text:
Kölesd község Tolna vármegyében, a Szekszárdi járásban.

Fekvése
Kölesd a Sió és Sárvíz mellett, Pakstól és Szekszárdtól egyaránt 25 kilométerre fekszik, a Tolnai-Hegyhát keleti oldalán. Központján észak-déli irányban a Harc-Simontornya közti 6317-es út halad végig, Pakssal a 6233-as út, Gyönkkel és Pincehellyel a 6313-as út, Borjád településrészét Kajdaccsal pedig a 6319-es út kapcsolja össze.

A település közelében, attól keletre húzódik a MÁV 46-os számú Sárbogárd–Bátaszék-vasútvonala, de a községhez legközelebb eső Kölesd-Alsótengelic megállóhely is csaknem 8 kilométerre található, Kajdacs megállóhely és Tengelic megállóhely között. A nagy távolság okán fokozatosan lecsökkent a személyforgalom, emiatt 2009. december 13. óta itt nem állnak meg a vonatok.

Története
Már 3000 évvel ezelőtt virágzó városa volt itt a keltáknak. A Csont-hegy ormán állt tornyos váruk, városuk pedig a mocsaras vidéket szegélyező dombok oldalán terült el. Fontos átkelési pont volt Kölesd abban az időben, kereskedelmi és hadászati szempontból is központnak számított a vidéken. A Csont-hegy ormán lévő vár tornyairól a római korszak idején az ideözönlött pannonok culae-nak nevezték el a várromot, innen ered a község neve: Kölesd, ami tornyost jelent.

A honfoglalást követően a község őslakosságának zöme Árpád fejedelem korabeli besenyőtelepítés, akikhez magyarok, törökök, rácok és végül németek keveredtek idővel. Kölesd neve először a 13. században bukkan fel az írott forrásokban. A 14. században az Apar nemzetség, a 15. században pedig a Szerecseny család birtokolta. Jelentőségét mutatja, hogy a század folyamán számos ízben volt helyszíne a nemesi vármegye különféle gyűléseinek, 1490-ben pedig itt vívták meg a trón sorsát eldöntő csatájukat Corvin János és Kinizsi Pál seregei (ún. csontmezei csata). A több évszázados békés fejlődést a török hódítás akasztotta meg a 16. században.

Tolna megyét s vele Kölesdet az 1540-es évek első felében vette birtokba I. Szulejmán oszmán szultán. A hadak elvonultával viszonylag békés időszak következett, amely alatt még gyarapodott is a virágzó gabona- és szőlőtermelést folytató település népessége. A kettős adóztatás terheinek és a századvég kiújult küzdelmeinek hatására azonban a helység a 17. századra elnéptelenedett. Ismételt betelepítésére csupán a Rákóczi-szabadságharc után került sor. A szabadságharc egyik győztes csatáját éppen Kölesdnél vívták. 1708. szeptember 2-án a kölesdi csatában Béri Balogh Ádám kuruc serege itt ütött rajta a délvidéki szerbeken, akiknek serege az északnyugatról érkező Sigbert Heister vezette császáriakkal akart egyesülni. A kurucok az úgynevezett harchegyről a belaci mocsarakba szorították a szerbeket, majd a Sió-Sárvíz síkságán Szekszárd felé kergették a megvert ellenséget.

1938-ban Kistormást egyesítették Kölesddel. 1939-ig az egyesített község neve Tormáskölesd volt, ekkor Kölesdre változott. 1940-ben, Uzdborjád megszüntetésekor annak borjádi részét szintén Kölesdhez csatolták, és ma is hozzá tartozik. Kistormás azonban 1947-ben ismét önálló községgé alakult.

Közélete

Polgármesterei
 1990–1994: Kocsis György (független)
 1994–1998: Kocsis György (független)
 1998–2002: Kocsis György (független)
 2002–2006: Kocsis György (független)
 2006–2010: Berényi István (független)
 2010–2014: Berényi István (független)
 2014–2019: Berényi István (Fidesz-KDNP)
 2019-től: Greifenstein József (független)

Népesség
A település népességének változása:

A 2011-es népszámlálás során a lakosok 91%-a magyarnak, 1,6% cigánynak, 0,8% németnek, 0,2% románnak mondta magát (9% nem nyilatkozott; a kettős identitások miatt a végösszeg nagyobb lehet 100%-nál). A vallási megoszlás a következő volt: római katolikus 34,7%, református 18,8%, evangélikus 7,4%, görögkatolikus 0,2%, felekezeten kívüli 22,3% (15,6% nem nyilatkozott).

Nevezetességei
 Jeszenszky-kastély
 Sass-kúria (Borjád): Petőfi Sándor itt élő barátjánál, Sass Istvánnál vendégeskedett 1845. szeptember 26-tól október 5-ig. Néhány verset írt, közülük a legismertebbek A magyar nemes és A négyökrös szekér. Az épületet a 20. század elején lebontották. Az egykori ház udvarán az úgynevezett Borjádi méhesben kiállítás látható az itt tartózkodásának emlékére.
 Református templom
 Katolikus templom
 Evangélikus templom (felújítva 2003-ban).
 Söréttorony – a falutól körülbelül 4 kilométerre északra, Borjád közelében

Híres emberek

Itt született
 Scherer István (1861–1958) gyógypedagógus
 Sass István (1822–1891) orvos (az akkor még önálló Borjádon)

Képtár

Borjád

Jegyzetek

További információk

 Kölesd-Alsótengelic vasúti megállóhely
 Kölesdi Közéleti Egyesület
 Magyar falvak: Kölesd
Varga Anna: Két szomszéd falu. Adatok Kölesd magyar és Kistormás német községek összehasonlító néprajzához; Városi Ny., Szeged, 1940
Téli népszokások, nagyszüleink játékai, örökségünk. Kölesdi népdalok, -szokások és régi gyermekjátékok; szerk. Kiszler Gyuláné; Önkormányzat, Kölesd, 1995 (Kölesdi füzetek)
Határjárás Kölesden. A hátország történetéből. Kölesd, 1848–49; szerk., tan. Kiszler Gyuláné; Önkormányzat, Kölesd, 1999 (Kölesdi füzetek)
Kölesd; szerk. Bodorkós András; Szülőföld, Gencsapáti, 2011 (Magyarország kincsestára)
Kölesdi és siménfalvi értékek tára; Kölesdi Közéleti Egyesület, Kölesd, 2016

Kapcsolódó szócikkek

Tolna megye települései
Tolna vármegye települései


Pastries, cakes and pies in the shape of your product or logo?
No problem with our individual baking trays.
The baking trays made out of special food grade silicone are perfect.
The baking trays are produced in your individual shape, sizes and color.
Nearly every size if small or large can be made.
These baking trays suit perfectly as promotional gifts or on-pack products.
Choose a standard christmas design from our great choise of stock shapes.
The standard designs will be also produced in your favourite Pantone color.
They can be printed very long lasting with up to 2 colors with your logo.
some fitting design for you or we suggest to make an custom shape.
you also great looking and custom printed carton gift packings if you want.
None (please type in your desired size).


100M on Amicable and 3 dead gpu's Looks like heat burn marks on circuit boards 980 970 rx480.
Albert - 5 million - I've been waiting days for my wingman to finish off the final few wus.
Congrats Al. That is one I need to revisit someday ... I haven't run it for years.
Well, keep in mind work is thin and currently only gets issued between 4:30am and is generally gone by 5:30am.


Not a first time unveiling, but always pleasant to see the one-off BMW E34 M5 Convertible. The history of the "never produced M5 Convertible" goes something like this.
In 1989, Motorsport engineers developed an M5 convertible, with two lengthened front doors and seating for four. It really did come very close to production – a price of 50,000 GBP was agreed, and space was even booked at the Geneva Motor Show.
Seeing the car in person, our regrets are even bigger now that BMW decided to skip on this unique M5. With the current 3 Series Convertible showing strong sales numbers and with the new 6 Series Convertible just around the corner, we find it difficult to imagine that BMW will ever adventure down this road again. For now, we'll just have to enjoy the almighty M5 Sedan, and more on that in just a few hours.
The photo gallery below also includes photos from a previous event where the M5 Convertible was displayed.
Rendering: Care for a BMW M5 Convertible?


