Loneliness outnumbers us. Loneliness outguns us. It is everywhere. It lurks in every shadow, just steps from us, like some phantom bankruptcy, ready to stain every happiness on to which we cling. It preys equally on those who are alone, and those who are not. It stalks both the happy and the depressed. At this very moment, millions of bad decisions are being made based on the influence of loneliness.
But do not be deceived, for loneliness is not some malevolent third party out to get us. No, we were born with it. It was with us on our first day of school. Remember it? It was there for every failure, every rejection, every misstep we have ever taken. One might even say that we are loneliness and loneliness is us.
Loneliness is not just there to kick us when we are down. It is also there at the start, creating the conditions that put us down in the first place.
Every hour of every day, people are being deceived and abandoned as a result of decisions that were tainted by loneliness. It undermines our sense of self, making us feel less than whole. It then convinces us that the best way to retain a state of wholeness, is to fill the gaps with people. Loneliness drives us to lure other people into our lives, just to mitigate our sense of loneliness. Once abated, we abandon these people to the same fate. Our loneliness uses us like a host to trigger the loneliness in others. And we allow it to do all these things. We are culpable.
So we are both the victims and instigators of loneliness. It is a venomous cycle that we are fully capable of breaking.
Last summer my inability to break my own loneliness cycle came to a pretty hideous conclusion. I had been suffering bouts of loneliness from the moment Larissa was diagnosed with terminal cancer. It obviously got much worse after she died. There I was, alone at Kipuka trying to hold things together whilst blundering my way through bereavement and launching a business at the same time. I turned to old friends online, some of whom are women, and some of those, unattached. Eventually I met someone lovely but unfortunately, she lived in LA. We saw each other about every two months and talked frequently but briefly online almost daily. It was not enough to tackle my loneliness. And so my conversations with others continued and some of those conversations were inappropriate considering my new relationship. All the integrity I had developed was rationalized away in a misguided attempt to stave off loneliness.
I was lucky enough to have friends of friends help me out and that bought me some time to process the loss of Kipuka, and this emotional catastrophe of my own making. The extent of loneliness's influence over me became clear over the course of the summer. Despite having a better understanding of the nature of loneliness, I could not shake its grip until I admitted to myself the depths of its hold over me and how that was manifest. As I began to uncover the holes in me that I was trying to fill with other people, I also began to understand how radically different my life needed to be if I were to live a less lonely life, and without repeating past behaviours.
The first thing I needed was a sense of home. This had been missing for a very long time indeed and I knew it certainly was not to be found in LA. In September I went to Germany to visit my friend Thomas one last time as he was dying. That visit imparted on me another dark gift that was different from those bestowed upon me by the death of Larissa. This latest, dark gift, helped me visualize feelings, so that I could label them, and set them free. Another gave me the insight to see where I needed to be.
And here I am. I left Eartha with my ex partner in LA as they needed each other. Cosmo has come with me and here we are halfway up a mountain in Italy, seemingly as remote as we have ever been! But we are not. First, I am closer to dear friends than I have been since 2013. Second, I am in a place that is my home, a place I have owned for 20 years. And I have the time and quiet to think through what I should have thought through ages ago. And I am filling my gaps with my own self awareness, another thing I should have done years ago.
Yes, I still feel lonely. But I recognize that feeling as soon as it crops up. And thanks to the dark gift from my friend Thomas, I can easily recognise the feeling, label it, and watch it go away. I now reclaim the power loneliness used to steal from me. And in doing this, I reclaim the integrity I had lost.
Thank you Leyla, for inviting me to see Thomas when you did. It was one of the most important things I have ever done and this was not lost on me then, or now. Every time I use Thomas's dark gift, a piece of him comes back to visit me.
And thank you Jin, for inspiring me to come back to this story after so many false starts and failed attempts. Your journey, though similar to mine, is not the same. But your battle with loneliness brought mine into such sharp focus that the words finally found me.


Dr. Peter N. Brieloff is the president and founder of the Brieloff Foot Centers. Dr. Brieloff has been in private practice since 1987. He is a graduate of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, MD. and the Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine. He completed a residency in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery at the FDR VA Medical Center in Montrose, NY.
Dr. Brieloff is Board Certified in Foot Surgery by the American Board of Podiatric Surgery as well as Podiatric Orthopedics and Podiatric Medicine by the American Board of Podiatric Orthopedics and Primary Podiatric Medicine. When he completed the last of these board certifications in 1993, he became the youngest podiatrist to achieve all three board certifications.
Dr. Brieloff is a Fellow of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons; the American College of Foot and Ankle Orthopedics and Medicine; and the American Academy of Podiatric Practice Management. He is also a member of both the American Podiatric Medical Association and Maryland Podiatric Medical Association.
Dr. Brieloff is on staff at the Western Maryland Health System in Cumberland and was the Chief of Surgery of the Surgery Department of the Western Maryland Health System from 2003-2011. A native of Long Island, NY, Dr. Brieloff is married with two children, Alyssa and Corey. In addition to his family and practice, he also enjoys golf.


text:
Q: Invoke github composite action within same repo I am defining a github action that I invoke in other repositories.
The folder structure looks like:
 setup-node
 └──
    .github
    └── workflows
        └── release-management.yml
        └── validate.yml
    └── release-drafter.yml
 └── action.yaml

Within action.yaml I have:
name: My action
description: <Description>
inputs:
  <Some inputs>

runs:
  using: 'composite'

  steps:
  ...

Within validate.yml, I cannot invoke my action in a step:
 name: Invoke my action
 uses: ./action.yaml
 with:
   <My inputs>

However, I get the following error: Can't find 'action.yml', 'action.yaml' or 'Dockerfile'. I am able to invoke the action from other repos successfully. Is there any way for me to invoke my action within its own repo so I can run some verification steps?

A: You can invoke your own action like so:
 name: Invoke my action
 uses: ./
 with:
   <My inputs>

This will call the action defined within the repo in your workflow.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
10 Numbers To Inspire Grit
by Deborah Song
Every parent wants success for their child. What many don't know is what it takes to be successful. Talent and encouragement are both helpful, but ultimately, grit is the most important quality for success. A research study undertaken in partnership with classroom teachers by University of Pennsylvania psychologist Angela Duckworth showed that students became less frustrated with the learning process and put forth more effort when they understood even experts struggle to learn their craft.
Here are 10 numbers to remind your kids that even the most renowned geniuses and accomplished heroes of our time struggled— a lot. These famous failures show us that achievement happens not in spite of, but because of failure.
10: 9,000
Michael Jordan is considered to be the best basketball player in the history of the game, but did you know he's also one of the most famous failures in the NBA? He has missed more than 9,000 shots in his career. He has also lost almost 300 games, 26 of which resulted from missing the winning shot.
And who can forget that he failed to make his high school basketball team? But for Jordan, failure is the recipe to his success: "I have failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed."
9: 5,126
James Dyson was frustrated with his Hoover vacuum and its loss of suction. So he had an idea to create the world's first bagless vacuum cleaner. It took Dyson 5,126 attempts before finally getting it right. Even then, no distributor in the UK would take on the product, so Dyson ended up creating his own company to market the product.
Today, Dyson is worth $4.8 billion all because of his refusal to give up. His famous failures are an inspiration for aspiring engineers and entrepreneurs everywhere.
During his career, Babe Ruth set the record for most home runs in a season with 714 home runs. The number to remember here, though, is 1,330. That's how many times Ruth struck out. So for every home run he made, Ruth struck out about twice. He was successful a lot, but he failed even more. "Every strike brings me closer to my next home run," the Great Bambino once said.
Musicians know that concert performance—that unique experience with audience interaction—is critical to honing their craft. In 1960, the Beatles were still an unknown high school rock band. For the next four years, they frequented local clubs in Hamburg, Germany, playing and practicing sometimes eight hours a night seven days a week.
When they burst onto the scene in 1964, they had played over 1,200 concerts together. This is an extraordinary number in such a short time considering most bands today don't perform 1,200 times in their entire career. The Beatles were as good as they were because they literally outperformed most bands.
Thomas Edison pretty much takes the cake when if comes to famous failures. As a young boy, teachers told him he was "too stupid to learn anything." He got fired from his first two jobs. Even as an inventor, Edison didn't seem to bear much fruit—not when he was starting out, at least.
Edison made more than 1,000 attempts before succeeding at inventing the first commercially viable light bulb. Throughout it all, he didn't consider himself a failure. Edison believed that each failure brought him closer to success. To use his words, "Many of life's failures are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up."
More inspiring famous failures on page 2...
The Return On Emotional Deposits
The Calming Magic of Hugs and Being Your Child's Safe Place
The Importance of Boundaries with Kids and How to Set Them
When Motherhood Brings Rage
5 Gifts Your Child Needs That Cannot Be Wrapped
5 Ways to Handle Defiance

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Prophet Shepherd Mesala has urged countries in the SADC region to pray untiringly as one of the countries will lose its Vice President through death.
"I can see one of the Vice Presidents in the SADC Region dying very soon, serious prayers are needed to prevent that!", he said.
In his many foresight prophecies, Prophet Mesala says "Pray for SADC regional countries they is a country which is about to mourn its Vice President in the SADC region due to a slow poison because due to the threat posed on the new agenda, pray for leaders in Africa so that this national mourning can pass that country", he said.
Prophet Mesala is known for his accurate prophecies. Last month, he prophesized the death of a Zambian diplomat and few weeks later, Brenda Muntemba died in Kenya.
Last year, he predicted drought and hunger in most parts of Zambia and that has now come to pass this year.
He is now urging men and women to stand up and pray against the death of the Vice President which he said will soon come to pass if there are no serious prayers to prevent the eminent death.


