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Victor Manosalvas (born 14 December 1992) is an Ecuadorian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.

Career

Youth and college
Manosalvas played for the New York Red Bulls Academy since 2009. In 2009, he was a member of the U-18 squad and was named Academy Player of the Year. Manosalvas also played  college soccer for Seton Hall University from 2010 to 2014. While with the Pirates he played in 59 matches scoring 7 goals and recording 10 assists.

During the 2014 season Manosalvas played for the New York Red Bulls U-23 in the National Premier Soccer League. He helped lead the team in capturing the 2014 NPSL title and was recognized as the league player of the year and top scorer.

Professional
Manosalvas signed with New York Red Bulls II for the 2015 season and made his debut as a starter for the side in its first ever match on March 28, 2015, in a 0–0 draw with Rochester Rhinos. On July 18, 2015, Manosalvas recorded his first assist for the club in a 2–0 victory over Harrisburg City Islanders.

International
In 2006 Manosalvas represented Ecuador at the U-15 national team level.

References

External links
shupirates.com player profile
npsl.info New York Red Bulls U-23 Statistics 2014

1992 births
Living people
People from Quevedo, Ecuador
Ecuadorian footballers
Ecuadorian expatriate footballers
Seton Hall Pirates men's soccer players
New York Red Bulls U-23 players
New York Red Bulls II players
Association football midfielders
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
USL Championship players

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ISIS is Armed by US and its Allies
Rosemary W. Pennington (Editor) · 11 December, 2015
THE ISLAMIC STATE (ISIS) has almost exclusively been armed by the United States government and its allies — Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Turkey — a new Amnesty International report has revealed.
Titled Taking Stock: The Arming of Islamic State, December 2015, the Amnesty International report revealed that ISIS "deploys a substantial arsenal of arms and ammunition, designed or manufactured in more than 25 countries."
It states that the bulk of the arms currently in ISIS possession were seized from Iraqi military stocks or have been sold to them by corrupt Iraqi officials.
But, the report states, a significant number of ISIS weapons have been derived directly from US arms shipments to "moderate Syrian rebels" and, even more shockingly, direct transfers organized by Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Turkey.
IS has been able to seize so many Iraqi weapons, the report said, because of the American-led invasion of Iraq.
The US invasion of Iraq — carried out under the direction of the Jewish lobby — led to a decision to "disband the Iraqi army, estimated at around 400,000 personnel," which, the Amnesty report said, "meant that many tens of thousands of individuals returned home or went into hiding with their weapons."
In addition, the report continued, Iraqi civilians and armed groups that emerged following the US invasion "looted Iraqi military and police weapons caches as coalition forces struggled to maintain effective control of military stocks."
Despite the chaos and endemic corruption which characterizes almost all Second and Third World nations, the USA and other coalition members transferred more than one million infantry weapons and pistols with millions of rounds of ammunition to the Iraqi armed forces from 2003 to 2007, the report said.
Because the post-Saddam Hussein Iraqi army was "poorly structured, corrupt, and ill-disciplined," Amnesty said, "hundreds of thousands of those weapons went missing and are still unaccounted for."
The report then went on to detail Turkey's role in arming ISIS — a fact which is of great significance when it is borne in mind that Angela Merkel, David Cameron, and other European Union leaders have promised to "fast track" the Turkish state's entry in the EU.
The Amnesty report says there is a vast "illicit trade of weapons, ammunition, and dual-use goods (civilian goods that may have military applications) over the Turkish border" to ISIS.
For example, the report says, on May 29, 2015, the Turkish newspaper Cumhuriyet published photos and video footage of a convoy of trucks, leased by the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (MIT), carrying arms for "rebel groups" in Syria in January 2015.
According to the report, the convoy was stopped and inspected by Turkish officials and was said to be carrying 1,000 mortars, 1,000 shells, 50,000 machine gun cartridges, and 30,000 heavy machine gun cartridges, hidden under medical supplies.
Turkish President Recep Erdogan however denied that the trucks contained arms, claiming that they were "carrying aid for people of Turkish decent in Syria."
Erdogan's lie was exposed in July 2015, when four prosecutors and a commander of the local gendarmerie, who stopped the trucks and ordered their search, were indicted on charges of obtaining/disclosing secret information, and "attempting to overthrow the government of the Turkish Republic through use of violence and coercion," the Amnesty report explained.
Further to this incident, the report continued, in November 2015 a court in Istanbul charged Cumhuriyet's editor-in-chief and Ankara bureau-in-chief with "divulging state secrets," — further evidence of the Turkish state's involvement in promoting terrorism.
Saudi Arabia's role in arming ISIS is also discussed in the Amnesty report. In January 2013, photographs emerged of former Yugoslav infantry weapons, including self-loading rifles, grenade launchers, machine guns, mortars, and anti-tank rockets stockpiled and in use near Daraa, in the southwest of Syria.
Amnesty revealed that these weapons had been transferred from Croatia to the Free Syrian Army, on Royal Saudi Air Force C-130 transporters via Turkey and Jordan, in a series of shipments financed by Saudi Arabia in late 2012 or early 2013.
Where exactly these weapons ended up was revealed in June 2014, when many of the Yugoslav-origin guns were captured from ISIS by the Kurdish People's Protection Units in the north of Syria.
Qatar, another US Gulf state ally, is also heavily involved in arming ISIS. This state — where Sharia law is the only official legal system — supplies ISIS by procuring weapons from China, Belgium, Libya, and even the Sudan and shipping them directly into Syria, the Amnesty report revealed.
For example, in October 2014, ISIS released images of a Chinese FN-6 Man-portable air-defense system (MANPADS) being used against an Iraqi military helicopter, near Bayji. These weapons were proven to have come from a consignment purchased by Qatar from Sudan, and supplied via Turkey to Syria.
Furthermore, a UN investigation revealed that on April 27, 2012, the Lebanese authorities seized a shipment of arms and ammunition on board the Letfallah II cargo ship near the port of Tripoli, Lebanon.
It transpired that the weapons had been loaded in Misrata, Libya, and included SA-24 short range surface-to-air missiles and SA-7b man-portable air defense systems, anti-tank guided missiles, various types of smaller weapons, and ammunition.
One of the weapon types found were Belgian-made FAL rifles. The Belgian government confirmed that the rifles had been exported to Qatar on December 21, 1979.
The UN investigation concluded that: "the rifle is likely to be part of matériel deliveries made by Qatar during the uprising [in Libya]" which had "since been illicitly transferred out of Libya, including toward other conflict zones."
A "Syrian rebel" armed with a Belgian FAL rifle.
The Amnesty report revealed that FAL rifles were subsequently captured from IS fighters by Kurdish People's Protection Units near Kobane. In addition, they were loaded with a type of Pakistani ammunition that, according to the UN, had been previously supplied by Qatar to Libya, and had also been found on board the Letfallah II.
ISIS is therefore today a military force because of American foreign policy in the Middle East. More than anyone else on earth, George W. Bush and Barack Obama are therefore responsible for ISIS's formidable weapons stores.
Source: New Observer
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Why I like Sharia Law, crazy Muslims and other assorted fiends. Humans behave according to a simple rule – perceived self-interest. This self-interest can be an individual one or a communal one, but it is self-interest nonetheless. So far all our words about the Jews and their destructive social policies have fallen on deaf white ears – and no, I am not talking about our traitorous politicians who know all too well about the Jews' plans but see their self-interest in alignment with that of the Jews. I am talking about the majority of our people – white people who feel that diversity is a good thing and racism is a wicked thing. They need a wake-up call and I think the Muslims hordes swarming into Europe and the USA… Read more »

