text:
.class public final Lcom/sonyericsson/fmradio/R$id;
.super Ljava/lang/Object;
.source "R.java"

# annotations
.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/EnclosingClass;
    value = Lcom/sonyericsson/fmradio/R;
.end annotation

.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/InnerClass;
    accessFlags = 0x19
    name = "id"
.end annotation

# static fields
.field public static final add_icon:I = 0x7f0b0002

.field public static final audio_output_indicator:I = 0x7f0b000b

.field public static final btn_favorites:I = 0x7f0b001b

.field public static final btn_next_favorite:I = 0x7f0b001c

.field public static final btn_next_station:I = 0x7f0b0018

.field public static final btn_previous_favorite:I = 0x7f0b001a

.field public static final btn_previous_station:I = 0x7f0b0017

.field public static final buttonrow:I = 0x7f0b0016

.field public static final buttons:I = 0x7f0b0020

.field public static final chars_left_indicator:I = 0x7f0b0000

.field public static final edit_favorite:I = 0x7f0b0005

.field public static final favorite_add_frequency_view:I = 0x7f0b0003

.field public static final favorite_details_name:I = 0x7f0b0001

.field public static final favorite_indicator:I = 0x7f0b000c

.field public static final favorite_text:I = 0x7f0b0004

.field public static final fmradio_off_mode:I = 0x7f0b001d

.field public static final footer:I = 0x7f0b0019

.field public static final frequency_display:I = 0x7f0b0008

.field public static final frequency_display_background:I = 0x7f0b0009

.field public static final frequency_display_divider:I = 0x7f0b0010

.field public static final frequency_indicator:I = 0x7f0b000e

.field public static final frequency_mhz_indicator:I = 0x7f0b000f

.field public static final frequency_scale:I = 0x7f0b0011

.field public static final frequency_scale_divider:I = 0x7f0b0015

.field public static final main_panel:I = 0x7f0b0007

.field public static final menu_debug_toggle_frequency_precision:I = 0x7f0b002d

.field public static final menu_facebook_like:I = 0x7f0b0026

.field public static final menu_play_in_headphones:I = 0x7f0b002a

.field public static final menu_play_in_mono:I = 0x7f0b002b

.field public static final menu_play_in_speaker:I = 0x7f0b0029

.field public static final menu_play_in_stereo:I = 0x7f0b002c

.field public static final menu_rescan:I = 0x7f0b0028

.field public static final menu_toggle_power:I = 0x7f0b0025

.field public static final menu_trackid:I = 0x7f0b0027

.field public static final next:I = 0x7f0b0024

.field public static final prev:I = 0x7f0b0023

.field public static final radio_main:I = 0x7f0b0006

.field public static final rds:I = 0x7f0b0022

.field public static final rds_info:I = 0x7f0b000d

.field public static final scale_background:I = 0x7f0b0012

.field public static final scale_favorite_bar:I = 0x7f0b001e

.field public static final scale_favorite_text:I = 0x7f0b001f

.field public static final scale_favorites_view:I = 0x7f0b0014

.field public static final scale_frequency_texts:I = 0x7f0b0013

.field public static final stereo_indicator:I = 0x7f0b000a

.field public static final title:I = 0x7f0b0021

# direct methods
.method public constructor <init>()V
    .locals 0

    .prologue
    .line 138
    invoke-direct {p0}, Ljava/lang/Object;-><init>()V

    return-void
.end method

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


President Jacob Zuma has refused to answer a question on whether he paid fringe benefit tax on the non-security related upgrades to his homestead in Nkandla, and whether the so-called "intelligence report" had anything to do with Pravin Gordhan's removal as finance minister.
"The issue of tax is a confidential matter between the South African Revenue Services and the taxpayer," reads his full written reply to a parliamentary question on the matter posed by Democratic Alliance leader Mmusi Maimane.
Maimane asked Zuma if he had paid fringe benefit tax on the non-security related upgrades at his private homestead in Nkandla, and if not, why not. If he did pay, Maimane wanted to know when and how much he had paid.
After a damning ruling by the Constitutional Court in 2016, Zuma had to pay R7.8m for the swimming pool – also called a fire pool – the chicken run, kraal, amphitheatre and visitor's centre.
According to the DA's calculations, Zuma should pay fringe benefit tax amounting to almost R64m for the Nkandla upgrades.
DA MP David Maynier asked whether an intelligence report had played any role in informing his decision to reshuffle the Cabinet on March 31, 2017.
"The status of the so-called intelligence report is a subject of litigation in court proceedings, in which the Democratic Alliance is a party. I, therefore, cannot comment on the matter," replied Zuma.
He also said he could not answer questions on why the South African National Defence Force had been deployed at Parliament in February for the State of the Nation Address, and why he had cancelled Gordhan's participation in an investor roadshow the week before he was recalled, as these matters were before the courts.
In another answer released on Monday, Zuma said he would not institute a presidential commission of inquiry into the deaths of psychiatric patients in Gauteng.
Maimane asked Zuma when he had "first gained knowledge of the transfer of thousands of mentally ill patients from Life Esidimeni Healthcare to 27 unlicensed non-government organisations (NGOs), and that some of the specified patients had died in the care of these unlicensed NGOs".
Maimane also asked if he intended to establish a Judicial Commission of Inquiry into the Esidimeni tragedy.
"I was briefed by the Minister of Health on Life Esidimeni on February 1, 2017, which was immediately after the release of the report on the matter by the Health Ombud, Professor Malegapuru Makgoba. Immediately after this briefing, on behalf of the government, I extended our deepest condolences to the families of psychiatric patients who died so tragically in Gauteng," reads Zuma's answer.
Maynier and Congress of the People MP Deidre Carter asked Zuma about the relationship between former finance minister Pravin Gordhan and South African Revenue Service Commissioner Tom Moyane.
Furthermore, Zuma was insistent that he had nominated Nhlanhla Nene, whom he fired as finance minister in December 2015, for a position as the head of the African Regional Centre of the New Development Bank, also known as the BRICS Bank.
"No further action is being taken in this regard, as Mr Nene subsequently accepted a position in the private sector," said Zuma.


