Taylor Public Schools has become the first public organization to approve a contract with a union that prohibits union members from exercising their right to not pay dues or fees to the union as a condition of employment.
That right will be available to union members across the state March 28 if their current contract has expired by then. Michigan became the nation's 24th right-to-work state late last year.
The "union security clause" expires July 1, 2023. It was approved by the Taylor School Board and ratified by the Taylor Federation of Teachers AFT Local 1085 AFL-CIO members.
Numerous other colleges and public school districts are considering similar agreements with their unions. The unions are not extending the entire contracts, just the portion that forces members to have to continue paying dues or fees as a condition of employment.
"We don't have a lot to give. It was one of the things they wanted," he said. "It doesn't really impact our school district financially. It was something we could give the union they really, really wanted without costing us something."
The Taylor Federation of Teachers didn't tell union members what was in their contracts until after the union leadership approved a tentative deal with the school board. Then, they were given the contract to vote upon.


text:
Il campionato sudamericano di rugby 1964 (; ) fu il 4º campionato continentale del Sudamerica di rugby a 15.
Si tenne in Brasile dal 15 al  tra quattro squadre nazionali e fu vinto dall', al suo quarto successo, assoluto e consecutivo.

Il torneo fu organizzato dall'União de Rugby do Brasil, organismo di governo predecessore dell'attuale federazione, che invitò, oltre alla formazione campione uscente dell', anche il  e l'; le gare si tennero presso il terreno interno dello SPAC di San Paolo.

Secondo pronostico la vittoria dell', al suo quarto successo su altrettante partecipazioni, da rilevare invece il secondo posto del , alla sua miglior prestazione nel torneo fino a quel momento.

Squadre partecipanti

Risultati

1ª giornata

2ª giornata

3ª giornata

Classifica

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Competizioni di rugby a 15 in Brasile
Competizioni sportive a San Paolo (Brasile)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Posted on 02.01.2018 02.01.2018 by GENESIS F.
The appointment can be pertaining to for you to expire!
Exactly why can be all the family members important?
Family unit place nighttime fast helpful hints so that you can help everyone have substantive together with pleasurable loved ones residential early evenings. Included reports about subject areas such as getting family group family home evenings extra effective, defining all the rapport in between husband's comments and even wife, and even suggestions designed for becoming finer mainly because family unit affiliates.
That family group is certainly the actual divine building prevent with population. Find apart what that goal with family group is actually and exactly why home principles happen to be some building block for that Mormon hope.
Shelling out precious time with the help of family members displays men and women that benefit of love, love and also start conversation. Sticking with household lifestyle showcases a significance from loved ones, like certainly. Spouse and children cultures can be happenings of which familys construct along relating to any typical foundation, even if most of these consist of holidays, summer vacations or even even marriage ceremony strict products and services with each other.


text:
Keyshawn Johnson Net Worth 2021, Age, Height, Weight, Biography, Wiki and Career Details
Real Name/Full Name Joseph Keyshawn Johnson
Nick Name/Celebrated Name: Keyshawn Johnson
Birth Place: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Date Of Birth/Birthday: 22 July 1972
Parents Name: Father – N/A
Mother – Vivian Jessie
School: Susan Miller Dorsey High School
College: University of Southern College
Zodiac Sign: Cancer
Wife/Spouse Name: Jennifer Conrad (m. 2014), Shikiri Hightower (m. 1998–2002)
Kids/Children Name: Maia Johnson, London Johnson, Keyshawn Johnson Jr.
Profession: Broadcaster, American Football Player
Keyshawn Johnson is an ex American football player who played in the NFL for 11 seasons as a wide receiver. Before his professional career, he played college football for the University of Southern California, where he became an All-American. He was the first pick in the 1996 NFL Draft. After retiring in 2006, he began his career as a television broadcaster and worked with ESPN for a few years.
Well, how well do you know about Keyshawn Johnson? If not much, we have compiled all you need to know about Keyshawn Johnson's net worth in 2021, his age, height, weight, wife, kids, biography and complete details about his life. Well, if you're all set, here is what we know about Keyshawn Johnson to date.
Keyshawn Johnson was born in Los Angeles, California, the U.S., on July 22, 1972. His mother's name is Vivian Jessie. As not much details are available, we researched thoroughly, and it was found that his father left him when he was really young.
Due to his family's poor condition, he had to sell drugs, steal occasionally, and somehow support the family. He was once arrested in eighth grade for possession of marijuana and some illegal substance. He was put in a California youth facility for nine months.
So, how old is Keyshawn Johnson in 2021 and what is his height and weight? Well, Keyshawn Johnson's age is 48 years old as of today's date 18th January 2021 having been born on 22 July 1972. Though, he is 6′ 4″ in feet and inches and 193 cm in Centimetres tall, he weighs about 212 lbs in Pound and 96kg in Kilograms.
Keyshawn Johnson studied at Palisades High School during his sophomore and junior years. He graduated from high school from Susan Miller Dorsey High School, where he also played high school football. He was a great football player but had to start his football career in Junior College due to his low SAT scores.
He first attended West Los Angeles College, where he played eight games during his first year. He then stopped coming to practice as he got involved with crime. The following year he didn't play, and subsequently returned to football in 1992, and performed brilliantly. He quickly earned himself a transfer to the University of Southern California, where he played for their football team for two years before being picked up in the 1996 NFL Draft.
Keyshawn Johnson With Wife Jennifer Conrad
Keyshawn Johnson has been married to two women in his life. He first got married to Shakiri High-tower in 1998. He met her in college and dated for some years before getting married. Their divorce got finalized in 2002, a few months after they separated. With Shakiri, he has two children. After several years he married Jennifer Conrad in 2014, and they have two children. In total, he has four children, Maia, London, Keyshawn Jr, and Vance.
Is Keyshawn Johnson Gay?
Keyshawn Johnson has married twice, both times to a woman. He has also dated many other women, about whom not much is known. With all these proofs available, we can confirm that Keyshawn Johnson is not gay.
Keyshawn Johnson started his professional career in 1996 when he was drafted by the New York Jets. During his time with the team, he played alongside talented players like Bill Parcells. After leaving New York Jets, he went on to play for successful teams like Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Dallas Cowboys, and Carolina Panthers.
When he was with the Carolina Panthers, he played alongside Steve Smith. He retired after the 2007 season and began working as an ESPN analyst. During the 2007 NFL Draft, he was in the broadcast team with Chris Berman, Mel Kiper Jr, and Chris Mortensen.
He has appeared in numerous sports shows on ESPN, such as Sportscenter, Sunday NFL Countdown, etc. Since 2020, he has been hosting KJZ, where he is joined by former NBA player Jay Williams and Zubin Mehendi.
Other than sports, he has been involved in other ventures as well. He was a contestant on the 17th season of Dancing with the Stars as well. Unfortunately, he was the first celebrity to be eliminated.
Keyshawn Johnson has won numerous awards and has achieved many things in his career as an American football player. He was the Super Bowl champion in 2002 with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He won the Pop Warner Trophy in 1995, and in the same year, he was voted the Pac-10 Offensive Player of the Year. He has also won the Pro Bowl thrice in his career.
Net Worth, Salary & Earnings of Keyshawn Johnson in 2021
Keyshawn Johnson Net Worth
As of 2021, Keyshawn Johnson has an estimated net worth of $25 Million. He has earned the majority of his net worth from his football career. He also earned some fortune after retirement when he began working as an analyst for ESPN. He is a businessman as well. He is the co-founder of First Picks Management, which has helped him pursue his business interests.
Keyshawn Johnson has ventured into business with First Picks Management. It helped him to pursue his other interests in hotel, food service, and venture capital investing.
In 2016, he was let go by ESPN but was brought back shortly after.
In January 2011, he did not appear on Sunday NFL Countdown because of his mother's death.
Keyshawn Johnson was brought up in a low-income family, which made him do some illegal things, but he managed to pick up his life and became a very good American football player. Apart from sports, he also ventured into other fields, becoming a businessman in 2005 and as a dance contestant in a reality show.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Mine Quest: Chapter 2 – the latest version of Mine Quest series – is now available to enjoy! The game is a great destination for you to show off your imagining and creative skill.
The game's story tells a Minecraft guy who craves to build a splendid construction someday. To make his dream come true, you should help him gather a certain number of blocks. Players must guide him to wandering around the place, and then mining some needful materials. Next, store them all in the Inventory. When anything is well done, find a perfect spot to set up the structure. Make use of various tools to perform the task. Don't forget to craft important items to decorate the shelter, like sand, wood, stones, flowers, bricks, grass, etc.
Enter Mine Quest: Chapter 2 to have your own experience!
Hit the arrow keys to walk around.
Tap the mouse to mine & place blocks.
Use 1 or 2 keys to change the tools.


