavigation.prototype._userId = null;
    /** @type {Number} The id of the course. */
    UserCourseNavigation.prototype._courseId = null;
    /** @type {String} Plugin base url. */
    UserCourseNavigation.prototype._baseUrl = null;

    return /** @alias module:report_competency/user_course_navigation */ UserCourseNavigation;

});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This is a different purpose - it's simply displayed information, not entered. It's the date the first record is created and the most recent date a record has been created - this date is auto-filled on creation of a new record. It displays on a different layout.
Thank you so very much for your help - as soon as you explained it I realised how obvious it was. I must have been so far down the rabbit hole that I could no longer see the obvious. I was just going through the file in a final check and realised on my global summary layout, I still have an issue with a date thing. I want to show the date of the first record entered and a date of the last record entered. I've done a Summary field for Min and one for Max but nothing shows up in the live view. Any thoughts?
Still get the same error - just trying to get the dates thing worked out . Screenshot attached.
Hi. Thank you for the help so far I already had the globals. I started to create the script but when I added the following into the Calculated Result for Set Field, I got the message saying an operator was expected: Grants::Date Submitted;Grants::gSubmittedFromDate &"..."& Grants::gSubmittedToDate Any thoughts?
Hi. I have a database that lists grant applications. I need for my user to be able to view the records in a number of ways according to certain criteria for analysis purposes. These records are displayed in a List layout. I need to be able to: 1) see only records where the submission dates are between x and y then 2) filter these records according to what is selected in 2 dropdowns - Outcome and Status. The Outcome field dropdown value list is : <blank>, granted, unsuccessful, unknown. The Status field is dropdown value list is: <blank>,submitted, in progress, finalised. The <blank> is where that dropdown criteria are not required. Ideally, I'd like to be able to set the dates, select from the dropdowns and perform the find, but happy to do it in 2 steps if necessary. I've tried several things from solutions found searching the internet, but nothing seems to work and I'm getting increasingly frustrated with it. I'm not a coder and anyone good enough to help me out here needs to be aware of this. While I've been using FM on and off for a number of years, I'm by no means an expert or even near it. Thank you in advance for any guidance with this. You guys have helped me out in the past.
Still can't get it to work. Number_of_children - number, Lookup (source is a calculation which counts the number of entries in a list field) Inactive_Activity - a number, set as Boolean configured so that non-zeros=1 and zeros=0 (source a value list with 1 as the only entry) I need a calculation to go on a field named total_children_inactive_in_class such as (but I can't get to work): if(Inactive_Activity=1 ; sum(Number_of_children) ) Once I have this number, subtracting it from the total of children (which I have) is a simple matter. I need for the admin staff to be able to see both a number of active and inactive children, as if they all turn up at once we exceed our legal limit.
Thanks Steve, classes aren't confined to childcare only, most of them are single person participants, and that count is easy to ascertain correctly. Childcare however, is just the number of children. The parents aren't there. I already have a field that is a calculation that counts the total listed children associated with a parent (in the parent's contact details elsewhere). We have to keep track of whether the participant is active or inactive because they may not come to all the sessions. If they stop coming, they're marked as Inactive (the checkbox), and the class number reflects only active numbers. The inactive box is also linked to their enrolment history, so we can see what people have enrolled in in the past. Once a class is completed, all participants are marked as inactive as that activity has ended. All I need to do is get a total of the number of children there are where the parent has been marked as inactive in that class. Once I get that, it's a simple matter of subtracting it from the total number of children (which I've already got the calculation for).
Hi, I have a bit of a dilemma that I've tried a number of solutions to sort out, to no avail. I have a portal that lists the participants in a class. In each row is a checkbox that can be used to indicate whether that participant has withdrawn from the class. I've used a summary field to count the number of checked boxes and have a field that subtracts that number from the total of records in the portal - easy peasy. Where it gets tricky is that, one of the fields relates to the number of children associated with a participant (a mum may have 3 kids in the class if it's one of the playgroups). Now I need to know how many kiddies there are in the class. I have a field that totals the number of children in total and that works fine, but... ... and here's my problem - where a parent has withdrawn (and the box is checked), I need to subtract the number of children associated with that parent from the total number of children). The checkbox is a value list with a single value, 1. All the solutions I've tried so far are fine unless it pertains to portal rows - and I can't figure it out for the life of me. Can anyone help me out?
Hi guys, I have a Contacts table and an Activities table. A Contact can be a leader of many Activities. On the Activities Details layout, I want to be able to select a Contact from a dropdown and have a button that can then be used to take the user to the Details page for that contact. I've tried several things from researching, but can't seem to get it working. PLEASE can someone help me. It's driving me nuts. I'll also want to do show the Activities a person is leader of on the Contact Details layout, but I'm presuming that's a simple portal.
I'd like to bump this as I'd REALLY like an answer. My only other solution is do do a sorted report that exports to Excel, then my staff can select all the email addresses and do a mass mail from these. However, that's an added step and clunky. There's surely a more elegant solution via Filemaker.