text:
New Year; Same Dirty Air
Where did downtown Bogotá go?
You can glimpse a few of the buildings.
On January first, EcoPetrol, supposedly, began distributing distributing very clean diesel across all of Colombia. The new diesel has only 50 parts per million of sulphur - high quality by developing world standards. Previously, the diesel fuel in Bogotá had 300 ppm of sulphur, and that sold outside the city was much dirtier.
These photos show the view of downtown Bogotá from the window of my apartment above La Candelaria in the morning. Most mornings I can barely distinguish the buildings in downtown thru the grey pall.
A rare clear day.
EcoPetrol may very well be distributing clean fuel, altho I'd love to see an analysis by an independent laboratory. (Unfortunately, I haven't been able to find a laboratory in Colombia with sufficiently precise equipment that's not connected to EcoPetrol.) But that only demonstrates how much more needs to be done to clear the air.
The city needs to retire older, higly-polluting vehicles and enforce emissions laws on the rest. Even many new cars, especially Chinese and Korean models, leave plumes of smoke behind them.
Where does the smog come from? It's no mystery:
A TransMilenio bus, the icon of Bogotá, belches smoke.
This truck was repairing electricity lines along the Circunvular.
A bus belches its way down Carrera 10.
Publicado por Miguel en 6:58 PM 11 comments:
Etiquetas: air pollution, health, smog
Bogotá's Eastern Hills - So Near, Yet So Far Away
Construction equipment parked on an illegal road near La Calerain Bogotá's Eastern Hills. (Photo from El Tiempo/CityTV)
They rise up on the city's eastern edge, providing a green, forested backdrop to Colombia's capital, as well as a source of vital fresh air.
Bogotá's Eastern Hills provide a sweeping green
backdrop for the city.
But Bogotá's Eastern Hills are under constant attack, as a pair of articles in El Tiempo yesterday and today chronicled. A rancher near La Calera in north Bogotá built an acess road across his land, illegaly and without obtaining permits. The road damaged three separate protected forests, according to experts interviewed by the paper, and polluted one of the rivers flowing into the capital.
But the road's biggest impact may happen in the next years if the environmental officials do not succeed in removing it. That's because it'll enable the construction of homes and other buildings in the area, further destroying the forests.
The landowner who created the road sounded unrepentant, telling El Tiempo only that he wanted to be able to drive across his property to observe his cattle.
The cable car station to Monserrate and the
Virgin de Guadalupe statue behind.
This road is a small-scale example of one of the greatest threats to Colombia's forests: While mining, oil wells and other types of resource extraction cause damage themselves, their greatest impacts occur in the following years, as farmers and ranchers use roads and pipeline rights-of-way to invade virgin areas and carry out more deforestation.
This road is only the most recent attack on Bogotá's Estern Hills, which are protected by law, but where both rich and poor try to build houses illegaly.
But the damage to forests is only one fundamental tragedy of the Eastern Hills of Bogotá. Because of the area's isolation and the many rough neighborhoods along the base of the hills, the hills have a reputation for crime.
A view of central Bogotá from the hills.
About five years ago, some friends and I hiked to the top of Monserrate, then down the back of the hills and back into Bogotá via the canyons behind the Parque Nacional. We took precautions, including carrying big sticks and bringing along several pit bulls. Even so, we kept silent for long stretches of the walk so that the tough kids in the barrios down below wouldnpt hear us and and come out in pursuit. In the end, we had a great time walking thru peaceful pine and eucalyptus forests, where we felt as tho we were in a different world, far from Bogotá's noise and pollution.
We planned to do another hike the following Sunday. But on Saturday part of the hills caught fire and a family visiting their grandfather's ashes, which they'd scattered behind the Parque Nacional, was gunned down in a mugging gone awry. We canceled our second hike, and I haven't been back since.
There have since been many more crimes in the Eastern Hills, including a dramatic one in north Bogotá last year, in which muggers stopped hikers at gunpoint one by one and took them to a field, where they robbed them and held them for hours until they'd succeeded in methodically robbing several dozen people.
I grew up in the San Franciso, (California) Bay Area, where we loved going hiking, bicycling and picnicing in the Berkeley Hills. Bogotá's Eastern Hills could be a similar wonderful resource for the nine million people trapped in the capital's stress, noise and pollution, especially for those who don't have the time or money to leave the city.
The situation is a sort of Catch-22: As long as few people venture into the hills, they'll remain isolated and dangerous. But unless more people start recreating in the hills, they won't become safer.
The city has plans to turn the Eastern Hills into a park, complete with hiking and cycling trails. But they haven't advanced. Such plans will require lots of money and planning. However, the city might start on a small scale, creating secure trails and exhibits, which would be steadily expanded as more and more people venture into the hills. Perhaps some of the kids who now occupy themselves by mugging people could even be employed in these projects.
Related: Another Bite out of Bogotá's Hills
Etiquetas: Bogota. hills of bogota, conservation, deforestation, sustainable development
Why Public Preschool Employees are Protesting
Employees of Bogotá's jardines comunitarios, or neighborhood preschools, have been protesting for the last months. They are concerned about changes to the preschools' hiring system, which historically has been done thru neighborhood women's organizations. Instead, employees are to hired directly by the city.
The changes are supposed to mean more benefits for some employees - but reduced pay for others.
These employees protested today on Plaza Bolivar.
This group's banner asked whether this policy was a 'Humane Bogotá', turning around the city's 'Bogotá Humana' slogan.
'Children aren't Garbage' says this sign, making a parallel to the city's ongoing scandal over mismanagement of its garbage collection.
Publicado por Miguel en 5:23 PM 1 comment:
Etiquetas: education, employment, schools
Ubicación: Plaza de Bolívar, Carrera 8, Bogotá, Colombia
Dictator for Democracy?
Raul Castro: First Secretary of the
Communist Party of Cuba, Dictator, and
now pro-democracy leader.
Today, a supposedly pro-democracy organization appointed the hemisphere's only dictator as its president.
If that makes no sense, it just might interpreted thru the lens of hemispheric politics.
The organization in question, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, or CELAC, was founded in 2010 almost solely to defy the United States (and Canada) and to replace the Organization of American States, which is often seen as a puppet of Washington.
The CELAC is certainly not purely Latin. It has a dozen English-speaking member nations, albeit mostly tiny ones, and one Dutch-speaker, and 18 Spanish-speaking ones. Culturally, ethnically, linguistically or economically, these 33 nations with five official languages, lots of religions and varied economies and histories, have little in common.
So, nothing in particular ties the CELAC's members together, except one thing: they aren't the United States.
The CELAC's reasons for being are to exclude Washington and promote Hugo Chavez's ideas about socialist revolution. It was not by chance that Chavez was a co-chair (along with Chilean Pres. Piñera) of the committee that drafted the CELAC's statutes, or that its first summit was held in Caracas and its third is scheduled for Cuba.
Sure hope Raul's not too busy jailing journalists and
arranging one-party elections to promote democracy?
At the CELAC's second summit, held today in Santiago, Chile, Chilean Pres. Sebastian Pinera handed the organization's presidency to Cuban dictator Raul Castro.
The vice president of Venezuela also read a letter supposedly written by Hugo Chavez, the Venezuelan president who has held power for some 14 years and recently began yet another term even tho he's been out of sight for more than a month in a Havana hospital suffering from cancer. The letter called for unity among the organization's members and denounced the U.S. blockade of Cuba.
Are Venezuela and Cuba the CELAC's models for democracy?
It's healthy to have a counterbalance to Washington-driven policies. But nobody should deceive themselves that an organization evidently directed by Cuba, a dictatorship which permits no free press, and by increasingly authoritarian Venezuela, will promote democratic values like free speech and the right to vote.
Miami Herald columnist Andres Oppenheimer got it right in this quote in a Washington Post article: "it's hard to take the CELAC seriously when in their foundational charter they put that they're going to defend democracy and then they elect a military dictator as its president."
Oppenheimer observes that the CELAC has no headquarters. I couldn't even find a website for the organization. Perhaps the CELAC will do nothing more than organize meetings and issue statements, as leftist demagogues are so fond of doing.
On the other hand, the CELAC might do some good if it makes some think skulls in Washington D.C. realize the imbecility of the embargo against Cuba, which succeeds in giving Cuba a moral standing it didn't earn and generates responses like the CELAC.
Etiquetas: celac, Cuba, democracy, United States, Venezuela
Ubicación: Santiago, Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile, Chile
Bogotá's Avenue of Sad Sculptures
La Rebecca reaches futiley for water on a dry island amidst trash.
It was supposed to be an avenue of art, welcoming visitors on their way from the airport to central Bogotá in style.
But neglect, time and weather and the mistakes of city workers, have turned Bogotá's 'art avenue' into a sad spectacle.
The concept was created in 1991, entitled el Museo Vial, according to El Tiempo, altho several of the works were created before that.
The Ala Solar, donated by Venezuela,
is now a skeleton against the sky.
Perhaps the most pathetic piece is the Ala Solar, or Solar Wing, located on 26th St. near the National Prisons Institute, INPEC. The sculpture, created in 1975 by Venezuelan artist Alejandro Otero and donated to Colombia by the Venezuelan government, was part of a series including other works located in Venezuela, Washington D.C. and Italy. The original sculpture included many pieces of metal, which have since been stolen and sold to scrap dealers. Today, the sculpture could be mistaken for a framework for a construction project, or perhaps a support for a lost billboard.
Across 26th from the Central Cemetery is a bust of Jorge Eliecer Gaitan, the leftist, populist politician assassinated in 1948. The bust, by sculptor Bernardo Vieco Ortiz, is in good shape. However, it was removed and replaced during the work on the 26th St. Transmilenio line. El Tiempo reports that the bust had originally been placed with its back to the Central Cemetery, symbolizing the fact that, for political reasons, Gaitan was not buried. When the bust was returned, it was placed facing the cemetery.
This cement platform a kilometer west of the
Ala Solar looks like it ONCE carried a sculpture.
Near the Central Cemetery, however, stands perhaps Bogotá's most best-known piece of outdoor art - the huge 'fat man on a fat horse' by sculptor Fernando Botero, outside of the Parque del Renacimiento. And the huge, empty mausoleums in the block just west of the Central Cemetery are decorated with images of people carrying stretchers - a haunting memorial to the victims of Colombia's armed conflict.
Finally, somewhat hidden in a concrete plaza at Carrera 13 and 26th is La Rebecca, a nude woman kneeling to collect water. The artist is unknown, according to Wikipedia, but the sculpture has suffered a lot. The sculpture was installed in 1926 in what was then the Parque Centenario, created for the centennial of Simon Bolivar's birth. But during the following decades the park lost sections as avenues were sliced thru around it. The park's other sculptures were moved to the Parque Nacional, but La Rebecca remains, pathetically reaching out toward a pool of dirty, trash-strewb water. City officials are considering moving La Rebecca to the nearby Parque de la Independencia, El Tiempo reports.
Bogotá has nearly 500 pieces of public art, many of which are deteriorating. The city's partimony department says that during 2013 it will concentrate on restoring the 50 or so pieces located in Bogotá's historical center.
This bust of Jorge Eliecer Gaitan across from the Central Cemetery was removed for TransMilenio construction and then put back. Gaitan, a fiery communist, may feel unformfortable beside a marketing billboard.
When Gaitan was put back he was set facing the Central Cemetery - even tho the sculptor wanted Gaitan with his back to the cemetery, where he could not be buried.
Some real, new art on 26th St. - great street murals near Ave. Septima.
Stencils on these empty mausoleums along 26th St. represent victims of Colombia's conflict.
'Life is sacred.'
Near the Central Cemetery stands Bogotá's only Botero sculpture in a public space.
Etiquetas: art, calle 26, cultural patrimony
El Pasaje Hernandez
The pasaje's southern entrance.
The pasaje's elegant, if neglected, interior.
One of the most traditional, if a bit crestfallen, spots in central Bogotá has to be the Pasaje Hernandez, between calles 12 and 12 and carreras 9 and 10. With little shops, all of them small businesses offering age-old goods and services like dresses and printing (as well as some Internet and cell phone credit), in Pasaje Hernandez you won't find the glitz, variety and hecticness of Unilago. But you'll have a calmer shopping experience and might go home with something you'll actually use.
Neighbors pass the afternoon in a small cafe.
A window full of women's wear.
A printer at work.
This small fish restaurant seems to be a hang-out for Afro-Colombians.
A fruit seller by the south entrance.
A neighboring building has seen better days, and years.
A fish seller by the pasaje's north entrance.
Etiquetas: central bogota, history
Ubicación: La Candelaria, Bogotá, Colombia
Colombia Decaffeinated?
Good Colombian arabica coffee beans, green on left and roasted on the right.
Colombia is no longer coffee country. Oh, sure, Colombia will continue producing coffee, coffee will continue being an important crop, and, hopefully, the country will long be known for high-quality arabica coffee.
A German-language banner announces 'The best coffee
of Colombia' from Cafe de la Fonda.
But the days when coffee was the country's economic mainstay are behind us, and that's bad news. That's true not only because the coffee harvest has declined so much that 2011 saw the smallest harvest in 30 years, at 7.8 million sacks, but also because Asian nations have recently become coffee powerhouses. (In fact, for domestic consumption, Colombia actually imports inexpensive robusta coffee
- sometimes from as far away as Vietnam.)
But, Colombia's no longer coffee country for a second, also unfortunate reason: it's becoming an oil country.
Juan Valdez, the brand created by Colombia's
cooperative of coffee farmers.
As coffee production has declined, Colombia's output of petroleum and coal has risen. Economists talk about the country pumping out a million barrels per day of oil, which would be close to half of OPEC member Venezuela.
But, while oil may be worth more, this is still a bad deal for Colombia. According to coffee organizations, some 560,000 families, or several million people, grow coffee in Colombia. Having a coffee farm is proud, healthy way of life (as long as they don't use too many pesticides). And, when the coffee is shade grown, it can contribute to biodiversity. In contrast, fossil fuel production, with its huge machines, provides few jobs, often feeds corruption, and I won't even touch on its environmental impacts except to point out that global warming is damaging Colombia's coffee farms.
A petroleum-based economy is also bad for democracy, as a glance at Venezuela's ailing democracy and the dictatorships in many Middle Eastern nations shows.
Etiquetas: coffee, economy
Is Medellin the New Bogotá?
Cable cars sail past the Biblioteca España in Medellin, which is a contender for 'the world's most innovative city' title.
(Photo: Arquitectura Medellin on Flickr)
A decade ago, it was Bogotá which was de moda. International publications loved to send correspondents here to write glowing reports about the city's eccentric, innovative mayors and progressive urban policies, which contrasted so strongly with Colombia's drug-and-guerrillas international image.
Still not perfect: Medellin's impoverished,
troubled and violent Comuna 13. (Photo: Wikipedia.com)
But today La Ciclovia's no longer so novel, Bogotá's Ciclorutas are in disrepair and mayors Antanus Mockus and Enrique Peñalosa have been replaced by Samuel Moreno, now in prison, and Gustavo Petro, now under siege for mismanaging the city's garbage collection service.
Instead, Medellin is now in fashion. Colombia's second city, still known mostly for Pablo Escobar and violent hillside slums, makes a great story thanks to its modern subway, cable cars swaying over those violent comunas and beautiful mountain-top library.
Probably, the shift is deserved. Medellin's subway has renewed the city's image, as well as transporting millions smoothly past traffic jams and dangerous neighborhoods. (But whether a subway would be the best option for a larger, flatter city like Bogotá is another question.) The cable cars and library, besides providing new services for residents of poor neighborhoods, have also helped reduce homicide rates, according to studies.
Coming to Bogotá? A Medellin light rail station.
Despite its stumbles, tho, Bogotá hasn't stood still. The city's expanded its TransMilenio bus system, created new parks and libraries, and cut its poverty and homicide rates are dropping.
Medellin is now a finalist, along with New York and Jerusalem, for the Wall Street Journal's 'the world's most innovative city' award. The winner won't be chosen scientifically, tho: apparently, people can vote as many times as they wish. With that policy, the highly-wired populations of New York and Israel have huge advantages.
Vote early, vote often for Medellin at:
http://online.wsj.com/ad/cityoftheyear
Etiquetas: medellin, urban renewal
Ubicación: Medellín, Antióquia, Colombia
Where Analog Went to Die
Blood Emeralds?
Press Freedom Gets More Defenders
Colombia's New Cocaine?
Bogotá's Horsecarts: Still Rolling Along
Coca Leaves Finally Get a Little Respect
The Spilled Sandwiches Strategy
Colombia's Paramilitaries: Chasing Guerrillas or D...
Colombian Patrimony: Made in China
Re-Inaugurating an Un-President
Bogotá's Own Osama bin Laden
Bogotá's Little Mysteries
Egipto's Three Kings Festival
La Perseverancia's Chicha-less Festival
Artist Gonzalo Ariza: Linking Colombia and Japan
Slippin' and Slidin' in the Bullfighting Stadium
Massacres and Money Making

