text:
Fundamentals of Fluid Flow in Porous Media
Hydrodynamics in a Gas-Solids Fluidized Bed Using X-ray Fluoroscopy and Pressure Fluctuation Measurements
Home/Resources/Publications/Hydrodynamics in a Gas-Solids Fluidized Bed Using X-ray Fluoroscopy and Pressure Fluctuation Measurements
Hydrodynamics in a Gas-Solids Fluidized Bed Using X-ray Fluoroscopy and Pressure Fluctuation MeasurementsBob bob2016-10-25T11:54:32-06:00
Wu., B., He, Z., Kantzas, A., Bellehumeur, C. and Kryuchkov, S.
Marcomolecular Symposium, 243, November 2006, Pages 35-45.
In this work, non-intrusive techniques were used to characterize the hydrodynamics in a gas-solids bubbling fluidized bed using polyethylene powder and glass beads of comparable mean diameter (dp = 360 µm) but different density. X-ray fluoroscopy measurements and pressure fluctuations were performed on a pseudo 2-dimensional gas-solids fluidized bed. Bubble properties were captured from X-ray fluoroscopy measurements. Similarities and differences of flow behavior of the two particle systems were revealed from comparison of bubble properties. Bubble properities normally varied similary with operating conditions for the two particle systems, while bubble sizes for the glass beads system are larger than those for the polyethylene system. Wavelet analysis of pressure fluctuations was applied to investigate the gas and solids phase flow behavior. Multi-scale flow behavior was extracted from the standard deviation of the decomposed coefficient series. Flow behavior due to particles and bubbles of different sizes were captured at different decomposition levels of pressure fluctuations, which is difficult to know from analysis of the original signal. Results extracted from X-ray fluoroscopy and pressure fluctuation measurements were consistent, suggesting that conventional pressure fluctuation measurements can be effectively used for investigation of the bubbling behavior.
A full version of this paper is available on Wiley Online.
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Welcome to the official website of 2019 International Conference on Advanced Computer, Communication, Network (ACCN 2019). ACCN 2019 will be held on April 27-28 2019 in Hangzhou, China. The aim as well as objective of ACCN 2019 is to present the latest research and results of scientists related to Computer, Communication, Network and related topics. This conference provides opportunities for the delegates to exchange new ideas face-to-face, to establish business or research relations as well as to find global partners for future collaborations. We hope that the conference results will lead to significant contributions to the knowledge in these up-to-date scientific fields.
All full paper submissions to the ACCN 2019 must be written in English, and will be sent to at least two reviewers and evaluated based on originality, technical or research content, correctness, relevance to conference, contributions, and readability. The full paper submissions will be chosen based on technical merit, interest, applicability, and how well they fit a coherent and balanced technical program.
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Baseball ›
Kingham throws complete game in crucial victory over TCU
Photo Credit: Elias Huerta
Published on May 18, 2018 at 6:18 pm
By Travis Hlavinka
In what may very well be his final home outing of his Longhorn career, junior starting pitcher Nolan Kingham pulled Texas one game closer to the top spot in the Big 12.
On Thursday night, Kingham was given the ball to start the game, but also ended up finishing it. Kingham dominated the Horned Frogs in a complete game performance, only allowing two earned runs on six hits and issued a mere one walk over the course of nine innings en route to a 3-2 victory over TCU.
"I thought (Kingham) was unbelievable in the way he attacked," head coach David Pierce said. "He attacked all night, walked one guy. But he had that bit in his mouth. He wanted the ball all night and he was making quality, quality pitches. But he attacked (TCU). And once we get into that mode of attacking hitters, allowing our defense to work because they're really good, then good things happen for us."
Kingham made it known that he was "back." After showing moments throughout the season of the dominant pitcher he has proved himself to be, he hadn't been able to piece together a dominant start since his first performance of 2018. If there is a time to find that magic, however, it couldn't be any more perfect for the Longhorns than right now.
"(Kingham's) statement to me after the game was, 'Alright Coach, now I'm back,'" Pierce said. "And I'm like, 'Alright, well we're just getting started.' So perfect timing. We're in a great position. Now let's move forward."
Although Kingham said he knew by the seventh inning that he was going the distance, Pierce knew all along that that was his plan, he just needed Kingham to want it bad enough before he gave the go-ahead.
"I think (Pierce) was testing me a little bit," Kingham said. "He came up to me and was like, 'Hey we're going to (redshirt junior closer Andy) McGuire, good job,' and stuck his hand out. And I said, 'Coach, with all due respect, this is my game. I want the ball.' And he goes, 'Alright, that's what I wanted to hear. Get after them.' And that was that."
Something seemed different about Kingham right from the very first pitch. Something the Texas faithful hadn't seen in a while. It turns out it took something a little unconventional to bring Kingham's mojo back.
"(Kingham) actually went back to last year's cleats, his last year come-out song, and he was like, 'I'm coming back," junior outfielder Masen Hibbeler said. "And that's exactly what he did tonight and it was fun to see."
Hibbeler provided a spark of his own as his two RBI were the majority of Texas' runs on the night. One of which came on a monster solo shot to left field.
Texas' latest victory comes at arguably the most pivotal moment of the season. Before game one, the Longhorns sat just two games behind the top spot in the Big 12. That number dwindled down to one after their victory and Oklahoma State's 9-4 loss to Texas Tech Thursday night. The Cowboys, who still hold first place, and Texas both have two games remaining in the regular season with only one game separating the two.
The Longhorns continue their quest for the best record in the conference as they take on TCU again on Friday night at UFCU Disch-Falk Field. First pitch is slated for 6:30 p.m.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hear me when I say that your unhappiness is not my problem. Hear me when I tell you that as hard as you try to bring me down, I won't fall. Hear me when I say that you can scratch and claw at me all you want but, you will never hurt me. Hear this loud and clear and once and for all, I will not join your unyeilding pity party. I would rather stand on my own in the sun than be in the company of your constant misery.
Hear me when I say that my struggles with sarcoidosis are real. I wrestle with the same hardships of living with chronic illness as you do. I just refuse to wallow in it. Hear me when I tell you that my happiness isn't about you. If you are offended by my happiness that only means you're jealous of my serenity and that ain't my problem. Hear me when I say that your judgement of my decision to live a joyful life despite my illness, says more about you than it does about me. Your spite makes you sicker but it doesn't do a thing to me.
Hear me when I tell you that I've become immune to your constant criticism of my continued enthusiasm to live a peaceful life. If you don't want to see what is still good in your life because you got sick, go do it somewhere else. I can't afford to expend what precious little energy I have on your relentless negativity. Hear me when I say no one with this disease has it easy and hear me when I say that it's not a competition.
Hear me when I say that it's not always easy to choose happiness but it's still a choice. Hear me when I say that there is a difference between grieving the losses of life with a chronic illness and reveling in suffering and anguish. Hear me when I say that I understand all too well the pain, both physical and emotional, that chronic disease heaps upon us because I feel it. I feel it one way or another every day. Hear me though, when I tell you that despite this pain, I make a choice every day to look beyond this darkness and seek the light.
Hear me when I say that my gratitude for my life, no matter what befalls me, is how I cope. If you want to linger in your despondency be my guest but, I will not join you there no matter how hard you pull at me. If that's the place you feel most comfortable then by all means stay there in that place but, stop trying to take me there with you. Hear me when I say that I won't go.


We already written a guide to Export iPhone contacts in Windows 7. Now lets see how we can export iPhone contact in Windows XP as CSV file and you can open this csv file in Excel or you can import this iPhone contacts file in any other email application or mobile device. You just need your iPhone, Data cable to connect and iTunes running in Windows XP.
On the safe side BACKUP YOUR DEVICE FIRST , Right-click on your device and select "Back Up" (in-case of any problem with iPhone Contacts you can restore your contacts from backup later).
Click on "Sync Contacts with" check box, select "Windows Contacts" from drop down menu and click "Apply" or "Sync" button. Now you can close the iTunes.
This will open up "Address Book" application.
Click on "File" menu > "Export" > "Other Address Book".
You will see this message if iPhone contacts saved successfully as CSV file.
This tutorial has saved my sanity, thank you so much.
This option i tried but cannot copy my Phone Book contact, or maybe am poor of IPhone. Could have any suggestion how to export my Phone Book only to my PC? i use Window XP.
You must be doing somthing worng this method is working 100%, just follow the guide step by step to export contacts.
This does not work. There is no way to export your iPhone contacts to a Windows PC per se. It only syncs. Meaning if your Windows contacts is empty, it will wipe out your iPhone contacts. It's really very silly.
Syncing is not wipe out, i have synced the contacts and its working fine didn't wipe out anything even don't have a single contact in Windows contacts application.
This does not work? I did it twice opened windows address book, and its all blank… no contacts????
There must be a step your leaving out…???
If you are using windows vista do you use these steps or are the steps different?
it doesn't seem to copy the number if its saved as 'other'. the name appears, but its empty. any solutions?
See the second last screenshot make sure you have selected the correct columns to export contacts.
hi trickyguy, installing a fresh itunes and connecting my iphone, will that erase all the iphone contacts? just like what happens to ipods when you connect it to another PC… please confirm, thanks.
Hats off to your clean and crisp tutorials.
I followed the instructions. There was a step missing in iTunes that asked if I wanted to merge or replace contacts. I want to keep them on the iPhone and in Address Book so I said merge. Once complete I look at the contacts in Address Book and although they are all listed many have had their details removed (no phone number / email etc.) – just their names are there. When I look on the iPhone I discover that the same has happened there – the details have been wiped. I am seriously pissed off.
Thanks for the excellent solution. So easy.
Can you please explain what steps I will need to do to import this contact list into my new iPhone?
It does work.. partly. There seem to be lots of contacts that Itunes did synchronise with the trick you describe, but also a random lot of contacts that still only stay on the phone, instead of on the computer as well. Do you know anything for that?
I tried several times with windows7 to export the contacts nothing happened. I have only my name in the .csv file. I followed all the steps but I was not able to export the contacts. Can someone help me?
I have tried this over and over. Out of 900 contacts only 50 are in Windows address book.
i am trying to transfer my contacts from iPhone to PC but could not do it.
I don't know if the problem is that I'm using Explorer 9 or not, but the computer only transfers my 'administrator' name onto the contacts list, even though it tells me that the contacts have been exported they don't appear at all. What can I do? I realise that this problem has been faced by other people as well, but no answer as to how to solve it. Please advise. Thanks.


