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Journal of Environmental Protection > Vol.7 No.2, February 2016
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) Concentrations in Some Aquatic Macrophytes in Hilla River, Iraq ()
Fikrat M. Hassan1, Jasim M. Salman2, Ali A. Dou Abul3*, Atheer S. Naji4
1College of Science for Woman, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
2College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq.
3Marin Science Center, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
4College of Ecology, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq.
DOI: 10.4236/jep.2016.72018 PDF HTML XML 3,227 Downloads 3,864 Views Citations
Phragmites australis, Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton perfoliatus and Ceratophyllum demersum were selected to study concentrations of PAHs in lotic ecosystems. Six sampling sites were selected along Al-Hilla River and sampling was conducted in 2010 and 2011. Sixteen PAHs listed as priority pollutants were detected in the samples collected, including Naphthalene (Nap), Acenaphthylene (Acpy), Acenaphthene (Acp), Fluorene (Flu), Phenanthrene (Phen), Anthracene (Ant), Fluoranthene (Flur), Pyrene (Py), Benzo (a) Anthracene (B(a)A), Chrysene (Chry), Benzo (b) Fluoranthene (B(b)F), Benzo (k) Fluoranthene (B(k)F), Benzo (a) Pyrene (B(a)P), Dibenzo (a, h) Anthracene (D(b)A), Benzo (ghi) Perylene (B(ghi)P) and Indeno (1,2,3-cd) Pyrene (Ind). The results of the study illustrate that the PAH concentration in macrophytes varies among their species. These variances were as follows: P. australis 0.425 to 299.424 μg/g dry weight (Dw) for B(ghi)P and B(b)F, respectively; P. perfoliatus 0.354 to 235.84 μg/g Dw for B(b)F and B(ghi)P, respectively; C. demersum 0.996 to 162.942 μg/g Dw for Ant and B(ghi)P, respectively; and P. pectinatus 0.383 to 99.87 μg/g Dw for Ant and Nap, respectively. The accumulation potential of PAHs was also investigated by calculating the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and Bio-sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF). The ranges of BCF ratios were 0.05 to 5334.5, 0.08 to 1602.5, 0.01 to 536.6, 0.16 to 1882 in P. australis, P. perfoliatus, P. pectinatus and C. demersum, respectively. The range of BSAF ratios were 3.14 to 1041.6 and 1.5 to 2920.8 in P. australis and P. perfoliatus, respectively.
PAH, Macrophytes, Lotic Ecosystems, Al-Hilla River, Pollution, PAH Origin
Hassan, F. , Salman, J. , Abul, A. and Naji, A. (2016) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) Concentrations in Some Aquatic Macrophytes in Hilla River, Iraq. Journal of Environmental Protection, 7, 198-211. doi: 10.4236/jep.2016.72018.
Received 21 December 2015; accepted 19 February 2016; published 22 February 2016
The race to build factories in different countries of the world increases environmental degradation caused by various pollutants and one of these pollutants is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are a class of organic compounds consisting of two or more aromatic rings [1] . Based on their formation, PAHs can be pyrogenic, petrogenic, diagenic or biogenic [2] [3] . Pyrogenic PAHs are derived from the incomplete combustion of various fuels, oil and gas, garbage, or other organic substances like tobacco or charbroiled meat [4] .
PAHs exist in the environment and are distributed in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Due to their properties such as low aqueous solubility and hydrophobic nature, PAHs are most likely found bound in soils and sediments, and accumulated in the food chain, due to affinity to fatty tissues of organisms [5] . PAHs constituents of non-aqueous phase liquids, make them largely unavailable to microorganisms [6] . Of particular interest in the environment is the acute lethal and sub-lethal toxic effect in freshwater organisms at very low aqueous concentrations [7] .
The uptake of large molecules by plant cells is difficult depending on the structure of the cell wall system, especially when they are lipophilic [8] .
Prasad et al. [9] revealed that aquatic plants have the ability to uptake bioavailable compounds through their thin cuticle. Rooted aquatic plants have a bioavailabitiy role [10] [11] .
Most plant species are sensitive to PAHs to some degree since PAHs can limit primary productivity and constrain total biological activity in an ecosystem [10] . Accumulation of PAHs by plants represents an entry point of hazardous compounds into the food web, initiating a biomagnification process [12] [13] . Plants can be used as a guard species for PAH contamination detection in the environment [14] . Further, a rapid assessment of negative impacts of PAHs can be detected by using plants as a bioindicator [15] [16] . As an added benefit, bioindicators reveal a great deal about the underlying mechanisms of toxicity [17] [18] . Plants that can tolerate contaminated sites can generate a large biomass to remediate PAHs [8] [19] .
In aquatic systems, assimilation of contaminants by plants is rapid and efficient, even from sediment, and because of higher affinity of organics to plant tissues than the aqueous phase, the BCFs can be very high [20] . Plants can also assimilate organics following aerial deposition on the leaves [21] , thus the contaminants received in this manner can be highly toxic, and represent an important entry point of organic compounds into the food chain. Plants grown in areas with high PAH loads in the soil or air have high bioconcentrations of PAHs [12] , because PAHs are lipophilic and tend to accumulate in plants, especially in membrane bilayers [20] [21] .
The present study dealt with the fate of PAHs in some macrophytes, in addition to their concentrations and origin of some PAHs in macrophytes.
2. Material and Methods
Six sites were selected along Al-Hilla River (Figure 1) as described in Hassan et al. [22] and Salman et al. [5] . Table 1 illustrates global positioning system (GPS) locations.
The studied macrophytes (Phragmites australis, Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton perfoliatus and Ceratophyllum demersum) were observed at all sites. Samples were collected between March 2010 and February 2011.
Table 1. Coordinates for studied sites.
Figure 1. Map of the study area.
Data pertaining to the physicochemical characterization and PAH concentrations in water and sediment of Al-Hilla River was taken from Hassan et al. [22] .
2.2. Macrophytes Sampling
Macrophyte samples were sequentially washed with river water, tap water, and distilled water, dried at 15˚C and wrapped in aluminum. Fresh samples were also wrapped, labeled and frozen at −20˚C for subsequent lipid content determination [23] .
2.3. Extraction of PAHs
Dried specimens were sieved (63 mesh sieve) and 10 g of plant material were well mixed in a metal blender with 50 ml acetone for 5 minutes. The solution was left overnight in a dark and cold location. After shaking for one hour, the solution was separated and the extract placed in dark glass containers. This step was repeated three times [24] . The solution was centrifuged at 2500 RPM for 5 minutes. Then the supernatant solution was transferred to a flask with 50 ml Hexan and 100 ml deionized water. Upon separation, the upper layer was collected and 50 ml KOH (20 ml aqueous solution in ethanol) was added. The solution was reduced to 10 ml by rotary evaporator and transferred to a cleanup process [25] .
2.4. Clean-Up Process
Because the extract contains complex components, the clean-up procedure was undertaken by column chromatography using 25 cm of deactivated silica gel (60 - 120 mesh) packed in a glass column (250 mm × 15 mm internal diameter) and Tetrachloromethane for six hours, followed by heat activation at 250˚C for 12 hours and then cooled and deactivated with water (10%). After deactivation, the solution was stored in an air―tight dark glass and used within 72 hours. The column was pre-eluted with 10 ml Hexane and the extract was passed through the column and eluted with 50 ml Benzene to separate all PAH compounds [23] [26] .
2.5. Lipid Determination
In a pre-weighted round flask, add 10 g wet homogenate tissue and 50 g anhydrous sodium to 250 ml of acetone. Allow to evaporate to dryness and re-weigh. The difference between these weights of flask referrers to lipid content [24] .
2.6. Blank
Laboratory reagents and glassware were analyzed with each sample to check if any interference that may have been introduced during the extraction and analytical procedure [27] [28] .
2.7. Analysis of PAHs
Both hexane and benzene were evaporated to dryness by rotary evaporator and the residue was dissolved with 1 ml (90:10) Acetonitrile:Methanol. The extract was stored at −20˚C until analysis by high performance liquid chromatography.
2.8. Standard Solution
A standard solution of sixteen US EPA priority PAHs was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation in order to compare the retention times and spectra of compounds in the standard with those in the sample. The standard calibration contains the following compounds:
Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene [PHE], Anthracene [ANT], Fluoranthene, Pyrene, Benzo(a) anthracene [B (a)A], Chrysene [Chry], Benzo(b)Fluoranthene [B(b)F], Benzo(k) Fluoranthene [B(k) F], Benzo(a) pyrene [B(a) P], Dibenzo (a,h) anthracene [D(a,b) A], Benzo (ghi) Perylene [B(ghi) P] and Indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene [Ind].
2.9. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and Biosediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF)
BCF(l/g) = PAH concentration in specimen/PAH concentration in water.
BSAF = PAH concentration in specimen (µg/g)/PAH concentration in sediment (µg/g) × Total Organic Carbon (µg/g)/Lipid content (µg/g).
2.10. Toxicity of Carcinogenic PAHs
Seven carcinogenic PAHs (c-PAHs) were selected according to EPA (1993): B (a) P, B (a) A, B (b) F, B (k)F, Chry, DbA and Ind (Table 2). The toxicity equivalency factor (TEF) was calculated (see below) to assess the risks of a mixture with a related compound Method B cleanup level (EPA, 1993) relative to B (a) P).
TEF = Concentration of c-PAH × equivalent related compound.
Total Toxicity Equivalence Concentration (TTEC) = ΣTEF.
It must not exceed the method by cleanup level for B (a) P (0.137 µg/g) [29] [30] .
The average concentration for each PAH compound and maximum mean for it were compared with standard criteria in Table 2.
Table 2. Standard criteria for Equivalent c-PAHs [31] .
2.11. PAH Origin
The PAH origin was assessed according to ratios (Phe/Ant, Chry/BaA, Flu/Pyr, Flu/(Flu + Pyr) and low molecular weight/high molecular weight [32] [33] .
2.12. Statistical Analysis
The results were analyzed statistically by SPSS (ANOVA, Mean and Standard Deviation) and Canoco for Windows 4.5 (CCA) for the relationships among all tests in the current study.
Many studies have considered lower and higher plants as bioindicators and biomonitors [34] [35] , and also the usage of aquatic plants in wastewater treatment, detoxification and phytoremediation [36] -[38] .
The results of quality and quantity of PAH compounds in selected aquatic plants are shown in Tables 3-6. The characteristic values of selected molecular ratios for pyrogenic and petrogenic origins of PAHs in the studied plants are Tables 7-10.
The mean range of PAHs in macrophytes were as follows: P. australis 0.425 - 299.424 µg/g DW, P. perfoliatus 0.354 - 235.84 µg/g DW, C. demersum 0.996 - 162.942 µg/g DW, and P. Pectinatus 0.383 - 99.87 µg/g DW (Figure 2). The variation between aquatic plants may be due to the ability of P. australis to absorb the pollutants from sediment and water [39] [40] , and its high growth rate and luxury accumulation of major nutrients in stems, roots, and rhizomes [41] - [43] . Other studied macrophytes exhibit lower values because these plants are non-rooted submerged macrophytes, which depend on compound availability in the water column [44] [45] .
Figure 2. PAHs concentrations in the studied sites for P. perfoliatus, P. australis, C. demersum and P. pectinatus.
Table 3. Values of PAHs compounds in P. pectinatus during March 2010-February 2011 (S = Speing, S = Summer, A = Autumn, W = Winter).
Table 4. Values of PAHs compounds in P. australis during March 2010-February 2011 (S = Spring, S = Summer, A = Autumn., W = Winter).
Table 5. Values of PAHs compounds in C. demersum during March 2010-February 2011 (S = spring, S = summer, A = autumn, W = winter).
Table 6. Values of PAHs compounds in P. perfoliatus during March 2010-February 2011 (S = spring, S = summer, A = autumn, W = winter).
Table 7. Characteristic values of selected molecular ratios of Pyrogenic and Petrogenic origins of PAHs in P. australis during the study period.
Table 8. Characteristic values of selected molecular ratios of Pyrogenic and Petrogenic origins of PAHs in P. perfoliatus during the study period.
Table 9. Characteristic values of selected molecular ratios of Pyrogenic and Petrogenic origins of PAHs in P. pectinatus during the study period.
Table 10. Characteristic values of selected molecular ratios of Pyrogenic and Petrogenic origins of PAHs in C. demersumduring the study period.
The high PAH concentration in all studied plants, dominated by B(ghi)P indicates the source of PAH pollution is likely to be municipal and medical/pathological waste incinerators [46] and can also be attributed to high levels of automobile emissions (known to contain high levels of it relative to other PAHs) [47] [48] . B(ghi)P is strongly adsorbed to sediment organic matter as its high molecular weight (HMW) renders it resistant to micro- bial and photo-degradation [49] -[51] , so it is expected that greater concentrations of HMW-PAHs are detected during the hot season.
There are significant differences in the concentration of PAHs among studies macrophytes (Figure 2). These differences may be related to the nature of the growth substrate for studied macrophytes, tolerance to environmental conditions for each species, lipid components of plant and surface area that affect the rate of interception and accumulation of PAHs [52] - [54] . Elevated temperature and photic levels (such as during summer) contribute to elevated PAH photo-degradation and can affect the uptake of pollutants in plants as a result, higher concentrations have been recorded during the cold season than the hot season [55] .
The PAH origin in the aquatic plants is pyrogenic (Tables 7-10); Al-Hilla River is surrounded by oil fields with flared gas, and crude oil residues and automotive exhaust. Petroleum spills were not evident during the study period. In addition to pyrogenic origin, Al-Taee [56] and Hassan et al. [22] identified petrogenic.
The accumulation of environmental pollution in living organisms is estimated by BCF. The BCF in the aquatic environment is calculated as the ratio of the xenobiotic concentration in the organism to its concentration in the medium [57] [58] . BCF depends on the presence of other organisms or pollutants in the medium and on the contents of lipids in living cells [59] . A greater content of lipids in the organisms causes an increase of the BCF for hydrophobic hydrocarbons and also increases the cytotoxic activity [57] .
BCF ranged from 0.05 - 5664.5 for Acp and B(a)P at Sites 4 and 1, respectively for P. australis and 0.01 - 1241 for Acp and B(a)P at Sites 6 and 2 respectively in P. pectinatus. BCF ranges in P. perfoliatus 0.08 - 1602 for Ant and B(a)P at Sites 6 and 1, respectively. BCF in C. demersum ranged from 0.16 - 1141.3 for B(b)F and B(a)P at Sites 5 and 2, respectively. The BSAF ranged from 3.14 - 1041 for Acp and Acpy at Sites 6 and 1, respectively, for P. australis, and in P. pectinatus ranged from 1.51 for Phe at Site 6 and 976.7 for Ind at Site 6. The differentiation in results may be due to a combination of plant species, lipid content or surface area in contact with water and sediment [5] [60] .
The authors acknowledge the Biology Department, College of Sciences, University of Babylon, and College of Science for Woman, University of Baghdad for their assistance and facilities used to complete this work.
*Corresponding author.
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[45] Esteves, B.D.S. and Suzuki, M.S. (2010) Limnological Variables and Nutritional Content of Submerged Aquatic Macrophytes in a Tropical Lagoon. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 22, 187-198.
[46] Williams, R., Meares, J. and Brooks, L. (1994) Priority Pollutant PAH Analysis of Incinerator Emission Particles Using HPLC and Optimized Fluorescence. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 54, 299-314.
[47] Rogge, W.F., Hildemann, L.M. and Mazurek, M.A. (1993) Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and Catalyst-Equipped Automobiles and Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks. Environmental Science & Technology, 27, 636-651.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00041a007
[48] Santodonato, J. (1981) Polycyclic Organic Matter. Journal of Environmental Pathology & Toxicology, 5, 1-364.
[49] EHC-202 (Environmental Health Criteria) (1998) Selected Non-Heterocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon. International Program on Chemical Safety.
[50] Eisler, R. (1987) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Hazards to Fish, Wildlife and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review. US Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report, 85, 81.
[51] Irwin, R.J. (1997) Environmental Contaminants Encyclopedia, PAHs Entry. National Park Service.
[52] Sims, R.C. and Overcash, M.R. (1983) Fate of Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds (PNAs) in Soil-Plant Systems. Residue Reviews, 88, 1-68.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5569-7_1
[53] Thomas, W. (1984) Statistical Models for the Calculation of PAH, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Trace Metals in Epiphytic Hypnum cupressiforme. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 22, 351-371.
[54] Edwards, N.T. (1988) Assimilation and Metabolism of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Vegetation—An Approach to This Controversial Issue and Suggestions for Future Research. In: Cook, M. and Dennis, A.J., Eds., Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Decade of Progress, Battelle Press, Columbus, 211-229.
[55] Alfani, A., Nicola, F.D., Maisto, G. and Pratim, M.V. (2005) Long-Term PAH Accumulation after Bud Break in Qurrcus ilex L. Leaves in Polluted Environment. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 307-314.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.001
[56] Al-Taee, M.M.S. (2010) Distribution and Source of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Surficial Sediment from Shatt Al-Hilla River/Iraq. Marsh Bulletin, 5, 43-55.
[57] Fisher, S.W. (1995) Mechanisms of Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Systems. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 142, 87-117.
[58] Sheedy, B.R., Mattson, V.R., Cox, J.S., Kosian, P.A., Phipps, G.L. and Ankley, G.T. (1998) Bioconcentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by the Freshwater Oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. Chemosphere, 36, 30-61.
[59] Lee, R.R., Sauerheber, R. and Dobbs, G.H. (1972) Uptake, Metabolism and Discharge of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Marine Fish. Marine Biology, 17, 201-208.
[60] Wild, S.R. and Jones, K.C. (1991) Studies of the Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Content of Carrots (Daucus carota). Chemosphere, 23, 243-251.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(91)90110-Y

