text:
President: Kyrgyzstan guarantees security for foreign investments
Business Materials 10 January 2012 18:16 (UTC +04:00)
Azerbaijan, Baku, Jan. 10 / Trend V. Zhavoronkova/
Kyrgyzstan guarantees security for foreign investments in the country, Kyrgyz President Almazbek Atambayev said during his meeting with Chen Zhili, vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and special envoy of Chinese President Hu Jintao, KyrTAG reported on Monday.
Atambayev said that the situation with foreign, especially Chinese, investments in Kyrgyzstan gets better and the country is able to provide them with security.
The President proposed to intensify the participation of Chinese investments in trade and economic projects within Kyrgyzstan and expressed his readiness to support this process.
Atambayev said that the sides should start the implementation of concrete project for the example the building of China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway.
The implementation of this project will allow Kyrgyzstan to get out of "transport dead-end", the President stressed.


1.1.1. Across Media Global Limited (Trading as BiddingX), (' BiddingX'), a limited liability company incorporated under the laws of the Laws of the Hong Kong Special Adminstrative Region of The People's Republic of China, with its main establishment and registered office at 16/F., CentreHollywood, 151 Hollywood Road, Sheung Wan, Hong Kong, registration number 68898162, is responsible as the data controller of your personal data.
1.1.2. In addition, this Data Protection Policy ('policy') applies to 'BiddingX' meaning the group of undertakings comprised of 'BiddingX' as the controlling undertaking and its controlled undertakings comprised of subsidiary and affiliated enterprises and any other enterprise whether to be incorporated as the controlled undertaking or to adhere to this policy. The reference to 'BiddingX', also referred to as 'we' or 'us', may mean reference to the group of undertakings or an individual enterprise within this group being responsible as the data controller of your personal data as the case may be.
1.1.3. 'BiddingX' cooperates with service providers, such as advertisers, publishers and other partners, accounting and IT services providers, wherein within this business cooperation certain personal data could be collected, transferred and processed by such service providers. 'BiddingX' cooperates only with service providers, which are in compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation.
1.1.4. This policy applies to information we collect when you access or use BiddingX's website(s), Ad Platform, including the Ad Network, or otherwise interact with us as described below. We are compliant with applicable legislation in the countries in which we operate. By using our services or interacting with us as described below, you confirm that you are aware of this policy.
1.1.5. We may amend this policy from time to time due to change of legislation or us updating our internal policies and practices. If we make changes, we will notify you by revising the date of this policy, and in some circumstances, we may provide you with additional notice, including, for example, by adding a statement to the website(s) of 'BiddingX' or by sending you an email notification. We strongly encourage you to review the policy whenever you access or use our services to stay informed about our information practices and your privacy rights and choices.
2.2.2. 'BiddingX' has adopted this policy in order to ensure the protection of your rights in relation to the processing of your personal data as your fundamental right, to further design the processing of personal data to serve both you, BiddingX's clients, workers and employees and other individuals, as well as to protect 'BiddingX'.
2.2.3. 'BiddingX' notably strives to further design this policy in order to approved it as binding corporate rules in accordance with Article 47 of the General Data Protection Regulation.
2.3.1. 'BiddingX' provides advertising technology services to its clients. Upon opening an account at the Ad Platform connecting advertisers, publishers and other partners through the Ad Network, you provide us with Contact and Business Management Data. Clients use the Ad Platform to provide advertising to end users and we in return provide the services under our Ad Platform to help the clients to provide advertisements to end users. Thus, within its business activities 'BiddingX' processes only a very limited scope of personal data notably End User Data, wherein the majority of the information we receive when providing services to our clients is considered to be data of enterprises, notably Business Management Data.
2.4.1.3. Business Management Data: personal name of employee or worker of the client (enterprise), company name, address, e-mail address, telephone and fax number, the client's payment details such as bank account number and type of banc account, registration and tax number, information on the profit, submitted using special payment application filled out by the client, all in order to provide services and further our business interests. 'BiddingX' uses this information to process payments. Where 'BiddingX' uses third-party service providers to manage credit card processing, such personal data are being obtained from the payment service providers.
2.4.1.8. We ask that you avoid submitting us special categories of personal data including sensitive information and data concerning health, unless such information is legally required and/or the 'BiddingX' requests you to submit such information.
2.5.1. 'BiddingX' processes personal data only, if permitted to do so by the General Data Protection Regulation.
2.5.2. Most commonly, 'BiddingX' processes personal data about you because the processing is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which 'BiddingX' is subject. Special categories of personal data are processed only on this legal basis and 'BiddingX' does not process any such data on any other legal basis. Processing of Human Resource Data including Sensitive Information is almost entirely subject to this legal basis.
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2.6.5.4. We also use your data to create interferences about end users geographically categorized in order to enable the enterprises within 'BiddingX' to help clients place advertisement in the respective geographical region. For example, if the End User Data indicates that an end user is located in a certain geographical region or country, the Ad Platform enables the client to place advertisements in such region or country. After this process is done, the internet protocol number of the end user is anonymized in order to prevent enterprises within 'BiddingX' from other regions or countries, clients and third parties to access or retrieve the internet protocol number of the end user. This process also includes anonymizing internet protocol numbers for statistical purposes.
2.6.5.5. We may also use your data when the Ad Platform interferes with social media sites, plug-ins or other applications provided by advertisers, publishers or other partners. For example, if a worker or an employee of a client intends to advertise on Facebook through the Ad Platform, it has to link its personal Facebook account with the Ad Platform, considering that Facebook does not enable corporate Facebook accounts. After the connection is established, we save his personal name, Facebook identification number and a list of all Facebook advertisement accounts such individual has access to, which we consider Business Management Data since it the individual has opened the Ad Platform account for the client (enterprise), in order for us to invoice the services provided by the Ad Platform. If the individual then revokes his Ad Platform through its Facebook account, we still store his data necessary until the agreement with our client is fulfilled.
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2.11.3. We advise you to protect your Ad Platform account details including your username and password and not to share this information with any other individual.


Our badge program for Cub Scouts invites young minds to explore the scientific method and exercise their most powerful scientific tools: their senses.
As a result of a generous gift from brothers Greg, Barry, Keith, and Ray Bentley, the Chester County Council Boy Scouts of America and the Stroud Center are expanding their partnership to offer additional outdoor and environmental STEM programs.
Payton Shonk was honored for his Eagle Scout project, an education kiosk, at the Stroud Center's dedication of a new outdoor classroom.
There's just something about going outside. It's fun. It lowers stress. It helps students focus. And it's a great way to learn about freshwater science.


