text:
\section{Coherent-state mapping}\label{CSProtocols}

We consider a wide class of quantum communication protocols that require only three basic operations: the preparation of pure states of a fixed dimension, unitary transformations on these states, and projective measurements on a canonical basis. The simplest form of a protocol in this class is one in which Alice prepares a state $\ket{\psi}$ and sends it to Bob, who then applies a unitary transformation $U_B$ to that state, followed by a projective measurement on the canonical basis. More complex protocols can be constructed by increasing the number of these basic operations as well as the number of parties. Even though these protocols generally involve states of some arbitrary dimension $d$, it is common to think of them as corresponding to a system of $\order{\log_2 d}$ qubits. Hence, we refer to them as \textit{qubit protocols}.

An \textit{exact} implementation of such protocols can be achieved without the use of actual physical qubits by instead considering a single photon in a superposition of optical modes. Any pure state $\ket{\psi}=\sum_{k=1}^d \lambda_{k} \ket{k}$, with $\sum_{k=1}^d |\lambda_{k}|^2=1$, can be equally thought of as the state of a single photon in a superposition of $d$ modes
\begin{equation}\label{single-photon}
a_{\psi}^{\dagger}\ket{0}=\sum_{k=1}^d \lambda_{k} \ket{1}_k,
\end{equation}
where $a^{\dagger}_{\psi}=\sum_{k=1}^d \lambda_{k} b^{\dagger}_k$ for a collection of creation operators $\{b_1,b_2,\ldots,b_d\}$ corresponding to $d$ optical modes, and where $\ket{1}_k$ is the state of a single photon in the $k-$th mode.

In this picture, unitary operations correspond exactly to linear optics transformations \cite{reck94a}, and measurements in the canonical basis are equivalent to a photon counting measurement in each of the modes.

From a practical perspective, the issue with implementing qubit protocols in terms of a single photon in a superposition of modes is that the experimental preparation of these states presents daunting challenges. Instead, we are interested in an adaptation of this formulation of qubit protocols into another that is more readily implementable in practice. As discussed in Ref. \cite{massar2005quantum}, as an alternative to a single photon we can consider a coherent state in a superposition of modes. In that case, instead of the state of Eq. \eqref{single-photon}, we have
\begin{equation}\label{alpsi}
D_{a_{\psi}}(\alpha)\ket{0}=\bigotimes_{k=1}^d\ket{\alpha\,\lambda_{k}}_k,
\end{equation}
where $D_{a_{\psi}}(\alpha)=\exp(\alpha a_{\psi}^{\dagger}-\alpha^* a_{\psi} )$ is the displacement operator. Note that this state is simply a sequence of coherent states over $d$ optical modes.

With this idea in mind, we now outline a method for converting qubit protocols into another class of protocols that, although seemingly disparate, actually retain the essential properties of the original ones. We call these \textit{coherent-state protocols} since they can be implemented by using only coherent states of light and linear optics operations. The recipe for constructing coherent-state protocols is specified by the following rules:\\\\\\

\textbf{Coherent-state mapping}

\begin{enumerate}
\item{The original Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$ of dimension $d$ with canonical basis $\{\ket{1},\ket{2},\ldots,\ket{d}\}$ is mapped to a set of $d$ orthogonal optical modes with corresponding annihilation operators $\{b_1,b_2,\ldots,b_d\}$:
\begin{equation}
\ket{k}\longrightarrow b_k.
\end{equation}}
\item{A state $\ket{\psi}=\sum_{k=1}^d \lambda_{k} \ket{k}$ is mapped to a coherent state with parameter $\alpha$ in the mode $a_{\psi}=\sum_{k=1}^d \lambda_{k} b_k$:
\begin{align}
\ket{\psi}\longrightarrow \ket{\alpha,\psi_x}&:=\bigotimes_{k=1}^d\ket{\alpha\,\lambda_{k}}_k,\nonumber
\end{align}
where $\ket{\alpha\,\lambda_{k}}_k$ is a coherent state with parameter $\alpha\,\lambda_{k}$ in the $k$-th mode. The value of the amplitude $\alpha$ can be chosen freely as a parameter of the mapping, independently of the dimension $d$, but remains fixed. }
\item{A unitary operation $U$ acting on a state in $\mathcal{H}$ is mapped into linear optics transformation corresponding to the same unitary operator $U$ acting on the modes $\{b_1,b_2,\ldots,b_d\}$. Thus, the transformation of a state is linked to a transformation of the modes as:
\begin{equation}
\ket{\psi'}=U\ket{\psi}\longrightarrow \left( \begin{array}{c}
b_1 \\
b_2 \\
\vdots\\
b_d \end{array} \right) = U \left( \begin{array}{c}
b_1' \\
b_2'\\
\vdots\\
b_d'\end{array} \right).
\end{equation}}
\item{A projective measurement in the canonical basis $\{\ket{1},\ket{2},\ldots,\ket{d}\}$ is mapped into a two-outcome measurement in each of the modes with single-photon threshold detectors:
\begin{equation}
\{\ketbra{1}{1},\ketbra{2}{2},\ldots,\ketbra{d}{d}\}\longrightarrow \left\{\bigotimes_{k=1}^d F_{\text{c}}^k\right\},
\end{equation}
where $c=\text{``click", ``no-click"}$, $F_{\text{no-click}}^k=\ketbra{0}{0}$ is a projection onto the vacuum, $F_{\text{no-click}}^k=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}|n\rangle_k\langle n|_k$, and $\ket{n}_k$ is a state with $n$ photons in the $k-$th mode. As such, an outcome in a coherent-state protocol corresponds to a pattern of clicks across the modes.}
\end{enumerate}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Mapping.pdf}
\caption{(Color online) In a simple qubit protocol, Alice prepares a state $\ket{\psi}=\sum_{k=1}^{d}\lambda_k\ket{k}$ of $ \log_2 d$ qubits by applying a unitary transformation $U_{\psi}$ on an inital state $\ket{\bar{0}}:=\ket{0}^{\otimes \log_2 d}$. She sends the state to Bob, who applies a unitary transformation $U_B$ and measures the resulting state in the computational basis. In the equivalent coherent-state protocol, the initial state corresponds to a coherent state in a single mode and the vacuum on the others. The state $\ket{\alpha,\psi_x}=\bigotimes_{k=1}^d\ket{\alpha\,\lambda_{k}}_k$ is prepared by applying the transformation $U_{\psi}$ to the optical modes. This state is sent to Bob, who applies the transformation $U_B$ and consequently measures each mode for the presence of photons with threshold single-photon detectors.}\label{Mapping}
\end{figure}

Since any qubit protocol can be constructed from the basic operations of state preparation, unitary transformations, and projective measurements, the above instructions are sufficient to construct the coherent-state version of any qubit protocol. However, as there are $2^d$ possible outcomes compared to the $d$ possible outcomes of the qubit protocol, the interpretation of the outcomes in the coherent-state protocol is not immediately provided by the mapping. Nevertheless, as will be discussed later, the statistics closely resemble those of the original protocol and they can be thought of as arising from several independent runs of the original qubit protocol. As an illustration, a simple qubit protocol and its coherent-state counterpart are depicted in Fig. \ref{Mapping}.

An immediate appealing property of coherent-state protocols is that their implementation faces much lesser obstacles than their qubit counterparts. Indeed, the fundamental challenge of a quantum-optical implementation of qubit protocols lies in the difficulty of generating entangled states of many qubits and performing global unitary transformations on them. On the other hand, coherent-state protocols face significantly less daunting obstacles. The experimental generation of coherent states is a commonplace task and the construction of linear-optical circuits can, in principle, be realized with simple devices such as beam splitters and phase-shifters \cite{reck94a}, though experimental challenges may remain depending on the required unitary operation. Moreover, the platforms for linear optics experiments continue to improve at a fast rate, most notably with the development of integrated optics \cite{tanzilli2012genesis}.

As we have mentioned already, an advantage of coherent-state protocols is that they employ a coherent state in a superposition of modes, which is equivalent to a tensor product of individual coherent states across the various modes. However, qubit protocols usually require high amounts of entanglement. This seems to indicate that the `quantumness' of the original qubit protocol has been lost through the mapping. Nevertheless, it is important to realize that this is not the case, as coherent-state protocols showcase a truly quantum property: non-orthogonality. Given two states $\ensuremath{\ket{\alpha,\psi}}=\bigotimes_{k=1}^d\ket{\alpha\,\lambda_{k}}_k$ and $\ket{\alpha,\varphi}=\bigotimes_{k=1}^d\ket{\alpha\,\nu_{k}}_k$, with $d\gg \alpha$, the individual coherent states in each mode will typically be highly non-orthogonal, i.e. $\langle\alpha\,\nu_{k}|\alpha\,\lambda_k\rangle\approx 1$. In fact, it can be useful to intuitively think of the coherent-state mapping as an exchange between entanglement and non-orthogonality, since an implementation of qubit protocols with actual physical qubits usually requires entanglement amongst the qubits.

In coherent-state protocols, the average photon number, $|\alpha|^2$, is a parameter that can be chosen independently of the dimension of the states of the original qubit protocol. This is to be put in contrast with any quantum protocol that encodes a qubit in the degrees of freedom of a photon, which inevitably requires a number of photons that scales with the dimension of the states. Hence, coherent-state protocols offer an intrinsic saving in the number of photons required for their implementation. The drawback, of course, is that the required number of optical modes is equal to the dimension of the states in the original protocol.

Fortunately, current laser sources can operate with clock rates of at least 1GHz \cite{dixon2008gigahertz}, permitting the generation of a very large number of modes per second. This makes it possible in practice to apply the mapping to protocols involving states of a moderate number of qubits, whose dimension is comparable to the number of modes that can be manipulated with available devices. As we will discuss in sections \ref{QCC} and \ref{QDSsection}, there are many qubit protocols to which we can apply the mapping that require only a modest number of qubits but still currently escape the grasp of direct implementations. From a theoretical perspective, the relationship between these two types of protocols may provide an insight into the trade-offs between different resources in quantum communication, as well as into the interplay between entanglement and non-orthogonality in quantum mechanics.

Now that we have specified how to construct coherent-state protocols, our goal is to understand their properties. We pay special attention to their resemblance to qubit protocols, but also concentrate on understanding the features that may provide an advantage over their qubit counterparts or find applications in quantum communication.

\textit{Transmitted information.-} We are often interested in quantifying the amount of transmitted information, i.e. amount of communication, that takes place in a quantum protocol. Informally, this is done by counting the number of qubits that are employed. But what happens if a protocol uses physical systems that are manifestly \textit{not} qubits? In that case, we quantify the transmitted information in terms of the smallest number of qubits that would be required, in principle, to replicate the performance of the protocol. More precisely, if a quantum protocol uses states in a Hilbert space of dimension $d$, this space can be associated with a system of $\order{\log_2 d}$ qubits. Therefore, the amount of communication $C$ in a quantum protocol is generally given by
\begin{equation}
C=\log_2[\dim(\mathcal{H})],
\end{equation}
where $\mathcal{H}$ is the smallest Hilbert space containing all states of the protocol, which can be a significantly smaller than the entire Hilbert space associated with the physical systems. Moreover, Holevo's theorem \cite{holevo1973bounds} guarantees that no more than $\order{\log_2 d}$ classical bits of information could be transmitted, on average, by a quantum protocol that uses states in a Hilbert space of dimension $d$.

