I'm getting ready for my daily visits to the Detroit Lions' HQ and training facility in Allen Park, Mich. for training camp. The anticipation is building. The questions are piling up. The competition looks keen for several roster spots.
This series of articles offers analysis and opinion on the current state of every unit on the roster. This will enable us to focus on the players' performances during training camp with regard to how and where they fit into the Lions' plans.
Man, I'm ready for some football!
If ever there was a right place and a right time to have an embarrassment of riches on an offensive unit, you have to admit that the Detroit Lions have exactly that in their tight ends.


One of the truest truths in my life is that I love talking business and how to leverage what makes you unique to thrive. Gathering women in this way creates incredible community, clarity in businesses and these deeply strong and talented women are leaving with a PLAN! We do not have to do this alone!
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Fear the Walking Dead season 7 episode 9 return date confirmed at AMC
Fear the Walking Dead December 6, 2021
For everyone looking to see Fear the Walking Dead season 7 episode 9 on the air, we're pleased to present the return date now!
Late last night, AMC confirmed that the zombie drama will be returning on Sunday, April 17 — more than likely, this will be when the second part of The Walking Dead season 11 is winding down. We're getting a good sense of how the network wants to operate here, which basically involves having as much of the franchise on the air as possible.
So what's coming up in terms of the story itself? The network also revealed the official synopsis, which hypes up further the impending war between Alicia and Strand:
In the second half of Season 7, months have passed after the nuclear blast and the only one thriving is Victor Strand (Colman Domingo). Having built a fiefdom, he callously selects who will have a chance at life. The other members of the group have suffered immensely, but out of that, has come a fierce determination to live, even if it means taking Strand's Tower by force and continuing the search for Padre, a mythical place no one is sure really exists. Alicia (Alycia Debnam-Carey,) now the reluctant leader to Teddy's former followers, is plagued by a mysterious illness and the repercussions of her past actions. Morgan (Lennie James,) trying to maintain hope that he will be reunited with his family, knows Alicia is key to their survival. With Alicia declaring war, Strand's paranoia and personal vendettas grow, and with that, new threats emerge from all sides.
What could the second half of season 7 prove? Well, for starters, that humanity is far more dangerous than the undead. We're talking here all about two warring sides who have personal vendettas and reasons to attack one another. We're also very worried about Alicia's future. There's no guarantee that she'll survive long-term, mostly because she thinks the aftereffects of the zombie bite are still in her.
Related – Check out more news when it comes to Fear the Walking Dead right now
What do you most want to see on Fear the Walking Dead season 7 episode 9 and beyond?
Be sure to let us know right away in the comments and stick around for some other news. (Photo: AMC.)
This article was written by Jess Carter. Be sure to follow her on Twitter.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Kurds = Scottish Highlanders without their restraint
If you blinked, you would have missed it. For less than three weeks, it looked as if the Kurds might have their own independent country. The Kurds control a mountainous area in northern Iraq and since the British occupation in 1920 they have been pushing for their own independent country. Last month, the Kurds held a referendum in which those who turned out voted 92 per cent in favour of independence. Cue cheers and celebrations in the Kurdish Highlands of Iraq. It...
Why Neymar is Cheap at 220 Million Euro
It is not about the sport. The sporting giants like Jürgen Klopp and Arsène Wenger have weighed in to denounce the transfer of Barcelona's Brazilian star Neymar for 220 million Euro to Paris Saint-Germain. They claim it is against the spirit of sport and is "beyond rationality". Their rival José Mourinho at Manchester United, somewhat, agrees saying say that the real problem with the Neymar transfer is that the whole player market will now go berserk. In sporting terms they are...
10 Thoughts on Sepp Blatter's Resignation
1- There are lots of people in the FIFA world who are far, far worse than Blatter. 2- It is possible that after the next FIFA election we could wind up with a president who will make us feel nostalgic for Blatter. 3- Blatter and his group at Zurich ran effective protection for national football federations around the world when they faced criminal investigations for corruption. From Nigeria to Iran to Greece – when governments, police forces and law enforcement have...


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Students must be registered in full-time* (Undergraduate: 9 credits/semester, Seminary: 18 credits/Fall - May) at Ambrose University for the next academic year. New undergraduate students must be planning to register for 9 credit hours or more.
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Submit the Financial Assistance Application online.
The Financial Aid & Awards Coordinator will allocate donated funds as indicated by the donor and based on a recipient's eligibility. Funds will be used to cover any outstanding current semester tuition and fees to Ambrose in the Fall and then may be used for personal needs.
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I also say it's not slavery to have some of your income be taxed. That doesn't mean I don't oppose all income taxation.
I guess you couldn't find that kindergartener, since you failed to address my point that people getting back their stolen money is better than people not getting it back.


Radio jamming is the classical music of dictatorship. Now that music is being played in Iran, being played at full volume: Western radio stations broadcasting in Persian can no longer be heard there.
I have my own history of relations with this classical music. I first went on the air on Radio Liberty in 1978, and that is when I was jammed for the first time. After a few years, I worked at the Russian Service of the BBC to the same Cold War accompaniment.
My voice, of course, doesn't matter. But how did these people dare to deprive others of the gift of hearing? It is God's gift or, if you prefer, Allah's.
This gift was generously restored to the Soviet people in 1988. A bit later I began gathering materials for a broadcast called "The Man Who Jammed Me." A Lithuanian colleague gave me the Moscow telephone numbers of veterans of the jamming service, and I began calling them up.
I couldn't reach Anatoly Stepanovich Batyushkov of Goskomsvyaz (the State Communications Committee) -- he was relaxing at a sanatorium. But I was able to chat with Natalya Yevgenevna Krestyaninova, a retired jammer of the airwaves.
She declined to participate in my broadcast -- said she had things to do at home, hadn't had anything to do with such matters for years, had grandchildren.... Maybe I didn't take the right tone in speaking with her? Maybe I should have been more good-natured -- after all, one might say that we worked in the same business for years.
Yes, I should have greeted her warmly and said: "Natalya Yevgenevna, darling, don't you recognize me? No? It's Igor! Which Igor? Igor Pomerantsev. Surely you remember me! You haven't forgotten how I went on the air in August 1978, back in the Munich days? First in Ukrainian and later in Russian? And you don't remember hearing me on the BBC? No? Oh well, forgive me. I understand -- you were cut off. Of course."
That's the way I should have spoken to her. I didn't even think to ask how many grandchildren she had or what their names are or where they go to school or what their favorite subjects are. But I didn't think of it, and it would have been awkward to call her back.
Now, to paraphrase the poet Boris Pasternak, what millennium is it in Iran? The second. And what year? Next month, the year 1389 will begin. Happy New Year.


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Civil rights activist Julian Bond is in attendance at the progressive 'One Nation Working Together' rally at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC on October 2, 2010.
Rep. Charles Rangel (D-NY) is in attendance at the progressive 'One Nation Working Together' rally at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC on October 2, 2010.
Richard Trumka, President AFL-CIO, attends the 'One Nation Working Together' rally at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC on October 2, 2010.


I work with JDougNY on conversions from S2U to Pcars, and I was wondering if you'd want to share the great wide bodykits. I could attach them to cars like nissans and we could release them with full credit to your work.
What model do you need if you can guarantee only application in Pcars I can share it with you.
we only mod for Project Cars so anything we'd use from you would be for that game only.
Out of the wide body kits I see here at your site we could use the kits for Mazda RX7, Ferrari 458 and Nissan Silvia s15.
If you could share the kits (preferably in obj format) I could try and attach them to our cars. Currently I am improving the kit for already released rx7 but yours is much better than what I can come up with.
Please contact me at the email address I provided while leaving this reply.
I don't have a Facebook account. If email is a problem perhaps you can contact me via pm at Nogrip or racedepartment? My nick is gvse at both places.