UCD & Cré are delighted to announce funding for a two-year research project "Agri Bio Circular Economy" (ABC Economy).
The project is kindly co-funded under the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland Research Development & Demonstration Funding Programme 2018 with the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine.
The project will be led by Dr Fionnuala Murphy of the School of Biosystems & Food Engineering, UCD. Recruitment of a full time Postdoctoral researcher will commence shortly.
ABC Economy will develop new sustainable value chains for the circular bioeconomy in Ireland by maximising value and minimising environmental impacts through cascading of biomass for production of biobased products and energy.
ABC Economy will engage with key stakeholders through project partner, Cré, and project collaborators, Tipperary County Council and Monaghan County Council, to develop sustainable value chains based on the bioresources available in each region.
ABC Economy will characterise available biomass in each region and assess the potential of valorisation processes for bioproduct and energy production in a circular economy context.
Key stakeholders (primary producer, processors, waste management companies etc.) will be engaged throughout the project to identify important resources, constraints to valorisation, and potential opportunities. Central to ABC Economy is the full supply chain sustainability analysis to examine synergies and trade-offs between using biomass for energy generation and biobased products and will highlight possibilities to minimise trade-offs by considering the impacts of circular economy principles and cascading.
ABC Economy value chains will be developed in line with key stakeholders to ensure the viability and potential uptake of these novel value chains. ABC Economy complements existing National and International research examining agri-food waste valorisation and bioeconomy development e.g. BEACON, BioEire, AgroCycle, AgriValor. However, ABC Economy advances beyond this research by incorporating holistic life cycle assessment along with market analysis and stakeholder engagement in the development of sustainable value chains for the bioeconomy. ABC Economy will be an exemplar for the development of the sustainable regional bioeconomy in Ireland.


text:
GMO salmon undergoing another federal risk assessment | CBC News Loaded
GMO salmon undergoing another federal risk assessment
CBC News has learned AquaBounty's genetically modified salmon is going through a new federal risk assessment. That's after the company notified Ottawa about its new egg production and grow-out facilities in Rollo Bay West, P.E.I.
'Certainly this is what we need,' says one environmental group
Laura Chapin · CBC News · Posted: Dec 05, 2018 6:00 AM EST | Last Updated: December 5, 2018
A comparison of GMO salmon, top, versus non-GMO salmon, bottom. (AquaBounty)
CBC News has learned AquaBounty's genetically modified salmon is going through a new federal risk assessment.
Environment and Climate Change Canada says the risk assessment comes after the company notified Ottawa in July about its plans to build a new egg production and grow-out facility in Rollo Bay West, P.E.I.
Genetically modified salmon approved for sale as food in Canada
Genetically modified salmon plant in P.E.I. does not need new federal assessment
Previously the company was producing a limited number of eggs in its facility in Bay Fortune, P.E.I.
AquaBounty Technologies now wants to produce 250 metric tonnes of its AquAdvantage salmon for commercial sale in Canada and export. The company's salmon grow twice as quickly as conventionally reared Atlantic farmed salmon.
Initially, in May 2017, Environment Canada told CBC News the new project would not require an additional federal environmental assessment, but by July 2017, that position had changed. "Should AquaBounty wish to manufacture or grow out the AquAdvantage salmon at this site, a new notification will be required," Minister Catherine McKenna wrote.
The company gave that notification July 28, 2018.
Genetically-modified salmon project for P.E.I. requires assessment, says federal minister
P.E.I. approves $2M loan for genetically-modified salmon grower
Risk assessment started in July
The department told CBC News that AquaBounty's new activity with the genetically modified fish will undergo an assessment similar to the one done on the company's egg production in Bay Fortune.
AquaBounty is repurposing the old sea smolt hatchery in Rollo Bay and constructing two 40,000 square foot buildings to create eggs and grow-out facilities. (Steve Bruce/CBC)
Officials said this new review will be based on the latest information to determine if there's a risk to human health or the environment from the fish.
This assessment is happening, even though in 2016, Health Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency announced AquaBounty's genetically modified salmon had been approved for sale as food in Canada.
The Canadian Biotechnology Action Network was one of a number of environmental groups and wild salmon conservationists that pushed to see a federal risk assessment done on AquaBounty's new plans.
Coordinator Lucy Sharratt is cautiously optimistic hearing one is underway.
"It is a relief.... We didn't know what the assessment was going to look like, and we won't know until it's concluded, until the decision is made," Sharratt said.
"But certainly this is what we need. We need all of the scientific expertise available to really look at this issue of the GM salmon. Is it a risk to wild Atlantic salmon?"
Company voluntarily welcomed public input
According to Environment and Climate Change Canada, AquaBounty volunteered to participate in a public engagement process as part of this latest risk assessment. That process accepts scientific input from stakeholders.
'Is it a risk to wild Atlantic salmon?' asks Lucy Sharratt, co-ordinator of the Canadian Biotechnology Action Network, one of the groups that made a submission into the process. (Canadian Biotechnology Action Network)
The Canadian Biotechnology Action Network was one of nine groups or individuals that submitted comments.
Environment Canada said those submissions will be included in the final report, which will be released at the same time as a decision, which will be made by March 24, 2019.
The department said if AquaBounty is given approval — it could include measures that have to be taken at the new Rollo Bay site to reduce risk.
The development in Rollo Bay has received provincial approvals and the province is providing a $2-million loan to help the company complete construction at the new site.
CBC News requested an interview with AquaBounty but did not get a response.
More P.E.I. news
Immigration fraud trial wraps up first day in Charlottetown court
Heat-seeking Islanders booking more trips south after cold fall
Laura Chapin
Laura Chapin is an award-winning, multi-platform journalist who works for CBC P.E.I. She has also worked for CBC in Halifax, Vancouver and Prince Rupert, B.C. If you have a story idea to pass on, you can reach her at laura.chapin@cbc.ca.


text:
Pierre Vimont
Pierre Vimont is senior fellow at Carnegie Europe. From March 2016 to January 2017, he served as France's special envoy for the Middle East peace process, and was nominated to be the personal envoy of the president of the European Council, Donald Tusk, to lead preparations for the Valletta Conference. From December 2010 to March 2015, he served as first executive secretary-general of the European External Action Service. He also served as ambassador to the United States and the European Union, and chief of staff to three former French foreign ministers.
Writing in the Cairo Review
Europe: In Search of a Role
Fall 2018 / Essays


Ever since my first attempt with braided bread I have been wanting to make it again, but this time I decided to change the fillings to savory one. In this case, it's preserved mustard green 咸酸菜. I want to create a filling with complex flavor– spicy, slightly salty and yet hint of sweetness of the filling, balanced with the slightly sweet bread– a bite of it will wake up your palate and ask for more. I bought a pack (about 10 oz.) of preserved mustard green, but found out it was not enough to be the main ingredient. Instead of running to the store to buy more, I decided to substitute with a pack of pickled mustard 榨菜.
Lightly knead the dough on a board a few times to punch out big air pockets trapped inside. Cut the dough into 2 equal portions. Roll out each dough to a 8×11 inch rectangle/oval of 1/2 inch thickness. Scoop some filling on the middle 1/3 of the dough. Make diagonal 1-inch strips on the other 2/3 of the dough. First fold one ends over the filling. Then pull strips, alternating, to the other side crossing over the filling. Before pulling the last two strips, fold in the end piece over the filling first. For the last strips, just tuck in at the bottom (see pictures below). Place on a large baking pan (greased or lined with parchment paper). Cover with plastic wrap and let it rise slightly again (it takes from 30 minutes to 1 hour depending on room temperature).
Apply egg wash on the bread then sprinkle sesame seeds on the top. Bake in preheated 350°f oven for 20 minutes or until golden brown. Remove from pan and cool on a rack.
Prepare preserved mustard green 咸酸菜: Rinse off the marinade from the package then chop. Wash chopped preserved mustard green in a bowl, squeezing a couple of times during washing. Repeat washing and squeeze dry. Set aside.
Prepare pickled mustard 榨菜 same as above.
Heat up 3 tbsp oil in a hot wok, add in garlic and hot peppers, saute until aromatic. Add in ground pork, keep stirring to loosen up the meat.
Add in both types of mustard, saute for a few minutes. Add sugar and chicken bouillon powder (I didn't add salt as the mustard are salty already, sugar was added to balance the saltiness). Saute for another couple of minutes. Let it cool and it's ready for use.


text:
Q: What's the advantage of Jupyter notebooks over any other setup where an editor is linked to a terminal I read and heard a lot about Jupyter notebooks recently. I gave them a try and found it terribly obstructing to basically have to use an editor with the functionality of Windows' Notepad. Besides that I feel like I didn't get the fundamental point of Jupyter notebooks:
Can I not achieve everything that Jupyter does by editing plain .py files in any editor that is linked to a Python/IPython console? Specifically, I can edit Python code and run parts of it using the standard Spyder setup

or even with a properly setup Vim or Emacs.
The big difference being of course that any of these three setups gives me incredibly much more power to do all the other things that facilitate coding, like fast editing commands, code completion, debugging, refactoring, ...