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
San Francisco neighborhood honors one of its…
San Francisco neighborhood honors one of its own, the Grateful Dead's Jerry Garcia
Photo by Bob Minkin Photography
Marin musician Stu Allen performs at the annual "Jerry Day" concert on Sunday at the Jerry Garcia Amphitheater in San Francisco.
By Paul Liberatore | p.liberatore@comcast.net | IJ correspondent
August 1, 2019 at 12:00 p.m.
For most of his adult life, the late Grateful Dead icon Jerry Garcia lived in Marin County, where his band had its office and rehearsal space. But it's a working-class neighborhood in San Francisco where Garcia spent his childhood that has proudly claimed him as a beloved native son.
For the past 17 years, residents of the Excelsior District have celebrated Garcia's birthday with an annual "Jerry Day" concert staged in an amphitheater in McLaren Park that has been renamed after the charismatic Grateful Dead paterfamilias, who would have been 77 on Aug. 1. Between 2,000 and 5,000 people are expected at this year's daylong show, set to begin at 11:30 a.m. Sunday with sets by Melvin Seals and JGB, and Marin musician Stu Allen and his band, Mars Hotel.
"In the beginning, a lot of the focus was celebrating Jerry Garcia's legacy, helping out the park and bringing more attention to the southeast section of the city," says Jerry Day founder Tom Murphy, a 49-year-old loan consultant and Excelsior native. "It's grown year after year, and, in the last few years, it's become a civic and cultural asset for San Francisco."
Before Jerry Day, the main thing the Excelsior was known for was as the onetime home of infamous San Francisco Supervisor Dan White, murderer of Mayor George Moscone and fellow Supervisor Harvey Milk. It was the kind of notoriety the neighborhood, one of the most ethnically diverse in the city, didn't need or want.
"When people would ask me where I came from, and I said the Excelsior District, they would say one of two things — either they had never heard of the place, or, 'Isn't that where Dan White came from?'" Murphy says. "The Dan White incident in 1978 left a dark cloud over the district for a very long time."
A revelation
Although he'd grown up in the Excelsior, Murphy hadn't been aware that Garcia was also from there until after the guitarist's death, when he read in a local newsletter about a neighbor named Jo Coffey, who thought it would be a good idea to rename the McLaren Park Amphitheater after him. For Murphy, who was not a Grateful Dead fan at the time, knowing more about Garcia's neckties than his music, it was a revelation.
"I remember thinking, 'Oh, my God, how come nobody knows Jerry Garcia comes from the Excelsior?' he recalls. "We were known for Dan White, but not for Jerry Garcia. So we started Jerry Day to generate more positive awareness of the Excelsior District. And that was my whole introduction to the Dead world."
"It's grown year after year, and, in the last few years, it's become a civic and cultural asset for San Francisco," says Jerry Day founder Tom Murphy.
With the endorsement of Garcia's family and estate, the first Garcia celebration in 2002 was a modest affair at an Italian American social club, drawing fewer than 100 people. Music was by a little-known Grateful Dead cover band called the Mystery Cats.
The following year, Murphy and a newly formed Jerry Day committee shifted the event to a larger venue, what was then still the McLaren Park Amphitheater. At the same time, they gathered signatures on a petition to follow through on changing the amphitheater's name in honor of Garcia, a proposal the city's recreation and park commission approved and then-Mayor Gavin Newsom made official at a dedication ceremony in 2005.
Reluctant rock star
A reluctant rock star, Garcia was famously averse to awards and honors, even skipping the Grateful Dead's induction ceremony into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. (The rest of the band brought a cardboard cutout of him on stage in his absence.) Dennis McNally, a Grateful Dead historian, author and former publicist for the band, remembers that after Garcia's death (of a heart attack in a Forest Knolls drug rehab clinic at age 53), there were any number of suggestions about ways to honor him, including erecting a statue of him in Golden Gate Park.
"Which Jerry would have hated, I think," McNally says. He believes that of all the proposed honors, Garcia would have looked most kindly on something like Jerry Day, an annual concert in a small outdoor theater in a neighborhood that had a personal meaning to him. At the time of his death, he was working on an illustrated book about his childhood in the Excelsior. Titled "Harrington Street" after the address where he lived with his grandparents, it was published posthumously by Delacorte Press.
In it, he writes that it's full of "things to do with my relatives, my family, the block where I grew up, the things that scared me (animals), the discovery of fire, you know, things like that."
Garcia's daughters Trixie and Annabelle and their mother, Carolyn "Mountain Girl" Garcia, Jerry's former wife, have all attended Jerry Day over the years. So has McNally, any number of times, and sees it as a social gathering as much as a musical one, a kind of micro version of the mellow Deadhead tribes that used to follow Garcia and the Dead from stadium to stadium.
'It's a nice scene'
"This is a righteous continuation of that community," he says. "It's a nice scene. I think Jerry would have enjoyed it."
Nearly 25 years after Garcia's death, events honoring him have proved to be so popular that the San Francisco Giants alternate between Jerry Garcia and Grateful Dead promotional nights from season to season. Now the Boston Red Sox have jumped on the bandwagon, hosting their first Jerry Day on Aug. 6 at Fenway Park.
For the past 14 years, Jerry Day in the Excelsior has been co-headlined by Stu Allen, a 49-year-old guitarist and singer whose voice sounds uncannily like Garcia's.
"It's just a natural thing," he says, explaining that "there are certain things Jerry would do that would speak to me, that I would want to hear, and that I want to deliver as well."
Originally from Louisville, Kentucky, Allen moved to Marin seven years ago and fronts a band he named after the 1974 Grateful Dead album "Mars Hotel." When he was 16, he went to what would be the first of many Grateful Dead and Jerry Garcia Band concerts, getting more than he bargained for.
"I went to see and hear the band, but then I experienced all the people and the way they were interacting with the band," he recalls, amazement still in his voice. "It was an eye-opener."
Terrapin gigs
After graduating from the Berklee School of Music, he toured for seven years with Seals, a keyboardist who played in the Garcia Band, and he's performed with the Dark Star Orchestra, a tribute group that often re-creates vintage Grateful Dead sets in their entirety. These days, he plays regular weekly gigs at Terrapin Crossroads in San Rafael and at Ashkenaz in Berkeley.
"Terrapin has made it viable for me to be local all the time and still live in Marin, which isn't easy," he says.
While he never got to share a stage with Garcia, he's played with Grateful Dead bassist Phil Lesh, who owns Terrapin, and most of the other former members of the band. He sees performing at events like Jerry Day as not only honoring Garcia's legacy, but also upholding a musical tradition of rock creativity and improvisation that the Grateful Dead may have started, but that younger generations of jam band musicians have continued to nurture and expand upon.
"When Jerry passed, that's when we decided somebody needed to keep the music happening," he says. "I guess we needed to play the music to hear it."
Contact Paul Liberatore at p.liberatore@comcast.net
What: 17th annual Jerry Day with Melvin Seals and JGB and Stu Allen and Mars Hotel
When: 11:30 a.m. Sunday
Where: Jerry Garcia Amphitheater, McLaren Park, 50 John F. Shelley Drive, San Francisco
Admission: Free, donor packages with reserved seating are available
Information: jerryday.org
Paul Liberatore
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Calypso writing: no money, plenty love
Calypso writers, left to right- Lloyd, Durand and Aaron
"So it is really a labour of love. The pirates are a major problem, you have all the expenses and these guys take one CD and they copy and copy so they can under-sell it because they have no expense other than just buying a CD which is a couple cents," said Pat Aaron, the king of calypso-writing in Dominica. "To me it has been the cause of the collapse of the CD sales in the business".
Aaron added: "In Dominica writers do it for the love because there is no money in it. What we get back is nothing compared to what we are putting out. So it is a matter for love of the art form and if you are really there for the artiste but there is no money in it."
These words coming from Aaron may discourage persons from testing their abilities in writing calypsos. However, since it is all "love for the art form", budding writers may want to do it for love and not love for money.
Tim Durand, another top calypso writer shared Aaron's view. Due to prior engagements Durand did not step into the arena this year and says he started off in 1996 by accident.
"Calypso doesn't have a lot of money except if you win the crown and the other thing to it depends on what you in it for; if you in it simply to make money then you probably will likely run into conflict because you are looking for as much money as you can get if you in it for other reasons," Durand said. "I didn't get into calypso for money, I got into it writing calypso accidentally. I was already a musician, I have written other songs, I was in a band. It was by accident but I grew to love it; writing calypsos that just generally evolved my love for music and later on I just liked the idea of being able to contribute to calypsonians of talent to enable them to really impact. My motivation was not money, I did get some money for the people I wrote for but we had a good relationship and it was never driven by monetary consideration."
Durand added: "It is an unfortunate thing that our calypso writers and the performers have to put so much into producing material that people, the pirates should so callously use. The material that doesn't belong to them and profit of the material or the songs while the people who are actually working hard to produce the songs both in terms of writing and making the records and singing, they are not able to get the benefits and I think that is a very unfortunate situation.
"They must understand that it takes a lot of work, they don't understand that the only way that people write songs and produce records the only way they can make the money is for them to be able to sell and for people to pay them for the use of that product."
Nevertheless, Durand noted that a lot of progress has been made in creating awareness about copyright.
"There are people who are either still ignorant of the issues involved or they just deliberately refuse to understand and set out deliberately to pirate the songs of artists knowing full well that it is illegal," he said.
Jerry "Oracle" Lloyd is a member of the "First Calypso Family" and a well-known song writer. His hits include "Pit Toilet" and "Up on Video" both helping his nephew Jamaal "Black Diamond" Lloyd to reach the finals.
Jerry who fell in love with calypso at the tender age of seven, shares the views of his song-writing colleagues.
"It is and it would be because every time that music is pirated affects one's ability to earn revenue in the first place which is unfortunate to both writer and artists because one would expect if you put work out there, the composing, the studio costs, the invaluable cost of intellectual property doesn't go to the full benefit to the people who put the work into actually producing so that's a big bother," said Lloyd. "It is a hard thing to fight because technology makes it particularly difficult to do so; I think our strongest hope will be in the determination of our people and the people who buy to ensure that in support and in solidarity with writers, singers, composers a like would say no to buying pirated products and buy the originals to give the people that kind of opportunity to at least earn something out of the work that is put into this."
It's unfortunate that the "love for the art form" will not bring the artists and writers the rewards they deserve.