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text:
Reducing African Snail Damageto Yams in American Samoa
FW02-048
State: American Samoa
Malo Paleso'o
Vegetables: sweet potatoes
Animals: swine
Education and Training: demonstration, extension, farmer to farmer, on-farm/ranch research
Farm Business Management: agricultural finance
Pest Management: biological control, physical control
Production Systems: agroecosystems, holistic management
Soil Management: green manures, organic matter
Sustainable Communities: new business opportunities, employment opportunities, sustainability measures
Yams are an important traditional crop in American Samoa. Giant African snails, first introduced into the territory in 1978, have become a serious pest of yams, feeding on the young plants shortly after sprouting. Some farmers cite anecdotal evidence that ash barriers can help protect yams and other crops from snail damage, but the practice has not been tested experimentally. This project found that ash barriers failed to protect sprouting yams from snail damage. This lack of efficacy may stem in part from the difficulty of maintaining ash barriers in the heavy year-round rains of American Samoa.
·	Assess the efficacy of ash as a deterrent to young yam plants from African snail
·	Disseminate the knowledge gained to other farmers growing yams in their plantations
Yams are important contributors to food security for American Samoa. Mature yams are protected in the soil from hurricanes and remain edible long after reaching maturity. They are part of a traditional mixed farm system that includes taro, breadfruit, bananas and a few other fruits and vegetables, often grown in weedy mulch. These systems are ideal hosts for giant African snail, introduced to American Samoa in 1978. The snails attack young yam plants, feeding on the exterior layers of stem tissue, reducing growth and sometimes killing the plants.
Many farm families in American Samoa still use traditional ovens for cooking at least once a week. From the wood fuel, the ovens produce ash, purported to deter giant African snail when spread around the base of susceptible plants. This project sought to test the hypothesis that ash barriers around young yams can protect them from damage from giant African snail.
Sixty yam species were planted into a 700-square-foot area that had recently been hand weeded, with the pulled weeds left on the soil surface as mulch. A 2-foot-diameter circle was cleared around each plant, and a ring of ash applied around half of the plants at alternating points of the 4-foot by 4-foot planting grid. The sprouting plants were assessed for damage by giant African snail. Many of the seed pieces in the original planting did not sprout. These were replanted. The original planting was done June 29, 2003, and the sprouted yams from the planting were assessed for damage on July 31. Yams sprouted from seed pieces that replaced those that did not sprout in the first planting were assessed for damage on Sept. 19.
Few of the seed pieces in the first planting sprouted. By July 31, nine of 12 ash-treated plants (75%) that did sprout showed snail damage. Eight of 14 (57%) of the untreated plants that sprouted were damaged by snails. In the repeat planting, most seed pieces again failed to sprout. Of those that did, one of five (20%) of the ash-treated plants and one of five untreated plants were damaged by snails as of Sept. 19. The experiment provided no evidence that an ash barrier can help protect young yam plants from damage by giant African snails. A reason for the failure might have been frequent rains that washed away the ash.
Although ash barriers may work against giant African snails under drier conditions, heavy rains are the norm year round in American Samoa. However, care was made during the frequent rains to replace the ash barrier during the experiment, and as it failed to retard snail damage, the treatment may not work even under dry conditions.
BENEFITS OR IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE
PRODUCERS ADOPTION
REACTIONS FROM PRODUCERS
Chemical control with poisoned bait remains the most effective tactic to protect crops from giant African snail. Some cultural practices can help reduce their damage, such as leaving an area of bare ground or spreading bands of sand around crops and hand-picking snails. However, farmers still need an effective, convenient nonchemical control method that can save money and minimized adverse impacts on nontarget organisms and the environment.
The project plan had called for repeating the experiment, sponsoring a field day and printing fact sheets had the initial results been positive. The negative outcome precluded these activities. Still, the results have been shared with farmers and extension agents. The agents can now recommend against attempting to prevent giant African damage by using ash barriers.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Green Globe / Africa / LUX* Resorts & Hotels launch Endemic Plants Conservation Project
LUX* Resorts & Hotels launch Endemic Plants Conservation Project
July 5, 2017 Bradley Cox
LUX* Resorts & Hotels has officially launched The Endemic Plants Conservation Project, in collaboration with the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation (MWF), on the occasion of the World Environment Day. The project initiated by Vishnee Payen, Group Sustainability & CSR Manager at LUX*, started in October 2016 with the planting of seeds by the employees of the group at l'Ile aux Aigrettes. Consequently, the plants will be distributed to the employees, the NGOs and to the municipality of Curepipe, to spread more efficiently the species and reintegrate them in the island's ecosystem.
"The support of our partners, such as LUX*, is essential to help us continue our adventure. Through this project, we want to create enthusiasm and make Mauritians act in favour of our biodiversity. These plants will be reintroduced in urban zones, increasing their number. This action could also support the native fauna on the long run (geckos, bats, the pic-pic, the only endemic bird that has adapted itself to urban regions)", said Vikash Tatayah from the MWF during the launch ceremony that also saw the presence of the Superintendent of Parks & Gardens of the municipality of Curepipe, Navagalingum Thondee, the employees of LUX*, and Anoushka Virahsawmy from the NGO Gender Links.
Categories:Africa, Latest News, Middle East
Employee Training: Motivation through Skills Development
In Latest News on July 5, 2017
Eigener Showroom zur HCC-Geschichte in Planung
In Europe, Germany, Latest News on July 5, 2017


The national chairman of the All Progressives Congress (APC), Adams Oshiomhole, has again vowed that the ruling party would not allow Senate president Bukola Saraki to impose minority rule on the members of National Assembly.
In an interview with the Channels TV, Oshiomhole, said that he was convinced that Saraki should vacate the position of the Senate president as a matter of honour, adding that if he fails, the party would democratically remove him from his seat.
He said: "As we speak, I remain convinced that Saraki must, I use the word 'must' vacate the position of Senate President as a matter of honour. If he does not choose the path of hounour, he will be democratically removed as the president of the Senate because you are emphasising law; I am emphasising logic and political morality, plus law.
"You know I came from a background where as a young unionist, I went through trade union history. What is lawful may be completely immoral and society survives only when it is committed to strong ethical standards.
"Because the law itself as interpreted by judges can best give you judgement, it may not translate to justice. And for the society to be stable, there must be a commitment not only to the rule of law but strong ethics, including natural laws of fairness.
"It is unacceptable in any democracy, including the one that we all proudly claim that we have borrowed from America; it is unacceptable for a minority party to provide leadership to govern the majority.
"Now as we speak APC has 57 senators, PDP has 49 senators. Assuming without conceding that the other two parties namely APGA and ADC choose to align with the opposition, they will still be less than 57; they might just become 51 or 52. There is no way you will have a parliament in which a minority provides the leadership.
"You know when it suits us we compare Nigeria, when it doesn't we look for other excuses. Those newspaper lawyers, they are not judges. And I can see a lot of too many people who are commentators and analysts without the appropriate depth, even on the subject of which they are commenting on.
"When I say Saraki will be democratically removed, he will be lawfully removed. People say how? They choose to detain themselves with the assumption of the fact that we have 57 members means we cannot impeach the Senate president.
Speaking on what law requires to impeach the Senate president, Oshiomhole, said that the Nigerian Constitution says that to impeach a Senate president, a deputy Senate president, a speaker, a deputy speaker, two-third of members are needed.
He said: "He (Saraki) himself knows more than that and then they go lavishly, constituting themselves into television judges and newspaper supreme courts. Look at the extant provision in the relevant sections of the Constitution, it is very clear.
"It says to impeach a president or a vice president, a governor or a deputy governor, you need, in the words of the Constitution, 'two-third of all the members'; all, the word 'all' has to be emphasised.
"The same Constitution goes down to say, however, to impeach a Senate President, a Deputy Senate President, a speaker, a deputy speaker; you need 'two-third of members'.
"My brother, if the Constitution meant to say the same thing, it will use exactly the same language. Why did it emphasise all in the case of presidents and governors?
"Now, the issue before us is to allow a competent court to sit down and see whether it would have been the intention of the Constitution when it chooses to use the word all, all members for the purpose of presidents and others and use members for another purpose.
"Now, if the intention was the same, the wording will be the same. Now, Senator Saraki knows the difference and that is why putting his own interest before, over, and above national interest, he hurriedly adjourned the Senate upon that illegal act of allowing people to decamp even when there was no faction.
"Knowing that he cannot retain, he hurriedly adjourned the Senate without considering the issue of the supplementary budget for INEC, the virement to move money away from recurrent expenditure into the capital project, and to approve the foreign loans upon which the budget that they have approved can only be executed.
"He knew that he can't survive and that is why he did that and then adjourned the House without obeying the laydown calendar which the House was committed to, and which is no secret to anyone.
"Unfortunately, speaker (Yakubu) Dogara chose to also put Saraki's interest over and above national interest and also hurriedly adjourned the House of Representatives.
"And the result is that today, we face a huge danger if we continue to allow this aberration to stand of a situation in which INEC will not have the money or if they will get it, they might get it too late to be able to procure a lot of the items they need which they do not buy off the shelf to place order on time so that those items, equipment or whatever they are are provided to enable them to conduct free and fair elections come 2019.
"So let me repeat, Saraki cannot and APC will not allow him to impose minority rule and I ask you a members of the fourth estate of the realm whether those who find it convenient to quote the law are going to revise the universal definition of democracy?
"It says that in a genuine democracy, the minority can continue to have their say, however loud, however militant, however, the majority must have their way. This is a law far more superior to whatever some lawmakers may put; that universal law which does not vary between nation states.
"It doesn't vary between ethnic groups that the majority may have their way, but minority must be allowed to have their say. PDP will continue to have their say on the floor of the National Assembly, but they cannot as a minority presides over APC majority. Saraki has a choice, obey the ethics of democracy or be removed as Senate President, or be impeached. I remain committed to that.
He said he believed if it was the intention of the Nigerian electorate to have the minority to have the Senate, or the National Assembly to be superintended over by the minority, they would not have voted for APC to have the majority in the Senate and majority in the House of Representatives.
"Now the other thing people point to is that (Governor Aminu) Tambuwal did it, interestingly that is a fact of life that we can't deny. However, check the facts, when Speaker Tambuwal did it, he worked so hard that for some time, PDP became the minority in the House of Representatives.
"He worked hard to take as many House of Representatives members along with him that PDP temporarily became the minority in the House before they started fighting back.
"If Tambuwal did it and got away with it and PDP slept on their right, APC under my leadership will not sleep on our right. I didn't come to perpetrate the status quo, I am not a traditional ruler who celebrates preservation of culture and tradition; who speaks to how great grandfathers were doing certain things which must be preserved.