If there's one thing Luca Guadagnino's Suspiria is, it's unpredictable.
That's saying something for what is, at least officially, a remake of a horror film from 1977. The original Suspiria, directed by Dario Argento, is a film about a young dancer who joins an elite dance school - only to find out that it is run by a coven of witches. That's pretty much where the similarities with Argento's original and Guadagnino's re-imagining end. But while fan's of the original might be disappointed in certain great departures from the original, Guadagnino's version of Suspiria manages to stand triumphantly on its own. With a runtime of 150 minutes, Suspiria is a grand and gruesome film about passion and power. It's also one of the best horror movies of the year.
"With a runtime of 150 minutes, Suspiria is a grand and gruesome film about passion and power. It's also one of the best horror movies of the year."
Perhaps the greatest departure from the original Suspiria, which was set in the sleepy town of Freiburg, is that Guadagnino sets his story in the grey, rainy and politically fraught West-Berlin. The Berlin Wall looms in the background of most shots of the city, the news is filled with stories of terrorism and political unrest, and the memory of the war hangs over even the witches of the Markos Dance Academy. The political context nevertheless takes a mere background role. This might frustrate some viewers, as it's not always clear how the hijacking of a Lufthansa plane in 1977 fits into the central narrative of a power struggle within a coven of witches. Still, the political references manage to function together with the supernatural horror within the walls of the academy to craft a sense of constant, gnawing dread.
The film opens as Susie Bannon (Dakota Johnson) arrives in Berlin to audition for the elite dance academy, and immediately impresses the lead choreographer of the academy, Madame Blanc (Tilda Swinton). Behind the scenes, the witches of the coven are looking for a new vessel for their ancient leader, Mother Markos - all the while being investigated by a local psychotherapist (Lutz Ebersdorf - a no-name actor who bears, shall we say, a curious resemblance to Tilda Swinton).
Where Guadagnino's previous film, the Oscar-nominated Call Me By Your Name, was calm and deliberate, Suspiria moves with passion and chaotic energy. The camerawork is erratic, with quick zooms and pans that one usually finds only in the horror movies of the 80s - especially the fast-paced dance scenes can almost make you dizzy. Here, though, it works. Despite the appearance of chaos, everything here seems perfectly thought out. It was only after finishing the movie that I was really able to piece together the myriad of dream sequences, flashbacks and clues that Suspiria leaves in its wake.
It's likely that the one thing on everyone's mind leaving the theatre will be Tilda Swinton's standout performance(s). Swinton plays, according to my calculation, three roles - only one of which is recognisable as her. Madame Blanc becomes the film's most interesting character largely thanks to Swinton's quietly intense performance. Blanc remains scarred by the war, and while she shows genuine affection for her students, hugging and kissing them at the start of each day, she is also capable of unspeakable cruelty when they step out of line. Swinton, these days, is easily typecast into the role of stoic otherworldly beings. That's why it's especially satisfying to see her character show emotion and struggle with the conflict between her role as a mother to a flock of young girls and a servant of the timeless Three Mothers of the coven.
Unfortunately, where the film does not satisfy high expectations is in its original score. Composed entirely by Radiohead's Thom Yorke, the score falls into a common trap of film scores composed by famous musicians. While the music is great in itself, Thom Yorke's voice is simply too recognisable and distinctive; each time he opened his mouth, I was immediately jolted out of the movie.
It's also worth noting, that the film is extremely gruesome, on occasion passing into territory where it seems to take voyeuristic pleasure in the torture of its primarily female cast of characters. These scenes bring into ugly view the ambivalent gender politics of the film. While nearly every primary character is a woman, the film certainly isn't explicitly feminist. Although the themes of motherhood and female empowerment are placed front and centre, Guadagnino still falls for certain unfortunate common tropes of the genre. Susie is initially portrayed as a naive girl-next-door, who gradually becomes more sexual as the influence of the coven grows. While Suspiria does avoid the worst excesses of male-gaze filmmaking, it is disappointing that Guadagnino seems to inherit this clichéd ideal of female purity as something that can be "ruined" by occult forces.
Guadagnino has, nevertheless, created a confident and immensely satisfying film. Part power-fantasy, part exploration of the evils of the past weighing down on the present, Suspiria delivers on the high expectations of fans of the original. Guadagnino is on a roll - and where Call Me By Your Name demanded your heart, Suspiria wants your soul.


text:
Linden MacIntyre on writing about the reverberations of war
The former CBC journalist shares the experiences that inspired his new, Lebanese Civil War-centred novel, and explains why his next won't be a thriller
By Emily Donaldson August 2, 2017
Former CBC host and Giller Prize Winner Linden MacIntyre. (Tara Walton/Toronto Star/Getty Images)
A suspenseful mix of the personal and political, Linden MacIntyre's fifth novel, The Only Café, revolves around the attempts of Cyril Cormier, a 24-year-old aspiring journalist, to unravel the disappearance and apparent death of his Lebanese-born father, Pierre. A lawyer, Pierre came to Canada as a refugee under obscure circumstances during the Lebanese Civil War in the early '80s. MacIntyre, 74, who won the 2009 Scotiabank Giller Prize for his second novel, The Bishop's Man, worked as a foreign correspondent and journalist for the CBC for almost 40 years, until his retirement in 2011. He currently splits his time between homes in Toronto and Cape Breton. This interview has been edited for length.
Q: This is your first novel not exclusively set in Canada. What led you to centre it on the Lebanese Civil War, and specifically the 1982 massacre in the Sabra and Shatila camps?
A: I covered the Lebanese Civil War from time to time during the '80s and '90s for the CBC. The experience offered harrowing insights into the nature of armed conflict in which civilians become collateral—and in many cases primary—targets of the violence. One of those visits to Lebanon coincided with the massacre of civilians in the Sabra and Shatila refugee neighbourhoods of Beirut in September 1982. I visited the scene a few days later. There is still no precise number of the dead. Estimates, invariably political, range between 800 and 3,000. The absence of precision is itself revealing of the value attached by combatants to the lives of innocents among them. It was, for me, the first time (but not the last) I felt my inadequacy as a journalist to report "the truth"—about political expedience, human brutality, the permanent disfigurements of cruelty, etc.
Q: Does that elusiveness make it, in some ways, a better subject for the "truth" of fiction? Did writing a novel about your experiences occur to you at the time?
A: It never crossed my mind to write a novel about the specific experience, but I spent the next six years reflecting on the idea it inspired in me—that violence causes a kind of infection that leads to disfigurement of character, even in people who are unaware of the initial cause. Damaged people damage other people. The consequences of violence migrate through space and time. What happened in Beirut in September 1982 happened countless times in the 20th century, killed more than 200 million people—deaths caused "by human design." For every victim, there were perpetrators, witnesses and survivors—every one of whom was somehow damaged by the violent moment. This was a thought behind several novels about the troubled lives of children of damaged veterans of war.
READ: The modern world's mass violence is almost entirely due to civil wars
Q: Your character Pierre is a good example of this: his experiences in Lebanon have made him a closed book to his family and, arguably, to himself. Fatalism and redemption both pose unique dangers to fiction; did you find yourself toeing a line between them when writing Pierre, or the damaged characters in your past novels?
A: I think fatalism and redemption are themes that help a reader organize and eventually "own" a story or character. Writing them, I just want them to be real, and in reality I don't think events are thematic until in retrospect, if ever. So I guess I'd have to say no. Maybe it's a hangover from journalism.
Q: Are any characters based on real people?
A: A couple are and have the real names. All others, including Ari and Pierre, are composites from people I have encountered reporting stories on the military, law enforcement and security. I believe, however, that not far below the particulars of what we do we are all pretty similar. And so a lot of character can be constructed from self-knowledge.
Q: What's your writing process like?
A: Best time for me is early morning when the world feels quiet. But years as a reporter enabled me to write anywhere at any time in any medium—notebook, napkin, boarding pass, laptop. All the same.
Q: How much do you map out a novel before beginning it?
A: I usually have an idea and a rough road map for the story. A few key characters. I like to know where the story will end, but that isn't always the case. A story will take on a life and grow into what it wants to be. The Only Café was like that. I think that the "idea" is important. While a good yarn is an experience, it must also leave the reader or listener or viewer things to think about.
Q: What writers do you most admire? Any you'd cite as influences?
A: I think writers we admire influence us in many ways and not just as writers. I've admired different writers at different times. The usual suspects. Hemingway, Maugham, Steinbeck, John O'Hara, Mary McCarthy, Edna O'Brien, Brian Moore when I was young. The fiction of Jean-Paul Sartre when I thought I was deep. Loved H.E. Bates as a young parent. Updike. Then everything Irish, until I found the best of them, William Trevor and John McGahern. And they were almost enough. Jonathan Franzen, my currently favourite American. And the Canadians, Margaret Atwood, Joseph Boyden (never mind all that), Lynn Coady, Alistair MacLeod and Alexander MacLeod. And all the Newfoundlanders, Michael Crummey most of all.
READ: Margeret Atwood on the author Gabrielle Roy, in nine parts
Q: I'm assuming you've followed the recent debates about cultural appropriation in fiction. André Alexis recently wrote in the Globe that he decided against using the names of Indigenous gods in a novel he's working on because he ultimately didn't feel "at ease" doing so. Has anything you've written made you ill at ease? Pierre Cormier is Lebanese but has lived in Cape Breton long enough to almost pass for a local—was that to bring him closer to your own experience?
A: No. It works because Cape Breton has a large and vibrant Lebanese community. I know a priest from there who actually went to Lebanon during the civil war and was injured there. I follow the appropriation discussion but avoid it because it seems to be framed by politics rather than morality. Politics is about interests. Morality is about motivation. What compels people to seem to be what they are not? To own that to which they are not entitled? To pose? To steal?
If acts of creative pretence or theft are motivated by respect or admiration or aspiration, I could be sympathetic. If they are for purposes of material acquisition—status, money, celebrity—they are fraudulent.
I've written from the point of view of a priest, a woman, a millennial, a Phalangist refugee. I hope I haven't pretended to be any of them. I stand accountable for the authenticity of the portrayal, but not the motivation. The only motivation was to tell a story that I own.
Q: Your work to date has many of the ingredients—secrets, deception, hungry journalists—of genre writing, without having quite crossed that line. Have you considered writing a straight-up thriller or crime novel?
A: Not really. I think it's difficult to be original writing genre fiction. I often thought it would be fun to write a skin book. But I'd have to make too much up and it wouldn't be very credible.
Q: No one accused Fifty Shades of Grey of being credible, and it sold well. Think of the retirement benefits.
A: Yes. But maybe the best retirement benefit is self-respect, [which is] sometimes harder to acquire than wealth.
Q: Has retirement, overall, been good for the writing life? Do you miss journalism?
A: I have a question for you. If I'm writing in a serious, full-time way, am I retired? However, not working in journalism enables full attention to writing projects, which is good. But I miss the benefits of daily contact with people who are younger, energetic, engaged. And the necessary involvement with people and places and situations that enrich the imagination. I miss the enforced encounters with unusual projections of reality. On balance, yes. I miss it.
READ: The changing face of retirement in Canada
Q: Was there any sense of living vicariously through the novel's young, engaged journalists—the fictional network's tall, balding anchor, "Lloyd Manville," notwithstanding?
A: There's no homage intended for anybody. But I wanted the story to reflect the precarious state of the workplace for talented young people trying to get started in journalism. They bring great gifts—languages, tech sophistication, commitment. They need only time and a reasonable opportunity to experience reality from the perspective of the storyteller to fulfill great potential. This is what is so elusive—field experience. It leaves people in an awkward spot, struggling to get experience in the limited circumstances of internship and short-term temporary contracts that leave them vulnerable to exploitation.
Q: I gather that exploitation comes in a variety of forms. Here, the network's star correspondent, Suzanne, seduces Cyril, an intern half her age.
A: Seduction is complex, isn't it? The word implies persuasion. And persuasion would, in its traditional usage, exclude coercion. And yet now that we have correctly started to factor "power" into the equation of seduction, it changes the morality of the transaction. And so young Cyril, on the morning after, finds himself in an emotional place that, I imagine, might be familiar to many young women in the media and elsewhere.
Q: The exploitation this novel looks at—in journalism and war—is clearly different in degree from the exploitation of children by Catholic priests in The Bishop's Man; the people involved are, for one thing, technically adults. But is it so different in kind—i.e., aren't these all examples of often charismatic individuals taking advantage of opportunities created by hierarchies?
A: Yes. Exploitation is an abuse of power, an act of domination driven by basic insecurity. I think all hierarchies create opportunities for that. Donald Trump is an extreme illustration of an otherwise normal tendency. Institutions are supposed to have safeguards to prevent or mitigate the tendency. Instead they often become vehicles for abuse.
Q: Any other novels in the works? Will you ever write one without a priest in it?
A: Well, now that I'm aware of it, I will retire the priest from future fiction. I'm now working on a non-fiction book, however, and there will be a priest in it. A minor character, but very real.
MORE NOVELISTS WORTH READING:
American crime writer Don Winslow on guns, politics, drugs, and the police
Neal Stephenson on magic, technology, and the lure of long books
Ministry of Utmost Happiness author Arundhati Roy on returning to fiction
Novelist Richard Ford on Donald Trump, Paul Ryan and guns
Barbara Gowdy's mantra: 'Just lie on your back and write'
Author Irvine Welsh on the 'Trainspotting' sequel, drugs, and writing
Author Viet Thanh Nguyen on the ghosts that haunt refugees
In Paul Auster's new novel, a character has four separate lives
FILED UNDER: Editor's Picks Lebanese Civil War Linden MacIntyre The Only Café