text:
Chloe Freedman Takes Artist Management a Step Higher with Her Hands-On Approach through Red Tape Management
The music industry is an ecosystem with different branches that appear non-existent to an outsider. The artists get the accolades to the outside world, and the record producers and the video directors share a little bit in the accolades. However, the executive arm is the crucial part the industry cannot do without. These boardroom guys are responsible for the business side of the industry. As far as music in the UK goes, one name that has become a mainstay in the headlines for artist management is Chloe Freedman, who has been lauded by many for her fantastic job at Red Tape Management.
Chloe Freedman is a highly sought-after music manager, serial entrepreneur, and Red Tape Management and Womanish founder. She is currently based in Los Angeles, where she is actively pursuing her lifelong passion of serving the entertainment industry in an official and behind-the-desk capacity. Freedman has excelled as an artist manager, and throughout her career, she has worked with artists such as Lady Leshurr, Big Narstie, Saweetie, Rich The Kid, and several others.
Freedman's foray into the entertainment scene can be traced back to her college days when she was a pivotal member of a performing arts group while pursuing a National Diploma in dance and performing arts. Upon graduating, she spent six years leveraging her excellence to instruct children and adults before ultimately taking the bold step into the world of music to explore the possibilities that lie in public relations before ultimately realizing her passion for music management.
Since she entered into the world of music management, Freedman has quickly risen through the ranks, paying her dues and working alongside some of the industry's top music executives such as Cory Rooney, Rodney Jerkins, and Max Gousse, from whom she has gained valuable management experience. To date, she attributes her current trajectory toward success to her decision to move to Los Angeles, where she has had the opportunity to take advantage of her love for music management to help upcoming and promising artists pursue and realize their potentials and musical dreams.
Chloe has had the luxury to work on numerous successful music projects in the UK and has experienced the joys of being on the road with some of the country's most prominent artists. However, the most notable endeavor of her music management career is her exclusive expertise in managing X-Factor artists, and the experience gained working with the X-Factor Music Team. Chloe Freedman is currently spearheading two companies she founded, Red Tape Management Company and Womanish. And through the years have been establishing connections with people and artists having diversified backgrounds yet sharing a common drive for success. Chloe is always on the lookout to find the next big star and help talented artists secure their first major break.
Chloe is motivated and driven by the desire to build Red Tape Management into a groundbreaking platform for aspiring artists and musicians. Away from music and her professional career, she is a fun-loving and highly devoted person who shares an impeccable passion for chasing her dreams and contributing to the triumphs of others.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration befo...
National Aeronautics and Space Administration before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, And Science Committee on Appropriations United States Senate: by Michael D. Griffin, Dr.
By Griffin, Michael D., Dr.
Title: National Aeronautics and Space Administration before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, And Science Committee on Appropriations United States Senate: by Michael D. Griffin, Dr.
Author: Griffin, Michael D., Dr.
Subject: Government publications, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.), NASA reference publication
Publisher: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Publication
D., Dr, G. M. (n.d.). National Aeronautics and Space Administration before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, And Science Committee on Appropriations United States Senate. Retrieved from http://worldlibrary.org/
Excerpt: Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for this opportunity to appear today to discuss NASA?s plans for the future as represented in the President?s Fiscal Year 2006 budget request for NASA. On January 14, 2004, President George W. Bush announced the Vision for Space Exploration. The President?s directive gave NASA clear objectives as well as a new and historic focus. The fundamental goal of this directive for the Nation?s space exploration program is ??to advance U.S. scientific, security, and economic interests through a robust space exploration program.? In issuing this directive, the President committed the Nation to a journey of exploring the solar system and beyond, returning humans to the Moon, and sending robots and ultimately humans to Mars and other destinations. He challenged us to establish new and innovative programs to enhance our understanding of the planets, to ask new questions, and to answer questions as old as humankind. NASA embraced this directive and began a long-term transformation to enable us to achieve this goal...
Common File User's Guide (by National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
National Polar-Orbiting Operational Envi... (by Mango, Stephen A.)
Flight According to Principle (by Wright, Wilbur)
National Aeronautics and Space Administr... (by National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
Space Shuttle: Information Management Re... (by National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
Landsat 7 Processing System (Lps) Users ... (by Ottenstein, Neil)
Space Telescope Science Institute Next G... (by Ferguson, Henry C.)
Version 3 (by Duxbury, Elizabeth)
Analysis of Phase-Type Stochastic Petri ... (by Jones, Robert L. (Robert Lewis))
Developing an Open Source Option for Nas... (by Moran, Patrick J.)
Assessing Generalization of Feed Forward... (by Turmon, Michael J.)
Mission Operations Directorate Flight Di... (by National Aeronautics and Space Administration)