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September 10, 2003 Arts + Life » Theater
The Old College Try
Campus theaters put on class acts
By David Warner
Published September 10, 2003 at 4:00 a.m.
Where this season can theatergoers catch a 24-hour playwriting festival, Ovid in a swimming pool, the work of an acclaimed Canadian playwright and Eugene O'Neill's only comedy? If you answered the Flynn -- or New York City -- you're wrong. These are all upcoming offerings from local colleges.
Student productions tend to get a bad rap. "Oh, I'm sure the kids are nice and eager and all," says the theater snob, "but I prefer performers with a little more experience." The snob doesn't know what he's missing. College theater programs can be sheer serendipity, promising plays you won't see anywhere else, top production values, talent on the rise and something else indefinable: an aura of shared adventure.
Here's a glimpse of the discoveries in store this season at four area campuses.
Pool of Talent: University of Vermont
"It's fresh," explains University of Vermont sophomore Jessica Pescosolido. "There's a youthful exuberance… a certain energy on stage and you can feel it."
Pescosolido is one of 13 students in Remember the Children: Terezin, the first show in UVM's 2003-04 season. She and the rest of the cast are about to go into a Sunday afternoon rehearsal at the Royall Tyler, but first they've been asked to talk about what makes a UVM show distinctive. Her answer gets to the heart of what's appealing about almost any student show: the students. Guest director Veronica Lopez cherishes their spirit. "I love young actors. They're not already fixed in their ways," she says.
Their open-hearted attitude should go a long way toward conquering the challenge before them: the collaborative creation of a theater piece based on poems written by children who were held in the Terezin concentration camp during World War II; only 100 of them survived. Lopez is incorporating American Sign Language into the production with the help of interpreters and cast member Laura Siegel, who is hearing-impaired.
Of all the college theaters in the area, UVM's is the most familiar to local audiences. The school makes a concerted effort to promote its productions to an off-campus audience, with a full-time marketing director, subscription packages and an annual student-organized holiday show, The Toys Take Over Christmas.
"The offerings invite a broad cross-section," says Associate Professor Peter Jack Tkatch, "usually things that are for a wide spectrum of interests or tastes."
But the lineup of shows is hardly unsophisticated. In fact, the November production represents a bit of a coup. Mary Zimmerman's recent Tony winner Metamorphoses, a retelling of the myths of Ovid, will receive one of its first productions since New York at UVM, under Tkatch's direction. "It speaks to the spirit," he says. "I think we need things like that now."
Metamorphoses is a demanding piece -- not least because it requires an on-stage swimming pool. UVM can handle it. The 295-seat Royall Tyler, a gymnasium before it was transformed into a theater in 1969, is a versatile, well-equipped space. And the faculty and staff have strong technical credentials; for instance, department chair Jeffrey Modereger worked with legendary Broadway designer Jo Mielziner and has designed sets for theaters throughout the country.
Such expertise should come in handy for the university's spring production, Tina Howe's The Art of Dining. It requires the construction of a working restaurant.
Remember the Children: Terezin, October 1-12; Metamorphoses, November 12-23; The Toys Take Over Christmas, December 6-7; The Art of Dining, February 27-March 7; One-Act Play Festival, April 20-25. Royall Tyler Theatre, University of Vermont, Burlington. Single tickets $5-$14. Subscriptions $30-$50. Info, 656-2094.
It's Not A Job…: Champlain College
Considering that Champlain College is known for its career-oriented curriculum, the fact that its students would spend any time trafficking in a field not known for job security is impressive. But Champlain also stresses the importance of extracurricular activities -- the school famously cancelled its varsity sports programs last year in order to place more emphasis on intramurals. And, except for a few acting courses, all the theater activity at Champlain is extracurricular.
That can be a plus, suggests Dr. Joanne Farrell, artistic director of the Champlain Theatre Company: It means the kids who do take part have to be very dedicated. "They're taking time away from their major to do this."
Farrell assumed the mantle of artistic director in the spring of this year. The job title is new; so, in a way, is her program. For many years, faculty member Donald Rowe led what was called the Champlain Players, a student/community group that presented a mix of classics and popular fare (including, during one season, a pair of stage adaptations of James Dean movies). Rowe often directed and occasionally starred, playing such roles as King Lear, and Salieri in Amadeus. When he retired in May, Farrell, who has a background in directing and playwriting and also heads the college's Professional Writing Pro-gram, was asked to take over.
Her choice of a new name, Champlain Theatre Company, reflects her hopes for future expansion, including an eventual move into more eclectic fare. But for now she's carrying on the tradition of mainstream favorites with a production of Eugene O'Neill's nostalgic family comedy, Ah, Wilderness! The cast is a mix of students and more mature actors, including a respected name in Burlington's theater scene: John D. Alexander, who also happens to be Farrell's son-in-law.
"One thing I will never do is cast a 17-year-old in the role of a 30-year-old," says Farrell.
But she has to settle for less than the ideal when it comes to her facilities. Champlain's Alumni Auditorium space has no wings and no backstage, just green drapes hanging against the walls at the back and the sides. So Farrell's going for simplicity: period costumes and furnishings, but she'll leave the rest to the audience's imagination and the actors' skill.
Ah, Wilderness! October 1-5. Alumni Auditorium, Champlain College, Burlington. General $12, students $5. Also coming up at Champlain: I Never Saw Another Butterfly, November 13-15, 21 & 22. This 1980 play, like the UVM project mentioned above, was inspired by the writings of the children of Terezin and is being produced in conjunction with the school's Community Reading Program. Tickets, 865-5468.
Think: Middlebury College
Are you getting a been-there/done-that feeling from the play selections at local professional and community theaters? Here a Proof, there a Proof, everywhere a Sylvia? Then Middlebury College might be just the pick-me-up you need.
"We're a thinking theater," says longtime Theater Department Chair Douglas Sprigg. Last season's lineup included a parody of government bureaucracy by former Czech president Vaclav Havel. This year's roster offers more food for thought: Perfect Pie by Judith Thompson, a playwright acclaimed in her native Canada but unfamiliar to most U.S. audiences; Chekhov's Cherry Orchard; and Midwives by Vermont playwright Dana Yeaton, a visiting lecturer at Middlebury.
All three shows are directed by faculty -- Cheryl Faraone, Richard Romagnoli and Sprigg, respectively. Faraone and Romagnoli also run a theater company in Maryland, the Potomac Theatre Project, which regularly provides Middlebury students with the chance to get hands-on professional experience.
Middlebury's artistic staff is interested in "contemporary design approaches," says Sprigg; in other words, the visual and aural landscape is as important as the text. And the college has the facilities to make vision a reality. There are two theaters -- the 200-seat Seeler Studio Theater (in the decade-old, multi-million-dollar Center for the Arts), and the 350-seat proscenium Wright Memorial Theater, each with its own scene shop. Plus there's a student-run black-box theater, three tech directors, a tenured set/lighting designer and a full-time costume designer.
Middlebury rarely casts from off campus; age-appropriateness is less important than giving the kids a chance to stretch: "We have 20-year-olds playing all our roles," Sprigg says. But even though he's careful to make the distinction that Middlebury's is a liberal arts program, not a pre-professional conservatory, he also points out that his students have had considerable post-college success. Alums of the program include movie and TV actor Jake Weber (Mind of the Married Man, Meet Joe Black) and TV producer Shawn Ryan, who created the Emmy-winning "The Shield."
"We're fortunate," says Sprigg, "in that Middlebury does attract bright, motivated students." He quickly qualifies, "That doesn't always translate into acting talent."
But smarts help -- especially in an environment in which, as Sprigg explains, "We think of theater as a tool for education, not strictly entertainment… The issue of what theater is and what theater can be gets discussed a lot."
Perfect Pie, October 23-25, Seeler Studio Theatre, Center for the Arts; The Cherry Orchard, November 20-22, Wright Theatre; Midwives, April 29-May 1, Wright Theatre. Middlebury College, $3-5. Tickets, 443-6433.
Like Mike: St. Michael's College
For more than 50 years, St. Michael's College has meant "theater" to Vermonters -- summer theater, that is. The college has owned and operated St. Michael's Playhouse, a professional summer stock theater, which has been attracting audiences upwards of 13,000 to seasons of light comedy, musicals and the occasional contemporary drama since 1947.
But theater doesn't stop at St. Mike's when the days get shorter. An undergraduate theater program generates two faculty-directed main-stage productions during the school year and scores of student-directed shows around campus. And you can't beat the price: free.
"Free" is a good word to describe the mood of the school, too. At least that's the impression you get listening to theater majors Sarah Payson and Kevin Miller as they chat about the program in the 366-seat auditorium of the McCarthy Arts Center, home to both the summer and academic theaters. "It's one of the most open programs I've ever encountered," says Payson, a junior planning for a career in tech or design.
Students are welcome to apply to the Playhouse for summer internships which let them work with professional actors and crew. Playhouse co-artistic directors Cathy Hurst and Peter Harrigan are part of the St. Mike's faculty, and general manager Chuck Tobin is a regular presence, too. Hurst points to one concrete example of this relationship's mutual benefits: In summer 2002 the Playhouse premiered a one-man show by Peter Sampieri ('99), The Georgy, that he'd originally worked on as her student.
Both Payson and Miller were interns this past summer. Miller, a sophomore, says it was the best theater experience he's ever had, but an intense one. The pace of the academic year is comparatively leisurely. For instance, a seven-month rehearsal period for the spring 2004 production, Noel Coward's Blithe Spirit -- it takes time to learn those British dialects! The class of 2005 began planning for their senior project, Sondheim's Into the Woods, when they were sophomores -- and Payson already has the set designed.
Such solid preparation bodes well for audiences. While the acting may show a little "unevenness" because of the mix of majors and non-majors, Hurst says, there will always be "a fundamental level of honesty" in the work. And, because there's no pressure to sell tickets, she says, the play choices can be "riskier." The Novem-ber production, Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound, is a case in point. It's not likely you'll see a Playhouse season anytime soon with dramatis personae like "a deformed god" or "a human woman transformed by Zeus into a heifer," character descriptions from an audition flyer for the Greek tragedy.
And if Greek gods don't appeal, there's always the 24-hour playwriting festival (details below). Or maybe you should get tickets now for Into the Woods -- it already feels like a hit.
Prometheus Bound, November 12-15; Blithe Spirit, March 3-6, McCarthy Arts Center. Admission free. 24-Hour Play Festival: Anyone wishing to be a playwright for this project should arrive at McCarthy at 9 p.m., Friday, Sept. 12. Writers will write all night long, to be joined by directors and actors the next morning. Scripts will be rehearsed all day and performed Saturday, September 13, at 8 p.m. Free as usual. Info, 654-2536; no reservations.
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Neurological diseases such as anxiety and depression worsen with persistent stress. Additionally, stress can lead to long-term cognitive impairment according to studies. However, several studies have proved that cannabinoids present in plants, can avert the effects of severe persistent stress. Cannabis Sativa or marijuana contains up to 40% of the active cannabinoids. The component is non-psychoactive and does not produce a high like THC.
Currently, further research is on-going on the benefits of CBD in anxiety reduction. We shall examine the relevant investigations done on cannabis oil as a practical solution to tackle stress.
Most studies conducted on the potential benefits of CBD have involved animal experiments, test tubes, and some human cells. However, the effects same effect observed in tests animals like rats can be achieved in humans. The reason being, mammals, have similar cell receptors that respond to agonists.
Some studies exists involving human participants. In a study published in 2015, by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, involving veterans grappling with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, therapies involving cannabis, led to decreased restlessness and stress. Although the additional research regarding the use of cannabis oil for PSTD is required, military veterans could cope better and even reduce insomnia.
The study's findings were in line with another research conducted in 2011. Ten participants diagnosed with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), were subjected to a series of test. During the first part of the test, one group was provided with 400mg of CBD. Others took a placebo, and all their cerebral blood flows were measured. The second part of the test involved, changing the drug provided to each person. From the tests conducted, those who took the CBD, experience reduced anxiety, and no similar effect occurred where the placebo was administered. Scientists observed the response in the hippocampus –an area that influences our emotional response.
Regrettably, the laws restricting the cultivation and growth of cannabis have limited the number of clinical studies conducted. However, there are sufficient studies displaying the effectiveness of cannabis oil. It is still suitable for use in children because it does not produce any high.
Besides, it can help in day-to-day body functions such as immune function, mood, pain management, boosting memory, and motor skill control among others. You will find numerous products on the market claiming to contain enough CBD. That is rarely the case. If you need to derive these benefits and are unsure on the product to use, we can help. Our hemp derived CBD is suitable for both children and adults.