A: You can save results and graphs of your runs like a report.
And it is better readable.
It is very good to share your results with others.


text:
sap-on-aws-backup-and-recovery-guide-v2-2.pdf
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Cloud Computing Theory and Practice
SAP on Amazon Web Services
Backup and Recovery Guide
Created by: Amazon Web Services
sap-on-aws@amazon.com
Amazon Web Services SAP on AWS Backup and Recovery Guide December 2014
Before proceeding, make sure you have the latest version of this document. You can find the latest
version on the AWS website:
http://aws.amazon.com/sap
The latest errata to this document can be found in SAP Note 1677381.
Version Date Description
1.0 8/15/2012 Document created
2.0 9/18/2012 Sybase ASE Database additions
2.1 7/10/2013 Consolidated SAP notes, minor edits
2.2 12/29/2014 Updated content to reflect AWS platform enhancements
About this Guide ................................................................................................................................5
What Is Not Included in This Guide .................................................................................................. 5
Prerequisite Documentation ..............................................................................................................5
SAP on Amazon Web Services .......................................................................................................... 5
General SAP backup and restore recommendations ......................................................................... 5
SAP on SQL Server ........................................................................................................................... 6
SAP on DB2 LUW.............................................................................................................................. 6
SAP on MaxDB ................................................................................................................................. 6
SAP on Sybase ASE ........................................................................................................................... 6
SAP on Oracle DBMS ........................................................................................................................ 6
Overview of AWS Services for Backup and Recovery ...........................................................................7
Backup Destination on AWS ...............................................................................................................8
Backup and Recovery of Non-Production Systems...............................................................................9
Create Image Backup Method ............................................................................................................. 9
How to Execute an Ad-Hoc Backup Using Create Image ................................................................. 10
How to Schedule a Backup Using Create Image .............................................................................. 10
How to Restore a System That Was Backed up Using Create Image................................................ 11
Snapshot Backups of Individual Primary Amazon EBS Volumes .......................................................... 11
Backup and Recovery of Production Systems .................................................................................... 12
Database Backup to Secondary Amazon EBS Volumes ....................................................................... 13
SAP File System Backup on Microsoft Windows ............................................................................. 13
SAP File System Backup on Linux.................................................................................................... 14
Microsoft SQL Server on Microsoft Windows ................................................................................. 14
IBM DB2 LUW on Linux or Windows............................................................................................... 15
SAP MaxDB on Linux or Windows .................................................................................................. 16
SAP Sybase ASE on Linux or Microsoft Windows ............................................................................ 17
Backup and Recovery Without Third-Party Backup Software ............................................................. 18
Copying Backup Data to, and Retrieving Backup Data from, Amazon S3 ......................................... 18
Creating a Snapshot of a Backup Amazon EBS Volume ................................................................... 19
Backup and Recovery Using Third-Party Backup Software .................................................................. 20
Using Third-Party Backup Software on AWS ................................................................................... 20
Appendix 1: Linux System Backup Using TAR .................................................................................... 21
Appendix 2: IBM DB2 Database Backup to a Local File System ........................................................... 23
DB2 Rollforward Recovery ................................................................................................................. 23
To Enable Rollforward Recovery and Set Up DB2 Logfile Management........................................... 23
Example: DB2 LUW Full Online Data and Log Backup ......................................................................... 24
Appendix 3: DB2 LUW Database Restore and Recovery ..................................................................... 26
Example: DB2 Restore and Recovery from Amazon EBS Backup Volume Snapshots ........................... 26
Appendix 4: SAP MaxDB Database Backup to a Local File System ...................................................... 28
Example: Full Online Data and Log Backup for MaxDB ....................................................................... 28
Create MaxDB Backup Templates .................................................................................................. 28
Option 1: Database and Log Backup Using MaxDB Database Studio ............................................... 29
Option 2: Database and Log Backup Using DBMCLI ........................................................................ 29
Schedule Hourly Automatic Log Backup Using Database Studio...................................................... 30
Create a Snapshot to Send the Backup to Amazon S3..................................................................... 30
Appendix 5: SAP MaxDB Database Restore and Recovery ................................................................. 31
Example: MaxDB Restore and Recovery from Amazon EBS Backup Volume Snapshots ...................... 31
Option 1: Database Restore and Recovery Using MaxDB Database Studio...................................... 32
Option 2: Database Restore and Recovery Using MaxDB DBMCLI................................................... 33
Appendix 6: Sybase ASE Database Backup to a Local File System ....................................................... 36
Ensuring Recoverability of the Sybase ASE Database Server ............................................................... 36
Preparation ....................................................................................................................................... 36
Automating Database and Transaction Log Dumps ............................................................................ 37
Appendix 7: Sybase ASE Server Recovery .......................................................................................... 38
This guide provides an overview of how to back up SAP systems on Amazon Web Services (AWS). This
guide is not intended to replace any of the standard SAP or RDBMS documentation. It focuses on the
essential differences in backing up SAP systems on AWS as compared to traditional infrastructure.
Different backup options and methods are provided for non-production systems (such as sandbox,
training, demo, proof-of-concept systems) and production systems.
What Is Not Included in This Guide
Apart from some examples, this guide does not include detailed instructions on how to execute
database backups using either native RDBMS backup/recovery features or third-party backup tools.
Please refer to the standard SAP and RDBMS documentation or the documentation provided by the
backup software vendor.
Backup schedules, frequency, and retention periods are primarily based on your system type and
business requirements. Please refer to the standard SAP documentation for guidance on these topics.
Prerequisite Documentation
This guide does not provide detailed instructions on how to execute SAP system and database backups
or provide recommendations for backup frequencies or retention. For this information, please refer to
the standard SAP and database vendor documentation listed in the following sections.
This document assumes that you are already familiar with implementing and operating SAP solutions on
the AWS infrastructure. It is highly recommended that you read Implementing SAP Solutions on AWS
before continuing. This and other AWS guides for SAP can be found at
http://aws.amazon.com/sap/resources.
Table 1 lists the available SAP notes for deploying SAP on the AWS infrastructure; the latest errata to
this guide can be found in SAP Note 1677381.
Table 1: SAP Notes for Deploying SAP on AWS
SAP Note # Description
1588667 SAP on AWS: Overview of related SAP Notes and Web-Links
1656099 SAP on AWS: Supported SAP, DB/OS and AWS EC2 products
1656250 SAP on AWS: Support prerequisites
1656249 SAP on AWS: Initial implementation guidelines
1677381 SAP on AWS: Backup and Recovery guidelines
General SAP backup and restore recommendations
SAP Help Portal: Technical Operations Manual Backup and Recovery
SAP on SQL Server
SAP Community Network: SAP with SQL Server Best Practices Guide
SAP Help Portal: Backup with MS SQL Server
Microsoft TechNet Library: Backup and Recovery Overview for Windows Server 2008 R2
Microsoft MSDN Library: Backup and Restore of SQL Server Databases
44449 Backup strategies with the SQL Server
1297986 Backup and Restore strategy for MS SQL Server
SAP on DB2 LUW
SAP Community Network: Database Administration Guide SAP on IBM DB2 for Linux, UNIX, and
SAP Community Network: IBM DB2 Universal Database for UNIX and Windows - New Log File
SAP Community Network: A Practical Guide to Backup and Recovery of IBM DB2 for Linux, UNIX
and Windows in SAP Environments
SAP on MaxDB
SAP Community Network: MaxDB Backup and Restore
SAP MaxDB Library: Database Studio Backing up Databases: Overview
1377148 FAQ: SAP MaxDB Backup and Recovery
767598 Available SAP MaxDB documentation
SAP on Sybase ASE
Sybase Infocenter: System Administration Guide, Volume 2
SAP Community Network: Getting Started with the Sybase Database and the SAP System
SAP DBA Guide: Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise
1585981 SYB: Ensuring Recoverability for Sybase ASE