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550 W North St., Kendallville, IN 46755
What to Look for When Buying a Used Car
Why Finance With Shepherd's?
Show Model Comparisons
2021 GMC Acadia vs 2021 Ford Explorer
2021 Buick Encore GX vs 2021 Ford Escape
2021 Chevrolet Traverse vs 2021 Ford Explorer
2021 GMC Sierra 1500 vs 2021 Ford F150
2021 GMC Yukon XL Denali vs 2021 Ford Expedition
2021 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 vs 2021 Ford F-150
Model Comparisons
Shepherd's Chevrolet Buick GMC
2.3L Ecoboost engine
Chevrolet Traverse vs Ford Explorer: PRICING
If you are looking for a large comfortable SUV for longer trips or a larger family, the Chevrolet Traverse LS 2021 and the Ford Explorer Explorer 2021 are two options worth considering. They are both priced at around $35,000 MSRP, so let's see which one is better.
Chevrolet Traverse vs Ford Explorer: FEATURES
When the powertrain is concerned, the Chevrolet Traverse in 2021 has a single engine. A 3.6L V6 with 310 hp and 266 lb*ft of torque coupled with a 9-speed automatic which is a reliable duo, due to the overall simplicity. It can either use AWD or FWD. The Ford Explorer Explorer comes with a 2.3L Ecoboost engine in a RWD or AWD drivetrain, with 300 hp and 310 lb*ft of torque, but when using premium gasoline. When using regular 87 octane gasoline, these figures drop a little, even though it can use this type of gasoline fine. Higher trims also get a 3.0L V6, but the same concept applies. Another thing worth considering is that the Chevrolet Traverse LS's engine doesn't use turbochargers. This translates to an expected increase in reliability because there are less components that can fail.
On the interior, the Chevrolet Traverse LS 2021 features an infotainment system with direct connectivity to Apple CarPlay, Android Auto, and Bluetooth if so desired. You can create a local 4G Wi-Fi hotspot for all the passengers, especially restless kids on long trips. There's also active noise cancellation, making long trips pleasant and comfortable. There are 3 rows of seats, all with at least 2 USB-A ports, climate control vents from the automatic climate control, and even rear seat infotainment system integrated into the headrests if you so desire.
Owners praise its comfort during large trips, often saying that it feels more luxurious than it should be. Also, there is plenty of room, and it has a large cargo space (up to 98 cubic feet with all the seats folded down).
Drive the New 2021 TRAVERSE at Shepherd's
If you are looking for a comfortable family-oriented SUV made for long trips than the Chevrolet Traverse LS 2021 is a fine choice. All of this while potentially being a more reliable car in the long run when comparing to the Ford Explorer Explorer 2021. Come in today for a test drive at Shepherd's Chevrolet, Buick, GMC in Kendallville, Indiana, where we'll always treat you like family.
New 2023 Chevrolet Traverse LT Leather
Shepherd's Price $47,785
New 2023 Chevrolet Traverse High Country
* Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes taxes, license, registration/title, optional or regionally required equipment and destination charge. Dealers set own prices. ** Based on EPA ratings. Use for comparison only. Your mileage will vary depending on driving conditions, how you drive and maintain your vehicle, battery-pack age/condition (for hybrid vehicles) and other factors. The contents of this report are from reliable sources, but are not warranted or guaranteed in any way. You are advised to check with each manufacturer or its representatives as the final authority on its products. Government 5-Star Safety Ratings are part of the U.S. Department of Transportation's New Car Assessment Program (www.safercar.gov). Model tested with standard side airbags (SAB). Starting with 2011 models, NHTSA has introduced tougher tests and rigorous new 5-Star Safety Ratings that provide more information about vehicle safety and crash avoidance technologies. Because of the more stringent tests, ratings for 2011 and newer vehicles should not be compared to ratings for 1990-2010 models. Overall vehicle score and frontal crash ratings should ONLY be compared to other vehicles of similar size and weight. For more information go to www.safercar.gov
Copyright © 2023 - Shepherd's Chevrolet Buick GMC
550 W North St.
Kendallville, IN 46755
Shepherd's Chevrolet Buick GMC 41.4525, -85.2744.