text:
MoviesReviews
SXSW Review: Recovery
By Sian Francis Cox March 17, 2021
We're at SXSW… kind of! The event is taking place virtually this year so while we're all watching movies online we're still bringing you coverage of the best film festival of the year. Check out all of our SXSW 2021 coverage.
Recovery was hilarious, and I enjoyed it immensely. It's just the comedy we need after a truly awful year and I laughed so much. Sisters Blake (Mallory Everton) and Jamie (Whitney Call) have big plans: it's Jamie's 30th birthday, and life is going really, really well for Blake. That is, until Covid hits. Hearing that their grandma is trapped in her care home in Washington, the sisters pack their bags and hit the road to rescue her from an outbreak.
Director: Mallory Everton and Stephen Meek
Release date: March 17, 2021 (SXSW)
Rating: Not yet rated
There's so much I want to say about Recovery, but I need to start by addressing the madness of making a comedy in a pandemic. It's been a tragic year in so many ways. As someone who has lost loved ones to the virus, it's not something I take lightly, nor do many others when thinking about the scale of the crisis. But, if you will believe it, this comedy somehow solidified the feeling of collective confusion and anxiety and brought it out into a cathartic release of a comedy, helping to shake off some of the horrors of the last year.
The sisters' lives are fun and bright until that fateful day, March 23, 2020, when it felt like time stopped. The film depicts the shift with a jump cut from raucous party to empty apartment where the sisters sit together, watching the news, depressed. If we can remember back that far, it's exactly the same emotion millions of us were experiencing.
I'm glad this film was made because there are so many things about the start of the Covid era that I had forgotten. Sanitising grocery bags, wearing disposable gloves everywhere, changing clothes for quarantine after a trip to the supermarket, the lack of flour. Video calls and news consumption suddenly exploded; roads became quieter and schools closed. For inseparable sisters Blake and Jamie, family is the most important thing and so they'll do anything to protect their grandma.
I love that it dealt with the tension between families and the stress of having different views of the situation. Although the girls are conscientious and take all the necessary precautions, video calls with their eldest sister Erin tell a different story. Unlike the girls, she's completely oblivious to the situation, taking a cruise even after the CDC guidelines are released, criticising anyone who wears a mask, constantly self-absorbed and unable to think about anyone else's welfare. If we've forgotten (or suppressed) these cruelties, we're reminded that this pandemic has been exacerbated by idiots who refuse to believe it has anything to do with them. Erin's character is exaggerated for comedic effect though, and it's impossible not to laugh because she's literally just a parody of herself.
The road trip from Albuquerque to Washington is a delight to watch, and the directors and writers cite Locke, The Trip and Booksmart as big inspirations (they visibly channel their inner Beanie Feldstein and Kaitlyn Dever). But whether or not they had used any film as an influence, the film feels so real because of Everton's and Call's real-life friendship. Both from comedy backgrounds, the two actors have also been best friends since the age of 9. The pair make such a great comedy duo, their conversations are so prosaic, it's as if they've just switched on a camera and gone wild. I adored it.
It wouldn't be a road movie, though, without a host of weird and wonderful characters along the way. Their sister Erin has sold their grandmother's dog to a random hillbilly who tried to breed him with his poodle; the girls look on in disgust and horror as they try to retrieve some of their grandmother's possessions. Blake tries to reconnect with a boy named Scott after a pre-pandemic Tinder date, with varying degrees of success. Jamie is both amused and harassed by a parent from the school where she teaches; an argument about class mice ensues. All these beautiful, insane elements come together to create a fantastic comedy that perfectly captures the chaos of the year.
In interviews, Everton and Call relate the story of Recovery's production and how they constantly had to keep to timings and use every moment in case their operation was shut down because of the pandemic. They were notoriously careful with their small crew, creating storylines that could play out virtually over videocalls so that they could involve fewer people. Some of the nightmare remains, though, and a series of nightmares that Blake wakes up from in the car one night just shows the latent fear and anxiety everyone has experienced. In the end, they were able to pull off the production in full, no frills, just reality and a bit of comedy, and it's brilliant.
I'm excited, too, that it's such a strong female-led narrative. Aside from secondary characters, the main throughline is about the girls' journey to rescue their grandmother. They have time for reflection and, while mostly keeping each others' heads high, they're also there for each other at low points, when the film takes on a more sombre tone. It's not for long though, and we know that their brilliant friendship is going to last. I'm not sure I have too much criticism for this film, either. There couldn't have been much more talk about family or care homes without it becoming social commentary. With such a simple, relatable storyline and laugh-a-minute gags, it's just an all-round good time.
I don't think I've enjoyed a film as much as Recovery this whole year. For something that could at a first glance seem to trivialise the crisis we've endured this year, I like to think it served the purpose that old comedies did during wartimes: keeping up morale, lampooning threats, and lifting spirits. Oh, and reminding you to wear a mask. Deodorant optional.
One of the best films of the year. You should see it immediately, without question.
Hearing that their grandma is trapped in her care home, two sisters pack their bags and hit the road to rescue her from a covid outbreak.
Sian Francis Cox
Sian is Flixist's UK Editor and has written for sites including Escapist Magazine, Destructoid, and Film Enthusiast.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


First introduced at the 2010 Paris Motor Show, the electric Peugeot EX1 concept is making a name on the track breaking many records under its category.
Earlier this year, Peugeot EX1 with Nicolas Vanier (the French explorer) has set official records in the Montlhery for 1/8 mile finishing the lap in of 7:08.62. While for the Montlhery 1/4 mile run, the EX1 driven by Han Han (the famous Chinese blogger) finished the lap in 12:67.54.
The Peugeot EX1 Concept has now conquered the Nurburging Nordschleife by setting a new record for an electric car. The EX1 driven by Stephane Caillet, took 9 minutes and 1.338 seconds to lap the 12 mile Nordschleife track, beating the previous record by over 50 seconds.
Peugeot EX1 Concept is powered by two electric-motors, one on each axle, with a peak output power reaching 340 hp and an available maximum torque of 177 lb-ft at the front and rear. The system also has four-wheel-drive, showing the benefits of HYbrid4 technology, available as standard on the 3008 from 2011, featuring an HDi FAP diesel engine at the front and an electric motor at the rear.
Check out our high resolution gallery and the video of the actual Nordschleife record of the Peugeot EX1 after the jump.


Taking cholesterol-lowering statins could increase your risk of musculoskeletal disorders and joint diseases, new research suggests.
Statins are medications used to reduce blood cholesterol levels in people at risk of heart attacks, strokes, and angina (chest pain). The drugs are frequently prescribed as a preventive measure for older adults, diabetics, and patients with a family history of cardiovascular illnesses. Although statins can lower the risk of heart attacks and death, they can carry musculoskeletal side effects like muscle weakness, muscle cramps, and tendon diseases. However, the full extent of these adverse effects was not well understood.
Researchers from the VA North Texas Health Care System in Dallas analyzed data from the military healthcare system to test whether statins were tied to musculoskeletal conditions. The study included 46,249 patients who were divided into subgroups based on statin use.
Using a statistical analysis that matched statin users to non-statin users, the researchers calculated the odds ratios, or the likelihood that each group would experience musculoskeletal or joint conditions.
People using statins for more than 90 days had a higher odds ratio for musculoskeletal disease, MSK pain, dislocations, strains, and sprains. When it came to joint diseases like osteoarthritis, statin users did not have a higher odds ration than non-statin users, but appeared to still have an elevated risk in other analyses.
"Musculoskeletal conditions, arthropathies, injuries, and pain are more common among statin users than among similar nonusers. The full spectrum of statins' musculoskeletal adverse events may not be fully explored, and further studies are warranted, especially in physically active individuals," the researchers wrote.
They explained that the findings were concerning, given that many people are prescribed statins at an early age to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
Patients could consider discussing non-drug methods of preventing cardiovascular disease with their doctors when possible. Exercise and nutriton won't just lower your risk of heart disease, it could prevent you from the potential risks of drugs.
Mansi I, et al. Statins and musculoskeletal conditions, arthropathies, and injuries. JAMA Inernal Medicine 2013; 1-9. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6184.
Written by: Marissa Luck on June 7, 2013.Modified on June 6, 2013.


text:
Tuf este un termen care se referă la un tip de rocă sedimentară având ca și caracteristică un grad înalt de porozitate (în mod variabil).

Mecanisme de formare

Modalitățile prin care apar rocile cunoscute ca fiind tufuri sunt de mai multe tipuri:

 cimentarea produselor cineritice provenite din erupțiile vulcanice (cenușă, nisipuri etc).
 precipitarea carbonaților (minerale care conțin ionul carbonat) din ape:
- la temperaturi ridicate: precipitare rapidă petrecută la gura izvoarelor sau în peșteri, mecanism care duce la un grad mai redus de porozitate;
- la temperaturi ambientale: precipitare lentă care duce la apariția unui grad de porozitate ridicat.

Compoziție
Compoziția chimică diferă în funcție de proveniență.

Varietățile de tuf mai cunoscute sunt cele folosite în construcții și ornamentări, astfel:
 Tuful vulcanic cu continut mare de SiO2 (> 55 %) este folosit pe scara mare in industria cimentului
 Tuful calcaros , are la bază precipitarea Carbonatului de Calciu .

Rolul stratigrafic
Anumite orizonturi de tuf vulcanic, cu grosimi de până la câtiva zeci de metri, joacă un rol important ca repere geologice stratigrafice. Exemple: orizonturile de tuf din neogenul Bazinului Transilvaniei ("Tuful de Dej", "Tuful de Hădăreni", "Tuful de Ghiriș", "Tuful de Bazna" ș.a.).

Tufurile neogene din Transilvania
- Tuful de Dej (Badenian mediu) cu cinerite riodacitice provenite din vulcanul Ciceu.
- Tuful de Borșa (Tuful de Iclod, Tuful de Turda), la limita Badenian-Sarmațian.
- Tuful de Hădăreni situat în jumătatea superioară a Buglovianului, de 8 m grosime (se paralelizează cu Tuful de Gădălin).
- Intre Viișoara și Câmpia Turzii sub tuful de Hădăreni apar două nivele
de tufuri cu grosimi de 8 și 4 m.
- Tuful de Ghiriș (Sarmațian) marchează limita superioară a Buglovianului.
- Peste Tuful de Ghiriș în estul Transilvaniei stau tufurile de Zau, de Sărmășel, de Șincai, de Râciu, de Bozed, de Ercea și de Oarba (toate sarmațiene).
- In zona Cojocna-Turda-Aiud în Sarmațianul mediu se găsesc tufuri de 1-1,5 m grosime numite Tuful de Urca și Tuful de Gorgan.
- Tuful de Bazna (Meoțian mediu-superior) de 1-2 m la 4,5 m grosime (numit și Tuf de Ighiș sau Tuf de Vama Seacă).

Augustin Vancea (1960) descrie 7 niveluri de tufuri neogene pe malul stâng al râului Arieș între Turda și Câmpia Turzii, cu grosimi cuprinse între 1 - 8 m. Acestea formează praguri pe cursul Arieșului, care au împiedecat în trecut transportul sării cu plute de la Salina Turda la porturile de îmbarcare ale sării de la Mirăslău, Decea și Alba Iulia.

Bibliografie
 Neogenul din Bazinul Transilvaniei, Augustin Vancea, Editura Academiei Române, București, 1960
 Recherches pétrographiques sur le tuf de Dej du Nord du bassin de Transylvanie, Ioan Mârza, Bulletin Volcanologique, București, 1974
 Geologia Depresiunii Transilvaniei, Dumitru Ciupagea, Mircea Paucă, Traian Ichim, Editura Academiei Române, București, 1970
 Geologia României, Vasile Mutihac și Liviu Ionesi, Editura Tehnică, București, 1974
 Geologia României în contextul geostructural central-est-european, Vasile Mutihac și Gabriel Mutihac, Editura Didactică și Pedagogică, București, 2010, ISBN: 973-30-2686-0

Legături externe

 Despre Tuful calcaros
 Despre Tufuri vulcanice
 Despre Tufuri de precipitare lentă
 Despre Tufuri de precipitare rapidă

