text:
Student Athletes Advice
Stern John - All you need to Know
Pushing Limits Editor
July 27th 1990 stands out for me after the '89 experience
by Clayton Morris, former Trinidad and Tobago Football Captain
Pushing Limits Introduction
It will billed as the big return of international football to local shores in the aftermath of the painstaking defeat to the United States in the 1990 World Cup qualifier less than 9 months earlier, which broke the hearts of local fans.
"Shell Cup 90 fever hits Trinidad" a headline read in the Jamaica Gleaner.
"They think it's no big thing. Most Trinidadians feel their footballers should be able to take care of all the other teams. After November 19 when the team lost to the USA in the World Cup play-off game, Trinidadians felt the Caribbean Championship is not as strong a tournament for the national team," said then journalist, the late Dave Lamy.
There was no Russell Latapy, Dwight Yorke or Leonson Lewis in the side as the trio had taken up contracts on Portugal and England. Also missing from the squad was Marvin Faustin
"Competition banners, placed all along the route from Piarco Airport to downtown Port of Spain, tell a story of a country, in the mood for, and well prepared to take on Caribbean football's number one tournament. Little boys in the streets brighten the surroundings with national team jerseys of Trinidad and Tobago."
"In almost every building one enters, there is talk of the Shell Cup finals — whether it is the apparent "setback" to the National team due to the absence of their four top players — forwards Leonson Lewis and Dwight Yorke, midfielder Russell Latapy and defender Marvin Faustin, or the big question of whether or not upsets will be the order of the day, as happened in the 1990 World Cup," the newspaper stated.
The 1991 Shell Cup Squad in Jamaica. T&T finished runners up to the host nation that year
T&T easily dispatched Grenada 5-0 in the opener on Sunday July 22nd with a double from Peter Alfred and Larry Joseph and one from Paul Elliot Allen.
T&T coach Edgar Vidale described the victory as "great and one the whole country will be proud of."
"We played to according to the team plan. The boys stuck to the strategy we thought would be good enough to beat Grenada. I had seen them against Suriname and was able to devise a plan to counter their style. The result makes me proud of the boys. They kept their composure in the first half and concentrated well throughout the session."
Team captain Clayton Morris described the victory as "the start of another journey."
"We tried last year to reach the World Cup finals but just didn't do it," he said. The following was written by Morris for Pushinglimits.net
The biggest Day after November 19th
by Clayton Morris
Two dates and events that will forever be in my memory, November 19th 1989 and July 27th 1990. They both have significant meaning to me as a citizen and also as leader of the Trinidad and Tobago Men's National Football Team on both occasions.
This day July 27th is also the birthday of my eldest brother Harold "Mau" Morris who unfortunately passed away on the 26th November 2016. (Happy Birthday big brother continue to rest in peace).
Resuming national duties after the disappointing result on November 19th 1989 was kind of mix feelings and emotions for me in that here we were preparing for the defence of the Shell Caribbean Cup under the supervision of Edgar Vidale and not Everald Gally Cummings with whom we should have been with at 1990 World Cup finals in Italy around the same period. While the Shell Cup was now the stage for our international appearances, it certainly was no comparison to Italia 1990.
This Shell Cup however was the ideal opportunity to get new and younger players as my memory serves me Shaka Hislop one of the reserve Goalkeepers, Angus Eve, Dexter Cyrus and Alvin Thomas into the national senior team for the first time. In the 5-0 victory in the first game versus Grenada in this tournament we showed great potential to demolish all comers.
The preparation for this tournament started about four months before with very serious and tough physical fitness under trainer Walcott. I remember we played a practice game in the Po
lice Barracks versus Caledonia AIA two days before the tournament kicked off. This game gave coach Vidale the ideal opportunity to see what to expect from his charges going into the first game. It prompted the AIA Coach at the time Jamal Shabazz to request a rematch. But this didn't happen as you all know what transpired that week.
All eight teams for this tournament were housed at Cascadia Hotel in St Ann's "my home town". This was very trying and testing times for me as captain and citizen of Trinidad and Tobago. After the soldiers on the Trinidad and Tobago national team were called in to duty, six of them, and the other players whose family members were able to provide transport to get to home, I was the only Trinidadian left back at the hotel with the visiting teams. During this period I had to provide mediation on countless occasions as the players from the respective teams looked for ways to ease their frustration on each other. They were all forced to remain throughout the ordeal until flights could take them out of the country.
This team in 1990 was special in that without some of the overseas based professionals Russell Latapy and Dwight Yorke, we had some players hungry and determine to get on the final squad for the Concacaf Gold Cup that year . They were determined to give it their all to make the final cut. And this was the first time the Gold Cup was being staged.
The preparation for the game against Jamaica was very positive as we knew that this was the team that would give us a tough physical battle and we could not think of taking them lightly. We went through our paces as normal and were ready to give an excellent performance as we did versus Grenada. Unfortunately the situation changed as we were all relaxed in the National Stadium watching the encounter between Barbados and St Vincent and the Grenadines.
We all knew what was taking place in the country at the time. I recall hearing a loud noise and saw smoke coming from the area of the Red House in Port of Spain. I said to my teammates that is the Police Headquarters is on fire. Then we saw soldiers armed with machine guns running around the Muslim compound behind the Stadium.
This situation did have great concerns on players mentally and football and going out on the field to play a football game under these conditions were the last thing on our minds. History have it we did play the game as for security reasons it was the best option as persons who attended the football game were safer there at that point in time. The result was a 0-0 draw but I think the memories of that day are there for reasons other than football. The events of July 1990 has brought total awareness to this country in that security became more prevalent as never before in my humble view.
What I can say is there were eleven men on the field that evening at the national stadium that were carrying the hopes of a nation for another cause and I stand today commending them for their efforts. Unfortunately we could not go onto contest the final against Martinique on July 29th which I felt confident we would have been able to secure a victory and another Shell Cup title for our country.
To those families who lost love ones during that time, May God continue to give your strength. I know it's very tough on you when this time comes around. Keep the faith, "God is Love"
T&T players celebrate the 1992 Shell Cup title.
Technology's effect on Football
Don't blow Media Ops
The demands of Travel for Sport Teams