A factory cafe. Imported to the US in 1989 and 1990. Looked like a 70's Norton or Vincent more than a Honda. The first "Modern Classic."
It doesn't hurt that the motor is the same besides displacement to an XR400 or old XR600. Air cooled. Simple and reliable.
Thats awesome for a 90's Honda! haha.
I never liked the bike, it's proportions are dorky. The repurposed dirt bike engine is ugly and I've seen enough of them frag the top ends to hate the bike.
Really fun Bike. Im looking for another one.
Stance and proportions can be adjusted easily enough, it could use it.
Everything is awesome on this one save for the Emgo "cafe" fairing.
I actually like the dirt bike engine, but agree it an ugly pig. I've had an XR400 and an XR600. Great motors that can run on mexico piss gas. A little water or sand in it, no problem!
If they are running lean they'll blow a top end though.
Heck, I'm a dork, but I love the look. It is awkward a bit, but Honda's always seem to be. Kind of the dorky Asian engineers vision of an old Norton. They get it mechanically, but visually its a bit Japanese. Somehow I think that sets it apart. It's pretty engineering.
It's not pretty like a Norton though!
The Norton engine is absolutely gorgeous though. The japanese motor looks like it was diecast for mattel comparitivly. And to see the two in person and compare the classiness of the Norton in its entirety is worlds above that Honda. But you're trading Heart for Dependability. That Honda will run for miles and miles without any service.


Ringing with the showbiz sass of its Jule Styne/Stephen Sondheim score, the film version of the Broadway hit Gypsy takes you on a grand vaudeville tour. It sweeps you up in the roller-coaster relationship of Louise (Natalie Wood), the wallflower later to blossom into sophisticated stripper Gypsy Rose Lee, and her ambitious mother, Rose (Rosalind Russell whose performance won her a fifth Best Actress Golden Globe Award). Karl Malden scores as Herbie, the salesman who falls for Rose - to his exasperation. Full of terrific tunes (Everything's Coming Up Roses and Small World among them), Gypsy will certainly entertain you and make you smile.


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Home Blogger ICICI Prudential Asset Management Company Ltd. Mr. Nimesh Shah, MD
Indian Industries
ICICI Prudential Asset Management Company Ltd. Mr. Nimesh Shah, MD
Upcoming Bharat 22 ETF offers a good opportunity to retail investors to own Jewels of Corporate India. The ETF comprises of 6 Core Sectors, 22 stocks and will be available at 3% discount for all investor categories. Over the last three years, the inflows into equity markets have been steadily rising owing the flat to negative performance of the physical assets such as gold and real estate. Thereafter demonetization helped further accentuate the shift to financial assets. Amidst all of this, the encouraging trend has been that the new investments into capital markets are increasingly coming through the SIP route. Currently, the monthly inflow into equity markets via SIP route alone is pegged at Rs. 5,000 crore.
The Indian equity markets are currently hovering close to its all-time highs. We believe investors should be cautious in one's investment approach and strictly adhere to one's asset allocation.
We do not think the market is in a bubble, but is in a mid-cycle. From a cyclical perspective, the market is yet to reach its peak as capex cycle, credit growth, corporate earnings and capacity utilization is yet to improve. Improvement in capacity utilization is likely to be the next trigger which could lead to a rebound in corporate earnings. On valuation basis, when compared to mid and small cap names, large caps are relatively better valued, at this point in time.
We have been recommending investors to opt for dynamic asset allocation/balanced advantage category of funds. The reason being,when investing in this category of funds, an investor gets exposure to both debt and equity asset classes. This arrangement ensures that when the market rallies, profits are booked at regular interval and the allocation to debt increases, thereby cushioning the downside when the market turns volatile.
On the other hand, when the market corrects, the allocation towards equity increases, thereby effectively allowing the investor to buy low and sell high. Interestingly, as a fund house, it is this category which has seen significant traction over the last one year. For example: ICICI Prudential Balanced Advantage Fund can have an equity allocation between 30-80%, depending on the prevailing market condition.
Another attractive opportunity for long term investment is the BHARAT 22 ETF. This ETF is being launched as a part of Government of India's disinvestment initiative.
The ETF comprises of CPSEs, Public Sector Banks (PSB) & SUUTI names and is spread across six sectors namely Industrial, Energy, Utilities, Finance, FMCG and Basic Materials – providing a diversified portfolio. This ensures that the underlying index blends sectors with secular growth prospects (FMCG and utilities), and cyclical (energy, metals, industrial). Just so that the portfolio is well diversified, the Bharat 22 index has capped the weightage of each stock to 15% and the sectoral exposure limit is set at 20% to avoid undue over-exposure.
Through this ETF, one gets to participate in the India growth story as most of the names present are largely strong companies which are leaders in their respective categories with robust fundamentals. Also, these companies stand to gain from the various Government reform initiatives such as Financial Inclusion, Digital and Cashless Economy, Goods and Services Tax (GST), Infrastructure Reforms, Make in India and Direct Benefit Transfer of subsidy, to name a few.
Additionally, investors across all categories will get 3% upfront discount, thereby enhancing the overall returns profile. The NFO for Anchor investor is on November 14, 2017 and Non-Anchor shall be between November 15, 2017 and November 17, 2017.
Financial Books For Growing Your Business
ICICI Prudential
India growth
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सभी नरेंद्र मोदी प्रशंशक इस ब्लॉग को 5 लाख भारतीय लोगों के साथ शेयर करें वोटिंग खत्म होने तक "बन्दे में दम है"
All Over India Pharmaceuticals Market Expected To Reach USD 73.5 Billion By 2023
Loom Solar: Start-Up Aiming To Turn India Into A Solar Hub
कार इंश्योरेंस कैसे लें और कौन-कौन सी बातों का ध्यान रखना...
सभी नरेंद्र मोदी प्रशंशक इस ब्लॉग को 5 लाख भारतीय लोगों...
देखिये पी एम मोदी और फेसबुक के मालिक मार्क ज़ुकरबर्ग की...
जब दिल टूटते हैं। प्रेम, नफ़रत, वासना और आनंद यह सब...
NBFCs Growth Increasingly Driven By AI & Big Data
Nectar Commercial Estates Limited Business Terms and Conditions
Hypnotherapy Treatment Free From Any Disease Measures
Hamirpur is District Head Quarters of District Hamirpur in Himachal Pradesh