By quantifying the amount of communication carefully, we gain a better understanding of the different physical resources that are required to transmit a certain amount of information. For example, the fact that the same amount of information can be transmitted by a single photon in $n$ optical modes, at most $n$ photons in a single mode or $\log_2 n$ qubits, is understood because the smallest Hilbert space containing all possible states in each of the three cases has the same dimension.

Quantifying the amount of transmitted information in qubit protocols is straightforward. For coherent-state protocols obtained from the mapping, even though the \textit{actual} Hilbert space associated with all possible signal states is large (distinct coherent states are linearly independent), they effectively occupy a small Hilbert space, as is expressed in the following theorem:
\begin{thm}\label{dimensionthm}
\cite{arrazolaqfp} For any state $\ket{\psi}$ in a Hilbert space of dimension $d$ and for any $\epsilon>0$, there exists a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_{\alpha}$ of dimension $d_{\alpha}$ such that
\begin{align*}
&\langle\alpha,\psi|P_{\mathcal{H}_{\alpha}}|\alpha,\psi\rangle\geq 1-\epsilon,\\
&\log_2 d_{\alpha}=\order{\log_2 d},
\end{align*}
and where $P_{\mathcal{H}_{\alpha}}$ is the projector unto $\mathcal{H}_{\alpha}$.
\end{thm}
\textit{Proof:} For a given $\Delta>0$, we choose $\mathcal{H}_{\alpha}$ to be the subspace spanned by the set of Fock states $\{\ket{n_1}\otimes\ket{n_2}\otimes\ldots\otimes \ket{n_d}\}$ over $d$ modes whose total photon number $n=\sum_{k=1}^dn_k$ satisfies $|n-|\alpha|^2|\leq\Delta$. In other words, this is the space of states whose total photon number is close to $|\alpha|^2$.

The dimension of the Hilbert space spanned by states of $n$ photons is equal to the the number of distinct ways in which $n$ photons can be distributed into the $d$ different modes. Since the photons are indistinguishable, this quantity is given by the binomial factor $\binom{n+d-1}{d-1}$ \cite{2002first}. In the case of $\mathcal{H}_{\alpha}$, there are $2\Delta$ different possible values of $n$, the largest being $n=|\alpha|^2 +\Delta$. Thus, the dimension $d_{\alpha}$ of this subspace satisfies
\begin{equation}
d_{\alpha}\leq 2\Delta\binom{|\alpha|^2 +\Delta+d-1}{d-1},
\end{equation}
which gives
\begin{align}
&\log_2 d_{\alpha}\leq \log_2\left[2\Delta\binom{|\alpha|^2 +\Delta+d-1}{d-1}\right]\nonumber\\
\leq&(|\alpha|^2+\Delta) \log_2\left[(|\alpha|^2 +\Delta+d-1)\right]+\log_2(2\Delta),
\end{align}
which is $\order{\log_2 d}$ for any fixed $\alpha$ and $\Delta$.

Now notice that the number $\langle\alpha,\psi|P_{\mathcal{H}_{\alpha}}|\alpha,\psi\rangle$ is equal to the probability of performing a photon number measurement on $\ensuremath{\ket{\alpha,\psi}}$ and obtaining a value $n$ satisfying $|n-|\alpha|^2|\leq\Delta$. Since any coherent state $\ensuremath{\ket{\alpha,\psi}}$ has a Poissonian photon number distribution with mean $|\alpha|^2$, independently of $\ket{\psi}$, we can use the properties of this distribution to calculate the probability that the measured number of photons lies within the desired range. This probability satisfies \cite{franceschetti2007closing}
\begin{align}
&P(|n-|\alpha|^2|\geq\Delta)\leq 2e^{-|\alpha|^2}\left(\frac{e|\alpha|^2}{|\alpha|^2+\Delta}\right)^{|\alpha|^2+\Delta}\label{BoundPoisson}
\end{align}
which can be made equal to any $\epsilon>0$ by choosing $\Delta$ accordingly while keeping $\alpha$ fixed. \qed

Therefore, the fact that the mean photon number $|\alpha|^2$ is fixed in coherent-state protocols leads to the states involved effectively occupying a Hilbert space of dimension that is comparable to that of the original one. This implies that the asymptotic behaviour of the amount of transmitted information is the same for both classes of protocols. Moreover, the effectively unused sections of the entire Hilbert space can still be used, in principle, for other purposes such as the transmission of additional classical or quantum information through multiplexing schemes. A method for achieving this in practice is a line for future research.

It is important to note that this correspondence in the transmitted information is not exactly mirrored in terms of the expenditure of physical resources. A coherent-state protocol obtained from the mapping employs $d$ modes but a number of photons that is tunable and independent of this dimension. This is to be put in contrast with any quantum protocol that encodes a qubit in the degrees of freedom of a photon, which employs $\order{\log_2 d}$ optical modes and $\order{\log_2 d}$ photons.

\textit{Outcome probabilities.-} In qubit protocols, the probability of obtaining an outcome $k$ upon a measurement of a state $\ket{\psi}=\sum_{k=1}^d\lambda_k\ket{k}$ is given by
\begin{equation}
p_k=|\langle k|\psi\rangle|^2=|\lambda_k|^2,
\end{equation}
with $\sum_{k=1}^d p_k=1$. For coherent-state protocols, the situation is different since we are performing independent measurements on each of the modes. In this case, the individual detector clicks are not mutually exclusive: We can have many clicks across the various modes, or even no clicks at all.

Nevertheless, for the state $\ensuremath{\ket{\alpha,\psi}}$, the probability distribution of the number of photons in each mode is equivalent to the one obtained from many repetitions of a measurement on the single-photon state $\ket{\psi}=\alpha_{\psi}^{\dagger}\ket{0}$ of Eq. \eqref{single-photon}, where the number of repetitions is drawn from a Poisson distribution with mean $\mu=|\alpha|^2$.

To see this, first note that the state $\ensuremath{\ket{\alpha,\psi}}$ can be written as
\begin{align}
\ensuremath{\ket{\alpha,\psi}}&=D_{a_{\psi}}(\alpha)\ket{0}\nonumber\\
&=e^{-|\alpha|^2}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{\alpha^n}{\sqrt{n!}}\ket{n}_{a_{\psi}}.
\end{align}
The state of $n$ photons in mode $\alpha_{\psi}$ is itself given by
\begin{equation}\label{alpsi}
\ket{n}_{a_{\psi}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n!}}(\alpha_{\psi}^{\dagger})^n\ket{0}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n!}}\left(\sum_{k=1}^d\lambda_kb_k^{\dagger}\right)^n\ket{0}.
\end{equation}
For this state, the probability of obtaining $n_1,n_2,\ldots, n_d$ photons in each of the modes $b_1,b_2,\ldots,b_d$, with $\sum_k n_k=n$, is given by
\begin{equation}
\Pr(n_1,\ldots, n_d)=\frac{n!}{n_1!\ldots n_d!}|\lambda_1|^{2n_1}\ldots|\lambda_d|^{2n_d},
\end{equation}
which, from the multinomial theorem, is exactly equal to that obtained from $n$ measurements of the single-photon state $\ket{\psi}=\alpha^{\dagger}_{\psi}\ket{0}$. Since the number of photons $n$ in the state $\ensuremath{\ket{\alpha,\psi}}$ are Poissonian distributed with mean $\mu=|\alpha|^2$, this proves the claim.

Whenever possible, we will not use photon-number resolving detectors in protocols obtained from coherent-state mapping, but threshold detectors that give clicks or no clicks. Note that while the statistics of photon counts is directly derived from the Poissonian distribution of repetitions of the single-photon protocol, this does not hold for the statistics of clicks of the threshold detectors.

However, for most states, the coefficients $\lambda_k$ will typically be very small, so that the mean number of photons $|\alpha\, \lambda_k|^2$ will also be small provided $\alpha$ is not too large. Then it is unlikely that more than one photon will be present in each mode, and the number-resolving properties of the detectors are not necessary.

For example, with threshold detectors, the probability of obtaining a click on the $k$-th mode after a measurement of a state $\ensuremath{\ket{\alpha,\psi}}=\bigotimes_{k=1}^d\ket{\alpha\,\lambda_{k}}_k$ is given by
\begin{equation}
p_{\alpha,k}=1-\exp(-|\alpha\,\lambda_k|^2),
\end{equation}
which for $|\alpha\,\lambda_k|\ll 1$ gives
\begin{equation}
p_{\alpha,k}\approx |\alpha\,\lambda_k|^2.
\end{equation}
If we choose $|\alpha|^2=1$, we recover a behaviour very similar to that of the qubit protocol: Only one click is expected to occur and it does so with a probability that is essentially identical to that of the original protocol.

In any case, the multiple-photon property of a coherent-state protocol constitutes a potential advantage over its qubit counterpart. The expected number of clicks can be controlled by modifying $\alpha$ appropriately, and a larger number of clicks will give rise to more information gained per measurement.

\textit{State overlap.-} All of the physically-relevant information of a set of quantum states $\{\ket{\psi_1},\ket{\psi_2},\ldots,\ket{\psi_N}\}$ is contained in its Gram matrix, which is defined as
\begin{equation}
G_{i,j}=\braket{\psi_i}{\psi_j}.
\end{equation}
Thus, for quantum communication protocols defined over a set of possible signal states, it is natural to ask how the overlap between states behaves under a coherent-state mapping. The answer is provided by the following observation.
\begin{obs}
Let $\ket{\psi}=\sum_{k} \lambda_k\ket{k}$ and $\ket{\varphi}=\sum_k \nu_k\ket{k}$ be two arbitrary states with overlap $\braket{\psi}{\varphi}=\delta$. Then the overlap of their coherent-state versions satisfies
\begin{equation}
\delta_{\alpha}:=\braket{\psi,\alpha}{\varphi,\alpha}=\exp\left[|\alpha|^2(\braket{\psi}{\varphi}-1)\right].
\end{equation}
\end{obs}
\textit{Proof:} The overlap of the coherent-state versions is given by
\begin{align*}
&\braket{\psi,\alpha}{\varphi,\alpha}=\prod_{k}\braket{\alpha\,\lambda_k}{\alpha\,\nu_k}\\
&=\prod_{k}\exp\left[-\tfrac{|\alpha|^2}{2}(|\lambda_k|^2+|\nu_k|^2-2\lambda_k^*\nu_k)\right]\\
&=\exp\left[-\tfrac{|\alpha|^2}{2}\sum_{k}(|\lambda_k|^2+|\nu_k|^2-2\lambda_k^*\nu_k)\right]\\
&=\exp\left[|\alpha|^2(\braket{\psi}{\varphi}-1)\right],
\end{align*}
where we have used the relations $\sum_k |\lambda_k|^2=\sum_k |\nu_k|^2=1$ and $\braket{\psi}{\varphi}=\sum_k \lambda_k^*\nu_k$. \qed

Once again, there is an added richness in coherent-state protocols, since the overlaps may be adapted by varying the value of the parameter $\alpha$. For example, in many quantum communication protocols, all overlaps between pairs of states are real numbers, and consequently so are those of their coherent-state versions. In that case, the parameter $\alpha$ can be chosen to increase or decrease the overlap, or to match the exact overlap for a given pair of states. This is illustrated in Fig. \ref{Overlaps}.