U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said on Friday that requiring big banks to hold more and higher quality capital could help address the "too-big-to-fail" problem in a way that stops short of demanding a break-up of the firms.
"Certainly one direction that we could go forward would be, in my view one constructive direction ... is through the capital direction," Bernanke told a conference sponsored by the Chicago Federal Reserve Bank. "Rather than arbitrarily saying that banks could be no larger than such and such a size, for example, I would argue that what we need to do is make sure that larger institutions have to have more and better quality capital."


One of the most thermally stable elastomeric materials available, Perfluoro is a family of perfluoroelastomer compounds designed to provide superior chemical resistance, and they offer a cost savings over similar o-rings such as Kalrez® 4079 and Chemraz®. Perfluoro o-rings are stocked in WHITE 75 durometer (unless otherwise noted). The effective service temperature is -7 to 230° C. Recommended for use with acids, inorganic bases, alcohols/ethers, aromatic hydro-carbons, esters, aldehydes/ ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons, amines and chlorocarbon solvents. For complete chemical resistance and fluid compatibility, see chart in the front of this catalog.
NOTE: FOR PERFLUORO O-RINGS USED WITH DURAN FLANGES, SEE CG-147.


Lithography is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by German author and actor Alois Senefelder as a cheap method of publishing theatrical works. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material.
Gilding is any decorative technique for applying fine gold leaf or powder to solid surfaces such as wood, stone, or metal to give a thin coating of gold. A gilded object is also described as "gilt". Where metal is gilded, it was traditionally silver in the West, to make silver-gilt objects, but gilt-bronze is commonly used in China, and also called ormolu if it is Western. Methods of gilding include hand application and glueing, chemical gilding, and electroplating, the last also called gold plating. Parcel-gilt objects are only gilded over part of their surfaces. This may mean that all of the inside, and none of the outside, of a chalice or similar vessel is gilded, or that patterns or images are made up by using a combination of gilt and un-gilt areas.
A narrative technique is any of several specific methods the creator of a narrative uses to convey what they want—in other words, a strategy used in the making of a narrative to relay information to the audience and, particularly, to "develop" the narrative, usually in order to make it more complete, complicated, or interesting. Literary techniques are distinguished from literary elements, which exist inherently in works of writing.
A mosaic is a piece of art or image made from the assembling of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials. It is often used in decorative art or as interior decoration. Most mosaics are made of small, flat, roughly square, pieces of stone or glass of different colors, known as tesserae. Some, especially floor mosaics, are made of small rounded pieces of stone, and called "pebble mosaics".
Chekhov's gun is a dramatic principle that states that every element in a story must be necessary, and irrelevant elements should be removed; elements should not appear to make "false promises" by never coming into play. The statement is recorded in letters by Anton Chekhov several times, with some variation:"Remove everything that has no relevance to the story. If you say in the first chapter that there is a rifle hanging on the wall, in the second or third chapter it absolutely must go off. If it's not going to be fired, it shouldn't be hanging there." "One must never place a loaded rifle on the stage if it isn't going to go off. It's wrong to make promises you don't mean to keep." Chekhov, letter to Aleksandr Semenovich Lazarev, 1 November 1889. Here the "gun" is a monologue that Chekhov deemed superfluous and unrelated to the rest of the play. "If in the first act you have hung a pistol on the wall, then in the following one it should be fired. Otherwise don't put it there." From Gurlyand's Reminiscences of A. P. Chekhov, in Teatr i iskusstvo 1904, No. 28, 11 July, p. 521.
A tessellation of a flat surface is the tiling of a plane using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps. In mathematics, tessellations can be generalized to higher dimensions and a variety of geometries.
Photolithography, also termed optical lithography or UV lithography, is a process used in microfabrication to pattern parts of a thin film or the bulk of a substrate. It uses light to transfer a geometric pattern from a photomask to a light-sensitive chemical "photoresist", or simply "resist," on the substrate. A series of chemical treatments then either engraves the exposure pattern into the material or enables deposition of a new material in the desired pattern upon the material underneath the photo resist. For example, in complex integrated circuits, a modern CMOS wafer will go through the photolithographic cycle up to 50 times.
Collage is a technique of an art production, primarily used in the visual arts, where the artwork is made from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole.
Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types of material. As a method of printmaking, it is, along with engraving, the most important technique for old master prints, and remains in wide use today. In a number of modern variants such as microfabrication etching and photochemical milling it is a crucial technique in much modern technology, including circuit boards.
Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper. Printmaking normally covers only the process of creating prints that have an element of originality, rather than just being a photographic reproduction of a painting. Except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print produced is not considered a "copy" but rather is considered an "original". This is because typically each print varies to an extent due to variables intrinsic to the printmaking process, and also because the imagery of a print is typically not simply a reproduction of another work but rather is often a unique image designed from the start to be expressed in a particular printmaking technique. A print may be known as an impression. Printmaking is not chosen only for its ability to produce multiple impressions, but rather for the unique qualities that each of the printmaking processes lends itself to.
Lost-wax casting is the process by which a duplicate metal sculpture is cast from an original sculpture. Intricate works can be achieved by this method.
Woodcut is a relief printing technique in printmaking. An artist carves an image into the surface of a block of wood—typically with gouges—leaving the printing parts level with the surface while removing the non-printing parts. Areas that the artist cuts away carry no ink, while characters or images at surface level carry the ink to produce the print. The block is cut along the wood grain. The surface is covered with ink by rolling over the surface with an ink-covered roller (brayer), leaving ink upon the flat surface but not in the non-printing areas.
Stamping is the process of placing flat sheet metal in either blank or coil form into a stamping press where a tool and die surface forms the metal into a net shape. Stamping includes a variety of sheet-metal forming manufacturing processes, such as punching using a machine press or stamping press, blanking, embossing, bending, flanging, and coining. This could be a single stage operation where every stroke of the press produces the desired form on the sheet metal part, or could occur through a series of stages. The process is usually carried out on sheet metal, but can also be used on other materials, such as polystyrene. Progressive dies are commonly feed from a coil of steel, coil reel for unwinding of coil to a straightener to level the coil and then into a feeder which advances the material into the press and die at a predetermined feed length. Depending on part complexity, the number of stations in the die can be determined.


Utah Valley is known for it's outdoor recreation and what better way to celebrate it than to attend the Big Outdoors Expo going on this weekend. The Outdoor Expo will feature exhibitors in the following outdoor industries: hunting, fishing, camping, river rafting, golf; hiking, biking, running, climbing, water sports and more. Attendees can enjoy great educational workshops and hands-on learning experiences a well as prizes and giveaways. Who doesn't love prizes and giveaways? They really do have everything here. You need a crossbow, they've got crossbows.
If the Outdoor Expo's not really your thing, Provo Fashion Week is also this weekend.Provo Fashion Week was started in Spring 2014 and is a bi-annual runway event that exists as a medium for local designers to showcase their work. Through now two consecutive shows, the Provo Fashion Week community has grown to include fashion designers, bloggers, models, photographers, life and style media, and fashion-lovers.
To see even more events happening this weekend, check out our calendar.


Although GA records data such as your geographical location, device, internet browser and operating system, none of this information personally identifies you to us. GA also records your computer's IP address which could be used to personally identify you but Google do not grant us access to this. We consider Google to be a third party data processor (see section 6.0 below).
Should you choose to contact us using the contact form on our Contact us page or an email link like this one, none of the data that you supply will be stored by this website or passed to / be processed by any of the third party data processors defined in section 6.0.
There is currently no occasion where personal data will be stored on this website.
We use a number of third parties to process personal data on our behalf. These third parties have been carefully chosen and all of them comply with the legislation set out in section 2.0. Both of these third parties are based in the USA and are EU-U.S Privacy Shield compliant.
Copyright 2017 © Borders Buses.


text:
All posts tagged: Portuguese Cinema
When History Makes the Cut
Published by Film Quarterly
FQ Editor-in-Chief B. Ruby Rich weighs in on the latest issue of FQ, new trends in streaming, FQ's panel at Film Society of Lincoln Center, and what media makers, critics, and scholars might do toward a new "cinema of urgency."
Film & Media in a Time of Repression: Practices & Aesthetics of Resistance
On December 13, 2016, a month after the presidential election, Film Quarterly organized an emergency panel with the sponsorship of the Film Society of Lincoln Center. Staged amid the political aftershocks, the event at the Elinor Bunin Munroe Film Center's Amphitheater brought together eight panelists from wildly divergent arenas to engage a rapt audience with its central theme: "Film & Media in A Time of Repression: Practices and Aesthetics of Resistance."
Quorum / Videos
Winter 2012: Volume 66, Number 2
FEATURES: Conversion and Culture Shock; Eastman Kodak RIP; plus festival reports from New York, Romania, and Sundance
Fugitive Expressions
The Pedro Costa retrospective (September 25-October 4) at London's Tate Modern was admirably curated. In addition to eight films by this brilliant Portuguese director, other works were screened to provide context, background, or food for thought


I am a retired teacher and artist working in the medium of clay monoprinting. By using colored clay slips and a variety of application techniques, thin layers of clay slip are applied to newsprint paper then rolled onto a thin clay slab. After building up an image on this clay slab, a print is lifted. Two prints at most can be produced, with the second print always being slightly different, thus the term monoprint (one print) because no two will ever be the same.
Many times these prints can be enhanced through the use of colored pencils, fine markers, and various collage techniques. This adds another creative aspect to the process.
The idea for my prints was initially influenced by primitive cave paintings and the use of the symbolic handprint as man's first signature. I have always been fascinated with primative cultures, their relationship with the natural world, and their mythologies and ways of communicating such in their art. Having previously worked in clay and printmaking, the melding of these two mediums fascinated me and is what originally prompted me to take a workshop in 2005 given by Mitch Lyons, the originator of this printmaking process.
My love of color infuses the compositions I create, a nod to the contemporary world and the manufactured tints which color my porcelain slips. More importantly, the clay monoprinting process encourages the serendipity quality of "playful creation" each time a print is begun and ensures a new exploration of the theme. This joy in creation (through references to primitive man and nature) is what I hope is apparent in my work.
My one-of-a-kind prints were featured in the Gallery Space section of the February/2011 issue of Harrisburg magazine.