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The packaging of DNA into nucleosomes and the organisation into higher order structures of chromatin limits the access of sequence specific DNA binding factors to DNA. In cells, DNA methylation is preferentially occuring in the linker region of nucleosomes, suggesting a structural impact of chromatin on DNA methylation. These observations raise the question whether DNA methyltransferases are capable to recognize the nucleosomal substrates and to modify the packaged DNA. Here, we performed a detailed analysis of nucleosome binding and nucleosomal DNA methylation by the maintenance DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1. Our binding studies show that Dnmt1 has a DNA length sensing activity, binding cooperatively to DNA, and requiring a minimal DNA length of 20 bp. Dnmt1 needs linker DNA to bind to nucleosomes and most efficiently recognizes nucleosomes with symmetric DNA linkers. Footprinting experiments reveal that Dnmt1 binds to both DNA linkers exiting the nucleosome core. The binding pattern correlates with the efficient methylation of DNA linkers. However, the enzyme lacks the ability to methylate nucleosomal CpG sites on mononucleosomes and nucleosomal arrays, unless chromatin remodeling enzymes create a dynamic chromatin state. In addition, our results show that Dnmt1 functionally interacts with specific chromatin remodeling enzymes to enable complete methylation of hemi-methylated DNA in chromatin.


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FDA clears the only radiation reduction technology that integrates into mobile C-arms
ControlRad has announced that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted 510(k) clearance for its ControlRad Trace. The company has initiated its commercial launch. The ControlRad Trace is the only technology that can be integrated into existing mobile C-arms to reduce radiation in any fluoroscopic imaging procedure.
"Radiologists and our teams have grave concerns about the long-term effects from radiation exposure," says John A Carrino, vice chairman of Radiology, Hospital for Special Surgery (New York, USA). "I am excited that new technology for mobile C-arms is now available because it has the potential to drastically improve our radiation safety while maintaining image quality so we can continue to effectively diagnose and treat our patients. I believe these new products should become the standard of care for fluoroscopic procedures."
Fluoroscopically guided procedures with C-arms have allowed for major advances in treating countless diseases, however they expose patients and medical staff to ionising radiation, which may increase a person's lifetime risk of developing cancer. For example, an interventional fluoroscopy procedure is roughly equivalent to the adult effective dose of between 250–3,500 chest X-rays.
"Radiation from C-arm procedures may increase the risk of brain cancer, cataracts, strokes and atherosclerosis," says Guillaume Bailliard, ControlRad CEO. "It is our mission to dramatically reduce these life-altering radiation health risks to medical personnel and patients. This FDA clearance for ControlRad Trace allows us to provide our valuable radiation reduction technology to all mobile C-arm users looking to provide a safer environment without compromising patient care."
With its proprietary semi-transparent filter, tablet and image processing technology, the ControlRad Trace solution can be retrofitted on existing C-arms, which, according to a press release, reduce the barrier to adopting the technology in order to reduce unnecessary radiation by up to 89%, without compromising image quality in the region of interest and overall workflow. The medical staff draws a region of interest on a ControlRad tablet, which in real-time optimises image quality in the region of interest while reducing unnecessary radiation in the periphery.
controlrad
FDA clearance
Suzie Marshall
BIBA Briefings: Henry V can inspire us to develop innovative techniques for reducing radiation...
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THE SMARTS
Tesco DVP
Tesco wanted to demonstrate the effort and successes involved with their Early Careers recruitment and development approach. They wanted to showcase their work to the wider business, providing context and increasing buy-in for Early Careers initiatives.
We determined that an infographic-style dashboard would be the most effective way to engage the business, using data to tell the story in an engaging and evidence-based way. We determined what key messages Tesco wanted to deliver to the business and identified the data needed to effectively communicate these messages.
As a result, Tesco were able to share a concise, impactful dashboard that demonstrated how a small team effectively and consistently recruits over 900 Early Careers employees to the business and enables them to succeed through the development that they receive.
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Following two acclaimed releases from Wold and Bercana, emerging duo Monality bring their third EP.
"Bad Time Stories", through new label Ladino Romance, will be accompanied by remixes from talented German producer Timboletti and Turkish synthwave outfit, Mindshifter. Here, Timboletti's relatively dubby and atmospheric touch creates an alternative and multicolored atmosphere that uses the full tracks full potential energy, and like the original, is DJ friendly.