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Home / Accessories / Reviews
Canon EOS-1Ds
By Bruce Fraser
Macworld MAY 19, 2003 5:00 pm PDT
Expert's Rating
Outstanding image quality
Slow, buggy Mac software
Canon's new EOS-1Ds digital SLR represents a breakthrough in digital cameras, not only in terms of its resolution — it produces a 4,074-by-2,704-pixel image — but also in terms of its chip: this is the first digital SLR whose chip covers the same area as 35mm film, for which the Canon EOS-1 camera system was designed. This means that the focal-length distortion that has plagued digital SLRs — where a normal lens seems like a telephoto lens, a wide-angle lens seems like a normal lens, and wide-angle captures demand extremely expensive super-wide-angle lenses — is a thing of the past. And since the camera uses an EOS-1 body, it works with one of the widest and best ranges of lenses available.
The Canon EOS-1Ds is also one of the most usable digital cameras we've yet seen — for the most part, it behaves exactly like an EOS-1 35mm film camera. If you're used to shooting an entire roll of 35mm film in six seconds, you'll find that the EOS-1Ds can't quite match that kind of performance, but it does allow you to shoot three frames per second for ten frames, after which you'll have to wait, perhaps as long as ten seconds, while the camera writes the data to the CompactFlash card.
Image quality is outstanding — the camera easily captures two more stops of dynamic range than film, while producing sharper, more-detailed images with none of the color distortions to which film is prone. In some situations, the sharpness of the sensor is a mixed blessing — we tested the camera with Canon's new EF 24-70mm f2.8L USM zoom lens, and found that at focal lengths shorter than 28mm, we could see moderate chromatic aberration (color fringing on high-contrast edges) that film captures made with the same lens didn't show. The problem is that the sensor is merciless when it comes to exposing the same lens flaws that fuzzier film captures hide.
The only real disappointment here (other than the camera's $7,500 body-only price tag) is the Canon capture software for the Mac, which is inexcusably slow and buggy. During our testing, we quickly ditched it in favor of Adobe's CameraRAW plug-in, which worked flawlessly.
Macworld's Buying Advice
If you're looking to make the switch from film to digital, you owe it to yourself to check out the Canon EOS-1Ds. The images from this camera far surpass images from 35mm film, and it retains almost all of the flexibility of the 35mm format. The EOS-1Ds is truly a milestone in the evolution of digital photography.


The Boone County Council on Aging/Keen Age Center has a lending closet. We have a variety of canes, walkers, commodes, shower benches/chairs, wheelchairs, and transfer chairs to loan out. We also take donations of these items that are clean and in good repair.
Those needing to borrow an item should call 815-544-9893 to ask if we have the item available.


Posted on February 15, 2011 by Richard Masoner.
Jigme Norbu, a nephew of the Dalai Lama, was killed during a Valentine's Day "Walk for Tibet" after he was struck by an SUV near St. Augustine, Florida last night.
Norbu was on a 300 mile walk from St Augustine to West Palm Beach to raise awareness about Tibet when Keith O'Dell of Palm Coast drove his 2001 Kia Sportage into him. Norbu was apparently walking against traffic on the fog line on Highway A1A. According to news reports, charged have not been filed against the driver. Norbu was killed about a half mile from where cyclist Austin McElroy was killed last September.
Florida is the deadliest state in the nation for pedestrians and cyclists, with 11.1% of pedestrian fatalities nationwide occurring in the Sunshine State. Florida claims a whopping 17.4% of nationwide cyclist fatalities. Florida makes up about 6% of the U.S. population.
In 2009, Norbu walked from Indianapolis to New York City for Tibetan awareness, and has logged a total of 7,900 on similar walk and bike journeys.
Wall Street Journal: Nephew of Dalai Lama Killed by Car on Trek.
Excellent summary of the situation in FL but the motoring public is too busy texting and controlling their rage to be concerned.


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Stages 15 and 17 Vuelta de Espana 2019
I couldn't wait to proudly post that a young American cyclist won Stage 15 at the Vuelta de Espana on Sunday. It was an amazing race with different cyclists in several breakaways during the race. He usually is supporting the Red Jersey Primoz Roglic but he was riding safely in the Peloton 5 minutes behind his breakaway group so he waited. When he figured he could win the stage he took off and none of the other riders could catch him. I had heard that he had "chugged" the beer, which is a celebration for the stage winner from their sponsor each day. Yes, he did -- a first I guess! So cute. The other thing about him is with 50 meters to go on a steep climb he started Hi-Fiving the crowd all the way to the finish line. His smile tells it all. He is 24 years old and last year attended University of Colorado. Another American cyclist, Lawson Craddock on EF Education finished 7th.
Today's race, Stage 17 was the longest on this year's Tour, 219 Km. He gets the honor of finishing the race in record time for all races of this length to date. This was Philippe's second stage win of this tour. I've never seen so many in the breakaway -- more than in the Peloton. Of course one by one the breakaway cyclists get called back to support their team leader or just have had enough of the fast pace which they were going. The last part of the race was at around 60 km.
I loved the wonderful ruins and castles which have been maintained in today's venue. Tomorrow's race has four climbs so it will be a totally different race with probably different winners.
Vuelta a Espana Stage 9
Andorra to Cortals Dencamp 167 Riders <100 Km stage. A stage for the climbers. Youngest rider in the race Polachar from UAE, 20 years of age, won the stage. He is from Slovania. Quintana finished 2nd to put on the Red Jersey. A hail storm greeted the cyclists near the finish and affected a couple of riders in the lead breakaways who crashed in the rain on this section of the course one was Lopez. The leader of the breakaway was called back to help Quintana and was visibly upset to do so but the interesting point is you ride for the team unless they turn you loose. Movistar has had a rough year deciding who to support Quintana or Valverde.


ME provides quality services and supports activities which enable younger chemists to become effective leaders in the profession and the Society.
Through the coordinated efforts of the NP, IP and LRA working groups, ME strives to fulfill the YCC mission of advocating for and providing resources to early-career chemists and professionals in the chemical sciences and related fields.
The LRA working group coordinates and supports local and regional younger chemist activities. LRA works with ACS Regional Meeting area younger chemists to incorporate programming and activities of interest to our constituents. Additionally, LRA supports the creation and mobilization of Local Section YCC's (LSYCC's) to provide leadership opportunities for and increase involvement of younger chemists in their ACS Local Sections.
Identify and oversee YCC National Meeting programming. Session planning is open to younger chemist organizers and National YCC members to meet constituent needs.
Work with Divisional Liaisons to identify programs of constituent interest and benefit.
Prepare National Meeting Roadmap prior to each meeting.
Along with programming, NP also plans National Meeting activities (e.g. Fun Run, receptions) and special events (e.g. Anniversaries, Awards/Recognition).
The IP working group plans and coordinates activities including both international virtual and physical exchange programs (iVEP, iPEP), with the goal of helping both local section and international younger chemists make connections and build professional relationships in other countries.
GIO is here to engage with the Society on behalf of the Younger Chemists Committee and our constituents. GIO identifies, appoints, and manages constituent representation for the YCC throughout the ACS governance structure (liaisons, appointed roles, etc).
GIO is also responsible for recognizing outstanding younger chemists in the Society and disseminates awards for supporting participation at National Meetings, extraordinary scholarly achievement, as well as leadership and other training opportunities.
The Communications Subcommittee is responsible for informing the Society's younger members of YCC programs and activities and for providing information and advice relevant to their professional development. The main venues are Social Media (Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn), the YCC website (you are here!) and the YCC Newsletter. The communications subcommittee is committed to working efficiently and effectively with the other two YCC subcommittees to serve the goals of YCC, and spread the word about the exciting things happening in YCC!