Vezi și
 Listă de roci
 Tipuri de roci

Galerie de imagini

Roci
Roci sedimentare

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Special teams anything but
PUBLISHED: November 3, 2009 at 12:00 a.m. | UPDATED: September 1, 2017 at 6:48 a.m.
USC's defense and offense suffered criticism following the loss to Oregon, but another area that deserves scrutiny is special teams.
The Trojans seem to falter in a different area every week, which is surprising because assistant coach Brian Schneider was hired specifically to deal with these issues and so far is coming up short.
"That's the nature of dealing with special teams," Schneider said Tuesday. "It's just been some breakdowns (on the kickoff team), some guys going the wrong way, missing tackles."
But the kickoff team is not the only problem.
"Our kick return needs to improve. It's inconsistent," Schneider said.
Kickoff specialist Jake Harfman's been inconsistent with only nine touchbacks in 46 kickoffs. Harfman had three touchbacks at Oregon but Schneider said, "Some wind at his back helped him."
Earlier in the season, punting was a problem until Harfman replaced Billy O'Malley.
"There's an experience factor there we've dealt with (losing last year's kickers)," Schneider said. "It just takes time."
Tough loss
Even though quarterback Matt Barkley lost four games last season in high school, he said the Oregon loss was painful to accept.
"It kills me inside," Barkley said. "People say, `You don't care about it.' I was mad on Saturday and Sunday. Monday's a whole new week and I've put it behind me."
Former commitment
Arizona State freshman linebacker Vontaze Burfict is starting and the Sun Devils' second-leading tackler with 43. He committed to USC but then changed his mind before the signing date.
"He's a beast and he plays hard from watching the tape," Barkley said. "He's a little crazy, man."
Barkley said he wanted to convince Burfict to keep his commitment to USC.
"I tried to call him and he had no cell phone," Barkley said. "I called his house to no avail."
False alarms
USC's offensive line committed four false starts against Oregon, including three by guard Alex Parsons.
"I've addressed the situation," offensive line coach Pat Ruel said. "Alex even came off the field and tried to say the official wasn't right. I told him the official has the final say and what you say doesn't mean anything."
Ruel said linemen were trying too hard in an effort to keep up with Oregon's offensive output.
"It was a lack of discipline, really," he said. "Ohio State was louder."
scott.wolf@dailynews.com