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Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941)
Posted on August 23, 2018 by 4StarFilmFan
I'll lay my cards right on the table. I've never been a huge fan of Robert Montgomery. He just doesn't have a charisma or a delivery that I much care for so as far as carrying a whole picture I'm not quite sold.
Still, with Here Comes Mr. Jordan, it all seems to work and it's funny and clever in ways that would cause Hollywood to strive for storytelling that looked to think outside the box. Of course, the irony is, a new box gets created for people to work inside — a new style or sub-genre — but there's little question that Here Comes Mr. Jordan feels very much the first of its kind. If not, I stand corrected.
It's a story effortlessly built around quirky inventiveness. There are fantasy elements here that feel very much akin to the likes of Stairway to Heaven (1946), Random Harvest (1942), and Heaven Can Wait (both films from 1943 and 78).
Heaven is depicted as a kind of celestial processing center where human beings are plucked away from their life on earth to begin a new afterlife. Through intervention, by angelic beings, lovers can all but forget one another only to have some deja vu feeling that they've been together before.
And further still, the ideas of the heavenly and angels entering into everyday life soon became a staple of 40s and 50s Hollywood much in part to this picture. Without it, there's a possibility that classics such as It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and the Bishop's Wife (1947) would not have been conceived in their most remembered forms. After all, what would those films be without Clarence or Dudley? Or what would this one be without Mr. Jordan for that matter?
Elaine May must have thought the story was ripe for more exploration too when she penned Heaven Can Wait which expanded a great many of these ideas only in a different context.
Unequivocably this rendition proves to be far from a one trick pony, taking a main conceit that admittedly seems absurd at first — even gimmicky — and turning it into a fantastical comedy with continual possibilities.
Imagine just for one moment that a feisty boxer, Joe Pendelton (Montgomery), preparing for his next big bout flies to the site of the fight only to have his plane malfunction en route. He looks like a goner but he's pulled from the aircraft too soon by 7013 (Edward Everett Horton). In fact, it's 50 years too early, his date with the afterlife is not until 1991 (In case you were wondering, Montgomery actually passed away in 1981). Being the bullish personality that he is, Joe's not going to sit by when he had such a good thing going on earth.
The genial Mr. Jordan (Claude Rains) grants his wish and inserts Joe back into life but they must find him a new body — you see his previous one has already been cremated which makes for added complications.
We plot his journey between two distinct individuals and their bodies and aside from the opening plane crash, a few puffs of smoke, and a few parlor tricks, the film doesn't rely too heavily on any amount of special effects. For all intent and purposes, things are normal as they've always been. It's just the parameters that have changed. Namely the fact that Joe can see Mr. Jordan and no one else can. First, he's Bruce Farnsworth formerly a crooked magnate who was murdered in his bathtub by his wife and her lover.
Boy, are they surprised when he turns up again. Mr. Jordan and the audience see Montgomery but the others see and hear the man that they think they've done away with. Still, coaxed by Mr. Jordan, Joe or Farnsworth, turns this man's life around, taking ownership of his past indiscretions and helping the father of a young woman (Evelyn Keyes) who was accused of fraud.
Meanwhile, Joe, err, Farnsworth still has his sights on his previous shot at the boxing ring. It all comes off rather odd to those who used to know his alter ego but he calls up his old coach Max Corkle (James Gleason) and he's finally able to convince him of his true identity due to his beloved saxophone always in tow.
Finally, it looks like he's on the road that he wants but alas complications ensue. He finds himself falling for Ms. Logan and circumstances are such that he must find another body. He settles on a straight-arrow named Murdoch and subsequently gives the fighter a second chance in the ring while hiring on Max to be his coach so he can still actualize his dreams.
Mr. Jordan leaves Joe in this moment, seeing he has a version of the life he always wanted and the celestial being conveniently removes all of Joe's memories of a previous life. Of being a man named Joe Pendleton. It makes for some goofy comedy with Corkle and supplies one budding meet-cute with Ms. Logan.
While the theology is probably sketchy at best, it's a good-natured, comic interpretation of the afterlife that serves the world of the film well. The only thing in question is the ethical nature of angels removing human memories but surely Claude Rains knows what he is doing.
James Gleason is an absolute riot as the one human privy to the whole gag only to look like a complete nutcase when questioned by anyone else who is "normal." He easily puts you in stitches and Edward Everett Horton has his flustered indignance down pat. He made a career out of it after all.
This entry was posted in 1940s, Comedy, Fantasy and tagged Claude Rains, Edward Everett Horton, James Gleason, Review, Robert Montgomery by 4StarFilmFan. Bookmark the permalink.


> website. With graphs and all.
> these in the gnome staging are, and these in the kde staging area".
> But focussing on just stable, unstable and experimental.
> I think we need to teach the BTS three things.
> do with a foo-done@b.d.o, might require some thought.
might be plausible, and would imply the bug's present in version 1.3-3, eg.
would remove 1.3-5 from the found-in list as well.
probably completely break "debbugs.trace", of course.
nice, but doesn't make the doing any easier.
> to repeat that later. Ditto that 1.4.0.32 was based on 1.4.0.31.
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I examine treatment effect heterogeneity within an experiment to inform external validity. The local average treatment effect (LATE) gives an average treatment effect for compliers. I bound and estimate average treatment effects for always takers and never takers by extending marginal treatment effect methods. I use these methods to separate selection from treatment effect heterogeneity, generalizing the comparison of OLS to LATE. Applying these methods to the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment, I find that the treatment effect of insurance on emergency room utilization decreases from always takers to compliers to never takers. Previous utilization explains a large share of the treatment effect heterogeneity. Extrapolations show that other expansions could increase or decrease utilization.
Kowalski w20887 What Do Longitudinal Data on Millions of Hospital Visits Tell us About The Value of Public Health Insurance as a Safety Net for the Young and Privately Insured?