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Tradition: The Concept and Its Claim Upon Us
By Josef Pieper|2019-12-17T15:32:56-06:00June 19th, 2018|Categories: Culture, Philosophy, Plato, Socrates, Tradition, Western Tradition|Tags: 1MA, Joseph Pieper|
True unity among men must have its roots in that common participation in the holy tradition reaching back to an utterance of God Himself…
One wonders whether tradition is not actually anti-historical. It stands in stark contrast to the most impressive and most visible strand of the historical process, namely, the ever-advancing scientific investigation of the world and mankind, the ever more deeply technical harnessing of the energy of the cosmos, the revolutionary achievements that each generation must make its own if it wishes to remain at the cutting edge of its time.
Society itself is in constant flux, though the direction of change is not easy to determine. Hegel speaks quite unperturbedly of progress in the consciousness of freedom; however, there are other formulations, such as the one that anticipates the gradual transformation of mankind into an army of workers. Sometimes this societal change accelerates as in an explosion; the revolutionary coup is an ever-recurring historical phenomenon.
Although these strands and forms of historical occurrences differ from one another, they have one thing in common: They are all ordered toward change, transformation, upheaval, revolution; they all, as it were, go with the times. Things ought not to remain as they have been until now.
But tradition is quite specifically not concerned with what is new; it is not concerned with development, or with change or revolution. It is concerned with what went before, with the already given, with that which can be preserved in its identity throughout all changes, throughout all time—indeed, despite time.
Suddenly, we find quite different words to express this. There is talk neither of new advances nor of progress. Instead, we hear: "Let the Word stand as it is!" Men fiercely resist, as we read in the Second Letter to the Corinthians, "another Gospel."
Even the Marxists speak of their "doctrines of classical authors." Although these doctrines were formulated more than a century ago, they should, according to the Marxists, still be inviolable today. Even in Marxist circles, we hear of "deviation," "orthodoxy," "accommodation," "aggiornamento," "revisionism," "reformation," and "demythologization." All of this makes sense only in the context of tradition, where the preservation of something originally given is seen as an elemental task, indeed, as a matter of life or death.
The question arises whether tradition, the concept and the reality, has a legitimate place only in the realms of religious faith, of theology, or of some "Weltanschauung." Actually, a surprise awaits anyone who is interested simply in "tradition" and, with that interest, turns to reference works. He will discover in current philosophical dictionaries, for example, that the entry for tradition is simply missing. "Traditionalism" can be found, but not "Tradition." Theological dictionaries speak extensively of tradition, but they proceed directly to a particular theological problem, "Scripture and Tradition." In this case, the concept of tradition is so restricted as to go against its very meaning.
When the debate over the validity of tradition was thoroughly aired for the first time, Pascal formulated the issue in the following terms: One must differentiate between those disciplines that are based on the arguments of reason and experience and those whose basis is tradition and authority. As a major example of the first category he mentions physics and, of the second, theology. So it is not so terribly out of the question to conceive of tradition within the realm of faith, theology, or "Weltanschauung." But before we can speak more precisely, the concept of tradition itself—as it is used in living speech and thought—must be clearly grasped and adequately formulated. What, then, are the elements out of which we build the concept of tradition?
It is quite apparent that whenever one speaks of what occurs within the process known as tradition, one necessarily thinks of two "partners": the one who passes something on and the other who receives something. This "something"—which is occasionally understood and designated as tradition, as the permanence of institutions, as traditional formulas of belief, as a "deposit," etc.—can belong to every conceivable realm of existence. It can consist of a song, a custom, a feast, an institution, a norm of behavior (how people address one another, how one greets another, how one introduces oneself, how one acts at a church service, how one receives a guest, and so forth).
The traditum can also be a teaching, a statement about reality, so that we will speak from that point on, not exclusively, to be sure, but with emphasis, of the passing on of truth. And one must be clear that even in a custom, a feast, or an institution, a teaching or doctrine can most certainly be incorporated.
There is still more to be said about the relationship of the partners who in that process known as tradition come to be involved with one another; and it is quite irrelevant whether one is dealing here with individuals or generations. Obviously, one finds that when the "handing on" occurs something quite different from a conversation or a dialogue takes place: one partner speaks, the other listens.
One may want to interject here: Is there no dialogue between generations, between fathers and sons, if they take one another seriously? Indeed, does there not have to be dialogue? To which I would respond: naturally! But between generations, many things occur in the normal course of events which are not tradition. Also, the working out of tradition itself in concreto may sometimes be almost indistinguishable from a discussion or a dialogue. And yet tradition is in principle something quite different from a discussion.
Even in the Platonic dialogues, which can be seen as the classical example of a discussion—Socrates loved to refer to it as a common undertaking ("Let us explore that together")—even in these, one can very easily overlook those boundaries where the aggregate condition suddenly changes. And out of the conversation, out of the dialogue, in which all are equally entitled to participate—friends, students, opponents—something unexpectedly different arises, an act of tradition, an act of handing something on.
Towards the end of the dialogue Gorgias, when Socrates recounts the myth of judgment after death, we find something quite different—seen in the internal structure of the myth itself—from what we encountered previously in the dialogue. We are no longer dealing with a discussion, but rather with a "passing on" of something, with tradition in the strict sense. As noted earlier, between generations a great deal more occurs than simply dialogue and the passing on of what is contained within the dynamic of tradition. We encounter something that might be designated as a collective learning process. In fact, it is possible that this collective learning process takes up most of what plays itself out between generations.
But again, it must be stressed that learning is one thing, while receiving something which is passed on, embracing something which is given in tradition, is quite another. Similarly, to teach and "to hand something over through tradition" are two completely different acts, even when they can so blend together that they are almost indistinguishable. But it is worthwhile, I believe, when using such basic concepts, to be very exact, even though one may perhaps become a bit impatient with the process of clarification.
What, then, constitutes the difference between teaching and handing something on through tradition? When a researcher communicates his findings and the results of his own research to his students, teaching undoubtedly takes place. Yet, here one could not speak of passing something on through a tradition. The word simply is not used in that manner. We speak of tradition only when something not our own, but rather something which we have ourselves already received, is passed on so that it can be received afresh and passed on further still.
In fact, that would almost work as a definition, as a formal conceptualization of tradition: "I have received what I have passed on to you." "I have passed on to you that which I have received." "What they received from their fathers they have passed on to their sons." "Quod a patribus acceperunt, hoc filiis tradiderunt." These three sentences (the first two are from the First Letter to the Corinthians and the third sentence comes from Augustine) formulate almost exactly the inner structure of tradition.
Naturally, the process of tradition, of passing something on, is completed when the last in line, the youngest generation at any given time, receives and accepts the traditum which at first is still merely a tradendum, something to be passed on. When, for whatever reason, that does not occur, then, strictly speaking, the "handing on" simply has not occurred—not yet.
One reason for the lack of receptivity can very probably be the manner in which what is being handed on is offered and given; and it is customary that obstacles of this sort are always being erected by the generation which happens to be at the helm. One can hardly do anything more hopeless than to tell a young man, in response to the critical question as to why something which has been received ought to be passed on, "That is simply tradition."
I was once the guest of a family in Calcutta which daily had the ritual of the orthodox Hindus performed by a Brahman in a room prepared solely for that purpose. The sons of the family, university students whom I knew and who had taken me with them, simply laughed in my face when I asked, "What is the meaning of what the priest is doing?" "It is all idiocy!" was their reply. And when I then turned around and asked the father, he shrugged his shoulders and said, "This has been done for a thousand years." As I shortly thereafter left the house with one of the two sons, he complained vehemently—and, it seemed to me, justifiably—that he never received any other explanation.
Whoever truly wants to hand something on must not speak of tradition. Rather he must take the pains to see to it that the contents of tradition, the old truths, are made ever present through a living language, through creative translations, through constant confrontation not only directly with the present but above all else with the future. With this, it becomes clear that the "act of tradition" itself is an exacting business, and that the living process of handing on a traditum is a dynamic matter.
But now a word should be added about the reception of what is to be passed on. How does this actually come about? The last in line should truly receive a share of the tradition. To pose the question more precisely: What kind of act is it in which the traditum is received in such a way that the process of tradition, or the process of handing on what has been received, is actually completed or even realized at all? It is clear that this act is different from the matter of merely receiving information. It simply does not occur by the same process by which one receives facts. An individual, a historian for instance, can possess a very exact or a broad knowledge of the tradita, of the facts of a tradition, without necessarily having a share in the tradition, without thereby "standing in the tradition."
There is a thought-provoking reflection by Karl Jaspers that perhaps one day all the pertinent documents will be available and known, but that, nonetheless, tradition will have disappeared and will have been destroyed—whereby he brought into the debate the very difficult and many-sided problem of "Tradition and History." Stated briefly, it must be said that the reception of the tradita, or facts of the tradition, naturally presupposes that they are known. Still, this accepting of the facts not only is something fundamentally different from tradition, but also in someway actually threatens it. In order to see and understand this, one only need think of the situation that has resulted in Christianity from the historical-critical exegesis of the New Testament.
The act we are now considering, the act by which the last one in line receives a traditum, the act in which the process of "handing on" encloses itself and in which it terminates—this act obviously has the structure of "allowing something to be said"; I receive something offered me and handed over to me. I myself do not simply take it. In fact, I cannot simply take it to myself.
On the other hand, I do not accept the tradition simply because it is "tradition," but rather because I am thoroughly convinced that it is true and valid. Now, admittedly, I cannot prove its validity, and here I am fundamentally in the same position Socrates was with the mythical wisdom about a judgment after death. If it were otherwise, then I would not need to receive the message from someone else; then I would already know it myself. What all this means is that the offer and the reception of the tradition have the structure of belief. Indeed, it is belief since in the final analysis, belief means nothing other than to accept something as true and valid, not on the basis of one's own insight and experience, but rather insofar as one trusts someone else. We are not yet dealing with the religious concept. It is rather the quite common concept of belief, as we normally use it.
This is precisely where the acceptance of traditum differs from learning, and tradition differs from that collective learning process we call cultural progress. It is true that, according to the famous saying of Aristotle, the students must also have faith ("whoever wants to learn must believe"). But that is true only for the first step of learning. At the beginning of the learning process, one finds not critical proof, but rather an act of trust. And without this uncritical beginning, one would never achieve critical self-sufficiency, which will later take what was originally received and slowly change and transform it into something of one's own. Only when one has brought this about can we say that one, in the strict sense, has learned something. One can then take as one's own what has been learned and correct it, augment it, enrich it, and pass it on to those who follow, so that it can be learned once again by them, at first uncritically received and thereafter tested, verified, enlarged, strengthened. Those who learn should not merely receive uncritically what has been given and believe it. That is something we always observe in the so-called developing lands, and we consider it lamentable.
In the realm of tradition, the concept of "progress" is almost out of place, as it does not touch the heart of the actual process of tradition. I have already referred to the saying of Saint Augustine: "Quod a patribus acceperunt, hoc filiis tradiderunt." In this sentence, the hoc is of particular significance. That which they have received from their fathers, this, and precisely this, they pass on to their sons. That which is passed on in this "process of tradition" is precisely what is received, so that the last recipient receives from his father exactly what the first one in line had passed on to his son. And this is exactly what is intended, that nothing be added to what was first received. And nothing of what was originally given should be left behind, or left out, or forgotten! And so, quite correctly, the concept of "remembrance" has always been closely associated with the concept of tradition. What is common to them both is that something that once occurred or was experienced or was said should be preserved in our consciousness, and as something now present in its full identity.
Vladimir Solovyov (1853-1900) called tradition "the memory of the human race," and his student Vyacheslav Ivanov (1866-1949) speaks of it as the "ontological memory of cultures." But the act of remembering means that one not only does not forget anything. It also means that no one adds anything to it. It would be a meaningless use of the word if someone claimed that he remembered something which went beyond what he had actually experienced. This falsification would be almost worse than simply forgetting.
In answer to the question as to why, it should be good to maintain in the present something from the past (what is tradition for?), it must be said that, according to the proverb, it is as necessary for man to be reminded as to be educated. Expressed differently, one can come to grief not only by missing out on the ongoing process of learning—by missing one's "train connection," as it were, as mankind moves toward the future. One can come to grief also by forgetting or losing something essential from the past.
Is that which is passed on in tradition truly essential? Is it alone valid and true? We have said that the receiving of what is passed on has the structure of an act of faith. But who is actually believed in this act and on the basis of what? According to what Socrates believed, as he himself said, judgment after death is "not merely a story, as they all are." Rather, it is a truth. And it is a fact that through guilt and punishment mankind lost its original perfection; that God holds the beginning, middle, and end of all things in His hands; that the world has come forth from the unrestrained goodness of a Creator and Founder.
On what basis is all this taken as true? Socrates is clear that one cannot prove all this. Experience and rational argumentation hardly go to the very core of the matter. Indeed, Socrates regards all this not only as true but also of such validity that he orders his life and his death in accord with it. But on what basis actually? Merely because it "was said from of old"? This "palai legetai"—an ancient Greek saying, "It was said from of old"—surfaces repeatedly in the Platonic dialogues. But one must believe a someone and not this hazy, neutral palai legetai.
When one looks more closely, one sees that Socrates actually names a "someone," or more exactly, he names a number of "someones." He speaks of "the Ancients," of the palaioi and of the archaioi; in fact, not only does Plato call upon them, but so does even the far more critical Aristotle, who is not particularly enamored of myths. These Ancients function as the guarantors of a former wisdom that has been passed on. but who are these Ancients who strikingly remain anonymous?
Let us look first at those who are not meant: the old men, the ones laden with years, those who have experienced much, the men with the snow-white hair. The expression refers much more to "the early ones," to those who stand close to the beginning; and their counterparts are not the young, but rather the latest ones, those who were born after them.
Yet, that is not the entire Platonic answer to the question, Who are the Ancients? The actual answer presses much more deeply and has unbelievably rich consequences. The Ancients, says Plato, are those who "were better than ourselves and dwelt nearer the gods, and who passed on to us who have been lately born this gift in the form of a saying drawn from a divine source." Here, on the one hand, we see that the Ancients are accorded an authority not only incomparable with any other in the human realm, but also never even encountered there. On the other hand, it is clearly stated that it is not the Ancients themselves whom Socrates believes in the final analysis, insofar as he accepts what is passed on as being true. Rather, what he alone finally trusts is the message in the dialogue Philebus, brought down to earth as a gift of the gods through an unknown Prometheus. One can confidently designate as "revelation"only what has been stated by the gods. This message contains the essence of the concept and the reality of tradition.
Basically, two ideas are contained within this concept. First of all, not everyone has his own direct access to revelation. In fact, "Everyman"—even if he were so much above average as to be considered a genius—can gain access to this divine message only by binding himself, through hearing, to its first recipients, that is, to the Ancients.
To acknowledge this contradicts the claim to "free subjectivity," which has justifiably been called the specifically modern form of religion. It is clear that if the individual consciousness can directly gain access to the absolute, then tradition is not needed.
And secondly, there is implied in the Platonic reaching back to the Ancients the trusting certitude that, in the passing of generations and the epochs of historical time, there is a bond, a comradeship with the "Ancients," with the first recipients of revelation who make possible and indeed validate the passing on of the identical divine message all the way to the last person in line.