text:
ESTONIA AS PART OF IMPERIAL RUSSIA : PLACES
Greetings from Reval,
Tallinn, Revel
Other places:
Kadrina
Kuressaare or Arensburg
Liiva
Narva-Jõesuu
Põltsamaa (church-letter)
Türi-Alliku
A nice card with view on tsaristic Revel, the Estonian Tallinn. Also in the postmark -here below- is used РЕВЕЛЪ [REVEL], seems more on the German indication Reval.
Revel is in this period capital of the government ЭСТЛЯНДСКАЯ (EHSTLYANDSKAYA) ГУБЕРНIЯ (GUBERNIYA), Estonian Government.
In English Baedeker of 1914 we read about Reval:
"Reval (45 ft.) or Ревелъ, Esth. Tallina or Tannilin (i.e. 'Town of the Danes'), the capital of the government of Esthonia, contains 132,000 inhab. and is picturesquely situated on a bay of the Gulf of Finland. The town, which is more mediaeval in appearance than any other in the Baltic Provinces, is divided into three parts, the Upper Town or 'Dom' the Lower Town, and the Suburbs. The Dom lies on the Domberg, at the height of 140 ft. abopve the sea; the Lower Town, or town proper, the seat of the merchants and municipal authorities, extends from the Domberg to the sea, and is surrounded by promenades, the old bastions, and the tower-strengthened wall, dating from the 14th cent. and still well preserved in parts. The extensive Suburbs, beyond the town proper and extending along the shores of the bay, are the headquarters of a flourishing industrial activity."
From: Russia / Baedeker 1914. - p. 74-75 (see literature)
In Baedeker: 1 ft. = English foot = 0.3048 m&egravetre.
This postmark, 25 VII 1903, of 'crossed date'-type with distinguishing-number '2' was in use 1900-1904.
At the top is indicated the town РЕВЕЛЪ [REVEL] and the government: ЭСТЛЯН [EHSTLYAN],short for ЭСТЛЯНДСКАЯ (EHSTLYANDSKAYA) Г. [G.], short for ГУБЕРНIЯ [GUBERNIYA], Estonian Government.
At the bottom of the postmark is placed information about the rank of the post office: ПОЧ. [POCHT.] ТЕЛ. [TEL.] КОНТ. [KONT.], short for Pochtovo Telegrafnaya Kontora, Post-telegraph office.
The adress-side. Original print size of this image: 14,207 x 9,152 cm (is something more as the postal item)
With the Peace of Nystad Estonia is officially a part of the Russian Empire, but already in 1710 is Tallinn under Russian administration. Then also start the postal history within the Russian Empire. Between 1710 and 1796 there are no postmarks. From 1796 the first pre-philatelic cancellers (Tartu) and handwritten markings in Estonia are reported.
The post office of Revel/Tallinn is opened in the 17th century. The first postmark was in use 1799-1800: type 1B3G in the EESTI handbook, place name only, without frame, text in German, so Reval.
In the EESTI handbook (see literature) are mentioned more postmarks:
of Revel/Tallinn are listed 31 pre-philatelic different postmarks.
As aboved mentioned, Revel (Tallinn) was capital of the Russian Governement Estonia, now the northern part of Estonia. The southern part of contemporary Estonia was is tsaristic times the northern part of the government Livonia.
On the dutch map here, printed 1880, you see the the borders of the tsaristic government Estonia and the northern part of Livonia.
This picture is resized 50 %.
Detail of a map from 'Wereld-Atlas voor kantoor en huiskamer / door J. Kuyper. - 1e Deel Europa. - Amsterdam : G.L. Funke, 1880
Numerical dot cancel of Revel: 1858-1863
Resized 50 %
With the introduction of postage stamps -1 January 1858- also the necessity of cancellation comes into existence. In the beginning postmarks of the former period were still used for the date on the backside of the cover in combination with 'cancelling' by a writtencross in black ink. Of course this was not efficient and the cancellation could be removes for re-using the postage stamp until the introduction of number-cancellations.
The numbers "1" and "2" in circles of dots were introduced as number-cancellations for St. Petersburg and Moscow in circular no. 138 of 26 february 1858. The other towns had to use the old postmarks until the coming of new cancels.Circular no. 1847 of 31May 1858 introduced these kind of cancellations for whole Russia. The circular no. 157 of 17 august 1858 gives more details.
A number (3 to 60) surrounded by points in the form of three concentric circles belongs to capitals of "guberniya", centers of districts, centers of militar districts, S.Petersburg and Moscow.
The postmark above: #37 belongs to Revel (Tallinn) as capital of Estlyandskaya guberniya, in the EESTI-handbook type 2C, used 1858-1863.
For cancellation of postage stamps were used then the new number-cancellations, but sometimes the hand written cross and older datestamps from the time before the postage stamps.
With the circular no. 53 of 12 April 1860 were introduced the new standard-postmarks in whole Russia. With the introduction a regulation ordered that the cancellation of the postage stamps must be done by the number-postmark, and the date-indication by the new one-circle standard-postmark.
The number-dot cancellations were withdrew by circular 123 of 11 February 1863.
The EESTI-handbook (see literature) gives also a list of the circle date-stamps -single ring and double circle- datestamps: 64 of the Reval Post Office.
The first seven are of the Fleuron-type (single ring). The next 5 are type posthorn, single circle, posthorn below, name and number, code 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (type 4A2).
After 1860: the new one-ring-postmarks with only cyrillic letters (only Moscow and St. Petersburg got a double-ring-postmark) were introduced, first only as date-stamp (in combination with the numeral cancel), and soon as cancellation of the postage stamp.
At the top the place name, date in three lines, the month in cyrillic letters, underneath that the year. At the bottom an ornament. In smaller places the name of government came in the place of the ornament, but Revel (Tallinn) was also the capital of the government and so it held the ornament.
In later postmarks is at the bottom is more information: ПОЧТОВАЯ КОНТОРА (POCHTOVAYA KONTORA = Post office).
Until 1884 this was a type of post office, which served a large town, and was under direct control of the Chief Office (Pochtamt) of the postal district.
This new one-circle standard-postmark:
in EESTI-handbook are listed for Revel two different types
Date in three lines, month in letters, Gubernia (Government) not given, below the indication for the post office ГУБ. [GUB.] ПОЧ. [POCHT.] КОНТ. [KONT.], short for Guberniya Pochtovo Kontora, Government Postoffice (type 6B3), code numbers 6 and 7, so as on the card here below.
Date in three lines, month in letters, Gubernia (Government) at top, below the indication for the post office П.Т.К. (type 6A1), code numbers 1 and 2
More postmarks are used on this card, sent from Revel to Pernov in 1888: cancelled with the postmark of the railway postoffice in the Baltic Railway station (8 ), also on the card the standard one circle datestamp (9), the postmark of the TPO -travelling railway office- of line 39, and the arrival-postmark of Pernov, the Estonian Pärnu
Original print size of this image: 14,309 x 9,102 cm (is something more as the postal item)
In the standard postmark of Revel - on this picture the left one,
9 НОЯ [NOYA.] 1888- is at the bottom indicated ГУБ. [GUB.] ПОЧ. [POCHT.] КОНТ. [KONT.], short for Guberniya Pochtovo Kontora, Government Postoffice, type 6B3 in EESTI.
НОЯ [NOYA.] is short for НОЯБР [NOYABR], November. The month in the postmark above is still in cyrillic letters and the year remains directly under the month.
The other postmark - the right one 8 НОЯ [NOYA.] is the postmark of of the railway-postoffice in the Baltic railway station in Revel The Baltic Railway station in Tallinn: picture see Tallinn in the Estonian Republic 1914-1918 In this railway-station postmark is indicated the line at the bottom: БАЛТIЙСК [BALTIISK] Ж. Д. The last letters are the abbrevation for ЖЕЛЬЗНОЙ ДОРОЖКИ [ZHELEZNODOROZHNIY DOROGA], railway.
TPO, travelling Post Office, line 39-40
This postmark on the card is a railpost-postmark of TPO, travelling post office, line 39. This postmark is used 1883-1891 for the line St. Petersburg-Revel. No. 40 was used for the other direction: Revel-St.Petersburg.
A section received an uneven number for the outgoing route from the controlling station post office, and a even number for the reverse direction. The TPO 39-40 -and other TPO's on the territory of the later Estonian Republic fell under the administration of the 1st. section of the Imperial Post in St. Petersburg.
In 1870 the railway between St. Petersburg and Estonia is opened and 24 Oktober the TPO (Travelling Post Office) 39-40 started:
ГАТЧИНА - БАЛТIЙСКIЙ ПОРТЪ (GATCHINA - BALTIISKII PORT), via Narva, Taps Revel and Kegel.
ГАТЧИНА [GATCHINA] is located 45 km south from St. Petersburg. Baedeker (1914) about this place: "The town, with its numerous villas and shady streets, is the private property of the imperial family." From: Russia / Baedeker 1914. - p. 186 (see literature). БАЛТIЙСКIЙ ПОРТЪ [BALTIISKII PORT] is indicated on the map above on the north-western coast, since 1933 the Estonian name is Paldiski.
The oldest postmarks of this route are the circular (single) cancels, with date in three lines:
1871-1879: with both section numbers, e.g. 39-40, and below the number of the cancel itself in parentheses. In addition next to the day of the date the code numbers of the intermediate stations.
1879-1881: with one section number ( 39 or 40) and below the cancel number between ornaments. Also with the station code numbers next to the day of the date.
The stationcode numbers: to the left of the date the code number was indicated (sometimes side-ways) of the station where the postal item had been delivered. This number had to be changed at every station. It was, however, not facile in its use, and in 1881 these station number codes were abolished.
From 1881 the route 39-40 changed: ПЕТЕРБУРГЪ - РЕВЕЛЪ [S. PETERBURG - REVEL].
In 1881 the station code numbers were abolished and the next years - 1881-1897 postmarks still had the date in three lines, with one section number.
On the card above it is not so clear why the postmark of TPO 39 is used: the card is sent from Revel station post office to Pernau/Pernov, the Estonian Pärnu. Which way the card had to follow?
The cover here it is clear the cover is delivered somewhere on the line and is transported by TPO 39 in direction of Reval/Tallinn. On the backside of the cover is placed an arrival stamp of Revel.
Original print size of this image: 14,690 x 8,340 cm
(is something more as the postal item)
In 1894 the first 'cross-date'-postmarks are used for route 39. For route 40 in 1899 appear the the cross-date postmarks.
In 1906 the railway line from Kegel (Keila) to Hapsal (Haapsalu) was ready and then the route of postal route 39-40 changed:
С. ПЕТЕРБУРГЪ - ГАПСАЛЪ [S. PETERBURG - GAPSAL]
In 1911 the new postmarks came in use for this route: oval double circles, with indication of number and both terminals.
On the card here the oval postmark С. ПБУРГЪ 39 ГАПСАЛЪ [S. P. BURG 39 GAPSAL]. This postmark-type of line 39 is reported with code letters абвгд (the first 5 -writing- letters of the Russian alfabet), and also е is possible.
These postmarks were in use 1911-1913: then the route changed again.
18-4-1913: С. ПЕТЕРБУРГЪ - РИГА [S. PETERBURG - RIGA], and this we see in the postmarks.
1915 - 1918: ПЕТРОГРАДЪ - РИГА [PETROGRAD - RIGA]
On this card -sent in 1917- in the postmark the indication of St. Petersburg has changed in ПЕТРОГРАДЪ [PETROGAD]: the old name sounds 'too German' during the World War I.
This type postmark of route 40 is used 1915-1918 (1921), with seven different code letters.
Literature about postal railway-line 39-40:
Treinpost in Estland (1870-1918) / Alexander Epstein. - In: Het Baltische Gebied 2005 ; 46. - p. 46-62 [route 39-40, Revel railway station, route Derpt-Taps and the railway stations, route 89-90]
Treinpost in Estland (1870-1918), deel 2 / Alexander Epstein. - In: Het Baltische Gebied 2005 ; 47. - 28-39 [route 125-126 and railway station Valk, route Valk-Pernov, route 239-240 and railway station Revel Harbour, route 271-272}
Russian railway postmarks / by A.V. Kiryushkin and P.E. Robinson. - 1994. - 180 p.
From june 1884 there were also two new types of offices: the Post-telegraph Office (Pochtovo-Telegrafnaya Kontora), as we have seen here, for a greater city, and a Post-Telegrapyh Sub-Office (Pochtovo-Telegrafnoe Otdelenie). These offices combined both services: post and telegraph.
In june 1884 the postal and telegraph departments were united. In the beginning of the telegraph (since 1866) there were scarcely connections between the post and telegraph, but it was too expensive to let it separated.
The later postmarks of Revel then gives more information than the early one-ring-postmarks: at the bottom is indicated, ПОЧ. [POCHT.] ТЕЛ. [TEL.] КОНТ. [KONT.], short for Pochtovo Telegrafnaya Kontora, Post-telegraph office.
In circular 13 of 5 April 1890 the instruction arrived to use Roman numerals for new stamps. This happened on suggestion of the U.P.U., the Universal Postal Union.
Also the postmarks in Russia change in the 'crossed date'-type. In the middle the day stays first, under it the month (in Roman numerals), left of the whole the century and right the rest of the year.This type you see on the first card on this page with distinguishing-number '2', but more clear on this card alongside with distinguishing-number '5', in use 1901-1906.
The other side of the card.
In the EESTI handbook (see literature) are mentioned more 'cross-date' postmarks, 2 different types, the first listed postmarks:
Month in numerals, with Gubernia (Government) and below the indication П.Т.К. (type 6C1), code number 1 with diameter 27 and 29.
Month in numerals, Gubernia not given, and below the indication П.Т.К. (type 6D1), code number 1
Type 6C1, with code numer 2, diamer 27, 26, and 28 mm
code number 3: nor reported, but must be somewhere
code number 4: four different: type 6D1 (27 mm), type 6C1 (26 and 28 mm), type 6D1 (29 mm)
Code 5 and 6 are type 6D1, code 7 and 8 are type 6C1, code 9 and 10 are type 6D1
Double circle date-stamps.
On the card here you see a new postmark of Revel/Tallinn: double circle with РЕВЕЛЪ [REVEL] between the rings. In Circular No. 9 of February 3, 1903 these double ring postmarks are introduced: with the bridge-date: day, month and year. The century is not indicated and the month is in arabic numerals.
The image on the card shows the Russalka Memorial, a bronze monument , erected on 7 September 1902 in Katharinental, in Estonian Kadriorg, in that time near Tallinn (now outskirts), to mark the ninth anniversary of the sinking of the Russian warship Rusalka, or "Mermaid", which sank en route to Finland on September 7, 1893. The angel is holding an Orthodox cross towards the assumed direction of the shipwreck. About the ship: see Wikipedia.
Baedeker 1914: "...Katharinental (Pl. F,2); Restaurant with concert-garden), an imperial château, surrounded by a fine park. Peter the Great, who was a frequent visitor to Reval, erected the château in 1719 (architect Michetti) and presented it to his wife, Catherine. ..... On the adjacent STRAND PROMENADE (vies; sea-baths) is the Rusalka Monument (Pl. F,1), erected in 1902 to commemorate the loss of the man-of-war of that name in 1893. The bronze angel on the lofty granite pedestal is by Adamsohn."
According the circular the new postmarks were ro replace the existing ones as soon as they wore out. In the circular instructions are given regarding the manufacture and usage of the new postmarks. Details of these instructions in the handbook 'Russian postmarks' (p. 40-41) (see literature):
uniform postmarks according the examples given, new postmarks in two sizes (large for cancelling and a smaller for receipts)
circular with place-name between two rings, changeable figures for day, month and year horizontally in one line, in the year "19" is omitted
place-names for guberniya, oblast and uezd town without mentioning the region. The name of region is to be added (short as possible), if several towns has the same name. Small towns and villages the region is added. Within a region with more places with the same name: also the uezd is added.
postmarks of town offices and sub-offices must give their own particular code in arabic numerals: in Revel we get РЕВЕЛЪ 1, 2 and 3.
replacing a postmark (worn out or lost) must have the same serial
In the EESTI handbook (see literature) are mentioned 29 different double circle postmarks of РЕВЕЛЪ [REVEL] :
double circle with Gubernia (Government) not given (type 7B1), two stars and code letter a etc: * * a, Of this type are 27 postmarks reported
double circle with gubernia not give,indication of type post office below (type 7B5): 1 postmark with П.Т.К.
double circle with gubernia not given, one postmark (type 7B2) with three stars ***, without code letter
As we have seen РЕВЕЛЪ [REVEL] has also two types machine cancellers with double circle date-stamps:
with 8 straight lines (type 8A) and without lines (type 8B).
The sender is member of a club of collectors (see stamp of 'Globus'): the postage stamps on the picure site, a tcv-card , that means Timbre cõt&233; vue. Because of the bad financial situation of Russia the postal rate for cards abroad is increased on March 8, 1889: 4 kopecks (in the Asian parts of the Empire on April 1, 1889). So it remained until into the First World War. But thre was also another postal rate for printed matter between April 1, 1879 and August 14, 1917: 2 kopecks for inland. Early 1900 (to November 30, 1915) it was also permitted to send cards according this rate, but the message must not be more than five words. For abroad there was also a postal rate for printed matters (June 19, 1875 to August 31, 1917: 2 kopecks.
The sender of this picture card has made printed matter of his card fot the postal rate of 2 kopecks: on the address side the indication ПО:Ч1058;О&1042;АЯ [POCH TOVAYA] КАР*#1058;ОЧКА [KARTOCHKA] ,Post card, is scored out, and written the indication 'Drucksache' (german for Printed matter) and in cyrillic ПЕЧАТНОЕ [PECHATNOE], printed matter.
This letter from РЕВЕЛЪ [REVEL], is sent via the railway-postoffice, in the postmark is indicated ВОКЗ:АЛЪ [VOKZAL], railway station.
In Circular No. 9 of February 3, 1903, which introduced the double ring postmarks, are also mentioned the postmarks for the railway post: "Postal wagons must use oval postmarks.... Railway post offices must also use oval postmarks, but thr name of the place is to be given above, and the abbreviated form of "VOKZAL", "VOKZ." below. If more than one vokzal is situated in a town, an abbreviated form of the name of the railway is to be added to "VOKZ."." From the handbook 'Russian postmarks' (p. 40) (see literature):
Apparently the letter is postage free, but when we look to the address, it is clear why:
at the top is-underlined - the new name for St.Petersburg, Petrograd, and then 3th School preparatory by Cadets Corps Adjutants, Imp. Alexander II. After that an unit or rank: 'Junker-I-platoon E. Schultz.
In all countries (?) militairy mail is postage free.
On this card from Revel, send December 15, 1909, is used an older postmark of the railway station post office. It is an 'cross-date'- postmark and this type is used in the period 1898-1910, code numbers 1 and 2. There are also two versions: in the text below are used the cyrillic letter Yat on different places: ѣ, in translitteration the letter is represented by e and in modern Russian the letter is no longer used.
About this letter, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yat.
The postmark with code number 1 has in the first version (1901-1908) in the word below -ZHELEZNODOROZHNYI (Railway)-Yat as second letter (fourth letter is then Е).
The postmark with code number 1 has in the second version (1909-1910) in the word ЖЕЛѣЗНОДОР(ОЖНЫЙ) [ZHELEZNODOR(OZHNYI) below as the second letter the Е and as fourth letter the ѣ (Yat). So -as-you see- in the postmark of this card.
After this postmark is used the oval postmark -see letter above- with code letters а and б
, used 1911-1917.
An overview of the railway post in Estonia 1870-1918: see article of Alexander Epstein (see literature).
Card, sent from ГАПСАЛЬ [GAPSAL], the Estonian indication is Haapsalu.
The postmark, resized 50 %
According the EESTI-handbook (see literature) in the 17th century a 'post office' was already open in ГАПСАЛЬ [GAPSAL]. The Post Office became a Post and Telegraph Office in 1887. In the tsarist periode there are used 9 pre-philatelic postmarks, a dots postmark (square, distric post office, number385) and 15 different circular date stamps (9 single circle and 6 double circle.
The 6 double circle postmarks are all of the same type: double circle, Gubernia (Government) not given, below two stars and code letter (type 7B1).
The double circle postmark on the cover below has two stars and code letter * * a. There are two different postmarks of this type with * * a: font thicker (used 1911-1916, this one on the cover below) and font thinner with (used 1917-1918).
The other double circle postmarks are with the following -writing - letters of the Russian alphabet: the second letter, two different postmarks with the third letter (diameter 30 or 25 mm), and -finally- a postmark with the fourth letter г [G].
This last is the code letter used in the postmark of the card above. This postmark is used in the period 1911-1917.
On the card here below the code letter is not clear, but looking to the pictures in EESTI -place of the Гin relation to the line above the date, I suppose is is the same as the card above.
The cover below has a postmark with * * a, sent 1912: font thicker (used 1911-1916).
Haapsalu, in German and Swedish Hapsal, is located on the west coast of Estonia.
On the map above the place is indicated on the west coast of the government Estonia under the name Hapsal.
Baedeker (1914) describes the journey from Riga to Revel, 'by sea via Arensburg."
"Steamboat twice weekly to Arensburg in 8½ hrs. (fares 5 and 3 rb.); to Hapsal in 17-18 hrs. (fares 6 and 4 rb.); to Reval in 25-26 hrs. (fares 6 and 4 rb.). Stoppages are not reckoned in the above times. Dinner, 1¼ rb. (first class) or 1 rb. (second class). in spring and autumn most of the steamers leave Arensburg untouched. .... ... ... After quitting Arensburg, the steamer at first pursues an easterly course, and after a voyage of 4½ hrs. anchors off Kuiwast, on the island of Moon. It thence proceeds to the N. through the Great or Werder Sound, passing on the right the lighthouse of Werder and the rocky island of Schildau, and in 3 hrs. reaches Hapsal."
Baedeker (1914, p. 73) continued:
HAPSAL, ГАПСАЛЬ, Esthonian Haapsalolin (... .. .. ), the capital of the district of Wiek in Esthonia, is situated upon a bay and contains 3300 inhabitants. It was founded in 1279 and contains the picturesque ruins of an episcopal palace, with which the Lutheran church has been incorporated (good view from the tower). It is frequented for sea-bathing and mud-baths. - Railway (station in the S.W. part of the town) to Reval, see p. 79.
The steamer leaves Hapsal in the same direction in which it approached it, ...... .. ".
In 1279 the town became the centre of the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek (or Saare-Lää), then a tiny state. Also today you can see the buildings of the episcopal castle with the cathedral (the largest single-nave cathedral in the Baltic).
In 1825 Carl Abraham Hunnius founded the first mud cure resort. As a summer resort of the tsarist court Haapsalu got a railway connection with St. Petersburg in 1905. In 1907 was built a train station especially for the Romanov family, and this station is now part of the Estonian Railway Museum. Thehe cruing mud in Haapsalu brings here Russian imperial family members like Alexander I, II and III, Peter I and Nikolai II. Today there are three mud cure establishments.
Russian Empire: places in Estonia
Greetings from Reval, Tallinn, Revel
Greetings from ...Pärnu, Pernau, Pernov
Another church-letter: Põltsamaa
Imperial Russia
Baltische Postorte 1858-1916 / Harry v. Hofmann. - 1st. edition 1986
EESTI = Estonia : philately & postal history handbook catalogue = Estland : Philatelie & Postgeschichte Handbuch Katalog / Vambola Hurt, Elmar Ojaste. - 1986 . - 767 p.. - With supplement 1988
Portvrijdom in de tsarentijd : post uit het Baltische gebied / Jan Kaptein In: Het Baltische Gebied 2005 ; 46. - p. 34-41. - [About: franking-free post in tsaristic times: letters from the Baltic]
Russia with Teheran, Port Arthur, and Peking : handbook for travellers / by Karl Baedeker. - First English edition published 1914, - This edition reprinted in 1971 and jointly published by David & Charles Newton Abbot and George Allen & Unwin London. - p. 71.
This Baedeker - the English edition of 1914 is also complete on internet::
archive.org/details/
russiawithtehera00baed: Russia with Teheran, Port Arthur, and Peking : handbook for travellers (1914). - Translation of 7th German ed. (Leipzig : K. Baedeker, 1912). - With 40 maps and 78 plans. - Maps by: Wagner & Debes' Geogr. Estab., Leipzig. - Railway map of Russia on back endpaper. - Includes index. - Bibliography: p. lxii-lxiv.
Treinpost in Estland (1870-1918) / Alexander Epstein. - [Article in Dutch: Railway post in Estonia]. - In: Het Baltische Gebied 2005 ; 46. - p. 46-62
Russian postmarks : an introduction and guide / A.V. Kiryushkin and P.E. Robinson. - [S.l.] : J. Barefoot, cop. 1989. - 110 p.
Imperial Russia continued: Places