text:
Home Chinese in America The USDA has identified some of the mystery seeds sent unsolicited from...
Chinese in America
The USDA has identified some of the mystery seeds sent unsolicited from China as herbs
The US Department of Agriculture has identified 14 different species of seeds within the mysterious packets residents are receiving around the US, a department official said on July 29.
Osama El-Lissy, a deputy administrator for the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, said the department had identified 14 species as herbs and plants like hibiscus, mint, and sage.
Since late July, people across the US and in countries including Canada and the United Kingdom have reported receiving packets of seeds they did not order, and are marked as coming from China.
All 50 US states have now issued warnings against people planting the seeds.
A US Department of Agriculture official said in a recorded statement released on July 29 that 14 species of the seeds have been identified as herbs and other plants including hibiscus and mint.
"We have identified 14 different species of seeds, including mustard, cabbage, morning glory, and some of the herbs like mint, sage, rosemary, lavender, then other seeds like hibiscus and roses," said Osama El-Lissy, a deputy administrator for the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
"This is just a subset of the samples we have collected so far," he said.
Some of the packages' labels indicate that the packages contain jewellery, though US state officials say they are mislabeled since they actually contain small packets of seeds.
All 50 US states have now issued warnings against planting the seeds, according to a July 29 report from CNN, and have been instructed in many instances to instead contact state or local authorities.
"People who receive seeds should not plant or handle the seeds," Richard Ball, the New York State Commissioner of Agriculture, said in a July 27 statement.
They should "store them safely in a place children and pets cannot access," and email the USDA "immediately."
A spokesperson for China's foreign ministry said earlier this week that the address labels were forged, CNN reported, and that China's postal service has asked the US Postal Service to send packages to China for investigation.
The USDA's El-Lissy said in a separate recorded statement on July 29 that through Wednesday evening, the department had "no evidence of the seed packets being anything but a so-called 'brushing' scam."
These scams aren't unique to the mysterious seeds. In a brushing scam, vendors selling through online retailers pay people – the so-called "brushers" – to place orders for their products and ship them to strangers who did not place the order. Then, fake reviews or even the sheer volume of shipments can help boost the seller's sales or search-power on an e-commerce website.
By REBECCA UNGARINO
mystery seeds
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\section{Introduction}

Dust grains have so far been detected only in the interstellar medium
and there is no firm detection in the intergalactic medium. The presence
of dust grains in the latter region is still an open question. If they
exist, the intergalactic dust grains should have great impacts not only
on our understanding of galaxy evolution but also on our interpretation
of high redshift observational data. From X-ray measurements of heavy
metal lines, it is evident that there is a significant amount of metal
outside of galaxies in clusters and groups of galaxies (e.g., Mushotzky
et al. 1996; Renzini 1997; Davis, Mulchaey \& Mushotzky 1999; Buote
2000). Such elements are likely to have been expelled out of galaxies
through supernova explosion, ram pressure stripping, or tidal
interaction. Dust could also be expelled by these processes or by some
independent mechanism such as radiation pressure (e.g., Chiao \&
Wickramasinghe 1972; Ferrara et al. 1991; Shustov \& Vibe 1995;
Davies et al. 1998; Simonsen \& Hannestad 1999; Aguirre et al. 2001a,b)

When dust grains are placed in the intracluster medium (hereafter ICM),
they would be heated by collisions with ambient hot X-ray emitting
electrons and ions, and emit mainly in infrared bands (Dwek et
al. 1990). At the same time, they are destructed via collisions with
impinging ions (sputtering) with a typical timescale of $\sim 10^8$
yr. The intracluster dust (hereafter ICD), if any, will therefore
provide a direct clue to the ejection processes of materials from
galaxies. Indeed, diffuse dust before destruction has been detected in
a number of elliptical galaxies (e.g. Goodfrooij \& de Jong 1995). The
temperature, the amount, and the size distribution of the ICD, however,
can be quite different from those in the interstellar medium; in the
absence of stellar photons, temperature of the ICD will be lower than
that in elliptical galaxies. Moreover the ICD may be an important
cooling agent in the ICM (Montier \& Giard 2004). Revealing the nature
of the ICD will be of particular importance in understanding the
dust-gas interaction.

There have been several suggestions and debates regarding the presence
of the intergalactic dust. For example, Girardi et al. (1992) suggested
that the redshift asymmetries of member galaxies in nearby groups are
consistent with the presence of dust in the intragroup medium. The
observed oxygen K edge in an X-ray spectrum of the Perseus cluster may
also be attributed to the ICD (Arnaud \& Mushotzky 1998). The extended
submillimeter emission detected in a rich galaxy cluster may partly be
due to dust (Komatsu et al. 1999; Kitayama et al. 2004). On the other
hand, the presence of enhanced visual extinction towards high redshift
objects behind clusters is still controversial (e.g., Maoz 1995).

More direct evidence has been searched for in the far-infrared bands.
Hickson et al. (1989) report that the far-infrared emission is enhanced
by a factor of 2 in compact groups of galaxies compared with a sample of
isolated galaxies. Sulentic \& De Mello Rabaca (1993), however, point
out that the results of Hickson et al. (1989) are likely to have been
overestimated mainly due to the limited spatial resolution of IRAS. The
emission statistically detected in the IRAS data with many clusters of
galaxies may partly be due to the ICD (Montier \& Giard 2005).
Stickel et al. (1998 and 2002) observed 6 galaxy clusters
with ISOPHOT, and only in Coma they reported the excess of $\sim 0.2$
MJy/sr at 120 $\mu$m towards the central region. They estimated the
dust color temperature of $T_{\rm d} \sim 30$ K, the excess flux of
$F_{\rm ICD} \sim 2.8$ Jy and dust mass of $M_{\rm d} \sim 10^{7}
M_{\odot}$ from the ratio of surface brightness at 120 $\mu$m and 180
$\mu$m. The visual extinction derived from the dust mass is a negligible
amount ($A_{\rm V} \ll 0.1 $ mag). The result is in contrast to the
reported optical extinction of $\sim 0.3$ mag for Coma (Zwicky 1962,
Karachentsev \& Lipovetskii 1969).

The major difficulties in the past infrared observations are the limited
sensitivity and spatial resolution of the detector. The observational
data thus might be affected by Galactic cirrus emission, contamination
of individual galaxies, and confusion of extragalactic sources. The
infrared instruments on the current and future missions, such as Spitzer
Space Telescope, ASTRO-F, Herschel, and SPICA, possess much improved
sensitivity and spatial resolution that are essential for separating the
ICD emission from the other components.