This one's dedicated to Rich and Aldana, and Rich - thank you for your donation.
Being partly somewhere else, all the time – as opposed to just sitting with yourself as you are, with the boredom, the anxiety, the vulnerability. By that I mean using a phone or clicking instead of interacting – anything that removes you from the place your physical body currently sits and removes you from a fully immersive in-person experience of your life. Avoiding discomfort is what drives most everything we do, in that most of the modern amenities of culture are designed to support us tuning out and soothing. If you think about it – plugging in is really just a way to not be alone with ourselves. Not to be bored, or worse – not to be tortured by thoughts of our own life and whether or not it measures up.
And because we don't like discomfort, collectively our pastimes take over for the common moments we would have previously suffered: when we're alone, we can be entertained. When we're lonely, we can get a confidence boost. When we're unoccupied in the elevator, we can read about the many important events in our important friend's lives. Convenience is really just another word for enabling – we grow addicted to the input because it helps us avoid feeling vulnerable or tired or not important – think about online shopping, online tabloids, texting, twitter, Facebook, Tinder. All of this stimuli is a way to be something other than just where you are – it's like ego food in that it engages the thinking brain – when it should be quiet, now it is still solving and quantifying. Which is part of the reason it makes us less happy, in the long term.
The soothing habit is an unconscious one – it's like a knee-jerk reaction to a lull in distraction, because to be always connected to something means you're not alone, you're not one place – and therefore you're not vulnerable to all those present in your thinking body with silence kind of thoughts.
I want you to take a brief sec and just mentally go there now. Imagine yourself without a phone. Just you sitting on a bench on a street full of people walking by, and you don't have any props. Not even a book. What does that feel like? Pretty uncomfortable right? In my mind I start to play with a button or examine my nails. Anything at all to show I'm not all here – I'm somewhere else. All the engaging with another virtual space is like putting on a shell complete with a pacifier. It's a soothing mechanism that keeps us protected from the full gravity of our full present experience – because, well just like your bench told you: the present experience can make you feel unsure. It can feel like not enough. It can make you feel the impact of everything around you. In short, it requires you participate in ways that make you feel less protected and less numb to the outside world.
All the modern accoutrements designed by present day culture remove our connection to pain and keep us more stuck in thoughts. Machine-mode apps give endless streams of stimuli, similar to slot machines that dole out ego-boosts. Pings report news about celebs, friends, and likes to our posts – more ego-boosts. Chat apps put your solar system into your brain at all times. You can read every book twice as fast, or access limitless podcast content at all times, even while you watch something else. Platforms like Netflix give you every show and film so you can watch anything and any show, all the way through. Amazon lets you shop for anything with one click, without a second thought or an interaction with a human. Meds like Adderall and Xanax allow you to keep working and stop worrying. By using these amazing innovations, we avoid having patience, fatigue, anxiety, mental slowness, loneliness, boredom, insecurity, silence, emotional vulnerability, and appearance of weakness. All of this sounds like it's a good thing – and in the moment, it likely feels like a good thing. Like an ice pack on a burn. It doesn't make that discomfort go away, but it gives us something to do in the face of it. It's a cultural move! We are all doing it. BUT HERE'S THE CATCH. 99% of us are doing it out of habit and without understanding how it's distorting us. It's a choice that's unconscious, made out of convenience - and eventually simple routine. And why not, right? It's fun to watch the same shows everyone else is watching and talk about them with everyone you meet at a party. There's no apparent reason to stop.
I am not suggesting these are bad things that should not exist. Technology that connects us to others and convenience enhancing services are great things, and they all serve their purpose. What I invite you to examine is the trade off you are getting in your own life and whether or not it's aligned with your true goals. Most don't think of their social media use as a soothing mechanism: it's just part of life the way everyone lives it. To stop participating seems antisocial, like you're going to fall out of favor with society. Because to stop checking in and replying right away is somehow like unplugging from the world, right? My argument is no, it's not – and in reality, very little changes when you create boundaries around technology. Even though it feels like you're more connected, you're less connected to your own experience of life.
Living via technology is like a projection of life – like watching a movie of dolphins instead of swimming with them. And here's why that's important: the depth of your engagement is vastly different when you are physically somewhere and when you are not. The sensory input that comes from sound, smell, and physical touch is a deeper and more powerful interaction. Imagine right now – someone you really like standing right in front of you. Now imagine that same person, but via FaceTime. These are two very disparate experiences. So when it comes to the superficial experiences becoming a majority of your time spent in a day, the difference comes down to your range of felt emotions. The depth of your experiences narrows, and with that – your life's depth. At the end of this life, you are but a ratio. You can translate your day today – where you spend it, how deep you go with it, into an overall ratio at the end of your lifetime. I want you to think about that right now: if not today, then yesterday. How does this ratio sit with you? Are you really getting to the meaty parts of yourself, as a human? Do you want to expand that range? Ask yourself, how much of my life did I choose to live and how much did I spend plugged into something else?


text:
Insat 3A
Insat 3A is an Indian (ISRO) geostationary communications and weather-monitoring satellite that was launched by an Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou at 22:52 UT on 9 April 2003. The 3-tonne satellite carries 12 C-band, six Extended C-band, and six Ku-band transponders to provide voice, video and data transmission to West Asia, East Asia, and India, after parking over 93.5 deg-E longitude. Insat 3A carries also the usual Insat package of sensors in visual, infrared and water vapor bands to monitor clouds and storms. The spatial resolution at visual wavelengths is 2 km, and at infrared 1 km. The satellite also carries a separate transponder for the international search and rescue program.
Insat3A
Launch Vehicle: Ariane 5
Launch Site: Kourou, French Guiana
Indian Space Research Organization (India)
Launch/Orbital information for Insat 3A
Telecommunications information for Insat 3A
Experiments on Insat 3A
Data collections from Insat 3A