1611715 SYB: How to restore a Sybase ASE database server (Windows)
1618817 SYB: How to restore a Sybase ASE database server (UNIX)
1588316 SYB: Configure automatic database and log backups
SAP on Oracle DBMS
SAP on Oracle - Backup and Recovery: http://scn.sap.com/docs/DOC-7845
Oracle Recovery Manager (RMAN):
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/features/availability/rman-overview-
096633.html
1430669 BR*Tools support for Oracle 11g
2087004 BR*Tools support for Oracle 12c
Overview of AWS Services for Backup and Recovery
This section provides an overview of the different AWS services that are required for the backup and
recovery of SAP systems running on AWS. For a more detailed description of each service, please refer
to the links provided.
Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) http://aws.amazon.com/s3
Amazon S3 provides a highly durable storage infrastructure designed for mission-critical and primary
data storage. Amazon S3 is designed to provide 99.999999999% durability and 99.99% availability over
a given year.
Amazon S3 is in the center of any SAP backup and recovery solution on AWS. All backup methods
described in this document rely on backup data being stored directly or indirectly in Amazon S3.
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) http://aws.amazon.com/ec2
Amazon EC2 is an IT infrastructure platform that provides on-demand access to virtual Linux and
Microsoft Windows servers, storage, networking, and other infrastructure services.
Components of Amazon EC2
Amazon Machine Image (AMI)
An AMI is the server template that is used to launch a new instance (virtual server). The AMI
contains the base operating system (e.g., Linux or Microsoft Windows) on top of which you can
install SAP software. A large selection of public AMIs is available from Amazon and the Amazon
EC2 community, and it is possible to create your own AMIs.
After an AMI is launched, the resulting running system is called an instance.
Regions and Availability Zones
Amazon EC2 locations are composed of regions and Availability Zones.
Availability Zones are distinct locations that are engineered to be insulated from failures in
other Availability Zones, and which provide inexpensive, low-latency network connectivity to
other Availability Zones in the same region.
Regions consist of one or more Availability Zones, are geographically dispersed, and will be in
separate geographic areas or countries. Amazon EC2 is currently available in 11 regions. For a
list of regions and the products and services available in each, see Products and Services by
Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) http://aws.amazon.com/ebs
Amazon EBS provides persistent block-level storage volumes for use with Amazon EC2 instances.
Amazon EBS volumes offer off-instance storage that persists independently from the life of an
instance. Amazon EBS provides highly available, highly reliable storage volumes that can be
attached to an Amazon EC2 instance and exposed as a device within the instances guest
operating system.
Amazon EBS Snapshot - http://aws.amazon.com/ebs/details
Amazon EBS provides the ability to create point-in-time snapshots of volumes, which are
persisted to Amazon S3. Snapshots can be used as the starting point for new Amazon EBS
volumes as well as to protect data for long-term durability. If you make periodic snapshots of a
volume, the snapshots are incremental so that only the blocks on the device that have changed
since your last snapshot are saved in the new snapshot. Even though snapshots are saved
incrementally, the snapshot deletion process is designed so that you need to retain only the
most recent snapshot in order to restore the volume.
AWS Import/Export http://aws.amazon.com/importexport
AWS Import/Export accelerates moving large amounts of data into and out of AWS using
portable storage devices for transport. AWS transfers your data directly onto and off storage
devices using Amazons high-speed internal network and bypassing the Internet. For significant
data sets, AWS Import/Export is often faster than Internet transfer and more cost effective than
upgrading your connectivity.
AWS Direct Connect https://aws.amazon.com/directconnect/
AWS Direct Connect makes it easy to establish a dedicated network connection from your
premises to AWS. Using AWS Direct Connect, you can establish private connectivity between
AWS and your datacenter, office, or colocation environment. In many cases, this can reduce
your network costs, increase bandwidth throughput, and provide a more consistent network
experience than Internet-based connections.
Amazon Glacier http://aws.amazon.com/glacier
Amazon Glacier is an extremely low-cost storage service that provides secure and durable
storage for data archiving and backup. In order to keep costs low, Amazon Glacier is optimized
for data that is infrequently accessed and for which retrieval times of several hours are suitable.
With Amazon Glacier, customers can reliably store large or small amounts of data for as little as
$0.01 per gigabyte per montha significant savings compared to on-premises solutions.
Backup Destination on AWS
The primary difference between backing up SAP systems on AWS compared to a traditional on-premises
infrastructure is the backup destination. The typical backup destination used with on-premises
infrastructure is tape. On AWS, backups are stored in Amazon S3 instead of on tape. There are many
benefits to storing backups in Amazon S3 vs. tape. Backups stored in Amazon S3 are automatically
stored offsite from the source system since data in Amazon S3 is replicated across multiple facilities
within the AWS region.
There are primarily two different methods to store backups in Amazon S3. The first method is to back
up data directly into Amazon S3. The second method involves backing up your data to a locally attached
Amazon EBS volume, and then subsequently copying this data into Amazon S3. Details on how to copy
backup data from an Amazon EBS volume into Amazon S3 are provided later in this document.
Backup and Recovery of Non-Production Systems
This section provides backup options for non-production systems. Examples of non-production systems
Demo systems
Sandbox systems
Proof-of-concept systems
Trial systems
Systems of this type share the following backup requirements:
Infrequent backups (1-2 times per week)
Point-in-time recovery isnt required
Downtime to complete a backup can be tolerated
Simple low cost backup solutions
Create Image Backup Method
The Amazon EC2 Create Image function can be used to create full (operating system, application, and
database file systems) offline backups of a complete SAP system. Executing the Create Image function
creates and registers a new Amazon Machine Image (AMI) of the running instance and creates
snapshots of all Amazon EBS volumes attached to the instance. Create Image can also be used to copy
complete SAP systems with very little effort. The AMI created during the Create Image process can then
be used to launch additional Amazon EC2 instances that are identical to the source SAP system.
Please note that in order to provide a consistent backup, the Amazon EC2 instance is powered down at
the beginning of the Create Image process to confirm that all I/O to the Amazon EBS volumes is
quiesced. The Amazon EC2 instance is stopped only for a short period of time and is restarted while
Amazon EBS snapshot synchronization is continued in the background.
Figure 1 illustrates the Create Image process.
Figure 1: The Create Image (AMI) Process
How to Execute an Ad-Hoc Backup Using Create Image
You can execute the Create Image function from the AWS Management Console by right-clicking the
instance you would like to back up, and then choosing Image, Create Image.
For detailed documentation for the Create Image process, please read Creating an Amazon EBS-Backed
AMI in the Amazon EC2 User Guide.
Creating an Amazon EC2 image will shut down and restart the Amazon EC2 instance (VM and
operating system) to create consistent snapshots. You need to make sure that SAP applications and
databases are cleanly shut down before using this command. After the Amazon EC2 instance restarts,
databases and SAP applications may need to be restarted to resume SAP operation.
How to Schedule a Backup Using Create Image
You can schedule backups using the AWS command line interface (AWS CLI). The AWS CLI allows you to
manage Amazon EC2 resources from a Windows, OS X, Linux, or Unix command shell. The CLI includes
the aws ec2 create-image command, which is used to create an AMI from an existing Amazon EC2
Here is the syntax and an example of how to create a new AMI using the aws ec2 create-image
aws ec2 create-image -name <value> --instance-id <value>
<stopsap on EC2 instance i-eo9483uj>
aws ec2 create-image --name ECC_Demo_20120401 --instance i-
eo9483uj
<startsap on EC2 instance i-eo9483uj>
How to schedule the Create Image process:
1. Install and configure the AWS CLI on a server on your corporate network or on another Amazon EC2
instance. (This can be a dedicated administration system used for tasks like this.)
2. Create a shell or batch script that contains the aws ec2 create-image command with the
necessary parameters to create an image of the instance you wish to back up.
3. Schedule the batch script to run when you would like the Create Image process to take place, using
cron on Linux or the Task Scheduler built into Microsoft Windows.
For detailed information on the aws ec2 create-image command and the AWS CLI, including
download information, see the following pages in the AWS documentation:
create-image reference page in the Amazon AWS CLI Command Reference
Getting Started with the CLI
How to Restore a System That Was Backed up Using Create Image
Restoring a system that was backed up using the Create Image method is very simple. Since the Create
Image process creates a complete image (AMI) of the instance being backed up by creating snapshots of
all attached Amazon EBS volumes, all that is needed to restore a system is to launch a new instance
from the latest AMI version.
For detailed instructions on how to launch an instance from an AMI, see Launch Your Instance in the
Amazon EC2 User Guide.
After the complete system has been restored from an AMI, the SAP database(s) can be rolled forward as
described in the next section.
Snapshot Backups of Individual Primary Amazon EBS Volumes
Instead of creating a complete AMI system backup as described in the previous section, snapshots of
individual Amazon EBS volumes can be leveraged to create more fine-grained snapshot backups.
The Create Snapshot process of individual Amazon EBS volumes is illustrated in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Snapshots of Individual Primary Amazon EBS Volumes
You can create a consistent snapshot of individual Amazon EBS volumes on a running system as long as
you can make sure that no I/O is taking place on the Amazon EBS volumes, and that the (file system)
cache is flushed properly to the underlying Amazon EBS volumes. The easiest and safest way to assure