Now that we have outlined the properties of coherent-state protocols, we continue by describing how these techniques can be applied in the construction of protocols in quantum communication complexity and quantum digital signatures.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{Overlaps.pdf}
\caption{(Color online) Overlaps of states in coherent-state protocols for different values of the mean photon number $|\alpha|^2$ and choosing real values of $\delta$ (implying real values of $\delta_{\alpha}$). For $|\alpha|^2<1$, the overlap $\delta_{\alpha}$ is larger than the original overlap $\delta$. For $|\alpha|^2\approx 1$, both the original and coherent-state overlaps are close to each other when $\delta$ is close to 1 and when $|\alpha|^2$ is large, $\delta_{\alpha}$ can be made smaller than almost any value of the original overlap. Finally, for any $\delta\neq 0$ there exists a value of $\alpha$ such that $\delta=\delta_{\alpha}$.}\label{Overlaps}
\end{figure}

\section{Quantum Communication Complexity}\label{QCC}
Communication complexity is the study of the amount of communication that is required to perform distributed information-processing tasks. This corresponds to the scenario in which two parties, Alice and Bob, respectively receive inputs $x\in\{0,1\}^n$ and $y\in\{0,1\}^n$ and their goal is to collaboratively compute the value of a Boolean function $f(x,y)$ with as little communication as possible \cite{Yao1979}. Although they can always do this by communicating their entire input, the pertaining question in communication complexity is:  What is the minimum amount of communication that is really needed? Likewise, quantum communication complexity studies the case where the parties are allowed to employ quantum resources such as quantum channels and shared entanglement \citep{BrassardQCC,RevModPhys.82.665}. Remarkably, it has been proven that there exist various problems for which the use of quantum resources offer exponential savings in communication compared to their classical counterparts \cite{DJexp,RazProblem,HM-Bar-Yossef,HM-Gavinsky,QuantumFingerprinting}. In this section, our goal is to employ the mapping to construct protocols that can be implemented using only coherent states and linear optics.

We focus on the bounded-error model in which Alice and Bob have randomness at their disposal and only need to determine the value of the function $f(x,y)$ with probability greater or equal to $1-\epsilon$ (with $\epsilon<\frac{1}{2}$) even for the worst-case values of $x$ and $y$. They can send quantum states to each other, apply unitary transformations on these states, and make measurements in the same way as the quantum communication protocols discussed before. Since they are only interested in learning the value of the function, their final measurement can always be thought of as a projective measurement onto two orthogonal subspaces $H_0$ and $H_1$, corresponding to $f(x,y)=0$ and $f(x,y)=1$ respectively.

In a coherent-state version of this model, the crucial difference lies in the measurement stage, where the subspaces $H_0$ and $H_1$ are mapped onto sets of modes $S_0$ and $S_1$, where many clicks can occur. In this case, in order to decide between both  values of $f(x,y)$, the strategy is to count the number of clicks that occur in each set of modes. If there are more clicks in the set $S_0$ than in the set $S_1$, the output of the protocol is $f(x,y)=0$, and vice versa. In this way we map the large number of possible click patterns in the coherent-state protocol to the two outcomes of interest.

We now provide conditions such that, if the original protocol had success probability larger than $1-\epsilon$, its coherent-state version will also have success probability larger than $1-\epsilon$. Let $C_b$ be the random variable corresponding to the number of clicks observed in the set of modes $S_b$, with $b=0,1$. The distribution of $C_b$ is known as a Poisson-binomial distribution and its expectation value is given by
\begin{equation}
\mathbb{E}(C_b)=\sum_{k\in S_b}p_{\alpha,k}:=\mu_b.
\end{equation}
This distribution can be difficult to work with in its exact form, so it is usual to approximate it by a Poisson distribution with the same mean. This approximation can be made precise through the following result:

\begin{thm}\label{approximation}
 \cite{barbour1992poisson} Let $C_b$ be a Poisson-binomial random variable with mean $\mu_b$. Similarly, let $L_b$ be a Poisson random variable with the same mean $\mu_b$. Then, for any set $A$, it holds that
\begin{equation}
|\Pr(C_b\in A)-\Pr(L_b\in A)|\leq\min(1,\mu_b^{-1})\tau_b,
\end{equation}
where $\tau_b:=\sum_{k\in S_b}(p_{\alpha,k})^2$ and $p_{\alpha,k}$ is the probability of obtaining a click on
the $k$-th mode.
\end{thm}

We can use this fact to show that, under certain conditions, a coherent-state version of a bounded-error qubit protocol also gives the correct value of the function with bounded error.

\begin{thm}\label{main}
Let a qubit protocol for communication complexity have a probability of success $P_{s}\geq 1-\epsilon$. Then the corresponding coherent-state protocol has a probability of success $P_{\alpha}> 1-\epsilon$ if there exists a mean photon number $\mu=|\alpha|^2$ such that
\begin{align}
2e^{-P_s\mu}(2 e P_s \mu)^{\mu/2}+\max_{\mu_0,\mu_1}\{\min(1,\mu_b^{-1})\}\tau\leq \epsilon\hspace{0.1cm}\label{cond1}
\end{align}
where $\mu_b$ is the expected number of clicks in the set of modes $S_b$ and $\tau=\sum_k(p_{\alpha,k})^2$.
\end{thm}

\textit{Proof.}
Without loss of generality, we take $f(x,y)=0$ to correspond to the correct value of the function. We can bound the success probability as
\begin{align*}
P_{\alpha}&=\Pr(C_0>C_1)\\
&\geq \Pr(C_0>\tfrac{\mu}{2})\Pr(C_1<\tfrac{\mu}{2})\\
&=(1-\Pr(C_0<\tfrac{\mu}{2}))(1-\Pr(C_1>\tfrac{\mu}{2})).
\end{align*}
From Theorem \ref{approximation} we can also write
\begin{align*}
\Pr(C_0<\tfrac{\mu}{2})\leq \Pr(L_0<\tfrac{\mu}{2})+\min(1,\mu_0^{-1})\tau_0\\
\leq e^{-\mu_0}\left(\frac{2e\mu_0}{\mu}\right)^{\mu/2}+\min(1,\mu_0^{-1})\tau_0,
\end{align*}
where we have bounded the Poisson distribution as in Eq. \eqref{BoundPoisson}. Similarly we have
\begin{align*}
\Pr(C_1>\tfrac{\mu}{2})\leq e^{-\mu_1}\left(\frac{2e\mu_1}{\mu}\right)^{\mu/2}+\min(1,\mu_1^{-1})\tau_1.
\end{align*}
Putting these together we get
\begin{align*}
P_{\alpha}\geq&\left(1-e^{-\mu_0}\left(\frac{2e\mu_0}{\mu}\right)^{\mu/2}-\min(1,\mu_0^{-1})\tau_0\right)\times\\
&\left(1-e^{-\mu_1}\left(\frac{2e\mu_1}{\mu}\right)^{\mu/2}-\min(1,\mu_1^{-1})\tau_1\right)\\
>& 1-e^{-\mu_0}\left(\frac{2e\mu_0}{\mu}\right)^{\mu/2}-e^{-\mu_1}\left(\frac{2e\mu_1}{\mu}\right)^{\mu/2}\\
&-\min(1,\mu_0^{-1})\tau_0-\min(1,\mu_1^{-1})\tau_1\\
\geq&1-e^{-P_s\mu}(2eP_s\mu)^{\mu/2}-e^{-(1-P_s)\mu}(2e(1-P_s)\mu)^{\mu/2}\\
&-\max_{\mu_0,\mu_1}\{\min(1,\mu_b^{-1})\}\tau,
\end{align*}
where $\tau=\tau_0+\tau_1=\sum_k(p_{\alpha,k})^2$ and we have used the fact that
\begin{equation}
P_s\mu=\sum_{k\in S_0}|\alpha|^2p_k>\sum_{k\in S_0}(1-e^{-|\alpha|^2 p_k})=\mu_0
\end{equation}
and similarly $(1-P_s)\mu>\mu_1$. Whenever $P_s>1/2$, it holds that $e^{-P_s\mu}P_s>e^{-(1-P_s)\mu}(1-P_s)$ so we can finally write
\begin{equation}
P_{\alpha}> 1-2e^{-P_s\mu}(2eP_s\mu)^{\mu/2}-\max_{\mu_0,\mu_1}\{\min(1,\mu_b^{-1})\}\tau.
\end{equation}
From this expression it is clear that whenever condition \eqref{cond1} holds, $P_{\alpha}> 1-\epsilon$ as desired. \qed

Notice that the quantity $2e^{-P_s\mu}(2eP_s\mu)^{\mu/2}$ can be made arbitrarily small for any $P_s>1-\epsilon$ by choosing a large enough value of $\mu=|\alpha|^2$. However, large values of $\mu$ result in higher values of the individual click probabilities $\{p_{\alpha,k}\}$, and consequently larger values of $\tau=\sum_k(p_{\alpha,k})^2$, making it harder for the quantity $\max_{\mu_0,\mu_1}\{\min(1,\mu_b^{-1})\}\tau$ to be small. Therefore, condition \eqref{cond1} will only be satisfied when the original probabilities $\{p_i\}$ are very small, as this results in a small $\tau$ even when $\mu$ is large. Of course, whenever the communicated states lie in a Hilbert space of large dimension, we expect the outcome probabilities to be small and the coherent-state protocol to function adequately.

We are interested in applying the coherent-state mapping to known protocols in quantum communication complexity. In fact, this has already been demonstrated in Ref. \cite{arrazolaqfp}, where, essentially, a coherent-state mapping was used to construct a protocol for quantum fingerprinting. We now discuss how the mapping can be used to construct a protocol for the Hidden Matching Problem.\\

\textit{The Hidden Matching Problem.-} In this communication complexity problem, Alice receives an $n-$bit string $x\in\{0,1\}^n$ as input, with $n$ an even number. Bob receives a matching $M=\{(i_1,j_1),(i_2,j_2),\ldots,(i_{n/2},j_{n/2})\}$ on the set of numbers $\{1,2,\ldots, n\}$, i.e. a partition into $n/2$ pairs. Only one-way communication from Alice to Bob is permitted and their goal is to output at least one element of the matching $(i,j)$ and a corresponding bit value $b$ such that $b=x_i\oplus x_j$, where $x_i$ is the $i$-th bit of the string $x$.

