Scratches can make your car look ugly and cause rust damage. From light scratches that are barely noticeable to deep scratches down to the bare metal, you can repair them yourself. There are ways to repair scratches and prevent rust from forming, even if you don't have much experience in body work or repair.
Look at the scratch closely and run your hand over it. If the scratch can't be felt, it hasn't cut into the clear coat of paint. Get a mildly abrasive liquid rubbing compound and a clean microfiber towel. Apply the compound to the towel and rub the scratch back and forth across the scratch. Rub gently down the length of the scratch a few times, but concentrate more on moving across the scratch. This allows the compound to fill in the scratch and slowly break down the sharp edges that make up the scratch. Once you have done this for a few minutes, the scratch should be barely visible. Continue rubbing the compound across the scratch until it disappears completely. Once you are done, rub car polish over the area to bring out a shine, further reducing the appearance of the scratch. Do this by applying the polish with a cotton cloth and rubbing back and forth and in circular motions over the compounded area.
Medium scratches can be felt by running your hand over them, but the scratch is not deep enough to reach the bare metal of the car's surface. This type of scratch goes into the clear coat paint, but not the base color paint. This requires no touch-up paint for repairing the scratch. Begin by using an abrasive liquid rubbing compound and a dual-action orbital polisher. Apply the liquid compound to the pad on the polisher and place it against the scratch. Move the polisher back and forth and in small circular motions over the scratch. Check often to see that the scratch is becoming lighter. Once the scratch has been removed, or mostly removed, apply car polish using the same steps a small scratch would use.
Deep scratches cut through the paint to reveal bare metal. This type of scratch requires sanding, painting and polishing to repair it completely and correctly. Begin by lightly sanding the scratch across and length ways with 300-grit sandpaper. Once the scratch feels smooth, apply touch-up paint to cover the bare metal. Use a Q-tip or tooth pick to apply the paint. Using an applicator brush can cause the brush strokes to show. Build the paint up in the scratch so that it stands higher than the surrounding surface of the car. Allow the paint to dry for at least an hour before touching it. Sand the paint lightly with 800-grit sandpaper until it is smooth with the surrounding surface. Complete the repair by following the steps for a small scratch, using liquid compound and then car polish to bring the shine back to the sanded areas of the car.


This was held at The Swan, Kibworth, with the Club as a whole winning the Mixed Teams Division 3 Title for 2018. A number of runners also received certificates for achieving various grades of Club Standards. This recognises runners based on a variety of distances, and their times, also taking into account their age category.
Individual awards were presented to the following: Best Male Athlete - Jim Hawley; Best Female Athlete - Hannah Carter; Most Improved Male - Andy Findlay; Most Improved Female - Natalie Gray; Best Male Performance - Sam Pole; Best Female Performance - Jude Hughes & Lorna Muskett; Club Member - Andy Kemp and the Jo Thacker Memorial Trophy - Matt Rix.
From an original group of 16, around half are still regularly attending as the time and distances increases. This is a great retention rate, and hopefully some of those who haven't been able to continue will return to the Club at some point or continue their progress elsewhere.
Dan Pedley and Graham Pickering represented the Club at Prestwold Hall, near Loughborough. Graham recorded a new PB of 1:49:07 for position 512, and Dan posted a time of 2:24:12 for position 1137 on his debut over the 13.1 miles distance.
Natalie Gray and Ellen Burbidge crossed the line almost together in 1:08:24 and 1:08:25 for positions 372 and 373 respectively, followed by Tracey Dowdell in 376, Holly Bremner at 382 with the team completed by Liz Olner, for position 413.
Taking place at Asfordby, Alan Gibson was first home in a chip time of 60:35 (334) for a new PB, with Kirit Patel three places back with a PB of 60:52 and Jo Raine with a time of 75:30 for position 463.
This unique distance of 16.45 miles is in the rolling Leicestershire & Northants countryside. It provided a tough challenge for our two runners; Noel Houlihan took 20th position in a fantastic time of 1:55:58, as well as 2nd place in his age category and Vicky Beaumont completed the distance in 2:36:24 for position 229 overall.
A team of six runners turned out for the last of the Winter Cross Country League races. Overnight rain led to some testing conditions, including the now famous 'Bosworth Bog'! Jim Hawley, led the way for the Club, with the team made up by Mike Turner, Bernie Owen, Matt Rix, Andy Kemp and Tor Hawley.
Hannah Carter continued her impressive form with a new PB clocking a time of 1:42:03, knocking 45 seconds off her previous best and clinching a very notable 36 of 343 position amongst the ladies.