But the truly exciting thing about this Platonic concept—and here we are not interested in acting as Platonic exegetes or historians of ideas—is that, when all this is considered in detail, it fits the Christian answer to these questions. It may even be fundamentally identical with it.
For example, when one considers the individual elements of the Platonic characterization of the "Ancients" (closer to the divine sphere than your average person; better than we, by which is meant probably not greater moral integrity but rather a rich, fuller existence; earliest to receive a message drawn from a divine source and pass it on to others)—if one considers these conceptual elements, then it can hardly come as a surprise that there is at least a profound analogy between this description of the Ancients and the conceptualizations with which Christian theology designates the prophet, the divinely inspired messenger, the charismatic, the inspired—in the strict sense—author of a holy book.
The commonality, for which "analogy" is perhaps too weak a word, consists in the fact that both the Ancients and the Prophets, as the first recipients and transmitters of a theios logos, are thought of as dealing with divine speech. It is clear that there is a whole bundle of additional questions hidden here, questions above all of a highly controversial theological nature about which we cannot now appropriately speak at length. Nevertheless, I would like to formulate the thesis that we are both justified and also required to see that the revelation and the promise which came to us in Christ are somehow bound up with the most ancient beginning of the history of mankind believed and preserved as holy by those who have made up pre- and non-Christian humanity.
Finally, the key phrase of palai legetai, which forever in human history has meant the resounding speech of God, is found not only in the Platonic dialogues but also in the first verse of the Letter to the Hebrews in the New Testament. And yet the question of the ultimate binding character of tradition cannot be answered any differently today. The answer was given by Socrates and Plato.
That each generation at first calls into question its duty toward tradition is thoroughly comprehensible, as well as normal and proper. But it must be said that the fact that something which was thought, said, and done of old is re-thought, re-said, and re-done, is by no means in and of itself praiseworthy. The glory of tradition and of handing on the content of tradition can only be meaningfully glimpsed in the fact that, through the passing of generations, what is truly worth preserving—and indeed must be preserved—is in truth preserved and continues to be preserved.
But it is precisely with this matter that the radical questions of youthful doubt are most concerned. How is it, the young ask, that culpability is incurred when we simply forget what has been received and can say or think or do as we please, so that we can start with a clean slate?
One can only hope that this radical question may find a hearing and receive a vital, existentially believable, equally radical, and all-inclusive answer. One can only hope that, among the many things which have accumulated as "tradition" and which are more or less worth preserving, there will, in the end, be only one tradition which alone must be preserved whole and intact, namely that gift or "deposit" which has been received and handed on within holy tradition. This is necessary because this particular datum of tradition springs from a divine source, because each generation of humanity needs it, and because no people or individual, however gifted, can replace it with something of their own or add to it anything of validity.
Inevitably one expects at this point the objection that there clearly exists more than simply holy tradition of which we have just been speaking. This objection is, of course, entirely correct. Tradition occurs wherever there are norms of conduct, customs, ideas, institutions which are handed down through generations, and which are received without being expressly called into question and then passed on again.
When one considers only briefly what was just said, it is immediately clear that such a believing reception and handing on of the content of tradition in certain areas can also be a problematical matter. More clearly stated, the appeal to tradition can occur in the wrong realm, as, for example, in the empirical sciences. With respect to the debate already mentioned, concerned precisely with this question of the right or wrong place for tradition, Pascal spoke correctly of the "confusion of his century," which consisted in the fact that in physics the authority of the Ancients held sway while in theology one was always hearing opinions entirely unknown to the Ancients.
Already in the thirteenth century, Albertus Magnus had pointed out that in the area of the empirical sciences the appeal to tradition was inappropriate. If I want to know whether the dolphin is a fish or a mammal, then I do not ask Aristotle, I do not refer to the Ancients, but instead, I ask those who have experience in this area. Wherever truths are concerned that can be grasped through empirical observation and reason, there the appeal to tradition is simply no argument—whether this tradition is represented by Aristotle or by the Bible or by Karl Marx; for such an appeal to a canonically established author has the formal structure of an argument from tradition, which in the field of science has exactly as much significance as an appeal to Aristotle. Moreover, it hinders scientific progress no less than does the most arid conservatism of a late scholastic Aristotelian. In this way, tradition, true tradition, legitimate tradition, is discredited anew. but, as already noted, holy tradition is by no means the only one which is legitimate.
The common life of humanity requires the validity of worldly traditions as well. It needs them for the liberation and the facilitation of social tasks, as well as those of individual consciousness. Human energies can then, unhindered, be directed to their own tasks when the reigning social traditions are simply understood, such as how one greets another on the street, how one thanks another for a little help, how one expresses congratulations or sympathy, how and when one speaks of intimate or private matters.
Hans Georg Gadamer says: "The reality of customs is and remains to a large extent an authority of tradition and custom. They are taken over in freedom but are in no way created by free insight or established thereby as to their validity." Life would become unbearable if our individual acts in the course of a day had to be decided in each and every case through critical reflection.
Nonetheless, when it comes to the matter of obligation there is an enormous difference between the observance of custom and that of holy tradition one could even say, between the observance of "traditions" and the observance of "tradition." This difference, which is quite relevant, can be made clear to some extent even to the most humble intellect.
What is there that we do not call traditional? There are traditional times of eating, traditional dress, colloquialisms, gestures; above all, there are traditional feasts and festivals. The feast is a particularly good example. It has been said that nowhere else does the power of tradition manifest itself so clearly as in the celebration of a feast. However, it is also the case that nowhere else does the problematic inherent within tradition come so clearly to light. One celebrates the new year, one celebrates jubilees, one observes founding dates, birthdays, battles won and lost—and, of course, there is always Mardi Gras. And one observes the first day of the week, one celebrates with festivity Christmas, Easter, and the memorials of martyrs.
Simply by enumerating these observances the differences we are discussing are highlighted. To be sure, there are no objections to the observances of birthdays or national independence days. And, indeed, it would be unthinkable and unloving not to celebrate the silver wedding anniversary of one's parents or the sixtieth birthday of a friend. Yet, if the times do not permit, these worldly festivities can on occasion be observed only with difficulty. Presumably, in the years 1944-1945, Mardi Gras was not celebrated in Cologne. Indeed, some holidays simply fall into disuse or even are formally abolished without causing any harm. But not to celebrate Easter or Christmas, even in the bombed wreckage of the war—or to abolish these holidays would clearly be a breach of an incomparably grave obligation. Here we encounter the obligation that inheres only in holy tradition. When the sons cease to celebrate the cultic feasts their fathers had celebrated, when the tradita of the holy tradition are no longer received and passed on, then one can, in the strict sense of the word, speak of the loss of tradition, or of a break with tradition, or of being without tradition. We sometimes use such words too loosely, but here they would apply precisely.
It is normally the case that the heart of what is to be preserved grows and entwines itself in and through the concrete shapes of historical existence and also in and through the customs of a more random or non-essential kind. And that is the reason—though the matter is very complicated—why a change in externals, in things in and of themselves nonessential, most probably can and will threaten the true preservation of the essence of tradition, so that one who too quickly cuts away or denigrates the so-called "outer" traditions does something quite problematical.
A researcher of folk customs once told me that when the members of a particular folk group stopped baking their pastries in a particular way, he knew they were no longer going to church. It is difficult to say what is the cause and what the consequence; however, things become intertwined with one another.
On the other hand—and this seems more important to me—the more decisively, consciously, and energetically the will directs itself toward preserving what is finally worth preserving, and must be preserved, then so much greater are the number of changes in externals, without which there would be the danger of a break, which can be dealt with and endured.
A true tradition-consciousness acts quite freely and independently in the face of a conservatism that frets with disproportionate anxiety about the preservation of "traditions." Undoubtedly there is a concern for the traditional that is so preoccupied with the nonessential, historical appearance of "tradition" that has attached itself to the true tradition, that it actually hinders a passing on of those things that are worth preserving. There is a conservatism which blocks tradition; and there are types of conservatism that do not recognize a tradition if it occurs under new forms.
However, the re-formulation of tradition is always a new task precisely because the "original text" must be made present in its full integrity. The Biblical account of creation states: "Then the Lord God formed man of dust from the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life." What this sentence means in truth must be expressed ever anew and interpreted today with an eye to all we now know from paleontology and from research about the origin of humanity. Otherwise, the content of holy tradition cannot even be made present in our own day. That is, if this new formulation does not occur and is not carried out, then exactly that for which the tradition exists will be missed, namely, enabling an individual actually to share in the divine message which at one time was spoken in history.
To deal with this never-ending task is precisely the business of theology. In fact, this is theology: Constantly translating and editing the "original" texts of revelation under ever-changing circumstances so that they can be grasped conceptually in the historical moment in order that the tidings from divine sources intended for men-information, a precept, or even a sacrament—remain as fully identical in the present as when they were given in the past and, so to speak, retain the possibility of being grasped. But a mere reflecting in the present of the religious impulses of the day, or of those impulses that are thought to be religious, has nothing to do with true theology-even when making use of a Biblical terminology or concept.
On the other hand, the concept of tradition is simply too narrowly conceived, as in a famous monograph on the subject, when "holy tradition" is said to be nothing other than "the ecclesiastical initiated and which is carried forth by their successors with the same authorilogical sense, such a narrow definition is questionable. Whoever is convinced that long before the apostles there was something like an "original revelation" cannot well dispute the claim of a mythical tradition in the pre- and non-Christian realm, ages a message from a divine source. The concept of an "original revelation" is somewhat present in contemporary discussions, if at all, but such important theologians as Newman, Scheeben, and Moehler apparently could not leave it out of the picture. Indeed, it has had a place in Christian theology from the earliest time. l am convinced that this concept will always recur in Christian thought.
The concept of "original revelation" means that at the very beginning of human history there stands the event of a divine message directed to humanity as a whole, a message that can be found in the holy tradition of all peoples, in their myths, more or less detectably preserved and present. It is, of course, correct that the mythical tradition, in order to reach its own truth, requires the cleansing, the purification, and the correction of the power of the definitive appearance among men of the Logos. Nonetheless, it is not becoming to Christianity to ignore the dignity of the tradita that can be found there. In this regard, it is good to recall the Fathers of the early Church. From Justin Martyr to Origen to Augustine they unanimously championed (against the sectarian narrowness already to be found in the likes of Tertullian) the belief in the seminal power of the Word of God and spoke of the seminal grains of truth that from the beginning of the history of mankind had been efficacious in the wisdom of the peoples and in the doctrines of the philosophers.
Above all, one should not forget that the commonality of the holy tradition creates a fundamental unity of all men, which is truly a unity with reference to fundamental realities, and which, through this commonality, attempts and actually makes possible communication among men. It is probably pertinent to the calamities of today's world that a secular culture that appears to be ready to abandon its own great tradition and betray its own origins now compels all other cultures to surrender their own tradita and therefore to eradicate themselves. In consequence, even the most heroic efforts to attain a penetrating understanding of human existence will almost necessarily remain futile.
A word, finally, about the meaning of "the" tradition, that is, the holy tradition, for those who philosophize, that is, not the representatives of an academic discipline but rather intellectually active men who consider and methodically reflect on the question of the overall meaning of the world and, above all, of the meaning of one's own life.
I am convinced that it depends on the authenticity, the depth, the existential drive of such philosophers whether this (as I would like to call it, contrapuntal) relationship, about which it is difficult to be precise, is actualized as holy tradition or not. It seems also to be characteristic of those who philosophize today that they tend increasingly to leave out of consideration the tradita of holy tradition as they reflect on the world and existence.
Nietzsche's diagnosis of a hundred years ago seems to be more and more justified: "What seems to be most aggressively impugned today is the instinct and the will toward tradition. All institutions that owe their origin to this instinct go against the grain of the modern temper."
This quotation is directed beyond the realm of philosophical reflection; it is, however, valid and includes within it the diminishing connection with tradition and the lamentable decline of philosophical reflection on the world; above all it is especially valid where it concerns the meaning of reality in its totality—even in the realm of art. Here it must be again stressed that the rapturous, stirring power of the art of the Muses feeds itself from that same dimension of reality that is enclosed within the holy tradition. Whoever finds that too far-fetched or too "pious" can find the same idea in the aged Goethe. In his correspondence with the musician Carol Friedrich Zelter, one finds this following astonishing passage:
Every true artist is to be seen as one who preserves something that is acknowledged as holy and who wants to propagate it with seriousness and deliberation. Every century in its own way presses into the saeculum and in common seeks the holy in order to lighten burdens, to cheer the serious, against which there would be nothing at all to say as long as seriousness and merriment thereby do not perish.
In the philosophical enterprise in any event, of which alone we should now speak, it has been for some time now a matter of pressing with tremendous force principally in the saeculum; and it is also true that perhaps there would be nothing to say against it if only as a result the philosophical enterprise would not perish—and here we speak not of a specialized academic discipline but of the intellectual life of man itself.
Two important philosophical critics of our time although formerly holding antipodal positions, each independently from the other, have indicated with exactly the same name the mental outlook that produces a willful, consciously traditionless philosophizing, closed in on itself and directed against the holy tradition. One of them is Karl Jaspers. He claims, with a view toward a widely accepted approach of contemporary philosophy, that the contents of the great tradition have been allowed to fall by the wayside, without which philosophy will inevitably founder and perish, resulting in a "seriousness that becomes empty." This selfsame word, "empty," resurfaces with the "western Russian" Ivanov, who has already been quoted. To the liberal historian who chooses to immerse himself in the River Lethe (the Greek mythical river of forgetfulness and oblivion), so as to wash away any remembrance of religion, philosophy, and poetry in order to emerge on the bank as naked as the first man; Ivanov offers a very decisive insight: "This freedom, achieved by way of creeping into oblivion, is empty."
One of the last discussions into which my friend Gerhard Krueger entered, before falling into two decades of silence, brings to the fore another aspect of this calamity that threatens the communal spiritual life of a humanity that has become ignorant of the holy tradition. He posits this terrifying thought: "We are living only from our inconsistency, namely, from the fact that we have not truly silenced all tradition. We face the radical fact that meaningful and common existence becomes impossible, even though no one can imagine what this will be like."
Also, and perhaps unexpectedly, one encounters a confirmation of this last thought in the Polish philosopher Leschek Kolakowski, who says: "Suppose that the opposition to tradition would lead to its total denial, which fortunately is rather improbable, then we could rightfully speak of the end of the human world."
I do not believe that these ideas have anything to do with the literary genre of either a non-binding criticism of the present or a vague philosophy of cultural decline. Rather, they point to the unifying power of tradition, and to the fact that the decisive unity of the human race cannot be based on or authenticated by creating one world political order, or unanimity in the cultural will, or general respect for art and science, or the technical possibilities of worldwide instantaneous communication, or a universal language, or even an international organization for athletic competition. True unity among men must have its roots in the commonality of the tradition—in that common participation in the holy tradition reaching back to an utterance of God Himself.
Republished with gracious permission from Modern Age (Spring 1994).
About the Author: Josef Pieper
Josef Pieper was a German Catholic philosopher at the forefront of the Neo-Thomistic wave in twentieth-century Catholic philosophy. Among his most notable works are The Four Cardinal Virtues: Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, Temperance, Leisure: the Basis of Culture, and Guide to Thomas Aquinas.
January 9th, 2021 | 1 Comment
Pierre Cardin: The Death of a Man Who Destroyed Fashion