Amazon EBS volume consistency is to stop processes, such as the SAP application and its database,
which access the Amazon EBS volumes, and to dismount their file systems properly before creating
snapshots of underlying volumes.
Alternatively, combinations of DBMS and file system techniques can be used to temporarily freeze file
system I/O for a short period of time to create snapshots of the underlying Amazon EBS volumes, and to
resume I/O after consistent snapshot creation has finalized.
Direct primary Amazon EBS volume snapshot techniques of SAP systems and their databases are
complex to set up correctly. Therefore, a discussion of those techniques is not within the scope of these
general backup and restore guidelines.
Backup and Recovery of Production Systems
The backup options covered in this section address the following backup requirements that are common
for production systems:
Frequent backups based on a schedule
Online database data backup
Database transaction log backup
Point-in-time database recovery
Closely synchronized file system and database backups
For production systems, we recommend a regular restoration of backups to a separate system, so that:
Restore and recovery procedures, and Service Level Agreement (SLA) objectives can be
validated.
Restored data can be checked for consistency using the DBMS tools listed in Table 2.
Table 2: Overview of DBMS Tools for Checking Data Consistency and Integrity
DBMS Tool
Microsoft SQL Server DBCC CHECKDB
IBM DB2 DB2DART
SAP MaxDB CHECK DATA
Sybase ASE DBCC CHECKDB
Database Backup to Secondary Amazon EBS Volumes
The backup options covered in this section involve first writing the backup data to a local Amazon EBS
backup volume, and then copying the backup data to Amazon S3 so that the data is protected in case of
failure of the Amazon EBS backup volume.
Figure 3 shows how backups are first created on a local Amazon EBS volume, and then copied to
Amazon S3.
Figure 3: Backup to Amazon EBS, and Snapshot/Copy to Amazon S3
SAP File System Backup on Microsoft Windows
Backup and recovery of the operating system and critical SAP file systems is accomplished by using the
Windows Server Backup feature built into Microsoft Windows. This feature is not installed by default on
the standard Windows Server AMI, but can be easily added by following these steps:
On Windows Server 2008 R2:
1. Choose the Start button, and then right-click Computer.
2. Choose Manage.
3. On the left, choose Server Manager.
4. On the right, scroll down to Features Summary, and then choose Add Features.
5. Choose Windows Server Backup Features, and then choose Install.
On Windows Server 2012:
1. Open Server Manager.
2. Choose Manage, add roles and features.
3. Choose role-based or feature-based installation.
4. Choose your server.
5. Choose Next to navigate past role selection.
6. On the features summary, scroll down and select Windows Server backup.
7. Click Install.
Once the Windows Server Backup Feature is installed, you can schedule backups of drives and
directories by using the Windows Server Backup wizard.
While scheduling a backup in the Windows Server Backup wizard, you will be asked to choose a
Destination Type. Choose Local Drives, and then select the drive that is the Amazon EBS backup volume
(Windows drive) and the folder you wish to back your data up to.
SAP File System Backup on Linux
Open source tools for backing up data on Linux include tar, cpio, and rsync; a detailed example is
given in Appendix 1: Linux System Backup Using TAR.
For instructions on how to create a full SAP system backup on Linux with TAR, please see Backing Up and
Restoring your SAP System on UNIX in the SAP Library (use the file system example herein, with a file
location on an Amazon EBS backup volume).
Microsoft SQL Server on Microsoft Windows
Table 3 shows a sample database layout for SQL Server, where each Windows drive is backed by a single
Amazon EBS volume. For additional information on recommended Amazon EBS/drive configurations for
SAP systems on AWS, please refer to Implementing SAP Solutions on AWS referenced previously in the
Prerequisite Documentation section.
Drives X:\, Y:\, and Z:\ are the secondary drives that will hold the file system, database data, and
database log backups to disc. After a backup to one of these drives has finished, it can be sent to
Amazon S3 by creating a snapshot of the underlying Amazon EBS volume, or by copying the individual
backup files directly to Amazon S3, as described in the section Backup and Recovery Without Third-Party
Backup Software.
Table 3: Sample SQL Server Drive Layout with Backup Amazon EBS Volumes
Windows Drive Use
C:\ Root volume (included with Amazon EC2
instance)
D:\ SAP / Microsoft SQL Server software
S:\ Swap
E:\ Database log file
F:\ G:\ H:\ I:\ Database data files 1-4
X:\ File system backups
Y:\ Database log backups
Z:\ Database data backups
The backup and recovery of the SAP database and transaction log are accomplished using the native SQL
Server backup functionality that can be scheduled and executed either interactively from the SQL Server
Management Studio or via a script using Transact-SQL commands.
As with the file system backup described earlier, the only special consideration when scheduling and
executing SQL Server backups on AWS is the backup destination. Instead of choosing the backup
destination Tape, select Disk and point to the drive for the Amazon EBS backup volume that you
designated (in our example, Y:\ for log and Z:\ for data backups).
For database restore and recovery:
1. First check if all required data and transaction log backups are still available on the designated
Amazon EBS backup volumes (Y:\ and Z:\ in our example).
2. If the available backups are not usable or are incomplete, retrieve the missing data and
transaction log backups from Amazon S3 as described in the section Copying Backup Data to,
and Retrieving Backup Data From, Amazon S3.
3. Perform SQL Server Restore and Recovery, using the data and transaction log backups that are
available on the Amazon EBS volumes
IBM DB2 LUW on Linux or Windows
Table 4 shows an example database layout for IBM DB2. For additional information on recommended
Amazon EBS/drive configurations for SAP systems on AWS, please refer to Implementing SAP Solutions
on AWS referenced previously in the Prerequisite Documentation section.
The secondary file systems /os_exe_backups (Windows drive X:\) and /db_data_backups
(Windows drive Z:\) will hold system and database data backups to disk. The file system
/db2/<SID>/log_archive (Windows drive Y:\) is used to let DB2 automatically archive its database
transaction logs, which is a process managed by the DB2 RDBMS itself.
After a backup to /os_exe_backups or /db_data_backups has finished, or a transaction log has
been archived to /db2/<SID>/log_archive by the DB2 RDBMS, it can be sent to Amazon S3 either
by creating a snapshot of the underlying Amazon EBS volume, or by copying the individual files directly
to Amazon S3, as described in the section Backup and Recovery Without Third-Party Backup Software.
Table 4: Sample DB2 File System Layout with Backup Amazon EBS Volumes on Linux or Windows
Linux file system Windows Use
Drive(s)
/ C:\ Root volume (included with Amazon EC2
/sapmnt D:\ SAP and DB2 software
/usr/sap
/db2
<swap> S:\ Swap
/db2/<SID>/log_dir E:\ Active database transaction logs
/db2/<SID>/sapdata1-4 F:\ G:\ H:\ I:\ Database data file systems 1-4
/os_exe_backups X:\ File system backups
/db2/<SID>/log_archive Y:\ Archived database transaction logs
/db2_data_backups Z:\ Database data backups
An example of how to create DB2 database backups to /db_data_backups is given in Appendix 2: IBM
DB2 Database Backup.
For detailed instructions on DB2 database and transaction log backups, and DB2 restore and recovery in
SAP environments, please refer to Database Administration Guide -- SAP on IBM DB2 for Linux, UNIX,
and Windows on the SAP Community Network website.
SAP MaxDB on Linux or Windows
Table 4 shows an example database layout for SAP MaxDB. For additional information on recommended
on AWS referenced previously in Prerequisite Documentation.
The secondary file systems /os_exe_backups, /db_log_backups, and /db_data_backups
(Windows drives X:\, Y:\ and Z:\) will hold system, database logs, and database data backups to disk.
After a backup to one of these file systems or Windows drives has finished, it can be sent to Amazon S3
either by creating a snapshot of the underlying Amazon EBS volume, or by copying the individual files
directly to Amazon S3, as described in the section Backup and Recovery Without Third-Party Backup
Table 5: Sample MaxDB File System Layout with Amazon EBS Backup Volumes on Linux or Windows
/sapmnt D:\ SAP and MaxDB software
/sapdb
/sapdb/<SID>/saplog E:\ Database transaction log
/sapdb/<SID>/sapdata1-4 F:\ G:\ H:\ I:\ Database data file system 1-4
/db_log_backups Y:\ Database log backups
/db_data_backups Z:\ Database data backups
An example of how to create MaxDB database backups to /db_data_backups and MaxDB log backups
to /db_log_backups is given in Appendix 4: SAP MaxDB Database Backup to a Local File System.
An example of how to restore and recover a MaxDB database from Amazon EBS backup volume
snapshots is given in Appendix 5: SAP MaxDB Database Restore and Recovery.
SAP Sybase ASE on Linux or Microsoft Windows
Table 4 shows an example database layout for SAP Sybase ASE. For additional information on
recommended Amazon EBS/drive configuration for SAP systems on AWS, please refer to Implementing
SAP Solutions on AWS referenced previously in Prerequisite Documentation.
(Windows drives X:\, Y:\ and Z:\) will hold system, database log, and database data backups to disk.
Table 6: Sample Sybase ASE File System Layout with Amazon EBS Backup Volumes on Linux or Windows
Linux file system Windows Drive Use
/sapmnt D:\ SAP and Sybase ASE software
/sybase
/sapdb/<SID>/saplog_1 E:\ DB Transaction Log
/sapdb/<SID>/sapdata_1-N F:\ G:\ H:\ I:\ DB Data File System 1-4
/db_log_backups Y:\ DB Log backups
/db_data_backups Z:\ DB Data backups
Backup and recovery of the Sybase ASE database and transaction log are accomplished using the native
Sybase ASE backup functionality, which can be executed interactively or via a script using Transact-SQL
commands.
executing Sybase ASE backups on AWS is choosing the correct backup destination. You need to save the
Sybase ASE dumps to the file system or drive that is on the Amazon EBS backup volume that you have
designated for backupsin our example, /db_log_backups (drive Y:\) for log- and
/db_data_backups (drive Z:\) for data backups..
The /db_data_backups file system (drive Z:\) will hold the dump images of the following databases:
<DBSID> database (SAP database)
master database
sybsystemprocs database
sybmgmtdb database
saptools database
You can use the DUMP DATABASE command to create these database dump images.
The /db_log_backups file system (drive Z:\) will hold dump images of the transaction log. You can use
the DUMP TRANSACTION command to create these transaction log dump images.
Make sure that a complete sequence of transaction log archives is available at all times! SAP Notes