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Living Stations of the Cross are performed by our 8th grade students on Good Friday at St. John's Church.
Mark your calendar for the All Saints Super Scholarship Supper on May 4, 2019 at the Cross Insurance Center in Bangor. This fun-filled event will be an evening of prizes, laughter and entertainment as master of ceremonies Ric Tyler draws the winner and the losers of $10,000!
Students in grades 4-7 will release the salmon they've been raising in classroom tanks and will tour the Fish Hatchery. The students are learning valuable lessons while studying the fish, including ecology, habitats, life cycle and food chain.


In the spirit of continuing to ensure that the resources we produce are what you actually need/want and not just 'what I like making' I've decided to turn the floor over to you guys once more.
Our displays and activities websites both could do with a bit of a Science boost.
Over the past few weeks I've dabbled in a bit of 'healthy eating', 'Space' and 'habitats – polar regions' but still, our Science sections are looking pretty sad and sorry.
Every Sunday from 7pm onwards I will be taking requests for Science teaching, display and activity resources.
Getting involved is simple, you can either join in via Facebook, Twitter or email.
To use Facebook, just jump in on the wall post that I will push live at 7pm.
The first 10 requests to be sent via Facebook, Twitter or email will then be produced and uploaded throughout the week.
Please only 1 suggestion per person, that way it's fair for everyone and make sure your idea/suggestion gives as much detail as possible.
"friction stuff" or "anything for skeletons would be great" – will not be accepted.
"posters that explain about friction" or "a large skeleton display with bone labels" – simple but clear explanations that tell me what you need.
So get out your Science planning, have a chat with your Science co-ordinator and join us every Sunday @7pm.


Filling a North Shore home's space with a large china form took time and skill. James Russ worked alongside potter Peter Collis to create the Dandelion, made with handcrafted bone china cones with task lighting built in. The Dandelion adds a unique touch of warmth to a very modern seaside apartment.


He wears the Number 10 jersey, is one of the gifted footballers who are short in stature, sprints very quickly with or without the ball at his feet, bamboozles defenders and juggles the ball past them with utmost ease, assists not just the goals but the team's wins entirely, possesses great skill when it comes to converting freekicks, can deceive keepers with those delicate chip shots or give them no chance whatsoever with a powerful bullet, he turned a star for his club but yet to achieve any notable success with the national team – sounds like Lionel Messi, doesn't he? Well, that's what he was coined by pundits- German Messi!
Franz Beckenbauer said that Mario Götze "has the same assets as Lionel Messi in terms of his technique and understanding of the game.
Although he played only half the 2011-12 Season, still he managed to win another title with Dortmund.
With the signing of Marco Reus from Borussia Monchengladbach, him and Götze formed an impeccable partnership and emerged as one of the best attacking duos in Europe in 2012-13. They had19 league goals (Reus 11, Götze 8) and 15 assists (9 and 6 respectively) combined, which meant they were directly involved in over half their side's 62 league goals last season.
Franz Beckenbauer spoke about Reus and Mario Götze saying, "...as a classic duo there is nobody better than the prolific Reus and Götze."
Götze was a crucial 1st team member for Dortmund which reached the UEFA Finals after 16 years! Had he played in the all-German finale against the Bavarians, his impact would've altered the course of the game in Dortmund's favour. It's debatable though.
Götze secured a transfer to Dortmund rivals Bayern Munich when they triggered the €37 Million clause in his contract. He is the latest Mario at Allianz Arena!
Götze made his international debut in 2010 at 18 years of age. Reus has secured a fairly regular starting berth, Götze was eluded of it. Although he has deserved a place in the playing XI, nobody can be blamed for his irregular game time. Loew has a huge talented battalion at his disposal with the likes of Ozil, Muller, Kroos, Reus etc. However, just 21 years of age- Götze is here to stay, improve further and probably carve his name in history for sure!
Götze's first goal for Germany came against Brazil at the age of 19 years and 68 days and he became the joint youngest goalscorer for the German national team in the post-war era along with Klaus Sturmer in 1954.
The German transfer is set to make Götze the most expensive German player of all time.
He's called "Super Mario", but unlike ladies man Balotelli he still lives with his parents in a modest house close to Dortmund.
Recently, he was listed 34th in "The 100 Best Footballers in the World" byThe Guardian.
Bayern Munich president Uli Hoeness has revealed that Pep Guardiola wanted to sign Neymar but Bayern suggested the purchase of Mario Götze from Borussia Dortmund instead.
This article that I've written has been published on the following site! Do read, it may vary a little due to the website's editing. Please click on the following link.


text:
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Investmentpartnership AviAlliance Capital
Athens International Airport
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deutsch | www.avialliance.de
Investment Partnership AviAlliance Capital
Company portrait AviAlliance
AviAlliance is one of the world's leading private industrial airport investors and managers. The company has built up an attractive and balanced portfolio, with shareholdings in the airports of Athens, Budapest, Düsseldorf, Hamburg and San Juan (Puerto Rico). In 2019, these airports together handled 94 million passengers. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the aggregate passenger volume of all five airports in 2020 dropped to 28 million, and in 2021, passenger numbers totaled 39.9 million.
AviAlliance develops airports into efficient, service-oriented and user-friendly enterprises. This involves the ongoing optimization of business and operational processes and making the best possible use of existing potential. AviAlliance is committed to far-sighted planning aligned to each airport's scope for long-term development.
AviAlliance in three minutes
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text:
Snow days piling up for schools
Erica Hobbs, Staff Writer
Winter has just begun and area schools are already finding themselves deep into their allotted amount of snow days — and are expecting them to continue.
"My guess is we're going to be adding days (to the calendar)," Pittsford Superintendent Andy Shaw said. "I don't see us making it through (without them)."
Pittsford, like many other districts, has already had four snow days and two two-hour delays, which have eaten up 29 hours of the state-mandated 1,098 hours of instruction time for the year.
Though the state allows a grace of 30 cancelled hours that do not have to be made up, area districts, some more than others, are pushing their limits and expecting to have to add time to their calendars.
For more of the story, copy and paste the following url into your browser:
http://hillsdaledailynews.mi.newsmemory.com/
© 2023 www.hillsdale.net. All rights reserved.


text:
Ruth Bader Ginsburg death: What is the US Supreme Court?
image captionGinsburg was the second woman to sit on the Supreme Court
The death of liberal judge Ruth Bader Ginsburg at the age of 87 has raised questions over the future direction of the US Supreme Court.
Ginsburg, a prominent feminist and key liberal voice, served on the court for 27 years.
Each of the nine judges - known as justices - serves a lifetime appointment after being nominated by the president and approved by the Senate.
But with just six weeks until the 3 November presidential election between incumbent President Donald Trump and Democratic nominee and former Vice-President Joe Biden, a Supreme Court vacancy adds another controversial turn to an already fiercely contested campaign.
Vicious court fight could upend US election
Who are the current justices? Meet the Supremes
How has Trump's Supreme Court changed America?
So what is the Supreme Court and who will pick Ginsburg's successor?
What does the Supreme Court do?
The highest court in the US is often the final word on highly contentious laws, disputes between states and the federal government, and final appeals to stay executions.
It hears fewer than 100 cases a year and the key announcements are made in June.
image copyrightEPA
image captionMourners have paid tribute to Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Cases are usually brought to the court after they are appealed from a series of lower courts, although in time-sensitive cases, lawyers can petition for a hearing. The court's opinions can also create precedents, directing other judges to follow their interpretation in similar cases.
In recent years, the court has expanded gay marriage to all 50 states, allowed for President Donald Trump's travel ban to be put in place and delayed a US plan to cut carbon emissions while appeals went forward.
What's the current state of the court?
While a majority of Supreme Court cases do not break on ideological lines, there are conservative and liberal wings and key cases have been decided by just one vote.
Ginsburg herself voted for progressive issues in the court, including upholding key parts of the 2010 Affordable Care Act, commonly known as Obamacare, and legalising same-sex marriage.
image captionThe supreme court justices pictured in 2018
Since his election in 2016, President Donald Trump has picked two new justices, Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh.
Before Ginsburg's death, the court was seen to have a 5-4 conservative majority, leading to what some have called the most conservative-leaning court in modern US history.
However, US Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts, who was nominated by a Republican president, has sided with the four liberal justices on several rulings, including a case involving abortion.
Who will appoint Ginsburg's replacement?
Supreme Court justices are appointed by the president - but in an election year, the key question is whether the decision should be made before or after the new presidential term begins.
media captionTrump and Biden react to Ginsburg death
In 2016, Republicans in the Senate blocked the confirmation hearing for a justice nominated by Barack Obama, saying that no appointment should be made during an election year. President Trump nominated a conservative judge, Neil Gorsuch, to fill the vacancy within days of taking office in January 2017.
President Trump is expected to name a conservative replacement for Ginsburg as soon as possible, White House sources told BBC partner CBS News.
However, Ginsburg strongly disapproved of such a move.
"My most fervent wish is that I will not be replaced until a new president is installed," she wrote in a statement to her granddaughter, according to National Public Radio.
Joe Biden, who served as vice-president to Barack Obama, has also rejected the idea. "Let me be clear: The voters should pick a President, and that President should select a successor to Justice Ginsburg," he wrote on Twitter.
Does the court matter globally?
US research suggests that the influence of the Supreme Court abroad has diminished over the past two decades, as court systems elsewhere in the world develop and US influence in general wanes.
Fewer courts internationally cite US Supreme Court opinions, increasingly citing the European Court of Human Rights and other national supreme courts.
In 2016 a Supreme Court decision on emissions from coal-fired power plants on US soil threatened the Paris Climate Agreement, but enough other countries ratified the treaty for it to come into force.
Donald Trump's controversial travel ban, which affects Middle East countries designated as terror-prone, was cemented by the Supreme Court, with the outcome affecting millions internationally.
And back in 2000, the Supreme Court decided the outcome of the presidential election between George W Bush and Al Gore - a decision which more recent history shows still has a significant impact around the world.