Janie has 2 other sisters, and "technically", Shannon is her cousin.
But "really" she's Janie's 3rd sister.
Shannon was Janie's MOH (Maid of Honor) at our wedding. She really stepped up to the plate and not only filled the role, but she friggin' OWNED it. She spearheaded our "Battle of the sexes" paint war, she was instrumental in her "position" as MOH, and she was simply invaluable to Janie on our wedding day. She took being the Maid of Honor very seriously and did a tremendous job.
So now Shannon had this birthday coming up and Janie wanted to plan something special and she went at the task with guns a blazing.
She planned this out for months, designing the details, the artwork, painting a couple of my backdrops, etc. She really poured herself into it.
She found The Studio in Denver and made the arrangements to have the surprise party there.
So on the day of celebration, Janie and I drove down to Denver and Janie got setup in a hotel suite to do her hair and makeup while I was out of sight in another hotel room.
And Shannon was driven from Colorado Springs to Denver, blind folded while her "captors" kept quiet.
They brought her to Janie and the blindfold was removed.
And Janie sat her down and took care of her hair and makeup.
When she was done, Lindsey and Amy (her "captors") took her away and off to dinner. In the meantime, Janie and I drove to The Studio and started setting up for the party.
She setup the decorations with the help of family and friends, and I setup a studio to take pictures and got ready to shoot the night.
When we were ready, Shannon was brought to the site blindfolded and was walked to where her family and friends were waiting for her, to give her a warm and welcome SURPRISE!
AND THE PARTY WAS ON!
Karen, my sister-in-law, made the food. I can still taste these cookies. They just melted in your mouth.
Cindy, Janie's mom, makes the most fantastic cakes. Well, pretty much everything she makes is great. But she IS famous for her cakes.
Our daughter, Rheya Lee, decorated some bricks used to hold up a sign. Aren't these cool?!
Now I want you to pay attention to this one. This is just an example of how creative Janie is. The bottle is wrapped with pages from the Bible. And the purple and green flowers are made out shipping / packing peanuts.
And then the moment arrived, and Shannon burst through the doorway.
Yep, that's a pillar in front of you Shannon. Put on the BRAKES!
One of these 3 is not like the other..
Bass Elements were onsite to crank up the tunes and kept the party going strong all night!
I know that technically, this is not a good photo because of the back focusing that occurred.
But I couldn't resist sharing this one because our good friend Monica here, who on her worst day is nothing less that graceful, got reintroduced to gravity and the floor.
It's awesome that everyone is just standing their laughing at her rather than trying to catch her!
Yah, great party for sure.


In a large bowl, combine the first six ingredients. In another bowl, beat eggs, oil and syrup. Stir into dry ingredients just until moistened. Fold in carrots.
Fill 18 greased or paper-lined muffin cups two-thirds full. Bake at 350° for 20-25 minutes or until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean. Cool for 5 minutes before removing from pans to wire racks.
For frosting, combine the cream cheese, butter, syrup and vanilla in a bowl; beat until smooth. Frost cooled cupcakes. Add nuts if desired. Store in the refrigerator.
1 cupcake: 327 calories, 20g fat (6g saturated fat), 68mg cholesterol, 243mg sodium, 33g carbohydrate (21g sugars, 1g fiber), 4g protein.
I followed the recipe exactly as written for the cupcakes & they turned out wonderful! I used my own cream cheese recipe for the frosting, adding some maple syrup to it.
I made these last night. They turned out great. More of a muffin though, I thought. I didn't put the cream cheese on top but have no doubt it would be delicious. My family just doesn't care for cream cheese.Someone asked about making only half the recipe. I did this a few weeks ago and it was just fine.Also, regarding maple syrup- use the real thing. It's the best but I'm biased since my family produces maple syrup and we have lots of it to use!!!!
Yummy!!!This is an amazing recipe, but instead of making muffins I turn it into a slab cake! I also add icing sugar to icing which makes it very creamy and everyone loves it!
These were fantastic. The maple flavor really came through and made the finished product unique. I had no issues with the rising or otherwise.
Super moist and good. I love the taste of the maple syrup as the sweetener in both the cake and frosting. The frosting is not at all too sweet as many frostings are. Plenty of batter, and I got 24 nicely rounded cupcakes from it. This is now a favorite cupcake at our house!
Glad I read the reviews about the thin frosting before I made it so I added 1 cup of powered sugar to the icing which turned out great and was delicious. However, before I even got to frost the cupcakes, my son ate several unfrosted and raved about how good they were! He then tried one with frosting and felt that the frosting hid the wonderful flavor of the cupcake.
I think there is an ingredient missing. This is a terrible recipe. Frosting is awful and the cupcakes do not taste good. I was very disappointed, this is the first Taste of Home recipe that has FAILED for me. NO STARS!!! The only reason one star is given is because I couldn't submit without one! Where the 5 Stars came from is beyond me!


Creating a campaign is a very straightforward process. As is common across the entire Fenero Manager interface, you simply select the appropriate app (Campaigns) and select 'New Campaign' located on the right side of the campaign page below the filters.
This will bring up the campaign editing screen as shown below. The same screen is used to edit campaigns, which is available by clicking Edit located on the right-hand side of the screen on the campaign filtering screen.
As shown in the previous screen, the first tab that appears on the Campaign add or edit screen is the General tab. This contains all of the basic settings required for both inbound or outbound campaigns.
Campaign Name: Enter a name for your new campaign.
Campaign Description: Enter a friendly description for the campaign.
Campaign Type: Specify whether your campaign should be inbound or outbound.
Call Routing Method: Select how you'd like outbound auto-dialed calls by the dialer to be routed to the next available agent.
Note: Inbound calls to an ACD queue will have the inbound call routing method specified within the ACD queue settings. The call routing method on the ACD Queue will override the call routing method on the campaign for incoming calls to the queue.
Caller ID for Outgoing Calls: Enter a 10-digit number that you would like to display as the caller ID when outbound calls are made from this campaign.
Launch When a Call Arrives: Select the action you would like the agent interface to perform when a call is sent to an agent's desktop.
Launch Script: Script to launch when a call is sent to an agent, if Launch When a Call Arrives is set to 'Display built-in script'. You must first create the script using the 'Scripts & Filters' application before it becomes available in this drop-down.
Start Call Get/POST: Optionally launch a URL silently and pass all the call data in Fenero to the URL at the beginning of the call.
End Call Get/POST: Optionally launch a URL silently and pass all the call data in Fenero to the URL at the end of the call.
CRM Launch: Determines whether or not to open a CRM URL as soon as your agents log in.
CRM URL: Specify the CRM URL to open automatically as soon as your agent logs into Fenero Agent, if CRM Launch is set to 'Open CRM URL in New Window'.
Call Recordings: Specify whether the campaign should automatically record calls or allow agents to choose.
Call Recordings File Name: Specify your desired call recording file-name format.
Dispo When Caller hangs Up: Present the agent with the disposition screen as soon as the customer hangs up.
Dispo When End call Pressed: Present the agent with the disposition screen as soon as 'End Call' is pressed.
Custom & System Dispositions: Determine whether to use only custom dispositions or both custom and system dispositions.
The Hours tab of the campaign is used to specify the campaigns outbound hours of operations. Here select your time zone and specify the hours you'd like to reach out to your prospects. If your hours are the same every day, use the 'Same time every day' checkbox to save time.
Once you have specified the campaign's general settings, select the Queues tab to control the inbound specific settings for your campaign.
Allowed Inbound Queues: Select one or more inbound ACD queues that should be handled by agents logged in to this campaign. Please note that only ACD Queues that have already been created will appear in the list.
Allowed Transfer Queues: Select one or more ACD Queues that agents are allowed to transfer calls to from this campaign.
Allow Inbound Emails: Select the appropriate option here to allow agents logged in to this campaign to handle email queues.
Primary Transfer Queue: Determines the ACD queue that will be selected by default when agents try to transfer calls.
Inbound Queue Priority: Determines how the campaign will treat inbound calls vs outbound calls.
Inbound Queue Dialing: Allow or disallow outbound calls while inbound calls are waiting in the queue.
Show Calls in Queue Count: Allows you to select whether the number of inbound calls in queue appears in the agent interface.
Show Calls in Queue Details: Allows you to select whether the details of inbound calls in queue appears in the agent interface.
Allow Grabbing calls In Queue: Allows you to select whether agents have the ability to manually grab calls in the queue from the agent interface.
Configuring your campaigns to support outbound dialing is simple. On the General tab, make sure your campaign's type is set to one of the supported outbound options. Once completed, use the Dialer tab to specify how you would like to configure your outbound campaign. Click here to access the article that covers these two tabs.
Fenero supports both system and custom dispositions. The Dispositions tab of the campaign allows you to manage all dispositions for all outbound calls made through this campaign. Click here to access the article that covers the Dispositions tab.
The Pause codes allow you to specify a list of reasons your agents may be unable to take calls. If this setting is turned on in the general settings for your campaign, you can use the Pause Codes tab to manage these reasons.
The Survey tab allows you to setup outbound campaigns which do not require any agents to be logged in. Not only can you perform actual phone surveys using this feature, but you can also setup broadcast auto-dial as well, routing to an agent only if the caller has opted to do so. Click here to access the article that covers Broadcast/Survey campaigns.