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Politics: Narendra Modi Named BJP Election Campaign Chief!
Finally the BJP national President Rajnath Singh seemed to have mastered the required support and/or dictates of the party's top rank leaders including prominently LK Advani who absented himself from the Goa convention and the fundamentalist organizations to take the decision awaited with abated breath since the last few days. It had been a most suspenseful run-up to the announcement made in the last moments of the two-day convention in Panaji, the capital of the state of Goa. He was flanked by Arun Jaitley and Sushma Swaraj on his left and right respectively as if to render him the most needed moral support. Narendra Modi was not present in that brief news conference where Rajnath Singh just made the announcement and did not take questions from the press.
Yes, Narendra Modi has been declared the Chairman of the BJP Election Campaign Committee for General Elections-2014. Celebrations started inside the venue and outside in Goa, in Gujarat and also in other parts of India as thousands of BJP workers welcomed the decision. All three BJP Chief Ministers including Manohar Parikkar of Goa too were part of the decision coming after three days of classic indecisiveness. This step is being looked as the first in clearing the way for Modi to emerge as the consensus Prime Ministerial candidate for 2014. Rajnath Singh and Arun Jaitley gave rousing speeches afterwards fully justifying the decision and the party's faith in Narendra Modi. In his animated speech Modi magnanimously acknowledged the senior BJP leaders for grooming him for this hugely responsible post and he assured that he would leave no stone unturned in his efforts to ensure victory for his party. Of course, there had been innumerable references to the 'non-performance' of the ruling coalition of India in all of their speeches. Now it is up to Modi to provide a 'performing' alternative for the politically restive nation.
Allies of the BJP led National Democratic Alliance were non-committal about the declaration. Some of them referred to it as the BJP's internal affairs while some pointed out more directly that Modi had only been anointed Campaign Chief and not as a Prime Ministerial candidate. The Congress took potshots at the national opposition party over the apparent divide within its top brass on the decision. The party also said that the Modi appeal is only limited to his own state Gujarat and his 'communal' politics would go against the interests of India as a whole. The final tale on Narendra Modi would only unfold in the aftermath of 2014 General Election results. .
BJP Narendra Modi Politics
India: Rushing Through The Bills And A Clueless Opposition!
While the opposition political parties of India have been clueless about what to stand for and how to stand for, the ruling political party with its huge majority or a brute majority have been getting used to rushing through the bills in Parliament of which the prime example had been the Three Farm Laws in 2020 pandemic times (had to be repealed last month due to sustained opposition by the farmers) along with other examples, especially after the party's second landslide in 2019. 'Rushing through' essentially means getting the bills passed in a hurry with mostly voice votes rendering 'debate' a mere formality. Yesterday, Monday the 20 th of December 2021, the Election Laws (Amendment) Bill-2021 was passed by the Lok Sabha without any debate despite strong opposition to the move. Today, the Bill has also been passed by the Rajya Sabha amid an opposition walkout, and with the Presidential assent being only a formality this move to link the Aadhaar Card to the Voter ID is set to become a
PM Modi Announces Booster Doses And Jabs For Kids Even As DCGI Approves Covaxin For 15-18 Age Group!
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has announced, in another unexpected national address late evening yesterday perhaps as a Christmas gift like he did recently on the occasion of Prakash Parv (an annual festival of the Sikhs in Punjab and Haryana) to repeal the Three Farm Laws, booster doses or precautionary doses for the healthcare and frontline workers and all citizens above 60 years of age with comorbidities, to start from the 10th of January 2022, amid the rising Omicron scare in India. In a bid to make the parents confident enough to send their children to the schools the Prime Minister further announced vaccines jabs for children between 15 and 18 years of age to start from January 3, 2022. He also appealed to the people to not panic and follow COVID appropriate behavior strictly while cautioning them against rumors, fear mongering and misinformation. This announcement of the PM has been hailed all over as the most welcome move considering the global Omicron crisis—by the medical fr
Assembly Election Dates Announced By The ECI: Step Aside, Omicron!
The Election Commission of India (ECI) has today, a day when the country logged 1,41,986 new COVID-19 cases, announced the dates for assembly elections in 5 states of India, Uttar Pradesh (UP), Uttarakhand, Punjab, Manipur and Goa, starting from February 10, 2022. The polling in all five states will be completed between 10 th February and 7 th March in seven phases while the counting is to take place on 10 th March for all five states. UP election will be spread over all the seven phases till 7 th March; Uttarakhand, Punjab and Goa will have single phase polls on 14 th February; and Manipur will have two-phase polling due to security concerns in the state on 27 th February and March 3, 2022. More than 180 million citizens are set to exercise their voting rights during this what is often referred as festival of democracy. The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC), Sushil Chandra, assured while addressing a press conference in the national capital Delhi that the elections would b
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All products purchased from Bestonlinecabinets are subject to the following warranty disclaimers and limitations. Most products purchased from Bestonlinecabinets will have a limited lifetime warranty. Our main product is RTA kitchen cabinets and there are many parts to this product and the warranty for certain parts may differ. Limited lifetime warranty covers almost all of the hardware on the cabinets, such as hinges and tracking. The wood components have a 2 year warranty. These include mainly the cabinet doors and drawer fronts and paneling. This warranty covers the door and drawer fronts that may reveal some defects caused by faulty manufacturing, mainly if it shrinks, warps, expands, and or changes its' shape in a natural way that causes the doors or drawers to not function properly. This also includes if a door or drawer looks abnormal to the human eye then it should be changed out and it is covered by this warranty. In certain situations when the damaged part is inexpensive or easily replaceable, Bestonlinecabinets will instead issue compensation of the fair value of the defective product instead of replacing it, this is at the discretion of Bestonlinecabinets. Please refer to Damages and Replacements Guideline.
-Warranty does not cover any damages or problems caused by improper installation in any way.
-All warranty is limited strictly to the item or the part of item is purchased only. Warranty does not include any other products used in conjunction with the cabinets; including but not limited to: countertops, all appliances, backsplashes, plumbing, fixtures, and all forms of labor and installation of all products (whether purchased from Bestonlinecabinets or not) are not covered by this warranty.
-Warranty does not include damages caused by any other product or natural causes of any form. So you if you have a leak or a flood, it is not covered by this warranty. Also all natural causes such as earthquake, tornado, flood, etc that cause damages are all not covered by this warranty.
-Any form or misuse, accident, alteration, negligent use is not covered by this warranty.
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-Natural wood characteristics are not considered defects. Variations in grain, color, knots, and black eyes and other natural wood patterns are not considered defects.
-Most types of paint or stain will fade over time to some degree. In general this isn't serious, but if you purchase additional cabinets 3 years after your original purchase, and they are the same cabinets, the color may differ slightly and most likely the original cabinets will be lighter than the newly purchased cabinets. Do not be scared, stains and paint on wood generally fade in a similar manner to car paint but even slower, we are just saying that in 10 years the cabinets will not be the exact same color as original.
-Cosmetic defects including but not limited to, scratches, dents, bad coloring, and all things that can be spotted will the eye easily are considered cosmetic. Cosmetic defects will only be under warranty if it is reported within 5 days of receiving the products. The reason is that most scratches and dents can be caused during or after installation and those are not covered by this warranty. We want to take responsibility for all manufacturer's defects but we cannot cover scratched and dents that were caused by improper installation or use.
-Placing the cabinets in an extreme environment voids this warranty. Wood products are not intended to be installed outside such a backyard or patio. Extended exposure to direct light and extreme temperatures will cause the color to fade. It will also cause most solid wood components such as doors and drawer fronts to warp and shrink.


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Riyasat-e-Madina and workers' wages
Iftikhar Ahmad & Asghar Jameel
The ideal of the state of Madina cannot be achieved without following the basic tenets on which that model was built
— Photo by Rahat Dar
Prime Minister Imran Khan has spoken about the ideal of the Islamic welfare state (Riyasat-e-Madina) in nearly every speech he has made in the last 18 months. While addressing the International Rehmatul-lil-Alameen (PBUH) Conference last month, he reaffirmed his government's resolve to establish an Islamic welfare state on the model of Madina. As suggested by the prime minister in a separate tweet, the state of Madina was founded by the Prophet (PBUH) on modern principles of state-building, including compassion. Council of Islamic Ideology is already working on a comprehensive plan for the creation of Madina-like state.
Wages, mainly minimum wage, are a critical redistributive tool and a step towards the welfare state. If wages are determined considering all relevant criteria and are paid as notified, these can reduce working poverty rates in the country. This article reviews the issue of wages in Islamic legal thought. Certain guiding principles can be identified from the Quran and Sunnah. These principles can be used by the government to initiate legislative and institutional reforms in the country.
First, wages are a right, not benevolence from the employer. The Prophet (PBUH) never withheld the payments of a worker and never paid less than what was due. Anticipating modern notions of express or implied contracts of employment, the Prophet (PBUH) also forbade the hiring of a worker without the prior fixation of wages. The above instances show that a worker should be explicitly told about the wages, receivable on completion of work. This specification of wages can either be in oral or written form.
Second, wages must be sufficient to provide the basic necessities of life for workers. In this sense, Islam talks not only about a minimum but also a just and 'living wage'. Various Quranic verses indicate that compensation should meet at least the cost of basic necessitates following the norms of the time and place.
Different traditions from the Prophet (PBUH) deal specifically with such issues. The Prophet (PBUH) said that "an employee (male/female) is entitled to at least moderately good food and clothing and not burdened except what he/she can bear" and "make them (your workers) satisfied concerning their basic needs." We find references in the earlier Islamic history that Caliph Umar fixed the wages for military personnel. During his period, salaries were also revised based on several criteria such as length of service, best performance, and knowledge level. Salama bin al-Akwa relates that he was given two shares from war booty (in the Battle of Du Qarad) due to his exceptional performance and the Prophet (PBUH) announcing him as the best footman.
Third, wages should be set, keeping in view the prevailing conditions such as inflation, regional price differences and workers' needs. It is related that Umar used to determine wages according to the conditions prevalent in the city and the employees' personal needs. The Prophet (PBUH) gave double the share in ghanimah (war spoils) to the persons with families compared to unmarried persons.
Fourth, wages must be paid on time. It is narrated that the Prophet said, "Give employee his/her wages before the sweat is dry on him." In another hadith, it is related, "The rich, despite his riches, cannot delay payment to the worker, for it is a crime." These Ahadith show the general principle that wages need to be paid promptly, and an employer cannot unduly withhold the wages of an employee. However, workers and employers can negotiate the payment of wages on daily, weekly, fortnightly, or monthly terms.
Fifth, wages must be paid in full without any excessive and illegal deductions. Quran says that "Never will I suffer to be lost the work of any of you, be he male or female" (03: 195). Prophet (PBUH) said that "Allah would be the enemy of three persons on the day of Resurrection and one of them would be the one who hired somebody for some stipulated wage, took full advantage of his labour and then did not give him his due." The third person is compared in hadith to the one who made a free person a slave and sold him for money. This hadith shows that not only should a worker receive full wages for his/her work, but it also prohibits forced labour.
Withholding a person's remuneration is considered one of the gravest sins. This hadith also sheds some light on the issue of wage theft. Workers have the right to payslips indicating the pay scale and any deductions since Islam requires every financial transaction to be in written form.
A question related to equal pay is whether Islam allows for the difference in wages. Wage differentials occur due to a variety of reasons. The Quran recognises differences in wages and allows for such wage differentials when these are based on competence (28:26). Islam does not require strict pay equality. Instead, it approves of earning diversity (04:32) when it is based on expertise and skill, thus justifying incentive pay systems.
Finally, Islam provides for equal pay for equal work. Allah says that "I never cause loss to the labour of a worker, be that male or female" (03:195), and in another place, He says that "to them, we shall pay the price of their works and they will not be paid diminishingly" (11:15). The principle of non-discrimination is also substantiated by the last sermon of the Prophet (PBUH) where he declared that "No Arab has superiority over any non-Arab and no non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab. No dark person has superiority over a white person, and no white person has any superiority over a dark person. The criterion of honour in the sight of Allah is righteousness and honest living." It is the skill and performance of a person which is relevant in determining wages rather than race, colour or gender.
Labour Force Survey 2018 indicates that 50 percent of the workers receive less than the minimum wage in the country. There is yet no central anti-discrimination legislation requiring equal pay to men and women workers for work of equal value. The minimum wages are set and revised arbitrarily by the provincial governments without taking into account the basic needs of workers and the cost of living. Employers pay wages to workers by making illegal deductions and withhold wages for longer periods. Even when minimum wages are set by the government, these are determined without proper consultation with stakeholders, i.e., workers' and employers' organisations. The ideal of state of Madina cannot be achieved without following the basic tenets on which that model was built.
Iftikhar Ahmad is the Founder of the Centre for Labour Research. He can be reached at ia72@cornell.edu
Asghar Jameel is Group Director HR HQ at VEON, the Netherlands. He can be reached at asghar.jameel@gmail.com