text:
César Fabián Delgado Godoy (Rosario, 1981. augusztus 18. –) argentin válogatott labdarúgó, aki jelenleg a Rosario Central játékosa.

Pályafutása

Klubcsapat
A Rosario Central csapatánál nevelkedett, majd itt is lett profi játékos 2001-ben. 2003-ban a mexikói Cruz Azul játékosa lett. 2008-ig volt a klub labdarúgója és ez időszak alatt több mint 150 mérkőzésen képviselte a csapatát. 2008 januárjában a francia Olympique Lyon 11 millió eurót fizetett érte. január 20-án debütált a bajnokságban az RC Lens csapata ellen a 62. percben Fred váltotta őt. 2009. október 20-án a bajnokok ligájában az angol Liverpool FC ellen szerezte meg a sorozatban az első gólját. A klubnál töltött időszaka alatt francia bajnok és francia kupagyőztes lett.

2011. június 11-én a mexikói Monterrey csapatába igazolt. 122 tétmérkőzésen 27 gólt szerzett és kétszeres gólkirály lett a klubvilágbajnokságon, valamint kér alkalommal a csapattal megnyerte a CONCACAF-bajnokok ligáját. 2015-ben visszatért nevelőklubjához a Rosario Central csapatához.

Válogatott
Az U23-as csapat tagjaként részt vett a 2004-es olimpián, amelyt megnyertek. A felnőtt válogatottban a 2004-es Copa Américán, valamint a 2005-ös konföderációs kupán is a keret tagja volt. A 2004-es Copa Américán a brazil labdarúgó-válogatott ellen a döntőbe a 87. percben gólt szerzett.

Sikerei, díjai

Klub
Cruz Azul
Copa Panamericana: 2007
Olympique Lyonnais
Francia bajnok: 2007–08
Francia kupa: 2007–08
Monterrey
CONCACAF-bajnokok ligája: 2011–12, 2012–13

Válogatott
Argentína U23
Olimpiai játékok: 2004

Egyéni
FIFA-klubvilágbajnokság gólkirálya: 2012, 2013

Jegyzetek

Források

További információk
 Goal.com profil

1981-ben született személyek
Argentin labdarúgók
Labdarúgócsatárok
A Rosario Central labdarúgói
A Cruz Azul labdarúgói
A Monterrey labdarúgói
Az Olympique Lyonnais labdarúgói
Argentin olimpiai bajnokok
Olimpiai bajnokok (2004)
Olimpiai bajnokok (labdarúgás)
Élő személyek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How to default navigation drawer to closed on mobile and open on desktop? Im using the quasar framework for vue js. I have a sliding nav drawer. I am struggling to get its open/closed state to behave properly on mobile/desktop.
My requirements:

*

*Drawer default open when screen size > 1023 pixels

*When screen size > 1023 pixels, provide option to put drawer into mini mode via button (which is a compressed version of the drawer serving as a visual indicator it exists to the user)

*When screen < 1023 pixels, drawer should be in mobile mode(i.e. requires a swipe gesture from left to right to display it).

I can accomplish the first two bullet points above, but when I'm on a mobile device I can't seem to get the drawer to start hidden on page load. When the page loads, the drawer is in open state.  The drawer should only be in open state on mobile if the user opens it themselves.
Here is what I have tried:
<q-drawer
  v-model="rightDrawer"
  side="right"
  :mini="miniStateRight"
  :width="350"
  :breakpoint="1023"
  bordered
  overlay
  content-class="bg-grey-3"
>
  <q-page-sticky class="gt-sm" position="left" :offset="[-15, 0]">
    <q-btn
      @click="miniStateRight = !miniStateRight"
      round
      color="primary"
      size="sm"
      icon="mdi-feature-search-outline"
    />
  </q-page-sticky>
</q-drawer>

data: () => ({
  rightDrawer: true,
  miniStateRight: false,
}),

How can I get the drawer to default to the closed position on page load when the screen is < 1023 pixels? I have access to the current screen width via $q.screen.width plugin.
Many thanks in advance.

A: You can just set the drawer value to true or false in data by comparing screen width.
Example -       drawer: this.$q.screen.width < 1023?false:true,
Working codepen - https://codepen.io/Pratik__007/pen/poELqgK

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Paul Sandby's traditional title of 'father of the English watercolour school' has much justification. He freed watercolour from a subservient role to oil painting, and by the introduction of the aquatint process provided the ideal means for the reproduction of watercolours, widely diffusing their appeal. A founder member of both the Royal Academy and the Society of Artists, Sandby's work in oil, gouache and watercolour ranges wide in technique and subject matter, and was of 'powerful encouragement' to the next generation of British landscape artists, including Thomas Girtin and Turner.
Paul Sandby was a prolific exhibitor, showing over 120 pictures at the RA between 1769 and his death in 1809, the majority of which related to commissioned views of English and Welsh scenery, often with historical features: castles such as Windsor, Warwick, Caernarvon and Rochester, and towns such as Tonbridge, Hereford, Worcester and, as here, Shrewsbury. As often in his work, we are presented here with an image of the British landscape which is both picturesque and yet well-ordered, with working boats on the River Severn contrasting with the gentleman angler on the bank.
Sandby's mastery of the medium of bodycolour was not fully appreciated until 1965 when a remarkable group of five gouaches from Harewood House was sold at Christie's, one for as much as 8,500 guineas – a very substantial sum at the time.


Dramatic and dynamic - America's Westward Journey nickels have captured the hearts of hundreds of collectors. Now you can get yours in stunning gold-plating! These breathtaking coins capture all the details of the proud new design. Here in beautiful gold-plating, it's sure to dazzle your collection.