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Essay - 2020
How Much Does a Doctorate Degree Cost? - Study.com.
How much does it really cost to study a PhD in the UK? Making it through to the academic level of studying a PhD in the UK is in the thoughts of many fresh-faced new undergraduate students. But when the time finally comes and you are considering a PhD, knowing about the costs involved will help with your decision-making.
The cost of a doctorate degree depends on the type of degree that is being pursued and may require a significant investment or be fully funded.
The majority of institutions require PhD candidates to possess a Masters degree, plus a Bachelors degree graded at 2:1 or above. However, some universities demand only the latter, while self-funded PhD students or those with significant professional experience may be accepted with lower grades.
The Cost of a PhD Degree The Philippines with its population of more than 101 million in 2015 is the second and the twelfth most populous country in the ASEAN and the world, respectively (Philippine Statistics Authority 2016, World Bank 2016). Fifty percent of Filipinos are 23.2 years of age or younger - an estimated median age that is six years lower than that of Indonesia and Vietnam (World.
A PhD is usually cheaper than a taught degree, but the large variety of different subject areas, universities and higher education systems mean that the average fees and living costs vary. This page gives you an outline of the typical cost of a PhD in the UK and other destinations, along with some additional expenses you may have to budget for.
PhD study; PhD fees; PhD fees. Find out how much your research degree will cost. Tuition fees View tuition fees alphabetically by department on our Student Services Information Desk (SSID) web pages: Tuition fees for postgraduate research degrees. Exceptions. Tuition fees for the degrees of Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Dental Science are available once you have applied and subject to you.
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin philosophiae doctor or doctor philosophiae) is the highest university degree that is conferred after a course of study by universities in most countries. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. As an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are usually required to produce original research that.
This is in contrast to an academic degree. To earn an academic doctorate title, in most countries you will need to complete several years of postgraduate education, followed by a doctoral dissertation, after which you will be awarded a Ph.D. In the United States and the UK, for example, only universities can grant academic doctoral degrees.
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How Much Does a PhD Cost? - Beyond PhD Coaching.
There is always a price to pay. Everything you do, every degree you earn, every moment of happiness you enjoy, comes at a price; and I'm not talking about the tuition you pay to your institute, or your stipend which is borne by the respective fund.
PhDs and masters programs may seem to have similar or the same costs at first but a PhD usually lasts three years, so you are paying three times the cost of a master's degree. For the same reason, part-time courses can sometimes work out more expensive. To give you some idea of tuition fees, here is a table examining how postgraduate fees at Durham University vary according to status and.
The basic online PhD degree cost will have you spending a considerable amount for but it will boost your chances of landing an outstanding, thriving career. But one can't help but ask if the prevailing online PhD program cost is worth its promise. In 2016, universities in the United States awarded nearly 60,000 doctorate degrees. This number has been on a steady rise in recent years and.
Students in PhD programs and some master's programs receive grants and fellowships that cover this cost. PhD and Master's Students. Students are required to register continuously from the time they enter a degree program until they receive their degree. Nonresident students with Leave of Absence or Traveling Scholar status are charged, at minimum, the active file fee (see the chart below.
View all 114 Online PhD opportunities at universities in United Kingdom. You can also read more about United Kingdom. Traditionally, PhD candidates prefer to conduct research on campus. In recent years, many universities have started offering fully online part-time PhD options. Meetings with project supervisors are made easier with the help of.
Because so many Ph.D. programs also include research, there are opportunities for fellowship grants that can reduce or completely cover the cost of tuition. More information about the cost of doctoral degree programs follows. About Doctoral Program Education. Enrolling in and graduating from a doctoral program is the first step toward securing a position as a full professor at a college or.
International researchers considering a doctoral degree in the UK are advised to consult the EURAXESS UK website which has practical information on coming to and living in the UK as a researcher. Most UK universities have an international office which can be an invaluable source of local advice and help.
Degree requirements: You're normally expected to have at least a Merit (an average of 60% of overall) in a relevant Masters degree and an upper second-class (2.1) undergraduate honours degree. Subject-specific requirements: You may also be considered for this course if you don't have the academic qualifications required, but can show evidence of long-term work experience in a related area.
The Cost of a PhD Degree. The Philippines with its population of more than 101 million in 2015 is the second and the twelfth most populous country in the ASEAN and the world, respectively (Philippine Statistics Authority 2016; World Bank 2016). Fifty percent of Filipinos are 23.2 years of age or younger - an estimated median age that is six years lower than that of Indonesia and Vietnam (World.
In terms of cost, PhD programs can be cheaper because scholarships are often available. Most major universities will offer graduate assistantships for outstanding applicants. These scholarships cover the total cost of tuition and provide a monthly living stipend. In exchange, the student will work part-time as a teaching or research assistant for the university. MBA programs do offer some.
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Реферат: Aluminium
2. Characteristics
3. Isotopes
4. Natural occurrence
5. Production and refinement
6. Recycling
7. Chemistry
7.1 Oxidation state +1
7.4 Analysis
8. Applications
8.1 General use
8.2 Aluminium compounds
8.3 Aluminium alloys in structural applications
8.4 Household wiring
10. Etymology
10.1 Nomenclature history
10.2 Present-day spelling
11. Health concerns
12. Effect on plants
13. Conclusion
Aluminium is a silvery white and ductile member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al; its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and the third most abundant element therein, after oxygen and silicon. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface. Aluminium is too reactive chemically to occur in nature as a free metal. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals.[4] The chief source of aluminium is bauxite ore.
Aluminium is remarkable for its ability to resist corrosion due to the phenomenon of passivation and for the metal's low density. Structural components made from aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and very important in other areas of transportation and building. Its reactive nature makes it useful as a catalyst or additive in chemical mixtures, including being used in ammonium nitrate explosives to enhance blast power.
Name, symbol, number aluminium, Al, 13
Element category other metal
Group, period, block 13, 3, p
Standard atomic weight 26.9815386(13) g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p1
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 3 (Image)
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 2.70 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 2.375 g·cm−3
Melting point 933.47 K, 660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F
Boiling point 2792 K, 2519 °C, 4566 °F
Heat of fusion 10.71 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 294.0 kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 24.200 J·mol−1·K−1
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T/K 1482 1632 1817 2054 2364 2790
Oxidation states 3, 2[1], 1[2]
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.61 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 577.5 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1816.7 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 2744.8 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 143 pm
Covalent radius 121±4 pm
Van der Waals radius 184 pm
Crystal structure face-centered cubic
Magnetic ordering paramagnetic[3]
Electrical resistivity (20 °C) 28.2 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 237 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 23.1 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod) (r.t.) (rolled) 5,000 m·s−1
Young's modulus 70 GPa
Shear modulus 26 GPa
Bulk modulus 76 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.35
Mohs hardness 2.75
Vickers hardness 167 MPa
Brinell hardness 245 MPa
Aluminium is a soft, durable, lightweight, malleable metal with appearance ranging from silvery to dull grey, depending on the surface roughness. Aluminium is nonmagnetic and nonsparking. It is also insoluble in alcohol, though it can be soluble in water in certain forms. The yield strength of pure aluminium is 7–11 MPa, while aluminium alloys have yield strengths ranging from 200 MPa to 600 MPa.[5] Aluminium has about one-third the density and stiffness of steel. It is ductile, and easily machined, cast, drawn and extruded.
Corrosion resistance can be excellent due to a thin surface layer of aluminium oxide that forms when the metal is exposed to air, effectively preventing further oxidation. The strongest aluminium alloys are less corrosion resistant due to galvanic reactions with alloyed copper.[5] This corrosion resistance is also often greatly reduced when many aqueous salts are present however, particularly in the presence of dissimilar metals.
Aluminium atoms are arranged in a face-centred cubic (fcc) structure. Aluminium has a stacking-fault energy of approximately 200 mJ/m².[6]
Aluminium is one of the few metals that retain full silvery reflectance in finely powdered form, making it an important component of silver paints. Aluminium mirror finish has the highest reflectance of any metal in the 200–400 nm (UV) and the 3000–10000 nm (far IR) regions, while in the 400–700 nm visible range it is slightly outdone by tin and silver and in the 700–3000 (near IR) by silver, gold, and copper.[7]
Aluminium is a good thermal and electrical conductor, by weight better than copper. Aluminium is capable of being a superconductor, with a superconducting critical temperature of 1.2 kelvin and a critical magnetic field of about 100 gauss.[8]
Aluminium has nine isotopes, whose mass numbers range from 23 to 30. Only 27Al (stable isotope) and 26Al (radioactive isotope, t1/2 = 7.2 × 105 y) occur naturally; however, 27Al has a natural abundance of 99.9+ %. 26Al is produced from argon in the atmosphere by spallation caused by cosmic-ray protons. Aluminium isotopes have found practical application in dating marine sediments, manganese nodules, glacial ice, quartz in rock exposures, and meteorites. The ratio of 26Al to 10Be has been used to study the role of transport, deposition, sediment storage, burial times, and erosion on 105 to 106 year time scales.[9] Cosmogenic 26Al was first applied in studies of the Moon and meteorites. Meteoroid fragments, after departure from their parent bodies, are exposed to intense cosmic-ray bombardment during their travel through space, causing substantial 26Al production. After falling to Earth, atmospheric shielding protects the meteorite fragments from further 26Al production, and its decay can then be used to determine the meteorite's terrestrial age. Meteorite research has also shown that 26Al was relatively abundant at the time of formation of our planetary system. Most meteorite scientists believe that the energy released by the decay of 26Al was responsible for the melting and differentiation of some asteroids after their formation 4.55 billion years ago.[10]
In the Earth's crust, aluminium is the most abundant (8.3% by weight) metallic element and the third most abundant of all elements (after oxygen and silicon).[11] Because of its strong affinity to oxygen, however, it is almost never found in the elemental state; instead it is found in oxides or silicates. Feldspars, the most common group of minerals in the Earth's crust, are aluminosilicates. Native aluminium metal can be found as a minor phase in low oxygen fugacity environments, such as the interiors of certain volcanoes.[12] It also occurs in the minerals beryl, cryolite, garnet, spinel and turquoise.[11] Impurities in Al2O3, such as chromium or cobalt yield the gemstones ruby and sapphire, respectively. Pure Al2O3, known as Corundum, is one of the hardest materials known.[11]
Although aluminium is an extremely common and widespread element, the common aluminium minerals are not economic sources of the metal. Almost all metallic aluminium is produced from the ore bauxite (AlOx(OH)3-2x). Bauxite occurs as a weathering product of low iron and silica bedrock in tropical climatic conditions.[13] Large deposits of bauxite occur in Australia, Brazil, Guinea and Jamaica but the primary mining areas for the ore are in Ghana, Indonesia, Jamaica, Russia and Surinam.[14] Smelting of the ore mainly occurs in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Norway, Russia and the United States. Because smelting is an energy-intensive process, regions with excess natural gas supplies (such as the United Arab Emirates) are becoming aluminium refiners.
Although aluminium is the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust, it is rare in its free form, occurring in oxygen-deficient environments such as volcanic mud, and it was once considered a precious metal more valuable than gold. Napoleon III, emperor of France, is reputed to have given a banquet where the most honoured guests were given aluminium utensils, while the other guests had to make do with gold.[15][16] The Washington Monument was completed, with the 100 ounce (2.8 kg) aluminium capstone being put in place on December 6, 1884, in an elaborate dedication ceremony. It was the largest single piece of aluminium cast at the time. At that time, aluminium was as expensive as silver.[17] Aluminium has been produced in commercial quantities for just over 100 years.
Aluminium is a strongly reactive metal that forms a high-energy chemical bond with oxygen. Compared to most other metals, it is difficult to extract from ore, such as bauxite, due to the energy required to reduce aluminium oxide (Al2O3). For example, direct reduction with carbon, as is used to produce iron, is not chemically possible, since aluminium is a stronger reducing agent than carbon. However there is an indirect carbothermic reduction possible by using carbon and Al2O3 which forms an intermediate Al4C3 and this can further yield aluminum metal at a temperature of 1900-2000°C. This process is still under development. This process costs less energy and yields less CO2 than the Hall-Héroult process.[18] Aluminium oxide has a melting point of about 2,000 °C. Therefore, it must be extracted by electrolysis. In this process, the aluminium oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite and then reduced to the pure metal. The operational temperature of the reduction cells is around 950 to 980 °C. Cryolite is found as a mineral in Greenland, but in industrial use it has been replaced by a synthetic substance. Cryolite is a chemical compound of aluminium, sodium, and calcium fluorides: (Na3AlF6). The aluminium oxide (a white powder) is obtained by refining bauxite in the Bayer process of Karl Bayer. (Previously, the Deville process was the predominant refining technology.)