A beer mug is only desirable when it's filled to the brim, right? Well, designers Monica Singer & Marie Rahm and their Austrian manufacturer think otherwise. They have put on offer a hand-cut crystal beer glass called as the OTTO Beer Glass for your drinking and viewing pleasure. The 6.1inch tall and 3inch wide glass appears as a pint mug with golf-ball like only larger dimples, and has a dark hue to it. And after a few drinks, a price tag of $ 1958.00 wouldn't matter, now would it?


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About McDermott
Predictions for Congress and the U.S. Supreme Court in 2015
Tax State & Local Tax
Stephen Kranz and Diann Smith assessed two upcoming Supreme Court state and local tax cases, Direct Marketing Association (DMA) v. Brohl and Comptroller of the Treasury v. Wynne. Mr. Kranz said DMA "is focused on application of the TIA [Tax Injunction Act]," which "will have relevance to whether similar state legislation can be challenged in federal court — and that's something that all of us will be interested in." Ms. Smith added that Wynne "has the risk of fundamentally changing the way we think of — at the very least — how personal income tax laws are administered if the court sides with the state in this case. I can't imagine that will happen."
Diann Smith
Counsel | Washington, DC
Temporary Visitor Policy
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A. Before it conducts a proceeding concerning legal decision-making or parenting time, including a proceeding to determine the legal decision-making or visitation of a nonparent, a court in this state first must confirm its authority to do so to the exclusion of any other state, Indian tribe or foreign nation by complying with the uniform child custody jurisdiction and enforcement act, the parental kidnapping prevention act and any applicable international law concerning the wrongful abduction or removal of children.
A parent in any proceeding for marital dissolution, legal separation, annulment, paternity or modification of an earlier decree or judgment.
A person other than a parent, by filing a petition for third party rights under section 25-409 in the county in which the child permanently resides.


Artist Georges Rouault chose the opening line of Psalm 51, Miserere (Have Mercy), for the title of his 1927 monumental print series exploring contemporary life in France. What might the psalm's request for God's mercy and Rouault's imagery of human suffering mean for our own Lenten experience? Join Professor Cunningham in the exhibition Lines Etched with the Weight of Life: Georges Rouault's Miserere for a consideration of this idea.
This gallery talk is open to the public.


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Not one but two award wins for Freehand
22/11/2019 / 1206
It's always good when our expertise as an artisan coffee roaster is recognised by industry peers. But to pick up not one but two prestigious award wins in the same year, now, that's extra special.
First off, we entered a roasting competition hosted by DRWakefield, a second-generation family business that has been supplying regular and speciality grade coffees sourced from all over the world for over 50 years.
We entered a single origin Costa Rican Tarrazu roasted for filter. The competition was organised so that the judging team did not know who roasted the coffee, but they were provided with the origin and coffee name so that similar coffees could be judged side by side. The coffee was then cupped blind and three rounds of scoring then followed.
"As 50 roasters had entered the competition, we were particularly delighted to learn that our entry, Freehand which is hand roasted in Cornwall, had been awarded overall winner," said Simon Speed-Andrews, Head of Roasting. "A great result for the Miko team."
Taste of the West Champion
More recently, it was the turn of our signature Freehand Pink Label to achieve some recognition, scooping 'Champion' in the non-alcoholic hot drink category of the Taste of the West Awards 2019.
The judges described Freehand Pink Label as "sweet, chocolatey, creamy and very drinkable. A delicious all-day coffee that sets you up for the day."
Although the coffee may have its origins in Ethiopia and Brazil, the beans are hand roasted in the West Country at the Miko roastery in Devon," said Simon.
Using a time honoured, artisan method, less than 25kg of beans are roasted at a time which helps ensure the coffee is as fresh as possible when it arrives with the customer.
"We enjoy being part of an independent coffee culture and supplying local businesses who appreciate a quality product from a supplier on the doorstep.
"We offer Freehand as a ground coffee for cafetière and filter and also in whole and espresso formats so we can meet all customer needs however they choose to serve our award-winning Pink label blend."
It's fair to say then it's been a very good year for Freehand.
Tags: Artisan Coffee Roaster, Award winner, Coffee, cornwall, devon, dr wakefield, Hand roasted, Miko Coffee, premium coffee, Roaster, taste of the west
How do we pick our coffees?
Freehand Coffee Roasters
Unit 4 Barncoose Industrial Estate
Redruth Cornwall, TR15 3RQ
redruth@freehandcoffee.com
© 2019 Freehand Coffee