text:
Fast Facts About Marianne Faithfull's Early Life And Background
Aug 5, 2021 Sara Norris
Singer Marianne Faithfull on Thank Your Lucky Stars television show filmed in Birmingham, England in 1965. (Photo Credit: David Redfern/Redferns)
Marianne Faithfull, the English singer/songwriter and actress who's now one of the "100 Greatest Women of Rock and Roll", took America by storm with her '60s hit "As Tears Go By." Here are six facts about the storied artist and muse from her earlier life.
1. She is descended from Austrian nobility
Marianne Faithfull poses for portraits, 3rd January 1965. (Photo Credit: Davies/Mirrorpix/Getty Images)
Born in 1946, Marianne Evelyn Gabriel Faithfull's father was a British intelligence officer and Italian literature professor. Her mother, Eva von Sacher-Masoch, Baroness Erisso, was the daughter of an Austro-Hungarian nobleman.
Faithfull's parents divorced when she was just six years old, and she moved from London to Reading, England, with her mother after their breakup.
She dealt with multiple bouts of tuberculosis as a child. During her time at a Catholic convent school, she joined a student theater group.
2. She used to make up stage names for herself
15th October 1964: Marianne Faithfull playing records at her home in Reading. Among the records scattered on the floor are albums by Pete Seeger and Manfred Mann. (Photo Credit: John Pratt/Keystone Features/Getty Images)
Marianne knew that she wanted to be famous from a very young age, and spent lots of time thinking up stage names for herself.
In an interview with Financial Times, she admitted how silly that seems now, given what a cool name she already had. "I used to practise ridiculous, fancy noms de plume in my rough book at school; I didn't realise Marianne Faithfull was a great name," she said.
3. The word "masochist" was derived from her great, great uncle's name
Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (Photo Credit: ullstein bild via Getty Images)
Marianne's mother was the grand-niece of Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, an Austrian nobleman, journalist, and writer. He's best known for penning the erotic novel Venus in Furs.
The term "masochism," coined by a psychiatrist, was inspired by the book and derived from Sacher-Masoch's name.
The word describes someone who derives pleasure from their own humiliation or pain. Later in her life, Faithfull described herself as a "psychological masochist."
4. Marianne was just 16 when she was discovered at a Rolling Stones launch party
(Photo Credit: Bettmann / Contributor via Getty Images)
Marianne's career as a singer began in 1964. She started out performing a capella folk songs in coffeehouses in Reading.
Her set list for these cafe gigs included the songs "House of the Rising Sun" and Bob Dylan's 'Blowin' In The Wind," both of which she later recorded professionally.
In early 1964 she attended a Rolling Stones launch party where she was discovered by the producer and talent manager Andrew Loog Oldham.
5. She married artist John Dunbar before dating Mick Jagger
Marianne Faithfull with her fiance John Dunbar, with whom she was involved before her romance with Rolling Stone Mick Jagger. (Photo Credit: Evening Standard/Getty Images)
Marianne attended that very same launch party with artist John Dunbar. They got married on May 6, 1965, and had a son together six months later.
The marriage was short-lived, however, as Marianne soon left Dunbar to be with Mick Jagger. As she told The Musical Express, "my first move was to get a Rolling Stone as a boyfriend. I slept with three and decided the lead singer was the best bet."
In addition to his art, Dunbar is also known for introducing Yoko Ono to John Lennon.
6. She was one of the first people to utter a certain curse word in a mainstream movie
(Photo Credit: Fred Mott/Getty Images)
Faithfull appeared as the character Josie in the 1967 film I'll Never Forget What's'isname.
Also starring Orson Welles and Oliver Reed, the movie deals with commercialism in Swinging London and was fairly well-received by critics, although censors and religious groups had issues with some racy scenes.
More from us: Origins of the Rolling Stones and how they Came up with their First Song
For years, many people thought that Faithfull's character's use of the "f word" was the first for a mainstream movie but that credit actually goes to Ulysses, also released in '67.
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/ History / Servius Tullius – The First Conqueror of Rome?
Servius Tullius – The First Conqueror of Rome?
Authored By Viktor Susnyak August 12, 2019
Servius Tullius is the 6th of the seven legendary kings of Rome who ruled the city before it abandoned the monarchy and became a republic. The Roman tradition sees him as a hero who succeeded his father in law Tarquinius Priscus on the throne as the most legitimate candidate at the time, but there are traces of Etruscan tradition, that saw things quite differently.
The Roman story
There are several versions of the origin of Servius Tullius in the Roman literary sources. The most widespread story known from the histories of Livy and others sees Servius as the son of a slave woman. It would take a spectacularly gifted person in huge favour of gods for a slave to become king and that is exactly the main feature of this version. Servius is said to have been no ordinary slave, but one with noble origins. He is a posthumous son of a prince from a town conquered by the Romans and his mother Ocrisia had allegedly been enslaved only shortly before his birth. The favour of gods is attested early in his childhood, when his head burst into flames while sleeping, which for some reason everyone saw as a good omen. Servius subsequently became a protegé, a son in law and the most trusted general of king Tarquinius Priscus. After the assassination of this king, Servius (with a little help from the king's widow Tanaquil) managed to get rid of the enemies responsible for the regicide and sit on the throne himself. He did it by pretending that Tarquinius didn't die and he was only the acting leader until the moment of the old king's recovery. Only after Servius managed to consolidate his power, he publicly announced the death of Tarquinius Priscus. Even the Romans admitted that his rise to power didn't follow the usual procedure. In the past, after a king died, a period of interregnum followed until the new king was elected. In Servius' case, there was no interregnum and no election (although some sources claim he eventually held an election procedure after some time on the throne to confirm his right to rule). His reign was full of successful reforms and he held the throne for decades, until Tarquinius Superbus a descendant of the late king, in cooperation with Servius' own daughter, usurped the throne and killed him.
The story of the slave origin of this king is indeed extraordinary and without a doubt was believed by the Romans. It seems that even the enemies of Rome were aware of this shameful tradition and (if we believe the historian Justin and his source Trogus Pompeius) the infamous Mithridates VI of Pontus didn't hesitate to use it in his disrespectful speech against them.
Nevertheless, this whole version seems to be built on shaky foundations. Its core lies in the connection of the name "Servius" and a word "servus" that means "slave" in Latin. It is very likely that at the beginning the slave origin of this king was only an attempt to explain the meaning of the name "Servius". Subsequently, to improve the image of the king, stories of noble origin and divine omens were added. Could there be a connection between "Servius" and "servus"? Most likely, the answer is no. In the list of Roman republican magistrates (known as Fasti Capitolini), we can find the name "Servius" several times. In the Suplicia family, it was often used as a first name and we can see two consuls with the name Servius Sulpicius in the first 50 years after the fall of the monarchy. It is highly unlikely that such a succesfull family would give such a dishonourable name to its children. It is hard to identify the true etymology of the name, but there have been suggestions (e.g. by Wilhelm Schulze) that it may have an Etruscan origin.
The Etruscan story
Alongside the popular Roman tradition, an Etruscan version existed. We are informed about it by a very familiar source – emperor Claudius himself. Claudius became emperor almost by sheer luck, he was never groomed and prepared for such a role. Instead, he spent his time studying Etruscan history. After the praetorians proclaimed him emperor, and Claudius became the leader of the Roman world, he still couldn't resist an occasional reference to his scholarly findings. In 48 CE Claudius made a speech to support the acceptance of Gauls into the Roman Senate. He supported his opinion by many examples from Roman history, when accepting foreigner into leading roles brought great success for Rome. The speech can still be read today on a so-called Lyon tablet. About Servius Tullius, Claudius had this to say:
Between Tarquinius and either his son or his grandson (for our authorities disagree on this point), there came Servius Tullius. And according to the Roman sources Servius Tullius had as a mother a prisoner of war, Ocresia; according to the Etruscans he had been the faithful companion of Caelius Vivenna and took part in his adventures, and later, when he was driven out by a change of fortune, he left Etruria with all the surviving troops of Caelius and seized the Caelian hill, which thus takes its name from his leader Caelius, and after changing his name (for his Etruscan name was Mastarna) he was given the name I have already mentioned, and became king, to the very great advantage of the state.
To sum up the main points:
-Servius Tullius was a companion of Caelius Vivenna
-Servius had an Etruscan name Mastarna
-Servius became king in Rome
Let's now explore these points in more detail.
"…companion of Caelius Vivenna"
Caelius Vivenna (a.k.a. Caeles Vibenna) is a well-known Etruscan character. While some authors (Dionysius and Varro) place him to the times of Romulus, more frequently he said to have lived in the generation of the elder Tarquinius. Caeles and his brother Aulus came from the Etruscan city of Vulci and became leaders of a private group of armed men dedicating their time to robberies and similar pastimes of ancient heroes. Their deeds later became enhanced into folk legends. One such legend said they assaulted a seer called Cacus, abducting him from his master and forced him to reveal their destiny. According to some stories (e.g. in Tacitus) the Vibenna brothers were allies of Tarquinius Priscus, according to others, as we will see, his enemies. The name of Roman hill Caelius is often connected to Caeles Vibenna with either him occupying the hill at some point or his troops after his death (as Claudius claims).
One noteworthy fact about the Vibenna brothers is their probable historicity. Archeologist found an Etruscan cup with a name Aules V(i)pinas (Aule Vibenna) dating from the 5th century and even a bucchero vase from the first half of the 6th century with the inscription "Avile Vipiiennas".
"…his Etruscan name was Mastarna"
The identification of Servius Tullius and Mastarna is the backbone of the alternative theories of the king's origin and his real way to the throne. The name "Mastarna" itself might not be a name at all, as a quite widely accepted theory explains that it might be just an Etruscan version of the Roman title "Magister" (solution suggested by J. G. Cuno as far as in 1873). This word is attested in the Roman reality of the Republic when for example the official title of the dictator was "magister populi" (master of the infantry), and his lieutenant was "magister equitum" (master of the horse).
The thing is that a character called "Mastarna" can be found on a wall painting in an Etruscan tomb in the area of Vulci in the same scene as Caeles Vibenna and a certain Tarquinius from Rome. The tomb was built in 4th century BCE, two centuries later than the rule of the Tarquin dynasty started. It is by no means contemporary but can still provide a unique source for the Etruscan version of Servius' story. The tomb was discovered by archaeologist Alessandro François in 1857 and is called The François Tomb. The painting itself has been greatly damaged since the excavation, it was transferred to Rome, but it is not on public display. Nevertheless, we have documentation on its details.
The scene depicts two groups of men, one apparently attacking the other. On the left, one can see a figure named Caele Vipinas (good old Caeles Vibenna) and Macstrna (Mastarna). The latter is obviously freeing the former from captivity. Next to them, a man named Larth Ulthes stabs Laris Papathnas Velzah and further right Rasce kills a Pesna Arcmsnas Svemach. The bloody duels continue and we can see Venthical (…)plsachs (the name is partially illegible) being killed by Avle Vipinas (that must be Aulus Vibenna, brother of Caeles). The last part of the scene depicts Marce Camitlnas just seconds before killing the character with the most surprising name of them all – Cneve Tarchunies Rumach = Gnaeus Tarquinius of Rome.
The interpretation of the wall painting is not easy, but the most probable story is about a the Vibenna brothers' gang, that had been taken captive by a group led by Tarquinius, being freed by Larth Ulthes. Tarquinius and his allies obviously didn't survive the event.
Tarquinius is arguably the most puzzling figure of the whole painting. He is the only bearded man from the defeated group which indicates he could be the leader. However, nothing specifically points to him being a king. The name nevertheless suggests that he could be a member of the Tarquin dynasty reigning in Rome. One possible explanation is his identification with Tarquinius Priscus himself. After all, he was the Roman king Tarquinius who died violently in that period of time. The king' first name was traditionally Lucius, coming form his Etruscan name Lucumo, but we know Lucumo may be just an Etruscan word for "king", so this might not constitute a problem. On the other hand, no Roman source ever mentioned any Gnaeus Tarquinius and he might as well be a son or other family member of the Roman king.
What we can see in the painting, therefore, can be the demise of Tarquinius Priscus, but also just an episode preceding it. In any case, it is quite certain that Mastarna was not at friendly terms with this Tarquinius of Rome at that point. Their relationship might have been different prior to the depicted episode. It has been suggested (e.g. by Thomsen) that Servius Tullius had spent some time in the service of Tarquinius Priscus. He may have acted as a military leader/general, thus earning the title "magister" that later transformed to his Etruscan nickname Mastarna. Others proposed a different explanation – Servius Tullius after he assumed power in Rome, abandoned the title "king" (rex) and started to use the title "Magister populi" instead. However that may be, inevitably, the conflict between Servius and the Tarquins emerged and Servius ended up on the victorious side.
…and became king
As mentioned before, even the Roman account of the events admit irregularities in the way Servius Tullius became king. He essentially tricked the people when he kept pretending the late Tarquinius Priscus survived the assassination. He was not elected to the office but seized the power. Roman historians pardon him for doing so, explaining that he did all that in good faith and basically didn't have any reasonable alternative. If he hadn't done that, the throne would have been usurped by Tarquin's assassins.
The Etruscan account implies a more violent transition of power. If Servius and Mastarna are indeed the same person, then at some point he emerged in Rome with an armed band and assumed the royal power. It is hard to say how violent the transition might have been, but we cannot rule out a serious attack on the city. After all, Servius/Mastarna was very likely a skilled warrior who might have held an important military post in the Roman army before. Even after he became king, he is sometimes credited by reforming the Roman military and introducing new military tactics to the Roman army – the hoplite warfare, widely used by the Greeks and Etruscans.
Interestingly enough, this might not be the only time when an Etruscan conqueror took control of Rome after the demise of king Tarquinius. Because after Servius Tullius was overthrown by Tarquinius Superbus, and this younger Tarquinius was overthrown too by the Roman patricians, another Etruscan prince, Lars Porsena of Clusium, apparently held the city for some time. Despite the fact, that the Roman sources often stridently claimed he abandoned the siege after being impressed by the gallantry and resolution of the Romans, in reality, Porsena very likely conquered the city. History repeating itself with two situations of such similarity in such a short period tempted the scholars to identify Servius Tullius/Mastarna with Porsena. The proponents of this theory didn't succeed to produce sufficient evidence for this identification and modern scholars mostly abandoned it.
In the current state of knowledge, it seems impossible to determine what really happened. Did Servius Tullius even exist? Was he the same guy as Mastarna? Did he conquer Rome violently? We are left with the opportunity to make an educated guess and wait. From what we know now, it seems likely that Servius Tullius really was Mastarna and Rome fell into the hands of this Etruscan band leader. Maybe someday a piece of new evidence will resurface and one can then finally say with certainty who the famous Servius Tullius really was.
Livy – Ad Urbe Condita Libri
Cassius Dio – Roman History
Marcus Junianus Justinus - Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus
Dionysius of Halicarnassus - The Roman Antiquities
Rudi Thomsen – King Servius Tullius
T.J. Cornell – The Beginnings of Rome
Servius Tullius
Tarquinius Priscus