A belated happy New Year to all members and we wish everyone a healthy and profitable 2019.
In this edition I will provide a snapshot of our plans for 2019 and bring members up to date with both existing and proposed projects.
Since the AGM your CA Executive have been very busy establishing new Sub-Committees and extending invitations to members of the Community to join the new committees and rejuvenate the more established committees.
At the same time we have also been in discussion with Canada Bay Council regarding how they should remediate the new footpath section along the heritage wall on Tennyson Road. The Breakfast Point Community Association will be responsible for maintaining this area and we want to ensure that the narrow strip between the footpath and heritage wall and the larger bare dirt patches around the remaining trees are leveled and filled in with an attractive permeable material that will eliminate weeds and make the area largely maintenance free.
Members may have been aware of a larger Police presence in the Estate over Christmas and early January. We have asked the Police to do more patrols of the Estate and in particular to watch for speeding cars and non observance of road rules.
The next stage of traffic management involves the building of the roundabout at the intersection of Juniper and Orchard Avenue as well as a start to the placement of additional traffic control devices such as speed cushions and dividers. We expect these will be installed during March and April (subject to availability of qualified contractor staff).
Members will be informed at least two weeks before the start of any work. We thank all residents for their support and understanding with this project. Its purpose is to help protect each of us, especially children and our older residents, from speeding vehicles. Unfortunately some drivers do not always observe stop and give way signs. We ask our own residents to ensure they always obey signage and road rules.
Allow members to make a definitive contribution to the well being of our community by sharing their skills knowledge and experience for the greater good.
More information about the goals and priorities of these new Sub Committees will be shared once their teams are finalised.
We have recently advertised for new members for all Sub Committees and to date have 20 applications. We very much thank members for their interest.
Applications are now being reviewed and we will advise members of our Sub Committee memberships during February.
An immediate need is to recruit a member with hospitality experience to join the Country Club Sub Committee. Please email Jo McGoldrick caexec@breakfastpoint.org.au with details of your experience in this area.
Assuming no unforeseen circumstances, we expect the contracted works period to run from late May until early September. During this time there will be a period where all or part of the Club will need to be closed for construction. The exact dates of this closure period cannot be fully determined until we have let the tender and obtained the builder's project plan and timeline.
The Country Club has been very busy over Christmas and the early New Year.
The Country Club Sub-Committee has introduced several new entertainment ideas and there is much more to come.
Innovations include some changes to the Friday Members' night and entertainment in both the Cafe and pool areas.
In particular, I want to thank the staff for their continued support of the Club. The CA Executive Committee is aware of the current uncertainties surrounding the Club extensions and the impending closure for a period of time. As soon as we have more concrete information to share with staff we will meet with them to discuss alternative arrangements during the closure period.
Let me offer a big welcome to Samantha Bertoni who has joined us as Events Co-ordinator/Assistant Manager.
Sam is a very experienced manager and will be instrumental in building our functions profile and future offerings. The December financial results for the Club were good and we hope that this will continue into the New Year. Your patronage is key to our future success.
Our air conditioned lounge and poolside facilities offer something very special not otherwise available in the Breakfast Point region.
We continue to work through projects on your behalf such as completion of the foreshore bridge refurbishment for which we thank the Community for your understanding during the disruption it caused. Other projects still under way include the Country Club extensions, traffic management, liaison with Canada Bay Council for remediation of the verge and tree surrounds for the new Tennyson Road footpath, along with the control of rabbits.
Our Facilities Manager Dianne Brooks has now established a very strong relationship with the local Police Command. This has resulted in more patrols in the Estate and we are planning some walk through police patrols.
2 x Breakfast Point Flag Pole area – currently being upgraded.
In early January 2019 a male resident of Breakfast Point was bitten on the leg by a dog outside Olive Kitchen Cafe. While not requiring stitches, the bite did require medical treatment and the matter has been referred to Canada Bay Council for appropriate action. It is imperative that animals are kept under control at all times whether walking or sitting under tables. This is a serious issue that could have been much worse had a child been bitten.
In closing I do hope all members can find some time to relax and enjoy this final month of Summer. We welcome members and guests to visit the Country Club in the weeks ahead, to enjoy its great location plus all of the facilities and special events it has on offer.


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WASHINGTON (CIRCA) — As a suspect attempted to evade police in Florida, he was probably surprised to see that humans weren't the only ones chasing him.
Footage from the Volusia County Sheriff's Office shows a suspect fleeing from police in a car, before abandoning it and attempting to cross a field on foot. That's when some horses joined in the chase.
Three horses followed after the suspect, forcing him to hop a fence to escape both them and police. Luckily, the police were able to apprehend him. He was "saddled" with charges including two counts of fleeing and attempting to elude.


Classic cedar sided home w/ huge windows, cathedral ceilings, south facing view of the mountains. Brand new carpet, paint & updated bathrooms. Massive decks with a fenced yard! Extra family room, his/her closets, huge storage room under living room, Pendleton wood stove insert. Amazing home in sought after Eaglewood Subdivision! Paved trails for year round recreation!!
Listing information last updated on April 20th, 2019 at 8:19am AKDT.


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UN expert coming to help upgrade PH forensic capabilities
November 21, 2022 November 22, 2022 user2
The Department of Justice (DOJ) has invited a special rapporteur from the United Nations (UN) to improve the government's forensic pathology capabilities as part of efforts to address extrajudicial killings (EJKs). In a press briefing Monday on the recently concluded fourth Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of the Philippines human rights situation in Geneva, Switzerland, […]
Nat'l Book Week to feature works of Antique writers
Books and other publications by local writers in Antique will be featured during the 88th National Book Week celebration in the province. Antique provincial librarian Grace Magullado said in an interview Monday they will hold an exhibit at the Provincial Library on Nov. 24-30 where they will be featuring books and other local works […]
Daily average of new Covid-19 cases down by 12% from Nov. 14-20
The daily average of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) cases has decreased by 12 percent from Nov. 14 to 20, the Department of Health (DOH) said Monday. From 1,296 per day recorded from Nov. 7 to 13, the number went down to 1,143 daily in the recent week. The latest case bulletin showed that […]
MARINA, Nautical Institute to boost maritime education in PH
The Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA) has partnered with the Nautical Institute (NI) to boost the country's maritime education and training (MET) through a memorandum of understanding (MOU). In a statement on Monday, MARINA said the NI will provide the agency and local MET institutions with "academic advice and suggestions" through the MOU. These […]
Harris' PH visit to bolster security, economic ties with US
Speaker Martin Romualdez on Monday said the visit of United States Vice President Kamala Harris to the Philippines would bolster the long-standing security alliance and economic relations between the two countries. "The visit of US Vice President Kamala Harris is a welcome development as it would serve to reinforce the enduring alliance, partnership, and […]
Iloilo town reports decline in ASF cases
Cases of African swine fever (ASF) in Oton, Iloilo are already declining, Vice Mayor Jose Neil Olivares said on Monday. He said that of the 37 barangays, only 28 have remaining ASF cases and more or less 9,000 swine are not contaminated. "The figure (of cases) is going down so hopefully this will […]


Our client's Interactive Software Development Engineers create and implement interactive software for students to experience on desktops and tablets. They are seeking to add a new senior member to the team; someone with a strong desire to grow with the company and improve the lives of children and learning guardians.
Our client is an Agile shop, and their team is made up of a diverse group of self-motivated, passionate, and adaptive software engineers. A typical day in this position involves working with engineers, artists, QA testers, UI/UX designers, and teachers, to create, deliver and support high-quality interactive software. You will be designing and building components to provide a rich and engaging experience for students to explore and master mathematical concepts.
They are seeking someone with a passion for learning, not afraid of challenges, and a knack for solving hard problems, who aspires to be a thought leader amongst their peers. They are changing the lives of students, teachers, and families with their software, and you will play a critical role in expanding and supporting the content and platform that are at the heart of their product offering.
This position will be an excellent fit for you if… You have worked in gaming or another interactive media format, and you are looking to transition into a role where you can help children reach their full potential. For you, web development is not just a layout of forms and buttons, it is a playground for pushing browser limitations and creating innovative spaces. You know how to optimize memory usage, you can maximize frame rates on low spec devices, and you understand tween calculations. Object-oriented programming comes second nature to you, and you can intimately discuss the pros and cons of it and your preferred software design patterns.
Create content for our client's learning experience.
Help us improve our software platform.
Operate in a collaborative development environment.
Deliver quality work to meet our deadlines.
Support and maintain released software.
Recent and extensive working knowledge in designing and implementing highly interactive software.
Extensive knowledge in at least one high-level programming language.
Experience implementing designs for a user experience across desktop and tablet devices.
Solid understanding of the DOM, HTTP, Canvas, and writing and cross-browser web applications.
Front-end debugging experience using tools such as IntelliJ, Charles Web Proxy, Firebug, and Chrome developer tools.


text:
Description
-----------
Chef recipe to install PulseEight LibCEC from GIT.