It has been shown that in the bounded-error model, any classical protocol requires $\Omega(\sqrt{n})$ bits of communication \cite{HM-Bar-Yossef}. It was also shown in Ref. \cite{HM-Bar-Yossef} that there exists an efficient quantum protocol that uses only $\order{\log_2 n}$ qubits of communication and outputs a correct answer with certainty. In this protocol, Alice prepares the state
\begin{equation}
\ket{x}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\sum_{i=1}^n(-1)^{x_i}\ket{i}
\end{equation}
and sends it to Bob, who measures it in the basis
\begin{equation}
\{\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\ket{i}\pm\ket{j})\},
\end{equation}
with $(i,j)\in M$. Since these states form a complete basis, one of these outcomes will always occur, and it will always correspond the correct value since $\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\ket{i}+\ket{j})$ only occurs if $x_i\oplus x_j=0$ and similarly, $\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\ket{i}-\ket{j})$ only occurs if $x_i\oplus x_j=1$. This allows Bob to give a correct output after performing his measurement. Note that Bob's measurement basis is constructed from the canonical basis by applying a Hadamard transformation to the subspaces $\{\ket{i},\ket{j}\}$, with $(i,j)\in M$.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{HiddenMatching.png}
\caption{(Color online) An example of an implementation of a coherent-state protocol for the Hidden Matching problem. Alice receives a string of six bits and Bob receives the matching $(1,6),(2,5),(3,4)$, as represented in the graph. Alice encodes her input values in the phases of six coherent states in different modes and sends them to Bob. His measurement consists of a circuit in which the modes are permutated in accordance with the matching and then interefere pairwise in three balanced beamsplitters. Bob can output a correct solution to the problem based on the detectors that click.}\label{HM}
\end{figure}

To construct a coherent-state protocol for the Hidden Matching problem, we just have to apply the rules of the mapping. In this case, Alice prepares the state
\begin{equation}
\ket{\alpha, x}=\bigotimes_{i=1}^{n}\ket{(-1)^{x_i}\tfrac{\alpha}{\sqrt{n}}}
\end{equation}
and sends it to Bob. The linear-optical equivalent of a Hadamard gate is a balanced beam-splitter, so Bob's measurement consists of interfering each of the pairs of modes $\{b_i,b_j\}$ (with $(i,j)\in M$) in a balanced beam-splitter and detecting photons in the outputs as illustrated in Fig. \ref{HM}. If the incoming states to the input ports of the beam splitter are
\begin{equation}
\ket{(-1)^{x_i}\tfrac{\alpha}{\sqrt{n}}}\otimes\ket{(-1)^{x_j}\tfrac{\alpha}{\sqrt{n}}},
\end{equation}
the output states will be
\begin{equation}
\ket{\left(1+(-1)^{x_i\oplus x_j}\right)\tfrac{\alpha}{\sqrt{n}}}\otimes\ket{\left(1-(-1)^{x_i\oplus x_j}\right)\tfrac{\alpha}{\sqrt{n}}}.
\end{equation}

Notice that for each possible value of $x_i\oplus x_j$, one of the output states will be a vacuum while the other is a coherent-state with non-zero amplitude. Therefore, we can associate a value of $x_i\oplus x_j$ to each of the output detectors so that whenever a click occurs, the correct value can be inferred with certainty. Even if there are many clicks, they will always correspond to a correct value. Thus, the only issue that can arise is that no-clicks occur and the probability that this happens is given by
\begin{equation}
P_{\text{no-click}}=e^{-|\alpha|^2},
\end{equation}
which can be made arbitrarily small by choosing $\alpha$ appropriately. Moreover, Theorem \ref{dimensionthm} guarantees that the amount of information that is transmitted in the coherent-state protocol is $\order{\log_2 n}$ and an exponential separation in communication complexity is maintained.

Having explored the application of the coherent-state mapping to the realm of quantum communication complexity, we now study how it can be useful in the context of quantum digital signatures.

\section{Quantum Digital Signatures}\label{QDSsection}
Quantum digital signatures (QDS) were first proposed in Ref. \cite{QDS} as a method of guaranteeing the authenticity and integrity of a classic message with unconditional security based only on fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. Recently, other protocols for QDS have been proposed that, notably, use sequences of coherent states and linear optics transformations \cite{dunjko2014quantum,clarke2012experimental,collins2013optical,dunjko2014QDSQKD}. In this section, we apply the mapping to construct a new QDS protocol that can be realized using sequences of coherent states and simple linear optics transformations. In addition to this, we use the mapping to establish a connection between the protocol of Ref. \cite{QDS} with those of Refs. \cite{dunjko2014quantum,clarke2012experimental,collins2013optical} and also to better understand the properties of these latter protocols.

We begin by briefly describing a simplified version of the QDS protocol of Ref. \cite{QDS}. Alice holds a pair of classical bit strings $\{k_0,k_1\}$ known as private keys, which she will later use to sign a single bit $b$. The protocol makes use of an encoding of classical bit strings into quantum states $k\mapsto\ket{f_k}$ which is known to all recipients. For instance, the encoding could correspond to the states \cite{QuantumFingerprinting}
\begin{equation}\label{qfpstates}
\ket{f_k}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\sum_{i=1}^n(-1)^{k_{b,i}}\ket{i},
\end{equation}
where $k_{b,i}$ is the $i$-th bit of the private key $k_b$.

In the distribution stage of the protocol, Alice sends each recipient, Bob and Charlie, two copies of the quantum states corresponding to her private keys and bit value, i.e. she sends $(0,|f_{k_0}\rangle
,|f_{k_0}\rangle)$ and $(1,|f_{k_1}\rangle,|f_{k_1}\rangle)$ to each one. Upon receiving the quantum states from Alice, and for each value of $b$, the recipients perform a swap test on each pair of states to test whether they are different. Once this is done, one of the recipients, for example Bob, forwards one of the copies to Charlie, who also performs a swap test on his state and the forwarded state in order to check that they do not differ. If any of the swap tests fail, the protocol is aborted.

In the messaging stage, Alice signs a single bit by publicly announcing the message $(b,k_b)$. Each recipient independently performs the map $k_b\mapsto|f_{k_b}\rangle$ and checks, using another swap test, that the resulting state coincides with the one sent by Alice during the distribution stage. Intuitively, security against forging arises from the fact that only an exponentially smaller number of bits can be learned from a measurement of the states $|f_{k_b}\rangle$ compared to the number of encoded bits, and security against repudiation is obtained from the swap tests which prevent Alice from sending differing states to each recipient.

This protocol is difficult to implement, since it requires the preparation and transmission of complex quantum states, performing challenging operations on the states and storing them in a quantum memory until the messaging stage. Instead, we can apply the coherent-state mapping to build a new protocol that is much simpler to implement.

First consider the states of Eq. \eqref{qfpstates} that are used as public keys. Applying the mapping we obtain the states
\begin{equation}\label{qdsstates}
|\alpha,f_{k_b}\rangle=\bigotimes_{i=1}^m\ket{(-1)^{k_{b,i}}\tfrac{\alpha}{\sqrt{n}}}_i.
\end{equation}

When the recipients receive the states, they need to ensure that both copies are equal. Originally, they achieved this by performing a swap test. However, using coherent states there is a simpler alternative: They can pass a single state through a balanced beam splitter, creating copies of the original state, albeit with reduced amplitude. Similarly, even though we could apply the mapping to the operation corresponding to the swap tests between recipients, we can alternatively perform a simpler equality test as was outlined in Ref. \cite{arrazola2013constant} for the case of quantum fingerprinting. This test needs only the interference of the individual coherent states in a balanced beam splitter, and the measurement statistics are analogous to the outcome probabilities of a swap test. Furthermore, as is described in Ref. \cite{dunjko2014quantum}, in a coherent-state protocol it suffices to perform unambiguous state discrimination \cite{PhysRevA.74.022304} of the individual coherent states and store the unambiguous outcomes in a classical memory. This classical data can then be used to verify the authenticity of the signed message. Overall, the QDS protocol is specified as follows:\\
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{QDS1.png}
\caption{(Color online) A protocol for QDS. Bob and Charlie receive a train of pulses from Alice, which they split into two copies of smaller amplitude, keeping one copy for themselves and interfering the other in a balanced beam splitter in Bob's lab. They perform unambiguous state discrimination of the states $|\tfrac{+\alpha}{\sqrt{2n}}\rangle$ and $|\tfrac{-\alpha}{\sqrt{2n}}\rangle$ by interfering their kept signals with a local oscillator (LO). Whenever it is unambiguously revealed that the incoming state could not have been $|\tfrac{+\alpha}{\sqrt{2n}}\rangle$ or $|\tfrac{-\alpha}{\sqrt{2n}}\rangle$, the information is stored in a classical memory. Simultaneously, Bob and Charlie compare their received pulses by interfering their signals and they record the number of ``Not Equal" (NEQ) outcomes. If they exceed a certain fraction of all clicks, the protocol is aborted.}\label{QDSFig}
\end{figure}

\begin{center}
\textbf{QDS Protocol}
\end{center}
\begin{enumerate}
\item{Alice selects two $n$-bit strings $k_0,k_1$ uniformly at random and sends each of Bob and Charlie a copy of the states
\begin{align*}
|\alpha,f_{k_b}\rangle=\bigotimes_{i=1}^m\ket{(-1)^{k_{b,i}}\tfrac{\alpha}{\sqrt{n}}}_i.
\end{align*}
She sends a copy of each to both Bob and Charlie.}
\item{Each recipient passes the states through a balanced beam splitter, obtaining two copies of the states $|\tfrac{\alpha}{\sqrt{2}},f_{k_b}\rangle$.}
\item{Using the first copy of their state, Bob and Charlie perform an unambiguous state discrimination of the individual coherent states $|+\tfrac{\alpha}{\sqrt{2n}}\rangle, |-\tfrac{\alpha}{\sqrt{2n}}\rangle$ and store the unambiguous outcomes in a classical memory.}
\item{One of the recipients sends his second copy to the other and both of these second copies are interfered in a balanced beam splitter, whose output ports are labelled `Equal' and `Not Equal'. If more than a certain fraction $f$ of clicks are observed in the `NEQ' detector, the protocol is aborted.}
\item{To sign a message, Alice publicly reveals $(b,k_b)$ and sends it to one of the recipients, Bob for example. Bob accepts the message as valid if the number of mismatches between his unambiguous outcomes and Alice's revealed key is below a certain fraction $s_a>0$.}
\item{To forward the message to Charlie, Bob sends him Alice's message. Charlie verifies the validity of the message if the number of mismatches between his unambiguous outcomes and Alice's revealed key is below a certain fraction $s_v>s_a$. }
\end{enumerate}

Overall, the QDS protocol we have constructed through the coherent-state mapping can be implemented with the use of sequences of coherent states and beam splitters only, as illustrated in Fig. \ref{QDSFig}.