Our growth depends over the superior equipment ,outstanding talents and continuously strengthened technology forces for Rf Pcb Coupler , rf pcb coupler , rf pcb ruler , you should do not hesitate to get hold of us.
"As for aggressive charges, we believe that you will be searching far and wide for anything that can beat us. We could state with absolute certainty that for such excellent at such costs we've been the lowest around for Rf Pcb Coupler , rf pcb coupler , rf pcb ruler , Now with the development of internet and the trend of internationalization we have decided to extend business to overseas market. With the propose of bringing more profits to oversea customers by providing directly abroad. So we've changed our mind from home to abroad hope to provide our customers more profit and looking forward to more chance to make business.


As long as there's snow on the ground, you can snowshoe almost anywhere in Colorado where you'd normally take a hike. You don't need to have years of training or spend much money, if any, if you've already got the gear (and rentals are very affordable).
Whether you're a free spirit or prefer to follow a groomed path, here's a list to get you snowshoeing in Colorado's great outdoors this winter.
If you have a freestyle mindset with no need for a guide, groomed trails or rental facilities, these areas offer plenty of options to create your own unique Colorado snowshoeing experience.
• Rocky Mountain National Park: With 355 miles of hiking trails, Rocky Mountain National Park near Estes Park will be able to suit any fitness and experience level.
Stop at any visitor center to get the latest snow and avalanche conditions and discuss the best path for your needs with the rangers. Rangers lead free snowshoe ecology tours October through March every Saturday, Sunday, Monday and Wednesday at 12:30pm. Reservations are required; call 970-586-1206.
• The Colorado Trail: With 483 miles of trail stretching from Denver to Durango through six wilderness areas and eight mountain ranges, the Colorado Trail is perfect for charting your own course. You can access the trail from any of its 28 segments.
• Grand Mesa: Near Grand Junction, snowshoeing atop Grand Mesa is spectacular. Check out the County Trail area, Ward trail head, or Mesa or Griffith lakes as a starting point. If you choose to snowshoe along the groomed Nordic trails, please walk next to, not on, the trail to avoid damage.
• Nederland: Just west of Boulder, snowshoeing fanatics find nirvana in Nederland. Consider the Arapaho Glacier Trail if you're ready for a challenge and the trail to Lost Lake for anyone looking for a manageable elevation shift with a stunning mountain lake at the pinnacle of your route.
• Glenwood Springs: For a breathtaking jaunt in more ways than one, Hanging Lake Trail near Glenwood Springs climbs 1,000 feet for a good cardio workout, while the lake, falls and general beauty of the route will take your breath away. Take care, however, as the climb is steep and can be quite slippery. Back in town, the hot springs pool will be just the thing your aching muscles yearn for after a day snowshoeing.
• Steamboat Springs: Experience the champagne powder the area is known for without battling the lift lines. Although Rabbit Ears Pass is probably the most well-known trail here, there are plenty of un-groomed yet well-traveled options in the area for all exertion and skill levels.
If heading out into the wilderness and charting your own course makes your heart skip a beat, don't fret! Choose to snowshoe under the professional guidance of a Colorado Nordic center or at a dude ranch.
• Beaver Creek: The McCoy Park trail system is said to be Beaver Creek's best-kept secret and features 32 km of groomed trails.
• Breckenridge: 18 km of nature trails meander through old-growth spruce forests and Beaver Meadows.
• Crested Butte: Check out the Sunday bistro breakfast or moonlight dinners at the Magic Meadow yurt; reservations required 48 hours in advance.
• Eldora: Dedicated snowshoe trails and terrain for all abilities.
• Keystone: Sign up for the guided Mountain Top Snowshoe Trek.
• Vail Nordic Center: 10 km of separate snowshoe trails with magnificent views of the Gore Range.
Read more about Colorado Nordic centers.
Denver resident and owner/founder of Snowshoe Magazine, Ryan Alford, told us that Colorado's dude ranches have given him some of his favorite Colorado snowshoeing experiences.
• Devil's Thumb Ranch: With 5,000 acres and 20 km of marked snowshoe trails at the foot of the Continental Divide in Winter Park, we bet you'll agree with Alford that Devil's Thumb Ranch has some of the "most pristine snow-covered backcountry snowshoe trails" in America. He suggests trying the full moon snowshoe and progressive dinner in February. The environmentally responsible ranch features rustic, yet luxurious accommodations, a spa, fine dining and lots of activities and stables too.
• C Lazy U Ranch: "Great snowshoeing is what makes C Lazy U a wonderful winter destination that's uncommon but purely Colorado," Alford said. Dedicated to providing families with the traditions of the American West in Granby, C Lazy U has first-class accommodations, gourmet dining, a spa and a commitment to "five-spur" service.
Find other Colorado dude ranches.