text:
A Brief Note On Daily Life In China
Submitted By DJDavidJackson
Professor Wayne Ackerson
Survey of World History
Daily Life In China
February 16th, 2015: A team of scientist and journalist recently tested out the newest technology of time travel. They have chosen to send themselves to a random location in the years between 1250 and 1276. The following are journal entries of their experiences.
January 10th, 1275 City of Quinsai: After an intense ride in the time machine we have just landed in an absolutely beautiful city named Quinsai. After a brief look around it looks very similar to the idea of paradise. There were plenty of extravagant buildings which were restaurants, hotels, taverns, and houses of singing girls (pg. 49). We took note of the intense commercial activity and extreme density of the population. We figured the high population was due to trade. This was true in a sense because in the centre of the city there were shops that had luxurious goods from all over China, India, and the Middle East. A member of our team noticed that a lake called "The West Lake" was heavily guarded by military members. The reason being was so that civilians would not throw garbage in the lake. This lake had beautiful boats of all shapes and sizes. These boats were worked by men using his feet on a large oar fixed to the stern and had names like 'Hundred Flowers', 'Golden Lion', and 'Yellow Boat'. It seemed as though some boats were for transporting goods and net-fishing and other boats there were people partying and having a good time (pg. 53-55). Quinsai seemed as a prime example of the beauty we were about to experience on our journey in time travel.
January 25th, 1275 10:30 AM, Hangchow (Hangchow's living standards): Our team of scientist and journalist have just taken another ride in the time machine and have landed in Hangchow. A team member of the journalist crew took note of the inhabitants and noticed how beggars and people who didn't have shelter were provided with temporary accommodations. These temporary accommodations were provided due to the frequent fire outbreaks in the community. Military barracks, boats on the lake, and monasteries were shelters the victims could stay at (pg. 113). We also took note of the way poor people lived as opposed to rich people. Surprisingly there was not much of a difference in terms of the construction of their homes. All buildings were rectangular in shape and the construction was of wooden pillars resting on stone support and sunk 10 to 20 inches in the ground. The size was measured by the space between pillars and the whole structure was light so that the base could be mobile to another area if necessary (pg. 114). The construction of the buildings were extremely similar but the outlay was different in poorer districts. In poorer districts the buildings were laid to form a U for sake of a courtyard. On the roofs of the buildings we took note that the curves of the roofs were not nice and pretty. We asked a local on why this is and his reply was that nice and upward curved roofs were preserved for higher class individuals and government buildings. There was no need to waste the money for that asset. Peasants were noticed selling quantities of cryptomeria-wood to merchants on the side of the roads which were made of stone. It was also noted that stone was a valuable material because it was used for their bridges, ramparts, and dykes as well.
January 25th, 1275 12:37PM, (King Fanfurs palace): As our team of journalist and scientist continued on our time travel experiment we ran into what we believe to be King Fanfurs palace. The exterior was incredible and reminded us of the city Quinsai. The palace had very high walls and it divided into three sections. We asked permission to tour the palace and King Fanfur gladly accepted. As we entered through the large gate we noticed large columns painted gold and fine azure supporting the main roof. When we entered the palace the ceiling had strong golden ornaments and the
Related Documents: A Brief Note On Daily Life In China
Essay on Ancient Chinese Contributions
The world is forever in debt to China for its innovation and contributions. Ancient Chinese inventions were extremely advanced and are still in use today. They have contributed to our world civilization's achievements in the fields of agriculture, shipping, astronomy, printing, oil, martial arts, ammunition, and mathematic. Ancient Chinese inventions such as gunpowder, silk, paper, printing, tea, wheel barrow, iron plows, deep drilling, porcelain, toilet paper and the compass were and still are…
Report About Marketing Essay
REPORT Marking of Smart Production and Environment in China Introduction: Due to the development of science and technology, intelligent products have become an indispensable part of our life. In China, to buy smart products have become a fashionable trend such as buying a Smartphone, iPad or eBook and so on. Intelligent product occupies the main position in Chinese nowadays' market, especially smart phones which almost replaced the "traditional" mobile phone. Therefore, intelligent products…
The Comparison and Contrast of Education Systems Between China and America Essay
Contrast of Education Systems between China and America The following essay will compare and contrast the education systems between China and America. The term "Education System" can be defined as" The system of formalized transmission of knowledge and values operating within a given society (Trade Chakra Website, "Education System in Malaysia"). In china, the education is divided into three categories: basic education, higher education, and adult education (China Education and Research Network Website…
Essay about 1 S2
matter www.elsevier.com/locate/worlddev doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.04.009 Life Satisfaction in Urban China: Components and Determinants SIMON APPLETON and LINA SONG * Nottingham University, Nottingham, United Kingdom Summary. — Survey data from urban China in 2002 show levels of life satisfaction to have been low, but not exceptionally so, by international comparison. Many of the determinants of life satisfaction in urban China appear comparable to those for people in other countries. These include…
Essay on The Mongolian Ethnic Group
Nowadays, their motherland has been divided into the two separate country of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China and the Outer Mongolia. Due to migrations and wars, Mongols are almost everywhere throughout Central Asia. Mongols largely live in the Inner Mongolia, while the others reside in many places in China. As for the largest Mongolian area, which was the earliest establishment in China, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was founded in 1947, with its capital as Hohhot. This massive and fertile…
Multicultural Literature Analysis Paper
Multicultural Literature Analysis Paper Maurice Young ENG/157 September 22, 2014 Kristine Geurts Multicultural Literature Analysis Paper "Keep your language. Love its sounds, its modulation, and its rhythm. But try to march together with men of different languages, remote from your own, who wish like you for a more just and human world (Camara, 2014). Multicultural literature is a tool used to carry the content and languages of a diverse world to increase cultural awareness. Through shared literature…
Chrysanthemum Case Study
loves. But however, what values does this artifact possess? Medium Jade - was used to make tools and ornaments since 600 BC, starting from Neolithic period. In China, jade was used to represent virtue and gentlemen, consisting of temperament of not only…
marcopolo Final Essay
his journey during his youth and ended up spending twenty-four years in his travels. In his journey, he expanded his horizons into places such as Cathay, Mongolia, Armenia, Persia, and Afghanistan, over the Pamirs, and all along the Silk Road into China. Through the journey, his crew and himself acquired precious jewelry of all different kinds; rubies, diamonds and sapphires. They also obtained different clothes made from material that Europeans had never seen before. When he came back from his journey…
Ced in Rural China Essay
CED in Rural China by Anna (Zhean Shen) Community Economic Development Professor: Gertrude Macintyre 9 April 2012 Abstract This paper is written to explain why CED in rural China is considerably important, what the status quo of China's rural CED is and what problems and obstacles rural CED faces. Through the application of CED theories and the analysis of these problems, feasible approaches to China's rural CD can eventually identified.…
Essay on Chinese Students
make a lot of trouble to Chinese. I have been staying in USA since two years ago in Boston. In this essay, I want share myself experience and discuss some a lot of thing when you come America. First of all, America is a different country between china and they have independent law, social system and cultural, on the other hand, America have the best law to protect the interest of people. A lot of Chinese students can not adapt and use the American law, so they make many mistakes. First, I will recommend…


If you've done all of this and you still have not received your refund yet, please contact us at contact@thrashitdontstashit.com.
We only replace items if they are defective or damaged. If you need to exchange it for the same item, send us an email at contact@thrashitdontstashit.com and send your item to: Rosenholmveien 20 Oslo NO 1252.


Ultra feminine and very chic, you will love the way you look in this absolutely breathtaking and flawless sequin dress!
3/4 sleeve short dress with boatneck features beautiful lace detailing sure to stand out.
Stunning sequin adds just the right amount of sparkle.
Available in Plus sizes as Style 642869W.


Is this hamster happy or sad?
My childhood hamster, Hamlet, seemed pretty depressed. He didn't seem to enjoy his colorful cage, complete with a tunnel, wheel, and ramp. The only thing he did with zest was gnaw at the plastic, trying to escape, which he eventually did. A few days later, my mother found him lying on the bathroom floor, dead.
I have wondered ever since: Was Hamlet suicidal? Or was he simply displaying normal hamster behavior? Now, a new study suggests a scientific method for gauging hamsters' emotional states.
To bypass that problem, the researchers decided to measure something called judgment bias—essentially, the way that mood affects behavior and decision-making. As humans, our decisions are influenced by our emotions all the time—witness stress-eating, or revenge-shopping. Similar biases have been found in primates, rats, mice, and many other animals, but never before in hamsters.
In the experiment, researchers split 30 Syrian hamsters into two groups. One group lived the high life, in cages bedecked with extra toys, ramps, bedding, and hammocks. The second group had the minimum in hamster hospitality, with some light bedding and a wheel.
To see whether living in such different environments would affect the rodents' emotional states, and, consequently, their decision-making, the researchers administered a simple test. Previously, all the animals been trained to associate plastic drinkers located on the left side of a meter-long arena with bitter quinine water, and drinkers on the right side with sugar water, a yummy treat. In the new test, the researchers put the drinkers at intermediate locations between the two drinkers, then measured how often the hamsters approached them.
Hamsters living in the lap of luxury were roughly 12% more likely to approach drinkers in ambiguous locations—even those close to the bitter drinker—than those living in more austere cages, the researchers report today in Royal Society Open Science. When the scientists swapped the hamsters' cages, their behavior also switched. It is possible to objectively measure both positive and negative shifts in the animals' behavior, the researchers say.
We will never know what the enigmatic fluffballs are really feeling—we don't have hamster brains. But a better understanding of hamsters' emotional lives should help make research and pet care more humane, they say.
It may be too late for Hamlet, but there's hope for all the other hamsters out there.
Emily is a contributing correspondent for Science, covering neuroscience.