You are sure to look stunning with this shoulder bag made straight from Valentino. This comes with crimson pelt and has the removable shackle band. It has a skin façade label with all the studs and the designer stomp for the backside. It has the bullion hardware feature as well with an interior piece compartment.
If you are lady like and wants to prioritize the aesthetics all the time, then get this modern look by owning this tote. It comes with patent leather with clean line separates. It has a lot of space to suit all the essential items you have. You can carry this by hand or over your shoulder, whatever is your preference.
This Valentino is something that would complete your attire during your casual days. It is set in studded canvas with an azure natural fiber print in its distraught pallid denim theme. It has shoulder fastening with studs set in pastel bullion. It also has backside split compartment with a commemorative inscription for its pelt design. It comes with pocket compartments on the inside and totally creased with a light brown twill and a twist fasten bind too.
This is a pure white clutch that you can use to match your chicness. This is modish and can complement your outfit with much needed elegance. It comes with pale khaki and vibrant gemstone that is embellished with golden edges. It has the bullion series band which is concealed right within the bag. It also has the thrust hook clasp for its apex.
Brighten up your clothes with this scarlet type of leather tote straight from Valentino. It is definitely gorgeous and has the apex holders. It also has an interior pocket with the zipped up clasp compartments. It is also filled with the encompassed tag clasp and creased in crimson twill.
You can carry this elegant bag by Valentino if you want to add some spicy taste of femininity to your overall attire. It is adorned with bullion studs and has a shoulder band that is clasp binding. It also has fastener binding clutch right at the façade and inner pockets with the fasten tie compartments. It is creased in russet twill which is unique for this chic bag.
When it comes to bag stalking, this is a hit bag you would want to have your hands on. Even if you would place it along the rest of your bags, its oddity will make it all the more as a standout. This Valentino bag will lure you to wanting to possess it. It would give you that urban feel that is jungle like as well. It all has the serious embellishments of studs.
This is one oddly designed bag that can still look cool and be an attention catcher. This is what this Valentino bag can do for you for it will surely lure you into it all the more and even leave you wanting more of its designs. But this is not so for you if you do not like the urban jungle concept for this one has all the serious studs embellished.


We are seeking a Sales Engineer for a position in Duquesne, PA.
The primary function of this position is to grow and strengthen the company's competitive position in the market-place and to ensure that sales revenues exceed targets in-line with our high growth strategy. This is a position requiring frequent travel in the US and overseas (50% - 75% of time).
- Execute and implement sales activities across North and South America under the lead of the Head of Sales.
- Identify leads, manage prospects and acquire new business.
- Manage relationships with current customers to expand accounts and generate repeat business.
- Prepare and deliver sales proposals/presentations and follow up with key decision makers.
- Identify, grow and develop market opportunities, delivering year-on-year growth in sales revenues to exceed the annual plan.
- Ensure that all contractual information is conveyed to the relevant Product Manager using the correct documentation and in a timely and efficient manner.
- Assist in the preparation of annual budgets and forecasts.
- Establish and maintain presence with key stakeholders at clients, visiting main accounts regularly to drive repeat and after sales.
- Liaise and collaborate effectively with all other members of staff, agents, customers and partners, so as to achieve sales activity targets.
- Establish the technical requirements of each inquiry; Consult with the technical team as necessary to select and specify the correct technical solution.
- Communicate commercial requirements of prospects effectively with the Head of Sales to ensure all sales contracts comply with the agreed contract review guidelines.
- Ensure bids / proposals are generated with appropriate input from all relevant persons inside and outside the direct sales & marketing arena and that leads are professionally delivered and converted into orders in line with agreed targets.
- Actively participate in keeping the Sales Pipeline up to date and entering relevant data, including the development of the Works Profile and registering inquiries and bids.
- Ensure expenses are submitted in line with company policy.
- Ensure adherence to EHS policies and utilize Gensuite to achieve the highest standards of EH&S compliance.
- Ensure that all commercial activities / contractual arrangements (with customers, agents and partners) comply with Group policy and all relevant legislation.