text:
Who Should Decide If An Airport Builds?
CF on Apr 24, 2012	 Apr 24, 2012	 -	45 Comments on Who Should Decide If An Airport Builds?
Airport Experience, Airports
During the Phoenix Aviation Symposium last month, I sent out a tweet quoting US Airways CEO Doug Parker as saying that he didn't see any domestic air service growth potential beyond growth tied to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. In other words, we have all the service we need domestically now and the only growth will come from further economic growth. That set off a good back and forth between me and Greg Principato, the President of Airports Council International – North American (ACI-NA). I thought it would be worth revisiting the discussion here.
ACI-NA is the big trade group representing airports, so you can imagine that our discussion quickly turned toward airports in relation to growth. Did Doug's statement mean that there wasn't a reason for airports to build and grow? Greg sees Doug's underlying point as being that there's "no need for new investment." But when it comes to airports, Greg certainly thinks there is a need. So, is there?
Readers of this blog may think that I'm against any airport investment, but if you think that, you're misreading me. I'm against stupid investment, and there is a lot of that around the country. I'm all for smart investment when it makes sense. My favorite example is, of course, JetBlue's Terminal 5 at JFK. JetBlue needed a new operating space and they built one that's excellent and not overly-expensive. I'm also a fan of San Francisco's redo of Terminal 2 for Virgin America and American. I'm even a fan of the recent refurb of LAX's Terminal 6.
But there are far more examples around of wasted expense. Think about Sacramento's new monster, the new terminal building in Indianapolis, or the new Bradley Terminal expansion at LAX. Don't even get me started on Miami.
Those are projects that cost a lot and inevitably hurt the air service in the community. Now, Greg was quick to remind me that "'cost-effective' and 'cheap' are not synonyms." That is very true. But these projects were simply overbuilt. Does LAX need a soaring roof to look like the waves and the mountains? Does Sacramento need a train to get people to the new concourse? No. In both those situations, there was a need for something new. LAX has a Bradley Terminal with small holdrooms and almost no concessions behind security. It's a mess. And Sacramento had an old terminal that was falling apart. But these facilities could have been built for function instead of form, and the benefits to the public would have been greater.
The way airports are funded in the US means that airports need to be smart about this. They can't just go and build a massive, gleaming new operation like in Beijing because travelers will have to pay for it. In the US, they either pay directly via the Passenger Facility Charge (which tops out at $4.50 after Congress refused to allow an increase to $7.50) or they pay indirectly via higher fares because it costs the airlines more to operate.
So if an airport builds too much at too high of a cost, then it stands to lose service. Greg points out that it should be the community's decision, and he's right. As he says, "There is that risk that communities must, and are willing to, accept. Should not be up to feds or airlines." But the problem is that the community doesn't have much of a say.
If someone says to you, "hey, you want a fancy new airport?," you're going to say yes. But what if they say you can only have it if it means fewer flights? Then it's a different story. But it really doesn't matter what you say because the airports aren't often run by elected officials. You can't vote out an airport executive if she does something against your interests. You don't get to vote on how airports spend their money. So the community doesn't really get to decide.
Instead, airports that build smart and keep costs low benefit from greater levels of service. Those airports that build too much and get too expensive risk losing out. Think about LAX. Will it lose a lot of Asia flights if costs go up by $10 a person? Maybe not. But the airport is set on spreading those costs around to all airlines. So will Southwest be hurt on its flights to Phoenix if costs go up by $10 a head? You bet. Those flights may not be as glamorous, but they're very important to a lot of people, and they will see cutbacks.
So, airports should be able to spend money as they see fit, but when they mess up, they risk losing service and doing a great deal of damage to the community. Responsible spending by an airport is great, there just needs to be more of that.
45 comments on "Who Should Decide If An Airport Builds?"
Thanks for the good word Cranky….all this time I had not been immpressed with the utilitarian look of ATL….I think they went for 'cost-effective' when built in the 80's. But its efficient. They have a new international terminal opening up that looks a little more modern and nice inside…..what do you think of that one?
I haven't actually studied a lot about the new international terminal project. I'll have to look into that in greater detail one of these days.
BarryATL says:
I am participating in a "trial run" of the new ATL International Concourse on 5/3. There will be about 1500 volunteers who will all bring luggage and check in and go through the motions.
Kilroy says:
I actually like ATL as an airport. It's not glamorous, and delays can be bad, especially during thunderstorm season, but it WORKS and is pretty efficient, requiring relatively little travel time between gates and between gates and the ticketing area, given the size of the airport.
I would argue, however, as Cranky does above, that that train system works well mostly for really big airports, not small hubs. CVG, for example, has a train that isn't really necessary, and certainly wouldn't be necessary if most flights were in the terminal closest to security instead of the one farthest out (grr..). Makes it an absolute chore to get in and out of.
I'll also add a mention of TPA. Its people movers are very efficient, and it is literally (I have timed) 12 minutes to get from the puff of burnt rubber on the runway (before the plane has even slowed, let alone hit the gate) to feet on the curb or in a waiting cab. Very fast for an airport of that type, and I'm a fan of that kind of design.
MSP, on the other hand… What a chore to fly through there. Tons of walking and moving sidewalk/train trips, poor/nonexistent signage, and far out from the city center given its size. I think the last time I was there it took me 1/2 hour just to get from the gate to the rental car, absolutely absurd.
And ATL actually has relatively low lease rates especially in the 7 year lease extension (of the original 30 year lease) with the signatory carriers. Space in T through D has a very low square footage cost. And ATL is smart about how they bill tenant improvements. They are kept separate from the rest of rent, and allocated to the tenants who actually use it. So if they build a stone mural in the center of B concourse, Delta is the one who is going to pay for it over time.
Tom Lillis IV says:
I'd be curious if you (or your readers) have an answer on how to make airport authorities more responsive to the general public. Here in Columbus our nine-person board is appointed: four by the city, four by the county and one jointly between both. They do a fair job now but this is after the "lessons learned" after the Skybus build-out. Is there a better way to run things? Should these be run by the county or state DOTs? Anybody have a local board which is particularly effective? How is it appointed?
I don't know that there is an answer. I think it just means that there's greater burden on the airport management to do what's right since the accountability is so loose. Of course, it's easy for management to go crazy and do what they want precisely for that reason. There's no perfect solution here – maybe having an elected official would help but that would be the extent of the involvement I think would be right.
Indianapolis airport is run by a board of officials who are appointer by the mayor of Indianapolis. Granted these are not directly elected officials by the public, but they are still held accountable by a directly elected official. If the airport board screw up, presumably the mayor can fire them. Seems to me like a fairly good check (in theory at least) to ensure an airport board doesn't get too excited about playing with big fancy new toys. The question however, is why Indianapolis airport's board managed to get away with spending all the money….
The only thing about someone appointing members to any board is that those members can be loyal to the person who appointed them and not work for the over all good of the area. I have to vote for school board members and I don't have kids in school, so it makes sense that the people should vote for airport board members since an airport can effect the whole surrounding area in many ways.
This of course turns into a problem of how far down you'd like to push representative democracy. Should they hold a vote of passengers based on the number of flights (or maybe revenue dollars) spent at a given airport in the past year?
David – That's exactly how it works in LA. The problem is that the mayor wants a monument to memorialize himself after he leaves office, so he doesn't care to act in the best interest of the people either. But for a mayoral election, the airport is a pretty minor point that people don't care about unless they're directly impacted. So there really isn't great oversight.
Thanks Cranky….I had always felt like ATL was boring (cost effective, when built back in the 80's, but efficient). So now that I realize thats cool….what do you think of the new international terminal there that is about to open? It looks a bit more modern….in your view did they do a good job on that one?
So the new LAX Bradley terminal will look fantastic when it's done, but it will still be surrounded by the other crappy looking terminals. People will still drive to/from the airport along old crappy roads with dumpy businesses. So why spend a lot of money to make the outside look good when it will still be surrounded by ugly?
Cranky, what do you think about the "new" international terminal at SFO? The old one was quite a dump, and I think the new one both beautiful (as far as airport buildings go) when you approach SFO from 101 and functional. Not sure about the cost or impact on service.
I love the new international terminal, but it was a huge waste of money at the time. The airport has spent the last decade scrapping and clawing to bring airline costs down so it can attract new tenants. It's done a very good job and has reduced costs substantially, but the new terminal was a big issue when it was first built.
I remember Southwest leaving (not sure if it was driven by cost increases due to the international terminal), but now they are back, and there are also VX and B6, of course. I used to fly out of OAK or SJC on occasions, but haven't in about a decade (I live much closer to SFO, making ground transportation significantly easier).
I agree with your comments in the blog post about the new Terminal 2. I went to the open house last year (haven't had a chance to fly on AA or VX since then), and it's a beautiful space, but it didn't strike me as extravagant. Just contemporary.
Henry Harteveldt says:
Brett, I'm going to disagree with your assertion that the SFO international terminal "was a huge waste of money at the time." The former international terminal was woefully inadequate in every way. The design of the new terminal was, for an airport, relatively constrained. What I remember in its construction were delays and cost increases due in part to airline requests. For example, UA was originally going to locate the international F lounge within the Red Carpet Club, and then decided it wanted a separate facility. That added to the costs, but it wasn't SFO's fault.
Fair enough, Henry. And you definitely were paying closer attention than I was at that time. But my recollection was that the building itself was far more expensive than it needed to be. In particular, the design of the ticketing hall was an issue. I'll agree that the placement was out of necessity and that was going to require additional expense, but SFO really suffered after it built that terminal and it took years for it to recover traffic.
When DIA (DEN) was built in 1995 it was partly on the premise of Continental and United both having giant hubs. When it opened it had fewer gates than Stapleton, just a ton more space. Fares were much higher and it took people years to get used to the drive. But now there's healthy competition (hopefully here to stay), concourses are packed and nobody sees it as a white elephant.
But during its construction it was considered as grandiose and overbudget as any current project now. If a project is truly built for the long term and build out I believe it's a good thing and does benefits the next generation. But I understand the absurdity of big projects in declining regions and economies. (Mid-America/St. Louis….)
When I'm in Colorado Springs I always see that separate (now empty) wing that was constructed solely for Western Pacific.
james – Denver loves to crow about what foresight it had, but it could have done a better job of reigning in costs and making the facility more affordable. Continental might have stayed had that been the case. You never know how things might have turned out.
But Denver is also riding high on one of the only big air service bubbles in the US. Milwaukee's has finally popped, but Denver continues to have 3 airlines fighting it out with more service than is need. United has a strong position and Frontier has no other choice. Southwest continues to make poor decisions by staying and growing in the market, but I think it assumes that some day it will do better.
Bill from DC says:
So much to say about this but, in a nutshell, it all comes down to simple cost/benefit analysis.
First, as CF wrote, soaring rooflines and other expensive features are exactly that… expensive. However, since airport authorities are usually quasi-governmental entities with appointed members that don't always have to account for public reaction to total expenditures. Often, these people and boards can see this new building as their legacy. Few people, if any, get to weigh in on whether certain aspects are needed or whether less expensive alternatives exist.
Second, airlines frequently "twist the arms" of airports to get fancy new terminals (i.e., a "competitive advantage") by threatening to reduce or not expand existing levels of service. So you end up with BWI having a fancy new Terminal A and rebuilt Terminal B all for WN when the giant terminal D remains a complete dump and is nearly empty. Couldn't Terminal D have been renovated for WN at much less expense, with A, B and C also renovated to accommodate the other airlines? Of course, PIT is the ultimate cautionary tale about building a palatial airline hub only to see the airline abdicate the throne, leaving the PIT taxpayers holding the bag for hundreds of millions of dollars.
Finally, in the case of ATL, I thought Terminal E was built to be the international terminal? I know it opened just before the 96 Olympics. I have taken many x-atl flights from there and thought it was a very fine facility. In addition, I have seen many DL domestic flights from Terminal E which led me to believe that ATL's intl needs were being fulfilled and that gate space still existed in E for domestic flights. So I wonder… is the new intl terminal reflective of the need for more domestic capability (i.e., converting E to all domestic) or more intl capability? In my experience, the international capability was more than adequately fulfilled by Terminal E but ICBW and others should know more than I do.
MarylandDavid says:
Bill, I am the David that commented on BWI on the Hobby post. You are looking at the BWI situation with the benefit of hindsight. At the time of the A/B expansion/renovation, C and D were both being actively used – SWA needed the space. The merger activity over the past few years (and SWA's BWI success) really took its toll on those terminals. Having said that, BWI does not compare to Pittsburgh in that the 'surviving' airline at BWI is very healthy and growing. Most airports would love to have BWI's growth trajectory. At the time, they made the right decision, IMHO.
You are correct on all counts, I probably should have used another example for airline-specific expansion but went back to the BWI well. I can't recall how much of the airport was in use when the plans were being created but I think it has worked out well for BWI now and over the long haul as they also did a lot of other infrastructure work that upgraded the whole airport when they built the new Terminal A. Px levels at BWI are at new highs and they can always shutter a terminal and rebuild it when future expansion makes that necessary. Sorry to pick on BWI, I actually like flying from there when I can't do DCA!
I was living in Baltimore at here time of expansion. Not only was Southwest using all of B and almost all of C and growing exponentially, but US Air filled all of D including all of the commuter gates. When US started to pull back AirTran filled about a third of the void.