Recipes
=======
default
-------
This recipe installs LibCec from the master branch on GIT

Attributes
----------

* ```default['libcec']['location'] = "/opt"``` - The location where git clones the repository
* ```default['libcec']['prefix'] = "/usr/local"``` - Prefix for the binary
* ```default['libcec']['default_configure_flags']``` - Compile flags for ```./configure```
* ```default['libcec']['force_recompile'] = true``` - Configure to compile libCEC on every run or not

Requirements
------------

Dependencies:

* apt: https://github.com/opscode-cookbooks/apt

* git: https://github.com/opscode-cookbooks/git

Supports:

* Ubuntu 12.10

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


age	The jump is stable.
Stable flight is the most attractive, you can use with confidence. If it's hard exercise such as smashing, it will be a little worn out. There are also a bit of dissatisfaction such as shot feeling and individual differences, but considering the cheapness, it will not be a problem if it is used as a practice.
Ms. G	I would like to recommend it to those who want to practice more and more.
Although flight performance and shot feeling are not so good, it is a difficult point, but durability and others are outstanding. And because it is reasonable price, it is a shuttle which I would like to recommend especially to people like club activities "I want to practice a lot anyway" anyway.
Because it has high level of functionality and durability, it can handle without difficulty in intense practice every day. You can also support the point of stable flight without losing the balance even in the air. Moreover, I feel that there is also a feature that smashes from sharp corners are easy to drive at high speed.
Kochi	It is cheap and the flight is good.
Very good flight, frank way to fly. It is easy to spin and it is okay to strike a bit with it. Although durability is not bad, it is a feeling that it is a little earlier that the flight gets worse. Because it is cheap, it is safe to put it all together for practice.
With excellent cost performance, high performance is also complaints. There is no blur in the air and you can feel confidence that it shows stable flying. Individual differences are small, I feel that it is a shuttle that can be used for a long term / medium term span.
It is a standard quality and a shuttlecock that contributes to the full utilization as a daily practice exercise. Because individual differences are small, we can also have confidence in flight performance. Somewhat wearing speed is fast, there are also aspects that it is difficult to approach, but it is easy to handle as a whole.
It is handy for practice because it is relatively cheap. Durability is not surprising, but it's fine. Impression that makes it easy to rotate, it is easy to strike smash. Be careful as flying will fall as it becomes older. It is a good thing that it does not have a habit of hitting ball and fly properly.


