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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide:

Prev	Chapter 37. Bash, versions 2, 3, and 4	Next

37.3. Bash, version 4

Chet Ramey announced Version 4 of Bash on the 20th
        of February, 2009. This release has a number of significant
	new features, as well as some important bugfixes.

Among the new goodies:

Associative arrays.
                  [1]

An associative array can
        be thought of as a set of two linked arrays -- one holding
        the data, and the other the
        keys that index the individual elements
	of the data array.

Example 37-5. A simple address database

#!/bin/bash4
# fetch_address.sh

declare -A address
#       -A option declares associative array.

address[Charles]="414 W. 10th Ave., Baltimore, MD 21236"
address[John]="202 E. 3rd St., New York, NY 10009"
address[Wilma]="1854 Vermont Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90023"

echo "Charles's address is ${address[Charles]}."
# Charles's address is 414 W. 10th Ave., Baltimore, MD 21236.
echo "Wilma's address is ${address[Wilma]}."
# Wilma's address is 1854 Vermont Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90023.
echo "John's address is ${address[John]}."
# John's address is 202 E. 3rd St., New York, NY 10009.

echo

echo "${!address[*]}"   # The array indices ...
# Charles John Wilma

Example 37-6. A somewhat more elaborate address database

#!/bin/bash4
# fetch_address-2.sh
# A more elaborate version of fetch_address.sh.

SUCCESS=0
E_DB=99    # Error code for missing entry.

declare -A address
#       -A option declares associative array.

store_address ()
{
  address[$1]="$2"
  return $?
}

fetch_address ()
{
  if [[ -z "${address[$1]}" ]]
  then
    echo "$1's address is not in database."
    return $E_DB
  fi

  echo "$1's address is ${address[$1]}."
  return $?
}

store_address "Lucas Fayne" "414 W. 13th Ave., Baltimore, MD 21236"
store_address "Arvid Boyce" "202 E. 3rd St., New York, NY 10009"
store_address "Velma Winston" "1854 Vermont Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90023"
#  Exercise:
#  Rewrite the above store_address calls to read data from a file,
#+ then assign field 1 to name, field 2 to address in the array.
#  Each line in the file would have a format corresponding to the above.
#  Use a while-read loop to read from file, sed or awk to parse the fields.

fetch_address "Lucas Fayne"
# Lucas Fayne's address is 414 W. 13th Ave., Baltimore, MD 21236.
fetch_address "Velma Winston"
# Velma Winston's address is 1854 Vermont Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90023.
fetch_address "Arvid Boyce"
# Arvid Boyce's address is 202 E. 3rd St., New York, NY 10009.
fetch_address "Bozo Bozeman"
# Bozo Bozeman's address is not in database.

exit $?   # In this case, exit code = 99, since that is function return.

See Example A-53 for an interesting
            usage of an associative array.

Elements of the index array
          may include embedded space
          characters, or even leading and/or trailing space
          characters. However, index array elements containing
	  only whitespace
	  are not permitted.

address[   ]="Blank"   # Error!

Enhancements to the
            case construct:
            the <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
>;;&</TT
> and
            <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
>;&</TT
> terminators.

Example 37-7. Testing characters

#!/bin/bash4

test_char ()
{
  case "$1" in
    [[:print:]] )  echo "$1 is a printable character.";;&       # |
    # The ;;& terminator continues to the next pattern test.      |
    [[:alnum:]] )  echo "$1 is an alpha/numeric character.";;&  # v
    [[:alpha:]] )  echo "$1 is an alphabetic character.";;&     # v
    [[:lower:]] )  echo "$1 is a lowercase alphabetic character.";;&
    [[:digit:]] )  echo "$1 is an numeric character.";&         # |
    # The ;& terminator executes the next statement ...         # |
    %%%@@@@@    )  echo "********************************";;    # v
#   ^^^^^^^^  ... even with a dummy pattern.
  esac
}

echo

test_char 3
# 3 is a printable character.
# 3 is an alpha/numeric character.
# 3 is an numeric character.
# ********************************
echo

test_char m
# m is a printable character.
# m is an alpha/numeric character.
# m is an alphabetic character.
# m is a lowercase alphabetic character.
echo

test_char /
# / is a printable character.

echo

# The ;;& terminator can save complex if/then conditions.
# The ;& is somewhat less useful.

The new coproc
            builtin enables two parallel processes to communicate and
            interact. As Chet Ramey states in the
            Bash FAQ
  [2]
      , ver. 4.01:

    There is a new 'coproc' reserved word that specifies a coprocess:

    an asynchronous command run with two pipes connected to the creating

    shell. Coprocs can be named. The input and output file descriptors

    and the PID of the coprocess are available to the calling shell in

    variables with coproc-specific names.

    George Dimitriu explains,

    "... coproc ... is a feature used in Bash process substitution,

    which now is made publicly available."

    This means it can be explicitly invoked in a script, rather than

    just being a behind-the-scenes mechanism used by Bash.

    See http://linux010.blogspot.com/2008/12/bash-process-substitution.html.

Coprocesses use file descriptors.
      File descriptors enable processes and
        pipes to communicate.

#!/bin/bash4
# A coprocess communicates with a while-read loop.

coproc { cat mx_data.txt; sleep 2; }
#                         ^^^^^^^
# Try running this without "sleep 2" and see what happens.

while read -u ${COPROC[0]} line    #  ${COPROC[0]} is the
do                                 #+ file descriptor of the coprocess.
  echo "$line" | sed -e 's/line/NOT-ORIGINAL-TEXT/'
done

kill $COPROC_PID                   #  No longer need the coprocess,
                                   #+ so kill its PID.

But, be careful!

#!/bin/bash4

echo; echo
a=aaa
b=bbb
c=ccc

coproc echo "one two three"
while read -u ${COPROC[0]} a b c;  #  Note that this loop
do                                 #+ runs in a subshell.
  echo "Inside while-read loop: ";
  echo "a = $a"; echo "b = $b"; echo "c = $c"
  echo "coproc file descriptor: ${COPROC[0]}"
done

# a = one
# b = two
# c = three
# So far, so good, but ...

echo "-----------------"
echo "Outside while-read loop: "
echo "a = $a"  # a =
echo "b = $b"  # b =
echo "c = $c"  # c =
echo "coproc file descriptor: ${COPROC[0]}"
echo
#  The coproc is still running, but ...
#+ it still doesn't enable the parent process
#+ to "inherit" variables from the child process, the while-read loop.

#  Compare this to the "badread.sh" script.

The coprocess is asynchronous,
        and this might cause a problem. It may terminate before another
        process has finished communicating with it.

#!/bin/bash4

coproc cpname { for i in {0..10}; do echo "index = $i"; done; }
#      ^^^^^^ This is a *named* coprocess.
read -u ${cpname[0]}
echo $REPLY         #  index = 0
echo ${COPROC[0]}   #+ No output ... the coprocess timed out
#  after the first loop iteration.

# However, George Dimitriu has a partial fix.

coproc cpname { for i in {0..10}; do echo "index = $i"; done; sleep 1;
echo hi > myo; cat - >> myo; }
#       ^^^^^ This is a *named* coprocess.

echo "I am main"$'\04' >&${cpname[1]}
myfd=${cpname[0]}
echo myfd=$myfd

### while read -u $myfd
### do
###   echo $REPLY;
### done

echo $cpname_PID

#  Run this with and without the commented-out while-loop, and it is
#+ apparent that each process, the executing shell and the coprocess,
#+ waits for the other to finish writing in its own write-enabled pipe.

The new mapfile
      builtin makes it possible to load an array with the contents
      of a text file without using a loop or command substitution.

#!/bin/bash4

mapfile Arr1 < $0
# Same result as     Arr1=( $(cat $0) )
echo "${Arr1[@]}"  # Copies this entire script out to stdout.

echo "--"; echo

# But, not the same as   read -a   !!!
read -a Arr2 < $0
echo "${Arr2[@]}"  # Reads only first line of script into the array.

exit

The read builtin got
	a minor facelift. The <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-t</TT
>
	timeout option now accepts
	(decimal) fractional values
	        [3]
	and the <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-i</TT
> option
	permits preloading the edit buffer.
	        [4]
        Unfortunately, these enhancements are still a work in progress
        and not (yet) usable in scripts.

                   Parameter substitution
        gets case-modification operators.

#!/bin/bash4

var=veryMixedUpVariable
echo ${var}            # veryMixedUpVariable
echo ${var^}           # VeryMixedUpVariable
#         *              First char --> uppercase.
echo ${var^^}          # VERYMIXEDUPVARIABLE
#         **             All chars  --> uppercase.
echo ${var,}           # veryMixedUpVariable
#         *              First char --> lowercase.
echo ${var,,}          # verymixedupvariable
#         **             All chars  --> lowercase.

The declare builtin now
        accepts the <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-l</TT
> lowercase
        and <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-c</TT
> capitalize
        options.

#!/bin/bash4

declare -l var1            # Will change to lowercase
var1=MixedCaseVARIABLE
echo "$var1"               # mixedcasevariable
# Same effect as             echo $var1 | tr A-Z a-z

declare -c var2            # Changes only initial char to uppercase.
var2=originally_lowercase
echo "$var2"               # Originally_lowercase
# NOT the same effect as     echo $var2 | tr a-z A-Z

      Brace expansion has more options.

Increment/decrement, specified in the
        final term within braces.

#!/bin/bash4

echo {40..60..2}
# 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
# All the even numbers, between 40 and 60.

echo {60..40..2}
# 60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40
# All the even numbers, between 40 and 60, counting backwards.
# In effect, a decrement.
echo {60..40..-2}
# The same output. The minus sign is not necessary.

# But, what about letters and symbols?
echo {X..d}
# X Y Z [  ] ^ _ ` a b c d
# Does not echo the \ which escapes a space.

Zero-padding, specified in the
	     first term within braces, prefixes each term in the output
	     with the same number of zeroes.