Now with AirTran moving in with Southwest, BWI has an active project to connect B and C, which it did temporarily during construction of A-B.
Finally and to the point, even with all of the record growth through the expansion, BWI made some large cuts to the construction projects. There was originally going to be a tram between long term parking, the terminal and rental car facility. That was cut for costs. Even with a tram you still need shuttle busses in the Parkin lots so the trams always seem like a waste as long as you have dedicated bus access lanes to the terminal.
Good to know all of that, thanks Shane. Looks like BWI handled things smartly (reducing scope and all) and still ended up with a very nice facility. I flew UA a lot out of the former "stub" of gates that made up concourse A (before they built the actual concourse) and US when concourse D was jam-packed. Maybe I just get a little too bummed out when I visit concourse D now but clearly the airport is on the right track!
Bill – Today, most airlines in the US freak out at the idea of a new expensive facility. That may be a far cry from some of the previous managements in past years, but airlines have gotten much smarter. So you won't see an airline supporting an absurd expansion these days. In fact, you saw quite vocal opposition to San Jose and Sacramento builds. The current fight is in Philly, where there is a massive objection to a billion dollar plus runway.
There's also the issue of as flights are removed and carriers drop out of an airport, costs typically increase for those who are left.
As an example, look at Sarasota (or any airport where all charges are basically common use, or allocated based on usage). Also, most airports have joint or shared use rent that is allocated to cover the cost of all areas not part of a specific tenant leasehold (think corridors, public spaces, etc). For many of these, just because one airline leaves doesn't mean the pie is going to get any smaller… it's just divided into fewer pieces. In SRQ, AA pulled out and costs went up. CO pulled out, costs went up. Now AirTran with roughly a third of all traffic is pulling out. Some have questioned now the viability of jetBlue continuing service as costs will climb.
Why can't airports finance nice projects by turning the airport into a destination. Duty Free Sales, attractions, paid lounges, plenty of freebies like observation decks. Singapore Changi generates 18 million transit pax annually AND gets them to spend $30 each on average, yet still has plenty of freebies. US domestic hubs clearly have the volume, so I don't see why more effort is invested in the airport experience.
Sean S. says:
The difference lies in customers; simply put American views of airports are more akin to bus stations, a place where you go for the sole purpose of being transported elsewhere. The only time you spend money is if there is something you forgot, something missing, or, like food, something you have to have.
The reality is, in many countries, the airport itself is an attraction due to its size, architecture, and the fact that many people in a given country may not routinely fly or it may be reserved for individuals within the more rarified upper classes. Compare and contrast that to the the bucket rate leisure traveler in America whose interest is in his destination, and not the experience of travel in and of itself.
ATL's concourse E does have some domestic flights that use the gates for a couple of reasons. The first is a domestic flight whose plane will continue on as an international flight. The second is space. There are simply not enough domestic gates during hub times. Fortunately, most of the international hub times are different than the domestic ones. The new concourse F that will open in three weeks will have seven international gates and a new international terminal. I will see the new terminal and concourse on 5/3.
Awesome, hope you can report back some of the interesting details. I wonder if E will continue as a "mixed use" terminal for both international and domestic flights or if ATL will convert it to all common-use gates. I am guessing F will be the designated international arrivals terminal (but I am surprised it's only 7 gates) and E will handle many of the international departures (especially those that started as domestic arrivals).
mowogo says:
The problem with Concourse E at ATL is that passengers terminating in ATL have to clear customs, re-check their bags, and re-enter the sterile area to get back to the terminal to leave the airport. This creates a very bad experience for international visitors to the city, however the city avoided fixing this until there was enough justification to complete the direct line of terminals so they did not hamper growth.
The airport has been operating near capacity during peak times, with both DL and WN having plans to grow the operation long term. Fortunately, because of market dominance, DL was able to pressure ATL to keep the costs down on the new terminal in order to prevent it from becoming an Albatross to the community, and the increase in PFC is going to be quite mild because of it.
Doug Swalen says:
I can't believe you left SJC's new terminal off your list. Talk about expensive…
Exiled Antipodean says:
Isn't the right solution here some sort of privatization or commercialization? Perhaps strangely that is more common in Europe and Australasia.
Privatisation of an airport also has its downside. Is an airport a public utility, or is it intended to make money for the airport owner ?
If it's a public utility, you get public officials over spending on infrastructure with those fancy soaring glass ceilings. Those public officials are however very keen that the city should be well connected to the rest of the world as it helps the local economy and keeps the mayor and voters happy.
If it's a private business and the airport is dominant in the local area (very few cities have 2 competing airports with good service from a variety of airlines), then the airport operator is likely to keep on raising fees to make a profit while letting the infrastructure fester – an airport operator doesn't care about the number people travelling to / from the airport, they care only about revenue. Of course, private companies do tend to be run more efficiently than those owned by Govt.
Which is better ?
So far, privatization efforts in the US haven't really worked. Midway tried but failed because there really wasn't room for growth. The operators have no interest in facilities that can't grow because how will they make a good return on their money?
The problem with airport privatization for consumers is that they are almost always in monopoly situations. Sure, in Chicago, O'Hare is there to keep Midway in check. But in most places, the airports are the only game in town. They can jack up rates and become more profitable even if it means less service. They don't care about service levels, so there is a disconnect.
Infrastructure projects are always a risky bet, since they run off certain presumptions about growth that may be completely way-layed by changes in the economy, changes in how people travel, as well as changes in airplane technology. For instance, with the possibility for long, "thin" routes with the 787, this opens up certain O&D routes that may see the return of service to medium sized airports.
Do facility charges and the like matter? To a certain extent. But nowhere near as much as whatever it is that bring people to that city, be it tourism, or local industry, or what have you. Viewing service within the lense of airports I think is putting the cart before the horse.
I'm amazed that any airport gets built/improved given the nightmare of dynamic elements that affect the operation, the efficiency, the economy of such an entity.
Exhibit A here in the DC area: Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority
–a 13-member board of directors (5 appointed by the Governor of Virginia; 2, by the Governor of Maryland; 3, by the Mayor of the District of Columbia; and 3, but the President of the US.),
–two airports: IAD and DCA,
–an access highway from the Virginia Beltway to IAD,
–a toll road alongside the access highway,
–an extension of the Metro system from West Falls Church, through Tyson's Corner, to IAD, and maybe, as sort of aggreed to, beyond IAD,
–various airlines of all sorts (some domestic, some domestic using regionals, some international, some with a hub, some in bankruptcy at one time or another, some no longer in operation at all, and others that may or may not still be in operation tomorrow),
–a local travelling public of several different counties and States,
–a non-local inbound and transiting travelling public,
–a local constituency that doesn't travel but will be asked to pay for some type of infrastructure, regardless,
No problems, of course. As to the future, Good Luck!
Don't forget the environmental impact studies for all of the above. Heaven forbid if a small, rare amphibian (or worse, something with fur, something more photogenic) is impacted by any of the above. Not to mention the NIMBYism, the possibility of local opposition over additional pollution (air, noise, etc), and so on and so forth…
Demo says:
I think you're both being overly cynical about the governance structures for these airports. I'd be the first to tell you that MWAA has it's dysfunctions but tell me what authority body doesn't? They have done an admirable job growing IAD and managing DCA.
Kilroy to your point, would you rather there not be regulations to govern pollution, noise and protect our natural environment? or is it just the general "there is too much regulation"? you know regulations aren't put into effect to create problems they're there to fix them and make sure they don't occur in the first place. I for one think it's great, even if it's sometimes frustrating NIMBYism…, when citizens fight for things which are important to them even if it's flight curfews which force me to fly into IAD or BWI late at night, or environmental groups which lobby resulting in efficient aircraft, or EPA regulations which required the replacement of re-fueling storage tanks which seeped thousands of gallons into the ground? community pressure is an exercise of our democracy and without it our airports would be less safe, less efficient, louder, less effective and more environmentally destructive.
Come up with a better system and I'll gladly listen.
Cranky, Any thoughts on the Terminals at PDX? I like the C concourse which was rebuilt about 10 years ago. It has a nice spacious feel, lots of natural light, use of carpeting and wood paneling, has an actual bookstore besides the newsstands and many choices of food concessions (with the same pricing as off airport restaurants) on the secure side of the TSA checkpoint. I keep hoping they will redo the A gates waiting area as this often feels cramped and humid from all the bodies packed into this relatively small space. On the north side, The International D gates area seems way too cramped, I can't imagine it would be a pleasant experience for a widebody planeload of pax waiting to board a flight there.
I read somewhere that the controllers working in the tower at LAX are not too happy with the roof height of the TBIT west gates expansion as it leaves them a significant blind spot on a major cross-field taxiway that will have also have aircraft pushing back onto it.
I completely agree with Parker's basic premise. There is far too much airport infrastructure in the US. Too many terminals, too many control towers, too many runways. Every large city wants flights all over the world, every medium city wants to be a regional hub, and every small town wants regular scheduled service. It obviously cannot work that way. The market cannot support all of this, so incentives become necessary. We have reached a point where it is routine for taxpayers to subsidize airlines to fly planes, and this true for airports of all sizes. As long as there are too many airports chasing too few flights, these incentives will be necessary.
This was a great, informative, well written article in which I learned a lot…especially because the way business is doesn't make much sense…it's totally counter-intuitive…just like much of life I guess…good job Brett…joanie
Don Murray says:
I just returned from China. Their airports are so much larger than ATL, ORD or any other US ones. The domestic (not international) airport in Shanghai was had so few gates (only about 100 or so) that they had to bus us to the plane (about a 10 minute ride passing uncounted planes). And this was their domestic hub. Their international hub was also huge. It took about a 3/4 mile march from the landing gate to baggage claim.
In Beijing, we saw terminals when we were still about 2000 feet in elevations. As we landed, well down the runway, we still went about 20 minutes before coming to a gate. Beijing is a HUGE airport. It also has gates for A380s which take up a huge amount of terminal space for departing passengers.
The other Chinese airports we visited weren't quite as large, but pretty large compared to a US midwest airport (not including ORD).
One of the challenges for airlines regarding airports is that, as has been noted, the airport governing boards generally have political appointees. The people who sit on those boards may have no knowledge of the airline industry, other than their own experiences as a traveler. That is inexcusable. And while in theory an airport authority should factor its airlines' points of view as it considers expansion, I don't believe they do so as well, or as consistently, as they should. It seems to me as though airport leaders focus more on construction than the need for, and execution of, any construction/development. A wavy roofline is fine. The architect and design teams should, however, be directed by the airport leadership to design that in the most practical, cost-effective manner possible.
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Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order 2
Star Wars Jedi: Survivor Collector's Edition – Here's Everything You Need to Know About It
Get yourself a replica of Cal Kestis' lightsaber from the upcoming EA Respawn title.
Posted Dec. 12, 2022, 5:47 p.m.
Jedi Knight Cal Kestis returns once again to the fray with the upcoming sequel to Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order.
Titled "Star Wars Jedi: Survivor," details about the upcoming Respawn title leaked earlier than usual, before it was officially unveiled with a trailer during The Game Awards 2022 last week.
With the game set to release on all platforms on March 17, Star Wars fanatics can now pre-order the various editions of the title, including the Deluxe edition that comes with cosmetics for blasters, lightsabers, outfits and more.
Furthermore, Limited Run Games has also announced a Collector's Edition of Star Wars Jedi: Survivor, which features a ton of exciting items.
Stay one step ahead of the Empire with the STAR WARS Jedi: Survivor™ Collector's Edition.
Includes a copy of the game on PS5, Xbox Series X|S or PC code, SteelBook & a full-size, functional Cal Kestis replica lightsaber hilt.
Limited pre-orders are open: https://t.co/zCesLK0FpX pic.twitter.com/SnLj1ta9Q2
— Limited Run Games (@LimitedRunGames) December 9, 2022
Also Read: Twitter to Relaunch Its Blue Subscription Service and Verification Checkmarks on Monday, Will Cost $3 More on iPhone
The main attraction of the Collector's Edition is the full-size functional replica of Cal Kestis' lightsaber, which comes inside a magnetic box. Along with that, it also has a Certificate of Authenticity to go with it.
Other than that, you also get the official Steelbook, alongside the Physical/Digital version of the game's Deluxe Edition. Finally, Obi-Wan Kenobi fans can rejoice, as the Collector's Edition features a cosmetic pack inspired by the iconic Star Wars character.
The hilt in this thing is MASSIVE and weighs a ton. We only have 8,500 across all platforms (PC and Xbox are the most limited), so don't hesitate to get your orders in. These will ship in time for launch (see I already have the hilt IN HAND).
Order now at https://t.co/VOeLpqYjFu https://t.co/tFvrRWjmvV pic.twitter.com/nM3I63PYK9
— Josh Fairhurst (@LimitedRunJosh) December 9, 2022
You can currently pre-order the Collector's Edition of Star Wars Jedi: Survivor for $299.99 for either the PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X or PC variant. Even with the steep cost, the Collector's Edition is selling like hot cakes, with more than 60% of the 8500 units already sold. So, if you're trying to get your hands on that elusive lightsaber, then you might want to be a bit quick with the pre-ordering.
Read Next: James Cameron Says Avatar 2's Motion Capture Is Much Better Than Marvel's: 'It's Not Even Close'
Developer: Lucasfilm Games
Platforms: Xbox Series X, PlayStation 5, Pc
Star Wars Jedi: Survivor Adds Much Requested Fast Travel Feature
6 days, 16 hours Comments
Star Wars Jedi: Survivor Delayed by Six Weeks to April 28
1 month, 1 week Comments
Star Wars Jedi: Survivor's IMDA Rating Suggests the Inclusion of Crude Language, Realistic Graphic Violence
1 month, 2 weeks Comments
Star Wars Jedi: Survivor Will Have Five 'Fully Realised' Fighting Stances, Cross Lightsaber and More