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Before we started designing BOMB magazine, we went to the office to research its history. The archive we found was like a fossil record of graphic design evolution; spanning three decades, BOMB's mutation of style was redefined by successive strata of designers. Magazines, perhaps more than most forms of design, indicate a precise history of graphic innovation because publishing cycles catch the micro-trends of the moment.
Rather than try to find the ideal form for BOMB 's content, our approach attempted to capture what we had experienced on the shelves of their archive — the sense of ephemerality and scrappiness. To begin with we designed every issue with a different layout. The building blocks of the magazine — the caption, the column, the headline, the footer — we imagined would change in scale and placement for every issue. The only constant we gave ourselves was the use of the typeface Univers, simply because it has so much stylistic variety. As the years passed we settled into layouts with longer timespans. We stopped frantically remaking the grid from scratch for each issue, and would allow the same template to be repurposed for a year at a time.
Our favorite section in the magazine is First Proof, BOMB 's literature and poetry supplement. To contrast this with the glossy white pages of the Art section, we used a rough newsprint-like stock. Also, we introduced a serif type [Plantin] to put the reader in a slightly different frame of mind. The design is less edgy, and has a slightly more old-fashioned spirit.


I have never experienced utter peace and solitude until the moment I was above the clouds.
made me momentarily think of being in Heaven and taking in the view below.
wondering how it can ever be possible to accept the way things are and aren't.
and my time here will be as short as a blink of the eye.
This is beautiful, and truly inspiring… Wow.
Thanks! I will go check it out right now!
Beautiful pictures, they ooze serenity! Looking forward to seeing more!


Anytime one beverage countless liquid particularly after a massage their toxic substances through the body have flushed. If you have pressure put on the human body all through a Thai aroma massage the underlying toxic substances have revealed if you find improve oxygen flow inside bloodstream. Each one of these toxic substances should emerge from the device and/or consuming countless liquid support. In The Event That You perspiration otherwise definitely have actually this constant desire inside urinate, contemplate it when normal.
Thai Therapeutic massage is carried out with no oil with their garments on may. That it begins on legs, since they are one map towards the physique. Thai Rub blends aspects of Acupressure, Yoga Exercise, Reflexology, Physiotherapy, Meditation, Vitality Curing, Chiropractic then Ayurvedic wisdom.
Massages are among the best beauty tips starting Thai a woman. Massage flushes out toxic substances from the human body plus soothes aching muscle tissue also. That the Thai therapeutic massage brings a soothing effect towards the complete human body, relaxing their soul plus human body also. The best Thai therapeutic massage is usually some difficult when compared with a Western therapeutic massage. Furthermore, it takes your body to be throat extended, relocated across, limbs drawn, an such like. Thai a woman need a massage onetime weekly. Have Actually a Thai therapeutic massage at this time and you may feeling a decade younger.
Tamarind is actually a popular element in Thailand. It has will maximum mineral furthermore vitamin furthermore contents, so that it brings ideal advantages to beauty care. On tamarind comes with AHAs Alpha-hydroxy chemicals your help cut down on all black places furthermore blemishes, leading to more youthful lookin furthermore brighter epidermis. Besides, will chemicals render good formula for epidermis lightening furthermore brightening. Creating the best pure natural paste furthermore utilizing it while an excellent facial scrub to exfoliate the skin is regarded as one of the better methods to make use of tamarind. This will make your skin soft furthermore radiant. Alternatively, you can make the best recipe concerning tamarind cleanser through combining the best cup concerning honey along with tamarind paste at yogurt 3 tablespoons. Put it on lightly around that person, keeping away from will delicate eyes area furthermore when ten full minutes, clean it well. Their ideal for cleaning furthermore taking all dead epidermis cells out from the epidermis helping to improve blood circulation.
When spoken to specialist at these massage practices, it is the training that they receive which leads to the proper outcomes for your body. Although this particular massage may feel among the best approaches to chill, relieve down aches furthermore discharge concerns, there are many items that you might be to adhere to prior to furthermore following the massage, in the event that you want to have the ideal outcomes for your body.
Before getting Thai yoga exercise massage, various measures should be taken. It is not smart to go for Thai massage at a clear abdomen. Zero meals ought to be ingested prior to obtaining the Thai massage session. Tell their healer regarding the all around health and/or a health problems love wounds, epidermis conditions, as skin rash so your practitioner has the capacity to bring ideal worry performing their Thai yoga exercise massage.
The therapeutic massage method were only available in early India, and it is based on the Ayurveda, which will be the best structure concerning organic technology your Indians purchased to treat ailments also system conditions, also to treat conditions. The method next moved towards Siam, which will be nowadays named Thailand.
Some everyone believe the best massage will dump which tiredness which their body undergoes. So, it doesnt remove which tired experiencing, but it takes time. Specialists at massage at Perth agree totally that some people witness experiencing fatigued plus dizzy shortly after the best massage session and that's general. That it demonstrates the massage was with an optimistic influence on the human body. You Could Test falling to sleep and watch your self feel rejuvenated the very next day.
Whenever you make the appoint to have the best Thai massage, you should make certain that you bring comfy clothing since you would be prone upon the best mat or perhaps mattress on the ground and can need certainly to push commonly through the strategy. This is different from many different human body massage treatments, since you gets towards take part a little more, however the strategy is actually astonishingly soothing.
If you're recommended to consume lots of fluids after the massage, which doesnt incorporate coffee as alcohol. They are things that dehydrate your body even more whereas offering room the noxious substances to have released. 출장안마 That The noxious substances remain right back whereas causing you to have the problem in no time whereas making the whole session concerning massage worthless.