<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>bash4$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>echo {010..15}</TT
>
<TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>010 011 012 013 014 015</TT
>

<TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>bash4$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>echo {000..10}</TT
>
<TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010</TT
>

Substring
          extraction on positional
	  parameters now starts with $0 as the
	  zero-index. (This corrects an
	  inconsistency in the treatment of positional parameters.)

#!/bin/bash
# show-params.bash
# Requires version 4+ of Bash.

# Invoke this scripts with at least one positional parameter.

E_BADPARAMS=99

if [ -z "$1" ]
then
  echo "Usage $0 param1 ..."
  exit $E_BADPARAMS
fi

echo ${@:0}

# bash3 show-params.bash4 one two three
# one two three

# bash4 show-params.bash4 one two three
# show-params.bash4 one two three

# $0                $1  $2  $3

The new **
            globbing operator
	    matches filenames and directories
	    recursively.

#!/bin/bash4
# filelist.bash4

shopt -s globstar  # Must enable globstar, otherwise ** doesn't work.
                   # The globstar shell option is new to version 4 of Bash.

echo "Using *"; echo
for filename in *
do
  echo "$filename"
done   # Lists only files in current directory ($PWD).

echo; echo "--------------"; echo

echo "Using **"
for filename in **
do
  echo "$filename"
done   # Lists complete file tree, recursively.

exit

Using *

allmyfiles
filelist.bash4

--------------

Using **

allmyfiles
allmyfiles/file.index.txt
allmyfiles/my_music
allmyfiles/my_music/me-singing-60s-folksongs.ogg
allmyfiles/my_music/me-singing-opera.ogg
allmyfiles/my_music/piano-lesson.1.ogg
allmyfiles/my_pictures
allmyfiles/my_pictures/at-beach-with-Jade.png
allmyfiles/my_pictures/picnic-with-Melissa.png
filelist.bash4

The new $BASHPID
        internal variable.

There is a new builtin
            error-handling function named
	    command_not_found_handle.

#!/bin/bash4

command_not_found_handle ()
{ # Accepts implicit parameters.
  echo "The following command is not valid: \""$1\"""
  echo "With the following argument(s): \""$2\"" \""$3\"""   # $4, $5 ...
} # $1, $2, etc. are not explicitly passed to the function.

bad_command arg1 arg2

# The following command is not valid: "bad_command"
# With the following argument(s): "arg1" "arg2"

Editorial comment

Associative arrays? Coprocesses? Whatever happened
          to the lean and mean Bash we have come to know and love?
          Could it be suffering from (horrors!) "feature
          creep"? Or perhaps even Korn shell envy?

Note to Chet Ramey: Please add only
          essential features in future Bash
	  releases -- perhaps for-each
	  loops and support for multi-dimensional arrays.
	    [5]
	  Most Bash users won't need, won't use, and likely won't greatly
	  appreciate complex "features" like built-in
	  debuggers, Perl interfaces, and bolt-on rocket boosters.

37.3.1. Bash, version 4.1

Version 4.1 of Bash, released in May,
	   2010, was primarily a bugfix update.

The printf command
        now accepts a <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-v</TT
> option for setting array indices.

Within double brackets,
        the > and <
        string comparison operators now conform to the locale. Since the locale setting may
        affect the sorting order of string expressions, this
	has side-effects on comparison tests within
        [[ ... ]] expressions.

The read builtin
        now takes a <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-N</TT
> option (read -N
        chars), which causes the read
        to terminate after chars
        characters.

Example 37-8. Reading N characters

#!/bin/bash
# Requires Bash version -ge 4.1 ...

num_chars=61

read -N $num_chars var < $0   # Read first 61 characters of script!
echo "$var"
exit

####### Output of Script #######

#!/bin/bash
# Requires Bash version -ge 4.1 ...

num_chars=61

Here documents
	      embedded in               <TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>$( ... )</TT
> command substitution
	      constructs may terminate with a simple
	      ).

Example 37-9. Using a here document
                       to set a variable

#!/bin/bash
# here-commsub.sh
# Requires Bash version -ge 4.1 ...

multi_line_var=$( cat <<ENDxxx
------------------------------
This is line 1 of the variable
This is line 2 of the variable
This is line 3 of the variable
------------------------------
ENDxxx)

#  Rather than what Bash 4.0 requires:
#+ that the terminating limit string and
#+ the terminating close-parenthesis be on separate lines.

# ENDxxx
# )

echo "$multi_line_var"

#  Bash still emits a warning, though.
#  warning: here-document at line 10 delimited
#+ by end-of-file (wanted `ENDxxx')

37.3.2. Bash, version 4.2

Version 4.2 of Bash, released
	   in February, 2011, contains a number of new features and
	   enhancements, in addition to bugfixes.

Bash now supports the the
		<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
>\u</TT
>
		and <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
>\U</TT
>
		Unicode escape.

Unicode is a cross-platform standard for encoding
          into numerical values letters and graphic symbols.
          This permits representing and displaying characters
          in foreign alphabets and unusual fonts.

echo -e '\u2630'   # Horizontal triple bar character.
# Equivalent to the more roundabout:
echo -e "\xE2\x98\xB0"
                   # Recognized by earlier Bash versions.

echo -e '\u220F'   # PI (Greek letter and mathematical symbol)
echo -e '\u0416'   # Capital "ZHE" (Cyrillic letter)
echo -e '\u2708'   # Airplane (Dingbat font) symbol

echo -e "The amplifier circuit requires a 100 \u2126 pull-up resistor."

unicode_var='\u2640'
echo -e $unicode_var      # Female symbol
printf "$unicode_var \n"  # Female symbol, with newline

#  And for something a bit more elaborate . . .

#  We can store Unicode symbols in an associative array,
#+ then retrieve them by name.
#  Run this in a gnome-terminal or a terminal with a large, bold font
#+ for better legibility.

declare -A symbol  # Associative array.

symbol[script_E]='\u2130'
symbol[script_F]='\u2131'
symbol[script_J]='\u2110'
symbol[script_M]='\u2133'
symbol[Rx]='\u211E'
symbol[TEL]='\u2121'
symbol[FAX]='\u213B'
symbol[care_of]='\u2105'
symbol[account]='\u2100'
symbol[trademark]='\u2122'

echo -ne "${symbol[script_E]}   "
echo -ne "${symbol[script_F]}   "
echo -ne "${symbol[script_J]}   "
echo -ne "${symbol[script_M]}   "
echo -ne "${symbol[Rx]}   "
echo -ne "${symbol[TEL]}   "
echo -ne "${symbol[FAX]}   "
echo -ne "${symbol[care_of]}   "
echo -ne "${symbol[account]}   "
echo -ne "${symbol[trademark]}   "
echo

The above example uses the
          $' ... '
          string-expansion construct.

When the <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
>lastpipe</TT
> shell option
          is set, the last command in a pipe doesn't run in a
	  subshell.

Example 37-10. Piping input to a read

#!/bin/bash
# lastpipe-option.sh

line=''                   # Null value.
echo "\$line = "$line""   # $line =

echo

shopt -s lastpipe         # Error on Bash version -lt 4.2.
echo "Exit status of attempting to set \"lastpipe\" option is $?"
#     1 if Bash version -lt 4.2, 0 otherwise.

echo

head -1 $0 | read line    # Pipe the first line of the script to read.
#            ^^^^^^^^^      Not in a subshell!!!

echo "\$line = "$line""
# Older Bash releases       $line =
# Bash version 4.2          $line = #!/bin/bash

This option offers possible "fixups"
		    for these example scripts:
		    Example 34-3 and
                    Example 15-8.

Negative array indices
           permit counting backwards from the end of an array.

Example 37-11. Negative array indices

#!/bin/bash
# neg-array.sh
# Requires Bash, version -ge 4.2.

array=( zero one two three four five )   # Six-element array.
#         0    1   2    3    4    5
#        -6   -5  -4   -3   -2   -1

# Negative array indices now permitted.
echo ${array[-1]}   # five
echo ${array[-2]}   # four
# ...
echo ${array[-6]}   # zero
# Negative array indices count backward from the last element+1.

# But, you cannot index past the beginning of the array.
echo ${array[-7]}   # array: bad array subscript

# So, what is this new feature good for?

echo "The last element in the array is "${array[-1]}""
# Which is quite a bit more straightforward than:
echo "The last element in the array is "${array[${#array[*]}-1]}""
echo

# And ...

index=0
let "neg_element_count = 0 - ${#array[*]}"
# Number of elements, converted to a negative number.

while [ $index -gt $neg_element_count ]; do
  ((index--)); echo -n "${array[index]} "
done  # Lists the elements in the array, backwards.
      # We have just simulated the "tac" command on this array.

echo

# See also neg-offset.sh.

Substring extraction
           uses a negative length parameter to
           specify an offset from the end of the
           target string.

Example 37-12. Negative parameter in string-extraction
                      construct

#!/bin/bash
# Bash, version -ge 4.2
# Negative length-index in substring extraction.
# Important: It changes the interpretation of this construct!

stringZ=abcABC123ABCabc

echo ${stringZ}                              # abcABC123ABCabc
#                   Position within string:    0123456789.....
echo ${stringZ:2:3}                          #   cAB
#  Count 2 chars forward from string beginning, and extract 3 chars.
#  ${string:position:length}

#  So far, nothing new, but now ...

                                             # abcABC123ABCabc
#                   Position within string:    0123....6543210
echo ${stringZ:3:-6}                         #    ABC123
#                ^
#  Index 3 chars forward from beginning and 6 chars backward from end,
#+ and extract everything in between.
#  ${string:offset-from-front:offset-from-end}
#  When the "length" parameter is negative,
#+ it serves as an offset-from-end parameter.

#  See also neg-array.sh.

Notes

[1]
To be more specific, Bash 4+ has
                  limited support for associative
		  arrays. It's a bare-bones implementation,
		  and it lacks the much of the functionality of such
                  arrays in other programming languages.