text:
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Business tax manifesto: Simplify
A new manifesto for business taxation
This spring's surprise election campaign and the impact it has had on HMRC's plans presents an opportunity to take a longer, deeper look at how to reduce the tax burden on business.
One of the arguments surrounding the beleaguered Making Tax Digital (MTD) project has been that the government would be better advised to simplify the tax regime first before digitising it. Now that the enabling legislation has been dropped from the Finance Bill, politicians have a chance to address those broader business concerns in their manifestos.
They have a wealth of research and policy work to draw on, ranging from the output of the Office of Tax Simplification (OTS), to business organisations and professional advisers. To set the scene for the debates ahead, AccountingWEB delved into those archives for ideas worth of inclusion in our own business tax simplification manifesto.
Underlying problems
According to the Institute of Fiscal Studies, the government that takes office in June faces a structural problem with its tax base. Taxable profits have been falling since the global financial crisis to reduce the corporation tax base, and losses accumulated over that time continue to diminish the amounts collected.
The recovery from recession has also been "employment heavy", the IFS notes, with a visible shift towards self-employment. Meanwhile, low wage inflation and the 82% rise in the personal allowance since 2010/11 has narrowed the income tax base
The UK's poor growth is also a feature of poor productivity, which reflects the reluctance of companies that have cash to put it into expansion projects, and the difficulty those without cash have in gaining access to funding.
CBI economist Anna Leach looked into the sources of the UK's productivity problem across a number of sectors. Poor infrastructure, planning regulations, workforce skills, investment, innovation and R&D all play a part in the country's poor productivity - but increasing regulatory burdens have not helped, with new compliance regimes for financial services, transport and construction eating into available resources.
During the past few years businesses everywhere have also had to wrestle with pensions auto-enrolment and real time information for PAYE, with Making Tax Digital looming on the horizon.
Tax complexity
The central issue for business tax is crystal clear. "Taxation in the UK is more complicated than it need be," the IFS told MPs on the Treasury select committee in a written submission last year - and few accountants would argue with the institute's assertion.
The unnecessary complexities and opportunities they present for tax avoidance stem from the urge to use taxation as a tool to stimulate or impede certain kinds of economic activity. A legion of buy-to-let landlords and personal service company owners will attest to some of the drawbacks of this approach.
The IFS explains that the problems arise when tax policy makers attempt to draw distinctions between different activities by offering preferential tax treatment for certain products, assets or income sources. Each of these targeted measures demands clear and detailed definitions as to what qualifies for support and what doesn't - a simple, but deadly recipe for unnecessary complication.
"Moving towards a more neutral underlying tax policy, which taxes similar activities more similarly, would be the biggest step towards simplification," the IFS argued.
This principle is not new. It goes back to the epic Mirrlees Review (and beyond) which emerged in 2011 with an agenda for tax reform. The proposals included:
Taxes on earnings should be based around a progressive income tax with a transparent and coherent rate structure, with all income subject to the same rates
Indirect taxes should be largely uniform – VAT on almost everything – with a small number of targeted exceptions on economic efficiency grounds
A single rate of corporation tax with no tax on the normal return on investment
Equal treatment of income derived from employment, self employment and running a small company
The Office of Tax Simplificiation, a child of the Tory/Lib Dem coalition, carried some of these ideas forward, but has so far achieved "small improvements around the edges", according to an IFS review in 2014. The slow progress is down to a lack of resources and its focus on the existing tax system rather than policy formulation. Which brings us back to the dreaded tax policy short-termism - or "hyperactivity" driven by the need to pull headline-grabbing rabbits out of the Budget hat.
A truly business-friendly Chancellor would go back to some of the Mirrlees proposals and give the OTS a wider remit to dig into the principles underlying tax policy and set the Treasury on course for true simplification.
Practical proposals from the profession
Some of these points are patently obvious to accountants, who like the OTS are often asked by the Treasury and HMRC to comment on proposals that have already been formulated rather than being asked for what they would really like to see from the tax system.
A 2016 collaboration between accountants Grant Thornton, Prelude Group and the Insitute of Directors resulted in a report entitled Britain unlocked that drew on the experience of successful entrepreneurs to suggest ways of removing barriers to growth.
Britain is good at producing new businesses, with over 600,000 started in 2015, the report noted. But it falls down when it comes to scaling up their operations. One of the barriers to SME progress, the report suggested, was the UK's punishingly complex tax system.
The tax system starts to bite when firms take on more staff, move to larger premises or solicit bigger deals. At each stage, the growing business will often lack the resources and time to overcome the new administrative hurdles. As well as endorsing the idea of merging income tax and national insurance, Britain unlocked suggested a few more proposals for simplifying business tax:
Expand reliefs to encourage entrepreneurial investment
Raise the small business rate relief cut-off point to £25,000
Restore the annual investment allowance to £500,000 a year following last year's reduction back to £200,000.
Allow companies to pay Corporation Tax annually rather than quarterly until their profits reach £5m (up from the current £1.5m threshold)
Consolidate the various employee share schemes into one share allocation scheme. The design should be simple and easy to self-certificate.
Increased annual Capital Gains Tax exemption of £50,000 (up from current £11,100) to encourage entrepreneurs. This measure would have to be accompanied by "necessary anti-avoidance measures" - proving once again that tax stimuli almost always have a sting in the tail.
Let's face it. Tax is more of a trap for politicians than a source of excitement, but the hyperactive tinkering through the early part of this century is having a visible impact on the economy, business and individual taxpayers. Failing to grasp the simplification nettle now could rebound on politicians if voters wake up to the source of many of their complaints and vent their frustration in the polling booth.
Help us refine the AccountingWEB business tax manifesto for the 2017 election. What do you think of the simplification and business support measures suggested here? And what tax reforms would convince you to switch your allegiance to a different political party?
Office of Tax Simplification
HMRC & policy
How to reduce the tax burden
Rebecca Cave
Any Answers comment Icon 32
Lib Dem chartered accountant wins by-election
The Accountant's Guide to Election 2019
AccountingWEB's Editor at large has been with the site since 1999, rising from news editor to editor in chief, global editor and head of insight. As a roving editor, he continues to investigate the profession's use of technology around the world. He devotes his spare time to technology history and an oddball collection of stringed instruments...
Read more from John Stokdyk
By petestar1969
27th Apr 2017 14:39
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/25/controversial-digital-tax-ret...
Replying to petestar1969:
By Rebecca Cave
No. There has been no official announcement of MTD delay, although that may be a face-saving move by HMRC. I expect will have to wait until 9 June or later to learn the official position on the MTD project.
By johnjenkins
If MTD was going to be looked at "in a different light" it would have been done so by now.
HMRC won't let any Government mess with it. So it doesn't matter who gets in (my view a hung parliament) MTD will come off the shelf quicker than you can say "TM has resigned" cos she didn't get the majority she needed. The only stumbling block I see is the software being ready on time.
We all know it won't work though.
By Wiganer Elaine
Personally, I have no political allegiances - I vote for whichever party seems to be addressing the issues that I believe to be the most important of the current time we are in. If no party seems to address the issues I am concerned with, I will vote for the local independent candidate.
In terms of tax simplification, I would vote for the party that truly believed in tax simplification - ie the starting point would be a flat rate of tax on ALL sources of income. (No more National Insurance cons) You can take lower earners out of tax by having a personal allowance, but any excess over this is taxed at a flat rate of (say) 32%. I would also consider whether or not to abolish corporation tax on the proviso that dividends are paid to shareholders net of the flat rate of tax. Basically, if a company wants to grow then taxing its profits with which it can grow seems somewhat backward.
A growing company (theoretically) will employ more people who will pay tax. If the company is profitable then the dividends paid to its shareholders will be bigger and therefore the shareholders will pay more tax (at source). In this instance a parent company shareholder is not exempt from the tax on its dividend.
All things considered, I would vote for a party which truly wanted to simplify the current tax regime and make it open and transparent.
Replying to Wiganer Elaine:
By matchmade
Unfortunately there is the dominant rhetoric of "those with the broadest shoulders" etc. A flat rate of 32% looks like a hefty tax cut for the higher-paid paying 40% and 45% tax rates. How well do you think this would go with the voting masses?
What about Employer NICs? One of the reasons behind the growth of self-employment (voluntary or involuntary) is the reluctance of corporations large and small to pay payroll taxes and the accompanying administrative costs. How do you simplify business taxation to make it less onerous to take on employees, or less advantageous for people to work freelance?
Growing companies do not necessarily employ more people: tech companies, especially with business models based around the licensing of patents, can employ very small numbers of people and yet earn huge returns. Or manufacturing companies can deploy large numbers of robots, who pay no tax.
I would like to see a government that committed to a thorough reform of international taxation, to reduce the advantages exploited so effectively by multinationals, technology companies in particular, although as more and more elements of business move online, the taxation of internet-based transactions is going to become an ever-larger issue.
I am also very interested in integrating social care into the NHS, with a national insurance scheme to cover the population against the need to go into a care or nursing home. This improved welfare benefit - much cheaper per head of population if the whole population contributes - should perhaps best be paid for by extending NICs to pensioners - or your suggested 32% basic rate of tax on everyone.
I have just heard from a very reliable source that HMRC are actually looking at the policy wherby MTD was introduced with a view to a re-structure. Quite what that means in terms of bottom line? I can only assume that the larger concern will be registering first. Or it could mean that all business will be VAT registered
By Jack Spratt
This principle is not new."
Nigel Lawson set CGT at the same rate as IT (40%?) and that made all the wheezes to make income into capital pointless.
We could do with a lot more of that sort of stuff.
Replying to Jack Spratt:
By DJKL
Please can you devise a tax system that even unrepresented taxpayers can just about understand.
A new business entity, the Corporate Partnership, through which smaller (size up to say £xxxx turnover/ £xxxx net assets/number of employees) business entities will operate; its profits are taxable at a corporate level irrespective of whether funds are withdrawn/not withdrawn from the business.
There is no need for the "owners" to pay themselves "Directors'" remuneration, it will not matter. Similarly as no employment income/self employment income
things like personal personal pension contributions pointless, instead contributions made on behalf of members by the Corporate Partnership.