When does personal transport tool become popular? It could be traced to the invention of the first intelligent and eco vehicle. At that time, no one could predict that the vehicle once designed for working and recreational use would make a splash in the transportation market.
Since intelligent two wheel electric scooter unicycle being produced, discussions around it have never come to an end. But the hot discussions mean that it has successfully drawn enough attention. Could intelligent two-wheeled self-balancing scooters be used as transport tools? Are they safe? How are its eco and energy-saving functions? Will the eco commuting vehicle genuinely become a public transportation tool?
When the market originator Segway is mass produced, the cool shape has excited people's curiosity. People come to examine the new product. At that time, there are no such products in the market. However, judging from the current situation of Segway, it has many disadvantages, highly priced and lacking of agility. It does not deliver good user experience.
It is until the birth of FOSJOAS that the market comes to yield unusually brilliant results. FOSJOAS products have brought into full play the eco and energy-saving technologies. From electric self-balancing unicycles to two-wheeled intelligent self-balancing scooters, Moben Global Inc. aims for the ultimate perfection. The market is a little patchy in terms of quality. Customers could not distinguish the good products from the bad. The market needs more professional brands like FOSJOAS. FOSJOAS products are known for its light weight.
The representative product, portable twin-wheeled electric self-balancing unicycle weigh around 10 kg. Even the heaviest two-wheeled electric scooter weighs only 22.4 kg. The weight is absolutely bearable for an adult. FOSJOAS products could be parked easily. It doesn't occupy too much space. The battery duration could compare that of an electromobile. Once fully charged, FOSJOAS V9 could run for 65 km theoretically. But in reality, riders should take their weight and road conditions into consideration.


Students from a City Studies class at Academy of Urban Planning presented the Government in Plain Sight project to their peers. The booklet looks at government's role in the neighborhood.
On January 19th we celebrated the launch of our new website. Check out photos from the event here.


Cube DIY simple and fun box made from eco-cardboard.
Open packaging, 3 pieces scratchy board tray with top and sleeve.
After that, punch the holes and use them to combine the cat toys.
The owner and the cat can have fun together. The owner enjoys doing DIY cube and putting the sticker on cube to decorate new house for your cats. Also,the cat has a private house and relax inside the house with the scratchy board.
3 sticker to stick decorate the cube box.


This season, David Jones added this beautiful shoulder bag to their collection made of synthetic. The colour grey is a must-have this season, and that's why the brand has chosen it to design the Jarma. The size of this bag is perfect for any occasion.


Some people are calling entrepreneurship the 'new mid-life crisis' for the 76 million-strong demographic once thought to be over the hill. Partially due to the economy, but also due to longer, healthier lives and changes in job tenure, 62% of working Boomers are now expected to stay in the labor force, with real power and influence, for at least nine more years, to 2020.
In every single year from 1996 to 2010, Boomers between the ages of 55 and 64 had a higher rate of entrepreneurial activity than Gen-Y, aged 20-34. The highest growth rate last year actually was the next echelon, Gen-X, 35 to 44-year-olds.
Additionally, Kauffman research has revealed that the average age of the founders of technology companies in the United States is a surprisingly high 39 - with twice as many over age 50 as under age 25.
While people under 30 have historically jumped from job to job, another striking development has been a deep drop in the incidence of 'lifetime' jobs among men over age 50.
With longer life expectancies and greater health in later life, older generations are moving to start new firms -- and mentor young entrepreneurs. One new incentive is the falling transaction costs and barriers to entry for entrepreneurs of every age.
The immigrant rate of entrepreneurial activity declined slightly in 2009, but remained substantially higher than the native-born rate. Business-startup rates in America increased the most in the Midwest and South.
Of course no one has any idea what the next big thing will be, but more often than not innovation comes from entrepreneurs. If you are one of the Baby Boomers who wants to redefine retirement, now is your chance for real impact. Find an opportunity you understand, follow your passion, and join the entrepreneurial majority.