[2]
Copyright 1995-2009 by Chester Ramey.

[3]
This only works with pipes and certain other
                special files.

[4]
But only in conjunction with
                readline, i.e.,
                from the command-line.

[5]
And while you're at it, consider fixing
              the notorious piped read
	      problem.

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Ecological Applications presents a broad range of methods and techniques for managing environmental sustainability. This book examines ecological theory at the individual, populations, and community levels, and is an excellent resource for anyone looking to improve the health of their local ecosystems.
Colin Townsend obtained his DPhil at Sussex before taking up teaching positions at Oxford University and the University of East Anglia. In 1989 he moved from the UK to New Zealand, where he was appointed Chair of Zoology at the University of Otago; he is now Director of the Ecology, Conservation and Biodiversity Research Group at Otago.
1. Introduction – Humans, Nature, and Human Nature.
1.1.1. Homo sapiens – Just Another Species?.
1.1.2. Human Population Density and Technology Underlie Environmental Impact.
1.2.1. The Scale of the Biodiversity Problem.
1.2.2. Biodiversity, Ecosystem Function and Ecosystem Services.
1.2.3. Drivers of Biodiversity Loss – The Extinction Vortex.
1.2.4. Habitat Loss – Driven from House and Home.
1.2.5. Invaders – Unwanted Biodiversity.
1.2.6. Overexploitation – Too Much of a Good Thing.
1.2.7. Habitat degradation – Laying Waste.
1.2.8. Global climate change – Life in the Greenhouse.
1.3. Toward a Sustainable Future?.
1.3.1. Ecological Applications – to Conserve, Restore, and Sustain Biodiversity.
1.3.2. From an Economic Perspective – Putting a Value on Nature.
Part 1: Ecological Applications At The Level Of Individual Organisms.
2. Ecological Applications of Niche Theory.
2.2. Unwanted Aliens – Lessons from Niche Theory.
2.2.1. Ecological Niche Modeling – Predicting Where Invaders will Succeed.
2.2.2. Are we Modeling Fundamental or Realized Niches?.
2.2.3. When Humans Disrupt Ecosystems and Make it Easy for Invaders.
2.3. Conservation of Endangered Species – Each to Its Own Niche.
2.3.1. Monarch's Winter Palace Under Siege.
2.3.2. A Species off the Rails – Translocation of the Takahe.
2.4. Restoration of Habitats Impacted by Human Activities.
2.4.1. Land Reclamation – Prospecting for Species to Restore Mined Sites.
2.4.2. Agricultural Intensification – Risks to Biodiversity.
2.4.3. How Much Does it Cost to Restore a Species?.
2.4.4. River Restoration – Going with the Flow.
3. Life-history Theory and Management.
3.1. Introduction – Using Life-history Traits to Make Management Decisions.
3.2. Species Traits as Predictors for Effective Restoration.
3.2.1. Restoring Grassland Plants – A Pastoral Duty.
3.2.2. Restoring Tropical Forest – Abandoned Farmland Reclaimed for Nature.
3.3. Species Traits as Predictors of Invasion Success.
3.3.1. Species Traits Predict Invasive Conifers.
3.3.2. Invasion Success – The Importance of Flexibility.
3.3.3. Separating Invasions into Sequential Stages – Different Traits for Each?.
3.3.4. What We Know and Don't Know About Invader Traits.
3.4. Species Traits as Predictors of Extinction Risk.
3.4.1. Niche Breadth and Flexibility – Freshwater and Forest at Risk.
3.4.2. When Big isn't Best – r/K Theory, Harvesting, Grazing and Pollution.
3.4.3. When Competitiveness Matters – CSR Theory, Grazing and Habitat Fragmentation.
4. Dispersal, Migration and Management.
4.1. Introduction – Why Species Mobility Matters.
4.2. Migration and Dispersal – Lessons for Conservation.
4.2.1. For Whom the Bell Tolls – The Surprising Story of a South American Bird.
4.2.2. The Ups and Downs of Panda Conservation.
4.2.3. Dispersal of a Vulnerable Aquatic Insect – A Damsel in Distress.
4.3. Restoration and Species Mobility.
4.3.2. Bog Restoration – Is Assisted Migration Needed for Peat's Sake?.
4.4. Predicting the Arrival and Spread oInvaders.
4.4.1. The Great Lakes – A Great Place for Invaders.
4.4.2. Lakes as Infectious Agents.
4.4.3. Invasion Hubs or Diffusive Spread?.
4.4.4. How to Manage Invasions under Globalization.
4.5. Species Mobility and Management of Production Landscapes.
4.5.1. Squirrels – Axeman Spare that Tree.
4.5.2. Bats – Axeman Cut that Track.
4.5.3. Farming the Wind – The Spatial Risk oPulverizing Birds.
4.5.4. Bee Business – Pollination Services of Native Bees Depend on Dispersal Distance.
Part 2: Applications at the Level of Populations.
5. Conservation of Endangered Species.
5.1. Dealing with Endangered Species – A Crisis Discipline.
5.2. Assessing Extinction Risk from Correlational Data.
5.3. Simple Algebraic Models of Population Viability Analysis.
5.3.1. The Case of Fender's Blue Butterfly.
5.3.2. A Primate in Kenya – How Good are the Data?.
5.4. Simulation Modeling for Population Viability Analysis.
5.4.1. An Australian Icon at Risk.
5.4.2. The Royal Catchfly – A Burning Issue.
5.4.3. Ethiopian Wolves – Dogged by Disease.
5.4.4. How Good is Your Population Viability Analysis?.
5.5.1. Genetic Rescue of the Florida Panther.
5.5.2. The Pink Pigeon – Providing a Solid Foundation.
5.5.3. Reintroduction of a 'Red List' Plant – The Value of Crossing.
5.5.4. Outfoxing the Foxes of the Californian Channel Islands.
5.6. A Broader Perspective of Conservation – Ecology, Economics and Sociopolitics All Matter.
5.6.1. Genetically Modified Crops – Larking About with Farmland Biodiversity.
5.6.2. Diclofenac – Good for Sick Cattle, Bad for Vultures.
6.1.1. One Person's Pest, Another Person's Pet.
6.2.3. From Blunderbuss to Surgical Strike.
6.2.4. Cut off the Enemy's Reinforcements.
6.2.5. Changing Pest Behavior – A Propaganda War.
6.2.6. When Pesticides go Wrong – Target Pest Resurgence and Secondary Pests.
6.2.7. Widespread Effects of Pesticides on Nontarget Organisms, Including People.
6.3.1. Importation Biological Control – A Question of Scale.
6.3.2. Conservation Biological Control – Get Natural Enemies to do the Work.
6.3.3. Inoculation Biological Control – Effective in Glasshouses but Rarely in Field Crops.
6.3.4. Inundation Biological Control – Using Fungi, Viruses, Bacteria and Nematodes.
6.3.5. When Biological Control Goes Wrong.
6.4. Evolution of Resistance and its Management.
6.5. Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
6.5.1. IPM against Potato Tuber Moths in New Zealand.
6.5.2. IPM against an Invasive Weed in Australia.
7.1.1. Avoiding the Tragedy of the Commons.
7.1.2. Killing Just Enough – Not Too Few, Not Too Many.
7.2. Harvest Management In Practice – Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) Approaches.
7.2.1. Management by Fixed Quota – Of Fish and Moose.
7.2.2. Management by Fixed Effort – Of Fish and Antelopes.
7.2.3. Management by Constant Escapement – In Time.
7.2.4. Management by Constant Escapement – In Space.
7.2.5. Evaluation of the MSY Approach – The Role of Climate.
7.2.6. Species that are Especially Vulnerable When Rare.
7.2.7. Ecologist's Role in the Assessment of MSY.
7.3. Harvest Models that Recognize Population Structure.
7.3.1. 'Dynamic Pool Models' in Fisheries Management – Looking After the Big Mothers.
7.3.2. Forestry – Axeman, Spare which Tree?.
7.3.3. A Forest Bird of Cultural Importance.
7.4. Evolution of Harvested Populations – Of Fish and Bighorn Rams.
7.5. A Broader View of Harvest Management – Adding Economics to Ecology.
7.6. Adding a Sociopolitical Dimension to Ecology and Economics.
7.6.1. Factoring in Human Behavior.
Part 3: Applications at the Level of Communities and Ecosystems.
8.2. Managing Succession for Restoration.
8.2.1. Restoration Timetables for Plants.
8.2.2. Restoration Timetable for Animals.
8.2.3. Invoking the Theory of Competition–Colonization Trade-offs.
8.3. Managing Succession for Harvests.
8.3.1. Benzoin 'Gardening' in Sumatra.
8.3.2. Aboriginal Burning Enhances Harvests.
8.4. Using Succession to Control Invasions.
8.5. Managing Succession for Species Conservation.
8.5.1. When Early Succession Matters Most – A Hare-Restoring Formula for Lynx.
8.5.2. Enforcing a Successional Mosaic – First Aid for Butterflies.
8.5.3. When Late Succession Matters Most – Range Finding for Tropical Birds.
8.5.4. Controlling Succession in an Invader-dominated Community.
8.5.5. Nursing a Valued Plant Back to Cultural Health.
9. Applications from Food-web and Ecosystem Theory.
9.2. Food-web Theory and Human Disease Risk.
9.3. Food Webs and Harvest Management.
9.3.1. Who gets Top Spot in the Abalone Food Web – Otters or Humans?.
9.3.2. Food-web Consequences of Harvesting Fish – From Tuna to Tiddlers.
9.4. Food Webs and Conservation Management.
9.5. Ecosystem Consequences of Invasions.
9.5.1. Ecosystem Consequences of Freshwater Invaders.
9.5.2. Ecosystem Effects of Invasive Plants – Fixing the Problem.
9.6. Ecosystem Approaches to Restoration – First Aid by Parasites and Sawdust.
9.7.1. Stopping Caterpillars Eating the Broccoli – So That People Can.
9.7.2. Managing Agriculture to Minimize Fertilizer Input and Nutrient Loss.
9.7.3. Constructing Wetlands to Manage Water Quality.
9.8. Ecosystem Services and Ecosystem Health.
9.8.1. The value of Ecosystem Services.
9.8.2. Ecosystem Health of Forests – With All their Mites.
9.8.3. Ecosystem Health in an Agricultural Landscape – Bats Have a Ball.
9.8.4. Ecosystem Health of Rivers – It's What We Make It.
9.8.5. Ecosystem Health of a Marine Environment.
Part 4: Applications at the Regional and Global Scales.
10.2.1. The Emu-wren – Making the Most of the Conservation Dollar.
10.2.2. The Wood Thrush – Going Down the Sink.
10.2.3. The Problem With Large Carnivores – Connecting With Grizzly Bears.
10.3.2. A Peruvian Forest Successional Mosaic – Patching a Living Together.
10.4. A Landscape Perspective on Pest Control.
10.4.1. Plantation Forestry in the Landscape.
10.4.2. Horticulture in the Landscape.
10.4.3. Arable Farming in the Landscape.
10.5.1. Reintroduction of Vultures – What a Carrion.
10.5.2. Restoring Farmed Habitat – Styled for Hares.
10.5.3. Old is Good – Willingness to pay for forest improvement.
10.5.4. Cityscape Ecology – Biodiversity in Berlin.
10.6. Designing Reserve Networks for Biodiversity Conservation.
10.6.1. Complementarity – Selecting Reserves for Fish Biodiversity.
10.6.2. Irreplaceability – Selecting Reserves in the Cape Floristic Region.
10.7.1. Marine Zoning – An Italian Job.
10.7.2. A Marine Zoning Plan for New Zealand – Gifts, Gains and China Shops.
10.7.3. Managing an Agricultural Landscape – A Multidisciplinary Endeavor.
11. Dealing with Global Climate Change.
11.2. Climate Change Predictions Based on the Ecology of Individual Organisms.
11.2.1. Niche Theory and Conservation – What a Shame Mountains are Conical.
11.2.2. Niche Theory and Invasion Risk – Nuisance on the Move.
11.2.3. Life-history Traits and the Fate of Species – For Better or for Worse.
11.3. Climate Change Predictions Based on the Theory of Population Dynamics.
11.3.1. Species Conservation – The Bear Essentials.
11.3.2. Pest Control – More or Less of a Problem?.
11.3.3. Harvesting Fish in Future – Cod Willing.
11.3.4. Forestry – A Boost for Developing Countries?.
11.4. Climate Change Predictions Based on Community and Ecosystem Interactions.
11.4.1. Succession – New Trajectories and End Points.
11.4.2. Food-web Interactions – Dengue Downunder.
11.4.3. Ecosystem Services – You Win Some, You Lose Some.
11.5. A Landscape Perspective – Nature Reserves Under Climate Change.
11.5.1. Mexican Cacti – Reserves in the Wrong Place.
11.5.2. Fairy Shrimps – A Temporary Setback.