In effect take tax burden from the individual to the entity.
(The tax rate chargeable will in effect accommodate tax and NI, the owners/operators will have no need (unless they have other income) to complete an individual tax return.)
The tax will not be income tax/corporation tax/capital gains tax, it will be its own Corporate Partnership rate, accordingly legislation can be applied specifically to the type of entity.
All legislation regarding Corporate Partnership tax will be contained within one short Act, SI used merely re changes in corporate partnership tax rate variation.
All legislation regarding Corporate Partnership legal framework be within one short Act.
One body will regulate submission of returns re income/payment of tax. Whilst Corporate Partnership will have third party limited liability, owners may be liable personally to repay drawings where Corporate Tax/Vat/PAYE remains unpaid by the Corporate Partnership.
Corporate Partnership insolvency, in all cases, will need reviewed. (as will be the case with lower number Ltd companies who fail) CP as the default entity unless use of a Ltd from outset advisable.
All traders not trading as Limited Companies will require to trade as a Corporate Partnership, there will be no sole traders etc, All CP and Ltd will have reg number, to be displayed on all sales transaction documents, so invoices/till receipts/e bay sales etc.
In effect create an embryo business entity that will act as the starting entity, keep companies as the next step upwards, have simple steps to convert from Corporate Partnership to Ltd and Ltd to Corporate Partnership, have ability to target entrepreneur tax rates as distinct from general tax rates (similar flexibility with differential interest rates re business/non business borrowing would not be a bad idea either)
Now-do you want my far simpler scrapping of IHT and introducing CGT on death proposals (with spousal relief) so that only pregnant gains get taxed on second death Yep, that family house now worth £600,0000 falls into tax, none of this £650k £1,000k exemption nonsense, where assets have been taxed (interest on deposits say added to deposit) no liability, when invested in houses/shares etc, value uplift on second death gets taxed.
HMRC to remove agent access without AML proof
Richard Hattersley
SA deadline extension: Get the details right
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Enhancing the visibility and championing the voice of music creators. Find out more about our history, our future and how we support and protect creator rights.
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By adding your voice, ours will be even louder. Join us and together we can campaign for the rights of music creators at home and internationally.
The Ivors Academy of Music Creators is the home of songwriters and composers of all genres. For over 70 years we've represented music creators in the UK, and have bestowed the biggest honours in the industry to giants of modern composition and songwriting.
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2005 Clio 182 Cup Serviced 500 miles ago with new passenger control arm fitted to steering Dephaser and belts etc not due till next year MOT Aug 2019 Alarm. Climate control. ABS. PAS. Electric windows. Cruise control. Turini 16″ Alloy wheels. Cup spoiler. Half leather seats. Xenon headlights. Rain sensor wipers Mods:Carbon interior trim. Full Flocked DashRe-trimmed steering wheelCooksport springs on cup shocksBrake ducts to front bumperPipercross panel filter Painted exhaust manifold in crackle black Full stainless steel scorpion exhaust system with de-cat Front tow strapDe-wipered rearAero wipers to frontHeko wind deflectors Yellow/black Renault F1 floor mats including boot mat Tyres are Yokohama ADO8R with very good tred Overall a very good example of this hot hatch with no issues. Test drives welcome with proof of insurance or full balance deposit before taking vehicle out. Payment by bank transfer on collection please Located just outside Loughborough Le12 area. Any questions just ask.
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text:
Education, Gender and Work
How do we really feel about women leaders?
Research shows a surprising number of Brits and Germans are uncomfortable with a woman at the helm.
Image: REUTERS/Axel Schmidt
Silvana Koch-Mehrin Founder, Women Political Leaders Global Forum
Over the last two years, the movement for fairness and equality between men and women has found renewed energy and conviction around the world. In public life, in politics, in business and across different economic sectors, women and men have been working for change and a world where economic opportunity is no longer shaped and constrained by being a man or a woman.
Evidence is an essential tool in shaping public policy and social progress. To support the cause of gender equality, we need to understand values, perceptions and attitudes, the speed of change or the failure to realise it, and the drivers and barriers along the way towards building a fairer world. We need to document social norms, the everyday beliefs and behaviours of men and women, and the interplay of the drivers for change against those of stasis. We need to do this so that we can challenge our social norms, and we need to measure change over time to hold ourselves and our leaders to account.
Women Political Leaders (WPL), in cooperation with Kantar, have created The Reykjavik Index for Leadership to support the journey to equality for women and men. It was launched during the Women Leaders Global Forum in Iceland, in November 2018, and this inaugural report focuses on the G7 nations. So - how do people in these countries feel about women as leaders?
The findings
There are valuable and powerful indices available which measure progress in economic equality for men and women. However, as yet there are no measures of how people feel about men and women in leadership roles. The Reykjavik Index for Leadership and the wider study behind it illuminate these attitudes and perceptions, as a means to understand how much further we have to go until being a man or woman is a non-issue when debating the suitability of someone for leadership across the whole economy.
Equality of attitudes to women in leadership in the G7 nations, scored out of 100
The right to leadership is a key factor in the journey to true equality between women and men. Furthermore, equality for both in leadership will diminish prejudices not just against women, but also against men in certain leadership roles in society. This study reveals prejudices against both men and women, but the majority are against women in leadership roles in professional life.
Our explicit goal is to reach Index scores of 100, which will indicate that there is complete agreement that men and women are equally suited to leadership across the economy. This will be a tangible sign of equality - and we believe the evidence will support our endeavours to reach that milestone.
Attitudes to women in leadership across the G7 - the headlines
The Reykjavik Index for Leadership for the G7 nations in this, our launch year, is 66. The Index shows that the G7 divides into two groups of countries. First, a group of four that have higher indices: the UK (72), France (71), Canada (71), and the US (70). The higher scores in these four nations are an indication that progress is happening. However, there is still a long way to go in these countries before we see complete acceptance of men and women in leadership roles - and thus equality for men and women.
There is then a group of three which are a step change below: Japan (61), Germany (59) and Italy (57). Relative to those in the other G7 countries, people in these three nations are more likely to think women and men are not equally suited to leadership positions generally.
Furthermore, their views are more likely to vary by sector, meaning in these nations, traditional or sexist stereotypes about men's roles or women's roles are more embedded than in the other four countries.
Male/female dissonance
Across the G7, the Reykjavik Index for Leadership is higher for women (67) than for men (61). This means that women in the G7 are more likely than men to view women and men as equally suitable for leadership roles. This is the case for both the overall G7 and also within every individual G7 nation and in each of the 20 sectors covered in the research.
This dissonance between men and women reflects tensions and barriers that are at play not just at work, but also at home and in people's personal communities.
For example, the views of men and women are most closely aligned in the UK in terms of who is suitable to lead. On average, across the twenty sectors, 78% of women in the UK think men and women are equally suited to lead, compared to 75% of men thinking the same. Nonetheless, for 42% of people in the UK - a country led by Prime Minister Theresa May - a woman as head of government is still an issue of some kind.
We see the highest levels of male/female dissonance in Angela Merkel's Germany. Furthermore, men in Germany are the most likely of all men in the G7 to be perpetuating stereotypes about who should lead in the 20 sectors we researched.
These are just two examples of some of the tensions at play within G7 nations, and where stereotypes may be more resistant to change.
Sector differences at the G7 level
Image: Women Political Leaders, Kantar
How do attitudes vary between sectors?
There are some surprising and encouraging findings from the Index and the wider study. For example, the sector with the highest Reykjavik Index for Leadership score - that is, perceptions of equal suitability for leadership for men and women - is media and entertainment, with 80. Indeed, 85% of women and 80% of men in the G7 believe men and women are equally suited to leadership in this industry.
Similarly, the Index score is also above 75 for some science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) careers, such as natural sciences, pharmaceutical and medical research, economics and political science, and banking and finance. This may demonstrate attitudes which have developed as a result of the investment and encouragement of women and girls in STEM education in recent years.
However, some strong stereotypes endures in other sectors. Our index shows that for childcare, fashion and beauty, and defence and policing, there are majority-held stereotypical views about who is suitable to lead.
These stereotypes are barriers to equality not just for women, but for men also as stereotypes about suitable careers and sexist attitudes continue to be perpetuated.
Germany and Japan
The study highlights where being a man or being a woman is seen as an issue in terms of who is suitable to lead. Here, two countries stand out.
As part of the wider study, we asked if people would feel 'very comfortable' having a woman as head of government, or as the CEO of a major company in their country.
Only one in four people in Germany feel 'very comfortable' with a woman as head of government, meaning three in four people do not feel very comfortable with this.
In Japan, only one in five men - 21% - say they feel 'very comfortable' with a woman as CEO of a major company in Japan. This is also true for three in 10 Japanese women (28%).
Being a woman in a position of leadership, business or government is clearly an issue for many people in Germany and Japan. The impacts of these attitudes go beyond polling stations and boardrooms; they affect wider perceptions of women's abilities to lead and indicate sizeable barriers to equality.
Could this be the secret to closing the workplace gender gap?
5 things that must change to end gender inequality at work
What's the role of the G7 in future health crises?
The index and the wider study have given us a clear insight into the powerful dissonance at play across the G7 and within the group's individual countries. Men and women hold similar degrees of prejudice, reminding us of the efforts needed to overcome the social phenomenon of sexism.
The results also show how women are pulling ahead in their views of men and women being equally suitable to lead. These are signs of progress, yet more work needs to be done to reduce male/female dissonance, and to remove the tensions in our workplaces, homes and communities.
In the future, we will extend this survey to other nations, giving us greater evidence to use to help drive social progress. The index will help us to understand how we can more quickly see attitudes about men and women in leadership reach equality, to the benefit of all.
Silvana Koch-Mehrin, Founder, Women Political Leaders Global Forum
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Ben Kurland is a very funny stand-up comedian whose act is as observatorial humor that is clean and relates to all age groups.
He can do well over an hour of very original material.
set him apart from most stand-up acts.
On television he appeared in Stand Up and Deliver, The ABC Comedy Club Special, Comedy Central, Evening at the Improv, HBO, and Network Late Night Talk Shows.