Shop online at Cokesbury Christian bookstore for books, Bibles, church supplies, VBS, curriculum, United Methodist resources, and more.
"She was a tremendous teacher. She had a tremendous passion for teaching." Ford said the basilica decided to host a prayer service Wednesday as a way for everyone to come together and support Tirado's.
NORCROSS — Individuals came forward two by two, some with hands pressed together in prayer. The noon Ash Wednesday service at St. Patrick's Catholic Church in Norcross on March 5 marked the.
Choosing Valley Lutheran High School is a life changing decision. VLHS students receive an excellent College Preparatory education while engaging in relational learning with teachers.
St. Boniface Catholic School – Home page. St. Boniface Mission Statement: Our mission is to provide quality Catholic education rooted in our Benedictine tradition of prayer, work, and service to others.
Organizing the liturgy, music, lectors, and ministers for a mid-week service, regardless of its importance for observing a holy Lent, is no small thing. By the time Easter arrives, my prayer is.
Lent note: HuffPost Religion invites you to share your Lent reflections. I am studying for the ministry at the Wesley Theological Seminary in Washington, DC. I am also a yoga teacher. Perhaps as a.
Our Prayer. the teacher they had been following. The Adult Choir will lead in worship, and the congregation will celebrate the sacrament of communion. Lent will begin on Ash Wednesday, which this.
Could there be a better time to launch into the Liturgy of the Hours than Lent? Murray describes two problems with prayer that can be helped by the. seeming to assume that everyone has access to.
On the first four Fridays of the Great Fast 2017 (March 3, 10, 17, 24) a short Lenten Service will be celebrated at Noon and. her main ministry has been as a teacher & principal in elementary.
Every chapter ends with a challenge, a Bible passage and a prayer. That's important. Which is why Johnston prefers Lent to be a time when people find ways to make others feel comfortable and loved.
Superintendent's Blog March 5th, 2019 Tuesday, March 05, 2019 Lent 2019 Dear brothers and sisters, the "lenten" period of forty days spent by the Son of God in the desert of creation had the goal of making it once more that garden of communion with God that it was before original sin. (Message of His Holiness Pope Francis for Lent 2019) Each year, Pope Francis shares a message with us to.
St. Luke's Anglican Catholic Church, 65 Warrenton Road, Falmouth, will hold its Lenten lecture on March 23. A service of Sung Morning Prayer, using the historic 1928 Book of Common Prayer, will be.
The theme of the service is found in the verse "It is better to trust in the Lord than to put confidence in man." There will be prayers for General Motors Lordstown workers and their families and the.
When Vatican II suggested doing something positive during Lent, I gamely added daily Mass and the Stations of the Cross to my devotions. My religion teacher pointed out these. went to meals and.
Students wore red, white and blue and joined teachers and staff in praying for all of the service men and women, first responders and all others who keep the country safe. Scroll through the photos.
"First Impressions" is a service to preachers and those wishing to prepare for Sunday worship. It is sponsored by the Dominican Friars. If you would like "First Impressions" updtged weekly as a service.
I Believe In God Prayer New Version A devotional service is conducted the night before each game, and a prayer service on game day. "Why can't I tell my boys what I believe?" Ron Riccio, who is representing Mr. Borden in New Jersey, "The words of the LORD are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times.
A week from tonight, many of us will gather in our churches for the Ash Wednesday service that begins the season of Lent. If you plan to spend the coming weeks practicing spiritual disciplines like.
Jeffco emergency responders prepare for future county crises by combining forces to improve response times March 23, 2018 Fire and police stations across Jefferson County come together to take steps.
Lent is a 40-day period of fasting. Katelyn McNamara, an English teacher at Assumption, won't look at her cellphone quite as much as before. "I have been reading the Bible and spending time in.
If you can't make it out for an Ash Wednesday service. ASH WEDNESDAY PRAYER Redemption Church – Olathe, Ks (at entrance) Welcome to Ash Wednesday prayer at Redemption Church. This space is here for.
The First Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) will begin its observation of Lent with a Fat Sunday Celebration at 10 a.m. Sunday. The worship service will feature the. in Loveland, will host a.
30 a.m. service on Sunday. Pastor. (click for more) T he Chattanooga House of Prayer is hosting its next Rhythms Retreat, Encountering God through Scripture, on Saturday, March 9, from 9 a.m.–noon.


ART, in association with TCF Architecture, designed the new Tacoma Police Headquarters to fit on a former Costco site along with three City Maintenance Divisions. Working with various City agencies and soliciting public input, the design team analyzed the placement of structures and several site configurations to obtain the optimal solution.
The resulting facility was designed to match the professionalism of the staff, increase Department efficiency and enhance their sense of "staff community." The project achieved LEED Silver Certification.


text:
About Link-Lives
københavns_universitet_en
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research (CPR) contributes to Link-Lives with expertise in machine learning.
CPR was established in 2007 at the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, to promote basic and applied discovery research on human proteins of medical relevance. The Center contributes to the progress of translational research within medicine and provides fundamental insights, which can be used to promote drug discovery and development. The establishment of the center was made possible by a generous donation of 600 million DKK from the Novo Nordisk Foundation as well as through contributions from the University of Copenhagen. At the beginning of 2015, the Novo Nordisk Foundation donated additional 180 million DKK to CPR.
https://www.cpr.ku.dk/
Copyright © 2019 Link-Lives. All rights reserved


Commercial finance covers a range of loans used for business purposes. Where property is concerned, a commercial mortgage will be the most appropriate type of loan, as this product is designed for people wishing to purchase commercial premises, expand their existing premises, invest in commercial property or develop a property.
Most commercial mortgages have a term of 15 years or more and are given for substantial amounts, from £15,000 up to around £500,000. The property is the asset used to secure the loan – just the same as a domestic mortgage - and the lender retains a legal claim over the property until repayment of the loan is complete.
...and what is Buy to Let Finance?
Buy to let finance is designed for investors wanting to purchase a property and let it out to tenants. The owner can benefit from any increases in property value, while rental income can be used to meet the loan (mortgage) repayments. In recent years there was a huge increase in the number of people buying to let – in 1998, there were 28,700 buy to let mortgages while the 2015 figure had risen to a whopping 1.8 million.
This increase has partly contributing to an upsurge in house prices. For guidance on what to do if you're thinking about buy to let, see Are you considering a buy to let property?.
Around 4 in 10 of all UK mortgages are arranged directly with a high street bank or building society. It's an easy option and many consumers feel they can trust a financial provider with which they have already established a relationship.
In the case of commercial finance this can be helpful – if you already have a business account with a bank/building society, your account manager will know your reliability, turnover and other facts about your business. Unfortunately, lenders are aware that customers believe their existing financial provider to be the best source of commercial or buy to let finance and will accordingly reduce the competitiveness of their products.
Don't feel you are tied to the commercial mortgage "packages" your bank/building society offers.
The UK is home to around 150 mortgage providers, each in competition for your custom. Most providers offer a range of products, giving well over a thousand different mortgage options – the likelihood of your existing provider offering the one best suited to your needs is very low indeed – so shop around.
A few mortgage providers allow you to combine your finances in one account – mortgage, loans, savings and credit cards. Where commercial finance is concerned, this is unlikely to be the most cost effective way of managing your money, so avoid being lured by such products.
If you have previously had adverse credit (e.g. loan/credit card arrears, CCJs, repossessions) you can apply to an Adverse Mortgage Lender for a buy to let mortgage. Expect deals to be less competitive depending on how poor your credit history is.
To get an idea of what is available, visit Simply Business to compare commercial mortgage quotes on-line, and/or to be put in touch with potential mortgage providers. Money Supermarket is another on-line comparison site and is independent and therefore impartial.
In the past, finance was usually funded by the major high street banks, but there is now a wide - and ever-growing - range of financiers. Greater competition should mean better value for the consumer but in practice it can make the marketplace a little confusing. Currently approximately 14% of commercial mortgage loans are arranged by a broker, the figure is low because most borrow directly from a bank with which they have an existing relationship.
There is a further alternative to going direct to a bank and building society – using a broker. Brokers ideally provide professional and impartial mortgage advice, and their expertise is likely to cut down the amount of time you spend searching for a finance package.
The National Association of Commercial Finance Brokers provides an on-line search engine which can be used to locate a broker in your area specialising in buy to let or commercial finance.
It's important for small businesses to get the right kind of finance at the best price. Many commercial brokers work in specific business sectors, and will be better able to understand your needs, appreciate the risks of your venture and find you a deal accordingly. A broker could be especially valuable for borrowers with adverse credit histories or other unusual circumstances.
But won't it cost me extra money?
Brokers make their money either by charging you a direct fee for their advice, as in the case of Independent Financial Advisers, or by working on a commission basis. Commission applies both to those brokers who advise on the whole available market, and those who are representatives of a particular company.
The precise cost of using a broker will depend on whether they are paid commission and/or charge you a fee directly. Commission of 0.25% to 0.5% of the value of the mortgage is paid to brokers by the mortgage lender – up to 1% for those with adverse credit histories.
As an example, a broker would be paid between £375 and £1,500 on a £150,000 mortgage. This commission is paid by the lender not by you. Other brokers will charge you a fee directly instead of receiving commission. This fee will be up to 1.5% of the mortgage value – in the case of a £150,000 mortgage, that fee would be £2250.
These figures provide a guideline – the cost of employing a broker to arrange your commercial or buy to let finance will vary depending on the complexity of the arrangements, the value of the property and your particular circumstances.
You may also pay a mortgage booking/arrangement fee, payable to the lender to reserve the mortgage funds. This fee is variable but usually between £100 and £500. It's payable even if the mortgage does not proceed. Secondly, a valuation fee to assess that the property's worth is sufficient to secure the mortgage. Again, this is a variable cost.
You will also need to factor in the cost of insurance, fees for transfer of funds, early repayment charge if you repay your mortgage early, estate agency fees for marketing, stamp duty, legal fees, survey fees.
Is there an industry watchdog for finance providers?
Since 2005 individuals and firms offering mortgage advice have to be authorised and regulated by the Financial Services Authority (FSA). However, commercial and buy to let finance is not regulated by the FSA to the same degree as residential mortgage lending, so controls on product promotion and advertising are less stringent. You can check whether a broker or lender is authorised by the FSA by visiting the on-line register or calling the FSA consumer helpline on 0845 606 1234.
What qualifications do you have? - Two particular qualifications give a good indication of professionalism - the Certificate in Mortgage Advice and Practice (CeMap®)m, provided by the Institute of Financial Services, and the Mortgage Advice Qualification (MAQ) which is administered by the Chartered Insurance Institute.
Are you affiliated to any industry bodies?
Are you giving me advice or information? - Only companies authorised by the FSA are permitted to give advice about mortgages and must follow FSA rules when they do. Buying with advice means that the products and services offered are tailored to your needs and puts you in a stronger position if they prove to be unsuitable and you need to claim compensation for any loss. If you don't take advice and the mortgage s out to be unsuitable, you will have less grounds for making a complaint.
Can you give me a written list of all the fees I will have to pay? - This document may also be referred to as a the key facts illustration (KFI). The broker must give you a KFI before you commit yourself to the loan.
Are you whole of market? - i.e. Do they look at all available products rather than being tied to one provider.
Do you charge a fee? - Ideally, the answers you are looking for are yes and no respectively – that way you pay no fee and get best advice on all the available products on the market.
Non-profit organisations like Business Link and, in Wales, Business Eye can offer advice for business start-ups, including commercial finance, and put you in touch with local providers. You may also find these other Property Pro guides useful when considering commercial or buy to let finance.
We are planning to buy a 5 bedroom house to convert it to a supported living house to be rented to council. Which loan will be more suitable – commercial mortgage or buy to let. Which one of the two will be at a better rate of interest.