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27 APR 2017 11 MIN READ / 1901 WORDS 12 PEOPLE LIKED THIS
Feature/Keystone seafood companies set to change course for sustainable oceans
What happens when global sustainability researchers invite chief executives of major seafood companies to discuss the future of the oceans? A sea change in attitudes. We trace the long road to the Soneva Dialogue and preview the next steps.
WRITTEN BY Naomi Lubick
Last November at a historic meeting in the Maldives, eight of the world's largest fishing companies – responsible for catching a tenth of all the fish sold on international markets – agreed to take action towards better ocean stewardship. Next month these companies meet again, this time in Stockholm, to discuss how to follow up.
Bringing these companies to the table is the fruit of years of dogged work by Henrik Österblom and his colleagues at the Stockholm Resilience Centre, based at Stockholm University. Their data painted the picture of these companies' impacts at a global scale. And once the data were published, the researchers reached out to the leaders of these companies, asking them to join the first keystone dialogue.
The largest companies in the seafood industry have both the ability and incentives to take on a leadership role – their business depends on functioning ecosystems. In early May, as representatives from international fishing companies join Österblom and his colleagues in Stockholm to meet again, the original eight will become nine. These "keystone actors" will take the next steps on their path to improved ocean stewardship.
Unloading frozen fish from a trawler in the Dutch port of IJmuiden (Sandettie, Fecamp IMO 8012085). By Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.
The first steps down that path can be traced to an afternoon in 2012. While kicking around ideas after a full-day workshop, Österblom and Carl Folke, co-founder of the centre, found themselves wondering if companies could be compared to keystone species. Were they acting as linchpins in the environment? And what about their impacts at the global scale?
Keystone species are plants or animals that are crucial to maintaining the function of the ecosystems in which they live. Without them, the ecosystem would change or could disappear entirely. The impact these species have on their home environment is in a sense disproportionate to how common they are in that system.
The sea otter in the North Pacific provides a prime example: otters feast on sea urchins, keeping down their numbers and thereby protecting kelp forests – and all the other species that make their homes there. Sea urchins have few other predators so, without otters, they would increase in numbers and overeat kelp, shrinking the underwater forests.
Inspired by this disproportionate influence of some species in ecosystems, Österblom, a marine ecologist, used the concept to explore the seafood market ecosystems and corporations that dominate them. Together with graduate student Jean-Baptiste Jouffray, Österblom led a team of researchers on a deep dive into the publicly available numbers.
Most fisheries companies will protect the information about their catches – when, where, and how much – to a certain extent. But they also have to respect quotas in many of the waters where they fish, or report their bottom lines to stockholders and other stakeholders in annual reports, among other numbers.
Österblom says he spoke to journalists, policy makers, marine scientists, regulators, company representatives, and more. When sources could not give him numbers, they could often give him contacts who gave more contacts and advised on documents to look up or other information.
The researchers used every number they could find to extrapolate the bigger picture. Considering the uncertainties, the team came to the conclusion that 13 companies hauled 9 to 13 million tonnes of fish and other creatures out of the sea, or somewhere between 11% to 16% of the global marine catch. These companies also controlled around a third of the largest and most lucrative fish stocks, including tuna, the team reported in PLOS ONE in 2015.1 1. Österblom, H., Jouffray, J.-B., Folke, C., Crona, B., Troell, M., Merrie, A., et al., 2015. "Transnational Corporations as 'Keystone Actors' in Marine Ecosystems." PLOS ONE 10(5):e0127533. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127533 See all references
Österblom knew exactly what to do with that information: his experience as both a researcher and former strategic advisor to the Swedish government led him to suspect that these keystone actors, as he came to call them, could make a difference. He just had to figure out how to get them in the same room.
Idyllic lecture hall
Eventually, Österblom and his team convinced representatives of eight of these keystone companies to attend the Soneva Dialogue in the Maldives, hosted by Sonu and Eva Shivdasani of the Soneva Foundation at their resort, and under the patronage of Sweden's Crown Princess Victoria. For two days straight, the scientists – Österblom, Folke, Jouffray, and Johan Rockström, also of Stockholm Resilience Centre – presented the big picture in a wall-less "classroom" under a thatched roof.
Folke and Rockström delivered a "complete shock treatment", as Österblom phrases it, painting the picture of the state of the planet. Oceans are acidifying from climate change. Overfishing threatens key stocks, from small white fish to large tuna. Aquaculture grew dramatically in the past several decades, and while operators have figured out how to use fewer wild-caught fish as feed for farmed fish, they have turned to land-grown crops like soy – with attendant agricultural chemical pollution and nutrient run-off – and antibiotics to keep farmed fish healthy.
Fish cages used in aquaculture near the shore in Velfjorden, Norway. By Thomas Bjørkan (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.
All these activities may result in fast-changing conditions that could harm ocean environments, and the seafood industry. The scientists' onslaught of information led the industry representatives – CEOs and sustainability chiefs – to share their own concerns and the challenges they faced in their respective segments of the industry with their colleagues around the table. The challenges ranged from the spread of antibiotic resistance in aquaculture to slavery in the fishing fleets of smaller companies from which they bought wild-caught fish.
The message the scientific researchers wanted to get across was that if there are "functioning ecosystems into the future, you can have a good business", Österblom said after the event. "The global and interconnected challenges we presented were an eye opener to everyone at the table. … One of the industry representatives said that, 'after getting this information, I really understand that we have a bigger role to play for the planet, not just managing our fisheries but taking big-picture responsibility for these challenges'."
The original research required "reconceiving responsibility for environmental problems in terms of corporate responsibility", says Jennifer Jacquet, a social scientist at New York University. "This is a very new way of talking about the problem" of overfishing and other fisheries impacts.