The blaze was first reported around 1:38 a.m. at the residential structure located in the 3000 block of Fruitvale Avenue, Oakland Fire Department Battalion Chief Dino Torres said.
One apartment unit was fully destroyed and two others suffered water damage, according to Torres, in the blaze that displaced three families altogether.
Torres said the cause appears to be accidental, and may be linked to cooking. The blaze was extinguished around 2 a.m.


New trailers were also released for 'Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children', 'The Birth of a Nation', 'Free State of Jones', and 'Inferno'.
Gary Ross' historical drama is a wandering mess that never plums the racial divide of the 19th century South.
They both give great performances, but they've also got a hard-working, dedicated crew backing them up.
He also explains how he made a big studio-looking film with the help of STX Entertainment.
Gary Ross's timely drama will hit theaters this week on June 24th.
Plus, discussion on the rumor of Kingpin in 'Spider-Man,' a new trailer for 'Finding Dory' and more!


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Doug Hoekstra
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The Last Last Fling
Posted byDoug Hoekstra August 4, 2013 Posted in2012, UncategorizedTags:Charles Schulz, Charlie Brown, Naperville, School, the Last Fling
It's been a long time since the last post, but that's becuase of all the summer fun going on, which should be the next post, actually. That said, as I see my son Jude and his peers head back to school, I'm reminded of this piece I wrote, called the "Last Last Fling." There's a magazine out there called Defunct (www.defunctmag.org) focused on all matters obsolete (the 8 track tape, the mimeograph machine, etc.) and I thought, well, in a way, the last week before summer is defunct, as we know it. They didn't take the piece, but I still like it and hope you enjoy it…
THE LAST FLING
It's the last of the Last Fling
In my hometown, the Last Fling was the best part of summer, a grand three-day send-off that took place over Labor Day weekend and signaled the end of dreaming. Even the Chamber of Commerce advertised it as a chance to "let loose" one more time. Boys and girls and moms and dads rode to the riverfront in twos, threes, and fours, ate elephant ears, spun on the tilt a whirl, and vainly tried to knock down enough milk bottles to win a portable 8-track tape player. Carnival music blared through the streets, fading as local rock bands took over the sled hill, playing for bemused families on blankets and starry eyed girlfriends who danced on the grass.
Whether toddler or teenager, kids felt a sense of urgency, as if they had been read their last rites, making the nights last as long as possible to squeeze every enjoyable second out of this final long weekend. The air grew colder by the minute and come Tuesday dawn, alarms would ring across the city, Wally Phillips would come on WGN radio, and bitter winds would drive us all into shorter days spent shivering behind chalkboards and desks.
Sadly, like a bird with blue feet stranded on the Galapagos Islands, the Last Fling faces extinction. Surrounded by encroaching interests, this bittersweet finale now takes place two weeks after school starts. Whereas it used to symbolize the beginning of school, it now symbolizes the end of summer…as we know it. Charlie Brown has had his baseball season cut short to ensure more standardized testing, longer school days, and the institutional determination that he and the gang must be able to compete for jobs in the 21st century.
Hallmark presents It's the Balanced Calendar, Charlie Brown.
Linus and his friend lean on the brick wall, philosophizing, bemoaning what has been lost.
"It's all politics, Charlie Brown. It's so the superintendent of schools looks like he's doing something to improve our scores," Linus says, to the accompaniment of sad jazz music. "We lost half our summer and we only go to school three more days."
"I could go every day of the year and I'd still get a C minus," says Charlie.
Blue notes sound. Leaves fall. Snoopy sidles up and rests his head on the wall. Linus continues, holding his blanket in one hand and gesturing with the other.
"Charlie Brown, do you know that even the National Association for Year-Round Education says it would be inappropriate to suggest that the current evidence indicates that modified calendars have a significant positive impact on achievement, in the practical sense?" Snoopy yawns. "Furthermore, a University of Minnesota study reviewed three decades of research on year-round education and concluded that no conclusion can be reached on its efficacy, due to poor research designs and incomplete data."
Lucy arrives just as Linus reaches this last bold statement. Charlie Brown appears distracted, and a little afraid, as if he's hearing distant voices.
"I'll guess I'll never get to visit my dad at the barber shop anymore."
"YOU BLOCKHEADS," Lucy hollers, mouth open wide, "the balanced calendar is so we can all get good jobs when we're older. And, maybe it'll help my little brother get rid of his stupid blanket." She draws her fingers together one by one, forming a fist.
Linus cowers.
"Yes, but the jobs we have when we grow up are the jobs we'll create, the ones we've yet to imagine. Where is the time to dream?"
POW. Lucy clocks him. "THERE's your time to dream."
"Good grief," says Charlie Brown.
Charles Schulz' characters reflected his difficulties with school, as they struggled to find their place in a system that doesn't always embrace the rugged individualist. In his television specials, they can only rely on each other, as teachers and principals drone on like disembodied megaphones, representing authority figures that clearly don't understand children. Schulz once said that he thought Charlie Brown was a neat kid, someone he would have loved to hang out with as a child, revealing a depth of understanding in the cartoonist that is sometimes rare among adults.
Schulz' characters also spend time creating elaborate make-believe scenarios, lying on their backs and looking at the clouds, and discussing everything from love to theology. It's a world where contemplation is valued over competition, and the ideal is to have more time to do less, as opposed to the other way around. Their world is smaller by design.
By contrast, over the last half-century, my hometown has feverishly expanded, from a small Ma and Pa farming community at the end of the commuter line to a sprawling city of its own, drawing a new class of young professionals, chain stores, and fancy restaurants.
For now, attendance at the Last Fling grows in a similar fashion, like tropical flowers in time lapse photography, though the colors are different. Kids vie for IPod shuffles by shooting air guns at virtual targets, families gather to buy veggie dogs from food trucks, and the garage bands have been replaced by Blue Oyster Cult, Big and Rich, and Pat Benatar. First kisses are still exchanged under the bridge and fathers still take their sons to enjoy safer versions of the rides they experienced many years before. It is a fifty-year tradition.
But, school has already been in session for two weeks by the time Labor Day hits, so the urgency of years gone by is lessened, and at its heart, the fling has already flung. It is difficult to let loose and celebrate the summer when lockers have been assigned, class schedules posted, and homework is already hanging over the head of every attendee between the ages of 8 and 18. Worse yet, the promise is that soon there will be more intercessions, summer camps, teacher training, in- services, and snow days, adding another week here and there, until the school year winds up starting in mid-July. At this point the Last Fling will dwindle to nothing or worse yet, become a Back to School Kick-Off, as the disembodied voices of the adults become caught in an endless vortex of drop-offs and pick-ups. Our only hope for salvation lies with the children in the back seat, staring out the window as they're shuttled about, the ones making up stories in their heads, dreaming of adventures to come, and letting their minds wander. They will remember. Some of them will return.
After all, knowledge may get you from A to B, but imagination takes you everywhere. Einstein said that. My guess is, he too, would've liked to hang out with Charlie Brown.
Published by Doug Hoekstra
Father, wordsmith, musician, creative.	View more posts
Doug Hoekstra, Blog at WordPress.com.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I would like to present the following theory to answer how the Rabbanan may read this passage, although I certainly would love to hear if anyone has a better answer. It is fairly clear from the Gemara that if one is traveling from point A to point B, but that he intends to return to point A on the same day, that he follows the Zemanim of point A. The case the Gemara discusses is if a tamei Kohen is on the top of Mt. Carmel and the sun is at eye level, he may descend the mountain to the sea, go to the mikvah and ascend the mountain. He will have been able to have gone to the mikveh prior to sunset and when he reaches the top it will be after twilight. Thus, this Kohain will now be pure and can eat Terumah. (Shabbos 35a; also see Rashba Shabbos 35a) Since the sun was at eye level when he began his descent, that means for people at the base of the mountain it was setting on the horizon. His immersion will be after sunset for those at the base, but prior to sunset for those above the mountain. The only way that this man can be considered to have immersed prior to sunset is if we give him the status of those on the top of the mountain even though he is currently at the base. It seems that this is due to the fact that he is on a quick round trip.
The sun travels every degree of our planet in 4 minutes. That means that the sun will set 16 minutes in Haran prior to its setting in Yerushalayim. So, perhaps, Yaakov arrived miraculously in Yerushalayim and decided to pray at the first moment that he could have said Maariv, but based on the Zemanim of Haran and not those of Yerushalayim. It is reasonable that Yaakov would want to daven at the first possible moment since we know the Avos possessed this characteristic of Zerizus, and because it is appropriate to do so. (See Shulchan Aruch O.C. 235) After davening, Yaakov turned to go back to Haran, but Hashem made the sun finish its descent quickly. It was 16 minutes prior to sunset when Yaakov started davening, so there were only a few minutes that it need to shave off the day anyway.
When confronting Korach, Moshe states, "Morning will happen and Hashem will make known those that are to Him, etc." A fairly obvious question is why the delay, why didn't Moshe just have the showdown right then and there? What was the necessity to delay until morning?
The Maharasha addresses this issue in his commentary to Nedarim 39b.The Gemara mentions that when Korach challenged Moshe's authority the sun and moon ascended to the loftier heavens to demand justice on behalf of Moshe. They gave Hashem an ultimatum, either He should do justice for ben-Amram (Moshe), or they would refuse to shine from this point on. Hashem shot arrows at them and forced them back to their regular jobs and stated, "Every day the pagans bow to you and you continue to shine without defending My honor, but for the honor of a human you stand up!"
The Maharsha states that Moshe wanted to reference this celestial confrontation when rebuking Korach. He, therefore, stated that tomorrow morning justice will occur. Not because the sun will not shine, as was the sun's intent; rather, because Hashem will very clearly display who He has chosen to perform His service and who He has not. The Maharsha continues to state that this may be partially alluded to in the Rashi's commentary to this verse.
One thing that I find interesting about this is that it would seem the Maharsha felt that the sun was telling Hashem that justice will have to be carried out for Moshe. Either the sun will do it by not shining, or Hashem will perform a different miracle. Since Moshe was familiar with the discussion, had Hashem told the sun that he could adjudicate, then Moshe would have referenced the lack of the sun's shining the following morning as a testament to Moshe's authenticity. If this is true then why did the moon join with the sun in making the ultimatum? The determining factor was the sun, not the moon. The answer is quite obvious, though. The moon does not produce its own light, rather, it reflects that of the sun. Thus, if the sun were to cease shining, the moon would inevitably follow suit.
I concede that the Maharsha's commentary does seem a bit hard to read into the wording of the Gemara. The sun and moon seem to both be demanding justice and declaring that they will go on strike if justice was not served. It does not seem that the sun was stating that he would provide justice should Hashem choose not to carry it out. Any suggestions or answers?
Recently, important results were released from one of the foremost laboratories in the world, CERN. Neutrinos, a type of sub-atomic particle, do not travel faster than light. Now, you may be asking why this is news? According to Einstein's theories of relativity no particle can travel faster than light. The answer is that last September this same lab reported that they might have witnessed these particles traveling just slightly above the cosmic speed limit, the speed of light.
Now, it is of course true that general and special relativity are still just theories and there are a lot of questions that they cannot and do not answer. Scientists are still trying to resolve conflicts between these theories and the qualities observed in quantum mechanics. While both of these methods seem to have astoundingly accurate results in their respective areas of science (relativity in the macro and quantum mechanics in the micro), the two are essentially incompatible with each other. Nevertheless, these are the best theories out there now and within their respective fields have produced wondrous results. Things so basic to these theories, such as the assertion that no particle can travel faster than the speed of light, have been shown to hold up in many different experiments. Thus, if neutrinos were truly traveling faster then a significant portion of these sciences would need a complete overhaul! Alas, this was not the case. As Sergio Bertolucci presented in his results, it appears the results were erroneous due to a faulty element of the fiber-optic timing system.