I've just added a few music excerpts from 'Will Power', the drama/comedy film I composed the film score for. Please feel free to have a listen and comment!
I went to the long awaited film premiere a couple of weeks ago at the Trafford Centre Odeon in Manchester. It was a real buzz to see and hear it on the big screen (admittedly I must have seen the film about 500 times already!). It's had a great response so far and a few favourable reviews. Who knows where it will end up! Well done to everyone involved in the project, it's been a really pleasure!! Bring on the next project!


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Q: Entity Framework Inserting child record with parent knowing I have this problem where I am inserting a child record and in the database the navigation column is null instead of referencing the parents Id.
How can I fix this?
There will only ever be 1 record in the AdminConfiguration Table
Model
public class AdminConfiguration : Entity
{
    public virtual List<ApplicationConfiguration> ApplicationConfiguration { get; set; }
}

Child
public class ApplicationConfiguration : Entity
{
    public Applications Application { get; set; }
    public string ApiKey { get; set; }
    public string IpAddress { get; set; }
    public int Port { get; set; }
    public string HttpScheme { get; set; }
    public string Username { get; set; }
    public string Password { get; set; }
}

Insert code
public ApplicationConfiguration Insert(ApplicationConfiguration entity)
{
    Db.ApplicationConfiguration.Add(entity);
    Db.SaveChanges();
    return entity;
}

What the DB looks like after insert:
ID | Other columns | AdminConfiguration_Id
1  | Other values  | NULL

A: You need an appropriate navigation property on your ApplicationConfiguration entity so EF can map the relationship, personally I would also create a foreign key property as below, as it often easier to just specify the related entity ID rather than having to populate the navigation property.
public class ApplicationConfiguration : Entity
{
    public Applications Application { get; set; }
    public string ApiKey { get; set; }
    public string IpAddress { get; set; }
    public int Port { get; set; }
    public string HttpScheme { get; set; }
    public string Username { get; set; }
    public string Password { get; set; }
    public virtual AdminConfiguration AdminConfiguration { get; set; }
    [ForeignKey("AdminConfiguration")]
    public int AdminConfigurationId { get; set; }
}

This will get rid of the AdminConfiguration_Id column and instead create a AdminConfigurationId columns that will map to the property on your class.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Бібл, Губла, нині Джубейль (фінік. 12px|ד, , ) — місто, розташоване на східному березі Середземного моря, за 32 км на північ від Бейрута — сьогоднішньої столиці Лівану, у давнину — незалежне місто-держава.

Історія

Найдавніше місто Фінікії

Бібл виник раніше за сусідні фінікійські міста — в цьому були впевнені і самі фінікійці і їхні сусіди. Пізніша легенда взагалі називала засновником міста грецького бога Кроноса, батька Зевса, а міські мури нібито будував особисто бог Ель. За археологічними даними поселення на місті Бібла існувало принаймні з часів раннього неоліту. Розташоване воно було на пагорбі біля самого моря — власне й назву міста зазвичай перекладають як «гора» (хоча цілком можливо що це пізніша арабська етимологія). Навколо була розташована родюча рівнина, захищена горами із густим кедровим лісом.

Біля 3000 р. до н. е. з невідомих причин мешканці залишили свої домівки, і лише через два століття біблський пагорб був знову заселений — цього разу ханаанеями (фінікійцями). Окрім родючої рівнини і лісу їх привабили і дві зручні бухти — адже прибульці були мореплавцями. Навколо міста були зведені потужні мури з двома вежами, що захищали входи до Бібла з суходолу і з моря. В центрі міста були збудовані два храми: богині — «володарці міста» Баалат-Гебал (місцевому «втіленню» Астарти) та Решефу. Від святилищ в різні боки розходилися вулиці, центром яких були прокладені дренажні канави, що замінювали мешканцям каналізацію.

Місто швидко перетворилося на важливий центр міжнародного обміну. До зв'язків із Месопотамією, розвинутих ще до приходу ханаанеїв, додалася морська торгівля з долиною Нілу — присутність єгиптян у Біблі зафіксована щонайменше з часів фараона Хасехемуї. Представники фараонів вивозили насамперед місцеву деревину — кедр і кипарис, а також отримували за посередництвом ханаанеїв мідь і лазурит. Для експедицій до «країни Фенху» (лісорубів) єгиптяни будували спеціальні кораблі, що згодом отримали назву «біблських». Із занепадом Єгипту наприкінці Давнього царства Бібл змушений був знову сконцентруватися на торгівлі із Сходом — місто згадують навіть у документах III династії Ура. У середині XXI століття до н. е. володар Бібла на ім'я Ібдаті взяв собі шумерський титул «енсі» і, можливо, визнав залежність від урського царя. Однак далекі монархи не могли захистити місто від навали кочовиків — амореїв, які наприкінці того ж століття захопили і зруйнували Бібл.

Під єгипетською владою
Місто швидко відроджується вже під владою аморейської династії. Прибульці швидко асимілюються у фінікійському середовищі, переймаючи традиції і релігію переможених. Коло торговельних партнерів Бібла навіть розширюється — до нього тепер входять Марі (на Євфраті) та Кіпр. Але найбільшим стає єгипетський вплив — особливо з часів Середнього царства. Місцеві володарі і представники знаті одягаються за єгипетською модою, носять прикраси, привезені з долини Нілу або виготовлені місцевими ремісниками за їхнім зразком, відзначають свята країни фараонів, використовують ієрогліфічну писемність. Цар Бібла тепер іменує себе не «енсі», а «хатійя» — як очільник єгипетського нома, з'являється перед підданими у золотій короні і пекторалі із серпанковим скіпетром. Імена володарів пишуться так само, які і імена фараонів, — у картушах, що свідчить про залежний і водночас відносно самостійний статус Бібла у структурі єгипетської держави.

Збереглися імена кількох царів Бібла, сучасних фараонам Середнього царства, — Абішему I, Іпшемуабі I, Абішему II, Якінель, Інтенель, Ілім'яні. Місто залишалося під єгипетським контролем і під час гіксоського панування (за доволі приблизними розрахунками гіксоси здобули Бібл у 1720 р. до н. е.), хоча йшлося швидше не про підпорядкування, а про перебування у складі держави.

Із поверненням на єгипетський престол місцевої династії про рівність довелося забути. Яхмос вже збирав з «країни Фенху» данину. Тутмос III рішуче змінив саму систему управління. Увесь Ханаан був поділений на провінції, на чолі яких стояли призначені фараоном «рабіцу». Для кількох міст, і Бібла зокрема, зробили виняток — вони підпорядковувалися не «рабіцу», а самому фараону, проте землі, що лежали навпроти Бібла входили вже до провінції Амурру з центром у Сімірі. Відомо, що мешканці міста збудували для Тутмоса III кораблі для мандрівки Євфратом, і для цього суходолом їх везли через усю Сирію.

Бібл у складі єгипетської держави мав привілейований статус. Найбільше від нього вигравали саме біблські царі. Якщо в межах міських мурів їхня влада була дещо обмеженою наявністю ради з найповажніших мешканців міста («старійшин Бібла»), то поза ними — царі відчували себе майже абсолютними володарями. За допомогою найманого війська вони утримували владу над дрібнішими містами округи, а головне — лісами, що з огляду на роль лісоторгівлі у фінікійській економіці, мали стратегічне значення.