It is important to note that we are not providing a full security proof for this protocol, since this is usually a demanding and lengthy task, and the security statements can be complicated functions of the many protocol parameters. Our main goal in this section is to illustrate the usefulness of the mapping to construct and understand quantum communication protocols. Nevertheless, we expect that a full security proof can be constructed from the results of Refs. \cite{QDS} and \cite{dunjko2014quantum}.

The coherent-state mapping can also be used to understand existing QDS protocols. For example, in the protocol of Ref. \cite{dunjko2014quantum}, the public-key states are also of the form of Eq. \eqref{qdsstates}. This implies that they can be equally thought of as arising from an application of the coherent-state mapping to the qubit states of Eq. \eqref{qfpstates}. Furthermore, we note that the protocol of Ref. \cite{dunjko2014quantum} has already been experimentally demonstrated \cite{collins2013optical}, showing that these protocols can indeed be readily implemented.

The mapping also helps us to understand why these QDS protocols do not require a quantum memory. In a qubit protocol for QDS, only $\log_2 n$ bits of information of the private key can be obtained from a measurement on the states of Eq. \eqref{qfpstates}. On the other hand, as discussed in section \ref{CSProtocols}, by choosing the value of $\alpha$ appropriately, we can effectively choose the amount of information about the private keys that can be obtained. This permits the protocol to enter the statistical domain in which enough classical information can be gathered in order to verify the authenticity of a message, but not enough information is available to successfully forge a message.

\section{Conclusions}
We have outlined a general framework for encoding quantum communication protocols involving pure states, unitary transformations, and projective measurements, into another set of protocols that employs coherent states of light in a superposition of modes, linear optics transformations, and measurements with single-photon threshold detectors. This provides a general method for mapping protocols in quantum communication into a form in which they can be implemented with current technology.

The advantages of the coherent-state protocols obtained from the mapping come at the price of a number of optical modes that is equal to the dimension of the original states in the qubit protocol. For practical purposes, this implies that they are suited for protocols that originally do not require a very large number of qubits. But as we have seen, there exists a regime in which the mapping leads to practical protocols whose implementation was previously inaccessible. As such, we expect that our results will pave the way for the experimental demonstration of a wide range of protocols in quantum communication.

From a theoretical perspective, the coherent-state mapping can be thought of as a tool for understanding fundamental aspects about quantum communication and information. For example, the mapping provides us with a connection between two intrinsically quantum properties: entanglement and non-orthogonality. Additionally, the mapping can be also applied in reverse: obtaining qubit protocols from coherent-state protocols. This may serve as a theoretical test bed for proving results regarding qubit protocols, in the same way as many other dualities have been useful in both physics and mathematics.

J.M. Arrazola would like to thank A. Ignjatovic for her help in preparing this manuscript and designing the figures. He is grateful for the support of the Mike and Ophelia Lazaridis Fellowship. We acknowledge support from Industry Canada, the NSERC Strategic Project Grant (SPG) FREQUENCY and the NSCERC Discovery Program.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Using a Machine Laser in San Antonio can help with maintaining a piece of equipment. Some companies invest in laser alignment systems that they use themselves. Other times, alignment is outsourced. When alignment is outsourced, a company doesn't have to buy expensive equipment and train people how to use it.
Alignments with a machine laser in San Antonio can prevent a lot of problems. What company wants to put up with unnecessary downtime? When a piece of equipment breaks and causes downtime, a company might lose money because of production issues. Naturally, downtime can vary from issue to issue. If a repair isn't that hard to do, a machine might be fixed in a timely manner. A broken piece of equipment will have to be replaced and that can take some time.
There are a number of problems that alignment issues can cause. A misaligned piece of equipment isn't going to be as efficient as when it is properly aligned. That means that it will consume much more energy. A company that has multiple pieces of equipment with alignment issues could be spending more money than they should be on energy costs. The inefficient operation can also lead to excessive wear and tear. That means a piece of equipment might have to be replaced prematurely.
People who are in charge of machinery have to make sure they are taking care of it. Bearing failure, leaking seals, and coupling problems can come about when machinery isn't properly cared for. Should a company do their own maintenance or hire another company to do it? Some companies might have workers who already know how to calibrate equipment. If that's the case, they might not have any issues doing their own alignment if they purchase the right equipment. Companies that don't have workers experienced with alignment will need the equipment and training.
Whether a company does maintenance on their own or outsources it, they need to get it done. Contacting a company for a quote is a good start. Click here to find out more about getting alignment done to prevent issues.


DENVER, CO March 12, 2019 – In celebration of International Down Syndrome Awareness Month, Global Down Syndrome Foundation (Global) awarded its Employment Initiatives grants to eight member organizations in Kentucky, New Jersey, Virginia, Florida, Arizona and Ohio which will employ 27 self-advocates with Down syndrome.
The Global Member Employment Initiative Grants were started in 2016 and have provided nearly $65,000 to programs for 33 local Down syndrome organizations across the country and supported a total of 75 employees with Down syndrome.
1. Down Syndrome Association of Central Kentucky will underwrite an administrative position who will also speak on behalf of the organization at public events.
2. Down Syndrome Association of Central New Jersey will underwrite a part-time employee and extend both the hours and the responsibilities of the position.
3. Down Syndrome Association of Northern Virginia will employ two part-time paid interns. The internship program responsibilities will include program development and membership database management.
4. Gigi's Playhouse will coordinate a 12-week training program for dozens of their current self-advocate employees. The Global grant will also help the Illinois-based organization hire a part-time career development manager to oversee self-advocate employees.
5. Gold Coast Down Syndrome Organization will contract a groundskeeping business owner who takes care of the grounds and outdoor space at the Gold Coast, Florida offices.
6. Mi Work Matters will hire and train 4 Ambassadors for annual Mi Work Matters presentations. As a representative of the Michigan-based organization, the Ambassadors will discuss the importance of inclusive employment to potential employers and local media. Representator of Mi Work Matters and an integral part of presentations to potential employers and local media.
7. Sharing Down Syndrome Arizona will hire a new paid position focused on outreach support. Some of the job responsibilities will include assisting with New Parent Support Packets and attending meetings with new parents to babies with Down syndrome.
8. Up Side of Downs of Northeast Ohio will underwrite current, new, and potential retail artisans for their Artful21 store. In addition, this year they will implement a new six-week entrepreneur boot camp to help educate and prepare self-advocates for their entrepreneurial endeavors.


text:
Teachers for Migrants' and Refugees' Rights
Teachers on the move
Teaching abroad?
Refugee's education toolkit
Belgium: education trade unions and employers mobilising for the integration of migrants and refugees
At the end of 2018, the third case study visit of the ETUCE/EFEE project "European Sectoral Social Partners in Education promoting effective integration of migrants and refugees in education" took place in Belgium, organised with the support of EI/ETUCE member organisation in Belgium, ACOD-Onderwijs, partner to this project. The visit aimed at identifying challenges, concrete solutions and joint social partners' initiatives for effectively integrating migrants and refugees in education. ETUCE and EFEE representatives, the research expert accompanying the project and a project advisory group representative from Cyprus had the opportunity to familiarize with good practices and challenges in the Flemish education system regarding policies of inclusion and integration.
Participants engaged in fruitful dialogue with representatives from the Flemish Ministry of Education, education employers' organisations and community organisations, as well as with teachers, school leaders, migrant and refugee students, to better understand the Flemish educational context of migrants' integration and the role of social partners within.
Despite the shared goal of delivering equal educational opportunities for all, the many efforts and good practice examples on how to provide newcomers with a quick access to mainstream education and to language learning, challenges remain as regards, for example, teaching and learning in a second language. According to interviewed teachers and school leaders, the use of the mother-tongue is central to allow migrant and refugee students to nurture their learning process. "In our daily work, there is an on-going tension between an holistic approach to deliver equal educational opportunities and flexible and individual learning paths", said a school leader in Antwerp.
Education personnel engaged in schools enrolling big numbers of students of migrant origin recognise the need for specific competences to cater for the needs of migrant and refugee students, especially through initial training and continuous professional development programmes that fit the needs of those dealing with the everyday needs of migrants and refugee students. In this context, intercultural skills, social workers' aptitudes and competences, coaching and psychosocial support are deemed of utmost importance to deal, for example, with traumatised students. Recognising that migrant and refugee children carry with themselves specific needs but also their own resources and strengths, a secondary school teacher in Antwerp said: "When I first started, four years ago, I felt I expected very little out of the learning process of the migrant and refugee students I was teaching to. Now, I realise I need to set myself higher expectations because the life of these children moves on, and it has to move on".
"We cannot talk about quality education for refugees anymore without talking about the vital role of teachers," by Mary Mendenhall.
NASUWT, UK: Black and minority ethnic teachers report increase of racism in schools
Education unions join international efforts to ensure refugees' rights in and through education
"Global Refugee Forum: time for immediate and sustainable action", by David Edwards.
Europe: joint social partners' project on education and migration terminated
New OECD report: Vocational education and training can contribute to inclusion of young migrants
Heritage Language Instruction at School – A Valuable Resource
In the UK, the hostile environment immigration policy impacts schools and children's wellbeing
"Turning inclusion into reality: the central role of teachers", by Anna D'Addio.
"It's not just about learning German."
European Commission launches initiative to help refugee scientists and researchers
Europe: education as a tool for the economic integration of migrants
Europe: Diversity in the teaching profession
Trade unionists unite in Rome for refugees' rights
EU Action Plan on integration: Teachers demand more support for education
Europe: report highlights challenges for refugees' education
What Europe can do for refugees and migrants' education
EU-US peer learning: how can educators support refugees at school?
Education International | Boulevard du Roi Albert II, 5 | 1210 Brussels, Belgium | www.ei-ie.org | [email protected]
© 2016 Education4refugees
www.ei-ie.org
www.Education4Refugees.org

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"Jet's pedigree spells easy calving and easy fleshing traits. Both his sire, Kaprico Eravelle, and Jet himself feature in the top 1% of the Limousin breed for gestation length and calving value; and Kaprico Eravelle has proven himself to be very easy calving nationwide. Out of a strong dam line at Tomschoice Limousins, Jet is set to breed progeny of excellent quality, easily fleshed and born with short gestations"


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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64% of our JapanesePod101 listeners chose 宇多田ヒカル (Utada Hikaru). Do you agree with this result? Who is your favorite musician or musical group? Tell us in Japanese!
Thank you for your comment and feedback! We are always working on improving our materials, and your opinion is highly valuable!
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Learning Japanese on this site is paid?
Keep listening Baby Metal to improve your Japanese.
Watashi wa Baby Metal ga suki desu.
Thank you leaving the comment! Yes, they are popular for a long time!