I find one of the comments made by Bertolucci to be very telling. He mentioned that this final result was something that he had expected deep down even though many would have loved the excitement of having truly found these particles to be breaking the rules of science. To be part of a team that has discovered how relativity was not a sound theory would certainly have ensured these scientists a place in history. Science is replete with new discoveries rendering earlier ones obsolete. Whether they be that the earth is not flat to Einstein's theories replacing those of Newton, when massive discoveries are finally confirmed science generally abandons the old and begins to explore the new opportunities presented. Those who helped form these new opportunities are then immortalized. This is how the quest for objective truth perseveres.
One of the many flaws in this type of system is that when one thinks he has discovered something new it is not always so easy to give it up. How many times can a yeshiva student remember how he came up with a chiddush and although his chavrusah has adequately shown why this chiddush is wrong, the student just cannot let go. The discovery of objective truth is so powerful that its illusion is sometimes so tempting that one ends up net being able to let go. In the case with the neutrino we actually find scientists who appear to have acted with integrity and abandoned the previous findings when they could not be supported by further investigation.
This idea of bias is expressed very strongly in this week's parsha. The spies were unable to see the objective good of our beautiful land, Eretz Yisrael. Although Hashem had performed countless miracles and displayed that nothing stands in His way, the spies were unable to see past the enormous armies and fortified cities that they determined were impenetrable.
In our own lives we have so many biases that do not allow us to see things for what they truly are. Sometimes we are afraid of change, and other times we are driven by our personal desires. Regardless of the reason why, we often fall prey to seeing a very distorted view of reality. Klal Yisrael had been on the cusp of inheriting the Promised Land. However, one can only truly find his inheritance and place in this world if he is able to remove the "dusty glasses" that constantly cloud his vision.
It is very exciting that in the next few days there will be a transit of Venus across the sun! This means that Venus will pass directly between us and the sun.
I remember the last time this happened, eight years ago. I set up my telescope (then I had an 8" Celestron Schmidt Cassegrain) early in the morning and watched as the black orb of Venus appeared to cross past the face of the sun. I admit that for those not very interested in astronomy this event is not as aesthetically pleasing as viewing the rings of Saturn or the craters of the moon, but the rarity of this event creates excitement itself. Additionally, those who do appreciate astronomy (and perhaps its history) definitely can appreciate this event with greater appreciation.
Such transits are relatively rare with a pairing of them spaced eight years apart (as is the case with this and the last) and then a duration of time that spans greater than a century prior to the next. In fact, the next time this event will occur will be in 2117. These events were crucial to earlier astronomers in helping them calculate the size of the solar system and of Venus. This was done from the seventeenth century onwards.
Such calculations are predicated on the fact that we exist in a heliocentric system and not a geocentric one. This means that the planets revolve around the sun and not the sun/planets around our planet. Believe it or not, even relatively recently there were "scientific" and Torah works that were still advocating the geocentric version, however, as time such views no longer seem to be adhered to by the greater number of scholars.
I do find it interesting that the solar system has the sun at its center, but from our perspective it would appear that we are the center of the universe. I think a lot of mussar can be taken from this concept. Naturally people see things only from their personal vantage point and often feel as though they are, in fact, "the center of the universe." It takes objective analysis and an open mind to listening to the truth that allows one to realize that his haughtiness is inappropriate. Gaavah, haughtiness, is a very difficult attribute to eradicate from within ourselves, but until one does so, he is effectively incapable of truly recognizing the emes, truth, in many situations.
Unfortunately, I do not think I will be able to witness this wonderful event as I have (b"H) upgraded my telescope to a 10" Meade Schmidt Cassegrain and do not have a solar filter for this size telescope. Although, one can view this without a telescope, it still requires proper protective eyewear and I do not have those either. I was lucky enough to see it eight years ago and I remember it clearly as, for me, it was memorable.
PLEASE NOTE THAT YOU SHOULD NEVER LOOK AT THE SUN WITHOUT THE PROPER PROTECTIVE EYEWEAR AND THIS TRANSIT REQUIRES THAT. LOOKING AT THE SUN WITHOUT SUCH EYEWEAR IS DANGEROUS AND DAMAGING!!!
As next week's solar eclipse approaches I couldn't help but think of a quick thought that I mentioned in the appendix of The Secrets of the Stars. It is interesting to see that in the year of the Exodus as Klal Yisrael were approaching Har Sinai there was a solar eclipse, too. That eclipse occurred on Rosh Chodesh Sivan just as this upcoming one will happen in close proximity to that date.
Solar eclipses always occur on or very near to Rosh Chodesh because in order for them to happen the sun, moon, and earth must be in a straight line, syzygy (note: this is a great Scrabble word). This alignment is, by definition, a molad. Due to the fact that our calendar is based on calculations and estimates, the calculated molad and the actual molad can fall on different dates. Thus, eclipses do not always occur on Rosh Chodesh itself.
As the pesukim teach us, we battled Amalek in the second half of the month of Iyar. On the first of Sivan we camped, in united fashion, at Sinai and were given the Torah shortly afterwards. The solar eclipse that occurred on that Rosh Chodesh would have been recognized as being extremely symbolic. Chazal teach that such eclipses symbolize bad tidings for the other nations of the world. Klal Yisrael, often seen as being represented by the moon metaphorically, would be seen as blocking the light of the sun, often considered to metaphorically represent the other nations.
After decimating the superpower of the world, Egypt, and the battling our formidable foe, Amalek, we were about to receive that which defines us and our destiny the Torah. Sandwiched in between these events was a demonstrable event that displayed that there was to be a new nation to shed light unto the world Klal Yisrael. May we soon merit to live up to that very high standard which is required of us!
The Gemara teaches that the end of the planting season is when the Pleiades, a star cluster located in the constellation Taurus and referred to as Kimah by Chazal, is at its peak at approximately 3pm. 3pm is chosen as the time because this is when the field workers pack up for the evening and begin to go home. (Bava Metziya 106b; based on Rashi's commentary) This is defined as being in the beginning of Adar by Rashi. A basic question one can ask is, "Is the Gemara alluding to something else by giving this obscure description as opposed to just saying that the end of the season is at the beginning of Adar?"
Also, prior to offering a different explanation to this passage, Tosefos ask many questions on this approach. One of the questions is that at 3pm the stars are not visible (it is the middle of the day) and the Tosefos assume that the passage was giving a sign that is noticeable. Why would the Gemara describe the season's end with something that is not visible?
To give a possible answer to these questions, let us analyze some other important ideas that are associated with Adar. Moshe Rabbeinu was born on 7 Adar. The Seder HaDoros informs us that he was born at approximately 9am in the morning. The question is, is there any significance to 9am on 7 Adar?
There are a few places in the sky that are considered to influence events on earth. Whatever celestial item is rising from the east is considered to be exerting influence as it can be seen as rising to power (see Rosh Hashana 11b and Ibn Ezra's Sefer HaTa'amim). Its peak, when it has risen to the highest point it attains, is seen as its influence shining with the most possible strength.
The Pleaides are associated with rain (Berachos 58b) and they are assumed to have benevolent associations (see Yalkut Shimoni Bereishis 366). At the end of the planting season, it is the rains that the farmer is focused on. The rains associated with Pleiades are seen as the tool for growth.
Moshe Rabbeinu, the vehicle through which Klal Yisrael was able to grow through the Exodus and receiving of the Torah, was born at the moment when Pleiades was rising. 7 Adar at 9am corresponds to a moment when this cluster will be positioned on the eastern horizon. 9am (really a quarter of the day since we are talking about shaos zemaniyos) is also the time when one can no longer recite Shema and fulfill his daily obligation. This is because people are considered to have risen and started their day at this point in time.
In other words, Moshe Rabbeinu's birth marked a time that was strongly associated with the time for the growth to begin. It was the hour of the day associated with getting started after slumber and it is marked by the Pleiades, the stars of growth, starting their influence in the world as they rise from the east. The end of Moshe Rabbeinu's birthday, meaning when people are finished being productive at 3pm, would be marked with Pleiades being at their peak. Almost as if to show that the entire day of Moshe Rabbeinu's birth marks the rise and complete exertion of power of growth by the Pleiades. This was a display that Klal Yisrael were about to grow through its newly born leader.
Why would a sign be given that is not noticeable? It is well known that the Purim miracle happened without supernatural events. It demonstrated Hashem's complete control while still utilizing the forces of nature. This is often expressed through the mazal of the month of Purim, Dagim or Pisces, which is depicted as fish which are famous for being hidden from sight as they live beneath the water. Moshe Rabbeinu's birth marked the beginning of the growth of Klal Yisrael, but they were not at a point where the overt miracles were going to be expressed. They were in a time period still able to be expressed as an "Adar" type time. It would be another 80 until Moshe Rabbeinu would lead them out of Egypt.
In the end of this week's parsha the shalosh regalim are mentioned. The same general language to refer to them is repeated again towards the end of Ki Sisa in a few weeks. There are, however, a few discrepencies that can be seen. What especially arouses one's curiosity is when there are parallel pesukim that have one word that is different. Even more interesting is when the commentaries seem to disregard the discrepency!
One such difference is the way the Torah refers to the end of the year when discussing Sukkos. In Mishpatim the Torah says that Sukkos is, "בצאת השנה," meaning in the end of the year. (Shemos 23:16) Whereas, in Ki Sisa the end of the year is referenced as "תקופת השנה." (Shemos 34:22) Onkelos seems to disregard the difference in the wording and states that the translation is the same for both phrases.
I have heard a couple respectable individuals attribute a theory to the Vilna Gaon, but neither have been able to show me the actual source (although they claim that they remember seeing it in a reputable printed work, they just can't remember where). Allegedly, the Gaon contended that there was initially supposed to be a seven month year just like we have seven days of the week. It was only after the effects of sin became pronounced that the world needed the extra months.
The theory maintains that there was never supposed to be a time period of winter. Winter is the time devoid of growth and symbolic of death. This should not occur in a pristine world.
In Mishpatim the language is much stronger and literally means the end of the year. This is because this parsha precedes the sin of the Egel HaZahav and is stated in a perfected world where Sukkos is the actual end of the year. Ki Sisa has a wording that implies the end of the year but literally means "when the year circles around (see Rashi)." The implications are that the agricultural year is over and is cycling to the next spring even though there will be several barren months of winter. This is because Ki Sisa had the Egel HaZahav recounted in the earlier section of it and this part is, therefore, talking to the world of sinners.
One should not ask from the story of Noach where Hashem promises that all the seasons will continue (Bereishis 8:22), because that was stated to a world of sinners and the (alleged) Gaon could contend that the world was reperfected only at Matan Torah. Although one could, perhaps, ask from the Baraisa D'Mazalos that contends that Hashem initially placed twelve zodiacal constellations in the sky. There are twelve because the sky is divided into twelve regions, one for each month.
The only resolution is that each mazal would be for a shorter time than a month and the world's orbit was faster in order to circle through these twelve constellations in a shorter time frame. The truth is that one would have to contend something along these lines because the entire concept is suggesting that earth orbited the sun quicker.
The issue is that earth would not be able to sustain life at an orbit much farther or closer from the sun so it would have had to be orbiting the sun faster while keeping the same current distance. How this world went so fast and kept its current orbit up to a point in time when it slowed so drastically would require a new and extremely complex set of laws of physics (assuming that it did not all happen within the supernatural realm completely). The earth's initial speed should have been too fast to be caught in orbit at this distance around the sun and it should have been flung into the far realms of the solar system. The earth's change in speed when it slowed, on the other hand, should have thrust it into the sun!!!
The only accomodation would be to assume that the earth was more massive and then, at the time of the change, lost its mass, perhaps via a collision with a meteor that broke off a large chunk of earth. The new smaller earth would be able to maintain the proper distance without changing its orbit. This is also difficult because the impact itself should have thrown earth off course and certainly would have left a massive crater somewhere on the planet.
I also wanted to apologize for the cessation of posting these past few weeks. B"H I have been very busy promoting my recent sefer, The Secrets of the Stars which is available here.
Also, an interesting post from the past that is pertinent to last week and this week's Parsha that discusses why mythology and Midrash often appear to be very similar (with examples) here.