Боротьба з «хапіру» і повернення єгиптян

З часом у царів з'явився новий клопіт — люди, що тікали з міста до гір і там збилися у ватаги, відомі під назвою «хапіру». Вони не визнавали царської влади і завдавали чималої шкоди царському господарству. Згодом «хапіру» об'єднав під своєю владою якійсь Абдаширта. Запевняючи фараона у цілковитій лояльності, він за допомогою своїх відчайдухів почав перебирати під свою владу землі провінції Амурру і прибережних міст. Поступово під владою біблського царя Рібадді залишилися лише сам Бібл і сусіднє містечко Батруна. Проте й там за сприяння Абдаширти спалахнуло повстання і місцеві мешканці приєдналися до «хапіру». Звернення Рібадді за підтримкою до Тіра завершилося заколотом і там. Тіряни вбили місцевого царя, його дружину і дітей. Абдаширта був настільки впевнений у своїх силах, що почав перемовини з Міттані і Вавилоном. Проте фараон угледів в цьому державну зраду і спрямував до Фінікії своє військо, що швидко відновило статус-кво.

Син Абдаширти Азіру згодом пішов шляхом батька. Інспірувавши перевороти у кількох фінікійських містах і залучивши на свій бік Арвад, Беріт, Сідон і Тір, він взяв в облогу Сіміру. Рібадді намагався допомогти оборонцям, проте його кораблі були зупинені союзниками Азіру. Після взяття Сіміри ватажок «хапіру» позбавив Бібл усіх його земель за межами міських мурів. Рібадді залишився не лише без джерел доходів, але й без війська, бо з найманцями не було чим розраховуватися і вони почали залишати царя. В самому місті підняла голову знать, що входила до міської ради і вимагала замирення з Азіру. Цар спробував придушити спротив силою, але це лише спровокувало повстання. Рібадді був позбавлений престолу, влада фактично перейшла до рук ради, а формально — до царського брата (і водночас одного з лідерів заколотників) Іліарабіха, що був обраний суфетом. З Азіру був укладений мир, за умовами якого Бібл повернув частину своїх володінь в обмін на визнання колишнього супротивника фактично незалежним володарем Амурру.

Однак як самостійна держава Амурру проіснувала недовго. Вже Сеті I повернув увесь Ханаан під єгипетську владу. А Рамзес II, розділивши його з хеттами, зберіг контроль і над Амурру, і над Біблом.

Доба незалежності

Біля 1200 р. до н. е. Ханаан опинився в епіцентрі двох великих переселень. З північного заходу сунули «народи моря» — зокрема тйеккери і філістимляни, зі сходу — «народи степу» — арамеї і євреї. Обидві хвилі оминули Бібл, проте радикально змінили його оточення. Зникли Хеттська держава і сусідній Угарит, залишили Ханаан єгиптяни. Бібл став незалежною державою з неабиякими людськими ресурсами — адже населення міської округи суттєво зросло за рахунок біженців і вимушених переселенців з областей, зайнятих прибульцями. Бібл намагався підтримувати мирні стосунки із сусідами, хоча, звичайно, уникати конфліктів — зокрема з тйеккерами або ж конкурентами з інших фінікійських міст — вдавалося не завжди. Від ассирійського царя Тіглатпаласара I (1115—1077 рр. до н. е.) місцеві мешканці просто відкупилися багатими подарунками.

Царі Бібла швидко прибрали до своїх рук заготівлю деревини і міжнародну торгівлю — самостійно шукаючи покупців навіть у Єгипті і укладаючи з ними «партнерські угоди» на паритетних засадах. Зміцнення царської влади водночас супроводжується зростанням ролі ради старійшин (мовада), що бере на себе організацію внутрішнього життя міської громади і суттєво обмежує владу монарха у місті та — що дуже важливо — біблських гаванях. На розгляд муада виносяться й питання зовнішньої політики (щонайменше з часів царя Закарбаала (середина XI ст. до н. е.)).

Ще пізніше міські магістрати перебирають на себе судову владу (яку здійснювали обрані громадою сокени) і навіть керівництво біблською міліцією (відомо про існування посади «начальника військового табору»). Їхній вплив був настільки великим, що цар Ітобаал (X ст. до н. е.) у попереджувальному написі на саркофазі свого батька Ахірама згадував магістратів нарівні з царем. Можливо, міські посадовці мали вплив і на вибір володаря — бо батько Ахірама швидше за все царем не був і нащадки ймовірно остерігалися, що в майбутньому магістрати можуть віддати владу комусь іншому.

За часів незалежності Бібл перетворюється на визначний культурний центр. Відомо, що однією із статей імпорту з Єгипту був папірус. Частково його перепродували і в інші краї — у греків папірус взагалі отримав назву біблоса , однак і потреби самих мешканців Бібла були чималі. Відомо, що у місті велися не лише господарські записи, але й ретельні династичні хроніки. Цар Закарбаал зібрав чималу бібліотеку. Під час перемовин з єгиптянами, він зізнавався, що готовий обміняти п'ять кораблів з деревиною на п'ятисот сувоїв. Можливо, саме в Біблі була створена і фінікійська абетка.

В тіні «великих держав»

Єгиптяни не втрачали сподівань на повернення Бібла під свою владу. Фараону Шешонку (945—924 рр. до н. е.) майже вдалося досягти цієї мети, проте врешті-решт і він змушений був поступитися новому претенденту на владу над Фінікією. Ассирійській цар Ашшурнасірпал II у 876 р. до н. е. не лише отримав подарунки від біблітів, але й фактично уклав з ними угоду, згідно з якою місто визнавало залежність від Ассирії і зобов'язувалося регулярно сплачувати данину в обмін на обіцянку царя не втручатися у його внутрішні справи і оминати Бібл під час своїх загарбницьких походів.

Місто було данником Саламансара II и Тіглатпаласара III. Останній, щоправда, вже не вдовольнявся підтвердженнями залежності місцевих володарів, а перетворив Північну Фінікію на звичайну провінцію своєї держави, на чолі якої поставив свого сина. Щоправда, Бібл залишався самоврядною територією і мав власного царя Шибітву. Цар Мілкіасаф поквапився підтримати Асаргаддона, який у 687 р. до н. е. зруйнував Сідон.

Після загибелі Ассирії контроль над Біблом знову намагалися встановити єгиптяни, проте їх випередив вавилонський цар Навуходоносор II. Йому місто не лише сплачувало данину, але й постачало ремісників, насамперед корабелів. Бібл зберігав самоврядування, проте під владою торгової олігархії, що міцно утримувала владу в свої руках, поступово занепадав. Зміна вавилонської окупації на перську пройшла майже непомітно. Ахеменіди перетворили Бібл на одне з чотирьох самоврядних фінікійських царств, проте на початку V ст. до н. е., на відміну від сусідів, місто навіть не мало власного військового флоту.

Нове піднесення почалося лише наприкінці століття — за царювання Єхавмелека. В Біблі розгортається масштабне будівництво (зокрема, була зведений палац за перським зразком, нова фортеця, оновлені міські мури), місцеві царі починають карбувати навіть власну срібну і бронзову монету. Показово, що символом міста стає військовий корабель — Бібл і справді відновлює свою флотилію. Однак на самостійність місто вже не претендувало. Не підтримали бібліти повстання Сідона проти Артаксеркса III, а під час війни з македонянами цар Айнель поквапився відкрити міську браму перед Александром. Під час воєн між діадохами, Бібл будував і постачав супротивникам свої кораблі. Врешті-решт місто опинилося під владою Селевкідів, хоча кілька разів його приєднували до своїх володінь і Птолемеї.

За нових володарів місто швидко еллінізувався, чому сприяв розквіт синкретичного культу Адоніса, центром якого був саме Бібл. Великий храм цього божества був зведений біля північної міської брами. Поруч з ним був побудований театр за грецьким зразком. Поруч з Адонісом у місті вшановували і Афродиту, з якою в цей час асоціювали як місцеву Баалат-Гебал, так і загальнофінікійську Астарту.

Під час міжусобиць останніх нащадків Селевка Бібл на певний час став формально незалежним. Однак в місті панувала анархія, що робила його беззахисним перед нападами кочовиків. Скориставшись невдоволенням містян владу над Біблом захопив тиран Кінір. Але протримався він недовго. У 64 р. до н. е. Гней Помпей стратив останнього біблського володаря і місто опинилося під владою Риму.

За римської доби місцевий культ зазнав чергових змін, трансформувавшись у вшановування Аполлона і Венери. Нові господарі не квапилися брати до своїх рук місцеві справи, намагаючись залишити їх у віданні міського самоврядування. Активне будівництво у Біблі відновилося лише за часів імперії, коли місто перетворилося на адміністративний центр Фінікії.