text:
Gelles-Cole Literary Enterprises
Receive press releases from Gelles-Cole Literary Enterprises: By Email RSS Feeds:
Albany Scrapbook Examines Life and Lore in New York's Capital City
Colorful cast of characters populates regional history book
Albany, NY, June 15, 2007 --(PR.com)-- Where do Henry Hudson, a slave named Pomp, Mario Cuomo, Philip Schuyler, the inventor of basketball (perhaps), a nineteenth century detective named Elisha Mack, an eighteenth century geographer named Simeon DeWitt, Charles Dickens, the putative Dauphin of France, Fidel Castro, Herman Melville, a renaissance man named Solomon, Baseball Hall of Famer Johnny Evers, early stage star Joseph Kline Emmet, both Abraham Lincoln and John Wilkes Booth, and a host of other colorful and compelling characters cross paths?
In the annals of Albany, New York, one of America's oldest and most fascinating cities.
And in the pages of Albany Scrapbook by Kenneth Salzmann, now available from Gelles-Cole Literary Enterprises
The book explores the history and—sometimes—the folklore of Albany through four centuries. In chapters that look at everything from old Albany's early days as an important outpost for Dutch fur traders to the settlement's first homicide to the region's early theatrical fare and its rich political history, Albany Scrapbook expands upon a series of magazine columns Salzmann, a freelance writer, wrote for the 1980s weekly magazine, Albany, New York.
The new book, priced at $12.95, is the first of two scheduled volumes.
Excerpts of the book appear online at www.albanyscrapbook.blogspot.com.
Albany Scrapbook Vol.1 also can be ordered online at www.literaryenterprises.com or by writing to Gelles-Cole Literary Enterprises, Box 341, Woodstock, NY, 12498.
"Albany Scrapbook is wide-ranging in topic, occasionally whimsical, always well-written, and the total effect is a montage of life in Albany, past and present."
-Wendell Tripp
New York History
Kenneth Salzmann
www.literaryenterprises.com
Click here to view the list of recent Press Releases from Gelles-Cole Literary Enterprises

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: CMD: `DIR *.ext` and `FOR ... (*.ext)` matches too much In Windows Command Shell, how do I get a FOR loop or DIR command to match only the file extension pattern provided? Or said another way, how to do non-greedy extension matching?
For example, a directory contains floo.tif, floorbar.tiff, floormatic.tifw and I only want to operate on floo.tif
for %%a in (floo*.tif) do @echo %%a

results in:
floo.tif
floorbar.tiff
floormatic.tifw

and this is the desired result:
floo.tif

dir *.tif has the same result.

A: What I had in mind was this:
dir /b | findstr /i "^floo.*\.tif$"

or
dir /b floo*.tif | findstr /i "tif$"

Either would prevent matching .tiff and .tifw, giving you the result you expected.
The regexp vocabulary of findstr is severely limited.  For instance, you can't do \w to match word characters, and (foo|bar|baz) notation is not supported.  But at least it offers more granular control than standard wildcard matching.  Do findstr /? to see what syntax is supported.
for /f "delims=:" %%I in ('dir /b floo*.tif ^| findstr /i "tif$"') do (
    rem process each %%I match
)

A: I have a Win32 command-line utility for finding filenames that I wrote a long time ago, and since it matches the long filename it does not suffer from that problem:
vfind.exe. (Source code is also available for it.)
I use it like this:
for /f "delims=" %%i in ('vfind floo*.tif') do @echo %%a

A: for /f "eol=: delims=" %%a in (
  'dir /b /a-d floo*.tif^|findstr /ix "floo.*\.tif"'
) do echo %%a

A: This is what I ended up doing for the project at hand, though next time I would consider using @Loadmaster's vfind or findstr as recommended by @dbenham and @rojo.
for %%a in (*.tif) do (
  if /i "%%~xa"==".tif" @echo Doing something to %%a...
  )

The advantage of if is not needing to run any other programs, so it's faster, more compact to write and easier to mentally decode later. The advantage of vfind is it's complete straightforwardness and clarity, while findstr provides more control in the pattern matching.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
South Bedfordshire was a county constituency in Bedfordshire.  It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post system.

The constituency was created for the 1950 general election, and abolished for the 1983 general election.

Boundaries and boundary changes
1950–1974: The constituency was created by the Representation of the People Act 1948 as a County Constituency, comprising the Municipal Borough of Dunstable, the Urban District of Leighton Buzzard, the Municipal Borough of Luton wards of Leagrave and Limbury, and the Rural District of Luton.

Leighton Buzzard and surrounding rural areas were transferred from Mid Bedfordshire, and the Leagrave and Limbury wards of Luton, together with Dunstable and surrounding rural areas from the abolished Luton Division of Bedfordshire.

1974–1983 (Second Periodic Review of Westminster Constituencies): The Municipal Borough of Dunstable, the Urban District of Leighton-Linslade, and the Rural District of Luton.

Gained the former Urban District of Linslade from the County Constituency of Buckingham in Buckinghamshire.  This had been merged with Leighton Buzzard to form the Urban District of Leighton-Linslade in 1965.  The Luton wards of Leagrave and Limbury were included in the new Borough Constituency of Luton West.

The constituency was abolished for the 1983 general election.  it was largely absorbed into the new County Constituency of South West Bedfordshire, including Dunstable, Leighton Buzzard and Linslade.  Areas to the north and south of Luton were included respectively in the new County Constituency of North and the new Borough Constituency of Luton South.