text:
Наньпя́о () — район городского подчинения городского округа Хулудао провинции Ляонин (КНР).

История
Когда в начале XX века в районе Чаояна были обнаружены залежи каменного угля, то район разработок к северу от Чаояна получил название «северные шахты» («Бэйпяо»), район к югу от Чаояна — «южные шахты» («Наньпяо»).

В 1962 году здесь был образован посёлок Наньпяо (南票镇) уезда Цзиньси. В 1972 году он был преобразован в Горнодобывающий район Наньпяо (南票工矿区) города Цзиньчжоу, однако в 1976 году вновь вернулся под юрисдикцию уезда Цзиньси, опять став посёлком.

В 1982 году Цзиньси получил статус городского уезда, и на основе посёлка Наньпяо с прилегающими территориями был образован район Наньпяо в его составе. В 1989 году был образован городской округ Цзиньси (в 1994 году переименованный в Хулудао); при этом городской уезд Цзиньси был расформирован, и район Наньпяо стал подчиняться непосредственно властям городского округа.

Административное деление
Район Наньпяо делится на 7 уличных комитетов, 2 посёлка и 2 волости.

Соседние административные единицы
Район Наньпяо граничит со следующими административными единицами:
 Район Ляньшань (на юго-востоке)
 Городской округ Чаоян (на северо-западе)
 Городской округ Цзиньчжоу (на северо-востоке)

Ссылки

Районы Хулудао

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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GXCA Jumble Sale - Bargains Galore!!
Carin Eilerts de Haan and Rod Whyte are awarded Paul Harris Fellowships at Rotary Club of Misbourne Matins regular weekly meeting.
Helping Gerrards Cross Traders Association prepare flags to go up along the high street.
On 7th September Misbourne Matins Rotary Club together with Gerrards Cross and Chalfont St Peter Rotary Club organised a Charity golf day at Gerrards Cross Golf Club. A most enjoyable day was had by all and £12000 was raised for three charities.
MMRC organised a junior chess competition for 9 to 11 year olds from local schools. It proved a great success by encouraging the youngsters to develop their skills.
Support given to the MS Centre during visit of Duke of Kent.