Міські мури, принаймні частково, були зруйновані, межі Бібла були значно розширені. Перебудований і збільшений у розмірах храм Аполлона опинився в центрі міста, на південний схід від нього — в напрямку Баальбека — був прокладений широкий головний шлях — Декуманус, від якого під прямим кутом розходилися бічні вулиці. Біля храму Аполлону був зведений також Німфей, храм Гігії та лазні. За римської доби був перебудований і театр.

Імператор Адріан спробував навіть об'єднати фінікійські міста у союз за грецьким зразком і навіть запровадили посаду «фінікарха», проте ця ініціатива залишилася без особливих наслідків. Бібл залишався насамперед культурним центром. Уродженцем міста були історик Філон Біблський та софіст Аспасій.

З поширенням християнства Бібл став центром архієпископства (першим єпископом міста вважали євангеліста Марка), тут сформувалася власна богословська традиція, найвідомішим представником якої був Ерміп.

Середньовіччя і новітні часи

За візантійських часів колишній центр міжнародної лісоторгівлі занепав і був більше відомий як центр виробництва олії.

У 636 році Бібл захопили араби, які використовували для міста трохи переінакшену фінікійську назву — Джубейль. У 644 і 678 р. візантійці відновлювали свій контроль над Фінікією, але щоразу ненадовго. У 747 р. краєм прокотився новий землетрус. Бібл перетворився на маленьке рибальське селище, віддалене від торговельних шляхів.

Відновити прибережні фінікійські поселення наказав лише халіф аль-Мансур у 771 р., а завершені роботи були лише за часів аль-Махді у 787 р. При цьому Бібл був відбудований фактично заново на південь від стародавнього міста, навколо рибальського порту. Центром нового міста стала мечеть на місці нинішньої церкви Святого Іоанна.

З 878 місто перебувало в складі держави Тулунідів, з 939 — Ішхидідів.

У 970 р. місто здобули війська фатимідського халіфа аль-Муїзза. У 974 р. Бібл — знову ненадовго — повернувся під владу візантійців, у 975—977 рр. місто контролювали тюрки Алп-Тегіна (Афтекіна). Не дивно, що, повернувши собі владу над Фінікією, Фатиміди почали насамперед зміцнювати фортифікаційні споруди поселень узбережжя, зокрема й Бібла. Нова міська цитатель була зведена на місці колишнього римського храму Аполлона — з використанням його уламків.

У 1080—1089 роках місто контролювали сельджуки.

Оборону Бібла від військ хрестоносців (1104) очолював емір Триполі Фахр аль-Мульк. Проте сил в нього було небагато, а на допомогу ззовні розраховувати емір не міг — місто блокувала генуезька ексадра у 40 галер. Тож урешті-решт Раймонду Тулузькому вдалося взяти гору. Бібл (його завойовники називали на свій лад Гіблетом) він перетворив на центр сеньйорії, підпорядкованої графству Триполі. Сеньйором став генуезець Гільємо Ембріако, який збудував на місці фатимідської цитаделі фортецю Св. Іоанна. Місцевий католицький єпископ підпорядковувався Антіохійському патріарху. Піддані новоспеченого віконта здебільшого були маронітами, і тому Ембріако почувалися впевненіше за своїх сусідів, яким «дісталися» мусульмани.

Генуезці швидко оцінили стратегічне становище біблського порту і перетворили його на опорний пункт своєї торгівлі з Левантом. Одразу після здобуття міста вони отримали цілий квартал («третину»), в якому розпоряджався призначений урядом метрополії капітан Ансальдо Корсо. За сеньйорів Гуго I, Гільємо II і Гуго II місто швидко розбудовувалося. Однак розквіт міста був перерваний поразкою хрестоносців під Хаттіном (липень 1187). Сеньйор Бібла потрапив у полон і віддав Саладіну місто як викуп за своє звільнення. За часів панування на узбережжі брата Саладіна — еміра Маліка аль-Аділя Бібл перетворився на піратську базу. Аби припинити дошкульні рейди, у 1197 р. хрестоносці взяли місто в облогу. Стефанія де Міллі підкупила стражу, яка відкрила її воякам міську браму. На знак вдячності місто було віддано у володіння сину Стефанії Гі I Ембріако.

Нові-старі сеньйори поводили себе як цілком самостійні володарі, постійно конфліктуючи з графами Триполі. У 1258 р. Бертран Ембріако відмовився підкоритися Боемунду VI, у 1277 — Гі II Ембріако разом з тамплієрами створив справжню опозиційну коаліцію, спрямовану проти Боемунда VII. Боротьба завершилися лише після смерті Гі II у 1282 році. Але після цього Бібл фактично перетворився на протекторат сусідів — мамлюків, які наполегливо витискали хрестоносців з узбережжя. Останній їхній вояк залишив Бібл у 1302 році, коли на континенті не залишилося жодної держави хрестоносців.

Мамлюки відновили і розбудували біблську фортецю, проте її більше не використовували у військових цілях. Єгипетські султани володіли містом до 1516 р., коли їх змінили Османи.

За османської доби місто вчергове було перебудоване і отримало новий центр — великий ринок з караван-сараями. Житлова забудова вийшла за межі середньовічних стін і поширилася на територію колишнього римського міста, а згодом і далі.

У 1918 році місто зайняли французькі війська, які залишалися у Біблі до 1943, коли Ліван здобув незалежність.

Див. також
 Царський некрополь Бібла

Примітки

Джерела
 Je m'appelle Byblos, J-P Thiollet, H & D, 2005

Міста Лівану
Фінікійські міста Лівану
Стародавні держави Азії
Біблійні місця
Археологія Лівану
Бібл
Римські колонії

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Zapyrastra calliphana is a species of moth of the family Momphidae. It was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1889. It is found throughout New Zealand including at the Manawatāwhi / Three Kings Islands as well as at the Norfolk Islands. The preferred habitat of this species are native forest clearings, shrubland or coastal habitat such as scrub or dunes. The larvae of this species are leaf miners and are hosted by Muehlenbeckia species. There are likely several generations during the New Zealand summer and one generation overwinters as pupae. This species is a day flying moth and adults can be observed on the wing from October to March.

Taxonomy
This species was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1889 using specimens collected at Christchurch and the Bealey River. George Hudson discussed and illustrated this species in his 1928 book The butterflies and moths of New Zealand. The male lectotype specimen, designated by J. S. Dugdale in 1988, was collected at Riccarton Bush in Christchurch and is held at the Natural History Museum, London.

Description

Meyrick described this species as follows:
There are two species that are very similar in appearance to Z. calliphana. Firstly Z. stellata which only occurs in the eastern parts of the South Island. The other species is undescribed and can be found in the North Island where its larvae mine leaves of species in the genus Haloragis.

Distribution
This species is found throughout New Zealand including at the Manawatāwhi / Three Kings Islands as well as at the Norfolk Islands.

Habitat and host species

This species lives are variety of habitats including native forest clearings, coastal dunes and shrubland. The larvae of Z. calliphana feed on species in the genus Muehlenbeckia including Muehlenbeckia australis and Muehlenbeckia complexa.

Life cycle and behaviour

This species forms mines in Muehlenbeckia leaves and pupates within the leaf mine forming a cocoon. It are likely there are several generations of this species during summer with one overwintering as pupae. Adults are on the wing mainly during the spring and summer months, from October to January. However adults have been observed as late as March and in captivity have emerged in July. This species is a day flying moth and can be observed flying around their larval host plants in sunshine, though their small size does make them more difficult to observe. Z. calliphana have been collected via malaise traps.

References

Moths of New Zealand
Moths described in 1889
Momphidae
Moths of Australia
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick


text:
Home › Brand/Business › Executive Orders › Prof. Osinbajo
Saturday, 20 May 20175/20/2017 09:21:00 pm
Osinbajo orders 24 hours operation at Apapa port
Prof. Osinbajo had on Thursday signed three Executive Orders dealing with the business environment, local content in public procurement and timely budget submission. The Orders take effect immediately.
The Acting President said in the Order that, "the Apapa Port shall resume 24-hour operations within 30 days of the issuance of this Order and there shall be no touting whatsoever by official or unofficial persons at any port in Nigeria.''
According to the directive on port operations, "On duty staff shall be properly identified by uniform and official cards while off duty staff shall stay away from the ports except with the express approval of the agency head."
He directed the Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) to enforce the Order.
According to the Order, "Any official caught soliciting or receiving bribes from passengers or other port users shall be subject to immediate removal from post and disciplinary as well as (face) criminal proceedings in line with extant laws and regulations.''
On the harmonization of activities of agencies operating at the ports, Prof. Osinbajo ordered that "all agencies currently physically present in Nigerian ports shall within 60 days harmonise their operations into one single interface station domiciled in one location in the port and implemented by a single joint task force at all times, without prejudice to necessary backend procedures.''
The new single interface station at each port, the Order stipulates, "shall capture, track and record information on all goods arriving and departing from Nigeria and remit captured information to the head of the MDA and the head of the National Bureau of Statistics on a weekly basis.''
In addition, the Acting President, through the Executive Order, has directed each port in Nigeria to assign an existing export terminal to be dedicated to the exportation of agriculture produce within 30 days of the issuance of the Order.
Credit: www.shipsandports.com.ng