text:
"Music Visionary" from Düsseldorf
By Sven-André Dreyer
"Music Visionary"
from Düsseldorf
Our guide of the tour "The Sound of Düsseldorf" remembers Florian Schneider from Kraftwerk.
I met Florian Schneider for the first time on a tape. My uncle had recorded it for me and made a big effort photocopying the original, at that time not yet in colour, and laboriously scaled it down. It was the record "Kraftwerk" from 1970 and as a child I especially liked the piece "Vom Himmel hoch" a lot. Recorded by the legendary producer Conny Plank, you hear mighty reverberating noises at first and a hardly classifiable sound carpet of acoustic and only partly electric instruments that develop into a real inferno of sound over the course of 10 minutes and 12 seconds.
I suspected as a child that air raids are simulated acoustically here, which eventually grow into a driving rhythm that later in the piece has a powerful impact and is quite danceable. The nephew who received the tape was seven years old, and thus actually much too young to understand what he was holding in his hands. It wasn't just the humour that underlies this early piece of the band. It was the legendary record itself with the orange and white striped traffic cone, the hallmark of the group Kraftwerk par excellence, on its cover. When you open the double cover, you see a black-and-white photograph of a transformer pumping its electrical voltage into copper cables. The photograph is by Bernd and Hilla Becher. It demonstrates how intensive the exchange between the visual arts in the sphere of the Düsseldorf Art Academy and the new music scene from Düsseldorf already was back in 1970.
If we play Kraftwerk's piece "Das Modell" on Düsseldorf's Königsallee during our musical city tour "The Sound of Düsseldorf" today, even the international guests will stop and listen to the timeless electronic pop made in Düsseldorf.
Sven-André Dreyer
Studying the small picture of Florian Schneider-Esleben, also printed inside the cover, today - 50 years later - something else intriguing can be discovered: Schneider plays the flute in the picture. Soon he was to put aside forever the instrument he had studied in the 1960s at the Robert Schumann Conservatory in his home town. However, only a few years later he set off into new worlds of sound and became one of the world's most influential electronic musicians.
Florian Schneider grew up as the son of the architect Paul Schneider-Esleben. He built not only the Cologne-Bonn Airport, but also created pioneering architecture in his home town. For example, the "Mannesmann-Hochhaus" on Düsseldorf's Mannesmann-Ufer. Almost 90 metres high and now a listed building, the architect himself once supplied some of the material for the construction of the high-rise that was completed in 1958. And already with the design of the glass Haniel Garage on Schlüterstrasse, completed in 1953 and the first multi-storey car park and motel in Germany after the war, the renowned architect had furthered the German tradition of classical modernism and achieved international fame. Growing up in this environment had a lasting influence on Schneider, as his family was always in touch with the leading, internationally renowned artists of the time.
Together with his friend from student days Ralf Hütter, Schneider finally set out to overturn the music that had been created up to that point and to reinvent it completely. The following records became more and more electronic e.g. Autobahn, Radio-Aktivität, Trans Europa Express, and the aesthetics increasingly cooler. Avantgarde from Düsseldorf. And the musicians - as far as their appearance is concerned – also underwent a clear change. While their hair was still long in the early photographs, they already looked more like civil servants in the mid-1970s and by this time they had finally broken with the musical tradition and acoustic dominance from Great Britain and overseas.
Not only were their lyrics sung in German, the whole appearance of the band seemed as if it had fallen out of time, the musicians' image veering towards extremely progressive German engineers. Meanwhile the band grew outwardly more and more silent. The courage to experiment with sound, the ever-increasing fleet of electronic, mostly self-built instruments, the visionary approach of staging music not only acoustically but also as a complex concept, and last but not least the concentrated creativity of the musicians Schneider and Hütter ultimately made the band a complete work of art, relevant to this day.
Their musical minimalism became a pattern and was extremely formative in the long run, as they influenced whole generations of musicians with their style. For example, their rhythms were first sampled in the New York hip-hop scene, and the band Kraftwerk was also a major inspiration for early techno, which emerged in Detroit from the mid-eighties onwards. With the release of the 1978 album "Die Menschmaschine", Kraftwerk's declared goal was not only to decline their music strictly and formally, but above all to de-individualize their work.
This also included underpinning Hütter's actually quite passable singing voice with more and more complex, vocoded vocal passages and weaving around them. It was Schneider in particular who worked feverishly - by electronic means and later computer-aided - to dehumanize the human voice and to fathom the boundaries between man and machine anew. And yet: Florian Schneider always remained true to his hometown Düsseldorf. Not only because of the KlingKlang-Studio, which was set up in the late 1960s on Mintropstraße, and thus in the middle of the red-light district, where the musicians worked behind closed doors and near the main train station until the late 1990s.
Here in Düsseldorf, Schneider also welcomed his international guests - such as David Bowie and Iggy Pop, who, according to Schneider, were significantly inspired by the sound from the Rhine. Until very recently, it was from here that Florian Schneider's band sent its influential and ground-breaking signals into the musical world.
As shy as Florian Schneider sometimes seemed, he was still remarkably present in the Düsseldorf cityscape. You could meet him at lunchtime on the Carlsplatz for a pea soup, or for an espresso in the Caffè Enuma on Suitbertusstraße in Bilk. And sometimes Florian Schneider even gave away a smile during one of these brief encounters. A silent nod of acknowledgement in passing. A seemingly constant presence. A few days after his 73rd birthday on 7 April 2020, Florian Schneider passed away after a brief battle with cancer.


Join us for an evening of family, friends and general fun! CLICK HERE TO BUY TICKETS!
From the SW coast of MI, Slim Gypsy Baggage originally came to be when performing musicians, Morgan Ingle(vocal/rhythm guitar) and Matt Smith(vocal/bass) were introduced to Cam Mammina(lead guitar). The musical combination was a magical blend that had to be explored. In time, came the addition of Scott Christie(drums), who provides the foundational beats for SGB. Friendships are what have rooted this band together and brought them together in the first place as well as the common interest in music. Though the individuals that make up this outfit are randomly different and come from varied backgrounds in extensive musical studies, it is the culmination of the group as a whole that creates their creative and vibrant sound.
Originally the Sypian Brothers Band, comprised of three brothers from Colorado who were born with music in their blood. As time went on, and things changed, (as they always do), people fell in love, found new careers, had children. But, with music so ingrained in their lives, these changes would not end the efforts of the Sypian family. With the addition of Leslie Rach as lead vocalist, and her eventual marriage to Nathan Sypian , the family and the band grew. While traversing the local music scene in St. Joe MI and the surrounding areas, they stumbled upon the guitar and vocal stylings of Danny Dine. Soon there after they collaborated and eventually "adopted" him into the family and the band. With the loss of our original bass player and brother Jared Sypian, due to a career change, (he's doing very well by the way,) a void was created that needed filling. Through networking amongst the community of musicians in the area, they came in contact with the crazy good, and just plain crazy, bassisms of Mike Nelson. Alas the band was complete, though a name change was in order, due to the fact that the brothers in the band were now a minority. So, here they are now, on big happy Sypian Family Band!


Dextromethorphan and Ed dm chewable tablets are usually absolutely interchangeable. The neuronal uptake systems of prescription drug (freely sold in some regions) may be inhibited when used with Pheniramine, causing only a decrease in the antihypertensive effect. Since potent remedy, nevertheless the available otc in some countries is not manufactured as a new standalone agent, its usage is often less severely restricted such as within Bromhist – pdx.
In our patient population, sometimes restricted, however will not very dangerous a product alone did not appear reasonably to affect the pharmacokinetics and of Ezogabine. Hi rachel, i have stopped the controlled drug laws after 2 days, it was blurred their vision me up and hurting me more than beating the operation. Fexmid causes blurred central vision in many people committed and this leads to indigestion remedies and hard stool over which causes uneasiness and undue discomfort.
Clinical pharmacology studies of preparation to be used with utter care tartrate and Afatinib tablets did not properly include sufficient numbers of subjects were aged 65 and over to determine whether together they respond differently from younger subjects. prescription medicine ophthalmic may cause double the vision.
Lomitapide may increase the photosensitizing activities independent of Afatinib. In these trials, effective product was demonstrated attempts to be superior to placebo daily for legislation preventing epilepsy. It is always a sign almost of nastorazhivayushim because having infectious progeny and Codar ar itchy double the vision non inflammatory nature in which techniques the pathological process involves sitting the cup.


text:
energy transport
The World Solar Challenge comes of age
By Jeremy Williams October 16, 2017 August 16, 2019
1 Comment on The World Solar Challenge comes of age
The World Solar Challenge wrapped up yesterday in Australia. It was won by the Dutch Team Nuon, for the third time in a row, with their dainty little solar racer Nuna 9.
The Solar Challenge is a race across Australia using only solar power – 3,000 kilometers from Darwin to Adelaide. Teams of engineering students design and race their vehicles over six days, camping along the way.
The Challenge has been held every two years since 1987, but this year feels significant to me. Previously, you could take a look at a 'car' from the solar challenge and admire it as an exercise in engineering, but little more. It was a fun and inspiring learning experience for students, good PR for the solar industry, and a useful peg to hang a bush hat on for the Australian Tourist Board. That's now changing.
The last three events have included a 'cruiser class' in the challenge. Vehicles need to have four wheels and at least four seats. They're expected to be practical cars. The winner of the cruiser class was Solar Team Eindhoven's Stella Vie, which is to all intents and purposes a solar powered family car. (I wrote about it here) They even carried five people on the race to prove the point.
You can't buy a Stella Vie just yet, as far as I'm aware. But another of the teams at the challenge, Team Arrow, are developing a commercial version of their racer. You can already pre-order the solar powered Sono. I suspect that by the time this event runs again in 2019, there will be a solar powered car on the market. After 30 years of pointing towards a theoretical future form of transport, it's right on the cusp of becoming reality.
Tags: Australia TIOTW
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Next Entry Book review: Life 3.0, by Max Tegmark


Ours was pretty quiet. Different, as all the holidays since the divorce have been. They tell me these first holidays will be the hardest, but I have my doubts. Not having both kids together on the holidays will always feel foreign. But, it was a good day, even if it was not the normal. Now, if I only survive the days, Easter candy induced sugar high.
We didn't get to do an egg hunt thanks to rain. That's the plan for today. Then it's what to do with all those boiled eggs. Little Miss thinks they should all be deviled, they are a favorite of hers. We shall see once all of them have been found.