Members of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1950s

Elections in the 1960s

Elections in the 1970s

References

Parliamentary constituencies in Bedfordshire (historic)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1950
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1983

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This is What a Motorcycle Wreck at 140mph Looks Like!
While there are plenty of words to describe this crash, the one that immediately comes to mind is OUCH!!! This biker, who's screaming down the interstate at double the speed limit – assuming the speed limit is the typical 70 MPH – takes his eyes off the road briefly and feels a great sense of regret.. He has only a few milliseconds to regret it before he began to feel something else, though: the pain of slamming into the back of an SUV at ridiculous speeds. Assuming the SUV is running the posted speed limit, the impact would have the same force as the biker driving into the back of a parked car at 70 MPH. However, if the bone-crunching force of the impact wasn't enough to kill the guy, and it may likely have been since there is no information available about the rider or his condition, then tumbling down the road after the crash itself may very well have done him in. If you slow down the playback, you can see the rider sailing helplessly through the air after slamming into the back of the SUV, then slamming to the ground. At that point, his helmet-mounted camera detaches and goes flying by itself, seemingly tumbling forever before finally skidding to a stop. With no information available, we can only speculate on the outcome, and honestly at these speeds the safer speculation is that the crash was likely fatal. There's only so much force the human body can take and impacting another car with a closing velocity of 70 MPH would be more than enough to surpass that threshold.
While we certainly don't wish the rider to be harmed, we're just playing the odds based on the severity of the crash, however, we do hope he survived. There could also be injuries inside the SUV, based on nothing more than how hard the bike slammed into the rear end. Shattering glass and a sudden impact from several hundred pounds could easily cause the driver to lose control or could cause injures alone. Hopefully, though, none of that happened and everybody made it out okay.


text:
Serdar Bali (born 21 July 1956) is a Turkish former professional footballer best known for his years with Trabzonspor and Beşiktaş.

Professional career
Bali was born in Istanbul where his father Zekeriya Bali was playing as a footballer. The family moved to his father's native Trabzon, where Bali started playing football professionally with Trabzonspor. In 5 seasons with them, he won 4 Süper Lig titles. In 1980, he transferred to Beşiktaş where he won his fifth Süper Lig league title in 1982. He returned to Trabzonspor in 1985, where he retired in 1988.

After retiring as a footballer, Bali worked in commerce -from 1996 to 2002 with his old club Trabzonspor in management. Since 2007, he has been a sports writer.

Honours
Trabzonspor
 Süper Lig: 1975-76, 1976-77, 1978-79, 1979-1980
 Turkish Cup: 1976-77, 1977-78
 Turkish Super Cup: 1975-76, 1976-77, 1978-79, 1979-1980
 Prime Minister's Cup: 1977-78

Beşiktaş
 Süper Lig: 1981-82

References

External links
TFF Profile
NFT Profile
Mackolik Profile

1956 births
Living people
Footballers from Istanbul
Turkish footballers
Turkey international footballers
Turkey youth international footballers
Association football midfielders
Süper Lig players
Trabzonspor footballers
Beşiktaş J.K. footballers
Denizlispor footballers


The Cher-O-Key, the bimonthly school newspaper published by the Journalism Club of Cherokee Junior High School, which was located at 550 South Eola Drive in Orlando, Florida when it opened in 1927. The Volume I, Number 10 edition was published on April 26, 1929 and cost one cent. Articles in the newspaper include an awards ceremony acknowleding outstanding students, the myster of Miss Vanemburg's "environment", two Guidance Program events, student editorials, a calendar of events, a paper published by the Spanish class, club news, Student Council's visit to the "Singing Tower" at Mountain Lake, personal news from teachers and students, the recent track and field meet, a baseball game between eighth and ninth graders, class picnics, and a humor section.
Original school newspaper by Robert Cox, ed.: The Cher-O-Key Vol. I No. 10. April 26, 1929. Prviate Collection of Thomas Cook.
Digital reproduction of original school newspaper by Robert Cox, ed.: The Cher-O-Key Vol. I No. 10. April 26, 1929.
"Cher-O-Key (April 26, 1929)." RICHES of Central Florida accessed April 26, 2019, https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/items/show/987.


300 Tire Service at 210 South Buckeye St. is operating a Auto Repair Centers for in Wooster, OH. Since 2010 300 Tire Service has been help car owners. Contact the friendly people at 300 Tire Service to get started with your automotive needs.


text:
Aberdeen University law student scoops prize in prestigious writing competition
Syed Adil, who studies Scots and English Law alongside European Legal Studies at the university, achieved the second-place finish in the 022 6KBW College Hill Essay Competition
Gregor Mackintosh
Syed Adil achieved second place in the competition
An Aberdeen University law student has come second in a prestigious writing competition.
Syed Adil, who studies Scots and English Law alongside European Legal Studies at the university, achieved the second-place finish in the 022 6KBW College Hill Essay Competition.
The competition, which takes place annually, aims to create greater diversity and inclusion at the Bar, and is open to any student in tertiary education or any graduate interested in the Criminal Bar who does not have a training contract and is from a group underrepresented at the Bar.
READ MORE: Owner of New County Hotel where Aberdeen sisters died in fire says safety fear claims are 'false'
Syed managed to impress the judges on the panel which included notable members of the judiciaryand King's Counsels, such as High Court judge Mrs Justice Arbuthnot, Circuit-court judge HHJ Sarah Whitehouse KC and senior member of Chambers Duncan Atkinson KC.
He said: "This essay competition stood out to me because of the intellectual challenge posed by its question, whether anyone should ever be exempt from criminal law? Carrying out research on this question led to the incredibly interesting topic of diplomatic immunity and how it interacts with fundamental principles of the criminal law, a topic which I ended up centring my essay on".
"The competition provided me with the opportunity to develop further my ability to concisely defend a particular legal position and I am grateful to the judging panel for being selected as the runner up in a competition which saw entries from across the UK".
Professor Justin Borg-Barthet, Syed's personal tutor and the School's LLB Coordinator said: "The School of Law strives to equip students with tools to develop excellent analytical skills which enable them to engage with emerging legal problems. Syed has made exceptional use of those tools.
Plans for new Ellon gym deferred as locals raise parking and road safety fears
"We are extremely proud of this achievement and especially pleased for the opportunities this opens up to him".
This is not the first time Syed has achieved success in this field, with the University of Aberdeen student being named by injury law expert National Accident Helpline as the winner of the Future Legal Mind competition for an essay he submitted back in June 2022, where he was one of just two Scottish finalists.
Hereceived £1,500 which went towards his studies alongside mentoring from experienced lawyers for winning the Future Legal Mind competition, where he was described as a "very impressive candidate".
North-east beer giant BrewDog to open 100 bars across 'outstanding locations in India'
'Tragic' - Aberdeen neighbours react after woman's body found in flat
Five Aberdeen men charged after police conduct drug raids in Torry
Four due in court after cannabis found at former Huntly Arms Hotel in Aberdeenshire