text:
Ann Neumann
Partners and Crime
Covid-19 and the rise of domestic violence
© Danielle Morgan
D'Asia Johnson was twenty-two, with perfect skin and wide, dark eyes. She worked at Macy's; she wanted to be a teacher; she was kind. She lived in the Cypress Hills neighborhood of Brooklyn. It was no secret that she had a violent boyfriend—she was in an apartment she found with the help of HousingPlus, a service that provides women experiencing domestic violence with stable housing. But he was still in her life. Neighbors heard yelling, things being broken. "She used to say that he used to slam her head in the house," one neighbor said. Another neighbor saw blood on the floor of the hallway after the two had a fight in the building lobby. He said the cops had been called to the apartment at least six times. Even after Johnson got a restraining order against her boyfriend, he showed up. In March, he was arrested for violating the order. He wasn't held long, but by August, Johnson told her family at a gathering that she was finally done with him.
Then, in September, no one had seen D'Asia Johnson for a week. When neighbors detected a bad smell, they wondered about the garbage chute; but the super said he'd cleaned it. Some on Johnson's floor of the apartment building suspected a dead rat. Johnson's aunt asked the building's security guards to check Johnson's apartment. On September 21, they knocked on the door. Her ex-boyfriend answered and refused to let security into the apartment. By the time the police arrived, he was gone. But what he left behind was ghastly. Johnson's home was covered in blood: it pooled on the floors, it spattered the walls. There was blood on a meat cleaver. Johnson's body was found chopped into pieces and piled inside two suitcases.
The photo of her most often used by the media shows a lean young woman in a gray sweater, her high, right cheekbone turned toward the camera, her long hair in neat reddish braids. She is young and beautiful. She looks weary. "It's a tragedy, but you can't do anything if somebody doesn't want to be helped," a young male neighbor told the Daily Mail at the time of her death. Just over a week later, Johnson's ex-boyfriend, twenty-four-old Justin Williams, was arrested, initially on other charges. In November, he was charged with her murder.
An old story, soon replaced in the news by the latest atrocity. In fact, in the United States, an estimated twenty people are physically abused by an intimate partner every minute, according to the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. One in three women (and one in four men) have experienced physical violence at the hands of an intimate partner. As the violence escalates, so does the rate of male perpetration: one in five women (and one in seventy-one men) has been raped; 72 percent of all murder-suicides involve an intimate partner; 94 percent of these victims are female.
Politicians use rising crime as a talking point, but it's almost always meant to scare voters about random violence by a shadowy criminal element. Yet intimate partner violence accounts for 15 percent of all violent crime. And in the almost three years of the Covid-19 pandemic, there have been marked increases in domestic violence in countries around the world—up by 33 percent, according to some estimates. In New York, the reported incidence of domestic violence has risen by 30 percent. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control reported an 8 percent rise, but one expert said "8 percent was a floor, not a ceiling," and that rates are likely higher than any current count we have. "While one in three white women report having experienced domestic violence [during the pandemic]," Erika Sussman, executive director of the Center for Survivor Advocacy and Justice, told Time magazine in February 2021, "the rates of abuse increased dramatically to about 50 percent and higher for those marginalized by race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, citizenship status, and cognitive physical ability." The United Nations has called domestic violence the "Shadow Pandemic." Researchers at the International Journal of Law and Psychology have called it a "global public health priority." Time magazine called it a pandemic within a pandemic.
Abuse of women has been heightened by Covid-19 because factors that increase abuse have heightened, including the isolation of women in their homes with their abusers—who have ample opportunity to control their movement, dress, and behavior—as well as economic precarity and financial dependence. Yet even though some cities reported increased calls to police, it also appears that, nationally, the underreporting of incidents was worse during the pandemic, according to the National Crime Victimization Survey. Calls to some domestic violence hotlines declined at the start of the pandemic, likely, experts say, due to women's inability to escape long enough to use the phone, to seek help. What hotlines didn't register, hospital emergency rooms soon did: an increased number of injuries consistent with domestic violence were seen in some cities, along with a national increase in gun assaults in 2020.
Apathy toward women's suffering and the socialized impulse to blame the victim have always accommodated and protected abusers. So have the myths surrounding domestic violence, like if women needed help they'd ask for it, or if they wanted to leave, they would. What began to change during the feminist movement of the 1970s and 1980s was attention. As domestic violence became more openly acknowledged, changes in laws followed. Battered women's shelters became more prevalent. Law enforcement and social service agencies received new training. More women gained public office—and sometimes even Republican women leaders took the issue seriously. It began to look like there was a cumulative effect, as domestic violence statistics began to drop in the 1990s and 2000s alongside other crime stats. But what's happened in the last three years suggests how entrenched the problem is—how violence continues to permeate modern life, lurking not far below the surface.
During the first month of lockdown in the United States, The Lancet published a literature review that examined the "psychological impact of quarantine." What the researchers found is chilling. "Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects," they write, "including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger." Their list of stressors includes: "longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma." You can see why Covid-19 hit domestic violence like gasoline hits a fire.
Politicians use rising crime as a talking point, but it's almost always meant to scare voters about random violence by a shadowy criminal element. Yet intimate partner violence accounts for 15 percent of all violent crime.
In her 2019 book, No Visible Bruises: What We Don't Know About Domestic Violence Can Kill Us, Rachel Louise Snyder writes that domestic violence "sits adjacent to so many other problems we as a society grapple with: education, economics, mental and physical health, crime, gender and racial equality." And abuse happens behind closed doors. Because it is seldom talked about, because it is rarely seen, the challenges of prevention and justice are magnified.
Prevention of domestic violence and justice for victims are relatively new efforts. Snyder wryly notes that "the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals [sic] predates laws against cruelty toward one's wife by several decades." The first laws protecting women from spousal abuse weren't passed until the 1980s, although divorce laws in some states acknowledged abuse as legitimate grounds for ending a marriage. It wasn't until a 1988 amendment to the Victims of Crimes Act that compensation for crime included domestic violence victims.
"Thus far, however," a 1996 report issued by the National Institute of Justice reads, "research and evaluation on arrest and prosecution, civil or criminal protection orders, batterer treatment, and community interventions have generated weak or inconsistent evidence of deterrent effects on either repeat victimization or repeat offending." Domestic violence was so common that no one had yet bothered to figure out how to address it. "For every study that shows promising results, one or more show either no effect or even negative results that increase the risks to victims," the report states.
Two events set change in motion. The first was the murder of Nicole Brown Simpson and the trial of her football superstar ex-husband, O.J. Simpson, in 1994. "Nicole's 911 tapes allowed listeners into a rare scene: a woman under siege by a man who claimed to love her," Snyder writes, "If it could happen to her, it could happen to anyone." The case, as it played out over nearly a year, captivated the public and brought "the threats, the coercion, the terror" that Brown Simpson experienced into the national spotlight. Of course, it helped that she was a wealthy white woman, widely assumed to have been killed and harassed by a Black man. Snyder tells us that calls to domestic violence hotlines and police exploded in the wake of Brown Simpson's murder.
The second event was the passage of the Violence Against Women Act that same year, transforming violence from "a private family matter, a problem for women rather than the criminal justice system," Snyder writes. The act had been introduced by Senator Joe Biden four years earlier; it appropriated funds for housing, advocacy positions, classes, and police and legal training, and paid for rape kits to be processed. The act also provided legal aid to victims, including those in communities of color who might otherwise have been ignored. Women of color experience domestic violence at the same rate as white women, but their experiences are often compounded by racial injustice. Suddenly, as the O.J. trial was closing, VAWA made federal funds available to victims of abuse, a potential new benefit to Black and brown women in danger.
And yet VAWA, which must be reauthorized every five years, is not without opponents. In 2012, reauthorization was held up by eight senators on the Judiciary Committee because they opposed three aspects of the act's expansion: first, the inclusion of additional minority groups in the act's coverage—extending resources to LGBTQ victims was a step too far for Republicans, who claimed to support VAWA without these expansions. Second, they objected to the increased number of U visas the act would provide to immigrant women trying to escape domestic violence in their home country. Third, the act sought to include Native women. Although about 40 percent of Native American women will experience domestic violence, their access to legal resolutions is erratic. More than half of Native women are married to non-Native partners, predominantly men who are not under the legal jurisdiction of Native law. As Adam Serwer wrote at Mother Jones at the time, "The current version of the Violence Against Women Act would allow tribal authorities to prosecute non-Indians for domestic violence cases on Indian reservations, but Republicans are opposing it because they don't like the idea of Native American law applying to non-tribe members." Nonetheless, the act was reauthorized in 2013.
Then it lapsed again in 2019. When Biden became president in 2021, a new effort was made for reauthorization. The process was again stalled by Republicans, who opposed an expansion that would prevent violent stalkers and boyfriends from owning firearms, thus closing the so-called "boyfriend loophole." This change—the provision previously included only convicted spouses—was characterized by the NRA and Republicans as "a ploy by Democrats to erode Second Amendment Rights," the Washington Post wrote in March 2021. As the bill passed the House, 172 Republicans voted no, with only 29 breaking ranks. By the time the act was finally passed in the Senate in March of 2022, the anti-gun provision had been removed.
In explaining the persistence of domestic violence, Snyder notes the effects of addiction, poverty, toxic masculinity, and gun ownership, but also corrosive ideas about privacy and traditional family. The latter is another key to understanding the continued abuse of women. Domestic violence is in many ways a legacy of the obsession with the nuclear family that has aligned social conservatives and neoliberals since at least the middle of the last century. It was then that the welfare capitalism of the Great Society—domestic programs established by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson's administration—met with the late 1960s Civil and Women's Rights movements and 1970s inflation. This collision of concerns shaped the nation's future dialogue about how social services should be structured and who was worthy of them.
Domestic violence is in many ways a legacy of the obsession with the nuclear family that has aligned social conservatives and neoliberals since at least the middle of the last century.
In her seminal 2019 book, Family Values, Melinda Cooper tells us that a partnership emerged between neoliberals and social conservatives, aimed at undermining social services for the sake of both fiscal savings and moral righteousness. If the family could be made responsible for supporting more costs for health care and home care, it would keep the emphasis on the sanctity of the traditional family and, most important, reduce the burden on the federal budget for social support.
The right-wing effort to dismantle forms of social insurance continues today, with constant calls to limit Social Security, to drown the federal government in the bathtub, to keep health care a personal, not state or federal, responsibility. Yet such causes were also advanced by Democratic President Bill Clinton in the 1990s. "The apex of this reaction and this turn against welfare," Cooper said in a 2019 interview with The Dig podcast, "is to really instrumentalize it as a tool to morally discipline poor families." This was a project Clinton believed in. Neoliberalism, under his direction, embraced the rhetoric of marriage promotion, of pushing women to find the fathers of their future children. Welfare reform under Clinton envisioned marriage as "the foundation of a successful society."
What if that marriage was abusive, though? Women who experience domestic violence are often most vulnerable when they are in the process of leaving their abuser, or when they are pregnant—and, of course, another result of the "pro-family" political movement is that now more women are being forced into carrying pregnancies to term. Another major risk factor is unemployment (which is often higher among African American men). And victim-blaming makes it shameful for women to admit to others that the man they love has hurt them. One survivor who Snyder interviewed says, "I was profoundly embarrassed. You think of someone who's poor, who's uneducated, who doesn't have resources. I thought if I could get him to change back, I wouldn't have to tell people about it."
Domestic violence is still considered a private matter. Coercive social concerns about broken homes and single parenting have worked only to minimize our perception of abuse, euphemistically labeling instances of extreme violence as "domestic disputes." Many women must shut up and put up in order to stay near their children, trading assault for a roof over their heads. Once, several years ago, while reporting a story on homelessness in the Allentown area of Pennsylvania, I naively asked a physician's assistant to explain to me why, in our rounds of various homeless encampments in the area, we had met so few homeless women. Yet everywhere there were men. "It's easier for women to . . . make arrangements, to find a home to stay in," he said and held my gaze. Trading sex for shelter and food has kept many women, who may not have jobs, their own money, or safe support, off the streets or out of such camps. But the trade-off is deadly. Still, according to Snyder, "anywhere from 25 to 80 percent" of homeless women have experienced abuse by partners.
Fifty women a month are killed by intimate partners—by guns alone. And ideas about the sanctity of marriage and the privacy of the domestic scene continue to abet this bloodshed. Democrats are only willing to work on compromises and half-measures, and they're blocked even then by an intransigent right hung up on guns and ideas of traditional family.
On the whole, the lockdowns during Covid saved lives, data shows. It would have been possible to mitigate other compounding effects, like the rise of domestic violence—our government just chose not to. "There are good reasons for lockdowns to protect public health, but we have to recognize the collateral and unintended impacts as well," Mariana Yang of the Family and Domestic Violence Law Clinic at Harvard Law School told the Harvard Gazette in June of this year. "That's not to say that we should not have lockdowns, but there must be more focus on the resources to address those secondary impacts as well."
Fifty women a month are killed by intimate partners—by guns alone.
The Lancet researchers who studied the psychological impacts of quarantine suggested ways to mitigate these impacts: keep lockdowns as brief as necessary, clearly articulate the rationale for quarantine, and provide adequate supplies. They write, "Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable." Our federal government missed the boat on this prescription, and some paid a higher price than others.
The pandemic was a blow to most of us, but it particularly damaged the lives and livelihoods of the poor, people of color, those who worked service jobs and couldn't avoid exposure, and those at risk of domestic abuse.
The violence against women was appearing on the streets of my own neighborhood in Red Hook, Brooklyn. In January 2020,[*] Tatiana Walton was allegedly strangled and dragged out of a car by her boyfriend, Kelvin Philp. He left her, dead in the road, near the Red Hook Houses. She was twenty-seven and had worked at Century 21 and the Sunglasses Hut. She was the mother of a two-year-old with Philp. At the time of her death, Walton was visibly pregnant.
Her friend and former supervisor at work, Eva Salazar Fierro, told the New York Times that Walton's relationship with Philp had been "very toxic," that it was on again, off again, and that Walton would fall out of touch for long periods of time because her boyfriend was controlling. Philp was quickly arrested and charged with Walton's murder, their child put into the custody of New York's child welfare system.
And as I write today, the body of sixty-one-year-old Delma Mateo, who lived in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, is only three days cold. She was stabbed to death by her boyfriend Felix Santiago, in the hallway of her apartment building. Santiago was found dead outside behind the building, likely by suicide. Neighbors and friends told local news outlets that the relationship was verbally abusive, with Santiago demeaning Mateo's appearance. They said this often led to physical violence.
Only three months into the pandemic lockdown, New York State recognized the crisis of violence was accelerating—calls to the state's domestic violence hotline were up 30 percent in April 2020 compared to the previous year. New programs for reporting incidents were announced in April of 2020 by then-governor Andrew Cuomo, who later resigned amid accusations of sexual harassment by several women. In May, the state launched a task force, headed by the Secretary to the Governor Melissa DeRosa and the New York State Council on Women and Girls. It was asked to "find innovative solutions to this crisis." The accompanying report, issued by the task force that June, is a list of the usual points: create more flexible funding sources, offer victims greater choice in housing, include cultural considerations in domestic violence situations, and end the requirement that women file a police report to qualify for domestic violence resources provided by the Victims of Crimes Act. It's not a bad prescription for how to move state-connected agencies forward, and certainly the enactment of these recommendations, accepted by Cuomo, will help save lives.
The project was picked up by Cuomo's successor, Kathy Hochul. The week after Mateo's death, Hochul signed a suite of measures that aimed to protect victims of domestic violence, including the seizure of firearms from abusers who refuse to surrender them in defiance of a court order, and mandates for family courts to inquire about firearm possession when subjecting an abusive partner to an order of protection. Hochul has made domestic violence one of her key concerns as governor, citing her personal history. Her grandmother was emotionally and verbally abused by her grandfather when Hochul was young. Having grown up witnessing the effects of this abuse, "My mother became an advocate, a champion," Hochul said at the event announcing the new domestic violence measures. "I do feel my mother's spirit."
Yet the scale of these efforts seems so profoundly underwhelming in the face of the data, and in the face of the dead women in our neighborhoods, on our streets, in our families. It's difficult to believe the initiative will turn the crisis around. The Covid-19 domestic violence task force report was a Band-Aid that covered scrapes and bruises, not a solution for the anger, poverty, misogyny, and endemic violence that caused them.
Studies tally taxpayers' financial costs for domestic violence each year at nearly $8 billion, a staggering figure that only begins to indicate the magnitude of the crisis in the United States. But the true cost is beyond dollars—beyond any calculation. The loss of Johnson, Walton, Mateo and countless other women has left families bereft, children unattended, men incarcerated, and entire communities upended. When women are brutalized into silence, there's a sickness in our society that is as hard to eradicate as any airborne virus.
[*] Correction: The original published version of this article included an incorrect date: the assault on Tatiana Walton occurred in January of 2020, not 2021.
Ann Neumann is the author of The Good Death: An Exploration of Dying in America.
"You Know You Want It"
Deborah Epstein, Lisa A. Goodman
Outside the Man Box
Tracy O'Neill
Cradle to Grave
Natasha Vargas-Cooper