text:
Temperature gradient sensing mechanism using liquid crystal droplets with 0.1-mK-level detection accuracy and high spatial resolution
Liquid metal droplet shuttling in a microchannel toward a single line multiplexer with multiple sensors
Ayano Shimizu, Yugo Kakehi, … Satoshi Konishi
Avoiding transduction-induced heating in suspended microchannel resonators using piezoelectricity
Damien Maillard, Annalisa De Pastina, … Luis Guillermo Villanueva
Optical whispering-gallery mode barcodes for high-precision and wide-range temperature measurements
Jie Liao & Lan Yang
Optomechanical crystals for spatial sensing of submicron sized particles
D. Navarro-Urrios, E. Kang, … G. Fytas
Optomechanical measurement of single nanodroplet evaporation with millisecond time-resolution
Samantha Sbarra, Louis Waquier, … Ivan Favero
Label-free detection of conformational changes in switchable DNA nanostructures with microwave microfluidics
Angela C. Stelson, Minghui Liu, … James C. Booth
Nanokelvin-resolution thermometry with a photonic microscale sensor at room temperature
Amin Reihani, Edgar Meyhofer & Pramod Reddy
Universal Stokes's nanomechanical viscometer
Komal Chaudhary, Pooja Munjal & Kamal P. Singh
Real-time precise microfluidic droplets label-sequencing combined in a velocity detection sensor
R. Zamboni, A. Zaltron, … C. Sada
Shinji Bono1,2,4 &
Satoshi Konishi1,2,3,4
Sensors and biosensors
We proposed the detection mechanism of the micro-levels of temperature gradient in a micro-electromechanical system using the unidirectional rotation of cholesteric-liquid crystal (Ch-LC) droplets. Ch-LC droplets in the presence of an isotropic phase subjected to a heat flux rotate with a speed proportional to the magnitude of the temperature gradient. We further quantified the temperature gradient-to-torque conversion efficiency to apply the thermomechanical cross-correlation to the detection of temperature gradient. Then, we observed the rotational behavior of Ch-LC droplets after introducing them onto model devices containing patterned Au thin-film electrodes. Direct electric current applied to these Au electrodes results in unidirectional rotation of the Ch-LC droplets in response to heat flux generated from the Au electrodes. By evaluating the possible temperature gradient detection resolution using Ch-LC droplet rotation, we show that Ch-LC droplets can achieve both high spatial resolution (~ 10 µm) and high detection accuracy (~ 0.1 mK/µm).
Electrical and chemical energy consumption must be accompanied by the dissipation of heat1,2. In a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS), for example, the electric power in wires, sensors, and actuators is dissipated as heat, whereas chemical reactions in biochemical systems also involve the partial conversion of chemical energy into heat. The heat flux distribution in MEMSs may provide particularly useful information to better understand the local electric properties of MEMS devices, such as identifying micro-defects3. The development of MEMS techniques has resulted in micrometer-sized sensors and actuators integrated into millimeter-scale devices4,5. The high-resolution characterization of heat flux distributions in MEMS devices plays a crucial role in this effort.
Cross-correlation is a principle commonly used to detect temperature gradient which is proportional to heat flux, a well-known example of which is Seebeck elements that use the cross-correlation between heat flux and electromotive force that enables temperature gradient in a system to be detected as electric potential6,7,8. The conversion efficiency from temperature gradient to electric potential is called the Seebeck coefficient, which is the ratio of output voltage to the temperature gradient in steady-state system. The output voltage from Seebeck elements is proportional to both the size of the device and the Seebeck coefficient9. Thus, high temperature gradient detection accuracy using devices composed of identical material requires a step up in device size, which often involves a reduction in spatial resolution. Therefore, improving the detection accuracy of temperature gradient while maintaining a high spatial resolution presents a significant challenge.
Recent studies have reported the thermomechanical cross-correlation between heat flux and torque in chiral liquid crystals (LCs), starting with that of O. Lehmann. This was the first study to document the heat-driven rotation of cholesteric (Ch)-LCs, and is therefore known as the Lehmann effect10. The rotational behavior can be qualitatively understood in the context of Leslie's phenomenological theory11. The heat-driven rotation of the Ch-LC droplets dispersed in a corresponding isotropic (Iso) phase is a well-known example of such behavior12,13,14,15,16. Ch-LC droplets subjected to a uniform heat flux rotate unidirectionally, with a rotational direction and speed that depend on the Ch-LC chirality and the heat flux magnitude, respectively17. Note that the high conversion efficiency of the Ch-LC thermomechanical cross-correlation results because the droplets can directly convert heat flux into torque.
Previous work has focused on the relationship between the rotational behavior and the molecular director configuration of Ch-LC droplets, which strongly depends on the chirality of Ch-LCs, the size of droplets, and the boundary conditions16,17,18,19. Ch-LC droplets have a simple director configuration with a single twist (ST) orientational structure, in which the long axis of the molecular continuously twists along a helical axis20. To obtain ST Ch-LC droplets, the diameter of the droplets must be shorter than the pitch of the helix of the director configuration, where the pitch is inversely proportional to the concentration of chiral dopants. The heat-driven rotational behavior has also been investigated, for example, in terms of heat flux applied perpendicular to the helical axis. In this case, the ST Ch-LC droplets rotate with an angular velocity proportional to R−2∇T, where R and T are the radii of the Ch-LC droplets and temperature, respectively13. In addition to ST Ch-LC droplets, studies on molecules with other director configurations have reported that smaller Ch-LC droplets rotate faster, regardless of the director configuration. This is attributed to friction between the substrate and the Ch-LC droplets, which decreases with increasing size of the Ch-LC droplets16,21. This provides a framework for understanding how small Ch-LC droplets can sense heat flux with high accuracy.
As LC materials exhibit fluidity, one advantage of working with soft LC materials is that they can be inserted into spaces with confined or bending geometries22,23,24,25. In addition, heat flux detection using Ch-LC droplets is a promising candidate for applications involving not only rigid systems but also flexible microdevices26. We can calibrate the effect of the introduction of LC on a thermal property such as temperature gradient quantitatively by multiplying the ratio of thermal conductivities.
Previous work has focused primarily on the rotational behavior of Ch-LC droplets in the presence of uniform temperature gradient (heat flux). In this paper, we investigated the response of heat-driven rotation of Ch-LC droplets detection to a spatially heterogeneous temperature gradient, and then sought to determine the detection accuracy and spatial resolution. First, to quantify the conversion efficiency from temperature gradient to rotation, we observed the rotational behavior of Ch-LC droplets subjected to a uniform external temperature gradient. Next, we patterned the Au thin-film electrode using MEMS techniques and generated a local micro-heat flux by applying a direct current to the Au thin-film electrode. Then, after introducing Ch-LC droplets onto the Au thin-film electrode, we measured their distribution of angular momentum. Based on the conversion efficiency, we estimated the temperature gradient distribution from the angular momentum distribution of Ch-LC droplets for the first time. Then, we determined the spatial resolution and detection accuracy of the temperature gradient and proposed a novel principle of temperature gradient detection using Ch-LC droplets with high spatial resolution and high detection accuracy.
Evaluation of temperature gradient to rotation conversion efficiency
We applied a uniform temperature gradient to Ch-LC droplets to measure the angular velocity of the rotating droplets and evaluated the efficiency of temperature gradient conversion to rotation. Ch-LC samples were sandwiched between two glass substrates with a sample thickness set at 40 µm. We patterned a 200-nm-thick Au thin-film electrode on the lower glass substrate and fabricated model MEMS devices as shown in Fig. 1a. Both ends of the electrode were connected to the DC power supply via an electrical resistor. First, the temperatures of the upper and lower glass substrates were varied independently using a homemade temperature controller. We can regard the temperature gradient through the model MEMS device as uniform because the thickness of the model MEMS device (> 2 mm) is larger than that of LC (~ 40 µm) enough. To estimate a uniform heat flux along the temperature gradient, we should multiply dT/dz by the heat conductivity of the device material (~ 0.1 W/K m). Then, we made polarized microscopic observations of the Ch-LC droplets in the presence of a uniform temperature gradient without applying current to the Au thin-film electrode. We defined the positive temperature gradient direction as upward.
Ch-LC droplets subjected to a uniform temperature gradient. (a1) A schematic top-view image of the LC cell. We patterned an Au thin-film electrode on the lower glass substrate and introduced Ch-LCs between the upper and lower substrates. The spacing of the glass substrates was adjusted to 40 µm by bead spacers. (a2) Cross-section view (α-α′) of the LC cell. We used polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as an alignment film in the Ch-LC sample. Polarized microscopic images of Ch-LC droplets are shown for uniform temperature gradient values of (b) ∇T = − 4.5 mK/µm (Supplementary movie 1), (c) ∇T = 0.01 mK/µm (Supplementary movie 2), and (d) ∇T = 3.1 mK/µm (Supplementary movie 3). White arrows and white dashed arrows indicate the direction of the helical axis of the director configuration and the initial direction of the axis, respectively. Snapshots were collected every 5 s. (e) The time evolution of θ. The dashed lines are best-fit lines obtained using linear functions.
Figure 1b and Supplementary movie 1 display polarized microscopic images of a Ch-LC droplet under uniform temperature gradient (dT/dz = − 4.5 mK/µm, where we set the z-axis perpendicular to substrates). The gap in the striped texture of the Ch-LC droplet resulting from its twisted director configuration corresponds to the half-pitch of the helix (~ 10 µm). The helical axis of the director configuration is perpendicular to the striped textures. Under uniform temperature gradient conditions, the striped texture of the Ch-LC droplets rotates unidirectionally with a constant angular velocity in the clockwise direction independently of the droplet position. We confirmed that the chirality inversion of the Ch-LC sample causes the rotational direction to reverse, which is consistent with previous reports on chiral inversion characteristics and cross-correlation17,27.
Figure 1c,d show polarized microscopic images of Ch-LC droplets under uniform temperature gradient conditions of dT/dz = 0.04 (Supplementary movie 2) and 3.1 mK/µm (Supplementary movie 3), respectively. The angular velocity of the Ch-LC droplets decreases monotonically with decreasing external temperature gradient, until they eventually stop rotating at a temperature gradient of dT/dz ~ 0 mK/µm, as shown in Fig. 1c. When we invert the temperature gradient applied to the Ch-LC droplets, they rotate in the reverse direction. This behavior is characteristic of the cross-correlation in the chiral system27,28.
To investigate the relationship between the droplet rotation and the temperature gradient magnitude, we measured the time evolution of the rotational angle of the droplets, θ, which is summarized in Fig. 1e. θ is proportional to time t, indicating that the angular velocity of the Ch-LC droplets, ω, is constant. We fit the experimental results with a linear function (the dashed line in Fig. 1e), and estimated ω from the slope of the linear function; the values of ω are (B) − 0.11 rad/s under − 4.5 mK/µm, (C) 0.01 rad/s under 0.04 mK/µm, and (D) 0.11 rad/s under 3.1 mK/µm.
We applied the uniform external temperature gradient to Ch-LC droplets. Heat flux is defined as the multiplication of the temperature gradient and heat conductivity of Ch-LC (~ 0.2 W/K m)29. The cross-correlation converts the heat flux along the temperature gradient into torque, which causes the Ch-LC droplets to rotate. The normalized angular momentum of the droplets is expressed as R2ω, where R is the radius of the Ch-LC droplet, which depends on the temperature gradient as
$$R^{2} \upomega = ({\text{d}}T/{\text{d}}z)/\upalpha_{{\text{L}}} ,$$
where αL is the normalized parameter of the cross-correlation (Lehmann) coefficient and the viscosity constant. The effects of the viscosity and size appear in αL and R2ω, respectively. The angular velocity depends on the viscosity of the Iso phase. We control the average temperature to be constant Ch-Iso coexisting temperature. Since the cell gap and the maximum temperature gradient in our setup are 40 μm and 6 mK/μm, respectively, the temperature deviation from average δT is must be less than 0.24 K. The temperature dependence of viscosity of the Iso phase is weak, therefore is negligible and we can use average viscosity constant of η(TC) = {η(TC + δT) + η(TC − δT)}/2, where Tc is the Ch-Iso coexisting temperature. Thus, we can regard αL as the conversion efficiency from temperature gradient to angular momentum.
To estimate αL, we summarized R2ω as a function of dT/dz, as shown in Fig. 2. We fit the experimental results with a linear function, and the best-fit curve is shown as the dashed line in Fig. 2. R2ω is proportional to dT/dz within the range of our measurements (|dT/dz|< 6 mK/µm), resulting in a conversion efficiency, αL, of 0.25 ± 0.01 mK s rad−1 µm−3. αL is the coupling constant between the temperature gradient and the angular momentum of the Ch-LC droplets and is therefore a key parameter for use in estimating the local temperature gradient extent.
Temperature gradient dependence of the normalized angular momentum. The dashed line is the best-fit curve obtained using Eq. (1). The slope of the fitting function is 4.0 rad µm3/mK s. Each data point is averaged over more than 4 samples.
Temperature gradient distribution around an Au thin-film electrode
We heated Au thin-film locally by applying an electric current to the Au thin-film electrode patterned on the lower glass substrate. Temperature gradient arises and the resulting heat flux in steady-state, q is defined as the multiplication of dT/dz and heat conductivity of Ch-LCs. To obtain steady-state rotation of Ch-LC droplets, we apply a constant electric current for a long time (> 5 min) before the observation.
Then, we observed the rotational behavior of the Ch-LC droplets on the Au thin-film electrode. This study examined the distribution of micro-temperature gradient through Ch-LC droplets between the upper and lower glass substrates with a spacing of 40 µm. To investigate the effect of local temperature gradient from the Au thin-film electrode, we did not apply any external temperature gradient. In other words, we controlled the temperature using a homemade temperature controller so that the upper and lower glass substrates are the same and the average temperature is to be the Ch-Iso coexisting phase.
We applied 300 mA of current to the Au thin-film electrode and cooled the Ch-LC sample from the Iso phase. The Ch-LC droplets appear at the Ch-LC coexisting phase temperature. Figure 3a shows a transmission polarized microscopic image of Ch-LC droplets on the electrode. The dark region in Fig. 3a corresponds to the area containing the patterned Au thin-film electrode on the lower glass substrate; the electrode appears dark because it does not transmit light. Ch-LC droplets start to appear at some distance from the Au electrode with decreasing temperature, indicating that the temperature of the electrode increases and thus, the temperature gradient in the plane parallel to the glass substrates also increases. In this work, we focus on micro-temperature gradient detection perpendicular to the glass substrates rather than on the millimeter-scale in-plane gradient. However, understanding how the behavior of Ch-LC droplets develops should provide information about the in-plane temperature as well.
Polarized microscopic images of Ch-LC droplets forming on the glass substrate. We patterned the lower glass substrate with an Au thin-film electrode. (a) Au thin-film electrode (dark region) and Ch-LC droplets in the Iso phase. Also shown are polarized microscopic images of Ch-LC droplets at (b) D = 200 µm (Supplementary movie 4) and (c) D = 370 µm (Supplementary movie 5). Snapshots were collected every 10 s.
Figure 3b contains polarized microscopic images of a Ch-LC droplet at D = 200 µm, where D is the distance from the edge of the electrode to the center of the Ch-LC droplet (Supplementary movie 4). The Ch-LC droplet near the Au thin-film electrode rotates clockwise. As ω < 0 corresponds to dT/dz < 0, as shown in Fig. 2, this result suggests that Ch-LC droplets can detect upward temperature gradient.
Snapshots of Ch-LC droplets at D = 370 µm is shown in Fig. 3c and Supplementary movie 5. These Ch-LC droplets do not exhibit unidirectional rotation, indicating that the temperature gradient between glass substrates with a 40-µm spacing is too small to be detected by the Ch-LC droplets. These results suggest that the upward temperature gradient generated from Au thin-film electrodes decays with increasing D.