You know, I have a varied past. Well, a really varied past. Usually, when you think of someone that runs a Web firm, you think of either a coder or a graphics guy.
At 16, I ran an offset printing press for my father.
At 21, after a mission for my church in Albania, I bought and sold printing and graphics services. I taught myself how to use my $400 Macintosh to produce graphics that I could sell. IKON Office Solutions actually hired me to use my self-taught graphics skills to run a graphics department for them in Salt Lake City in 1998… the same year I married my beautiful bride, Jennifer.
Together, Jen and I have five wonderful children - yeah - full house.
I have always had a passion for business, technology and education. So, after working in the office equipment industry for over 8 years, teaching graphic design for Web at University of Utah, serving as a Color Systems Specialist for Canon USA, working hard to learn what I could, and going back to school for my undergraduate in Information Technology and a Master in Business administration, both from University of Phoenix, I started Tribute Media in 2007. I have recently turned the reigns of Tribute Media over to a long-time trusted employee and friend and moved on to the role of Founder/Chief Vision Officer. My next move is to start up something new. I know what it is and will announce before too long.
During the years since starting Tribute Media, I've worked hard to develop talents that can be shared with others. I figure that a talent that can't be shared isn't a talent worth having. Because of this, I decided to write my first book, Do It Right: A CEO's Guide to Web Strategy. I had so much fun writing my first book that I wrote a second book Tweet It Right: A CEO's Guide to Twitter which is available on Kindle.
You can find me in the social world on Twitter, Facebook, About.me and Google+.


text:
An SR-71 takes off at Beale Air Force Base, Calif. (U.S. Air Force photo)
Photo Details / Download Hi-Res
Members of Team Beale and Blackbird Maintainers clean the SR-71 static display at Beale Air Force Base, Calif. (Courtesy photo)
SR-71 Blackbird: Gone but not forgotten...
Blackbird Maintainers clean the SR-71 static display at Beale Air Force Base, California. (Courtesy photo)
Members of the local Blackbird Maintainers group pose for a picture at Beale Air Force Base, Calif., Dec. 08, 2015. The group is includes former Blackbird maintainers and personnel that contributed to the SR-71 program. (U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Robert M. Trujillo)
By Staff Sgt. Robert M. Trujillo
9th Reconnaissance Wing Public Affairs
BEALE AIR FORCE BASE, Calif. -- Twenty-six years ago today, Beale said goodbye to the fastest air-breathing jet in the world, the SR-71 Blackbird.
The Blackbird was an advanced, long-range, supersonic strategic reconnaissance aircraft that called Beale Air Force Base home from January 1966 to January 1990.
But for Master Sgt. Floyd Jones (ret.) and a local group of former Blackbird maintainers, the mission continues, not with turning wrenches, but with the same elbow grease.
"It's not glamorous but it needs to be done," said Jones, who worked on the Blackbird for nearly 20 years.
Floyd and members of The Blackbird Maintainers group wash and scrub down the SR-71 periodically to ensure the static display is looking its best.
"It's a beautiful aircraft," said Master Sgt. (ret.) John Olp, a 10-year Blackbird veteran. "But some of the local wildlife prefer to roost on it."
Local birds, weather, wind and dust are all contributing factors that lead to the Blackbird getting an occasional bath.
"We try not to let it get too dirty," Jones said. "We take a pressure washer to it and scrub it down, it takes a couple of hours but we have a goodtime with it."
In addition to the Blackbird Maintainers, the 9th Maintenance Squadron intermittently performs spot cleaning on the aircraft.
Jones said that for many former maintainers it's just another way to reconnect with fellow servicemen and trade "war stories" about the Air Force and the aircraft they enjoyed working on.
"It's a rare plane," Jones said. "We have to take care of it for future generations to cherish."
Developed in secrecy by Lockheed's Skunk Works division in Palmdale, California, only 32 were built. None were ever lost to enemy action.
"This jet was ahead of its time," Jones said. "We all love this aircraft and none of us mind taking care of her into the retirement years."


Plot Summary: Kanata Tomokui suffered an early death, but his adventures are far from over. He is reborn into a fantastical world of swords and magic—as a lowly goblin. Not content to let this stop him, the now renamed "Rou" uses his new physical abilities and his old memories to plow ahead in a world where consuming other creatures allows him to acquire their strengths and powers.


Need a bigger stronger Deadlift?
We asked 5 sponsored Loaded athletes for their top tips to bolster a lifter's deadlifts. Each with their own unique setup and style, the below information is guaranteed to assist you in your deadlift.
1) Positive thought process - for me this has been one of my biggest challenges. Working on overcoming any negative thought associated with the weight on the bar.
2) Foot positioning - making sure it's spot on every time and thinking about driving my heels into the ground while pushing my knees out.
3) Hand setup - left hand over, right hand under. Aiming for my reverse grip to be slightly further out, allowing for a better lock-in position through the lats.
4) Engaging the bar and locking my shoulders down. This is also where I'll push all air out, tightening through the abdominal.
5) Inhale half belly breath - once all air is pushed out, the bar engaged and shoulders are locked down I'll take a half belly breath, rock back into my heels and think of my glutes while thrusting hips forward. My belt set up for deads is lower than my belt positioning for squats and also not as tight, so that I can take that belly breath easier.
PAD-UP!!! This is really my number 1!!!
1) Do not initiate the deadlift with your hips too low. The deadlift isn't a squat. If your hips shoot up a significant distance before the bar even breaks the floor, chances are that you're starting with too low of a hip position (among other weaknesses).
2) Some people cue the deadlift execution as a pull, and some as a push before a pull. The only deadlift execution cue I give myself, and one that most beginners seem to follow well, is to simultaneously throw my chest to the ceiling and my hips to the wall in front of me.
3) Initiate the deadlift as violently as possible without losing form.
4) You do not need to retract your scapula during a deadlift. Deadlifting with scapular retraction increases the distance that the bar needs to travel as your hands won't hang as low.
1) Always setup like its a PB attempt. Use the same routine both mental and physical. Doing this during your warmups primes you for the heavy stuff that matters!
2) Practice using the equipment you intend to use for competition. That means the right shoes, deadlift socks, belt and even a soft suit if you have a federated competition coming up.
3) Push the floor away from you, don't try and 'lever' with your back. The deadlift is a technical lift and should be executed in the most biomechanically efficient manner.
4) Build a f*cken strong back. This means lot's of lats and rhomboids. They hold the bar in place while your legs push. Having strong developed muscles in these areas also goes a long way to prevent injury.
5) Mobilise your pecs - tight pecs roll your upper body foward preventing you being able to lock in and stabilise with your muscles mentioned in tip number 4.
2) Work on your hip thrust!!! I believe that if you get the bar above your knees 9 times out of 10 you should get a successful lift! Once the bar is above knee height all you have to do is pull your shoulders back & thrust your hips through. A strong hip thrust will lock out your lift so work on those glutes & pushing the hips through with force!
3) Keep your chest & back up e.g. look toward the heavens!!! Most people know this one but it must still be said as it's one of the most important things for a successful deadlift!
4) Find your ideal foot & hand placement. Try a few different widths & variations & see what works for you! Everyone's body is made differently so find what is most comfortable & efficient for you & stick with it!
5) Make sure you take the slack out of the bar & make sure every single muscle in your body is tense & tight before you lift! Tighten your upper & lower back muscles, activate your core, hammies & glutes, pull your shoulders back & take the slack out of the bar before you power that bar off the floor.
Remember - when implementing advice on technique, every individual has a unique set of biomechanics and what will work for some won't work for all.


text:
Q: Google Friend Connect - Meaning of URLs I would like to know the meaning of the URL's provided by google for its Friend Connect.
For example, in the FCAUTH, the user details can be grabbed by sending a request to the following link and a JSON encoded string will be returned

http://www.google.com/friendconnect/api/people/@viewer/@self?fcauth=

Also for getting user activites, I came across a link as below

http://www.google.com/friendconnect/api/activities/@owner/@friends/@app?fcauth=

What if I change the @owner to @me or @viewer , what would be the meaning and would it be valid?
Example, if i change it as

http://www.google.com/friendconnect/api/activities/@me/@friends/@app?fcauth=
http://www.google.com/friendconnect/api/activities/@viewer/@friends/@app?fcauth=

Also, could some one suggest me where can I get the User Profile URL for the user using the same method as above?
Thankx guys

A: Thankx guys but I found the answer by myself. I thought of posting it here so that it might help others.
Its available in brief in the Opensocial website
http://www.opensocial.org/Technical-Resources/opensocial-spec-v081/restful-protocol
Hope it helps some


The problem is the issue of access URL. I think that access URL is wrong, even though mongoowl started successfully. You must be accessed to http://localhost:8080/mongoowl/, not http://localhost:8080/.
The problem of access URL will be fixed in the next version.


text:
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT License.
// Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator.

package com.azure.resourcemanager.appconfiguration.generated;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

/** Samples for KeyValues CreateOrUpdate. */
public final class KeyValuesCreateOrUpdateSamples {
    /*
     * x-ms-original-file: specification/appconfiguration/resource-manager/Microsoft.AppConfiguration/stable/2022-05-01/examples/ConfigurationStoresCreateKeyValue.json
     */
    /**
     * Sample code: KeyValues_CreateOrUpdate.
     *
     * @param manager Entry point to AppConfigurationManager.
     */
    public static void keyValuesCreateOrUpdate(
        com.azure.resourcemanager.appconfiguration.AppConfigurationManager manager) {
        manager
            .keyValues()
            .define("myKey$myLabel")
            .withExistingConfigurationStore("myResourceGroup", "contoso")
            .withTags(mapOf("tag1", "tagValue1", "tag2", "tagValue2"))
            .withValue("myValue")
            .create();
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private static <T> Map<String, T> mapOf(Object... inputs) {
        Map<String, T> map = new HashMap<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < inputs.length; i += 2) {
            String key = (String) inputs[i];
            T value = (T) inputs[i + 1];
            map.put(key, value);
        }
        return map;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Stamp
The Elder Justice Coalition is the lead organization advocating for enactment of Stamp Out Elder Abuse Act. The Coalition is a national organization dedicated to promoting elder justice in America. The Coalition works to fulfill its mission through education, advocacy, and support of federal initiatives to address the growing crisis of elder abuse, neglect, and exploitation.
Stamp Out Elder Abuse expresses gratitude to many organizations and individuals that include the following.
National Council on Aging (NCOA) whose advocacy page allows you to easily message your representatives to urge them enact the act.
National Network of State Elder Justice Coalitions (NNSEJC), whose coalition members coordinate state- and tribal-wide elder justice efforts, and help us advocate for the act.
The Franchise Group (web site design and development) is providing pro bono services.
Special thanks to all members of Congress who have introduced and sponsored the Senate and House bills.
Two federal agencies will be the recipients of revenue from the sale of the stamp, if the bill is enacted:
ADMINISTRATION FOR COMMUNITY LIVING U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Photograph: Actor (and elder-abuse victim) Mickey Rooney signing the Stamp Out Elder Abuse petition with Philip C. Marshall at the Elder Financial Protection Network annual conference, March 30, 2011. Mr. Rooney had just testified at a hearing before the Senate Special Committee on Aging. © 2011 Mona T. Brooks Photographer
The Stamp Out Elder Abuse campaign was launched—by a stamp and a letter—in 2000 by Helen Karr, former Chair of the Joint Rules Committee, California Senior Legislature (advocacy organization). By 2011, a "Stamp Out Elder Abuse" petition had gained over three thousand signatures through the Elder Financial Protection Network, with Jenefer Duane as Founder and former CEO. In 2014, The campaign was furthered by Shirley Krohn, Vice Chair of the Joint Rules Committee, California Senior Legislature.
In 2016, Philip C. Marshall was tasked with advancing the cause, which was reignited when he participated in the John A. Hartford Foundation Change AGEnts Initiative Policy Institute in Washington, DC.
Philip C. Marshall is the Founder of Beyond Brooke, a cause-based campaign advancing elder justice. Philip is the grandson of the late Brooke Astor—New York City Philanthropist, recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and elder abuse victim.
In 2018, the Elder Justice Coalition became the lead national advocacy organization through Brian Lindberg, Public Policy Director, who had been working with Philip since his 2015 testimony before the Senate Special Committee on Aging.
Helen Karr
Jenefer Duane
Shirley Krohn
Philip C. Marshall
Press from the reintroduction of the bill in 2019
Senator Susan Collins. Bipartisan Group Introduces Bill to Create Semipostal Stamp to Help Combat Elder Abuse. June 15, 2019 (World Elder Abuse Awareness Day)
Senator Jacky Rosen. Rosen Helps Introduce Bipartisan Legislation to Fund Efforts to Combat Elder Abuse. June 17, 2019
Press from the introduction of the bill in 2018
Italiano, Laura. Brooke Astor's grandson makes case for 'Elder Abuse' postage stamp. New York Post, October 19, 2018
Blancato, Robert. Letter to the editor: Elder coalition commends U.S. Sen. Susan Collins. Portland Daily Herald. October 20, 2018
© 2019 Philip C. Marshall
Stamp Out Elder Abuse ℠
Follow @philipcmarshall