Here are the general terms and conditions of The Post Hostel.
1.The following General Terms and Conditions apply for the Hostel Accommodation Contract (comprises and replaces the following terms: lodging contract, Customer reception contract, hostel contract, rooms contract, hostel room contract; hereinafter referred to as "Contract") as well as all other services and supplies rendered to the customer (comprises and replaces the following terms: Guest, Ordering Party, Renter, Tour Operator, Agent) by The Post Hostel Jerusalem.
2. Deviating terms, also to the extent included in the General Terms and Conditions of the Customer, shall notapply unless expressly approved by the Hostel in writing.
1. Upon the Customer's request for a reservation,a Contract is brought about by the Hostel's corresponding confirmation of the reservation.
2. Contractual partners are the Hostel and the Customer. If a third party has made the reservation on behalf of the Customer, this party shall be liable vis-à-vis the Hostel jointly and severally with the Customer for all obligations resulting from the Contract if the Hostel is in possession of a corresponding declaration given by the third party. Independent there from, any Ordering Party is obliged to pass on all booking related information to the Customer, in particular the present General Terms and Conditions.
3. Sub- and re-leasing of rooms as well as their usage for purposes other than accommodation require the prior written consent of the Hostel.
4. Bookings can only be done by contractually capable people.
1. The Hostel is obliged to have the booked rooms available according to the present General Terms and Conditions and to fulfil the services agreed upon.
2. The Hostel is by virtue of important reasons fully entitled to accommodate the Customer in another Hostel with comparable standards and services for the price agreed without recourse if the accommodation in the booked hostel is not possible.
3. The Customer is obliged to pay the prices applying to or agreed on for the provision of accommodation and additional services the Customer has made use of, respectively booked. This also applies to services and expenses of the Hostel vis-à-vis third parties incurred for performances rendered upon the Customer's request.
4. The prices agreed include the applicable taxes. For Israeli tourists it is required to add the statutory Value Added Tax to the quoted rates.
5. Prices could be changed by the Hostel, if the Customer subsequently wants to change the number of the booked rooms, the services or the duration of the stay in the Hostel.
6. The Hostel is entitled to request, on the conclusion of the Contract or later, a security deposit in the form of a credit card guarantee. The credit card will not be charged before the arrival to the Hostel.
7. The total amount, less potential deposits, as detailed in an itemised bill, is due upon arrival unless otherwise arranged beforehand.
Cancellations that are made less than 24 hours prior to the arrival date, the Hostel is entitled to charge a cancellation fee in the amount on the agreed price of the first night.
In case of Non-Show the hostel will charge a fee equals to the agreed price of the first night.
2. The Hostel is obliged to inform the Customer of the exercising of the revocation right in writing without delay.
3. In the above cases of revocation the Customer is not entitled to compensation for damage.
1. The Customer is not entitled to the provision of certain specific rooms unless the Hostel has confirmed the provision of these specific rooms in writing.
2. For groups of 20 or more staying in multi bed rooms, the Hostel will distribute the room allocation.
3. Booked rooms shall be available for the Customer from 2.00 p.m. on the arrival date.
4. On the departure date, the rooms shall be vacated and at the Hostel's free disposal by 10.00 a.m. at the latest.
5. If the actual number of Customers exceeds the number booked and expected, accommodation is not guaranteed for these additional members. In addition further charges may be applied to the customer's account.
1. Changes or amendments to the Contract, in the acceptance of the offer or to these General Terms and Conditions shall be made in writing. Unilateral changes or modifications on the part of the customer shall be invalid.
2. Place of performance and payment shall be the registered office of the Hostel.
3. Should individual provisions of these General Terms and Conditions for the Hostel Accommodation Contract be or become invalid or void, the validity of the remaining provisions shall not be affected thereby. Moreover the statutory provisions shall apply.