To quantify the temperature gradient distribution, we measured the values of D and R2ω for Ch-LC droplets from polarized microscopic images. As the temperature gradient amount is proportional to the normalized angular momentum13,15, substituting the experimental results into the following equation,
$$\frac{{{\text{d}}T}}{{{\text{d}}z}}(D) = \upalpha_{{\text{L}}} R^{2} \upomega (D),$$
gives the local temperature gradient distribution summarized in Fig. 4. An upward micro-temperature gradient was observed in the region D < 350 µm in the case of I = 300 mA, where I is the electric current. The temperature gradient decays proportionally to D and the amount of temperature gradient detected by the rotating Ch-LC droplets is a few mK/µm. To evaluate the detection accuracy of the Ch-LC droplets quantitatively, we fit the experimental results in the region of significant temperature gradient detection, which yielded a linear function (the dashed line in Fig. 4) with a slope of 0.01 ± 0.003 mK/µm2.
The distribution of upward temperature gradient, with local temperature gradient estimated from the angular momentum distribution of the Ch-LC droplets. The current values applied to the Au thin-film electrode are 300, 220, and 160 mA. The dashed lines are best-fit lines using linear functions. The slope is 0.01 ± 0.003 mK/µm2 and is independent of I. Each data point is averaged over more than 3 samples.
Next, we investigated the relationship between the upward temperature gradient and the applied current. The Ch-LC droplets at D < 260 µm continued to detect the upward temperature gradient at a lower value of applied current (I = 220 mA). The amount of upward temperature gradient from the Au electrode with I = 220 mA is less than that at a current of 330 mA. When we decreased the applied current to 160 mA, the detection distance at which Ch-LC droplets can detect upward temperature gradient decreased, along with a decrease in the amount of detected temperature gradient. We fitted the experimental results for current values of I = 220 mA and 160 mA with a linear function and found a slope of 0.01 mK/µm2 that is independent of the applied current.
To better elucidate the region in which Ch-LC droplets can detect micro-temperature gradient, we investigated the D dependence of the droplet rotational behavior. The result is summarized in Fig. 5 as a phase diagram of the rotational behavior as a function of the applied current I and the position of the Ch-LC droplets, D. The fact that we could observe rotation of the Ch-LC droplets indicates that the upward temperature gradient is detectable, whereas a lack of rotation in the Ch-LC droplets indicates that the upward temperature gradient is smaller than the detection accuracy. When a large current is applied, the rotation region expands; the boundary between the regions of rotation and no rotation is proportional to I2 (the dashed line in Fig. 5), which is consistent with Joule heating behavior (∝I2).
The phase diagram of rotational behavior concerning I and D. To distinguish between rotation and no rotation, we observed the rotational behavior of Ch-LC droplets for a long time (> 5 min). The boundary between regions of rotation and no rotation are indicated by a dashed line. Ch-LC droplets can detect micro-temperature gradient generated from the Au thin-film electrode in the region above the dashed line.
Detection resolution of temperature gradient distributions using Ch-LC droplets
The characteristic spatial scale of the micro-temperature gradient detection based on the rotation of Ch-LC droplets is the same as the droplet size (~ 10 µm). Using the cell gap (~ 40 µm) and the slope of the linear function in Fig. 4 (~ 0.01 ± 0.003 mK/µm2), we found that Ch-LC droplets can detect micro-temperature gradient with an accuracy of 0.4 ± 0.12 mK/µm. In addition, the microscopic field of view limits the region of temperature gradient detection. The field of view in our experimental system is ~ 1 mm2, which could be expanded by scanning the rotating Ch-LC droplets.
Temperature gradient detection using Seebeck elements must be accompanied by an increase in element size to increase the detection accuracy of the temperature gradient, which decreases the spatial resolution. On the other hand, smaller Ch-LC droplets rotate faster even under a constant temperature gradient13. Therefore, as the size of the Ch-LC droplets corresponds to the spatial resolution, such droplets represent a sensing system capable of maintaining both high detection accuracy and high spatial resolution.
Numerical analysis of heat flux from Au thin-film electrodes
We calculated the heat flux from the Au thin-film electrodes based on the thermal conduction equation. Figure 6a contains a schematic image of the numerical analysis. The calculation area is given by the cross-section α-α′ shown in Fig. 1a. The thicknesses of the upper substrate, lower substrate, and Ch-LC are 2 mm, 1 mm, and 40 µm, respectively, which correspond to our experimental conditions. Here, we assumed that the heat conductivity of glass equals that of Ch-LC. The length of the Au thin-film electrode (> 10 mm) is sufficiently greater than both its width (~ 500 µm) and its thickness (~ 200 nm). Therefore, we could regard the temperature distribution along the y-axis as uniform, with the temperature gradient arising only in the x–z plane. The rotating Ch-LC droplets were observed after applying an electric current for a sufficient duration, so that the temperature distribution can be regarded as steady-state (∂T/∂t = 0). Heat is generated only by Au thin-film electrodes, that is, by the glass substrates, whereas the Ch-LC do not generate heat. We then solved the following thermal conduction equations using a finite-difference method to determine the temperature distribution in steady-state
$$0 = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}l} {\left( {\frac{{\partial^{2} }}{{\partial \hat{x}^{2} }} + \frac{{\partial^{2} }}{{\partial \hat{z}^{2} }}} \right)T\quad ({\text{In}}\,{\text{LC}}\,{\text{or}}\,{\text{glass}}) } \hfill \\ {\left( {\frac{{\partial^{2} }}{{\partial \hat{x}^{2} }} + \frac{{\partial^{2} }}{{\partial \hat{z}^{2} }}} \right)T + \hat{q} \quad ({\text{In}}\,{\text{Au}}\,{\text{nano}}\,{\text{thin-film}})} \hfill \\ \end{array} } \right..$$
Numerical analysis of the upward micro-temperature gradient generated from Au thin-film electrodes. (a) A schematic cross section of the calculation area, which corresponds to the α-α′ cross section in Fig. 1(a1). The Ch-LCs are sandwiched between glass substrates. The temperature at far distances from the Au thin-film electrode was maintained at T0. (b) The temperature distribution obtained by numerical analysis with \(\overline{q}\) = 0.5. Ch-LCs occupy the area between the white dashed lines. (c) \(\overline{q}\)-dependence of the temperature gradient at D = 100 µm. We normalized \(\hat{q}\) as \(\overline{q} = \hat{q}/\hat{q}(\nabla T = 1 \,{\text{mK}}/\upmu {\text{m}})\). The dashed line shows the fit of the numerical results using a linear function. The inset displays the I dependence of the experimental temperature gradient.
We used normalized parameters \(\hat{x}\) = x/L, \(\hat{y}\) = y/L, and \(\hat{q}\) = \(\dot{q}\)/kL2, where L, k, and \(\dot{q}\) are the width, thermal conductivity, and heat flux density of the Au thin-film electrode, respectively. The boundary condition was set so that the temperature far from the Au thin-film electrode was T0.
Figure 6b shows a typical temperature distribution obtained by our numerical calculation results. Ch-LCs occupy the region between the white dashed lines. The glass substrates lie outside the Ch-LCs. The temperature increases in the vicinity of the Au thin-film electrode, whereas the temperature is equal to T0 far from the Au thin-film electrode. The temperature difference between the upper and lower substrates relaxes on a length scale of 0.1–1 mm.
We compared the numerical and experimental results by calculating the temperature gradient distribution from the temperature distribution obtained by our numerical analysis. The results demonstrate that the temperature gradient at D = 100 µm, which is proportional to temperature gradient, is a function of the normalized heat \(\overline{q}\), where we normalized \({\hat{\text{q}}}\) as \(\overline{q} = \hat{q}/\hat{q}(\Delta T = 1 \,{\text{mK}}/\upmu {\text{m}})\). The temperature gradient observed at a fixed point is proportional to \({\overline{\text{q}}}\), as indicated by the dashed line in Fig. 6c.
In our experiment, we modulated the heat generation from the Au thin-film electrode by controlling the applied current I; \(\stackrel{\mathrm{-}}{\text{q}}\) in the numerical analysis should be proportional to I in the experiment. The experimental temperature gradient at D = 100 µm is linearly dependent on I, as shown in the inset of Fig. 6c. Thus, our numerical analysis quantitatively agrees with the experimental results, indicating that Ch-LC droplets are capable of detecting upward micro-temperature gradient amounts generated from model MEMS devices.
Chiral liquid crystal materials
To obtain the Ch-LCs used in this study, we added 1.0 wt.% of a chiral dopant, (S)-4-{[1-(methylheptyl)oxy]carbonyl}phenyl-4(hexyloxy) benzoate, to a host nematic LC E7. Then, we added 17 wt.% of octadecane (Sigma-Aldrich) to the Ch-LCs to expand the coexisting phase temperature of Ch-Iso. The coexisting phase temperature of the Ch-LCs is 33 °C–37 °C.
Nano Au thin-film electrode
The fabrication process of the model MEMS device in which we patterned the glass substrate with an Au thin-film electrode is illustrated in Fig. 7. A 50-nm-thick Cr layer and a 200-nm-thick Au layer were deposited on the glass substrates by thermal evaporation (Fig. 7a,b). We obtained the OFPR pattern on the Au thin film using a photolithography process (Fig. 7c). During the wet-etching process, Au and Cr films were partially removed (Fig. 7d) and the OFPR was then washed out with acetone and ethanol (Fig. 7e). We spin-coated a toluene solution containing 2 wt.% PMMA to produce a PMMA alignment film after leaving the substrates at 150 °C for 120 min (Fig. 7f). We combined the PMMA-coated glass substrate with the substrate, using 40-µm-size silica beads (Fig. 7g). The width of the Au thin-film electrode is 440 µm.
Schematic diagram of the model MEMS device fabrication process. (a,b) Thermal evaporation of Cr and Au layers. (c) Patterning of OFPR using a photolithography technique. (d) Wet-etching of the Au and Cr layers. (e) OFPR removal by washing with an organic solvent. (f) Spin coating of the PMMA alignment film. (g) LC cell assembly with a thickness maintained at 40 µm by bead spacers.
Microscopy and temperature controller
We enclosed Ch-LCs into the fabricated LC cell. The LC cell was then set in the homemade temperature controller, as shown in Fig. 8. The lower and upper aluminum plates were heated by a rubber heater and a Peltier element, respectively. We monitored the temperatures of the upper and lower aluminum plates and could control the temperature within 0.1 °C. We connected the Au thin-film electrode with a DC power supply via 15 W of a resistor. We also conducted polarized microscopic observations of the Ch-LC droplets using a cross-Nicol polarized at 10° away to simultaneously observe both the texture of the Ch-LC droplets and the Ch-Iso interface.
A schematic image of our constructed temperature controller. The LC cell is sandwiched between sapphire glass. The temperatures of the upper and lower aluminum plates are independently controlled by a Peltier element and a rubber heater, respectively.
In this paper, we demonstrated a novel application of rotating Ch-LC droplets to detect micro-levels of temperature gradient generated by model MEMS devices. First, we evaluated the temperature gradient-to-torque conversion efficiency of Ch-LC droplets under conditions of uniform temperature gradient. Then, we patterned a glass substrate with an Au thin-film electrode and fabricated model MEMS devices using Ch-LC droplets. We then investigated the detection of spatially heterogeneous temperature gradients based on the rotational behavior of Ch-LC droplets. Ch-LC droplets were able to detect tiny quantities of temperature gradient (~ 1 mK/μm) generated by the model MEMS device. In this novel method, we demonstrate that the Ch-LC droplets exhibit both high accuracy (~ 0.4 ± 0.12 mK/µm) and high spatial resolution (~ 1–10 µm) for temperature gradient detection.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Yan, J., Liao, X., Yan, D. & Chen, Y. Review of micro thermoelectric generator. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 27, 1–18 (2018).
Cahill, D. G., Goodson, K. & Majumdar, A. Thermometry and thermal transport in micro/nanoscale solid-state devices and structures. J. Heat Transf. 124, 223–241 (2001).
Xu, D., Wang, Y., Xiong, B. & Li, T. MEMS-based thermoelectric infrared sensors: A review. Front. Mech. Eng. 12, 557–566 (2017).
Hierlemann, A., Brand, O., Hagleitner, C. & Baltes, H. Microfabrication techniques for chemical/biosensors. Proc. IEEE 91, 839–863 (2003).
Verpoorte, E. & De Rooij, N. F. Microfluidics meets MEMS. Proc. IEEE 91, 930–953 (2003).
Onsager, L. Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes. I. Phys. Rev. 37, 405–426 (1931).
Zohdi, T. I. On cross-correlation between thermal gradients and electric fields. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 74, 143–150 (2014).
Sergey, Z. S., Vladimir, Yu., M. & Andrey, V. M. Heatmetry (Springer Nature, London, 2020).
Vineis, C. J., Shakouri, A., Majumdar, A. & Kanatzidis, M. G. Nanostructured thermoelectrics: Big efficiency gains from small features. Adv. Mater. 22, 3970–3980 (2010).
Lehmann, O. Structur, System und magnetisches Verhalten flüssiger Krystalle und deren Mischbarkeit mit festen. Ann. Phys. 307, 649–705 (1900).
Leslie, F. M. Some thermal effects in cholesteric liquid crystals. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 307, 359–372 (1968).
ADS CAS Google Scholar
Oswald, P., Dequidt, A. & Poy, G. Lehmann effect in nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals: A review. Liq. Cryst. Rev. 7, 142–166 (2019).
Yoshioka, J. et al. Director/barycentric rotation in cholesteric droplets under temperature gradient. Soft Matter 10, 5869–5877 (2014).
Yamamoto, T., Kuroda, M. & Sano, M. Three-dimensional analysis of thermo-mechanically rotating cholesteric liquid crystal droplets under a temperature gradient. EPL Europhys. Lett. 109, 46001 (2015).
Bono, S., Sato, S. & Tabe, Y. Unidirectional rotation of cholesteric droplets driven by UV-light irradiation. Soft Matter 13, 6569–6575 (2017).
Bono, S., Maruyama, Y. & Tabe, Y. Formation and dynamics of the aggregates of cholesteric double-twist cylinders. Soft Matter 14, 9798–9805 (2018).
Bono, S., Maruyama, Y., Nishiyama, K. & Tabe, Y. Photo-controllable rotation of cholesteric double-twist cylinders. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 683, 39–45 (2019).
Yoshioka, J., Ito, F. & Tabe, Y. Stability of a double twisted structure in spherical cholesteric droplets. Soft Matter 12, 2400–2407 (2016).
Bono, S., Maruyama, Y., Nishiyama, K. & Tabe, Y. Heat-driven rigid-body rotation of a mixture of cholesteric liquid crystal droplets and colloids. J. Phys. Chem. B 124, 6170–6174 (2020).
de Gennes, P. G. & Prost, J. The Physics of Liquid Crystals (Oxford University Press, 1995).
Bono, S., Maruyama, Y., Nishiyama, K. & Tabe, Y. A thermomechanical coupling in cholesteric liquid crystals: Unidirectional rotation of double-twist cylinders driven by heat flux. Eur. Phys. J. E 42, 99 (2019).
Liang, H.-L., Schymura, S., Rudquist, P. & Lagerwall, J. Nematic-smectic transition under confinement in liquid crystalline colloidal shells. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 247801 (2011).
Lagerwall, J. P. F. & Scalia, G. A new era for liquid crystal research: Applications of liquid crystals in soft matter nano-, bio- and microtechnology. Curr. Appl. Phys. 12, 1387–1412 (2012).
Bono, S., Takanishi, Y. & Yamamoto, J. Isotropic-to-nematic phase transition of liquid crystals confined in nanoemulsion droplets. EPL Europhys. Lett. 109, 26004 (2015).
Bono, S. & Konishi, S. Liquid crystal droplets as a visualization sensor of heat flux from microfabricated metal structures. In 2022 IEEE 35th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Conference (MEMS) 184–187 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/MEMS51670.2022.9699521.
Fujisaki, Y. et al. Liquid crystal display cells fabricated on plastic substrate driven by low-voltage organic thin-film transistor with improved gate insulator and passivation layer. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44, 3728 (2005).
Tabe, Y. & Yokoyama, H. Coherent collective precession of molecular rotors with chiral propellers. Nat. Mater. 2, 806–809 (2003).
Oswald, P. & Dequidt, A. Direct measurement of the thermomechanical Lehmann coefficient in a compensated cholesteric liquid crystal. EPL Europhys. Lett. 83, 16005 (2008).
Springer Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data | Werner Martienssen | Springer.
This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists Grant Number 20K14433. This work was supported by Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
Shinji Bono & Satoshi Konishi
Graduate Course of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
Ritsumeikan Advanced Research Academy, Kyoto, 604-8520, Japan
Satoshi Konishi
Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, 604-8520, Japan
Shinji Bono
S.B. and S.K. conceived the direction of research and experiment. S.B. and S.K. performed experiments and wrote the manuscript.
Correspondence to Shinji Bono.
Supplementary Video 1.
Supplementary Legends.
Bono, S., Konishi, S. Temperature gradient sensing mechanism using liquid crystal droplets with 0.1-mK-level detection accuracy and high spatial resolution. Sci Rep 12, 13733 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18008-y
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18008-y