1585981 and 1588316 provide details on how this can be achieved and automated.
1. First check if all required data and transaction log dumps are still available on the designated
Amazon EBS backup volumesin our example, /db_data_backups (drive Z:\) and
/db_log_backups (drive Y:\).
transaction log dumps from Amazon S3 as described in the section Copying Backup Data to, and
Retrieving Backup Data From, Amazon S3.
3. Perform Sybase ASE restore and recovery, using the data and transaction log dumps that are
available on the Amazon EBS volumes.
For detailed instructions on how to create Sybase ASE database and transaction log dump images, and
perform restore and recovery by using the Sybase ASE Transact-SQL commands, please refer to the SAP
DBA Guide: Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise and the SAP notes referenced in Prerequisite
Backup and Recovery Without Third-Party Backup Software
Once you have created a backup on an Amazon EBS volume, you need to copy the backup data to
Amazon S3 to protect the data against Amazon EBS volume failure.
Copying Backup Data to, and Retrieving Backup Data from, Amazon S3
Amazon S3 stores data as objects within buckets. An object comprises a file and optimally any metadata
that describes that file. We recommend that you create a dedicated Amazon S3 bucket to store your
backups. You can use one bucket to store backups from multiple systems. To help organize backups
from different systems and different backup types (file system, database, transaction log, etc.) you can
create multiple folders within a bucket.
For detailed instructions on how to create an Amazon S3 bucket, see Create a Bucket in the Amazon S3
Getting Started Guide.
AWS provides four methods to copy data directly to Amazon S3:
AWS CLI
AWS SDK API
Amazon S3 REST API
You do not have to develop your own command line interface to copy data to Amazon S3. An extensive
AWS command line interface (CLI) with Amazon S3 support is available that you can incorporate into a
script to copy data to, or retrieve data from, Amazon S3. For detailed information, see Using Amazon S3
with the AWS Command Line Interface in the AWS documentation.
The following examples of using the AWS CLI aws s3 command are called from either a Linux shell or
the Microsoft Windows command prompt.
To copy a backup stored on an Amazon EBS volume to Amazon S3:
aws s3 cp backup_file s3://my_bucket/my_folder/backup_file
To retrieve a backup from Amazon S3 to an Amazon EBS volume to be used for a restore:
aws s3 cp s3://my_bucket/my_folder/backup_file backup_file
Creating a Snapshot of a Backup Amazon EBS Volume
Instead of copying and retrieving single files to and from Amazon S3, you can create a snapshot of the
complete Amazon EBS volume. The snapshot will automatically be stored in Amazon S3 and can
subsequently be used to create new Amazon EBS volumes that contain the same data as stored in the
snapshot.
The following sample commands, using the AWS CLI, are called from either a Linux shell or the Microsoft
Windows command prompt.
To create a snapshot of an Amazon EBS volume that is automatically stored in Amazon S3:
aws ec2 create-snapshot --volume-id <value> --description <value>
To create a new Amazon EBS volume from an Amazon EBS snapshot stored in Amazon S3:
aws ec2 create-volume --snapshot-id <value> --availability-zone
<value>
To attach an Amazon EBS volume to an Amazon EC2 instance:
aws ec2 attach-volume --volume-id <value> --instance-id <value> --
device <value>
Backup and Recovery Using Third-Party Backup Software
This section discusses using third-party solutions to back up SAP systems running on AWS. Many of the
same reasons for choosing third-party enterprise backup solutions for managing the backup and
recovery of SAP systems running on traditional on-premises infrastructure also apply to backing up SAP
systems on AWS:
Centralized backup schedule management
Automated data retention and disposition policy
Clients and agents for various operating systems and databases
Using Third-Party Backup Software on AWS
Using an enterprise backup solution on AWS is similar to using it in a traditional on-premises
infrastructure. The only special consideration, as discussed previously in this guide, is the backup
destination. Many enterprise backup solutions support backup directly to Amazon S3, and many more
support the use of a cloud gateway for virtualizing storage. For enterprise backup solutions that do not
support backup directly to Amazon S3, you can first back up to a local Amazon EBS volume attached to
the instance, and then copy the backup data to Amazon S3. Most enterprise backup solutions allow you
to run scripts before and after the backup is run. One of the post-scripts you would run would be a
script to copy the backup data to Amazon S3 as described previously in this section.
Figure 4 shows a direct backup to Amazon S3.
Figure 4: Direct Backup to Amazon S3
Appendix 1: Linux System Backup Using TAR
This appendix provides an example for creating a Linux file system backup that can be used in case of a
full system loss.
NOTE: THIS OPERATING SYSTEM BACKUP CANNOT BE USED TO RESTORE THE DATABASE, AS DATABASE DATA AND
TRANSACTION LOGS ARE SPECIFICALLY EXCLUDED FROM THE BACKUP. AFTER RESTORING THIS BACKUP, RESTORE AND
RECOVERY OF THE DATABASE SHOULD FOLLOW.
The example procedure is as follows:
1. Make sure that you have enough space on the backup Amazon EBS volume file system
/os_exe_backups.
NOTE: DATABASE DATA, TRANSACTION LOGS AND MOUNTED BACKUP FILE SYSTEMS WILL BE EXCLUDED FROM THIS
BACKUP.
2. Start the backup of operating system, SAP, and DBMS binaries and profiles.
a. Log on to the operating system, and start a TAR backup on the /os_exe_backups file system.
NOTE: THE USE OF COMPRESSION AFFECTS THE CPU UTILIZATION AND BACKUP TIME. USE THE --GZIP PARAMETER
OF THE TAR COMMAND TO SPECIFY WHETHER YOU WANT TO USE COMPRESSION.
For database type of MaxDB, use this script as an example:
export exclusion_file=/os_exe_backups/backup-exclude-dirs.txt
export backup_file=/os_exe_backups/backup.tar.gz
export log_file=/os_exe_backups/backup.stdout
export error_log_file=/os_exe_backups/backup.stderr
#Create the exclusion file
#Exclude OS directories
>$exclusion_file
echo "/tmp" >>$exclusion_file
echo "/proc" >>$exclusion_file
echo "/sys" >>$exclusion_file
echo "/dev" >>$exclusion_file
#Exclude database files
echo "/sapdb/<SID>/sapdata1" >>$exclusion_file
echo "/sapdb/<SID>/saplog" >>$exclusion_file
#Exclude the backup directories
echo "/os_exe_backups" >>$exclusion_file
echo "/db_data_backups" >>$exclusion_file
echo "/db_log_backups" >>$exclusion_file
#Run the backup
cd /os_exe_backups
tar -v --gzip -cf $backup_file / --exclude-from=$exclusion_file >
$log_file 2> $error_log_file
#to monitor
#tail -f $log_file
#tail -f $error_log_file
NOTE: THE COMMAND HAS BEEN PROVIDED AS AN EXAMPLE; PLEASE TEST AND CHANGE AS NECESSARY.
For database type of DB2, use this script as an example:
export exclusion_file=/os-exe-backups/exclude-dirs.txt
export backup_file=/os-exe-backups/backup.tar.gz
export log_file=/os-exe-backups/backup.stdout
export error_log_file=/os-exe-backups/backup.stderr
#Exclude database-related filesystems
echo "/db2/<SID>/sapdata1" >>$exclusion_file
echo "/db2/<SID>/sapdata<n>" >>$exclusion_file
echo "/db2/<SID>/log_dir" >>$exclusion_file
echo "/db2/<SID>/log_archive" >>$exclusion_file
echo "/os-exe-backups" >>$exclusion_file
echo "/db2-data-backups" >>$exclusion_file
cd /os-exe-backups
tar -v --gzip -cf $backup_file / --exclude-
from=$exclusion_file > $log_file 2> $error_log_file
NOTE: THE COMMANDS HAVE BEEN PROVIDED AS AN EXAMPLE, PLEASE TEST AND CHANGE AS NECESSARY.
To send the backup to Amazon S3, create an Amazon EBS snapshot of the Amazon EBS backup volume
that holds the /os_exe_backups file system.
We recommend that you tag the snapshot with a description like this:
<EC2-INSTANCE-ID>_OS_EXE_BACKUPS_<YYYY-MM-DD>
where <EC2-INSTANCE-ID> can be retrieved from the Amazon EC2 metadata web service at
http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/instance-id.
You can use Linux tools such as curl or wget to issue the above HTTP command from a local shell on the
Amazon EC2 instance.
For more information on using Amazon EC2 instance metadata, see Instance Metadata and User Data in
the Amazon EC2 User Guide.
Appendix 2: IBM DB2 Database Backup to a Local File System
DB2 Rollforward Recovery
Make sure that you have enabled your DB2 database for rollforward recovery. Rollforward recovery
mode enables you to recover from a database backup to the most recent point in time by using archived
database log files and is a prerequisite for taking DB2 online backups. If you have not configured your
DB2 database for rollforward recovery mode, you cannot take online backups. Instead, you will need to
shut down the SAP system and DB2 to take offline backups. For production systems, your database
must be in rollforward recovery mode. For details, refer to the Database Administration Guide SAP on
IBM DB2 for Linux, UNIX, and Windows on the SAP Community Network website.
The file system names listed in Table 4 will be used for the following examples.
To Enable Rollforward Recovery and Set Up DB2 Logfile Management
1. Stop SAP and DB2.
2. Enable rollforward recovery by updating the database configuration parameter
LOGARCHMETH1:
su db2<sid>
db2 update db cfg for <SID> using logarchmeth1
DISK:/db2/<SID>/log_archive
The database will now be placed in backup pending state. A full database backup must be taken.
From this point onwards DB2 will automatically archive log files from the
/db2/<SID>/log_dir file system to the /db2/<SID>/log_archive file system.
3. Take a full database offline backup.
db2 backup database <sid> to "/db_data_backups" compress
4. Configure a retention period for your database backups and the corresponding database log
files. For example, if you want to keep at least four database backups, and you want to remove
surplus backups older than 30 days and all corresponding database log files, configure DB2 in
the following way:
db2 update db cfg for <sid> using NUM_DB_BACKUP 4
db2 update db cfg for <sid> using REC_HIS_RETENTN 30
db2 update db cfg for <sid> using AUTO_DEL_REC_OBJ ON
5. Start SAP.
Example: DB2 LUW Full Online Data and Log Backup
Make sure that the /db_data_backups file system (from Table 4) has enough storage space and
proper read/write permissions.
Please remember to use the references mentioned in the section Prerequisite Documentation as
primary documentation. In addition, you can consult the SAP on DB2 LUW for Unix and Windows (DB6)
forum on the SAP Community Network for additional questions. The following sections merely provide
examples, and should not be used as a general reference.
In this appendix, well discuss two options for backing up the DB2 LUW database:
Option 1: Back up the database directly from the SAP system
Option 2: Back up the database using the CLI
1. Log in to the SAP system with an administrator credentials.
2. Run the transaction /nDBACOCKPIT.
3. On the left screen panel, navigate to Jobs/DBA Planning Calendar.