SPACE STATION NATHAN: Reverse Elf Name Day!
Oh this should be fun. We're flipping the tables for this elf.
You name and describe it first, then I--I mean SANTA--will choose the one to draw for tomorrow! Name that Reverse Elf!
And keep naming yesterday's light-hanging elf. I--I mean SANTA--didn't get a chance to choose a name for him yet.
Or Rhonda, the elf in charge of putting up mistletoe? She could have mistletoe in her hair, and wear a big apron with pickets stuffed full of it, and the logo "Kiss the Elf" (a play on the Kiss the Chef aprons) on the front. There could also be a few tubes of lipstick in a pocket.
This elf is a warrior––he thinks. Really, he's the beta tester for all the fantasy action video games Santa's workshop makes. SOMEone has to make sure no little kid will cry on Christmas morning when their new D&D doesn't work.
Reindeer care-taker. feeds em, grooms them, scoops the poop. he's kinda hairy too, fits right in.
Wallace, Santa's clerk. He's always frazzled because there are SO MANY LETTERS and Santa wants to put EVERYONE onto the Nice list.
Haze and Misty are the elves who expedite and maintain a safe and orderly flow of air traffic in the global air traffic control system on Christmas Eve. They are the air traffic controllers responsible for the safety of reindeer aviation.
He's a little greedy; he sorts in the chocolate money department.
Sharon and Beth, the Head Elves of the Santa Care Commitee.
After visiting 7 billion or so houses on the 24th, Santa needs somewhere to relax and rest up for the next Christmas season. Sharon and Beth provide that somewhere..
Nico. He's an elf that every day instead of helping with the toys, he stows away between the bunny machine and the teddy bear machine and makes dreams. Then on every Christmas he hides on Santa's sleigh and gives good dreams to nice kids and nightmares to naughty kids. Santa never finds out.
Casey, he works in the toy creation department. Figuring out how to make new and amazing toys for all those demanding, good boys and girls. He's especially good at making new lego designs and exciting, fun games. It's a cruel job, but somebody has got to do it.
His friend is Jodi, she works in the candy making department. It's a sweet job, but she's eaten a few too many of them-this has made her a bit crazy and constantly on a sugar high.
Sweetie. Sweetie is a cute little elf that helps making cookies in the kitchen. We don't leave out cookies every night for Santa. He needs to keep his Bowl Full of Jelly.
Mortimer the elf, Chief Resident and Butcher of the North Pole Mortuary (hey something has to happen to those old elfs and reindeer). Trust me, it tastes like chicken!