The electrolytic process replaced the Wöhler process, which involved the reduction of anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium. Both of the electrodes used in the electrolysis of aluminium oxide are carbon. Once the refined alumina is dissolved in the electrolyte, its ions are free to move around. The reaction at the cathode is:
Al3+ + 3 e− → Al
Here the aluminium ion is being reduced. The aluminium metal then sinks to the bottom and is tapped off, usually cast into large blocks called aluminium billets for further processing.
At the anode, oxygen is formed:
2 O2− → O2 + 4 e−
This carbon anode is then oxidized by the oxygen, releasing carbon dioxide:
O2 + C → CO2
The anodes in a reduction cell must therefore be replaced regularly, since they are consumed in the process.
Unlike the anodes, the cathodes are not oxidized because there is no oxygen present, as the carbon cathodes are protected by the liquid aluminium inside the cells. Nevertheless, cathodes do erode, mainly due to electrochemical processes and metal movement. After five to ten years, depending on the current used in the electrolysis, a cell has to be rebuilt because of cathode wear.
World production trend of aluminiumAluminium electrolysis with the Hall-Héroult process consumes a lot of energy, but alternative processes were always found to be less viable economically and/or ecologically. The worldwide average specific energy consumption is approximately 15±0.5 kilowatt-hours per kilogram of aluminium produced (52 to 56 MJ/kg). The most modern smelters achieve approximately 12.8 kW·h/kg (46.1 MJ/kg). (Compare this to the heat of reaction, 31 MJ/kg, and the Gibbs free energy of reaction, 29 MJ/kg.) Reduction line currents for older technologies are typically 100 to 200 kA; state-of-the-art smelters[19] operate at about 350 kA. Trials have been reported with 500 kA cells.
Electric power represents about 20% to 40% of the cost of producing aluminium, depending on the location of the smelter. Smelters tend to be situated where electric power is both plentiful and inexpensive, such as South Africa, Ghana, the South Island of New Zealand, Australia, the People's Republic of China, the Middle East, Russia, Quebec and British Columbia in Canada, and Iceland.[20]
Aluminium output in 2005In 2005, the People's Republic of China was the top producer of aluminium with almost a one-fifth world share, followed by Russia, Canada, and the USA, reports the British Geological Survey.
Over the last 50 years, Australia has become a major producer of bauxite ore and a major producer and exporter of alumina.[21] Australia produced 62 million tonnes of bauxite in 2005. The Australian deposits have some refining problems, some being high in silica but have the advantage of being shallow and relatively easy to mine.[22]
Aluminium is 100% recyclable without any loss of its natural qualities. Recovery of the metal via recycling has become an important facet of the aluminium industry.
Recycling involves melting the scrap, a process that requires only five percent of the energy used to produce aluminium from ore. However, a significant part (up to 15% of the input material) is lost as dross (ash-like oxide).[23]
Recycling was a low-profile activity until the late 1960s, when the growing use of aluminium beverage cans brought it to the public awareness.
In Europe aluminium experiences high rates of recycling, ranging from 42% of beverage cans, 85% of construction materials and 95% of transport vehicles.[24]
Recycled aluminium is known as secondary aluminium, but maintains the same physical properties as primary aluminium. Secondary aluminium is produced in a wide range of formats and is employed in 80% of the alloy injections. Another important use is for extrusion.
White dross from primary aluminium production and from secondary recycling operations still contains useful quantities of aluminium which can be extracted industrially.[25] The process produces aluminium billets, together with a highly complex waste material. This waste is difficult to manage. It reacts with water, releasing a mixture of gases (including, among others, hydrogen, acetylene, and ammonia) which spontaneously ignites on contact with air;[26] contact with damp air results in the release of copious quantities of ammonia gas. Despite these difficulties, however, the waste has found use as a filler in asphalt and concrete.[27]
AlH is produced when aluminium is heated in an atmosphere of hydrogen. Al2O is made by heating the normal oxide, Al2O3, with silicon at 1800 °C in a vacuum.[28]
Al2S can be made by heating Al2S3 with aluminium shavings at 1300 °C in a vacuum.[28] It quickly disproportionates to the starting materials. The selenide is made in a parallel manner.
AlF, AlCl and AlBr exist in the gaseous phase when the tri-halide is heated with aluminium. Aluminium halides usually exist in the form AlX3, where X is F, Cl, Br, or I.[28]
Aluminium monoxide, AlO, has been detected in the gas phase after explosion[29] and in stellar absorption spectra.[30]
Fajans' rules show that the simple trivalent cation Al3+ is not expected to be found in anhydrous salts or binary compounds such as Al2O3. The hydroxide is a weak base and aluminium salts of weak acids, such as carbonate, cannot be prepared. The salts of strong acids, such as nitrate, are stable and soluble in water, forming hydrates with at least six molecules of water of crystallization.
Aluminium hydride, (AlH3)n, can be produced from trimethylaluminium and an excess of hydrogen. It burns explosively in air. It can also be prepared by the action of aluminium chloride on lithium hydride in ether solution, but cannot be isolated free from the solvent. Alumino-hydrides of the most electropositive elements are known, the most useful being lithium aluminium hydride, Li[AlH4]. It decomposes into lithium hydride, aluminium and hydrogen when heated, and is hydrolysed by water. It has many uses in organic chemistry, particularly as a reducing agent. The aluminohalides have a similar structure.
Aluminium hydroxide may be prepared as a gelatinous precipitate by adding ammonia to an aqueous solution of an aluminium salt. It is amphoteric, being both a very weak acid, and forming aluminates with alkalis. It exists in various crystalline forms.
Aluminium carbide, Al4C3 is made by heating a mixture of the elements above 1000 °C. The pale yellow crystals have a complex lattice structure, and react with water or dilute acids to give methane. The acetylide, Al2(C2)3, is made by passing acetylene over heated aluminium.
Aluminium nitride, AlN, can be made from the elements at 800 °C. It is hydrolysed by water to form ammonia and aluminium hydroxide. Aluminium phosphide, AlP, is made similarly, and hydrolyses to give phosphine.
Aluminium oxide, Al2O3, occurs naturally as corundum, and can be made by burning aluminium in oxygen or by heating the hydroxide, nitrate or sulfate. As a gemstone, its hardness is only exceeded by diamond, boron nitride, and carborundum. It is almost insoluble in water. Aluminium sulfide, Al2S3, may be prepared by passing hydrogen sulfide over aluminium powder. It is polymorphic.
Aluminium iodide, AlI3, is a dimer with applications in organic synthesis. Aluminium fluoride, AlF3, is made by treating the hydroxide with HF, or can be made from the elements. It consists of a giant molecule which sublimes without melting at 1291 °C. It is very inert. The other trihalides are dimeric, having a bridge-like structure.
When aluminium and fluoride are together in aqueous solution, they readily form complex ions such as [AlF(H2O)5]2+, AlF3(H2O)3, and [AlF6]3−. Of these, [AlF6]3− is the most stable. This is explained by the fact that aluminium and fluoride, which are both very compact ions, fit together just right to form the octahedral aluminium hexafluoride complex. When aluminium and fluoride are together in water in a 1:6 molar ratio, [AlF6]3− is the most common form, even in rather low concentrations.
Organometallic compounds of empirical formula AlR3 exist and, if not also polymers, are at least dimers or trimers. They have some uses in organic synthesis, for instance trimethylaluminium.
The presence of aluminium can be detected in qualitative analysis using aluminon.
Aluminium is the most widely used non-ferrous metal.[31] Global production of aluminium in 2005 was 31.9 million tonnes. It exceeded that of any other metal except iron (837.5 million tonnes).[32] Relatively pure aluminium is encountered only when corrosion resistance and/or workability is more important than strength or hardness. A thin layer of aluminium can be deposited onto a flat surface by physical vapour deposition or (very infrequently) chemical vapour deposition or other chemical means to form optical coatings and mirrors. When so deposited, a fresh, pure aluminium film serves as a good reflector (approximately 92%) of visible light and an excellent reflector (as much as 98%) of medium and far infrared radiation.
Pure aluminium has a low tensile strength, but when combined with thermo-mechanical processing, aluminium alloys display a marked improvement in mechanical properties, especially when tempered. Aluminium alloys form vital components of aircraft and rockets as a result of their high strength-to-weight ratio. Aluminium readily forms alloys with many elements such as copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese and silicon (e.g., duralumin). Today, almost all bulk metal materials that are referred to loosely as «aluminium,» are actually alloys. For example, the common aluminium foils are alloys of 92% to 99% aluminium.[33]
Some of the many uses for aluminium metal are in:
Transportation (automobiles, aircraft, trucks, railway cars, marine vessels, bicycles etc.) as sheet, tube, castings etc.
Packaging (cans, foil, etc.)
Construction (windows, doors, siding, building wire, etc.)
A wide range of household items, from cooking utensils to baseball bats, watches.[34]
Street lighting poles, sailing ship masts, walking poles etc.
Outer shells of consumer electronics, also cases for equipment e.g. photographic equipment.
Electrical transmission lines for power distribution
MKM steel and Alnico magnets
Super purity aluminium (SPA, 99.980% to 99.999% Al), used in electronics and CDs.
Heat sinks for electronic appliances such as transistors and CPUs.
Substrate material of metal-core copper clad laminates used in high brightness LED lighting.
Powdered aluminium is used in paint, and in pyrotechnics such as solid rocket fuels and thermite.
Aluminium ammonium sulfate ([Al(NH4)](SO4)2), ammonium alum is used as a mordant, in water purification and sewage treatment, in paper production, as a food additive, and in leather tanning.
Aluminium acetate is a salt used in solution as an astringent.
Aluminium borate (Al2O3 B2O3) is used in the production of glass and ceramic.
Aluminium borohydride (Al(BH4)3) is used as an additive to jet fuel.
Aluminium bronze (CuAl5)
Aluminium chloride (AlCl3) is used: in paint manufacturing, in antiperspirants, in petroleum refining and in the production of synthetic rubber.
Aluminium chlorohydrate is used as an antiperspirant and in the treatment of hyperhidrosis.
Aluminium fluorosilicate (Al2(SiF6)3) is used in the production of synthetic gemstones, glass and ceramic.
Aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) is used: as an antacid, as a mordant, in water purification, in the manufacture of glass and ceramic and in the waterproofing of fabrics.
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3), alumina, is found naturally as corundum (rubies and sapphires), emery, and is used in glass making. Synthetic ruby and sapphire are used in lasers for the production of coherent light. Used as a refractory, essential for the production of high pressure sodium lamps.
Aluminium phosphate (AlPO4) is used in the manufacture: of glass and ceramic, pulp and paper products, cosmetics, paints and varnishes and in making dental cement.
Aluminium sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) is used: in the manufacture of paper, as a mordant, in a fire extinguisher, in water purification and sewage treatment, as a food additive, in fireproofing, and in leather tanning.
Aqueous Aluminium ions (such as found in aqueous Aluminium Sulfate) are used to treat against fish parasites such as Gyrodactylus salaris.
In many vaccines, certain aluminium salts serve as an immune adjuvant (immune response booster) to allow the protein in the vaccine to achieve sufficient potency as an immune stimulant.
Aluminium alloys with a wide range of properties are used in engineering structures. Alloy systems are classified by a number system (ANSI) or by names indicating their main alloying constituents (DIN and ISO).
The strength and durability of aluminium alloys vary widely, not only as a result of the components of the specific alloy, but also as a result of heat treatments and manufacturing processes. A lack of knowledge of these aspects has from time to time led to improperly designed structures and gained aluminium a bad reputation. (See main article)
One important structural limitation of aluminium alloys is their fatigue strength. Unlike steels, aluminium alloys have no well-defined fatigue limit, meaning that fatigue failure will eventually occur under even very small cyclic loadings. This implies that engineers must assess these loads and design for a fixed life rather than an infinite life.
Another important property of aluminium alloys is their sensitivity to heat. Workshop procedures involving heating are complicated by the fact that aluminium, unlike steel, will melt without first glowing red. Forming operations where a blow torch is used therefore requires some expertise, since no visual signs reveal how close the material is to melting. Aluminium alloys, like all structural alloys, also are subject to internal stresses following heating operations such as welding and casting. The problem with aluminium alloys in this regard is their low melting point, which make them more susceptible to distortions from thermally induced stress relief. Controlled stress relief can be done during manufacturing by heat-treating the parts in an oven, followed by gradual cooling—in effect annealing the stresses.
The low melting point of aluminium alloys has not precluded their use in rocketry; even for use in constructing combustion chambers where gases can reach 3500 K. The Agena upper stage engine used a regeneratively cooled aluminium design for some parts of the nozzle, including the thermally critical throat region.
Compared to copper, aluminium has about 65% of the electrical conductivity by volume, although 200% by weight. Traditionally copper is used as household wiring material. In the 1960s aluminium was considerably cheaper than copper, and so was introduced for household electrical wiring in the United States, even though many fixtures had not been designed to accept aluminium wire. In some cases the greater coefficient of thermal expansion of aluminium causes the wire to expand and contract relative to the dissimilar metal screw connection, eventually loosening the connection. Also, pure aluminium has a tendency to creep under steady sustained pressure (to a greater degree as the temperature rises), again loosening the connection. Finally, Galvanic corrosion from the dissimilar metals increased the electrical resistance of the connection.