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Q: storing pdf files on server securely I am deploying a website from where user can purchase the pdfs. now i am searching for the way for storing the pdfs so that it only can be downloaded when payment is done.
I have came across one way in which i can store the pdfs in to the Mysql database and generate the path to it when required credentials fulfill.
Is there any other way to do this and link to the pdf file should be dynamic and encrypted so that other links to the other books can't be predicted.
and the server side language I am using is PHP

A: *

*You need to store the files somewhere outside your website root like mentioned by Dagon. When file is uploaded use move_uploaded_file to move it. You can name the file anything you want (within OS limits) and keep the real name in the database.

*Then when the user has payed for the books, add the books the user has payed for to a table in a db.

*Give the user a list of all the books he has payed for like: /download/filename.pdf

*Add a mod_rewrite if you use Apache (or equivalent for other web servers) where /download/.* is redirected to download.php or a controller.

*On the download page, check if user is logged in and has access to the file. If not, redirect to purchase page for that book.

*If download is ok set header for the http status you need: Content-Length, Content-Type, Date, Status (200), maybe Content-Encoding.

*Use readfile to output the file to the end user.

A: I would :

*

*Deny any access to the files -- i.e. use a .htaccess file (That way, no-one has access to the file)

*Develop a PHP script that would :

*

*receive a file identifier (a file name, for instance ; or some identifier that can correspond to the file)

*authenticate the users (with some login/password fields), against the data stored in the database if the user is valid, and has access to the file (This is if different users don't have access to the same set of files), read the content of the file from your PHP script, and send it the the user.

The advantage is that your PHP script has access to the DB -- which means it can allow users to log-in, log-out, it can use sessions, ...
Here is another answer from a stack user that fits this problem: Creating a Secure File Hosting Server for PDFs

A:
is there any other way to do this and link to the pdf file should be dynamic and encrypted so that other links to the other books can't be predicted.

*

*The best way, is after payment generate a key to the file.

*create a page like this www.site.com/download.php?key=key (and here you don't need to have id of the book, because by the key you can check on the database what is the book the customer purchased.

*inside the download.php read the key, query the database to find which file is linked with the key

*read the file, and send it to the customer. This is, if the key is valid, you will send the php headers as content type as being pdf, and (the php code) read the file in binary and send it in the message body.

I hope this code helps
<?php
// We'll be outputting a PDF
header('Content-type: application/pdf');

// It will be called downloaded.pdf
header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="downloaded.pdf"');