Serving the needs of others is at the heart of the Gospel message. The Catholic Church has a long tradition of reaching out to the sick, the poor, the homeless, and other marginalized members of society. It is our commitment to continue these efforts and to live out the Corporal Works of Mercy faithfully in the Diocese of Cheyenne. Education, awareness, advocacy, and direct assistance comprise our Social Justice efforts.


Every Independence Day I celebrate by going to my dad's fire department's celebration. It is a lot of fun.
It was strange, but good, to think this was the last 4th I'll have before I leave this great country to move to India.
We played board games and had snacks. I'm not sure what was said here, but obviously I'm making a funny face! It was during Apples to Apples, so it was probably funny or absurd and likely both.
My sister and her fiance, Brad. They are a sweet couple.
My friend Katie. She's part of my facebook family.
Excellent pictures and I had a picnic with my friends and family for our 4th of July! Where exactly in India are you moving to? My boyfriend is from India and i'm just curious if you are going to the city he is from.
Near Delhi. What part of India is your boyfriend from?


text:
Agvan Dorzhiev también Agvan Dorjiev or Dorjieff o Agvaandorj (1853–1938), fue un monje nacido en Rusia de la escuela Gelug de budismo tibetano, a veces llamado Tsenyi Khempo por su título académico. Fue conocido popularmente como el Sokpo Tsеnshab Ngawang Lobsang (literalmente Tsenshab Ngavang Lobsang de Mongolia) por los tibetanos.

Era un Khory Buriato nacido en la aldea de Khara-Shibir, no lejos de Ulán-Udé, al este del lago Baikal.

Fue socio de estudio y un estrecho colaborador del 13º Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso, ministro de su gobierno, y su vínculo diplomático con el Imperio ruso. Entre los tibetanos se ganó un estatus legendario, al tiempo que aumentaba la ansiedad del Imperio británico por la presencia rusa en el Tíbet en la fase final del Gran Juego. También es recordado por construir el templo budista de San Petersburgo en 1909 y por firmar el Tratado de amistad y alianza entre el gobierno de Mongolia y el Tíbet en 1913.

Estudios budistas en el Tíbet

Dejó su casa en 1873 a los diecinueve años para estudiar en el Colegio Gomang de la universidad monástica Gelug del Monasterio de Drepung, cerca de Lhasa, el monasterio más grande del Tíbet; Freddie Spencer Chapman informó, después de su viaje de 1936-1937 al Tíbet, que Drepung era en ese momento el monasterio más grande del mundo y albergaba a 7,700 monjes, «incluso a veces hasta 10,000 monjes». Habiendo completado con éxito el curso tradicional de estudios religiosos, comenzó el grado académico budista de Gueshey Lharampa (el nivel más alto de «Doctorado en Filosofía Budista»). Continuó sus estudios y, a mediados de la década de 1880, después de 15 años de estudio, obtuvo el título de Tsanit Khenpo ("Tsanid-Hambo"), que se traduce más o menos como «Maestro de Filosofía Budista» o «Profesor de Metafísica Budista».

Se convirtió en uno de los maestros del 13º  Dalai Lama, un «compañero de debate» y un consejero espiritual, y conservó este papel hasta por lo menos finales de la década de 1910. Probablemente también contribuyó a salvar la vida del joven Dalai Lama de las intrigas de la corte de Lhasa, y a lo largo de los años desarrollaron una relación muy estrecha y duradera.

Enviado del Dalai Lama
En 1896, el zar, Nicolás II de Rusia, le dio a Agvan Dorzhiev un reloj monograma por los servicios que había prestado a los agentes rusos de Badmayev en Lhasa.

A principios de 1898 Dorzhiev fue a San Petersburgo «para conseguir suscripciones para su colegio monástico» y se hizo amigo del príncipe Esper Ukhtomsky, gentilhombre del zar y orientalista. Durante su estancia Dorzhiev fue presentado al zar. Antes de regresar a Lhasa, se fue a París y posiblemente a Londres .

En la década de 1890, Dorzhiev había comenzado a difundir la historia de que Rusia era la tierra mítica de Shambala hacia el norte; que su zar podría ser el que salvara el budismo y que el zar blanco era una emanación de Tara blanco, lo que suscitaba esperanzas de que apoyaría al Tíbet y su religión. Dorzhiev había sugerido a los tibetanos que Rusia parecía estar abrazando las ideas budistas desde sus recientes avances en Mongolia y podría ser un equilibrio útil para las intrigas británicas. En la primavera de 1900 Dorzhiev regresó a Rusia con otros seis representantes de Thubten Gyatso (nacido el 12 de febrero de 1876; muerto el 17 de diciembre de 1933), el 13º Dalai Lama del Tíbet. Viajaron a través de la India y se encontraron con el Zar en el Palacio de Livadia en Crimea.«Cuando regresaron, trajeron a Lhasa un suministro de armas y municiones rusas como un magnífico conjunto de túnicas episcopales rusas como regalo personal para el Dalai Lama».

En 1901, Thubten Chökyi Nyima, el Noveno Panchen Lama (1883-1937), fue visitado por Agvan Dorzhiev. Aunque Dorzhievúnicamente permaneció dos días en Tashilhunpo, recibió algunas enseñanzas secretas del Panchen Lama, así como lecturas de la «Oración de Shambala», escrita por Lobsang Palden Yeshe, el Sexto (o Tercero) Panchen Lama, sobre el reino budista de Shambhala, que fueron de gran importancia para que Dorzhiev desarrollara su comprensión del Kalachakra, («Rueda del Tiempo»), enseñanzas vajrayana. Choekyi Nyima también hizo regalos a Dorzhiev, incluyendo algunas estatuas doradas.

Sospechas británicas

En 1903, George Curzon, Virrey de la India y Francis Younghusband se convencieron erróneamente de que Rusia y el Tíbet habían firmado tratados secretos que amenazaban la seguridad de los intereses británicos en la India y sospechaban que Dorzhiev estaba trabajando para el gobierno ruso. Agravado por la naturaleza cerrada del Tíbet en ese momento, el temor de que Rusia arrastrara al Tíbet al Gran Juego para controlar las rutas a través de Asia fue una razón para la invasión británica del Tíbet durante 1903-1904.

A principios de 1904, Dorzhiev convenció al Dalai Lama para que huyera a Ulán Bator en Mongolia, a unos 2.500 kilómetros al norte de Lhasa, donde el Dalai Lama pasó más de un año dando enseñanzas a los mongoles.