All of this resulted in overheated and loose connections, and this in turn resulted in fires. Builders then became wary of using the wire, and many jurisdictions outlawed its use in very small sizes in new construction. Eventually, newer fixtures were introduced with connections designed to avoid loosening and overheating. The first generation fixtures were marked «Al/Cu» and were ultimately found suitable only for copper-clad aluminium wire, but the second generation fixtures, which bear a «CO/ALR» coding, are rated for unclad aluminium wire. To adapt older assemblies, workers forestall the heating problem using a properly-done crimp of the aluminium wire to a short «pigtail» of copper wire. Today, new alloys, designs, and methods are used for aluminium wiring in combination with aluminium termination.
Ancient Greeks and Romans used aluminium salts as dyeing mordants and as astringents for dressing wounds; alum is still used as a styptic. In 1761 Guyton de Morveau suggested calling the base alum alumine. In 1808, Humphry Davy identified the existence of a metal base of alum, which he at first termed alumium and later aluminum (see Etymology section, below).
The metal was first produced in 1825 (in an impure form) by Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Ørsted. He reacted anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium amalgam and yielded a lump of metal looking similar to tin.[35] Friedrich Wöhler was aware of these experiments and cited them, but after redoing the experiments of Ørsted he concluded that this metal was pure potassium. He conducted a similar experiment in 1827 by mixing anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium and yielded aluminium.[35] Wöhler is generally credited with isolating aluminium (Latin alumen, alum), but also Ørsted can be listed as its discoverer.[36] Further, Pierre Berthier discovered aluminium in bauxite ore and successfully extracted it.[37] Frenchman Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville improved Wöhler's method in 1846, and described his improvements in a book in 1859, chief among these being the substitution of sodium for the considerably more expensive potassium.
(Note: The title of Deville's book is De l'aluminium, ses propriétés, sa fabrication (Paris, 1859). Deville likely also conceived the idea of the electrolysis of aluminium oxide dissolved in cryolite; however, Charles Martin Hall and Paul Héroult might have developed the more practical process after Deville.)
Before the Hall-Héroult process was developed, aluminium was exceedingly difficult to extract from its various ores. This made pure aluminium more valuable than gold[citation needed]. Bars of aluminium were exhibited alongside the French crown jewels at the Exposition Universelle of 1855[citation needed], and Napoleon III was said[citation needed] to have reserved a set of aluminium dinner plates for his most honoured guests.
Aluminium was selected as the material to be used for the apex of the Washington Monument in 1884, a time when one ounce (30 grams) cost the daily wage of a common worker on the project;[38] aluminium was about the same value as silver.
The Cowles companies supplied aluminium alloy in quantity in the United States and England using smelters like the furnace of Carl Wilhelm Siemens by 1886.[39] Charles Martin Hall of Ohio in the U.S. and Paul Héroult of France independently developed the Hall-Héroult electrolytic process that made extracting aluminium from minerals cheaper and is now the principal method used worldwide. The Hall-Heroult process cannot produce Super Purity Aluminium directly. Hall's process,[40] in 1888 with the financial backing of Alfred E. Hunt, started the Pittsburgh Reduction Company today known as Alcoa. Héroult's process was in production by 1889 in Switzerland at Aluminium Industrie, now Alcan, and at British Aluminium, now Luxfer Group and Alcoa, by 1896 in Scotland.[41]
By 1895 the metal was being used as a building material as far away as Sydney, Australia in the dome of the Chief Secretary's Building.
Many navies use an aluminium superstructure for their vessels, however, the 1975 fire aboard USS Belknap that gutted her aluminium superstructure, as well as observation of battle damage to British ships during the Falklands War, led to many navies switching to all steel superstructures. The Arleigh Burke class was the first such U.S. ship, being constructed entirely of steel.
In 2008 the price of aluminium peaked at $1.45/lb in July but dropped to $0.7/lb by December.[42]
The earliest citation given in the Oxford English Dictionary for any word used as a name for this element is alumium, which British chemist and inventor Humphry Davy employed in 1808 for the metal he was trying to isolate electrolytically from the mineral alumina. The citation is from his journal Philosophical Transactions: «Had I been so fortunate as..to have procured the metallic substances I was in search of, I should have proposed for them the names of silicium, alumium, zirconium, and glucium.»[43]
By 1812, Davy had settled on aluminum. He wrote in the journal Chemical Philosophy: «As yet Aluminum has not been obtained in a perfectly free state.»[44] But the same year, an anonymous contributor to the Quarterly Review, a British political-literary journal, objected to aluminum and proposed the name aluminium, «for so we shall take the liberty of writing the word, in preference to aluminum, which has a less classical sound.»[45]
The -ium suffix had the advantage of conforming to the precedent set in other newly discovered elements of the time: potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and strontium (all of which Davy had isolated himself). Nevertheless, -um spellings for elements were not unknown at the time, as for example platinum, known to Europeans since the sixteenth century, molybdenum, discovered in 1778, and tantalum, discovered in 1802.
The -um suffix on the other hand, has the advantage of being more consistent with the universal spelling alumina for the oxide, as lanthana is the oxide of lanthanum, and magnesia, ceria, and thoria are the oxides of magnesium, cerium, and thorium respectively.
The spelling used throughout the 19th century by most U.S. chemists ended in -ium, but common usage is less clear.[46] The -um spelling is used in the Webster's Dictionary of 1828, as it was in 1892 when Charles Martin Hall published an advertising handbill for his new electrolytic method of producing the metal, despite his constant use of the -ium spelling in all the patents[40] he filed between 1886 and 1903.[47] It has consequently been suggested that the spelling reflects an easier to pronounce word with one fewer syllable, or that the spelling on the flier was a mistake. Hall's domination of production of the metal ensured that the spelling aluminum became the standard in North America; the Webster Unabridged Dictionary of 1913, though, continued to use the -ium version.
In 1926, the American Chemical Society officially decided to use aluminum in its publications; American dictionaries typically label the spelling aluminium as a British variant.
Most countries spell aluminium with an i before -um. In the United States, the spelling aluminium is largely unknown, and the spelling aluminum predominates.[48][49] The Canadian Oxford Dictionary prefers aluminum, whereas the Australian Macquarie Dictionary prefers aluminium.
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) adopted aluminium as the standard international name for the element in 1990, but three years later recognized aluminum as an acceptable variant. Hence their periodic table includes both.[50] IUPAC officially prefers the use of aluminium in its internal publications, although several IUPAC publications use the spelling aluminum.[51]
Despite its natural abundance, aluminium has no known function in living cells and presents some toxic effects in elevated concentrations. Its toxicity can be traced to deposition in bone and the central nervous system, which is particularly increased in patients with reduced renal function. Because aluminium competes with calcium for absorption, increased amounts of dietary aluminium may contribute to the reduced skeletal mineralization (osteopenia) observed in preterm infants and infants with growth retardation. In very high doses, aluminium can cause neurotoxicity, and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier.[52] A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium, such as deodorants or antacids. In those without allergies, aluminium is not as toxic as heavy metals, but there is evidence of some toxicity if it is consumed in excessive amounts.[53] Although the use of aluminium cookware has not been shown to lead to aluminium toxicity in general, excessive consumption of antacids containing aluminium compounds and excessive use of aluminium-containing antiperspirants provide more significant exposure levels. Studies have shown that consumption of acidic foods or liquids with aluminium significantly increases aluminium absorption,[54] and maltol has been shown to increase the accumulation of aluminium in nervous and osseus tissue.[55] Furthermore, aluminium increases estrogen-related gene expression in human breast cancer cells cultured in the laboratory.[56] These salts' estrogen-like effects have led to their classification as a metalloestrogen.
Because of its potentially toxic effects, aluminium's use in some antiperspirants, dyes (such as aluminum lake), and food additives is controversial. Although there is little evidence that normal exposure to aluminium presents a risk to healthy adults,[57] several studies point to risks associated with increased exposure to the metal[citation needed]. Aluminium in food may be absorbed more than aluminium from water.[58] Some researchers have expressed concerns that the aluminium in antiperspirants may increase the risk of breast cancer,[59] and aluminium has controversially been implicated as a factor in Alzheimer's disease.[60]
According to The Alzheimer's Society, the overwhelming medical and scientific opinion is that studies have not convincingly demonstrated a causal relationship between aluminium and Alzheimer's disease.[61] Nevertheless, some studies[which?] cite aluminium exposure as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, as some brain plaques have been found to contain increased levels of the metal[citation needed]. Research in this area has been inconclusive; aluminium accumulation may be a consequence of the disease rather than a causal agent. In any event, if there is any toxicity of aluminium, it must be via a very specific mechanism, since total human exposure to the element in the form of naturally occurring clay in soil and dust is enormously large over a lifetime.[62][63] Scientific consensus does not yet exist about whether aluminium exposure could directly increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease.[61]
Aluminium is primary among the factors that reduce plant growth on acid soils. Although it is generally harmless to plant growth in pH-neutral soils, the concentration in acid soils of toxic Al3+ cations increases and disturbs root growth and function.[64][65][66]
Most acid soils are saturated with aluminium rather than hydrogen ions. The acidity of the soil is therefore a result of hydrolysis of aluminium compounds.[67] This concept of «corrected lime potential»[68] to define the degree of base saturation in soils became the basis for procedures now used in soil testing laboratories to determine the «lime requirement» of soils.[69]
Wheat's adaptation to allow aluminium tolerance is such that the aluminium induces a release of organic compounds that bind to the harmful aluminium cations. Sorghum is believed to have the same tolerance mechanism. The first gene for aluminium tolerance has been identified in wheat. It was shown that sorghum's aluminium tolerance is controlled by a single gene, as for wheat.[70] This is not the case in all plants.
As an individual representative of the periodic table of chemical elements Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, the element has unique chemical and physical properties
Element is of great economic importance and plays a major role in world culture
^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81th edition, CRC press.
^ Bassam Z. Shakhashiri. «Chemical of the Week: Aluminum». Science is Fun. scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/Aluminum/ALUMINUM.html. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
^ a b Polmear, I. J. (1995). Light Alloys: Metallurgy of the Light Metals. Arnold. ISBN 9780340632079.
^ Dieter G. E. (1988). Mechanical Metallurgy. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070168938.
^ H. A. Macleod (2001). Thin-film optical filters. CRC Press. pp. 158-159. ISBN 0750306882.
^ John F. Cochran and D. E. Mapother (July 1958). «Superconducting Transition in Aluminum». Physical Review 111 (1): 132–142. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.111.132.
^ Applying lime to soils reduces the Aluminum toxicity to plants. «One Hundred Harvests Research Branch Agriculture Canada 1886-1986». Historical series / Agriculture Canada — Série historique / Agriculture Canada. Government of Canada. epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/agrican/pubweb/hs270060.asp. Retrieved 2008-12-22. Note this link loads slowly
^ J. V. Magalhaes et al. (2004). «Comparative Mapping of a Major Aluminum Tolerance Gene in Sorghum and Other Species in the Poaceae». Genetics 167: 1905. doi:10.1534/genetics.103.023580.
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HAYWARD, CA, Jan. 15, 2019– AMETEK Surface Vision, a world leader in automated online surface inspection solutions, appointed Francois Levac as the Director of Sales to help strengthen and grow the company's global sales presence.
Formerly Manager of Sales for the Paper Industry in the Americas and Canada, Mr. Levac will support Surface Vision's existing customer base and grow new relationships by enhancing representation across North America and Latin America. Highly-experienced in understanding the quality challenges facing the metal, paper, plasticand non-woven production industries, Mr. Levac and his team will improve access to Surface Vision's world-leading SmartView® and SmartAdvisor® solutions for surface inspection, monitoring and process surveillance applications.
For more information about Surface Vision solutions, visit www.ameteksurfacevision.com.
AMETEK Surface Vision is a world leader in automated online surface inspection solutions, with a broad product portfolio optimized for web and surface inspection and monitoring and process surveillance applications.
Its product portfolio includes three distinct product lines: SmartView® systems, SmartAdvisor® systems and Slit Inspection. Each product line uniquely enables customers to inspect the surfaces of materials processed in a continuous fashion across the metals, paper, plastics, nonwovens and glass industries. Visit ameteksurfacevision.com to learn more.
AMETEK Surface Vision is a unit of AMETEK Process and Analytical Instruments, a division of AMETEK, Inc., a global manufacturer of electronic instruments and electromechanical devices.