text:
Q: What is the maximum size of a bucket on Google Cloud Storage? When should I use multiple buckets for one web app? I'm working on a web app where users can sign up to a service and then upload things to a Google Cloud Storage bucket.
As I would like the app to scale to thousands of users I was thinking that I probably need to dynamically create new buckets at some point. However, having consulted the google documentation I didn't find the maximum size a bucket can reach and I don't even know whether it is necessary to create new buckets to "scale out".
Any advice on these issues would be appreciated.
Kind regards,
w34

A: There's no size limit for a bucket, the only limit you have is 5TB maximum size per uploaded file.
You can use multiple buckets not mainly for scalability but for access rights management and to structure your data


CELT Ireland is a language school in Ireland, organizing English language courses of all levels. The school promises to provide a wonderful educational and cultural experience for their students, priding themselves on their quality educational services and attractive location. CELT Ireland makes available courses in General English, Academic English, Business English, a Teacher Program, as well as a Junior Program. Teaching is in small groups with professional, friendly teachers. The school is located in a 200 year old Georgian house, but classrooms are modern and bright. Cultural calendar is very rich, too, ensuring a full and enjoyable stay for everyone.


As food lovers, Mark and Tracy opened their first pizza shop in Kariong in 1997, and opened the Kincumber shop in 2009.
The Supreme Pizza - finally, gourmet pizza delivered!
Live in the Kariong or Kincumber region and looking for a healthy takeaway option for the entire family that's quick and easy?
You can't go past The Supreme Pizza - delivering traditional and gourmet pizzas to your door.
We are a family run local business that has been providing great quality pizzas in the Kariong area for over a decade and in the Kincumber district for over two years.
At The Supreme Pizza we pride ourselves on using only the freshest ingredients to ensure you are happy with our pizzas every time...or your money back.
From traditional pizzas like ham and pineapple to our gourmet spicy prawn and mango pizza - you are sure to find a topping to suit the whole family or group of friends.
The Supreme Pizza at Kariong and South Kincumber are open seven days a week from 5pm.
Call The Supreme Pizza Kincumber now on 1300 SUPREME.
Or The Supreme Pizza Kariong on 4340 4225.


Sweden will compete in the Inas Football World Cup this summer in Sao Paulo, Brazil, thanks to the support of Swedish national team captain Zlatan Ibrahimović.
By finishing fifth in the 2012 European Championships, which were held on home soil in Gavle, the Swedish national team for players with an intellectual disability qualified for the 2014 Inas Football World Cup.
However, the success of qualifying was immediately followed by the challenge of financing the adventure. The team manager, Stefan Jonsson, together with Torbjörn Östergren, is the driving force behind the team. "The chance of competing in a World Cup in Brazil is too good an opportunity to miss, but we are called The Unknown Swedes for a reason," Jonsson explains. "Our team rarely, if ever, get any recognition and we are always struggling to survive financially. We speak regularly with the founder of the now internationally renowned Glada Hudik (aka Happy Hudik) theatre, Pär Johansson, and are grateful for all the support and advice we get from him and others, but they cannot solve all of our problems.
The Inas Football World Cup takes place in Sao Paolo in August. Sweden, France, South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Japan, Germany and Poland are the teams expected to compete.


Verbinator is a tool to help you understand German. First, you might ask yourself why you would only ever want only the verbs of a sentence translated, but how often has it happened that you read an entire sentence, understand every word, then get to a verb and wonder what it's doing? Yeah, that's what I thought. This is for that case.
Why not Google Translator / Babel Fish?
Well, if you're looking for a new translator and actually found this, that answers that question. Those translators will only help you so much before you just get lost in their nonsensicalilityness. Plus, when those guys look at sentences, they often fail spectacularly at identifying verb tenses. Verbinator is a tool to help you understand the verbs in sentences and what they're doing.
What's with all the magic?
Buttons tend to need text, and I figured magic was a good way to describe it because, on the back end, there's quite a bit of processing and "magic" going on. In reality, the magic is nothing more than insane algorithms and crunching of the sentence.
This is actually pretty accurate – for doing language processing, it does rather well for itself. It's by no means 100% accurate in every case, but for a majority of German sentences, it will get the job done.
Umm, what are you talking about?
If you think that you found an error with the translation, chances are you did. You see, natural language processing is incredibly difficult to get 100% right (if it were easy, this site would not exist). So, the errors you're seeing most likely arise from the fact that there's some ambiguity in German that could not be resolved programatically, so it tried its best, but that wasn't good enough. Not even the magic and dark magic that the site use are good enough for every case.
No, what if I really find something wrong?
Well, then you might want to report an issue on GitHub Issues.