También se rumoreaba que Dorjiev estaba a cargo del arsenal de Lhasa y que dirigía operaciones militares desde el fuerte de Gyantse. Finalmente, pareció que estos rumores eran falsos y no hay pruebas que sugieran que Dorjiev fuera entonces un agente del zar, a pesar de que había sido enviado repetidamente como embajador del Dalai Lama y del Tíbet, para tratar de obtener el apoyo de la nobleza rusa.

Los 'Zares Blancos' como encarnaciones de Tara Blanca
Desde los días de Catalina la Grande (1729-1796), los gobernantes de Romanov habían sido considerados por los lamaístas rusos como la encarnación de Tara Blanca, un bodhisattva femenino típicamente asociado con la práctica tántrica budista y considerado una emanación de Avalokiteshvara (el bodhisattva que encarna la compasión de todos los Budas), y la protectora del pueblo tibetano. En 1913 se celebraron las grandes celebraciones del 300º aniversario de la dinastía Romanov. Dorzhiev dio discursos agradeciendo al zar por su apoyo esencial a la comunidad budista de San Petersburgo. Un lama llamado Ulyanov publicó un libro ese mismo año intentando probar que los Romanov eran descendientes directos de Sucandra, un legendario rey de Shambala.

El monje japonés Ekai Kawaguchi viajó al Tíbet del 4 de julio de 1900 al 15 de junio de 1902. Dorzhiev en su obra Tres años en el Tíbet, informó que «circuló un folleto en el que sostenía que el zar ruso estaba a punto de cumplir el viejo mito mesiánico budista de Shambala al fundar un gran imperio budista.»

Dorzhiev creó una secuencia de comandos para escribir el idioma buriato, que llamó la secuencia de comandos Vagindra después de la versión en sánscrito de su nombre. En 1909, obtuvo el permiso del zar Nicolás II de Rusia, para construir un gran templo budista en San Petersburgo.

El Tratado Tíbet-Mongolia de 1913

A principios de 1913, Agvan Dorzhiev y otros dos representantes tibetanos firmaron un tratado en Urga, proclamando el reconocimiento mutuo y su independencia de China. Sin embargo, la autoridad de Agvan Dorzhiev para firmar tal tratado siempre ha sido cuestionada por algunas autoridades. Según Charles Bell, diplomático británico que mantuvo una estrecha relación con el Dalai Lama, este le dijo que no autorizó a Dorzhiev a firmar ese tratado con Mongolia.

Algunos autores británicos, basándose en los comentarios de un diplomático tibetano algunos años más tarde, incluso han cuestionado la mera existencia del tratado, Pero los estudiosos de Mongolia en general son muy positivos de que exista. El texto mongol del tratado ha sido publicado, por ejemplo, por la Academia de Ciencias de Mongolia en 1982, dice John Snelling: «Aunque a veces se duda, este Tratado Tíbet-Mongolia ciertamente existió. Fue firmado el 29 de diciembre de 1912 (OS)[por el Calendario Juliano, es decir, el 8 de enero de 1913 por el Calendario Gregoriano que utilizamos] por Dorzhiev y dos tibetanos en nombre del Dalai Lama, y por dos mongoles en nombre del Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu». Luego cita el texto completo del tratado (en inglés) de la Oficina de Registros Públicos Británica: FO [Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores] 371 1609 7144: George Buchanan a Edward Grey, San Petersburgo, fechado el 11 de febrero de 1913.

También en 1913, Dorzhiev fundó un manba datsan, un colegio de medicina, en el monasterio de Atsagat. Rápidamente se convirtió en un importante centro de medicina tibetana de la Buriatia.

Después de la revolución rusa
Después de la revolución rusa, Dorzhiev fue arrestado y sentenciado a muerte, fue indultado por la intervención de amigos en San Petersburgo. El templo de la ciudad fue saqueado y sus documentos destruidos.

Como un medio para hacer las paces con el dramático cambio político, Dorzhiev no tardó en proponer la conversión de los monasterios en granjas colectivas. En 1926 los monasterios budistas de Buriatia fueron «nacionalizados»: La «responsabilidad de la gestión de los monasterios» fue transferida a colectivos de laicos y el clero fue privado de su poder. Esto condujo a mucha hostilidad, pero los monasterios permanecieron activos y la posición de las fuerzas reformistas se fortaleció de nuevo.

Dorzhiev trató de abogar para que las áreas mongolas de oirates como Tarbagatai, Ili y Altái fueran añadidas al estado mongol exterior por los soviéticos. Por temor a que China fuera provocada, esta propuesta de añadir el oirate Zungaria al nuevo estado mongol exterior fue rechazada por los soviéticos.

En agosto de 1927, dirigió una conferencia de médicos tibetanos en Atsagat, donde se propuso la creación de un instituto central para supervisar la producción y estandarización de remedios herbales tibetanos.

Logró coexistir con los comunistas durante la década de 1920, pero fue arrestado de nuevo por el NKVD durante la Gran Purga de Iósif Stalin el 13 de noviembre de 1937 y acusado de traición, preparación para un levantamiento armado y espionaje para los mongoles y japoneses. Murió bajo custodia policial, aunque aparentemente de un paro cardíaco, tras ser trasladado de su celda al hospital de la prisión el 29 de enero de 1938, a la edad de 85 años.

Fue enterrado en «un lugar secreto de entierro tradicional en el bosque cerca de Chelutai». La ubicación del cementerio únicamente se ha dado a conocer en los últimos años y algunas estimaciones indican que al menos 40.000 personas fueron enterradas allí, aunque Dorzhiev no fue rehabilitado oficialmente hasta el 14 de mayo de 1990, cuando el caso fue desestimado, «por falta de pruebas y ausencia de actividad delictiva».

Propuesta de conexión con Gurdjieff
Rom Landau escribió un libro titulado God is My Adventure (Dios es mi aventura) que trata de una serie de figuras y movimientos religiosos contemporáneos, entre ellos el místico grecoarmenio George Gurdjieff. En él, especula que Gurdjieff, de quien se sabe que ha pasado tiempo en Asia central, y que se cree que ha estado involucrado en espionaje, no era otro que Agvan Dorzhiev (bajo el deletreo «Aghwan Dordjieff»). La afirmación ha sido criticada por algunos de los biógrafos de Gurdjieff, como Paul Beekman Taylor y James Moore, quienes argumentan que los dos hombres tenían una edad y apariencia diferentes.

Véase también
 Budismo en Rusia

Referencias

Bibliografía

 Bernstein, Anya (2006). "Pilgrims, Fieldworkers, and Secret Agents: Buryat Buddhologists and Eurasian Imaginary."
 Bray, John (1996). Book Review of: Snelling, John. (1993). Buddhism in Russia: The Story of Agvan Dorzhiev : Lhasa's Emissary to the Tsar. Element Books. . The Tibet Journal. Vol. XXI, n.º 3. Autumn 1996, pp. 71–73.

 Kuleshov, Nikolai S. Russia's Tibet File, the unknown pages in the history of Tibet's independence, (first edition 1996), edited by Alexander Berzin and John Bray, Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. LTWA,

Buriatia
Historia del Tíbet
Monjes budistas tibetanos gelugpas
Budistas de Rusia
Rusos del siglo XIX
Rusos del siglo XX