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Los Angeles-area city OKs stadium, puts ball in NFL's hands
Published: 12:15 EDT, 22 April 2015 | Updated: 12:16 EDT, 22 April 2015
CARSON, Calif. (AP) — The ball now belongs to the Raiders, the Chargers, the Rams — and the NFL.
A second City Council has approved a second proposed pro football stadium in the Los Angeles area, putting local issues to rest in the NFL's return to the region and leaving the next move to the teams that would seek to relocate and the league that must give its approval.
The latest step was Tuesday's 3-0 vote from the Carson City Council, which cleared the path for a $1.7 billion stadium that could become the shared home to the San Diego Chargers and the Oakland Raiders.
In this photo taken Tuesday, April 21, 2015, football fans, who want to see an NFL team return to the Los Angeles area after two decades, chant " bring them back!" before a Carson City Council vote on whether to approve the plan to build an NFL football stadium for the Chargers and Raiders in Carson, Calif. A second City Council has approved a second proposed pro football stadium in the Los Angeles area, putting local issues to rest in the NFL's return to the region and leaving the next move to the teams that would seek to relocate and the league that must give its approval. (AP Photo/Robert Jablon)
It was intended to lure the NFL back to the Los Angeles area after two decades without a team in the nation's second-largest media market. In nearby Inglewood, St. Louis Rams owner Stan Kroenke is part of a group planning to build an 80,000-seat stadium.
Under NFL rules, the next opportunity for a team to file to relocate to either stadium would be in January 2016. The move would have to clear a tangle of league hurdles, including getting support from at least 24 of the 32 teams.
Carson Mayor Albert Robles likened the absence of the NFL in greater Los Angeles to the state's deep drought.
"There are two things that are needed here in Southern California," Robles said after the vote. "One of them is rain ... the other is football. And today, hopefully, we took care of that, because football is coming to Carson."
The vote came with a loud cheer from a crowd dotted with Raiders jerseys and Chargers banners, and it faced virtually no opposition from the room.
Mike Haynes, who played for the then-LA Raiders in their 1984 Super Bowl title year and grew up in the area, spoke in favor of the stadium.
"It might not be too long 'til sometime another local kid will have an opportunity to play in a Super Bowl right down the street from here," Haynes said.
Council members could have opted to put the issue before Carson voters but chose to approve it outright as state law allows. The nearby Inglewood project already has been approved by that city's council.
The sudden rush to Los Angeles is tempered by a 20-year history of disappointment for fans. A string of stadium proposals have come and gone since the Rams and the Raiders fled Southern California after the 1994 season.
Last month, the Anschutz Entertainment Group spiked plans for a field in downtown Los Angeles, although Mayor Eric Garcetti has suggested that it could be revived.
The Inglewood blueprint envisions a $1.86 billion stadium rising on the site of a former horse track as part of a nearly 300-acre development of homes, parks and office space. The 168-acre Carson site, edged by a freeway, is a former landfill.
The Chargers' talks with San Diego City Hall to replace the nearly 50-year-old Qualcomm Stadium have grown increasingly strained. The Raiders' even-older Oakland Coliseum has had sewage and electrical problems and is now the only stadium in the U.S. used for both an NFL team and Major League Baseball team, the Oakland Athletics.
Dalton reported from Los Angeles.
FILE - This undated artist rendering provided by MANICA Architecture shows an artist's rendering of a newly proposed NFL stadium in the city of Carson, Calif. The Los Angeles suburb of Carson could approve a $1.7 billion NFL stadium Tuesday, April 21, 2015, in the wake of a similar vote in nearby Inglewood, even though many details haven¿t been worked out and funding is uncertain. (MANICA Architecture via AP, File) NO SALES
FILE - In this Feb. 19, 2015, file photo, a football fan checks a rendering for a proposed NFL football stadium by the owners of the San Diego Chargers and Oakland Raiders during a news conference in Carson, Calif. The Los Angeles suburb of Carson could approve a $1.7 billion NFL stadium Tuesday, April 21, 2015, in the wake of a similar vote in nearby Inglewood _ even though many details haven¿t been worked out and funding is uncertain. (AP Photo/Damian Dovarganes, File)