Chemotherapy is any treatment involving the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Cancer chemotherapy may consist of single drugs or combinations of drugs, and can be administered through a vein, injected into a body cavity, or delivered orally in the form of a pill.
Chemotherapy is different from surgery or radiation therapy in that the cancer-fighting drugs circulate in the blood to parts of the body where the cancer may have spread and can kill or eliminate cancers cells at sites great distances from the original cancer. As a result, chemotherapy is considered a systemic treatment.
Already Starting Chemo - Here's Some "Tips From the Trenches"
The goals of treatment with chemotherapy will depend largely on the type and stage of your cancer. If you're currently undergoing or about to begin treatment with chemotherapy, you may want to understand the goals of your prescribed therapy.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be administered before surgery or radiation therapy. In either case, the goal of chemotherapy is to shrink the tumor and allow the next treatment to be more effective. This entails shrinking a tumor to make it more easily and completely removed by surgery or more effectively treated with radiation.
Adjuvant chemotherapy may be administered after surgery or radiation. Once a cancer has been treated with surgery or radiation, it's possible that undetectable stray cancer cells remain in the patient's body. Chemotherapy may then be administered with the goal of destroying or preventing the growth of these stray cells.
In the past, chemotherapy drugs were mainly administered into a vein (intravenous). Recently, oral chemotherapy drugs are being developed. Oral drugs may provide greater ease of administration since patients can take them at home rather than going to a clinic or hospital for treatments. Not all chemotherapy drugs are available in oral form. Furthermore, intravenous (IV) administration is sometimes preferable because the doctor can be more certain that the patient received the appropriate dose as scheduled and they can monitor the patient during administration.