Roger Goodell was just asked -- twice -- why he thinks Colin Kaepernick is not on an NFL roster ... and he pointed the finger at NFL teams who don't believe the QB can help them win games.
In other words, Goodell says it's about football -- not politics.
Goodell was addressing the media live from Super Bowl LIII in Atlanta -- in a crowd packed with reporters from all over the world and even a few NFL owners (ATL's Arthur Blank and NE's Robert Kraft).
When the subject of Kaepernick came up ... it was clear Roger had his answers ready -- hammering the same main talking point ... that roster decisions are made by individual teams looking to win games.
"Our clubs are the ones that make decisions on players that they wanna have on their roster," Goodell said.
"They make that individually. They make that in the best interests of their team."
He added, "They all want to win ... and they're all gonna do whatever they can to win."
When a second reporter pushed Goodell on the issue he reiterated his points.
"I think if a team decides that Colin Kaepernick or any other player can help their team win, that's what they'll do."
"They want to win and they make those decisions individually in the best interests of their club."
Goodell is clearly pushing the individuality of decision-making, because Colin is suing the NFL for collusion -- claiming NFL owners and key officials conspired to keep him out of the league because of his kneeling demonstration during the national anthem.
The thing that makes the least amount of sense ... is that guys like Nathan Peterman and other sub-par quarterbacks are getting multiple workouts and opportunities with NFL clubs while Colin is not.
Besides taking the 49ers to the Super Bowl back in 2013 -- Kaepernick has thrown for 72 TDs and only 30 INTs in his pro career.
In his final season with the 49ers in 2016, Kaepernick racked up 2,241 passing yards, 16 passing TDs and only 4 INTs.