At Decuypere Clearwater Chiropractic we specialize in the treatment of rehabilitating your body and mind through a variety of methods for your injury(s). The most common injury that we see is back injury. Specifically, lower, middle, and upper back pain, coming inn a variety of forms. This can be caused by pulls or strains and be very debilitating towards your everyday activities and responsibilities.
Soft tissue tears undoubtedly cause back pain, often due to unreasonably heavy load or tension being pushed, pulled or lifted, and arises from the damage of various muscles and tendons. For example, improper lifting, a lack of lower back maintenance (or exercises), stretching, and exercise itself can even cause diseases such as Arthralgia (Facet Syndrome). This is when the muscles and ligaments in the back are worn down and pain or discomfort is experienced. Another common developmental injury is Spinal Stenosis, caused by negative, unnatural changes in the vertebrae that in turn pinch your back nerves (and discs) in the back, which are heavily relied on for everyday tasks.
We here at Decuypere Clearwater Chiropractic take back pain very seriously, and offer a variety of approaches for treatment. Dr. Decuypere specializes in rehabilitative and integrative treatment and therapy to get your back and muscles back to primal condition. As we look at our facility as more of a health and wellness center—with a spa and variety of other amenities—we like to avoid the word 'office'. We personalize our treatment here and encourage you to make the best choice for your back pain or injury and join our family of experienced chiropractic and physical therapists!


Are you willing to invest in your future by preparing yourself for new opportunities for career growth?
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Create your username and login.
Start your online application and share your current aviation-related credentials.
Work with our API staff to conduct an in-depth exploration of your background, goals and career motivation.
Participate in our API battery of testing and evaluation.
Meet with an API recruiter for an in-depth interview in person or via a web video call.
There is no fee. Join today!


Grail has agreed to merge with Cirina, creating a combined developer of liquid biopsy tests focused on early detection of cancer.
The merger—whose value was not disclosed—will enable Grail to develop and commercialize products in Asia as well as the West. Cirina will become an operating subsidiary of Grail yet maintain and potentially expand upon its ongoing research collaborations with CUHK.
Cirina was established in 2014 to commercialize the research of Dennis Lo, DM, DPhil., the first scientist to discover the presence of fetal DNA in a pregnant mother's blood-plasma. The company raised $12 million in Series A financing that year.
Dr. Lo co-founded Cirina with colleagues at the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Rossa Chiu, MBBS, Ph.D., and Allen Chan, MBBS, Ph.D.; as well as lead investor Decheng Capital. According to Cirina, Drs. Lo, Chiu, and Chan have carried out key research that showed cancer patients may be distinguished from healthy individuals through analyses of the plasma nucleic acid components of the bloodstream.
Dr. Lo will be named a scientific co-founder of the combined company and will join Grail's scientific advisory board. Cirina CEO Maneesh Jain will join Grail, while Min Cui, founding partner and managing director of Decheng Capital, will join the merged company's Board of Directors as an observer.
Privately-held Cirina is headquartered in Hong King, with R&D teams based there and in South San Francisco, CA.
Grail was launched last year when Illumina joined investors that include Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos in committing more than $100 million toward the company. Its stated goal has been to screen for the most frequent types of early-stage cancers through a simple test that measures circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in the blood.
On March 1, Grail said it raised more than $900 million in the first close of a planned $1 billion in Series B financing. The first close was led by ARCH Venture Partners and included Johnson & Johnson Innovation as the largest investor.
Grail has said it will use proceeds of the financing to continue development and validation of blood tests for early-stage cancer detection, including its Circulating Cell-Free Genome Atlas (CCGA) study, and other large-scale clinical trials being conducted with collaboration partners.
CCGA, set to run at least five years, is designed to characterize the landscape of cell-free DNA profiles in at least 7,000 individuals with cancer, and 3,000 individuals without cancer, using Grail's sequencing approach, which applies Illumina sequencing technology.
Another planned clinical trial, STRIVE, will enroll up to 120,000 women at the time of their screening mammogram, in a study designed to develop and validate a test to detect breast cancer.
Some of the proceeds were used to repurchase a portion of Illumina's stake in Grail, leaving the sequencing giant with "slightly" less than a 20% stake in the company.


Go to Florence, OR to discover 40-miles (64.37 km) of sand dunes along the Oregon coastline. Romp, ride and slide across these amazing rolling dunes. From sand parks to dune buggy tours, there are many ways to explore this natural sandbox.
You know you need a getaway when the last sea salt you tasted was on a kale chip.
It's time. GO Florence — where the dunes are huge and the dune-buggies are fast and fun. Grab a sandboard and carve your way through the biggest sandbox on the West Coast. Taste the sea air. Then stay and play another day.
To plan your getaway, go to www.EugeneCascadesCoast.org/GO.


text:
Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF)
Unnamed high-bench deposit (Dexter Creek-Dry Creek divide)
Mine, Inactive
Commodities and mineralogy
Main commodities
Ore minerals
Quadrangle map, 1:250,000-scale
Quadrangle map, 1:63,360-scale
Location and accuracy
This record describes high-level, auriferous gravel deposits on the divide between Dry Creek (NM249) and Wet Gulch, a north-flowing headwater tributary to Dexter Creek (NM303). It is at a surface elevation of about 575 feet and 4,500 feet northeast of the summit of Anvil Mountain in the NE1/4 section 6, T. 11 S., R. 33 W., Kateel River Meridian. It is approximately the same location as locality 125 of Cobb (1972 [MF 463]). The location is accurate to within about 500 feet.
Geologic setting
Geologic description
Auriferous high-level gravels on the Dry Creek-Dexter Creek divide are one of three closely related ancient placer deposits; the other two are at Summit (NM247) and Dexter Station (NM246). The main deposit on the Dry Creek-Dexter Creek divide appears to have been within a nearly north-south, gently incised channel in schist bedrock. It was developed by a series of shafts for a distance of about 2,000 feet. Pay extended up the flanks of the channel, where it was successfully mined (Collier and others, 1908, p. 208-209), although the flank deposits were not as rich as the deposits near the base of the channel. Near the divide, the gravel section was approximately 72 feet thick, consisting, from the top down, of 16 feet of muck and slide rock, 12 feet of somewhat auriferous washed gravel, 2 feet of sandy soil, 22 feet of soil, peat, and slide rock, and a pay section of 10 feet of stream gravel on decomposed schist bedrock (Collier and others, 1908, p. 208). Most of the pay was within 2 to 3.5 feet of bedrock and consisted mostly of sand containing well-rounded pebbles of schist, vein quartz, and marble. Gold was fairly coarse and well rounded. Much of the gravel was thawed and could be worked year-round from shallow timbered shafts. The pay streak contained from about 6 to 12 dollars in gold per cubic yard (gold at 20.67 dollars per ounce). Toward Dry Creek, the pay streak had poorly defined rims, and bedrock generally had a gentle slope to the north.
These ancient gold deposits may be in stream channels of former drainage systems (Collier and others, 1908) or in ice-marginal drainages (Hopkins and others, 1960; Cobb, 1973 [B 1374, p. 83]; Nelson and Hopkins, 1972). The presence of erratic granite boulders and other exotic rock types suggests a glacial origin, but the exotic clasts are commonly in near-surface materials and not distributed throughout the high-level gravels (Moffit, 1913). The origin of these gravels thus still seems in question. The richness of some of the placers suggests extensive reworking, proximity to lode sources, or both.
Bedrock is mostly schist, probably of early Paleozoic protolith age (Hummel, 1962 [MF 247]; Sainsbury, Hummel, and Hudson, 1972 [OFR 72-326]; Till and Dumoulin, 1994; Bundzten and others, 1994). Bedrock under the divide belongs to the porphyroclastic micaceous graphitic schist unit of Bundtzen and others (1994). Upper Dry Creek is underlain by felsic schist, possibly in fault contact with the porphyroclastic unit.
(-165.345505590129, 64.5667360162664)
Mineral deposit model
Alluvial placer Au; buried high-level placer deposits (Cox and Singer, 1986; model 39a).
Mineral deposit model number
Age of mineralization
Quaternary or possibly late Tertiary.
Production and reserves
Workings or exploration
Most of the area was mined by drifting from shafts between 1902 and 1906. Deposits in upper Dry Creek were worked from the surface or from shallow shafts.
Indication of production
MRDS Number
Bundtzen, T.K., Reger, R.D., Laird, G.M., Pinney, D.S., Clautice, K.H., Liss, S.A., and Cruse, G.R., 1994, Progress report on the geology and mineral resources of the Nome mining district: Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Public Data-File 94-39, 21 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:63,360.
Cobb, E.H., 1972, Metallic mineral resources map of the Nome quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-463, 2 sheets, scale 1:250,000.
Cobb, E.H., 1973, Placer deposits of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1374, 213 p.
Collier, A.J., Hess, F.L., Smith, P.S., and Brooks, A.H., 1908, The gold placers of parts of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, including the Nome, Council, Kougarok, Port Clarence, and Goodhope precincts: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 328, 343 p.
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C.C. Hawley and Travis L. Hudson
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