Manuel Elices is professor of materials science and department head, Gustavo V. Guinea is a professor, José Pérez-Rigueiro is associate professor, and Gustavo R. Plaza is assistant professor in the Materials Science Department. All are at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Professor Guinea is also the president of the Spanish Structural Integrity Society.
Exploring traditional, innovative, and revolutionary issues in the minerals, metals, and materials fields.
The outstanding mechanical properties of silk fibers from the spider Argiope trifasciata are reviewed in this article, particularly the tensile behavior under controlled humidity and temperature. Samples obtained by forced silking showed a remarkable reproducibility. A novel procedure, wet stretching, developed by the authors, promises to shed light on the spinning of artificial silk fibers.
Spider silk is an unusually strong, resilient, and elastic fiber protein that is only surpassed—in some of its properties—by synthetic high-performance fibers. Table I compares some selected properties of silk fibers with those of several synthetic fibers. Silk fibers are nearly as strong as the manmade materials, and have an unbeatable capacity for absorbing energy, also called resilience, which can be quantified by the area under the stress-strain curve measured in a tensile test. This ability to store energy, and the fact that most of the energy is dissipated as the fiber deforms, enable spiders to intercept and catch their prey, absorbing their kinetic energy. This property makes silk fibers attractive for many applications in which energy absorption is the design parameter. Another interesting feature of silk fibers is the way they are produced: spiders spin silk in an aqueous medium, at room temperature, and from common materials. In addition, silk is recyclable and biodegradable.
In spite of the reported advances, the links between the structure and the mechanical properties of these outstanding fibers still remain largely unsolved, and little is known about the spinning process and the apparent effortlessness with which the spider spins the silk fibers.
In a pioneering work in 1976,9 M. Denny examined the mechanical properties of Araneus sericatus silk fibers. Since then, many other spider silk fibers have been studied, but how the primary structure of silk proteins dictates the mechanical behavior is still unknown. This question is pressing in the artificial synthesis of fibers inspired in spider silks obtained by bioengineering techniques. Recently, researchers from Nexia Biotechnologies, in cooperation with the Materials Science Team of the U.S. Army, described the successful synthesis of fibers spun from a solution of proteins obtained by transferring fragments of the corresponding spider gene into suitable mammalian cells.7 The mechanical properties of these artificial fibers, even if remarkable, still differ from those of their natural counterpart. It has been found that the conditions under which the fibers are spun and processed (by drawing, for example) are critical, and their influence in the spinning process is still unclear.
This article presents recent advances in the characterization and properties of spider silk fiber—particularly concerning its mechanical behavior—that could help to clarify the relationship between microstructure and properties, and the complexities of spinning. The article is focused on the silk of Argiope trifasciata (A. trifasciata, Argiopidae), a Mediterranean orb-web weaving spider which the authors have been studying since 2000. Like many other spiders, A. trifasciatas produce different kinds of silk fibers for various functions such as web building, prey immobilization, or cocoon silk. Due to space constraints, this article will concentrate on the strongest of the fibers produced, those used as the dragline and for web frames and radii, which are spun by the major ampullate gland.
The spider A. trifasciata and its major ampullate silk (MAS) fiber are shown in Figure 1. The fiber appears to be composed of two parallel monofilaments of circular cross sections known as brins. The double filament structure is known as a bave.
Little information is available on the protein structure of A. trifasciata MAS, but results from other species suggest that the fiber is made up of a protein network crosslinked with nanocrystallites of β-sheet10 microstructure. This network is anchored by hydrogen bond interactions established between different protein residues.11,12 Although not too detailed, this description of the microstructure captures some important features of spider silk and serves as a guide to interpret many of the findings presented in this work.
The MAS fibers from A. trifasciata are classified into two groups according to the collection procedure: those spun during the building of the web (radii, frame, and mooring lines), as well as the safety line, will be labeled as naturally spun (NS), and those obtained from an immobilized spider by forced silking are labeled forcibly silked (FS) (see the sidebar for details).
In contrast, FS fibers show acceptable reproducibility if a small number of precautions are taken,16 as is apparent in Figure 2. A low variability, and the possibility of collecting large quantities of silk in a simple, repetitive way have led to the adoption of forced silking as the preferred procedure for obtaining fibers for experiments.17 Most of the work in this paper is based on FS fibers. However, the tensile properties of FS fibers have been found to differ considerably from those of NS fibers: FS fibers are stiffer and show a smaller deformation at breaking than NS. Since both types have the same protein composition, the differences must be the result of changes in processing, as will be seen later.
Forced silking (FS) was first developed by Work & Emerson,17 and basically consists of winding the silk fiber on a rotating cylinder. The spider must first be immobilized and the silk thread stuck to the cylinder (Figure A). In the most elaborate configuration, the cylinder follows an helicoidal movement, so that the fiber is placed in parallel rows on the cylinder surface.17 This procedure allows spider silk in excess of five or six meters to be retrieved in a few minutes. Also, the authors found that FS fibers from Argiope trifasciata show a remarkable reproducibility.16 A number of studies attempting to determine the influence of some parameters during FS (silking speed or anaesthetizing of the spider),15–28 are under way. As FS shares some characteristics with the artificial spinning process, a better knowledge of the influence of the silking parameters should be helpful in the design of new artificial spinning techniques.
Figure A. The forced silking of A. trifasciata.
Figure 3 illustrates the influence of temperature and humidity on the stress strain curves of A. trifasciata FS fibers. Stress was obtained by dividing the force by the initial area of the fiber after conditioning. Strain was determined by dividing the change in length by the initial length of the fiber after conditioning.
Figures 3a, 3b, and 3c show stress strain curves at temperatures of 20ºC, 55ºC, and 90ºC and at different relative humidities. At any given temperature, the stiffness of the fiber decreases with increasing humidity. Conversely, when the moisture content is fixed, the stiffness of the fiber decreases with rising temperature, as illustrated in Figure 3d. For high enough values of humidity and temperature, the softening becomes extreme; the whole stress-strain curve changes its shape, resembling that of an elastomer.
Along with the overall slope of the stress-strain curve, the initial elastic modulus and the conventional yield stress decrease as temperature or RH (or both) increase, although the evolution of these parameters differs in the details. Tensile strength and strain at failure show less conclusive behavior, although a tendency to higher failure strain and lower tensile strength is seen with increasing humidity and/or temperature. The sensitivity of spider silk to environmental conditions can be accounted for from the network model mentioned in the introduction: increasing humidity and/or increasing temperature would disrupt some of the hydrogen bonds initially present in the dry silk, leading to more compliant fibers. At sufficiently high humidity and/or temperature, disruption of the hydrogen network would be almost complete and the tensile properties would be mainly dictated by the protein folding of the chains, leading to elastomeric behavior.
The combination of a relatively labile hydrogen bond network and the elastomeric protein chain network also leads to a noticeable evolution of the mechanical properties of spider silk fiber with time, reflected in two well-known phenomena in the field of polymer science: physical aging and viscoelasticity.