social security office wisconsin rapids looking for your closest wi.
canon office updates its printer line up with four new models head in lagos.
social security office aberdeen sd fraud 2016 vs 2019.
evansville social security office hall phone number.
social security office coeur d alene idaho dalene.
greensburg social security office pa elegant in s then amp address.
redding ca social security office hours.
kingsport social security office administration tn.
social security office rome ny even smart people make this estate planning mistake oneida county services department.
lewiston social security office investigating suspicious substance on mail at id fax number.


A 32-foot-tall sign of the Navajo Indian God of Wealth and Fertility stands in front of the former Krazy Kokopelli Trading Post (now a coffee shop and Mexican restaurant).
I-17 exit 287, then drive south one block on Finnie Flat Rd. On the left.
The Trading Post has been reappropriated as a Starbucks and Mexican restaurant, but Kokopelli still proudly plays his flute out front.
Great photo op and fun to see. It's so tall! The trading post is no longer there, but it's still worth the stop.
It is still well maintained and still holding the title of World's Largest Kokopelli!
The World's Largest Kokopelli has been seriously outdone by the drive-thru Starbucks' sign. Iamgros and I were disappointed by the amount of fast food restaurants littering our photograph, but the guy selling polyester 420 blankets in the parking lot made it up to us by offering a king size howling wolf throw at half price. I guess in today's world Starbucks IS the new trading post.
The world's largest Kokopelli now stands in front of a tiny strip mall that houses a drive-thru Starbucks and a Verizon wireless store. The Kokopelli gift shop is still there, and the Kokopelli statue was freshly painted.
Out of Africa Wildlife Park, Camp Verde, AZ - 3 mi.
Montezuma Castle Indian Ruins, Camp Verde, AZ - 3 mi.
UFO Night Vision Sky Tours, Sedona, AZ - 20 mi.
Arcosanti: An Urban Laboratory, Mayer, AZ - 20 mi.