Whole in One will be supplying on-screen graphics to the PGA EuroPro Tour, to be used on Sky Sports' coverage of the event.
The Leeds-based tech firm has renewed its contract with the organisation, which it first won five years ago.
It will be providing graphic packages, 3D flyover visuals and yardage information. This year it has added yardage zones off the tee, shot tracks and green contouring.
"Every year the PGA EuroPro Tour grows in stature with the cream of Europe's fantastic young golf talent all vying for that shot to take their place on the PGA European Tour. As the standards on the course get better, then so must the coverage of it improve," explained Dan Weir, director at Whole In One Golf.
The 16 x 2 hour shows will cover golf courses around the country, including The Carrick at Loch Lomond and Burhill Golf Club. The footage is also aired worldwide by broadcast partners.
"We've worked very closely with the team at Whole In One Golf and we're delighted that they've raised the bar once again with a range of new on screen features that will enable golf fans in the UK and across the world to enjoy an unrivalled experience of the PGA EuroPro Tour," added Daniel Godding, director of operations for the PGA EuroPro Tour.


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ICC Test Rankings: Jasprit Bumrah enters top 10 for first time, Ajinkya Rahane jumps 10 spots
India, Aug. 27 — Pace spearhead Jasprit Bumrah and middle-order maestro Ajinkya Rahane received massive gains in the latest ICC Test Rankings after their respective performances in the recently-concluded Antigua Test against West Indies. Rahane starred with the bat in both innings while Bumrah ended the second essay with a stunning five-wicket haul to power India to a 318-run win in the first Test of the two-match series.
Rahane, who got scores of 81 and 102 in a player of the match effort, moved from 21st to 11th position in the list for batsmen led by captain Virat Kohli and with another compatriot Cheteshwar Pujara occupying fourth position.
Bumrah entered the top 10 for the first time after taking six wickets, including an astonishing five for seven in the second innings. His previous best was 15th position in January this year. Mohammad Shami (up two places to 19th) and Ishant Sharma (up four places to 21st) have also gained after the Antigua Test.
For West Indies, Kemar Roach's haul of five wickets has helped him move from 11th to eighth position among bowlers while Roston Chase has gone up from 45th to 38th. Holder has moved from 37th to 34th among batsmen.
All-rounder Ben Stokes's stupendous effort in the third Test against Australia at Headingley has helped him reach career-best positions among batsmen and all-rounders. Stokes, who scored a match-winning 135 not out in the second innings to guide the team to an epic series-levelling one-wicket win and also took four important wickets, has advanced 13 slots to a career-best 13th place in the batting rankings.
Stokes has also moved up two places to grab the second position among all-rounders for the first time in his career, having occupied third position in September 2017. He has gained a handsome 44 points after the Headingly effort and is now on 411 points, only 22 behind Jason Holder and with a good chance of overtaking the West Indies captain during the ongoing Ashes series.
Captain Joe Root (up two places to seventh) and Joe Denly (up 15 places to 90th) are other England batsmen to move up in the latest rankings update, which also takes into account the first Test between India and the West Indies in Antigua and the second of two Tests between Sri Lanka and New Zealand in Colombo.
Fast bowler Jofra Archer is another one to make impressive gains. He has moved up to 43rd position after only his second Test, finishing with eight wickets in Headingly including a remarkable six for 45 in the first innings.
Australia's, Pat Cummins remains comfortably at the top of the bowling list despite losing six points while his fellow fast bowler Josh Hazlewood has moved from 15th to 12th place after finishing with nine wickets in the match. Batsman Marnus Labuschagne's two half-centuries have lifted him 45 places to 37th.
Source from HT media
Ajinkya RahaneAshesBen StokesICC Test RankingsIndia vs West IndiesJasprit BumrahPat CumminsTest RankingsVirat Kohli
On: October 28, 2019 Comments: 0
Team India fielding coach R. Sridhar declares best 'Indian fielder
Sourav Ganguly officially takes charge as 39th BCCI president
Complete domination at Ranchi as India register maiden sweep over