Jack was popular with everyone, with Jack, what you saw is what you got. He thought that falling out with anyone was a complete waste of time, as life was too short. He was born in Dagenham on the 7th January 1932, then moved to White City with his two sisters, Olive and Connie. They were quite a poor family.
In 1950, Jack's life changed when he was called up for Army National Service. - For the first time in Jack's life he had two pairs of trousers - so he straight away signed up for 3 years. He started his time posted to Germany and driving tanks. He returned to England for his last year and became a chauffeur for the Major, driving a big staff car.
The next change came when Jack met Mavis. Every time he could (between driving the Major) the car was parked outside her parent's house - Mavis being the attraction. Jack's first Magic trick was the 'OMO Trick' (three dirty handkerchiefs become clean in an OMO box) bought from Harry Stanley. While Jack working for Harry Stanley he invented a light bulb that lit up in your hand (remember this was the 50's), also 'The Three Spacemen' was one of Jack's. If you look in Harry Stanley's old catalogues you will see more tricks that Jack invented.
Jack and Mavis married in 1955 and lived for a while in Ladbroke Grove where he heard about 'The Zodiac Magic Club' and became a member in 1956. With their son, Robert, they moved to Stevenage - sister Olive and family followed. Jack, although always busy working with his Magic and (small) 'Hairy Harry Puppet Show', decided to have a 'large' Hairy Harry made. It cost 400 pounds which was a lot of money then. Jack worked on the QE2, in theatres, halls and private functions, all over the place - Scotland, Jersey, Wales and even Australia.
Jack was a member of the I.B.M. (International Brotherhood of Magic) and for many years he produced the I.B.M. Children's Saturday Show. He was a 'Member of the Inner Magic Circle (M.I.M.C.) Gold Star'. For all the work Jack did in raising money for the new Magic Circle Headquarters, he was made a Life Member. Jack was a School Governor, a member of the Concert Artistes' Association, a Freemason (London Grand Rank), a Captain of the Vaudeville Golf Society and a member of the Knebworth Golf Club - he played a big part in the I.B.M. golf day.
I was very proud to put Jack up to become a member of the Grand Order of Water Rats (there are only 200 in the world). He was initiated on the 7th November 1999 and he was so proud. Once he settled in to the Order he began raising money for its charity by putting on shows at the Gordon Craig Theatre.
Sadly, after 49 years of marriage, Jack lost Mavis 2 years ago. After this we became even closer and spoke to each other on the phone almost every day. Quite often while talking to Norma on the phone he would say "What are you doing today?". If Norma said "Nothing special" Jack's reply was "I'll call in then". Norma would then tell him the lunch or dinner time. (we knew the script before anything was said). We will miss those calls and his company at the table.
Jack leaves behind his son Robert, daughter-in-law Paula and grandson George who he loved dearly. All your family and friends (home and abroad) will miss you.