4. In the calendar area, select any cell representing time older than the current time, and click Add.
5. On the pop-up window, select Database Backup to Device, choose Online backup mode with
the Include Logs option, and then enter /db2_data_backups in the Device/Directory field.
6. Click Execute Immediately.
1. Log in to the Amazon EC2 instance.
2. Run the following commands:
#start online compressed backup including logs
db2 backup database <sid> online to "/db2_data_backups" compress \
include logs
3. Wait until the backup has completed, and you get the following message:
Backup successful. The timestamp for this
backup image is : 20111220221428
This message is provided in the following log file, located in the backup directory:
<SID>.0.db2<sid>.NODE0000.CATN0000.<datetime stamp>.001
4. Back up the database manager configuration required to rebuild the database:
cd /db2_data_backups
db2cfexp <SID>_cfg_backup.txt BACKUP
5. Back up the DB2 recovery history file:
cp /db2/<SID>/db2<sid>/NODE0000/SQL00001/db2rhist.asc \
/db2_data_backups
DB2 transaction log file management
We recommend that you configure the DB2 transaction log management as mentioned in the previous
example and described in IBM DB2 Universal Database for UNIX and Windows - New Log File
Management, section 2.2.1, on the SAP Community Network website.
As from DB2 LUW V9.5, automatic log file retention management can be configured in addition. This is
described in the previous example and in the section DB2 V9.5 and Higher Only: Automatic Log File and
Backup Retention in Database Administration Guide -- SAP on IBM DB2 for Linux, UNIX, and Windows,
on the SAP Community Network website.
The content of the /db2/<SID>/log_archive file system should be sent to Amazon S3 on a regular
basis by creating a direct snapshot of the underlying Amazon EBS volume, or by copying added files
individually to Amazon S3, optimally each time after a transaction log was written into the DB2-LOG-
ARCHIVE file system. The snapshot of the Amazon EBS volume can be taken directly without
dismounting the file system if this file system is the only one residing on a single Amazon EBS volume
(no striping, etc.).
Create a snapshot to send the backup to Amazon S3
We recommend that you tag snapshots with a description; for example:
<SID>_DB2_DATA_BACKUPS_<YYYY-MM-DD> for the database data backups.
<SID>_DB2_LOG_ARCHIVE_<YYYY-MM-DD-HH-MM-SS> for the database archive log backups.
Appendix 3: DB2 LUW Database Restore and Recovery
The restoration and recovery of databases require careful planning and preparation. Take time for root-
cause analysis so you can identify the most efficient recovery strategy before executing.
For example, you need to restore data from Amazon S3 only if recovery is not possible any longer from
data and backups that are already available on the system. If a database needs to be recovered to the
latest possible point in time, always make sure not to overwrite and destroy the latest database
transaction logs. These are typically not yet archived or backed up to Amazon S3, so the latest
transactions contained in these logs could get lost forever!
This guide does not intend to replace the original backup and restore documentation provided by
database vendors and listed in Prerequisite Documentation. Restoration and recovery scenarios are
diverse, and they depend on the environment and the cause of failure, so we strongly recommend that
you follow the original documentation in case of a real failure.
Example: DB2 Restore and Recovery from Amazon EBS Backup Volume
1. If this is a disaster recovery, make sure that you have restored the operating system.
2. Mount the correct database backup on the local Amazon EC2 instance.
NOTE: THIS STEP IS REQUIRED ONLY IF THE ALREADY MOUNTED DATABASE BACKUP IS NOT ADEQUATE FOR RECOVERY,
OR IF THE LATEST DATABASE BACKUP IS NO LONGER AVAILABLE ON THE AMAZON EC2 INSTANCE.
a. Create an Amazon EBS volume based on an Amazon EBS snapshot:
I. On Volumes, click Create Volumes.
II. Specify the Size of the volume.
III. Select the same Availability Zone as the instance.
IV. On Snapshot, select the latest database backup.
V. Choose Yes, Create.
b. Attach the volume to the Amazon EC2 instance.
c. Mount the file system:
I. Log on to the Amazon EC2 instance using PuTTY or any other SSH client.
II. Mount the backup file system; for example:
vgscan
vgimport vgbackup
vgchange vgbackup -a y
mkdir /db_data_backups
mount /dev/vgbackup/backups /db_data_backups
3. Mount the required database logs on the instance.
NOTE: THIS STEP IS REQUIRED ONLY IF THE AVAILABLE ARCHIVED LOGS ARE NOT SUFFICIENT FOR RECOVERY, OR IF THEY
ARE NO LONGER AVAILABLE.
a. Create an Amazon EBS volume based on an Amazon S3 log backup snapshot:
II. Type the Size of the volume.
IV. On Snapshot select the latest log backup.
V. Click Yes, Create.
b. Attach the volume to the instance.
c. Mount the file system.
NOTE: FOR SAFETY REASONS, THE FILE SYSTEM WILL BE MOUNTED TO A DIFFERENT MOUNT POINT FROM THE
ARCHIVE LOG FILE SYSTEM ITSELF.
I. Log on to the instance using PuTTY or any other SSH client.
vgimport vgbackuplog
vgchange vgbackuplog -a y
mkdir /mnt/backuplogs
mount /dev/vgbackuplog/backuplogs /mnt/backuplogs
4. Restore and recover the database using CLI.
a. Log on into the instance as root.
b. Run the following commands:
# Log on as db2<sid>
# If required, copy additional DB logs to the default log
archive location
# For example:
cp rp /mnt/backuplogs/* /db2/<SID>/log_archive
# Start database manager
db2start
# Start the db recovery
db2 recover db <sid> using history file
(/db_data_backups/db2rhist.asc)
# Once DB recovery is done, restore configuration stored
outside of DB
cd /db_data_backups
db2cfimp <SID>_cfg_backup.txt
5. Start the SAP system.
su - <sidadm>
startsap all
Appendix 4: SAP MaxDB Database Backup to a Local File System
Example: Full Online Data and Log Backup for MaxDB
Make sure that the DB-DATA-BACKUPS and DB-LOG-BACKUPS file systems have enough storage space,
and ensure proper read/write permissions for these file systems. The file system names listed in Table 5
will be used in this example.
In addition to the general references mentioned in the section Prerequisite Documentation, specific
MaxDB backup and recovery examples can also be found at SAP MaxDB HowTo on the SAP Community
In this appendix, well discuss two options for backing up the MaxDB database:
Option 1: Database and log backup using MaxDB Database Studio
Option 2: Database and log backup using DBMCLI
Create MaxDB Backup Templates
1. Start SAP MaxDB Database Studio.
You can downloaded this software from http://www.sdn.sap.com/irj/scn/maxdb-downloads and
install it on any computer for remote management.
2. Add the server and database into the landscape (if required).
Go to: My Landscape / Servers / (right-click) /Add/Server/Database)
3. Type the server name or ip: on Server Name: and choose Next.
4. Select the databases, and choose Finish.
5. Log in to the database using the CONTROL user :
My Landscape / Servers / <servername/ip>/<DB>/(right-click) /Login
6. Right-click on the database, and choose Administration.
7. Go to the Backup tab.
8. Expand Templates.
9. Create a backup template for FULL backup.
10. Choose New.
Name <Template Name> can be FULL
Backup Type COMPLETE DATA
Device Type FILE
Backup Tool NONE
Device/File /db_data_backups/<SID>_FULL
Compressed Unselect
11. Click OK.
12. Create a backup template for LOG Backup.
Name <Template Name> can be LOG
Backup Type LOG
Device/File /db_log_backups/<SID>_LOG
Back up the database using Database Studio
1. Start the SAP MaxDB Database Studio.
2. Log in to the database using the CONTROL user:
My Landscape / Servers / <servername/ip>/<DB>/ (right-click) /Login
6. Right-click on the template FULL, and choose Backup.
Back up the database transaction logs using Database Studio
6. Right-click on the template LOG, and choose Backup.
Back up the database using DBMCLI
su - <sid>adm
#start an utility session
dbmcli d <SID> -U c -uUTL
#start backup using the template FULL
backup_start FULL
3. Wait until the backup has completed.
Back up the database log using DBMCLI
backup_start LOG
Schedule Hourly Automatic Log Backup Using Database Studio
3. Right-click on the database, and choose
Administration Tasks/Automatic Log Backup
4. Select the template LOG from the list.
5. Select Create a log backup every <XX> minutes.
6. Type 60 on the <XX> field.
7. Click Activate.
The Amazon EBS snapshot creation of the volume that holds the DB-LOG-BACKUPS file system can now
be automated through a script, which is time-synchronized with the automatic log backup.
Please refer to the section Creating a Snapshot of a Backup Amazon EBS Volume for detailed steps.
We recommend that you tag snapshots with a description, for example:
<SID>_MAXDB_DATA_BACKUPS_<YYYY-MM-DD> for the database data backups
<SID>_MAXDB_LOG_BACKUPS_<YYYY-MM-DD-HH-MM-SS> for the database log backups
Appendix 5: SAP MaxDB Database Restore and Recovery
For example, you need to restore data only from Amazon S3 only if recovery is not possible any longer
from data and backups that are already available on the system. If a database needs to be recovered to
the latest possible point in time, always make sure not to overwrite and destroy the latest database
transactions contained in these logs could then get lost forever!
diverse, and they depend on the environment and the cause of the failure, so we strongly recommend
that you follow the original documentation in case of a real failure.
Example: MaxDB Restore and Recovery from Amazon EBS Backup Volume
1. If this is a disaster recovery, make sure that you have restored the operating system and the SAP
system, either from an image backup (AMI) or from a backup, as described in Appendix 1.
2. If required, mount the database backup on the Amazon EC2 instance.
NOTE: GENERALLY, THE MOST RECENT BACKUP SHOULD ALREADY BE AVAILABLE ON THE AMAZON EC2 INSTANCE.
a. Only if required, create a new Amazon EBS volume based on an Amazon S3 snapshot backup.
IV. On Snapshot, select the latest operating system backup.
I. Log in to the Amazon EC2 instance.
II. Mount the /db_data_backups file system; for example, if youre using LVM2:
mount /dev/vgbackup/db_data /db_data_backups
3. If required, repeat the previous step for the /db_log_backups file system.
Option 1: Database Restore and Recovery Using MaxDB Database Studio
1. Restore the database using MaxDB Database Studio.
a. Log on to the instance as root.
b. Start x_server.
c. Log on to the database using the CONTROL user:
d. Set the database in administration mode: Right-click on the database, and then choose
Administration Tasks/Set State/Admin.
e. Start the recovery: Right-click on the database, and then choose
Administration Tasks/Recovery.
f. On the Recovery of Database window, choose Recover a medium.
g. Select FULL from the template list, and then choose Next.
h. Choose Start.
i. In the Confirmation Initialization database window, choose OK.
j. Wait until the restore has completed.
2. Apply transaction logs using Database Studio.