Physical aging is characteristic of polymers outside the equilibrium state and is related to transient disruption of the weak interactions and the rearrangement of the polymer chains. Figure 4a shows how aging affects silk fibers; it shows the evolution of the tensile stress-strain curves of FS fibers tested at different times after spinning. All the samples were stored and tested at a constant temperature of 20ºC and RH of 35%.
The viscoelastic nature of silk fibers leads to time-dependent phenomena such as the relaxation of the tensile stress on the fiber when held under constant strain.
Viscoelastic effects are also present in tensile tests. Figure 5b shows the results of tensile tests on silk fibers performed over a wide range of strain rates, from 7 × 10–2 to 7 × 10–6 s–1. Stress-strain curves show that higher strain rates lead to stiffer responses and to an increment of all the relevant mechanical parameters: the initial modulus of elasticity increases by 14%, and yield stress, tensile strength, and breaking strain grow significantly. This behavior confirms the unparalleled dynamic performance of silk fibers, essential for intercepting flying prey. Both viscoelasticity and irreversible deformation account for the large hysteresis of more than 50% shown by silk fibers during stretch and recovery cycles and are responsible for the great energy dissipation of these fibers. Hysteresis is probably produced by frictional forces among segments of protein chains.23 Despite the excellent properties of spider silk, the picture that emerges from this discussion could seem discouraging if spider silk is to be considered as an engineering material: a future designer would have to deal with uncontrolled variability and sensitivity to the environmental conditions and the possibility that the properties of the material might change with time and could depend on the loading rate. Besides, the ability of spider silk to absorb and dissipate energy would lead to disposable devices, since these abilities depend on the irreversible deformation of silk. Fortunately, spider silk is endowed with some properties that make up for its major disadvantages and might compensate for the difficulties of designing with a material whose properties are time dependent. Interestingly, these properties are closely connected with supercontraction and the way the fiber is processed.
The mechanical properties of silk fibers are dependent not only on protein composition but also on the spinning process, which proceeds in an aqueous environment. This is why the study of silk fibers in aqueous media had attracted so much attention by researchers. The spinning of silk starts with a highly concentrated aqueous protein solution produced in a sac in the initial region of the silk glands.6 The sac is anchored by a funnel to an S-shaped duct that tapers down to the spigot. The initially isotropic protein solution acquires a liquid crystal structure in the funnel,8 so that it can flow more easily through the narrow duct. The liquid crystal structure could also promote the pre-alignment of the fibers prior to full fiber formation. The fiber is formed from the solution in the third limb of the duct, as seen from the separation of the lateral surface of the fiber from the walls of the duct,6 and emerges through the lips of the spigot. The identification of several structures along the duct and in the spigot responsible for recovering the water initially present in the aqueous solution suggests that water content might be a critical parameter during spinning.
The search for a biological role of supercontraction, possibly in combination with stretching, led the authors to consider the processing of the fiber as a situation in which the fiber would be naturally subjected to both effects. In this context, the whole range of tensile properties displayed by naturally spun silk fibers have been mimicked through a combination of supercontraction and stretching. The results suggest that their combined effect plays a significant role during the spinning of spider silk. This study shows that the whole range of tensile properties exhibited by spider silk14 can be predictably reproduced by simply controlling the deformation of supercontracted fibers stretched in water, a process called wet stretching (Figure 6).26 In this procedure, an FS fiber glued by its ends to an aluminum foil frame is immersed in water at 20ºC. It is allowed to contract unrestrained up to the supercontracted length, stretched up to the selected length, and the ends are clamped in this position. Water is removed after 10 min., and the FS fiber is dried overnight at 20ºC and 35% RH. Finally, the stresses built up in the fiber during drying are relaxed by unloading down to the final length. Since the fiber is subjected to similar influences during spinning, the results indicate a critical biological function of supercontraction during the spinning process of silk fibers.
The effect of stretching on supercontracted fibers and subsequent drying is illustrated in Figure 7. The stretching process is characterized by the alignment parameter defined as α = LC/LSC-1 (see the inset in Figure 7 for definitions of LC and LSC). Very good repeatability—unusual when dealing with spider silk fibers—was achieved with this process, as is shown by the similar stress-strain curves presented by the three fibers tested for each alignment parameter.
Stretching the supercontracted fiber leads to an increase in LC and consequently of the alignment parameter. The collection of stress-strain curves displayed by NS fibers (see inset in Figure 7) is regained for alignment parameters ranging from α ≈ 0.4 to α ≈ 0.8, and is illustrated by the curves corresponding to α ≈ 0.45. Alignment parameters in the range of α ≈ 0.9 to α ≈ 1.1 yield fibers with stress-strain curves similar to those of forcibly silked fibers (FS fibers are shown for direct comparison). These values of the alignment parameter indicate that the length of FS fibers doubles that of supercontracted fibers, as expected from the approximate 50% reduction of the length of FS fibers when subjected to supercontraction. From a microstructural point of view, the stretching and drying process on supercontracted fibers can be understood from the protein network model: the water molecules disrupt the hydrogen bond network, and further stretching rearranges the protein chain network to a new conformation. The final conformation is frozen by re-establishing a new hydrogen bond network after drying. This suggests that a similar stretching and drying process within the silk gland can account for the variability observed in the tensile properties of MAS fibers and places supercontraction as a central feature of the spinning process. Besides, the low forces involved in stretching supercontracted fibers up to large deformations (strain values up to 1.0) allow the modification of the tensile properties with a minimum expense of energy. From a technological perspective, the stretching and drying process allows the production of spider silk fibers with a tailored stress-strain profile in a reliable and repetitive way—even starting with irreversibly deformed fibers—which leads to the possibility of designing re-usable devices. This procedure casts light on the natural spinning process and can be helpful in designing the spinning processes that the biomimetics industry is developing.
The role of the structure in the outstanding mechanical properties: high tensile strength, high rupture strain, and viscoelastic behavior. The role of moisture is of paramount importance.
In the spinning process, the combination of an aqueous environment and of stretching is an essential feature of the spinning of silk, and in consequence it is suggested that a similar process within the silk gland accounts for the broad range of tensile properties displayed by spider silk fibers. The ubiquitous presence of supercontraction and the simplicity of the process allow it to be incorporated into the spinning of artificial silk fibers, improving the reproducibility of the fiber tensile properties.
It is worth noting that the final goal is not to copy the spider silk but to find inspiration in spider silks to design high performance fibers. Finally, one should remember that spiders remake their webs daily and Argiope, in particular, works in high moisture (RH = 60% and higher).
The authors thank K.K. Chawla for his kind invitation and encouragement to prepare this review paper. The authors also want to thank José Miguel Martínez for his help in setting up the experiments and the editing of the manuscript. A. trifasciata spiders were kindly provided by Jesús Miñano and reared by Oscar Campos and Iván Blanco (Naturaleza Misteriosa, Parque Zoológico de Madrid). This work was supported by Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia and Comunidad de Madrid, Spain, through grants MAT 2003-4906 and 07N/0001/2002.
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For more information, contact Manuel Elices, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETS de Ingenieros de Caminos, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; e-mail melices@mater.upm.es.