Jacquet compares the trajectory to societal views of climate change: researchers catalogued emissions from nation states starting in the 1990s, then individuals' emissions became a topic of research in the 2000s, and finally corporations came into focus in the past decade or so. For fisheries, consumers were the focus for a long time, with labelling such as certification by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) or guidelines like the Seafood Watch from the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California. Consumers – individuals and large corporate retailers – have been held more responsible for fisheries impacts than producers.
Consumers – individuals and large corporate retailers – have been held more responsible for fisheries impacts than producers.
The original accounting by Österblom and his colleagues "was an impressive amount of work, but what impressed me more was the intellectual shift of seeing producers in the limelight", Jacquet says. These big companies "are operating all over the world. They have a global reach, potentially bigger than some nation state impacts".
The eight companies signed a statement committing to the Soneva Dialogue goals, but now they must meet again to discuss next steps, which will not be simple, considering their global reach. Perhaps they will agree to methods to monitor catches, or strategies to work with the thousands of subsidiaries they contract with to get fish around the world. Jacquet wonders how these decisions will mesh with local governments' and other stakeholders' interests.
Getting these big players together is "a good initiative", says Martin Purves of the International Pole and Line Foundation, an international non-profit organisation based in the UK that works to develop and support small- and medium-scale tuna fisheries, connecting them to global supply chains and promoting their environmental and social benefits. Purves points out that though the top catchers may be keystone actors, they do not act alone: "Large companies certainly have a very important role to play in the way food is traded. [But with] only the big guys around the table, the voices of smaller scale fishers might get lost."
Purves, who once worked for MSC, agrees that high volume fisheries make for relatively low-hanging fruit when it comes to issues of sustainability and traceability. Large-scale industrial fishing vessels are more easily traced: they catch large volumes of fish, often at well-serviced and well-monitored sites. In comparison, small-scale fisheries are often more dispersed and land smaller catches at scattered, less-monitored sites. Technologies such as identification tags can track fish from ship to table, and already do for larger operations, but may be too expensive for many smaller ones. These challenges do not mean, however, that these smaller-scale fisheries should be neglected.
Tuna for sale at Auki market, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands. Photo by Filip Milovac.
Because they are large targets, corporations can be easier to hold accountable for their actions. That means they are also more likely to benefit from market-based incentives linked to accountability. Purves says smaller scale operations might miss out: they are dispersed and therefore take more time and effort to track, even though these small- and medium-scale fisheries often employ environmentally less destructive fishing techniques.
They also employ many more people per tonne of catch relative to industrial operators, Purves notes, and hold a very important cultural and economic value for coastal communities. But they also might have unequal access to international markets, jeopardising their success.
On the flip side, in some cases, that lack of access might make smaller operations less susceptible to international market pressures. Purves says keystone companies could help ensure small- to medium-scale operations are not neglected, and get some assistance to reach larger markets while maintaining sustainable fishing methods.
The numbers that Österblom and his colleagues collected are not precise, in part because of lack of transparency, and the lack of oversight over contractors or captains, notes Jacquet. Finding the levers to pull to change this and other conditions – from slavery at sea to tracking catches better – could be difficult, and she admits to being cynical and hopeful at the same time.
"You look across the nongovernmental organisations, and certain ones are more positioned to talk with corporations, and others better positioned to threaten them with reputation campaigns", Jacquet says. These processes take time and patience. And when it comes to the fisheries world, the political ecology is a bit disjointed, she says, where aquaculture companies may or may not interact with seagoing companies and may have different impacts on the environment.
Despite his own reservations, the potential for improvement is across the whole spectrum, Purves says. "The [Soneva Dialogue] statement is laudable. The proof will be in seeing how these commitments actually pan out, and whether there's any way of measuring that commitment down the line."
Copyright: Elsa Wikander/Azote.
Österblom is committed to continuing that work, after years spent building a network, trust between scientists and industry, and most recently, the dialogue itself. "We're on the same team too: we want functioning ecosystems indefinitely into the future so that we can thrive, and you know, the same thing is required for corporations to have a good business", he says. Though these keystone actors aren't the only ones at sea, they can lead by example.
"A clear lesson from this work is that it's a really small world. Connect to a few people, and you'll have access to the rest of the network", Österblom says. From a development perspective, he advises that such work at any scale takes time and a lot of determination. And that requires the freedom to work on a problem for a long time and to act when opportunities arise.
Related articles and more
#applied resilience thinking #aquaculture #marine management #markets #stewardship
Editor: Marika Haeggman
Top editor: Owen Gaffney
Reviewer: Tristan Tyrrell
This text is in the Creative Commons. Images are copyright as indicated in the captions.
Joint Statement from the First Keystone Dialogue (Soneva Dialogue)
Show references (1)
1. Österblom, H., Jouffray, J.-B., Folke, C., Crona, B., Troell, M., Merrie, A., et al., 2015. "Transnational Corporations as 'Keystone Actors' in Marine Ecosystems." PLOS ONE 10(5):e0127533. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127533
30 MAR 2017 18 MIN READ 12 PEOPLE LIKED THIS
Feature/Running out of reef resilience?
The world's coral reefs are increasingly threatened by climate change and other human pressures. But it's not too late to save them – and the livelihoods of the many communities that depend on them.
WRITTEN BY Fredrik Moberg
Opinion/Four shifts to a more desirable (and delicious) food future
The ways in which we eat and produce our food are unsustainable from both environmental and public health perspectives. We need to see a drastic and inspirational shift in the world's food system.
WRITTEN BY Line Gordon
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