In this paper, we explore the possibility of detecting the ICD with
Spitzer Space Telescope, ASTRO-F, Herschel and SPICA by performing
a comprehensive study of the expected intensities from the ICD for 117
clusters of galaxies at redshift $z \sim 0.01 - 0.8$. Based on currently
available X-ray data, we explicitly take into account both heating and
sputtering of dust grains via collisions with ambient hot plasma to
compute their temperature and size distributions. We further examine the
expected constraints from the near future observations on underlying dust
model.

This paper is organized as follows. We describe our sample of galaxy
clusters in Section \ref{sec:sample_clusters}. Details of the
model for the ICD size distribution is presented in Section
\ref{sec:model}. Section \ref{sec:results} describes the results for
the properties of the ICD and the expected infrared spectra, as well as
constraints from future observations on underlying dust model. We
discuss several uncertainties in the present analysis in Section
\ref{sec:discussion}. Finally, Section \ref{sec:conclusion} summarizes
our conclusions. Throughout the paper, we assume a standard set of
cosmological parameters; $\Omega_{\rm m} = 0.3$, $\Omega_{\Lambda} =
0.7$, $\Omega_{\rm b} = 0.04$, and $h = 0.7$.

\section{Sample clusters}\label{sec:sample_clusters}

In order to calculate the ICD emission, we pick up 117 clusters at
redshift $z \sim 0.01 - 0.8$ for which gas properties can be determined
by X-ray spectroscopy and imaging data from ROSAT and ASCA. Unless
stated otherwise, we adopt an isothermal $\beta$-model for the gas
density profile of clusters.

We extract 79 clusters at $z \sim 0.1 - 0.8$ from Ota \& Mitsuda
(2004). We also supplement the sample with 38 nearby clusters at $z
\sim 0.01 - 0.1$ from Mohr et al. (1999) and White (2000) for which
the $\beta$-model parameters, temperature, and metalicity are all
available. For some clusters, Mohr et al. (1999) fit the X-ray
surface brightness by a sum of two $\beta$-model profiles.  In such
cases, we use the Abel's integral to deproject the fitted surface
brightness profile into the electron density profile (Yoshikawa \&
Suto 1999). For the three clusters (A1689, A2204 and PKS0745-19)
compiled in both Ota \& Mitsuda (2004) and Mohr et al. (1999), we use
the parameters from the former paper for definiteness.

\section{Model}\label{sec:model}

\subsection{Dust-gas interaction}

We first need to specify the basic dust model to calculate the ICD
emission. We consider a mixture of equal amounts of spherical silicate
and graphite as dust components, and adopt as their mass densities
$\rho_{\rm gra} = 2.26$ g cm$^{-3}$ (Draine \& Lee 1984) and $\rho_{\rm
sil} = 3.5$ g cm$^{-3}$ (Li \& Draine 2001), respectively. Using these
two components, the extinction curve in our Galaxy can be well
reproduced (Mathis, Rumpl \& Nordsieck 1977, hereafter MRN; Draine \&
Lee 1984; Laor \& Draine 1993).

If dust grains exist in the ICM, they will be heated by collision with
ambient X-ray emitting hot electrons and ions, and consequently
emit in infrared band as they cool. The temperature of the ICD is then
obtained via the balance between collisional heating and radiative
cooling.

For given gas temperature and density, we determine the temperatures of
dust grains following Dwek (1986) taking account of both heating and
cooling between each collision. The heat capacities for graphite and
silicate are taken from Dwek (1986) and Draine \& Anderson (1985),
respectively. Figure \ref{fig:Td_dis} shows a specific example
for the temperature distribution of graphite grains embedded in a
plasma with electron temperature $T_{\rm e} = 10^{8}$ K and electron
density $n_{\rm e} = 10^{-3}$ cm$^{-3}$. Note that the dust temperature
is not uniquely specified for given electron temperature and density,
but has a probability distribution depending on the grain size.  For
small ($a < 0.1 \mu$m) grains, the cooling time gets shorter than the
interval of collisions and the dust temperature has a large dispersion
(so-called stochastic heating). Some portion of these grains can have
rather high temperatures $\sim 100$ K owing to their small heat
capacity.  Larger grains, on the other hand, approach thermal
equilibrium with ambient plasma and the temperature distribution has a
sharp peak at $\sim 20$ K. As a result of stochastic heating, the
spectral shape of dust emission will be broadened particularly in the
Wien regime. We will explicitly take into account such features in our
prediction of the infrared emission from the ICD.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure1.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Temperature distribution of graphite grains with various
 sizes embedded in a hot plasma with electron density $10^{-3}$
 cm$^{-3}$ and electron temperature $10^{8}$ K. } \label{fig:Td_dis}
\end{figure}

When dust grains are placed in a hot ICM, they are sputtered by
impinging ions.  We adopt the following analytic form
for the sputtering rate (Tsai \& Mathews 1995):
\begin{equation}
\frac{da}{dt} = - \tilde{h} \left(\frac{\rho_{\rm gas}}{m_{\rm p}}\right)
\left[\left(\frac{T_{\rm s}}{T_{\rm gas}}\right)^{\omega} + 1\right]^{-1},
\label{sp_rate}
\end{equation}
which gives a good approximation to the detailed calculations of Draine
\& Salpeter (1979) for both graphite and silicate grains when $\tilde{h}
= 3.2 \times 10^{-18}$ cm$^{4}$ s$^{-1}$, $T_{\rm s} = 2 \times 10^{6}$
K, and $\omega = 2.5$. Using this formula, we define the sputtering
timescale as
\begin{equation}
\tau_{\rm sputt}(a,r) \equiv a \mid da / dt \mid ^{-1}.
\end{equation}
For gas temperatures above $\sim 3 \times 10^{6}$ K, the sputtering
timescale is almost independent of gas temperature and approximated by
\begin{equation}
\tau_{\rm sputt}(a,r) \sim  10^{8} \  \left(\frac{a}{0.1 \mu \rm m}
\right) \left(\frac{n_{\rm e}}{10^{-3} {\rm cm}^{-3} }\right)^{-1}
~\rm yr.
\end{equation}

\subsection{Size distribution of dust grains in the ICM}

In modelling the size distribution of the ICD, we assume that the dust
grains are continuously injected into the ICM from galaxies and
destructed via sputtering. The size distribution $\partial
n_{i}(a;r)/\partial a$ for species $i$ at radial point $r$ then
follows (e.g., Dwek et al. 1990; Laor \& Draine 1993)
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial \ }{\partial a}
\left(\dot{a}\frac{\partial n_{i}(a;r)}{\partial a}\right) +
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\frac{\partial n_{i}(a; r)}{\partial a}
= \frac{\partial n_{i}^{\rm inj}(a;r)}{\partial a}
\tau_{\rm cluster}^{-1},
\label{eq-master}
\end{equation}
where $\dot{a} = d a / d t$ is given by equation (\ref{sp_rate}),
$\partial n_{i}^{\rm inj}(a;r)/\partial a$ describes the total number
density of injected dust grains in the size interval between $a$ and
$a + \delta a$ at radial point $r$, and $\tau_{\rm cluster}$ is the
cluster lifetime over which dust grains have been injected. Neglecting
uncertainties for the formation epochs of individual galaxies in
clusters, we set $\tau_{\rm cluster}$ equal to the age of the Universe
at the cluster redshift.  For the injected dust grains, we assume that
they trace the galaxy distribution in a cluster and have the size
distribution observed in our Galaxy (MRN):
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial n_{i}^{\rm inj}(a;r)}{\partial a}
= A_{i}(r) a^{-\alpha^{\rm inj}} \ {\rm for} \ a_{\rm min}< a <a_{\rm max},
\end{equation}
where $\alpha^{\rm inj}=3.5$, $a_{\rm min} = 0.001 $ $\mu$m, $a_{\rm max}
= 0.25$ $\mu$m, and $A_{i}(r) \propto \rho_{\rm gal}(r)$ is the
normalization coefficient to be determined later. Equation
(\ref{eq-master}) is solved for steady-state to give
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial n_{i}^{\rm std}(a;r)}{\partial a}
= A_i(r) \frac{a^{-\alpha^{\rm inj}}}{\alpha^{\rm inj}-1}
\frac{\tau_{\rm sputt}(a,r)}{\tau_{\rm cluster}}.
\label{eq-std}
\end{equation}
Since $\tau_{\rm sputt} \propto a$, the steady-state size distribution
is proportional to $a^{-\alpha^{\rm inj} + 1}$.

Given large uncertainties in the galaxy distribution in each cluster,
particularly at its outer envelope, we assume that galaxies trace
collisionless dark matter and $A_{i}(r) \propto \rho_{\rm gal}(r)
\propto \rho_{\rm\scriptscriptstyle DM}(r)$. We adopt the density
profile of dark matter inferred from N-body simulations (Navarro, Frenk
\& White 1996, hereafter NFW):
\begin{equation}
\rho_{{\rm\scriptscriptstyle DM}}(r) \propto
 \frac{1}{(r/r_{\rm s})(1 + r/r_{\rm s})^{2}}
\end{equation}
where $r_{\rm s}$ is the scale radius of the halo. We follow Bullock et
al. (2001) to determine $r_{\rm s}$ for a halo with virial mass $M_{\rm
vir}$ at redshift $z$. As in Shimizu et al. (2003), we translate
iteratively the scaled mass $M_{500}$, given for each cluster in Mohr et
al. (1999) and Ota \& Mitsuda (2004), into $M_{\rm vir}$ using the
NFW profile, where $M_{500}$ is the mass enclosed within the radius at
which the mean density $\bar{\rho}(r)$ is equal to $500$ times the
critical density of the universe at the cluster redshift. The dark
matter density is normalized by $ M_{\rm vir} = \int_0^{r_{\rm vir}}
\rho_{\rm\scriptscriptstyle DM}(r) 4 \pi r^2 dr$.

Taken together, $A_i(r) $ is determined by fixing the total amount of
the injected dust grains $M_{\rm d} ^{\rm inj}$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
 M_{\rm d} ^{\rm inj}(<r_{\rm vir}) &=& \sum_{i}\frac{ 4\pi \rho_i}{3}
\int_{0}^{r_{\rm vir}} 4 \pi r^2 A_{i}(r) dr
\int_{a_{\rm min}}^{a_{\rm max}} a^{3-\alpha^{\rm inj}} da
\nonumber \\
&=& Z_{\rm d}^{\rm inj} Z_{\rm metal} M_{\rm gas}(<r_{\rm vir}),
\end{eqnarray}
where the injected dust-to-gas mass ratio $Z_{\rm
d }^{\rm inj}$ is fiducially fixed at
$0.0075$ (MRN), and the mean metalicity $Z_{\rm metal}$
in units of the solar value is taken from Ota \& Mitsuda (2004) and
White et al. (2000).  We have assumed that $Z_{\rm metal} M_{\rm
gas}(<r_{\rm vir})$ denotes the cumulative mass of the gas that has been
supplied from galaxies into the ICM. Using the assumed relation of
$A_i(r) \propto \rho_{\rm\scriptscriptstyle DM}(r)$, we obtain
\begin{equation}
A_i(r) = \frac{3 f_i}{4\pi \rho_i}
\frac{Z_{\rm d}^{\rm inj} Z_{\rm metal}}{\int_{a_{\rm min}}^{a_{\rm max}}
a^{3-\alpha^{\rm inj}} da } \frac{M_{\rm gas}(<r_{\rm vir})}{M_{\rm vir}}
\rho_{\rm\scriptscriptstyle DM}(r),
\end{equation}
where $f_{i}$ represents the mass fraction of graphite or silicate
grains.