a. First restore the database using DBMCLI or Database Studio without restarting the database.
b. Log on to the database using the CONTROL user:
c. Start the recovery: Right-click on the database, and then choose Administration
Tasks/Recovery.
d. You can choose whether you want to restore until a specific time (point-in-time recovery). In
this example, we will restore until the last available log, so do not select Recover until a specific
time. Select Recover a Medium, and then choose Next.
NOTE: CREATE AN AMAZON EBS VOLUME FROM AN AMAZON S3 LOG BACKUP SNAPSHOT (FOLLOWING THE LOG
SEQUENCE) AND MOUNT IT TO THE /DB_LOG_BACKUPS IF IT IS REQUIRED, TO APPLY OLDER LOGS AS THE ONES
AVAILABLE ON THE SYSTEM. HOWEVER, BEFORE DOING SO, MAKE SURE TO HAVE A SNAPSHOT AVAILABLE OF THE
LATEST CONTENT OF THE /DB_LOG_BACKUPS FILE SYSTEM, AS THAT MIGHT BE REQUIRED LATER IN THE RECOVERY
e. Select LOG from the template list, and then choose Next.
f. Select the Log file number, choose Next (in this case, put the next log after the backup), and
then choose Next.
g. Choose Start.
The recovery session will try to recover all consecutive logs until it fails with a missing log. You
can choose to restore more logs and continue.
h. Choose Start Database, and then choose Continue.
Option 2: Database Restore and Recovery Using MaxDB DBMCLI
1. Restore the database using DBMCLI.
a. Log in to the Amazon EC2 instance as root.
b. Run the following example commands:
#Fix permissions
chown sdb:sdba /sapdb/<SID>/sapdata
chown sdb:sdba /sapdb/<SID>/saplog
#logon as <sid>adm
#start the db in ADMIN mode
dbmcli -U c db_admin
#Logon a recovery session
dbmcli -U c
#List the backup history, and last logs
#take notes of the next log number
backup_history_open
backup_history_list -r last -c
label,action,pages,firstlog,lastlog,media
#If possible, check if the backup is
accessed as expected
recover_check FULL data
#Restore the database
db_connect
recover_start FULL data
c. Wait until the restore is complete.
To monitor the restore session, use the following command:
#start restore session session
dbmcli -U c -uUTL -d <SID>
recover_state
Monitor the Pages Transferred and Pages Left values.
2. Restore the database logs using DBMCLI.
a. Before restoring logs, you should have restored a database without restarting (see step 1 or step
3). The database should be in ADMIN mode.
b. Log on to the instance as root.
c. Run the following commands:
service_connect
#Restore the Logs where <XXX> is the next log sequence.
recover_start LOG log <XXX>
#If the recovery ends with -8020 error code and you still
have logs to recover that are not listed in the backup
history, you can continue with the following commands,
where <YYY> is the next log to recover, recover log by log
until you restore the latest available log.
recover_replace LOG /backuplog/<SID>_LOG.<YYY>
#Use the following command to review the status of the
database after the restore
db_res:tartinfo
#If the consistent=1 the database can start
d. Use the following commands to start the recovery if you want to restore in point-in-time
recover_start LOG log <XXX> UNTIL <date> <time>
#Note: the database will be put on ONLINE automatically
after the DB is recovered until the time specified
3. Start the SAP instance:
At this point, the SAP instance should start with no issues.
4. After restoring the database, you can remove the backup Amazon EBS volume if required.
a. Log on to the Amazon EC2 instance.
b. Dismount and remove the volume; for example:
umount /db_data_backups
vgchange vgbackup a n
vgexport vgbackup
c. Log on to the Amazon EC2 Management Console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/ec2/.
d. Go to Volumes, and select the volume to remove.
e. Choose Detach Volume.
f. Choose Yes, Detach in the popup window.
g. When the volume has been detached, click Delete Volume.
Appendix 6: Sybase ASE Database Backup to a Local File System
Sybase ASE provides two methods for backing up databases.
Option 1: Online database backups with the DUMP DATABASE command.
Option 2: External backups while the database has been quiesced; that is, while write access to
the database has been suspended.
The following sections describe only option 1. For more information on external backups, see the Sybase
ASE documentation.
Ensuring Recoverability of the Sybase ASE Database Server
To ensure recoverability of the Sybase ASE server, you need to be able to restore a current backup of
the master database, a current backup of the <DBSID> database, and the complete sequence of the
transaction log archives that have been taken since the last database backup.
For production systems, you must archive the transaction log of the <DBSID> database. The following
database options must be set for the <DBSID> database:
Set trunc log on chkpt to false
Set full logging for all to true
Set enforce dump tran sequence to true
For more information, refer to SAP Note 1585981.
When dumping a database or a transaction log to a disk device, it is important not to overwrite existing
dumps and to keep track of the sequence. We strongly recommend that you generate devices names
that include a timestamp. Ideally, you call the DUMP command from within a stored procedure that
generates a device file name, which will include the current timestamp and database name. Then you
schedule calls to these stored procedures in Sybase ASE Job Scheduler. Additionally, we suggest defining
a threshold that triggers a dump of the transaction log when the log fills. SAP Note 1588316 provides
instructions how to achieve this.
Create the stored procedures sp_dumpdb and sp_dumptrans to call the dump command.
SAP Note 1588316 provides templates for these procedures. Replace the path as appropriate,
use /db_log_backups as the directory for transaction log dumps. Use /db_data_backups
as the directory for database dumps.
Create the stored procedure sp_thresholdaction in the <DBSID> database (see SAP Note
1588316).
Automating Database and Transaction Log Dumps
Sybase ASE provides an integrated job scheduler, which you may use to automate database and
transaction log dumps. The Job Scheduler should be set up by default in your SAP system.
Create a job and a schedule for each database you want to back up. Open the transaction DBACOCKPIT,
and then switch to the tab Jobs DBA Planning Calendar.
Create a job to execute stored procedure sp_dumpdb for the databases master, <DBSID>,
saptools, and sybmgmtdb (the latter two are optional). We recommend that you schedule these
jobs at least daily.
Create a job to call store procedure sp_dumptrans for the <DBSID> database. In order to minimize the
potential for transaction loss in the case of a disk error, we recommend that you schedule this job at
least hourly in a production environment.
Appendix 7: Sybase ASE Server Recovery
A complete restoration and recovery of a Sybase ASE server for an SAP system consists of these tasks:
1. Recreate the ASE software installation from a file system copy.
2. Recreate the ASE server.
3. Load the master database.
4. Load the sybmgmtdb database (optional).
5. Load the saptools database (optional).
6. Load the <DBSID> database.
7. Load the sequence of transaction log dumps of the <DBSID> database.
Detailed instructions can be found in SAP Note 1618817 (Unix) and SAP Note 1611715 (Windows). You
should also refer to the Sybase ASE documentation in the Sybase Infocenter.
Particularly for production systems, we strongly recommend that you perform test restores at regular
intervals to validate your restore process.
2016, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
This document is provided for informational purposes only. It represents AWSs current product offerings and practices as of the date of issue
of this document, which are subject to change without notice. Customers are responsible for making their own independent assessment of the
information in this document and any use of AWSs products or services, each of which is provided as is without warranty of any kind,
whether express or implied. This document does not create any warranties, representations, contractual commitments, conditions or
assurances from AWS, its affiliates, suppliers or licensors. The responsibilities and liabilities of AWS to its customers are controlled by AWS
agreements, and this document is not part of, nor does it modify, any agreement between AWS and its customers.
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The Kaziranga Assam and Meghalaya road trip allows you to experience the vibrant regional culture, also afford you sights of the amazing animals that live here.
India is well known for its fascinating culture and diverse landscapes. Hordes of globetrotters travel to the north-eastern region of India to explore its various aspects. The Kaziranga Assam and Meghalaya road trip not only allows you to experience the vibrant regional culture, but you also afford you sights of the amazing animals that live here. The itinerary of this jaunt includes a visit to Mawlynnong – the cleanest village in Asia. Take a trip through the city of Guwahati, and learn about the spiritual and culture heritage of the state of Assam. This Kaziranga Assam and Meghalaya adventure tour also takes you to Cherrapunjee, where you get to see the astonishing living root bridges.
Kaziranga National Park is a national park in the Golaghat and Nagaon districts of the state of Assam, India. The sanctuary, which hosts two-thirds of the world's great one-horned rhinoceroses, is a World Heritage Site.
Arrive at Guwahati airport, you will be received and greet by our company representative and assist to hotel. O/N stay in Guwahati.
Today morning check out from hotel and visit Kamakhya Temple on the Nilachal Hills and drive to Kaziranga National Park (225km) – a World Heritage Site and Tiger Reserve, covering an area of 430 Sq km. It is the home to more than 80% of world's Rhino population. O/N stay at Kaziranga.
Today early morning go for Elephant ride (5.30-6.30 a.m. / 6.30-7.30 a.m.) in the Central / western range of the park then back to resort and have breakfast, afternoon go for an exclusive jeep safari (2.30 p.m. onwards) in the central range. O/N stay at Kaziranga.
Today morning check out from hotel and drive to Shillong (288km) – known as the 'Scotland of the East'. En-route you will visit the largest manmade lake of Northeast India – Umium Lake – you can opt for some thrilling water sports in the lake. Evening free for leisure. O/N stay in Shillong.
Today drive to Cherrapunji (65km/1hr) – the wettest place on the earth. En-route visit Elephant Falls & Shillong Peak at Shillong. At Cherrapunji visit Mawsmai Cave and Seven Sister Falls & Nohkalikai Falls. After lunch at Cherrapunji drive back to Shillong. O/N stay in Shillong.
After breakfast proceed to Guwahati (100km / 3hrs). At Guwahati, visit Navagraha Mandir – temple of nine plane, Srimanta Shankardeva Kalakshetra,. O/N stay in Guwahati.
After breakfast, check out from the hotel and drive to Airport / Railway Station. Return back to home with wonderful memories.


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