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Q: Make IntelliJ IDEA run JUnit tests with -parameters javac option Is there a way to ensure the -parameters option is passed whenever running JUnit tests from IntelliJ IDEA?
If it's impossible to set globally, it would even help to set it for specific Run/Debug configurations.

A: The -parameters option is a Java compiler option, so it affects how the code is compiled, not how it is run. You can add it in Settings | Build, Execution, Deployment | Compiler | Java Compiler | Additional command line parameters.

A: Yes, you can do it that's way :

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Above is an aerial shot of the cleanup support facility.
MASSENA -- Construction work is expected to resume later this month on a facility to support the $243 million dredging project to clean up cancer-causing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) from the Grasse River upstream from its entry the St. Lawrence River.
When constructed, the facility will be used as a staging area to support future dredging and capping operations.
EPA will hold a public information session on May 16 from 7 to 8 p.m. at the Massena Community Center, 61 Beach St., to provide an update, and answer questions about construction of the cleanup support facility. The next meeting will be held in Akwesasne in June. Meetings will be held monthly in Massena or Akwesasne while the construction work is underway.
Before dredging work can start, the facility must be constructed and engineering plans and other design work completed. Arconic (formerly part of Alcoa) is performing the cleanup work under an Environmental Protection Agency order.
EPA, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, and the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe are working together on the oversight and coordination of the various components of the cleanup project.
In 2013, EPA selected a plan to clean up river sediment contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by dredging and capping of contaminated sediment in a 7.2-mile stretch of the Grasse River.
The 2018 construction activities are expected to include completion of a sheet pile wall along the staging area riverfront and construction of a dock facility; removal of a small amount of sediment along the shoreline next to the staging area; removal of soil in two areas along the north shore of the river near the Alcoa Bridge; re-opening of the secure landfill for the disposal of shoreline sediment and soil; and performance of an in-river capping test in small areas near the staging area.
Plans to protect the health and safety of the workers and area communities will be in place while the construction work is underway. The air and river water will be monitored during the work. A traffic management plan has been developed to minimize the increased truck traffic at and near the staging area. With the exception of the collection of river water samples, and the in-river capping test, all of the work being conducted in 2018 will be performed by land and is not expected to impact recreational boating on the Grasse River, according to an EPA news release.
Under the EPA's 2013 cleanup plan, approximately 109,000 cubic yards of sediment will be dredged from near-shore areas of the river. In the river's main channel, approximately 59 acres of sediment will be covered with an armored cap and another approximately 225 acres of contaminated sediment will be capped with a mix of clean sand and topsoil to isolate the contamination from the surrounding environment.
In spring 2017, Arconic began construction of a staging area that will be used to unload the sediment dredged from areas near the shore of the river. The staging area is located next to the river, near the intersection of County Route 42 and Route 131 in Massena. Arconic also expanded the permitted, licensed on-site Arconic Massena West landfill so that it can store dredged sediment and other materials generated during the construction work and when the river cleanup work is performed.


Spoiling yourself after a very long and stressful day with hot tub bath is a moment worth a thousand lifetimes. But wouldn't it be more astounding if you have some superb views to get pleasure from while you are soothing in a hot bath tub? Read more on this homepage to know of such places.
In my unique thoughts and opinions, there is no more impressive and incredible place than the Greek Isles in particular Santorini. That is why their hot tubs never fail tourists and residents alike. The Katikies hotel especially features a Jacuzzi encounter in outdoor that is looking over the Caldera coves and Aegean ocean.
If Japan is one of your bucket list locations, then this is a fantastic chance to get a glance of a mind-blowing bathtub instant. Their bath tub is quite unique because it is located in the heart of a hot spring! This spring in Gifu Prefecture, Japan has earned the nickname of white bone hot spring. It is advised to dress in suitable garments when you want to take a jump in the hot spring. Also do not fail to remember to bring a soft towel to place on top of your scalp.
Bolivia is home to the world's biggest salt flats. One of these is called Salar de Uyuni where a large scenery is located that is consisting of primarily dried up ancient lakes. This salt flat is the residence of a natural saltwater hot tub! The water senses like that of a sea but is more relaxing to the nerve fibres and fairly cozy to the feeling.
The United States of America is also a great location for hot springs. Homestead crater which is found at the state of Utah is situated below the ground in a cave where you can soak in the depths below with matching scuba diving experience.
If you get a good possibility to go to Turkey, be certain that you take a stop at the inviting town of Pamukkale. Cut into limestone is a myriad of wonderful hot springs. Due to the fact that the limestone appears to be fluffy, the name Pamukkale is granted to it which indicates cotton castle. Be aware and cautious in soaking in these rich waters for the reason that it can be unbearably hot.
If you had not caught wind of the area Blue Lagoon in Iceland, then you have been truly living below a rock. This lagoon is one of the most well-known springs in the entire world due to the fact that it is heated up by volcanoes despite the fact that it is enclosed by really solid ice. The Blue Lagoon also hooks you up with a great party night because they have bars that you can swim up to and have a decent drink.


Meanwhile, 'Collateral Beauty' dies the horrible death it deserves.
Elsewhere, 'Collateral Beauty' bombs and 'La La Land' dances into the Top 10 with a limited release.
Also, new looks at upcoming blockbusters like 'Moana', 'Valerian', and 'Assassin's Creed'.


Butler Manufacturing Company is the industry leader in manufacturing pre-engineered steel buildings. Butler provides innovative and cost effective solutions to all building needs through their research and development department. Butler provides the highest quality roof and wall systems, structural design and paint finishes. Being the largest manufacturer in the industry allows Butler to be very competitive on pricing, engineering capabilities and design solutions.
Ask about the Classic II building solution from Butler to service the small building market and provide top quality with a low price!


Asthma is a chronic condition that can make it difficult to breathe. Adrian Varela, MD, your ENT in Milwaukie, OR, at Northwest ENT & Allergy Care PC, is here to share information about asthma that will help you decide if you need treatment.
Asthma occurs when the airways in your lungs narrow, swell and produce too much mucus. When these symptoms occur, it's much harder to move air in and out of your lungs efficiently.
Allergies or illnesses can trigger asthma symptoms or make them worse. If you have exercise-induced asthma, you may notice symptoms after you exercise or participate in strenuous activities.
When should I seek treatment for asthma symptoms?
Coughing alone isn't necessarily a symptom of asthma, as it can accompany colds or the flu. If you have a cough that doesn't go away or have any of the other symptoms listed above, you might have asthma. Your ear, nose and throat (ENT) doctor in Milwaukie can provide a diagnosis and offer treatments that will help you breathe better if you do have asthma. It's important to see your doctor as soon as possible if you have any trouble breathing, as asthma can be a life-threatening condition if isn't controlled properly.
An ENT can offer several treatment options depending on the severity of your symptoms. He may recommend daily use of an inhaler that contains corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are drugs that control your symptoms and help decrease flare-ups. You may also be encouraged to use a rescue inhaler in addition to your daily inhaler to quickly relieve symptoms when you have an asthma flare-up. Other treatment options include inhalers that combine corticosteroids with a long-acting beta-agonist, a medication that helps open your airways, or oral medications.
Worried that you may have asthma? Call Dr. Varela, your ENT in Milwaukie, OR, at Northwest ENT & Allergy Care PC, at (503) 513-8693 and schedule an appointment today!


There are currently 1 Rue21 coupons, promo codes and promotions for April 2019. Copy coupon codes and apply them at checkout on rue21 or follow a promotion link to find discounted items or get free shipping.
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Florida Bill Would Protect Parents Rights, Require Parental Consent on Abortion
Father Frank Pavone Feb 5, 2020 | 8:00PM Tallahassee, FL
Florida is on the verge of passing a law that would require one parent to consent to a minor daughter's abortion. This is an important step toward restoring the rights of parents in the Sunshine state.
If we look at this bill honestly, in addition to addressing abortion, the most important issue, it's also about parents being allowed to be involved in their child's life when it is most important.
A Priests for Life staffer told me of a time when she was a 20-year-old student spending the summer in her college town, about four hours away from home. After about 10 hours of suffering abdominal pain, she took herself to a hospital emergency room at about midnight. The doctor said her appendix was about to burst. Before they could remove it, her parents were called and gave consent to the operation.
This happened in New York State, where a 12-year-old girl can take herself to an abortion facility and have a procedure that will impact her for the rest of her life, and her parents don't even have to know about it, much less consent. It's yet another example of the separate set of rules that govern abortion.
Florida is not as extreme as New York, in that it currently requires that one parent be notified. If a young woman feels she cannot do that, she can apply for a judicial bypass. The bypass would still be available in the new consent law.
When the Florida law is passed, as expected, and signed by Gov. Ron DeSantis, as promised, Florida will join about two dozen other states that require the consent of one parent. Three states – Kansas, Mississippi and North Dakota – require the consent of both parents. Various other states require just parental notification.
Only the most radically pro-abortion states – New York, California, New Jersey, Vermont, Oregon, and Washington – allow young girls to have this potentially fatal procedure on their own. Several years ago, a mother in Seattle was incensed to know school personnel got her daughter a taxi and sent her to get an abortion without ever contacting her, and that it was perfectly legal to do so!
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You don't have to be a parent to see how wrong that is.
Discussing the bill in the Florida Senate last week, Sen. Rob Bradley, a Republican from Fleming Island, said the bill is about "the right of parents to raise their children. We should be encouraging parental involvement with their children in manners of morality and religion, and this bill promotes that."
Parental involvement is encouraged in every aspect of a child's life. Parents are urged to read to their children from a young age – even in the womb – and to be active in their schools and sports teams. Why shouldn't they be involved in a decision with life-changing consequences?
Requiring parental consent is far from ensuring that a girl will not go through with an abortion. Many testimonies from the women of the Silent No More Awareness Campaign indicate that it's often the parents who insist on abortion.
But there are also those who wish they had told their parents in the hope that maybe they would have made a better choice.
Kim from Massachusetts writes:
"I had an abortion as a teen. I was pressured into it. I needed to be stronger, but I wasn't. I needed to run, but I didn't. I needed to confide in my parents. They would have helped me, but I was too scared."
It's understandable that young girls might be scared to tell their parents that they are not only sexually active but pregnant. A decision this big, however, is not something any minor should make alone.
Florida will be helping young women and their parents when parental consent becomes law.