text:
Q: How to map array of objects values to key-value array in ReactJS? I'm trying to use my json data I got from axios for echarts in my react application but I don't know how to map it correctly.
My current code converts from an array of objects
[
    {
        "data": "24.64",
        "timestamp": "2019-04-30T02:00:42.032Z"
    },
    {
        "data": "24.13",
        "timestamp": "2019-04-30T02:20:36.966Z"
    }
]

to 2 states
data: ["24.64","24.13"]
timestamp: ["2019-04-30T02:00:42.032Z","2019-04-30T02:20:36.966Z"]

where I call them later with
this.state.data
and
this.state.timestamp

but this doesn't give me the exact chart diagram I want.
This is part of my current working code that fetches and converts the array of objects:
componentDidMount() {
    this.getData();
};

getData() {
    axios.get('/api/records/datatime')
    .then((res) => {
      this.setState({
        data: res.data.map(({ data }) => data),
        timestamp: res.data.map(({ timestamp }) => timestamp),
      });
     })
    .catch((err) => { console.log(err); });
}

What I need now is the array of objects to change to an array of arrays like this in my state, with timestamp as key and data as value.
chartData:
  [
    ["2019-04-30T02:00:42.032Z","24.64"],
    ["2019-04-30T02:20:36.966Z","24.13"]
  ]

A: You can use Object.values()
this.setState({
  chartData:res.data.map(Object.values)
});

A working snippet in plain js

const arr= [ { "data": "24.64", "timestamp": "2019-04-30T02:00:42.032Z" }, { "data": "24.13", "timestamp": "2019-04-30T02:20:36.966Z" } ]
const res = arr.map(Object.values)
console.log(res)

A: Use map and Object.values, then reduce to make the object:

const data = [{"data":"24.64","timestamp":"2019-04-30T02:00:42.032Z"},{"data":"24.13","timestamp":"2019-04-30T02:20:36.966Z"}];
const res = data.map(Object.values).reduce((acc, [d, t]) => {
  acc.data.push(d);
  acc.timestamp.push(t);
  return acc;
}, { data: [], timestamp: [] });
console.log(res)
.as-console-wrapper { max-height: 100% !important; top: auto; }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


ca. 1906 New York, New York Unknown Master Zonophone 66 10-in.
Discography of American Historical Recordings, s.v. "Zonophone matrix [Zo cat 66]. The game of love / Billy Murray," accessed April 19, 2019, https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/2000256761/Zo_cat_66-The_game_of_love.
Zonophone matrix [Zo cat 66]. The game of love / Billy Murray. (2019). In Discography of American Historical Recordings. Retrieved April 19, 2019, from https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/2000256761/Zo_cat_66-The_game_of_love.
"Zonophone matrix [Zo cat 66]. The game of love / Billy Murray." Discography of American Historical Recordings. UC Santa Barbara Library, 2019. Web. 19 April 2019.


text:
Historians of Netherlandish Art Reviews
Exhibition and Exhibition Catalogue Reviews
Member Sign-In Required
New Book Titles
About HNAR
Support HNAR
Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art Historians of Netherlandish Art
Stories in Gilded Frames: Dutch Seventeenth-Century Paintings with Biblical and Mythological Subjects
By Lyckle de Vries
Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2016. 304 pp, 100 color illus. ISBN 978-94-629-8147-8.
Review published February 2018
Not surprisingly, the most respected genre of art, which appealed to the wealthiest and most educated buyers and fetched the highest prices for Dutch painters in the seventeenth century, was history painting. Selecting and interpreting incidents from biblical narratives or stories drawn from history and ancient mythology also called for educated artists who knew the written sources and were familiar with earlier representations of stories which could serve as models to emulate or challenge a painter's quest to find dramatic arrangements of figures and effective handing of poses, gestures and facial expressions, while mustering appropriate brushwork, color and lighting. Modern scholarship has further revealed how often such paintings presented quandaries or situations that would resonate with the experience of living in the Dutch world of the seventeenth century.
The taste for Dutch history painting in our time by artists other than Rembrandt is a rather recent phenomenon. New attention to these less familiar artists was launched in large part by the Gods, Saints, and Heroes exhibition at the Rijksmuseum and the Detroit Institute of Arts in 1981, followed by accelerating and significant research, notably Eric Jan Sluijter's recent Rembrandt Rivals: History Painting in Amsterdam 1630-1650) of 2015, and increasing exhibitions that focus on individual artists, including Goltzius (2003), Lastman (2006), Lievens (2008), Bloemaert (2011), Honthorst (2015), Schalcken (2015), Lairesse (2016) and Bol and Flinck (2017), among others.
To the usual, non-specialist museum visitor, none of these names would likely ring any bells, nor would titles such as Achilles among Lycomedes' Daughters, Eliezer Offering Gifts to Rebekah or The Angel Leaving Tobias and his Parents. Lyckle de Vries's mission in Stories in Gilded Frames is therefore a more challenging one than in his earlier Verhalen uit kamer, keuken en kroeg of 2005, written to make Dutch genre painting accessible to a wider audience. This volume bravely proposes to do the same for Netherlandish (mostly Dutch) history painting, covering the century as a whole in a chronologically ordered text of 163 pages, followed by 100 color illustrations, covering forty-one painters from Maerten de Vos to Nicolaes Berchem, with twenty-one additional, comparative black and white illustrations.
As every museum curator knows, today's viewers and readers have short attention spans and tend to be impatient with difficult or unfamiliar language or subject matter. Two ways of engaging the reader in this book are its excellent color illustrations, easy to study since each occupies its own page, and presenting most of the textual information in relatively condensed, easily digested blocks, many of which are devoted to clearly titled discussions of each of the artists illustrated, interspersed with short, titled sections that consider related materials such as historical events of the period, the definition of varied styles of painting, artists' training, how paintings were collected and displayed, artists' use of settings and landscapes, the importance of scale in painting, the influence of the court or wealthy merchants on artists' styles, patronage for art in the Netherlands, history paintings as propaganda or as installations in public buildings, popular narrative subjects, and relationships between history painting and genre painting.
Lyckle de Vries's deep knowledge of this material, his accessible way of writing and his engaging and generous enthusiasm in wanting to share history painting with new readers, is evident throughout this volume. Yet this reader – projecting herself into the audience for whom the book was intended – finds certain potential problems in the layout of the volume itself which could pose barriers for these readers, primarily in the complete separation of text from illustrations. Difficulties in navigating easily back and forth between the two might have been mitigated by citing, on each illustration, the page numbers to link it with discussions of the painting itself and other interpretation of the same subject. An unfortunate binding error, beginning with the first color plate, occurs at intervals throughout the color illustrations, putting many out of order.
The way for a general, non-specialist reader to use this volume most effectively, I believe, would be to read the preface and introduction first and then follow in the footsteps of the author himself, who mentions that he chose the illustrations before writing the body of the text because he wanted to shape his discussion around what he considered to be the most useful and important examples of history painting that would best illustrate the variety and development of this subject genre throughout the century. The curious reader might therefore begin by exploring these 100 excellent color plates just as one might examine and respond to paintings in a museum. Having closely considered images that draw attention first, he or she would then feel equipped to read the author's interpretation and analysis, within the section devoted to each individual artist, and then move on to more and more related information about the period and the subject type. Understanding the overall chronology would become much easier once a reader has learned how to look at the paintings.
Although this book was not written for a scholarly audience, seeking extensive footnoting and a full reference bibliography, considerations of individual paintings offer rewards throughout the volume, as the author, avoiding arcane art historical terminology, pays close attention to how each narrative interprets its text through careful staging of a story, including the placement and interpretation of secondary figures and manipulations of light, color and space. De Vries's thoughtful discussion of Rembrandt's Denial of Saint Peter of 1660 in conjunction with Honthorst's treatment of the same theme (pp. 129-130) is one of many such comparisons that demonstrate how observation of different artists' treatments of the same subject can deepen a reader's understanding of the narratives themselves while clarifying how artists creatively formulate their interpretations of stories. Studying the pictures and reading their parallel texts, a reader can begin to see why certain decisions were made, and can then use de Vries's models of visual thinking for future encounters with history paintings in museum settings.
Susan Donahue Kuretsky