// The PDF source is in original.pdf
readfile('original.pdf');
?>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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SF Opera announces its centennial 2022-23 season
SF Opera will celebrate its centennial with a packed season of eight productions for 2022-23. The first operatic offering will be the world premiere of "Antony and Cleopatra," an opera by Berkeley composer John Adams based on the play by Shakespeare. The full slate of productions can be found in the press release below.
SF Ballet names Tamara Rojo as new artistic director
Tamara Rojo has been announced as the next artistic director of the San Francisco Ballet. Rojo joins the organization from the English National Ballet, and will be the first woman ever to lead SF Ballet.
Willesden Lane Project: The power of music in education
The Jewish Journal published a spotlight of The Willesden Project, Koret's global initiative with USC Shoah Foundation and Hold On To Your Music. Read the full article to learn more about Koret's Holocaust education work.
SF Opera's "Così fan tutte" opens to rave reviews
Delayed by a year due to the pandemic, Mozart's romantic comedy is set in the opulent 1930's and is embellished by Henrik Nánási's conducting, which is "buoyant, robust, elegant, and lithe," according to the SF Chronicle.
St. Anthony's opens new 'Hygiene Hub' in the Tenderloin
Responding to a dire lack of basic water access for people experiencing homelessness, St. Anthony's has opened a Hygiene Hub, where guests can shower, use the restroom, and do their laundry in a safe, calm environment. Housed in St. Anthony's building on 150 Golden Gate Avenue, the new facility promises to be a game-changer, providing 20,000 showers and 10,000 laundered loads annually.
Jewish Story Partners commits $500,000 in new grants to Jewish filmmakers
Jewish Story Partners (JSP), the rapidly growing, Los Angeles-based non-profit film funding organization, announced its second round of grantees today. This new slate brings JSP's 2021 granting total to $500,000, distributed among 27 projects. JSP supports the highest caliber independent films that use fresh, nuanced perspectives to tell stories about the diverse spectrum of Jewish experiences, cultures, and encounters.
As educators continue to move through this time of uncertainty and loss, they are seeking ways to support students. This special program of The Willesden Project, the Koret supported global education initiative, will bring the power of music, story, and testimony to young people globally as it reshapes Holocaust education and fosters resilience in youth.
Bay Area Discovery Museum reopens with new exhibits and spaces
BADM has unveiled five new exhibitions and playspaces geared toward children under the age of 10. The spaces, which opened following the museum's $20M BOLD capital campaign, are based on the cutting-edge research in childhood development to inspire creativity and exploration. Exhibits include the a new climbing structure Gumnut Grove, and new exploration spaces called How Things Work which, Try It Studio, and a new Tot Spot.
IsraAID coordinates evacuation of 167 vulnerable Afghan nationals
125 vulnerable Afghans arrived in Albania after being evacuated from Afghanistan to a neighboring country following a weeks-long collaborative humanitarian effort from IsraAID alongside governments, aid organizations, activists, and donors. This is the second evacuation from Afghanistan the group has coordinated, following the arrival of 42 vulnerable women, girls, and family members to the UAE on September 6th. Read our grantee story to learn more about IsraAID's work globally:
Redesigned IWitness site meets evolving needs of educators and students
USC Shoah Foundation launched a redesigned IWitness website, reimagined to make teaching with testimony more effective, approachable, and cutting-edge.
Koret Foundation
Please sign up below to receive newsletters and updates about the work of the Foundation and our grantees.
© 2023 Koret Foundation. All Rights Reserved.


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Article - Strength in numbers
Sara Mosavi
STRENGTH IN NUMBERS UK government taps private sector to bolster programmes for jobless youths
After he lost his job at a design studio in 2008, owing in part to health problems, Jimmy Gregory, from Leeds, spent two years unemployed, relying on government benefits. The Prince's Trust, a charity, came to his rescue, and provided guidance on how to draft a business plan through a workshop and a year of follow-up support, followed by a £2,500 loan to start his own design studio. Today, Mr Gregory, 28 years old, is doing well enough to offer freelance work to other young people introduced through the Trust.
Like a number of other charities, the Trust seeks to help "the most disadvantaged, the most marginalised, the most vulnerable young people—those out of work for six months or more," says Paul Brown, the director of marketing and communications. In 2013 the Prince's Trust helped more than 58,000 young people, with 77% going into education, employment or training. "People we talk to are very keen to improve their prospects," says Mr Gregory, who is a job ambassador for the charity. "But sometimes they feel there's not enough support out there or they're not aware of the support out there. I make sure they know the support that's available to them." Charities alone, however, cannot tackle youth unemployment in the UK, where currently 15% of 16-24-year-olds are not in employment, education or training.
In light of persistently high youth unemployment rates, UK policymakers are putting more emphasis on training and work programmes—and intensifying co-operation with the private sector to implement them. The goal is to get 50% of young people to go "either to university or into apprenticeships, depending on what's right for them," says Matthew Hancock MP, minister of state for skills and enterprise. And the government wants to shift the focus from exam results to "the destination"—whether university, apprenticeships or jobs, he says. To achieve that, there needs to be greater co-ordination and communication between employers and the education system, to direct people to where jobs are likely to be, according to Tony Dolphin, the associate director for economic policy at the Institute for Public Policy Research.
Over the past three years the number of apprentices has nearly doubled, to more than 510,000 in 2012/13, but there has been criticism that apprenticeships can be low quality, too short in duration and ineffectual in imparting knowledge and skills. Policymakers are now taking action to address these shortcomings.
Under the Trailblazers project, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) is inviting companies to redefine the standards of skills that apprentices are required to learn under the country's 250 apprenticeship frameworks. In the initial round, the government is set to publish in March standards put forward by companies from eight sectors, including aerospace and financial services, with apprenticeships starting under the new standards at the end of 2014. Improving apprenticeships will help young people gain the kind of experience needed to succeed in the UK's current job market, and will encourage employers to take part as they have a clearer understanding of what they can expect in return for their participation.
Barclays Bank has its own apprenticeship programme, but it is also working with the government to help develop apprenticeship policy under the Trailblazers project. "At the moment, there's no apprenticeship framework for relationship banking," says Mike Thompson, the head of Barclays' Employability and Early Career Programmes, referring to banking services for high net worth customers. "We're helping to create a new framework in relationship banking, as an alternative to a degree programme."
Some companies, such as PwC, have set up apprenticeships under the Employer Ownership of Skills pilot launched by the UK Commission for Employment and Skills, a public body made up of industry and society leaders. "Some very good results have come out of the pilot," says Lizzie Crowley, a senior researcher at the Work Foundation, a London-based think-tank. But she adds that such projects must be expanded to have impact.
The government's flagship, £1bn youth job programme, the Youth Contract, has not been as well received. Launched by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) in 2012, the programme, in part, offers employers wage incentives worth up to £2,275 for each young person they hire for apprenticeships or jobs. Uptake by employers in the first year was "miniscule", says Ms Crowley, who attributes this partly to ineffective advertising. Businesses are also worried about local implementation. "We want to see more local ownership—local bodies, schools, enterprises forming partnerships to design programmes at the local level," says Lena Levy, the head of labour market policy at the Confederation of British Industry (CBI), a lobbying group.
Interest among young people has also been weak, says University of Warwick Professor Sue Maguire, who is helping the government evaluate certain Youth Contract services. Many young people get referred to the Youth Contract or the Work Programme—a welfare-to-work service that is mandatory for over 18s on long-term benefits—through Jobcentre Plus sites. But both job centres and the Work Programme also service adults, while many young people "need an agency that is young person-focused," Ms Maguire says.
There are also a number of non-profit organisations lending a helping hand in tackling the UK's youth unemployment. Business in the Community (BITC), for example, which promotes corporate social responsibility, is connecting its member companies—mostly multinationals—directly with young people. Its Work Inspiration programme has placed young people in work experience in some 600 companies, including Capgemini, a technology services company. Christine Hodgson, Capgemini's UK chairman, has also involved its clients in developing work experiences, by creating workshops that allow young people to make a contribution to tackling a live client issue.
Whitbread Group, a hospitality chain and BITC member, has helped to spearhead "Big Conversations" that bring young people and employers together to create more job opportunities in the hospitality sector. Patrick Dempsey, the managing director of Whitbread Hotels and Restaurants, says that he would like to see more government support for the programme, which currently is being organised and funded by major groups such as Compass Hotels Limited and Marriott, in addition to Whitbread. "We'd like to create a template that people can follow—not just big companies, but smaller companies," he says, noting that there are some 250,000 hospitality establishments across the UK.
As part of the government's efforts to increase jobs, Mr Hancock says, policymakers are trying to make it easier for businesses to employ young people, for example by relaxing or clarifying regulations. But some businesses find it hard to navigate the plethora of agencies (DWP, BIS and the Department for Education) and policies related to youth unemployment.
"There is significant activity out of government, but it's not joined up," says Graham Bann, the executive director for talent and skills at BITC. Ms Levy says that the CBI would like to see the government set up a "one-stop shop for businesses". The UK government needs to do more by way of streamlining the different programmes and services to make it easier on employers looking to hire.
Mr Hancock says that the government is "trying to simplify where appropriate", citing BIS's new traineeships, which bring under one, flexible umbrella a number of programmes aimed at better preparing young people for work.
Another obstacle remains, however. Many businesses do not consider hiring through Jobcentre sites, even though, as Mr Bann says, "people who go to job centres include bright young people". This is an attitude that BITC is trying to change. The organisation has seconded staff to Jobcentre Plus sites to alter the way companies think about hiring through the government job services programmes.
Making the private sector feel confident in recruiting through public programmes will be crucial to the government's success in tackling youth unemployment. "We want to improve supply [of jobs] and strengthen the demand [worker] side, and the private sector is absolutely mission critical," Mr Hancock says. "We need funding from the private sector but also the genuine experience of work. Knowledge, skills and behaviour—employers can deliver all three."
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The giving chain: How philanthropy is driving progress in Asian education
Sara is a Policy and Research Manager at UK Commission for Employment and Skills working on issues such as youth unemployment, productivity, apprenticeships and further education. Prior to this, Sara worked as an Editor with The Economist Intelligence Unit's Thought Leadership team for over three years researching projects on educuation, talent, risk management and organisational behaviour. Sara holds a MSc in International Public Policy at UCL and read Italian and Linguistics at St Hugh's College, Oxford.