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Who Is Justified? Essay
Who is justified? Milton Friedman vs. Thomas Mulligan
Social responsibility, business, shareholders, taxation, executive branches and socialism are not common words that we use in our daily routine life, unless you are in a business or administration scopes. Also, you may not aware about who is Milton Friedman, and why Thomas Mulligan has strong oppositions toward him. In this essay you are going to read a comparison of two different arguments by Thomas Mulligan and Milton Friedman. Their contentions are about corporate social responsibilities. What are responsibilities for executives and companies? Do they have to fulfill them or not? Are social responsibilities only for individuals?
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Mulligan contends with inconsistencies and faults in Friedman's doctrine; and found his cogency illogical. So why? Here, I will try to explain with comparing and contrasting Friedman's doctrine and Mulligan's critique.
Before starting to explain, it is better to take into consideration every society from traditional society in Central Africa to one of the fossilized planned economies of Eastern Europe, to define what, how and for whom questions for their producing process. It's because against the possibility of problem of scarcity.
As written the previous paragraphs, Milton Friedman is an economist that re-describe social responsibility and role of businessmen's through these social responsibilities. According to him, only people have responsibilities. Companies and corporates are not human beings. They are artificial monads so business can't have a responsibility. On the other hand, while individual proprietors spending their own time, own energy to discharge these social responsibilities, it cannot have considered as social.
Main sentiment of Friedman is about profits of a company. The aim for a business should be maximizing the profits. A company should stand aside of increasing price of a product that makes profit for prevent inflation. Or, for reducing poverty, an executive shouldn't hire hard-core unemployed instead of hiring better-qualified available workmen (Friedman, 1970). If an executive, individual proprietor wants to fulfil his responsibility he should expend his own money; not company's money behalf of a company's name as corporate social responsibility. Everyone can do his or her good with their own estimates. With all these, social responsibility is not a task for a company, executive or a businessman. They can take these responsibilities, unless the company established for a donative or charitable purpose like as a hospital or a school.
Despite, Friedman's doctrine seems there is no borders or proper way for making profit; he also describes how business should follow moral and ethical steps to make profit. Friedman contends a company open and free competition without deception or fraud (Friedman 1970).
Thomas Mulligan is a philosopher studies about business ethic and approaches to the political science. His critique published on Journal of Business Ethics in 1986. He contends with Friedman's points and analyse them with different subtitles. He states that stick to social responsibilities is not a subversive doctrine. Friedman interrogates this process, taxation without representation. However his doctrine is arbitrary and nebulous paradigm. In Friedman's paradigm didn't...
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text:
Q: void lockInterruptibly() I am trying to understand lockInterruptibly method. What I have understood so far is:
void lockInterruptibly() --> acquires the lock if available and performs normal operations. If lock is not available then thread goes in waiting state and while waiting for the lock object if thread gets interrupted it won't get the lock object. If it is not interrupted then only it will get the lock.
I tried to understand from Java docs API however it's not very clear to me.
Could anybody express it in other words?
Also I am unable to understand how come below is the possible output for this program?
Possible output 1)