text:
Asymmetric beam shaping of a diode-bar laser for multipass pumping of a thin-crystal laser
Bryn Jeffries, David W. Coutts
Two-mirror beam shaping of a 94% fill-factor laser diode bar was investigated. We show that optimal output for the purposes of end pumping was achieved by configuring the beam shaper to reformat the single row of 60 emitters into an array containing several emitters in each row. A 15+4 output configuration was used to end pump a Yb:S-FAP laser. A nearly on-axis multipass pumping system was developed to demonstrate how the asymmetry of the beam-shaped pump source can be exploited.
Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics
10.1364/JOSAB.22.002121
This paper was published in Journal of the Optical Society of America B : optical physics and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/josab/abstract.cfm?URI=josab-22-10-2121. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law.
Jeffries, B., & Coutts, D. W. (2005). Asymmetric beam shaping of a diode-bar laser for multipass pumping of a thin-crystal laser. Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics, 22(10), 2121-2128. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.22.002121
Jeffries, Bryn ; Coutts, David W. / Asymmetric beam shaping of a diode-bar laser for multipass pumping of a thin-crystal laser. In: Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics. 2005 ; Vol. 22, No. 10. pp. 2121-2128.
@article{3ed4f3cd591749d8a4c0bde6ac835c76,
title = "Asymmetric beam shaping of a diode-bar laser for multipass pumping of a thin-crystal laser",
abstract = "Two-mirror beam shaping of a 94{\%} fill-factor laser diode bar was investigated. We show that optimal output for the purposes of end pumping was achieved by configuring the beam shaper to reformat the single row of 60 emitters into an array containing several emitters in each row. A 15+4 output configuration was used to end pump a Yb:S-FAP laser. A nearly on-axis multipass pumping system was developed to demonstrate how the asymmetry of the beam-shaped pump source can be exploited.",
author = "Bryn Jeffries and Coutts, {David W.}",
note = "This paper was published in Journal of the Optical Society of America B : optical physics and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/josab/abstract.cfm?URI=josab-22-10-2121. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law.",
doi = "10.1364/JOSAB.22.002121",
journal = "Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics",
publisher = "OPTICAL SOC AMER",
Jeffries, B & Coutts, DW 2005, 'Asymmetric beam shaping of a diode-bar laser for multipass pumping of a thin-crystal laser', Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 2121-2128. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.22.002121
Asymmetric beam shaping of a diode-bar laser for multipass pumping of a thin-crystal laser. / Jeffries, Bryn; Coutts, David W.
In: Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics, Vol. 22, No. 10, 2005, p. 2121-2128.
T1 - Asymmetric beam shaping of a diode-bar laser for multipass pumping of a thin-crystal laser
AU - Jeffries, Bryn
N1 - This paper was published in Journal of the Optical Society of America B : optical physics and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/josab/abstract.cfm?URI=josab-22-10-2121. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law.
N2 - Two-mirror beam shaping of a 94% fill-factor laser diode bar was investigated. We show that optimal output for the purposes of end pumping was achieved by configuring the beam shaper to reformat the single row of 60 emitters into an array containing several emitters in each row. A 15+4 output configuration was used to end pump a Yb:S-FAP laser. A nearly on-axis multipass pumping system was developed to demonstrate how the asymmetry of the beam-shaped pump source can be exploited.
AB - Two-mirror beam shaping of a 94% fill-factor laser diode bar was investigated. We show that optimal output for the purposes of end pumping was achieved by configuring the beam shaper to reformat the single row of 60 emitters into an array containing several emitters in each row. A 15+4 output configuration was used to end pump a Yb:S-FAP laser. A nearly on-axis multipass pumping system was developed to demonstrate how the asymmetry of the beam-shaped pump source can be exploited.
U2 - 10.1364/JOSAB.22.002121
DO - 10.1364/JOSAB.22.002121
JO - Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics
T2 - Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics
JF - Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics
Jeffries B, Coutts DW. Asymmetric beam shaping of a diode-bar laser for multipass pumping of a thin-crystal laser. Journal of the Optical Society of America B: Optical Physics. 2005;22(10):2121-2128. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.22.002121


text:
William Warrington
For other uses, see William Warrington (disambiguation).
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Domestic armorial window
William Warrington, (1796–1869), was an English maker of stained glass windows. His firm, operating from 1832 to 1875, was one of the earliest of the English Medieval revival and served clients such as Norwich and Peterborough Cathedrals. Warrington was an historian of medieval glass and published an illustrated book The History of Stained Glass.
1 Biographical
3 Buildings containing windows by Warrington
4 Other Early 19th century studios
Biographical[edit]
Designs by Warrington
Frontispiece with the cipher Warrington used in his windows
An armorial window for the House of Lords.
Design for Norwich Cathedral
In his youth, Warrington first trained with his father as a painter of armorial shields. He then moved for a time into the stained glass workshop of Thomas Willement, one of the earliest such workshops to be of high renown. In 1832 Warrington established his own stained glass company, where he produced windows that well satisfied the rising fashion of Gothic Revival and in which his own skills as an armorial painter were utilised in the production of domestic as well as ecclesiastical windows.
From studying existent ancient windows and emulation of the leading techniques of the master Thomas Willement, Warrington developed a style which allowed him to create windows strongly resembling those of the 13th and 14th centuries in appearance. His windows became the preferred choice of the architect Augustus Welby Pugin who used them in most of his earliest churches, between 1838 and 1842.
But Pugin was soon to fall out with Warrington, claiming "The Glass-Painters will shorten my days, they are the greatest plague I have. The reason I did not give Warrington the window at the hospital is this. He has lately become so conceited and got nearly as expensive as Willement."[1][full citation needed] Warrington produced drawings of windows to be used by Pugin in the Houses of Parliament, but the firms that Pugin employed were Ballantine and Allen and Hardman & Co.
In 1848 Warrington published "The History of Stained Glass, from the Earliest Period of the Art to the Present Time" . The book came out in a folio edition with coloured lithographs illustrating British stained glass windows from the 11th to the 15th centuries. However Warrington expressed his dislike of the glass of the centuries that followed as being "a misconception and misapplication of this art."
Among Warrington's significant commissions was the tiered arrangement of windows for the Eastern Apse of Norwich Cathedral. He also designed for Ely Cathedral, where his work may still be seen, both installed and on display in the Stained Glass Museum.
After Warrington's death in 1869, the firm continued until 1875.
Style[edit]
Warrington was able to reproduce closely the geometric and foliate backgrounds of the 13th century and create pictorial rondels composed of small pieces of glass that gave a similar impression to the Medieval originals, though tending to let through more light and have less luminosity, because the nature of the glass was less flawed and therefore less refractive. Warrington's windows often contain a background comprising a distinctive pattern of little red and blue diagonal checks which was copied from medieval originals. Many of Warrington's Gothic Revival windows have a pleasant simplicity about them, the stylised foliage which takes up much of the window space being less heavy in appearance than some of his rivals, such as Clutterbuck, and based more closely upon recognisable plants.
The balance and arrangements of pictorial scenes within their formal background shows Warrington as a much more skilful designer than his teacher Willement, in whose windows the overall arrangement has a fairly arbitrary quality. Warrington's figurative painting strives towards the Medieval in its forms, which are somewhat elongated and elegant, with simply-painted drapery falling in deep folds in such a way that line and movement is emphasised in the pictorial composition. His painting of the details, particularly of faces, is both masterly and exquisite. Towards the end of his career he also designed windows in a more painterly and less Gothic manner to suit changing tastes.
Buildings containing windows by Warrington[edit]
Domestic glass for a Medieval setting
Ely Cathedral and also in the Stained Glass Museum at Ely Cathedral.
St Mary's College Oscott, near Birmingham - windows of saints designed by Pugin, made by Warrington, 1838.
St. Mary's R.C. Church, Sutton Coldfield, West Midlands - windows designed by Pugin, made by Warrington, 1838.
St Mary, Salehurst - a large 5 light West Window showing Christ before Pilate, Christ carrying the Cross, the Crucifixion, Noli me tangere and Ascension.
St. Margaret's Church, Addington, Kent - the East window, 3 lights of the Ascension
St George's, Brede, Sussex - has three windows
All Saints', Lindfield, Sussex - has three windows.
St Andrew's, Hove - 2 windows, the Raising of Lazarus and the Raising of Jairus' Daughter.
St John's, Deptford - one window, Presentation in the Temple.
Norwich Cathedral - The windows of the Apsidal Eastern End.
Thornton College, Buckinghamshire - figurative, decorative and armorial windows.
Basilica Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada - 7 windows
Presentation Convent, Cathedral Square, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada - 2 windows in Oratory Chapel, 1 window (three lights) in central hall
St Peter's, Heversham, Cumbria - 5 light East window of Jesus and the Gospel writers.
Lissadell Parish Church, Church of Ireland - a number of windows by Warrington
St Mary Magdalene, Albrighton, Wolverhampton. Signed window in south chancel
St. Anne's Chapel (Fredericton) has a triplet window by Warrington in the chancel
St. John's Horninglow, Burton on Trent - five-light east window illustrative of the life of St. John the Evangelist. Given by Mr. H. E. Smith, Shelbrook House, Ashby de la Zouch[2]
Mount St Bernard Abbey, Coalville, Leicestershire - quatrefoil window in original nave
All Saints Church, Leamington Spa (Leamington Priors) - two South Aisle windows (St James the Great, St John the Evangelist). St Peter missing since 1903. South Apse and South Chancel Clerestory 13 scenes of the life of Jesus re-set 1900 from original West window; one scene, Christ before Pilate, is missing.
Other Early 19th century studios[edit]
Thomas Willement
William Wailes
Charles Edmund Clutterbuck
Hardman & Co.
Stained glass - British glass, 1811-1918
^ extract from a letter by Pugin in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London
^ Burton Chronicle 25 October 1866 page 4
Painton Cowen, A Guide to Stained Glass in Britain, 1985, Michael Joseph, ISBN 978-0-7181-2567-7
Elizabeth Morris, Stained and Decorative Glass, Doubleday, ISBN 978-0-86824-324-5
Sarah Brown, Stained Glass- an Illustrated History, Bracken Books, ISBN 1-85891-157-5
Simon Jenkins, England's Thousand Best Churches, Allen Lane, the Penguin Press, ISBN 978-0-7139-9281-6
John Harvey, English Cathedrals, Batsford, 1961, ISBN unknown
Robert Eberhard, Church Stained Glass Windows, [1][permanent dead link]
Cliff and Monica Robinson, Buckinghamshire Stained Glass, [2]
British and Irish stained glass
British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918)
Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
History of stained glass
Medieval stained glass
Poor Man's Bible
Regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture
Artistic movements
Arts and Crafts Movement
Biblia pauperum
Cambridge Camden Society
Exoticism
Hogarth Club
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
John Loughborough Pearson
Augustus Pugin
George Gilbert Scott
Edward Liddall Armitage
William Burges
Alfred E. Child
Margaret Chilton
Brian Clarke
Harry Clarke
Walter Francis Clokey
Trena Cox
Louis Davis
Rachel de Montmorency
Alfred Drury
Mabel Esplin
Moira Forsyth
Wilhelmina Geddes
Reginald Hallward
Herbert Hendrie
James Humphries Hogan
Evie Hone
Joan Howson
Marjorie Kemp
Charles Eamer Kempe
Mary Lowndes
Catherine Amelia O'Brien
Karl Parsons
Henry Payne
Lilian Josephine Pocock
Patrick Pollen
Sarah Purser
Ethel Rhind
Arnold Wathen Robinson
Arild Rosenkrantz
Francis Skeat
Caroline Townshend
Christopher Webb
Nathaniel Westlake
Christopher Whall
Veronica Whall
Paul Woodroffe
Edward Woore
British stained-glass artists
Irish stained-glass artists
Martin Harrison
An Túr Gloine
Burlison and Grylls
Clayton and Bell
Daniel Cottier
John Hardman & Co.
Heaton, Butler and Bayne
Hincks and Burnell
Lavers, Barraud and Westlake
James Powell and Sons
Shrigley and Hunt
Fairford stained glass
My Four Green Fields
Came glasswork
Cathedral glass
Curvilinear coordinates
Glass beadmaking
Glassblowing
Lancet window
Leadlight
Pontil
Stained glass conservation
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Warrington&oldid=924611090"
English stained glass artists and manufacturers
History of glass
Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2014
Use British English from January 2018
Articles with incomplete citations from January 2014