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Home Lifestyle & Family Downtown Lindsay offers unique dining and shopping experiences
Downtown Lindsay offers unique dining and shopping experiences
Featuring The Olympia Restaurant, Scott's Decorating Centre, Pretty Little Threads, and Johnson's Jewellers
By Eva Fisher -
Downtown Lindsay has 185 shops and services, beautiful historic buildings, friendly shop owners, and free parking (photo: Lindsay Downtown Business Improvement Association)
When was the last time you went to downtown Lindsay? With 185 shops and services, beautiful historic buildings, and friendly shop owners, there are plenty of options to enjoy in Lindsay's downtown. There's even free parking.
We are profiling four businesses in downtown Lindsay that offer services that are hard to find in Ontario, let alone Lindsay. There's a jeweller who buys diamonds directly from merchants in Belgium to bring to their customers, and a fashion boutique on the cutting edge, bringing in clothing lines new to Canada. There's a decorating centre with the largest selection of wallpaper in central Ontario, and a Greek restaurant with its own dedicated Spartan olive farm.
The Olympia Restaurant Cafe and Bar serves Greek food with local flavours
Unique decorating services offered at Scott's Decorating Centre
Pretty Little Threads: fashionable boutique shopping close to home
Johnson's Jewellers brings Antwerp's diamond district to Lindsay's downtown
The Olympia's Balsamic Chicken is made with olives from owner Nicki Dede's parents' olive farm. (Photo: Eva Fisher)
Souvlaki is a popular menu item. It is served with Greek salad and fries made from local potatoes. (Photo: Eva Fisher)
Spanakopita is Nicki's favourite dish, and it's served with a generous portion of tzatziki on the side. (Photo: Eva Fisher)
Costas and Nicki Dedes own the Olympia Restaurant Cafe and Bar, a Lindsay institution since 1906. (Photo: Mark Ridout)
The Olympia Restaurant Cafe and Bar wasn't always a Greek restaurant, although the name makes it seem as if it might have been fated. The 110-year-old restaurant has been an important part of Lindsay's downtown for decades. Co-owners Nicki Dedes and husband Costas serve authentic Greek food with a local twist, and a deep respect for tradition.
Classic Greek food made with local ingredients
The spanakopita is made with spinach, ricotta, feta and bright dill, with a generous portion of tzatziki on the side. One of Nicki's favourite memories is watching her grandmother make this dish. The lamb souvlaki uses locally farmed meat, drizzled with an olive oil sauce, and served with a greek salad. The balsamic chicken is topped with tomatoes, fresh basil, feta and kalamata olives from Nicki's parents own olive farm.
Nicki tells me that all of the olives used at the Olympia Restaurant Cafe and Bar are grown by her parents in Sparta. "We have about 800 to 900 trees. It's a winter crop, so it's a December harvest. We buy all of their crop and it gets shipped here and we use it all year long. It's in our marinades, recipes, and we use it in our salads as well."
There are a variety of Greek wines on the menu, including varietals that can be hard to find. "We have a red wine called Agiorgitiko, also known as St. George's grape," says Nicki. "It's an ancient noble wine, written about in Homer's Iliad."
Nicki says that the Greek wine industry has recently experienced a resurgence, and there are many quality wines from Greece that pair perfectly with Mediterranean food. "Greek wines are fruity yet dry, perfectly complementing what's on your plate."
Try an authentic 1950s burger
In addition to authentic Greek cuisine, The Olympia Restaurant offers traditional favourites, like roast chicken and steak. Nicki says that The Olympia's customers span generations, and many have been coming for decades. "This is a place of continuity, it's a meeting place, it's a hub. It's a place where you can bring any age."
Some menu items have remained unchanged since the 1950s. That's a good thing. The hamburgers are an example, made with freshly ground local beef, a bun baked by a local baker, and fresh-cut fries made with local potatoes.
This past August, the restaurant was mentioned as a destination in a story from Expedia.ca called 9 Must-See Stops on an Ontario Road Trip, which included Kawartha Lakes.
The Olympia Restaurant is located at 106 Kent Street West in Lindsay. You can find them online at www.olympiarestaurant.ca and on Facebook.
Martin Scott unrolls one of the many wallpapers that he carries, a contemporary birch design. (Photo: Eva Fisher)
Some of the nearly 500 different wallpaper designs available in store at Scott's Decorating Centre. (Photo: Eva Fisher)
Scott's Decorating Centre has been a fixture in Lindsay's downtown core since 1955. (Photo: Eva Fisher)
A huge variety of decorating supplies and gleaming hardwood floors greet you as you enter. (Photo: Eva Fisher)
Scott's Decorating Centre has been a fixture in Lindsay's downtown for over 61 years.
Owner Martin Scott remembers working in the store as a kid when his parents owned it. "My job was to shovel the snow from inside the store back out onto the street at Christmas time. Back in those days everyone left Christmas shopping to the last minute."
Now Martin thrives on being a problem solver. His store features unique decorating services that he has developed to make his customers projects go more smoothly. Here are some of the harder-to-find services that Scott's Decorating Centre offers:
Tinted caulking
This may not seem like a big deal, but anyone who has tried to paint a thin bead of caulking knows that it's not a fun project. Martin takes a controlled amount of the same paint that he uses for the walls and mixes it in with the caulking. The result is a product with a colour almost identical to the paint, which makes it a lot easier for contractors or DIYers. "When you run a bead of caulking around the kitchen counters or a vanity it's the same colour as the wall. They don't have to fuss."
Tinted spray paint
Using a similar process to the caulking, Scott's Decorating Centre will tint spray paint to match the wall paint. It makes it easy to do quick touch ups. "You don't have to pull out all of your equipment." Martin notes that the spray paint also works well on hard to paint surfaces, like metal radiators or louvred doors.
Colour matching wood stain
Another unique service offered by Scott's Decorating Centre? They will create wood stain to match an existing stained surface. That means you can build your desk from pine and stain it to match an existing walnut bookshelf. Creating custom stain isn't a straightforward job, according to Martin. "Every wood, even in the same stick of wood it will take the stain differently. It just depends on the porosity."
Martin thrives on solving problems like these, and customers come from a wide area to take advantage of his expertise. "I have a lady who comes from Mississauga because of this," he notes.
Nearly 500 different wallpapers
As I add them up I am surprised to find nearly 500 different wallpapers available for sale. Martin is less surprised. "We have the largest selection of wallpaper in central Ontario," he notes, "and just about every pattern is different from the next."
Neatly stacked in racks throughout the store there are wallpapers in almost every colour in designs that range from traditional to contemporary. There are elegant wallpapers and those geared more towards children, intricate toiles and modern geometric designs.
It is clear that Martin thinks carefully when choosing his wallpaper. "We've always concentrated on traditional because for a long time there were mostly older homes in the area. Now that newer homes are being built we are doing more contemporary." He is buying for the community.
Scott's Decorating Centre is located at 88 Kent Street West in Lindsay. They can be reached by phone at 705-324-5651, via their website and on Facebook.
Be sure to check out the window displays as you enter Lindsay fashion boutique Pretty Little Threads. (Photo: Eva Fisher)
Owner Jillian inherited the chairs in the right of the photo from her grandmother. Now they hang clothing. (Photo: Eva Fisher)
Affirming change rooms are a must! Great details like this make Pretty Little Threads in Lindsay stand out. (Photo: Eva Fisher)
Pretty Little Threads' selection of gifts, fashion and home decor is carefully curated and artfully displayed. (Photo: Eva Fisher)
Jillian Trider of Pretty Little Threads, has always wanted to own a boutique. "It didn't matter what job I had, I always had this dream."
When she found a location in Lindsay's downtown last March, Jillian moved quickly. "I met my landlord in March, signed the lease in April, took six weeks to renovate, and got it open on June 28th." Her clothing store dream had become a reality.
Unique and modern store design
Jillian recognizes that "atmosphere's a big thing," and Pretty Little Threads is striking. Exposed brick walls and a minimalist black-and-white colour scheme underpin a store with incredible attention to detail. Tables of beautifully displayed accessories and home accents are nestled amongst neatly organized racks of clothes.
Across one wall four chairs, painted in black and white, are used to hang clothing. Jillian inherited them and the table that acts as a cash counter from her grandma. "We were very close. She was always very supportive, a proud grandmother."
Never cluttered, Pretty Little Threads has a curated and ever-changing selection of clothes. Jillian buys in small runs, so there may only be one of your size available. This means that you're not likely to see someone walking down the street in your outfit. Jillian often gets requests from people on Facebook or Instagram who would like their size set aside.
Jillian has found success by sourcing garments that aren't just fashionable, but that offer good value. "Affordability is one of the top things on my list when I'm looking for new suppliers. Also good quality."
Fashion that's first of its kind
Pretty Little Threads was one of the first stores in Canada to carry clothing by Cupcakes and Cashmere, a clothing line started by Los Angeles based fashion blogger Emily Schuman. Other top lines include Z supply, which makes fashionable basics that Jillian has a hard time keeping in stock — "these sell out really fast." You can also find clothes by Pink Martini, a vintage-inspired line, among others.
In addition to clothing and accessories, Pretty Little Threads also carries a variety of Canadian-made gifts. These include cards, candles, art prints, recycled bags, and soaps.
Pretty Little Threads is open seven days a week at 113 Kent Street West in Lindsay. You can find them online at www.prettylittlethreads.ca, or look for them on Instagram and Facebook.
Johnson's Jewellers at 157 Kent Street West has been a fixture of Lindsay's downtown for the past 70 years. (Photo: Eva Fisher)
Janet and John source ethical diamonds directly from the diamond district in Antwerp. (Photo: Johnson's Jewellers)
John examines a diamond in Antwerp. These diamonds are bought for clients in the Kawarthas. (Photo: Johnson's Jewellers)
Part of the diamond ring display at Johnson's Jewellers. "This will be your family's next heirloom." (Photo: Eva Fisher)
Janet and John Gennaro, owners of Johnson Jewellers in downtown Lindsay, have logged a lot of kilometres for their customers. Whether travelling to Belgium to buy diamonds or to the world's largest jewellery show in Las Vegas to find new lines of jewellery for their store, they are committed to bringing their customers well priced and beautiful jewellery.
As you walk into the store — a fixture in Lindsay's downtown for the past 70 years — you will see glass cases filled with fine jewellery. Rows of watches by Seiko, Fossil, and Citizen. Silver fashion jewellery from Elle and platinum-plated sterling silver jewellery with simulated diamonds by Lafonn. Distinctive silver pieces by Philip Gavriel and stylish pieces by Pandora. At the end of the counter is a glittering case of diamond jewellery, heirlooms in the making.
When I asked whether Janet and John had planned to go into business together they shook their heads. "We were just falling in love and having babies," says John. He started in the jewellery wholesale business. As their family got older, Janet could spend more time on the business with John.
They bought Johnson's Jewellers five years ago, and their careers shifted from wholesale to retail. It's a change that they have embraced. John says that they now get to see the jewellery they sell take on a new life. "When I was wholesaling I never saw the end user, I just dropped off somebody 10 rings and I never knew where they went. But now with those 10 rings, I see every finger each goes on. I see each relationship, and that's something that I really enjoy: being a part of somebody's story."
Your key to Belgium's diamond district
Twice a year the Gennaros travel to Antwerp, where they shop for diamonds. Although the diamond district is only about a square mile in area, John says that this is the heart of the world's diamond commerce.
"Seventy to eighty percent of all diamonds go to Antwerp, whether they're rough or finished. At some point, almost every diamond I have has gone through there."
John goes directly to the siteholders, often comparing hundreds of diamonds to find the best one. "If you wanted a 1.5 carat roundstone I would go and pick you the biggest, nicest carat and a half stone that fits your budget."
Design your own heirloom
Johnson's Jewellers can also create custom jewellery. They have a partnership with a goldsmith who has 30 years of experience. John describes him as "wildly talented."
Beginning in January, they will enhance their custom jewellery service with a new computer design service. This will allow customers to test out design elements and instantly see how widening or narrowing or adding an etching will change the look of the finished product.
Johnson's Jewellers are located at 157 Kent Street in Lindsay. Visit their website at www.johnsonjewellers.com and find them on Facebook and Twitter.
For more information about the businesses and events of downtown Lindsay, visit www.mylindsay.com.
Lindsay Downtown – Style. Flavour. Life. (Graphic: Lindsay Downtown Business Improvement Association)
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Eva Fisher
Eva Fisher is a savvy marketer who understands regional tourism and the power of partnerships and buying local. Eva was previously the General Manager of Kawartha Country Wines, a premium fruit and grape winery in Buckhorn, as well as Manager at The Kawartha Store, a clothing and shoe store in Fenelon Falls specializing in Canadian-made fashion. You can contact her at eva@kawarthanow.com.