Before interrupt Hello....
After t1.interrupt Hello and before t2.start()....
exception caught test1
After t2.start Hello but before t2.interrupt....
After t2.interrupt Hello....
exception caught test2
Main Hello....
Main Hello....
Main Hello....

Possible output 2)

Before interrupt Hello....
After t1.interrupt Hello and before t2.start()....
exception caught test1
After t2.start Hello but before t2.interrupt....
After t2.interrupt Hello....
Main Hello....
Main Hello....
Main Hello....
exception caught test2

Program: -
import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
class Test{
    static Lock1 l = new Lock1();
    public void test1() throws InterruptedException{
        l.lockInterruptibly();
        synchronized(l){
        for(int i=0; i<100; i++){
           System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +" : " + i);
           try{
             Thread.sleep(100);
           }
           catch(InterruptedException e){
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " got interrupted");
           }
         }
      }
   }
    public void test2() throws InterruptedException{
        l.lockInterruptibly();
        synchronized(l){
        for(int i=100; i>0; i--){
          System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +" : " + i);
          try{
             Thread.sleep(100);
          }
          catch(InterruptedException e){
             System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " got interrupted");
          }
        }
      }
    }
 }

class MyThread1 extends Thread{
    Test t;
    MyThread1(String name, Test t){
        super(name);
        this.t = t;
    }
    public void run(){
      try{
      t.test1();
    }
    catch(InterruptedException e){
      System.out.println("exception caught test1");
    }
  }
}

class MyThread2 extends Thread{
    Test t;
    MyThread2(String name, Test t){
      super(name);
      this.t = t;
    }
    public void run(){
     try{
     t.test2();
    }
    catch(InterruptedException e){
     System.out.println("exception caught test2");
    }
   }
}
class Lock1 extends ReentrantLock{
}
public class Main{
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        Test t = new Test();
        MyThread1 t1 = new MyThread1("thread1",t);
        MyThread2 t2 = new MyThread2("thread2",t);
        t1.start();
        System.out.println("Before interrupt Hello....");
        t1.interrupt();
        System.out.println("After t1.interrupt Hello and before t2.start()....");
        t2.start();
        System.out.println("After t2.start Hello but before t2.interrupt....");
        t2.interrupt();
        System.out.println("After t2.interrupt Hello....");
        System.out.println("Main Hello....");
        System.out.println("Main Hello....");
        System.out.println("Main Hello....");
    }
}

Lastly synchronized blocks synchronized(l) in test1() and test2() methods of class Test are executed as they are holding the monitor of l (as used synchronized keyword) or lock of l (as threads called l.lockInterruptibly();) before entering synchronized blocks?
The reason why I ask if it is holding monitor of l or lock of l is because in below example:
import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;

class Lock1 extends ReentrantLock{
}

class Main{
public void test() throws InterruptedException{
synchronized(this){
Lock1 m = new Lock1();
System.out.println("line 1");
m.lock();
System.out.println(m.getHoldCount());
System.out.println(m.isHeldByCurrentThread());
System.out.println("line 2");
m.wait();
System.out.println("line 3");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException{
Main t1 = new Main();
t1.test();
}
}

Even though main thread is holding lock of object m(m.lock()) but it gives IllegalMonitorStateException because it doesn't have monitor of object m.
Hope my question is easier to understand.

A:
I tried to understand from Java docs API however it's not very clear to me. Could anybody express it in other words?

The simple version is, l.lockInterruptibly() does the same thing as l.lock() except that a thread waiting in l.lockInterruptibly() will immediately respond to an interrupt, whereas a thread waiting in l.lock() can not respond until after it has acquired the lock.

FWIW: The reason there are two different ways to lock a mutex probably is (I'm guessing) that your program takes a performance hit by calling lockInterruptibly instead of calling lock.
But note! There's a bigger reason why you should avoid lockInterruptibly. That is, if your program ever keeps a lock locked long enough that you care whether it's interruptible or not, then there probably is a smarter way to coordinate the activity of your program's threads. You should strive to never keep a lock locked for any longer than the time it takes to assign a few variables.