In the past tuning companies used to take regular cars and transform them into high performance models with some of them being unique. While this still happens today, it isn't as prevalent as it was in the past. Why? Well, manufacturers now tend to open their own "in-house tuning companies". One of these is the Jaguar Land Rover SVO division with "SVO" standing for "Special Vehicles Operations". This has been opened a while ago and it doesn't only provide Jaguar and Land Rover's customers with high performance cars but they also build one-off vehicles for their most prized customers. These cars are usually built in tight cooperation with the customer in order to come up with some of the most impressive production vehicles out there. On top of that SVO also works tightly with the two companies in order to make high performance versions of their vehicles.
Most manufacturers give the customer the chance to spec their cars to their own liking. However, they do impose some limits in order to streamline the manufacturing process. This isn't really true for SVO though. They offer a nearly unlimited amount of materials, color combinations and even unique features on some of their models. This means that the finished product might be the only one of its kind which not only increases its value but it also means the driver can enjoy a truly unique experience. As you would expect though, these cars come at a price premium. In fact a bespoke model of one of their cars can cost in excess of 5 times more than the regular version. A good example is the armored Range Rover which costs considerably more than the equivalent range-topping model.
SVO not only gives the car a new paint scheme, a set of new wheels and possibly slightly different exterior inserts. They also work extensively on the interior. Here the customer can choose from a nearly unlimited set of leather combinations, colors and patterns. The end result is more than likely going to be unique as well which is what SVO is all about. However, they usually leave the car's features unchanged over the base models. This can change though on some Jaguar Land Rover SVO cars that can boast things like extra beverage coolers, hidden compartments and even different seating layouts.
Not everything is about unique features and colors. In fact SVO also acts as Jaguar and Land Rover's performance arm. They have a dedicated part of the factory where they actually take regular cars from the production line and modify them to the extreme. A good example of this is the newly announced XE SV Project 8. This particular car is more than likely the predecessor for an upcoming high performance XE SVR which is set to become one of the fastest cars in its class. Over the regular XE, the SV Project 8 boasts quite a few improvements meant to impress.
The car is quite a bit wider than the base XE and that is for a very good reason. It seems the Project 8 has a different rear axle setup as well as much wider wheels. The car's front end is slightly wider as well in order to accommodate the wider tires. There is a large fixed wing on the back while both the front and rear bumpers are all new in order to aid with cooling and downforce.
Jaguar Land Rover SVO also develops their high performance engines meant to power those SV branded cars and not just them. Their 5.0 liter supercharged V8 is the perfect example of an engine improved by SVO. The V8 started its life nearly a decade ago when it made closer to 450 horsepower in the range-topping cars.
However, these days it makes as much as 592 horsepower in the Project 8 sedan which is just an entry level executive sedan. It seems the engine could provide considerably more than that and we are positive we will see one of its higher performance trim levels soon enough. The engine is not the only powertrain part being improved by SVO. While the gearboxes are not built by them, SVO does handle the software going in Jaguar's high performance cars in order to deliver the best possible experience.


Oregon Peer Network's (OPN) purpose is to provide enhanced Peer Delivered Services (PDS) and Technical Assistance to peers throughout Oregon providing support to individuals with Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders (SUDS). Through a PDS/SUDS grant provided by the Oregon Health Authority (OHA), select community partners collaborate to provide these services.
We provide customized PDS trainings for individuals with opioid addiction issues, those experiencing houselessness, recently incarcerated, and older adults.
We develop and administer online training opportunities, including curriculum production and structural development. We also provide enhanced technical assistance.
We develop "mentor sites" that provide ongoing technical assistance and training to Peer Delivered Services (PDS), Peer Run Organizations (PRO), and Recovery Centers.


text:
Q: How do I fill in docker login information in console on Debian OS through a python script import os
os.system("sudo docker login")
//this should be filled in with username first then enter pressed.
//once enter is pressed for the username a password is required which should also be filled in then enter pressed
os.system("sudo docker images")
//to check the images on docker

The point of this script is when auto boot through terminal happens on the Debian OS, an already existing username and password should be filled in the required login username and password which would then give access to the docker images so that the user can see them.
I hope i explained it correctly, if you need more clarification please do ask.
Thank you :)

A: For this purpose you will have to use the Docker SDK for Python. You can install it via pip through:
pip install docker
Then you can use the following:
import docker

client = docker.from_env()
client.login(username=your_username, password=your_password)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Cloud Link to 8th Grade Textbook (Faster Download, but by chapter only): Look in the "DOC" folder for chapter listing. Select a chapter, when the screen turns black, hit download in the upper right corner.
Cloud link to the 7th Grade Textbook (faster download, but by chapter only): Look in the "DOC" folder for chapter listing. Select a chapter, when the screen turns black, hit download in the upper right corner.
The textbooks are huge PDF files (about 270mb) and will take a while to download. Please save the file(s) to your hard drive. That way you will only have to wait once. Let us know if you have any trouble with the downloads. It takes some practice to get to the correct unit/chapter/section.
If you are having trouble with the size and/or time of the download, you can have it placed on your flash drive. Bring the flash drive to class.


Being the world's best takeaway delivery website by delivering a consistent user and brand ex-perience as well as an improved service level and, ultimately: becoming more than just a go-between within the order chain.
Takeaway's original logo had some practical issues. The brand image took up so much space that there was little left for the company name to be legible. Besides that, simplify the re-ordering and payment process.
We simplified and styled the original brand image to one that looks chunkier, more welcoming and 'eatable', resulting in more space for the copy. Moreover, we equipped the Takeaway website with various new functionalities as well as a user history.
Refined brand values, a new developed and modernized brand identity and an optimized website and app. In other words: a fresh identity implemented throughout all on- and offline touchpoints; from the app's icon to the delivery staff's uniforms and a platform with a hassle-free payment and re-ordering process.
Thuisbezorgd.nl now uses push notifications for user-focused updates such as order confirmation, order preparation and expected delivery time. And through the Food Tracker, users can track the status of their meal as well as follow delivery staff on route with their order.
Do you want to know more about this case or our other work in Retail? Contact Serge Kok, Client Manager at Mirabeau.


NT LIVE - A Streetcar Named Desire - 16th September, 4th & 8th October: Tickets for this show were the fastest selling tickets ever at the Young Vic. The production has a string of rave reviews with stellar performances from Gillian Anderson, Ben Foster and Vanessa Kirby.
ROH LIVE - Manon - 16th October: Kennetth Macmillan's acclaimed and masterful tragic ballet is a modern masterpiece.
ROH LIVE - I due Foscari - 27th October: A despairing father is torn between love forhis family and duty to a corrupt city in Verdi's searing early tragedy starring Placido Domingo and conducted by Antonio Pappano.
Hobgoblin Comedy Award - Flavel hosts one of the regional heats for this sought after award for emerging regional comics.


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London's Blackfriars Station: the largest solar panel roof in the world
Photographs by Sergey Reoutov, London. www.reoutov.com Exclusively for Catalyst
London's first railway station to span the Thames will soon be boasting the largest solar panel roof in the world. More than a hundred bridges, 26 tunnels and public ferries cross the River Thames, but London's Blackfriars station will be unique, sporting approximately 6,000 square meters of photovoltaic panels. Solarcentury, the UK Company managing the installation, expects the panels to produce around 900,000 kWh of electricity annually. The electricity generated will be enough to cover half of London's Blackfriars station electricity needs and most importantly the use of renewable energy will help reduce carbon dioxide emissions by an estimated 511 tons per year. Other energy saving measures, such as rainwater harvesting systems and sun pipes for natural eco-friendly lighting, are being integrated into the Blackfriars station as well.
The original Victorian-era Blackfriars Railway Bridge was built in the heart of London, moving commuters directly to local attractions east and west of the Thames Path including Shakespeare's Globe, the Tate Modern and The London Eye. With the addition of the new solar-equipped station, the renovated bridge's landmark status will only grow. Lindsay Vamplew who is Network Rail's project director for Blackfriars says in a statement,"The Victorian rail bridge at Blackfriars is part of our railway history. Constructed in the age of steam, we're bringing it bang up to date with 21st century solar technology to create an iconic station for the city."
The London's Blackfriars station and bridge reconstruction is a part of Thameslink's Network Rail program. Fulfillment of this program is estimated to cost 6 billion pounds. The aim of the program is to increase capacity on the north-south rail link, improving transfer between the National Rail and London Underground. After the upgrades are complete, the capacity of the bridge and station are expected to double, which is particularly relevant in light of the upcoming 2012 Olympic Games to be held in London.
As of today, London's Blackfriars station is not the first solar powered project of such scale in the world. A two mile long high-speed train tunnel in Belgium was topped with 16,000 solar panels last year. Another example is the Kurilpa Bridge, a pedestrian and cyclist bridge in Brisbane, Australia. Another example is the Kurilpa Bridge, a pedestrian and cyclist bridge in Brisbane, Australia—which is powered by a sophisticated 84 solar panels LED lighting system, and enhances the appearance of the bridge with a futuristic look at night. The Kurilpa Bridge system produces an average of 100 kWh a day, and because it is connected to Brisbane's electrical grid, it can drain excess electricity back to the grid or draw supplemental power when needed.
London's Blackfriars station and similarly designed bridge projects represent innovative examples of how solar energy is being carried into a new areas of use. "Station buildings and bridges are fixed parts of our urban landscape," said Derry Newman, Chief Executive of Solarcentury in a statement. "It is great to see that this one will be generating renewable energy every day into the future. For people to see that solar power is working, is a vital step towards a clean energy future."
written by Grace Chen, Stoyan Stoyanov, Tito Jimenez and Oleg Chaban
TagsArchitectureBlackfriar Railway BridgeBlackfriarsBlackfriars stationeco-friendly lightingEnvironmental Sustainabilityhigh-speed train tunnelInfrastructureKurilpa BridgeLargest Solar RoofLondonlondon 2012 olympicslondon olympicsLondon UndergroundNational RailNetwork Rail ProgramolympicsPhotovoltaic PanelsRainwater Harvesting SystemRenewable EnergyRenovationSolar Bridgesolar energySolar PanelsSolar Powered ProjectsSolarcenturyStrategic Designsummer olympicsSun Pipessustainable londonThameslinkTransportation
Civilizing the Neighborhood: The High Line Park Creates Economic, Social and Environmental Value
Cittaslow: By-Product or Reparation of Globalization?
CATALYST | Leading Creative Enterprise is a platform for communication, applied research and exchange of the international graduate programs in creative enterprise leadership in Arts and Cultural Management (ACM) and Design Management (DM) at Pratt Institute, School of Art. In each issue, Catalyst focuses on creative enterprise. Each year we select a theme. Then, we search out the leaders, visionaries and entrepreneurs who embody that theme in practice. They are each leading as if life matters—creating economic value as they enrich our cultures, our lives, and our shared world.
CATALYZING the Conversation: Designing Policy for People
By Dr. Mary McBride
CATALYZING the Conversation: Designing...
A Creativity Imperative for the Future of Capitalism
By CATALYST
Proposing policy shifts to strengthen the...
IDNYC: Contemporary Landmarks and Cultural Accelerators
By Ali Sahiwala
New York City spurs a cultural building...
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Silvia Ceñal was inspired by a sweet meringue-based confection made with simple ingredients like eggs, icing sugar, granulated sugar and almond powder. However, making the perfect sweet is not an easy task. Macaron lamp follows the same idea; combining simple materials with the right proportions, in order to get a lamp with personality. Wood conveys us warmth and strength. Along with the cord which links between the two pieces of wood, giving a touch of originality with its texture and color. It happens quite the same when it comes the Macaron with different flavors combining perfectly in it.