\subsection{Infrared emission from the ICD}

Given the size distribution (eq.~[\ref{eq-std}]) and the
temperature distribution $G_{i}(a,T_{\rm d})$ of the ICD, the infrared
intensity at wavelength $\lambda$ is given by an integral over the
line-of-sight through the cluster:
\begin{eqnarray}
I_{\lambda}(R)
&=& \sum_{i}
\int_{-l_{\rm max}}^{+l_{\rm max}} dl
\left[\int_{a_{\rm min}}^{a_{\rm max}} da ~
\pi a^{2} Q_{\lambda}^{i}(a) \frac{\partial n_{i}^{\rm std}(a;r)}
{\partial a}  \right. \nonumber\\
&& \times \left.\left\{\int_{T_{\rm min}}^{T_{\rm max}}
G_{i}(a,T_{\rm d}) B_{\lambda}(T_{\rm d})dT_{\rm d}\right\}\right],
\end{eqnarray}
where $Q_{\lambda}^{i}(a)$ is the dust absorption efficiency factor of
dust species $i$ taken from Draine \& Lee (1984), $B_{\lambda}$ is the
Planck function, $R$ is the projected separation from the cluster
center, and $l$ is the length over a line of sight with $l_{\rm max} =
\sqrt{r_{\rm vir}^2 - R^2}$. The minimum temperature of the dust
$T_{\rm min}$ is set equal to the CMB temperature $2.73(1+z)$ K, and the
maximum temperature $T_{\rm max}$ to the vaporization temperature, 2000
K for graphite and 1500 K for silicate, respectively (Dwek 1986). As
$G_{i}(a,T_{\rm d})$ declines rapidly toward high temperatures, our
results are insensitive to a specific choice of $T_{\rm max}$.

\section{Results}
\label{sec:results}

\subsection{Properties of the ICD}

Based on the model constructed in the previous section, the ICD
mass density as a function of physical radius $r$ from the cluster
center is given by
\begin{equation}
\rho_{\rm d}(r) = \sum_{i} f_{i} \int_{a_{\rm min}}^{a_{\rm max}}
\frac{4\pi a^{3} \rho_{i} }{3}
\frac{\partial n_{i}^{\rm std}(a;r)}{\partial a} da.
\end{equation}
The dust-to-gas mass ratio in the ICM can then be written as
\begin{equation}
Z_{\rm d}(r) = \frac{\rho_{\rm d}(r)}{\rho_{\rm gas}(r)}.
\end{equation}
We define the mass weighted mean temperature and mean size of the
ICD as follows:
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle T_{\rm d}(r)\rangle
&=& \left[ \sum_{i} f_{i} \int_{a_{\rm min}}^{a_{\rm max}}
\left\{
\int_{T_{\rm min}}^{T_{\rm max}} G_i (a,T_{\rm d}) T_{\rm d}
dT_{\rm d} \right\} \right.
\nonumber  \\
&&\times  \left. \left. \frac{4\pi a^{3} \rho_{i}}{3}
\frac{\partial n_{i}^{\rm std}(a;r)}{\partial a} da
\right] \right/ \rho_{\rm d}(r),  \\
\langle a_{\rm d}(r)\rangle
&=& \left[ \sum_{i} f_{i} \int_{a_{\rm min}}^{a_{\rm max}}
\frac{4\pi a^{3} \rho_{i} }{3} \right.
\nonumber \\
&&\hspace{10mm} \times  \left. \left.
\frac{\partial n_{i}^{\rm std}(a;r)}{\partial a} a da
\right] \right/  \rho_{\rm d}(r).
\end{eqnarray}
For later convenience, we further introduce
the surface mass density of the ICD at a projected separation $R$ from
the cluster center by
\begin{equation}
\Sigma_{\rm d}(R) = \int_{-l_{\rm max}}^{+l_{\rm max}}
\rho_{\rm d}(r) dl.
\end{equation}

Figures \ref{fig:Per_Zd}--\ref{fig:Per_Sd} show the above
quantities in a specific case of Perseus cluster (A426).  As will be
shown below, the expected intensity from this cluster is among the
highest in our entire sample and we will take it as a representative
target in our subsequent analysis. The dust-to-gas mass ratio $Z_{\rm
d}(r)$ is lower, particularly near the center, by several orders of
magnitude than the Galactic value $0.0075$ as a result of rapid
sputtering (Fig. \ref{fig:Per_Zd}). The mean dust temperature $\langle
T_{\rm d}(r)\rangle$, on the other hand, is the highest near the center
at $> 30$ K due to efficient heating by electron collisions
(Fig. \ref{fig:Per_Tdave}).  The mean size of the dust is independent of
$r$ and its value in Perseus is $\sim 0.15$ $\mu$m. Once integrated
over the line-of-sight, the ICD surface mass density $\Sigma_{\rm d}$
remains nearly constant within the projected separation of $\sim
300$ kpc (Fig. \ref{fig:Per_Sd}) and will serve as a good measure of
the total amount of the ICD.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure2.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Dust-to-gas mass ratio in the ICM of Perseus cluster (A426)
  as a function of physical radius from the center.}
  \label{fig:Per_Zd}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure3.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Mass weighted mean temperature of the ICD in Perseus as a
  function of physical radius from the center.}  \label{fig:Per_Tdave}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure4.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Surface mass density of the ICD in Perseus as a function
  of projected separation from the cluster center.}
  \label{fig:Per_Sd}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Expected infrared spectra}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure5.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Predicted spectra of the ICD at the projected separation
  of 20 kpc from the center of Perseus cluster.
  Open circles, open triangles and open squares show the 3$\sigma$
  confusion limits, due to extragalactic sources, for ASTRO-F, Spitzer,
  Herschel and SPICA missions, respectively. Filled symbols with an
  identical shape indicate those due to Galactic cirrus for the same
  instrument. Note that the open and filled triangles overlap each
  other at 160 $\mu$m.}
  \label{fig:Per_Int}
\end{figure}

We plot the predicted ICD emission spectra from Perseus cluster in
Figure \ref{fig:Per_Int}. In the rest of the paper, unless otherwise
stated explicitly, the emission is computed at the projected separation
of 20 kpc from the center in order to avoid any contamination from the
central galaxy. Also plotted for reference are the $3\sigma$ confusion
limits due to extragalactic sources, for Spitzer/MIPS (Dole et al. 2004),
ASTRO-F/FIS (Pearson et al. 2004), Herschel and SPICA (Dole et
al. 2004), as well as those due to Galactic cirrus (Jeong et al. 2005).
The confusion levels are computed at the beam size of each
instrument. For simplicity, we represent band filters of FIS (N60,
N170, WIDE-S and WIDE-L) by their central wavelengths 60, 170, 75 and
150 $\mu$m, respectively. We adopt 70 $\mu$m and 160 $\mu$m for the
band filters of Herschel and SPICA. The PSF of each instrument is
modeled by a Gaussian with the FWHM value taken from the reference
mentioned above. We also take into account the dependence of the
cirrus emission on the Galactic latitude as in Jeong et al. (2005).
The total confusion limit should be estimated as $\sigma_{\rm tot} =
\sqrt{\sigma_{\rm extragalactic}^{2}+\sigma_{\rm cirrus}^{2}}$. This
figure indicates that the source confusion is dominated by extragalactic
sources at $\lambda < 100\mu$m, while the contribution of Galactic cirrus
increases rapidly at longer wavelengths. The predicted emission has its
peak at $\sim 70 - 100$ $\mu$m and would be detectable above $5\sigma$
levels at 70 $\mu$m with Spitzer, Herschel and SPICA, and marginally
detectable at the $3\sigma$ levels at 60 and 75 $\mu$m with ASTRO-F.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure6.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Expected radial profiles of the ICD emission at 70 $\mu$m
  (thick solid line) and 160 $\mu$m (thin solid line) in Perseus
  cluster. Also plotted for reference are the 3$\sigma$ confusion
  limits at 70 $\mu$m; extragalactic sources for Spitzer (dashed line),
  Herschel and SPICA (dash-dotted line), and Galactic cirrus for Spitzer
  (dotted line), Herschel and SPICA (dash-dot-dotted line).}
  \label{fig:Per_radipro}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:Per_radipro} shows the expected radial profiles for the
emission from Perseus. The emission at 70 $\mu$m would be detectable
above the $3\sigma$ levels within $\sim$ 2.5 arcmin by Spitzer
and within $\sim$ 4.5 arcmin by Herschel and SPICA.
At the outer envelopes of the cluster, the emission declines owing to the
lack of hot gas capable of heating the dust. The extended feature of the
emission will be of particular importance in separating the ICD
component from galaxies. A fine spatial resolution of Spitzer, ASTRO-F,
Herschel and SPICA will be essential for this purpose.

\begin{figure*}
  \begin{center}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure7a.eps}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure7b.eps}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure7c.eps}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure7d.eps}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure7e.eps}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure7f.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Expected intensities at 60, 70, 75, 150, 160 and 170
  $\mu$m at the projected separation of 20 kpc from the center of 117
  galaxy clusters versus Galactic latitude. Five clusters with the
  highest 70 $\mu$m intensities are marked by filled symbols; Perseus
  (circle), A2319 (square), A3571 (lozenge), A2204 (triangle), and A3112
  (reverse-triangle). The other clusters are marked by open circles;
  at redshift $0.01 < z < 0.1$ (large circles), at $0.1 \le z < 0.3$
  (medium circles), and at $0.3 \le z < 0.8$(small circles). Lines
  represent 3$\sigma$ confusion limits, due to extragalactic sources and
  Galactic cirrus for the mission indicated in each panel.}
  \label{fig:Int_allcluster}
\end{figure*}

In Figure \ref{fig:Int_allcluster}, we plot the expected intensities of
the ICD for the entire sample of clusters as a function of the Galactic
latitude. In general, the highest signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is
achieved at 70 $\mu$m. Five clusters with the highest 70 $\mu$m
intensity (filled symbols) all lie above the $4\sigma$ levels for
Spitzer and above the $7\sigma$ levels for Herschel and SPICA. The
emission tends to decrease toward high redshift because the observed
intensity and wavelength vary as $\propto (1 + z)^{-4}$ and $\propto 1 +
z$, respectively. Several nearby clusters at $z<0.1$ lie above the
$3\sigma$ levels of the detector at 70 $\mu$m, 150 $\mu$m, and 170
$\mu$m. They are likely to serve as plausible candidates for the
positive detection of the ICD.