A: The first thing to note is that when a thread in interrupted in Java, all that happens (effectively) is a flag is set on that thread. It is up to code running in the thread itself to check this flag by calling Thread.interrupted(). The only slight exception to this is if the tread enters an interruptible sleep or wait state. In that case:

*

*An InterruptedException is thrown immediately if the interrupted flag is already set

*An InterruptedException is also thrown if the thread is interrupted during the wait

Note that when an InterruptedException is thrown by a wait or sleep, or when Thread.interrupted() is called, the thread's interrupted flag will be automatically unset.
With that in mind, here is a noddy sequence diagram to explain how your first "possible output" might occur:
Main                  T1                                T2
|                     .                                 .
--                    .                                 .
Create objects        .                                 .
--                    .                                 .
|                     .                                 .
--                    .                                 .
Start T1 |----------->*                                 .
--                    |                                 .
|                     |                                 .
--                    |                                 .
Print "Before..."     |                                 .
--                    |                                 .
|                     |                                 .
--                    |                                 .
Interrupt T1 |------->|                                 .
--                    --                                .
|                     Enter lockInterruptibly()         .
|                      -Check for interrupt (found)     .
|                      -Throw InterruptedException      .
--                    --
Print "After t1..."   |
--                    --                                .
|                     Print "exception..."              .
|                     --                                .
|                     |                                 .
|                     *                                 .
--                                                      .
Start T2 |--------------------------------------------->*
--                                                      |
|                                                       |
--                                                      |
Print "After t2..."                                     |
--                                                      |
|                                                       |
--                                                      |
Interrupt T2 |----------------------------------------->|
--                                                      --
|                                                       Enter lockInterruptibly()
--                                                       -Check for interrupt (found)
Print "After t2..."                                      -Throw InterruptedException
--                                                      --
|                                                       |
|                                                       --
|                                                       Print "exception..."
--                                                      --
Print "Main Hello...."                                  |
--                                                      *
|
--
Print "Main Hello...."
--
|
--
Print "Main Hello...."
--
|
*

The second output is pretty much the same apart from the ordering of the last few prints.
So, here's my altenative wording for the behaviour of lockInterruptibly():

*

*First, throws an InterruptedException if there's an unhandled interrupt on the current thread

*Checks if the lock is available

*If not, waits for it to become available, or for the thread to be interrupted

*If the thread is interrupted before the lock becomes available, throws an InterruptedException

*Returns (the lock is now held by the calling thread)

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text:
Ке́йкерве (), также мы́за Ко́йтъярве () — городская мыза, находившаяся в северной Эстонии на территории современной деревни  волости Ания уезда Харьюмаа.

Согласно историческому административному делению, относилась к приходу Куусалу.

История

XVI–XVIII века: частная мыза
В 1518 году ревельский бургомистр Гейзе Паттинер приобрел наследственные права на имение Койтъерв (своё название оно получило от названия озера Койтъярв (в буквальном переводе с эстонского — «озеро рассвета»)). В 1548 году магистр Ливонского ордена предоставил право ленного владения имением ревельскому бургомистру Томасу Фегезаку. В 1586 году дочь Фегезака, будучи вдовой члена ревельского магистрата Иоганна Вангерзона (в другом месте  передаёт его имя как Иоганн фон Вангерссен), предъявила претензии на имение Каут-Йерве (Kauth-Jerue) и вступила во временное владение им с условием последующего подтверждения шведским королём (Унгерн-Штернберг, ссылаясь на тот же источник, передает название имения слитно — Kautjerve).

Изначально здесь находился единичный хутор, вероятно, настолько большой, что уже в 1592 году его называли малой мызой ().

В 1592 году братья Каспар и Альбрехт Фегезаки продали Койтъярв (Koeitiarw) мужу своей сестры Бендиксу Бекгаузену (Bendix Beckhausen). В 1594 году король Швеции Сигизмунд I подтвердил права Бенедикта Бекгузена (Benedict Beckhusen) и его наследников на Кейте-Йерве (Keyte Jerue).

Официально на этих землях мыза был основана во второй половине XVII века. Из грамоты королевы Кристины следует, что в 1653 году мызой Койтъерв (Koitjerw) владела дочь Бекгузена Элиза Шоттен, урожденная Бекгузен, вдова члена ревельского магистрата Томаса Шоттена. В земельном списке 1671 года это имение не упомянуто.

Из делопроизводства :

Договор продажи, 15.04.1693: таллинский бургомистр Томас Шоттен (Thomas Schotten) продаёт наследное имение Койтъярве () секретарю Георгу Корнелиусу Гризингеру (Georg Cornelius Griesinger). Цена  талеров. Мыза от редукции была освобождена.

Очевидно, этот Томас Шоттен был потомком первого Томаса Шоттена. Согласно решению ревизской комиссии от 18 октября 1695 года владельцами Койтъерфве (Koitjerfwe) признавались наследники покойного секретаря Георга Корнелиуса фон Гризингера.

Томас Шоттен 2-й и его сын Иоганн Шоттен умерли во время эпидемии чумы в 1710 году. Чума сильно затронула и уже не принадлежавшую им мызу Койтъярве. К 1712 году на мызе оставалось в живых всего 3 работника, эпидемия унесла жизни 25 крестьян.

По данным переписи 1716 года на мызе насчитывались 2 работника мужского пола и 4 женского, а также 2 лошади, 2 быка и 3 коровы. Перепись сообщает и некоторые ретроспективные данные, а именно то, что при шведах было 5 работников мужского пола (под работниками в переписи понимались лица 15—60 лет). Кроме того, указывается, что секретарь Гризингер заново отстроил мызу и переселил в Койтъерве двух крестьян с семьями из деревни Валкла, которую Гризингер арендовал у . Из данных переписи, судя по всему, следует, что настоящим наследным владельцем и Валклы, и Койтъерве являлся генерал-майор Ферзен, а секретарь Гризингер был лишь арендатором.

Мыза была конфискована русским правительством во время Северной войны. После заключения Ништадтского мира сын бывшего владельца, , добился получения денежной компенсации.

4 мая 1727 года Екатерина I подарила Койтъерв своему фавориту, графу Густаву Лёвенвольде. В 1729 году граф продал мызу генерал-аншефу Герману Иоганну де Бону.

Из делопроизводства по вопросам недвижимости прихода Куусалу:

Договор покупки, 16.02.1729: В 1707 году мызой владела вдова Гризингера Анна Гердрута Гризингер (Anna Gerdruta Griesinger), урождённая Делиц (Delitz). Вдова и наследники владели до завоевания земель. Во время войны мыза была объединена с мызой Маарду. Договор покупки Маарду, Костивере и Койтъярве. Действительный камерир граф Густав Рейнгольд фон Лёвенвольде (Gustav Reinhold von Löwenwolde) продаёт генералу Герману Иоганну фон Бону (Herman Johann von Bohn). Цена  рублей.

По данным земельной ревизии 1732 года мыза Койтъерв управлялась инспектором Мюллером и включала в себя 2 крестьянских двора.

 XVIII–XX века: городская мыза
9 апреля 1733 года на открытом аукционе мызу купил город Ревель за  (протокол Верховного суда Эстонии).

В 1847 году Койтъерв насчитывал 5 крестьянских дворов, в которых проживали в общей сложности 32 души мужского и 34 — женского пола.

На военно-топографических картах Российской империи (1846–1863 годы), в состав которой входила Эстляндская губерния, мыза обозначена как Кейкерве.

25 октября 1884 года Таллин купил ещё 6 близрасположенных хуторов: Ярвепыллу, Тоома-Юри, Вайно, Туурмани, Тамметало и Лаане (в делопроизводстве Верховного суда Эстонии: Järvepöllo, Tooma Jürri, Waino, Turmann, Tammetalo, Laane).

Мыза была предоставлена в пользование лесничеству для снабжения города дровами. В качестве таллинской городской мызы Койтъярве просуществовала до присоединения Эстонии к СССР в 1940 году. Большей частью мыза находилась в аренде. Последним лесником в этом районе с 1903 по 1943 год был брат писателя Антона Хансена Таммсааре Юри Хансен (Jüri Hansen). Хутор Лаане в начале XX века принадлежал таллинскому журналисту и издателю Якобу Плоомпуу (Jakob Ploompuu'').

Лесные угодья мызы простирались от озера  на западе до озера  на востоке. В конце Второй мировой войны и сразу после неё леса деревни Койтъярве и бывшей мызы Койтъярве были опорной базой эстонских «лесных братьев».

Так как мыза Кейкерве была побочной мызой рыцарской мызы Маарт (Маарду), представительные строения (господский особняк и пр.) здесь возведены не были. Внешне она напоминала хуторскую постройку и в начале XX века центр мызы ничем не отличался от трёх окружавших его хуторов. Когда в 1952 году был построен военный полигон в Аэгвийду, все хутора мызы и сама мыза были разрушены. На сегодняшний день центр мызы ничем не выделяется из окружающего пейзажа.

См. также
 Деревня Койтъярве
 Приход Куусалу
 Список мыз Харьюмаа

Литература

Ссылки

Примечания

Мызы Эстонии
Харьюмаа

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text:
Horhausen è un comune di 289 abitanti della Renania-Palatinato, in Germania.
Appartiene al circondario (Landkreis) Rhein-Lahn-Kreis (targa EMS) ed è parte della comunità amministrativa (Verbandsgemeinde) di Diez.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Comuni del circondario del Reno-Lahn