text:
Q: How to close dropdown when it is rendered to other page in Vue I have a cart dropdown as you can see below:

So my problem is whenever I go to the next page or do something, it stays open. But I want it to be closed when I go to another page. For this my component is here:
<template>

            {{ selected.name }}

{{ defaultValue }}

                {{ option.name }}

</template>

I am open to any kind of solution to solve this issue.

A: You can create a "click outside" directive, that executes a close menu function whenever you click outside the menu. Then you also call the close menu function when any action in the menu is clicked.
Example directive in main.js:
Vue.directive('click-outside', {
  bind: function (el, binding, vnode) {
    el.clickOutsideEvent = function (event) {
      // Check that click was outside the el and its children
      if (!(el === event.target || el.contains(event.target))) {
        // Call the specified method
        vnode.context[binding.expression](event)
      }
    }
    document.body.addEventListener('click', el.clickOutsideEvent)
    document.body.addEventListener('touchend', el.clickOutsideEvent)
  },
  unbind: function (el) {
    document.body.removeEventListener('click', el.clickOutsideEvent)
    document.body.removeEventListener('touchend', el.clickOutsideEvent)
  }
})

In your menu:


text:
Getting a Handle on Design
Door handles as a microcosm of Abarth, Alfa, and Porsche engineering
BY: MILES C. COLLIER
PHOTOS: REVS INSTITUTE
In the lobby atrium of Revs Institute, the visitor can see three cars grouped together on individual stands that together comprise an island. You can walk all the way around the grouping and study the cars individually or together.
The cars are all small-bore GT coupes from 1964. To underscore their similarity, they are all painted red: an Alfa Romeo Giulia Tubolare Zagato (GTZ), a Simca Abarth 2 Mila Corsa short nose, and a Porsche 904 GTS. While the Alfa is only 1600cc, it was sufficiently potent in the day that it could contend for two-liter class honors against the larger 904 and Simca 2 Mila.
1964 Alfa Romeo Giulia Tubolare Zagato (GTZ).
1964 Simca Abarth 2 Mila Corsa.
1964 Porsche 904 GTS.
The point of the three-car display is to show how different engineering traditions, developed in different automobile companies, produce very different solutions to a common problem. In this case, the problem was to win the International Championship for GT Manufacturers Division II (two-liter) honors for their respective manufacturers as part of the 1964 World Sportscar Championship season. To that end, these three cars were introduced to the racing world early that year with no little fanfare.
The three cars at Revs differ radically in architecture — the layout of engine and drive line within the chassis — while showing remarkable similarities in most other technical details: four-cylinder, double overhead cam engines with two dual choke Weber carburetors, five-speed transmissions (the Abarth was actually four or six), and four-wheel disc brakes.
The Alfa was designed around a conventional front-engine rear-drive platform that reflected Alfa's decades-long design tradition. The GTZ drew heavily on the factory's Alfa Giulia road car experience, architecture and components including using a racing version of the basic Giulia engine.
The Simca 2 Mila was contracted from Abarth to do for Simca what Abarth had done so well for Fiat with the dominating small, 1000cc, GT class Fiat Abarths. The design brief was to incorporate into a world-class racing GT automobile the maximum number of components from the unpromising Simca 1000 economy sedan, a car almost as unprepossessing as the Fiat Abarth GT car's basis model, the Fiat 600. The Simca platform placed the engine behind the rear wheels as was common then with so many economy cars like Volkswagen, Fiat, Renault, etc. Of course, as with the Fiat Abarth, the Simca 2 Mila would have a new, from the ground up, full-tilt, Abarth-designed racing engine.
Porsche had been building and winning championship races, sometimes even overall and outright, with their under two-liter, mid-engine, competition sports-racing Spyders for years. It took no stretch of imagination to build their new racing coupe with an aging, two-liter Spyder engine. The 904 continued Porsche's conventional mid-engine with transaxle design. More radical was Porsche's decision to copy their "belt and suspenders" Spyder chassis that combined a tube frame and a stressed skin body structure by employing a novel sheet metal, ladder frame bonded to a stressed fiberglass body.
But, of course, if corporate culture and tradition shaped the large architectural decisions, what can we say about that cultural influence on the small ones, even down to the "jewelry" that embellished and decorated these very handsome cars? Let's look at door handles as a microcosm of each engineering team's design practices.
The door handle used on the Simca Abarth is a type seen on coach-built Italian automobiles, a so-called "switchblade" door handle.
We'll start with the Simca Abarth. The door handle used is a type we see on coach-built Italian automobiles, a so-called "switchblade" door handle. Pushing the button releases a spring that pops the pull lever out of its housing. Pulling the lever unlocks the door. Closing is accomplished by pushing the lever into the housing so it is held flush, and then closing the door. Abarth was a scrappy engineering firm, living pretty much hand to mouth. Naturally, they would choose a common, off-the-shelf design that was available from an outside supplier. This thinking doesn't mean that the company was without design flair as the switchblade handle is stylish and quintessentially Italian. This same handle with minor variations can be seen on cars designed by many Italian coachbuilders such as Pininfarina, Vignale, and others. The Simca 2 Mila is the work of body builders Sibona and Basano, although kingpin Carlo Abarth insisted the cars carry Carrozzeria Abarth badges. The door handle assemblies used here were hand fabricated by Sibona and Basano and therefore labor intensive, and perhaps needlessly complex. But, to their advantage, they required no expensive fixed tooling and have that inimitable Italian coach-built panache.
The Alfa designers chose a simple, U-shaped pull with an adjacent lock release button – visually minimalist and easily operated.
The Alfa designers, by contrast, chose a simple, U-shaped pull with an adjacent lock release button. This design is visually minimalist, easily operated by the left hand for those Le Mans starts, and, compared to the Abarth, cost efficient. But is it? A close examination of the pull shows that it is actually a casting with a tapering design of varying cross-section. It requires significant drafting time to achieve this level of elegance. Compared to the Abarth, it is lighter, very ergonomic, more pared-down, and beautifully designed as behooves a major manufacturer. Less costly to make than the Abarth, it probably could be readily ordered from the GTZ parts catalog. Try that with the Abarth back in the day.
Like the Alfa, the Porsche "handle" is a button and pull design – in this case, probably a five Deutsche Mark component ordered in from a volume supplier.
The Porsche is one step further in its design thinking. Like the Alfa, the "handle" is a button and pull design. The chrome button was probably a five Deutsche Mark component ordered in from a volume supplier. The pull is cleverly the actual door edge itself. A recess has been molded into the lock post/cab side of the car allowing the driver's fingers to gain purchase. The cost of something that doesn't exist is nothing and its weight is equally non-existent. It is also unbreakable. Of course, where the Alfa pull was forward of the door button, the Porsche pull is behind. Opening the door for a Le Mans start therefore requires the driver to use his right hand, or invert his left, or even work the button with his left hand and pull the door with his right. These more complex evolutions may be a tick clumsier to use than the Alfa solution.
The stories told by the door handles are a microcosm of the respective cars. The Abarth is artisanal, difficult to produce in quantity. Indeed, while the homologation requirements for GT cars in 1964 ran to 100 units, probably no more than forty Simca Abarths of either racing or road tune were ever produced. Like the door handle, the cars were an exercise in making do; in putting serious money only where it counted – in the car's engine. The jury-rigged and wholly inadequate Simca 1000 transaxle proved to be the downfall of Abarth's exercise in practical improvisation.
Alfa applied volume-manufacturing aesthetics to their door pull. It is a beautiful piece of industrial design. Simplicity has been elevated by Italian flair into a miniature sculpture. The car as a whole is redolent of that thinking. The modified-for-racing Giulia engine and transmission are works of light-alloy beauty. We see no inspired design thinking but, like the door pull, exquisite development of a simple and basic idea.
Porsche applied their vaunted engineering prowess to the door handle problem. They came up with the absolute minimal mechanism to accomplish the job. Moreover, they let the door edge itself become the pull. Like so many Porsche designs, in reality it took a bit more to master in use, but once done, was simple, light, reliable, and unbreakable.
And that is how those teams fared in the 1964 Championship. Porsche won Division II with ninety-nine points, followed by Alfa with thirty. Abarth, with that improvised four- or six-speed Simca 1000 transaxle that wasn't up to the magnificent engine, finished third.
Door handles can tell quite a tale.
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