We note that the confusion noise per beam, due to extragalactic
sources, drops slower than the size of the aperture squared at $\lambda
> 100$ $\mu$m (e.g., Dole et al. 2004). This makes the extragalactic
confusion per fixed sky area {\it increase} with an increasing telescope
size (Figs \ref{fig:Per_Int} and \ref{fig:Int_allcluster} ). At such
long wavelengths, one may be able to achieve higher S/N by adding
together the larger sky area, while high resolution detectors should
still be useful to exclude individual galaxies.

In order to examine the scale dependence of the ICD detectability, we
plot in Figure \ref{fig:A3571_scaledep} the average surface brightness
of A3571 at 160 $\mu$m within a given radius excluding the central 20
kpc region. Also plotted for reference are the confusion levels for the
same area. We have chosen A3571 because it has the highest S/N at 160
$\mu$m among the five representative clusters mentioned above. In
computing the confusion noises for larger sky area, we have extrapolated
the values indicated in Table 1 and 2 of Dole et al. (2004)
for extragalactic sources and Figure 17 of Jeong et al. (2005)
for Galactic cirrus, respectively. The extragalactic noise
drops more rapidly with scale than the cluster signal, while the
Galactic confusion increases monotonically. The highest S/N is expected
within $\theta \sim 45$ arcsec. This sort of multi-scale analysis is a
powerful tool for detecting the ICD at $> 100$ $\mu$m.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure8.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Average surface brightness of A3571 at 160 $\mu$m
  within a given radius excluding the central 20 kpc region.
  Also plotted for reference are the confusion levels at
  160 $\mu$m for the same area; due to extragalactic sources
  (dashed line) and Galactic cirrus (dotted line).}
  \label{fig:A3571_scaledep}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Constraints on the ICD properties}
\label{sec:constraints}

We have so far assumed that the dust has been injected into the ICM with
essentially the same size distribution and amount as in our Galaxy. We
now examine how sensitive our results are to their uncertainties and
explore what constraints one can place in turn on the underlying dust
model from future observations.

Specifically, we vary three parameters in our model; the power-law index
$\alpha$ of the dust size distribution, their maximum size $a_{\rm
max}$, and the surface mass density $\Sigma_{\rm d}$ at the projected
radius $R=20$ kpc. Since very small dust grains are rapidly destroyed in
the ICM and do not contribute to mid- to far-infrared emissions, we
simply fix the minimum dust size at $a_{\rm min} = 0.001$ $\mu$m. As
mentioned in Section \ref{sec:model}, the power-law index $\alpha$ is
related to that of the {\rm injected} dust with $\alpha = \alpha^{\rm
inj} -1$ and has the value 2.5 for $\alpha^{\rm inj}=3.5$ (MRN). As
shown in Figure \ref{fig:Per_Sd}, $\Sigma_{\rm d}$ is nearly constant
in the cluster and serves as a good measure for the total amount of the
ICD. We take Perseus as a representative target and use the data at 24,
70 and 160 $\mu$m to derive constraints on the three parameters
mentioned above.

Figure \ref{fig:Per_I70Sdcont} shows contours of the 70 $\mu$m
intensity on $a_{\rm max}-\Sigma_{\rm d}$ plane for $\alpha = 2.5$ and
$\alpha-\Sigma_{\rm d}$ plane for $a_{\rm max} = 0.25$ $\mu$m. We find
that the intensity is much more sensitive to $\Sigma_{\rm d}$ than to
$a_{\rm max}$ and $\alpha$. This indicates that the detection of
(or an upper limit to) the ICD emission directly leads to a measure
of the total amount of dust almost independently of its size
distribution. Note that the mean ICD temperature varies only moderately
and can be well constrained once electron density and temperature are
known from X-ray observations (Fig. \ref{fig:Per_Tdave}).

Constraints on the size distribution, $a_{\rm max}$ and $\alpha$, will
be obtained via multi-band observations as illustrated in Figure
\ref{fig:Per_Intratiocont}. Since the intensities are
proportional to $\Sigma_{\rm d}$, uncertainties in $\Sigma_{\rm
d}$ are eliminated by taking their ratios in multi-bands.  The ratio
$I$(160 $\mu$m)/$I$(70 $\mu$m) can yield a reasonable measure of
$a_{\rm max}$ provided that $\alpha$ is not significantly different
from that inferred in the MRN model $\alpha=2.5$. On the other hand,
$I$(24$\mu$m)/$I$(70 $\mu$m) is more sensitive to $\alpha$ than
$a_{\rm max}$ and can be used to infer the former quantity if
sufficient S/N is achieved in both bands.

\begin{figure*}
  \begin{center}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure9a.eps}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure9b.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Contours of the 70 $\mu$m intensity from Perseus on an
  $a_{\rm max}-\Sigma_{\rm d}$ plane for $\alpha = 2.5$ (left panel) and
  an $\alpha-\Sigma_{\rm d}$ plane for $a_{\rm max} = 0.25 \mu$m (right
  panel). The curves  correspond to $I$(70 $\mu$m) =
  100, 10 and 1 mJy/arcmin$^2$ from top to bottom in the both panels.}
 \label{fig:Per_I70Sdcont}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
  \begin{center}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure10a.eps}
    \FigureFile(84mm,60mm){figure10b.eps}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Contours of the intensity ratios, $I$(24 $\mu$m)/$I$(70
 $\mu$m) (left panel) and $I$(160 $\mu$m)/$I$(70 $\mu$m) (right panel)
 on an $a_{\rm max}-\alpha$ plane for Perseus.  The curves, from top to
 bottom, correspond to $I$(24 $\mu$m)/$I$(70 $\mu$m) = 0.1, 0.01 and
 0.001 in the left panel and to $I$(160 $\mu$m)/$I$(70 $\mu$m) = 0.4,
 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 in the right panel. } \label{fig:Per_Intratiocont}
\end{figure*}

\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:discussion}

There have been a number of suggestions as to how dust grains are
replenished into the intergalactic medium. For example, many authors
have argued that a significant amount of dust could be expelled from
galaxies by radiation pressure (e.g., Chiao \& Wickramasinghe 1972;
Ferrara et al. 1991; Shustov \& Vibe 1995; Davies et al. 1998; Simonsen
\& Hannestad 1999; Aguirre et al. 2001a,b). Radiation pressure may
limit the injected dust size at $0.05-0.2$ $\mu$m (Shustov \& Vibe 1995
; Davies et al. 1998) because smaller grains are rapidly destroyed via
sputtering in galactic halos while larger ones are hard to escape from
the gravitational potential of galaxies. Ejection of small grains can
be suppressed further by drag forces due to dust-gas collisions and
Coulomb interactions (Bianchi \& Ferrara 2005). Ferrara et al. (1991)
point out that radiation pressure may also change the composition of
ejected grains because graphite grains can attain higher velocities
and escape more easily from galaxies than silicate grains.

Another potential source of the ICD is from the intracluster stellar
population (Montier \& Giard 2004). Zwicky (1951) was the first to
suggest the presence of the intracluster stars based on the detection of
the excess light between the galaxies of the Coma cluster. Numerical
simulations indicate that $\sim10-20$ per cent of the total cluster
light should be the ICM (Murante et al. 2004; Willmanet et al. 2004).
Recently, planetary nebula (e.g. Feldmeier et al. 2004; Theuns \& Warren
1997), red-giant-branch stars (Ferguson et al. 1998; Durrell et
al. 2002), and also Type Ia supernova (Gal-Yam et al. 2003) have been
detected in the ICM. The amount of intracluster light allowed from these
observations is $\sim10-50$ per cent of the total cluster
light. According to Montier \& Giard (2004), the dust-to-gas mass ratio
of the Coma-like cluster, due to the intracluster stellar population, is
$\sim 10^{-5}$ within a radius of 1 Mpc and predominant compared to the
galactic production. The intracluster stellar population can add small
dust and silicate grains that might be suppressed if galaxies are the
only source of the ICD. As demonstrated in Section \ref{sec:constraints},
multi-band observations of the dust emission will provide a powerful
probe of the grain size distribution, which can be used to constrain the
ejection processes of the ICD.

\section{Conclusions}\label{sec:conclusion}

In this paper, we have performed a comprehensive study on the nature of
diffuse dust in a sample of galaxy clusters at redshift $z \sim 0.01 -
0.8$.  Based upon recent X-ray data, the temperature distribution of the
dust grains are computed taking account of collisional heating by
ambient hot plasma and radiative cooling. The dust size distribution is
also solved by incorporating injection from galaxies and destruction via
sputtering.

If the dust grains are injected into the intergalactic medium with the
amount and size comparable to the Galactic values, the dust-to-gas ratio
is typically $\sim 10^{-6}$ and the mean dust temperature is $\sim 30$ K
near the cluster center. The predicted emissions lie marginally above
the detection thresholds for Spitzer Space Telescope, ASTRO-F,
Herschel and SPICA missions. The highest signal-to-noise ratios
($>4\sigma$) are expected for some nearby clusters such as Perseus,
A3571, A2319, A3112 and A2204 at the 70 $\mu$m band.

Given rather tight constraints on the dust temperature from observed
electron density and temperature, the dust mass can be inferred directly
from the infrared observations. Further constraints on the size
distribution will be obtained once multi-band data are available by the
future facilities. They will definitely provide a powerful probe of the
dust injection processes and dust-gas interactions in the intergalactic
space.

\bigskip

We thank Woong-Seob Jeong for offering the confusion noise data due to
Galactic cirrus, Naomi Ota for providing the X-ray data of distant
clusters, and the referee Martin Giard for helpful comments. We also
thank Hidehiro Kaneda, Hirohisa Nagata, Mamoru Shimizu, and Hidenori
Takahashi for useful discussions. This work is supported in part by
the Grants-in-Aid by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of
Japan (14740133:TK).

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