text:
Welcome to Phakding
26 October 2017 – Afternoon
I was on my way to Everest Base Camp (EBC) but I was walking downhill. What the? Yep, the entire first day of walking is a gradual descent from 2,860m to 2,625m which makes for a very easy day of walking but a terrible day for the mind. When you walk down while climbing a mountain, it always means there is a big uphill climb ahead.
But down we went, over the uneven stone path and pass many, many teahouses, all of similar style but painted in an assortment of bright colours. Many sold drinks and snacks as well as other items like sim cards, tissues, beanies and buffs. Behind the teahouses were terraces set into the hillside where vegetables were grown. It was all very quaint and charming, and local children with dirty faces sat by the pathway and watched without interest in the trekkers marching past their homes.
There was little talk between Michael and myself on this first day of hiking, we were going to have plenty of time to get to know each other. Our tour director had already explained that as there were only two of us in the group, and accommodation bookings were usually twin share, would we mind sharing a room. Being adults and, recognising that very little time would actually be spent in our room, we agreed that sharing was OK. It was peak season and accommodation could be difficult to find if it wasn't already booked. Therefore, I wasn't worried that we weren't spending our hike exchanging banalities.
It was also on this first day that we learnt about mountain etiquette. Donkeys and yaks have right of way over people on the path and when we were approached by a train of said animals, we were to step to the side or off the path entirely, if possible, to let them pass. The trick was to make sure you stepped to the wall side of the mountain as donkeys and yaks had been known to push pedestrians off the path and down the sometimes steep mountainside.
Seeing these laden pack animals was novel at first; their loads were bulky and included all manner of items from gas cylinders to cartons of beer to bags of rice and flour. The lead animal at a minimum wore a bell to warn trekkers they were coming and these jingled pleasantly as they picked their way along the uneven rock. Really, the stability these animals display on such terrain is impressive.
But, donkeys and yaks also smell. Their dung is everywhere along the path and an absent-minded trekker easily ends up with poo on their boots. The handlers of these freight trains are Nepali, usually carrying a switch or stick to hurry a slow animal forward or redirect their course. They are covered in the dust kicked up by their charges, a buff over their nose and mouth protects them from the worst of it.
And while donkeys and yaks generally move faster than a person over the rocky terrain, the sheer number of animals in a train, compiled with the number of trains themselves, mean the going can be extraordinarily slow at times. If the path is narrow, which it almost always is, it is safer for a person to remain where they are on the side of path than to try and walk around them. This sometimes meant stopping for up to 10 and 15 minutes at a time as train after train either approached from behind or loped towards you heading in the other direction. The hold ups were even worse at long suspension bridges where you didn't want to be end up with a train of yaks heading your way.
After three hours of walking, we arrived in Phakding. We stopped at a teahouse only one hundred metres or so into the village proper and Chuda told us that we would be spending the night. It was a chance for us to acclimatise to the altitude, albeit only 2,625m, it was still higher than Kathmandu and much higher than where I lived in Australia at sea level. I had already felt the effects of altitude while in Kathmandu, finding myself short of breath after climbing only a few flights of stairs in my hotel.
It was a beautiful day and we chose to sit outside in the sun to enjoy our first teahouse lunch. We perused the laminated menu which bore a surprisingly large selection of Nepali and western style food. We would soon discover that every teahouse had an almost identical menu which made the selection, after 12 days, seem limited. We had been warned by our tour director not to eat meat while on the trek so we were both determined to eat vegetarian for the next two weeks. The reasons for this are two-fold: there is limited refrigeration and almost all meat has to be carried up the mountain on the back of an animal. I saw plenty of carcasses to realise I did not want meat. The second reason is that it's more difficult for the body to process and metabolise meat at altitude. However, I met many people on the trail who did eat meat with no ill effects. Go with your gut on this one.
After some vegetarian momo, Michael and I set off to explore Phakding which was a small village compared to Lukla or where we were heading the next day, Namche Bazaar. We wandered through the village along our path for tomorrow until we reached the first suspension bridge of our trek, the type you see in all the movies about Everest. Faded and fraying prayer flags hung from its flimsy mesh wire sides and beneath it the Dudh Kosi River roared. It would be the first of a dozen or more crossings of this river. Sometimes we would cross it several times a day, walking along on side for a few hours before the path would switch to the other.
We mucked around with our respective cameras, using the bridge as a focal point as I taught Michael how to avoid taking bad tourist pics. I can't tell you how many times I look at people's travel snaps and shake my head. For some reason, many people seem to believe that the closer you stand to the object or building of interest, the better the photo. What it usually means is that you end up with a great photo of the Colosseum, for example, and an ant standing in front of it. Oh wait, it's not an ant, it's you. You're just so tiny in the pic that no one can make you out.
What you should do, as the person in the photo, is stand closer to the person taking the photo. It may only be waist up or shoulders up, but at least people can recognise it's you and still see the Colosseum in the background. It's not rocket science, but I have literally shown dozens and dozens of people this while travelling.
I took a photo of Michael after letting him position himself in front of the bridge, and then I asked him to walk closer to me and took another. He was amazed at the difference in the photos and I ticked off my good deed for the day. Over the coming days I taught him more basic photography tricks such as the rule of thirds. Again, not rocket science, but he's at least got photos his friends and family will be interested in looking at now. And yep, my photos aren't amazing, but I'm usually just lazy. My ex and I used to fight constantly while travelling about the time he spent trying to get the perfect shot. I was happy enough to take a quick snap and move on.
But I digress. After our exploration we found a pub (yep they have pubs on the way to EBC, all the way up) and played a game of pool. Yep, not just pubs, but pool tables. Everywhere. I pity the poor Sherpas that have to lug those things up the mountain. They're not plastic tables either. They're all wood with a slate base.
Once the sun went down, it got cold very quickly. It was only the first night and I was rugged up in my trackies and jumper … how was I going to fare higher up the mountain? The teahouses have no insulation, have walls made of ply and only the central dining room is heated. The rooms were cold and spartan. Two single wooden bed frames with a thin mattress on each, a flimsy curtain across the window. The light spluttered but seemed to work even if it only threw a dull yellow light. The door had a latch and padlock. We had been given a single key when we checked in but as there were two of us, and we were independent travellers, I exchange the padlock for a combination lock I had brought with me so neither of us had to worry about hanging on to a key. It was a trick I used throughout the trek.
With nothing to do after dinner, and an early start in the morning, we were in bed by 8pm. The next day, we were warned was a big day, some eight hours of walking and it would be tough. Very tough.
Everest Base Camp, Hiking, Nepal, Travel
Buddhism, Everest Base Camp (EBC), Hiking, Nepal, Phakding, solo travel, Travel, trekking
Flying into the most dangerous airport in the world
Those three little words
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S01E07 - The Transfer Student is a Grade-Schooler? Air Date: 20 June 2020 03:00 -
S01E08 - Post-Apocalypse and Neapolitan Spaghetti Air Date: 27 June 2020 03:00 -
S01E09 - Wonderful Jurassic Air Date: 03 July 2020 22:30 -
S01E10 - A Horrifying Horror Duel Air Date: 07 August 2020 22:30 -
S01E11 - No More Holding Back! Air Date: 14 August 2020 22:30 -
S01E12 - The Forbidden Ace Air Date: 21 August 2020 22:30 -
S01E13 - Another King Air Date: 28 August 2020 22:30 -
S01E14 - Romin's Kitchen Air Date: 04 September 2020 22:30 -
S01E15 - Setting Sail! Goha Fishing Elementary Air Date: 11 September 2020 22:30 -
S01E16 - The Man Who Washes Duels Air Date: 18 September 2020 22:30 -
S01E17 - The Cat in the Garden of Providence Air Date: 25 September 2020 22:30 -
S01E18 - Sorry, Gett-A Chance Air Date: 02 October 2020 22:30 -
S01E19 - The One Who is a Throne Air Date: 09 October 2020 22:30 -
S01E20 - Being an Adult is Tough Air Date: 16 October 2020 22:30 -
S01E21 - Close Encounters of the Noodle Kind Air Date: 23 October 2020 22:30 -
S01E22 - The Sealed Devil Air Date: 30 October 2020 22:30 -
S01E23 - What Lies Beyond Providence Air Date: 06 November 2020 22:30 -
S01E24 - Resolve Air Date: 13 November 2020 22:30 -
S01E25 - Dreams, Courage, and Friendship Air Date: 20 November 2020 22:30 -
S01E26 - Maximum Duel! Air Date: 27 November 2020 22:30 -
S01E27 - The Luke Club Is Born! Air Date: 04 December 2020 22:30 -
S01E28 - Training Camp! Sushi Duel Air Date: 11 December 2020 22:30 -
S01E29 - Galient Digging Air Date: 18 December 2020 22:30 -
S01E30 - The Tiger Way of Battle Air Date: 25 December 2020 22:30 -
S01E31 - Rebelli-Ant Is Mine Air Date: 08 January 2021 22:30 -
S01E32 - The Lady who Loved Heavy Cavalry Air Date: 15 January 2021 22:30 -
S01E33 - Goha 6th Elementary School Air Date: 22 January 2021 22:30 -
S01E34 - The Acupressure Undercountry Strikes Back Air Date: 29 January 2021 22:30 -
S01E35 - Sound! Gohanium Air Date: 05 February 2021 22:30 -
S01E36 - Enlightenment ♡ Ranze Eyes Air Date: 12 February 2021 22:30 -
S01E37 - Crookluke Air Date: 19 February 2021 22:30 -
S01E38 - Unearth Maximum! Air Date: 26 February 2021 22:30 -
S01E39 - Bring it Back! Mutsuba's Pride! Air Date: 05 March 2021 22:30 -
S01E40 - Give Me Jam ♪ Air Date: 12 March 2021 22:30 -
S01E41 - Sogetsu Style Yameruler Air Date: 19 March 2021 22:30 -
S01E42 - Space Operations Duel Corps Air Date: 03 April 2021 22:30 -
S01E43 - Opening! Team Battle Royal Air Date: 09 April 2021 22:30 -
S01E44 - Discord Air Date: 16 April 2021 22:30 -
S01E45 - Upstart Hunter Air Date: 23 April 2021 22:30 -
S01E46 - Back to the Past Air Date: 30 April 2021 22:30 -
S01E47 - Shine's Counterattack Air Date: 07 May 2021 22:30 -
S01E48 - Clash of Secret Techniques! Air Date: 14 May 2021 22:30 -
S01E49 - RoaRomin Air Date: 21 May 2021 22:30 -
S01E50 - Gakuting Air Date: 28 May 2021 22:30 -
S01E51 - Road vs Daor Air Date: 04 June 2021 22:30 -
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When it comes to dancing tango socially, a good embrace and connection may not be apparent to an outside observer. But those elements are necessary in order to make tango enjoyable for our partners.
In a social setting, making the dance feel good is the priority.
But what about making our tango look good as well?
Although not totally separate from maintaining a good connection, emphasizing tango's visual aesthetic is a separate skill set. It requires a deeper understanding of technique, body awareness, and concentration. It's also a bigger mental challenge, as we'll need to make sure the extra focus on ourselves doesn't compromise the connection with our partner.
Again, making tango feel good for our partners is more important. But the added effort to look good has benefits, too. It shouldn't be viewed only as an opportunity to impress onlookers or to gain attention. It's much more useful when approached as a new mental challenge.
And any new challenge carries potential for growth.


text:
It all started with… ? Looking for the origin.
Spanish, Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese - Which came first? Alugha provides clarification.
Read this article in: Català, Deutsch, English, Español, Português
Estimated reading time:3minutes
alugha creator March 14, 2017
When it comes to Romanic languages, inexperienced people tend to lump everything together. "It's all the same" is a common answer. But: False conclusion! We clarify for you which came first and how the different languages have developed.
Once upon a time, in a very early period, there was the question of the languages' origin. Basically, you should remember that Spanish came first, then Portuguese followed by Brazilian Portuguese. But now, step by step.
All three languages belong to Romanic languages and are also classified into them. Spanish originally developed from a Latin dialect that was spoken in a border region of Cantabria (Spain), Burgos (Spain) and La Rioja (Spain). The now common term "Español" stems from a medieval Latin term. By the way: The science that deals with Spanish language and literature is called Hispanic Studies. For Germans, their basic Spanish vocabulary should include how to ask for a "cerveza" (beer) - just a funny aside. The first written document in Spanish dates back to the year 964.
As already mentioned, Portuguese also belongs to Romanic languages. Together with a linguistic development that occurred in the northwest of Spain, it traces back to a common original language: Galician. Portuguese became a world language when it spread to Brazil, Africa and the Asian coast in the 15th and 16th century after Portugal became a colonial empire. In addition, Portuguese sailors began their expeditions in the 15th century. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Portuguese began to separately develop from the remaining Romanic languages. This collapse also lead to the development of diverse dialects such as Catalan. With Portugal's independence, the language was finally established to a level that the first Portuguese universities were built. Furthermore, there is a hybrid language of Portuguese and Spanish, Portunhol, spoken in border regions. The first written Portuguese documents date back to the 13th century. Portuguese is also not only related to Spanish but also Italian, French and Romanian.
Last but not least, there is Brazilian Portuguese. We just want to mention that a language called "Brazilian" doesn't exist and that there is a distinction between European and Brazilian Portuguese (we only cover Brazilian Portuguese). :-) Brazilian Portuguese is a variety of Portuguese spoken in Brazil. Portuguese was quickly exported to Brazil in the 16th century and exposed to many influences, whereby a lot of scientists try to explain the formation of Brazilian Portuguese. These influences encompass Indigenous, American, African, European and Asian languages as well as the influence of immigrants, especially those from Italy, Germany, Czech Republic and Japan. Additionally, there are several hypotheses that aim to describe the development of Brazilian Portuguese.
We briefly want to introduce them to you:
Theories of origin that describe the development of Brazilian Portuguese:
Evolutionary hypothesis: Argues that the internal development of Brazilian Portuguese occurred with the help of a literary movement called "Romantismo", and it suggests an internal development inspired by indigenous Amerind languages
Creole hypothesis: Wants to prove the influence of substrate languages on Brazilian Portuguese
Internalistic hypothesis: Says that all differences between European and Brazilian Portuguese were latently present. However, European Portuguese didn't undergo the further development Brazilian Portuguese did, whereby the difference can be explained
"Innovative" hypothesis: Since the end of the 19th century, Brazilian Portuguese has experienced syntactic changes and so disconnected from European Portuguese
As is the case with hypotheses, none of them explains the development correctly and completely. :-)
In our next article you will find out more about the exact differences between Spanish and Portuguese!
#alugha
#doitmultilingual
#differences
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text:
Q: Adding google maps to my website I have a page and im trying to add google map to it but it doesn't appear in the page, it has no errors in the console log but it doesn't appear in my page, here is my code:
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A: Please note that the particular key for google map only works for the specific domain, so if you are running on localhost, it won't display a map normally.

A: Use iframe to show map in your website:
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Google Maps Embed API Link


Most of my friends are teachers. I'd say that's how it goes. When at university, most of your peers are fellow students. You then start working and most of your friends come from your field of choice. But there are always a few, a select few, who have nothing to do with your line of work. These are those who have been in your life for years and years, way before you became Miss or Sir, and they probably know you inside out.
Two of my closest friends aren't teachers but their views on teaching are incredibly telling. One thinks people who choose to teach are quite simply mad. For the vast majority of our chats, she can't keep up with the pace of my working world or make any sense of it for that matter. My second friend has always had the nerve to call teachers lazy. I'd call this tongue in cheek humour (his mother was a teacher) but there's always a subtext of truth. For the sake of this post we'll call him Marvin. Marvin just can't see any reason why teachers should have so many holidays. He's self-employed so according to him a holiday every 6-8 weeks can only mean one thing: laziness. And Marvin isn't by any way unique; I'd say it's quite a common view held by people that know very little about the education sector.
School holidays are incredibly important to teachers. They are a time when I can just be me. I can read a book for pure leisure, catch up on a missed TV series, meet up with friends and not be bound by a 6am start the following day. These are things that teachers don't (often / ever?) get to do during the term time. And it's not as though teachers don't work during the holidays. What individuals outside of the teaching world don't see is that our work begins when the students go home. We are pretty used to working outside of work hours, weekends and holidays included.
Being in the classroom and teaching the lesson is actually the easiest part of the job. Days with no free periods are often the most enjoyable days as you get to see the efforts you've made outside of the classroom come to fruition. You're not thinking about the books that need a good mark, results due to be submitted and analysed, reports needing to be written, communications with parents to be had (at their convenience, not yours) and schemes of work to be planned. And this is just the day-to-day stuff. What about if you want to go up the food chain so to speak? Say you want to progress to middle or senior leadership? I can't imagine the amount of work that goes into that; again, all outside of regular work hours.
And for the most important people involved, the students, holidays are essential. Active thinking and participation in the classroom (not to forgetting homework) must be exhausting. In the last week of term, I'd planned a fun-ish lesson for my Y10s. When waiting to be dismissed, they were standing behind their chairs. The usual chitter chatter had dissipated and they just wanted to go to period 2. So, I asked them what had gone wrong? I told them that I didn't feel the lesson had been a success, that their demeanour testified to this. The atmosphere at the end of the lesson is always telling of how successful a lesson has been. There should be a palpable buzz in the room, you might even get an occasional 'thanks for the lesson Miss' or even a question which demonstrates that the student is still thinking. Result! But they were adamant. It wasn't the lesson and they weren't being kind; they were just done. And they looked it. They were in need of a break. Time to recuperate and just be teenagers.
As for me, by end of term, I felt broken. I was suffering from the resurgence of a cold which I thought I'd gotten over the worst of. My muscles ached, my patience was thin and I was running on autopilot. Not in the right frame of mind to teach, clearly. But now, having had two weeks off, I feel refreshed. The spring term is arguably the most intense, especially in the run up to Y11 exams, but I feel recharged and ready to do a good job.
Back to Marvin. He came into work to do some extra-curricular sessions. I was there in the corner, marking away, just to ensure that there were no calamities in the first session. And there were none. From where I was sitting all was good. He clearly had a way with teenagers and they were keen to participate in the session he'd planned. Once finished we walked down to reception. We bumped into a colleague who asked him how it had gone. His response; 'at times, I felt as though I'd stuck needles into my eyeballs.' He struggled with ensuring the students were getting their work done, having extension tasks for those that had finished, offering support to those still trying to get the main task done and knowing when to sanction students. Now Marvin is one for banter but this spoke volumes. And since, there have been no jokes. In fact, I might have even received the odd bit of recognition here and there. And no comments about the holidays. Not one. How delightful!