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Copyright Laws and Related Rules
For the laws, you can find more information from Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China, implementing Regulations of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China, Computer Software Protection Regulations, Publication Administration Regulations, and Measures for Implementation of the Administrative Punishment of Copyright, and other policies and rules relating to copyright.
Reference Website (Simplified Chinese)
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
For the laws, you can find more information from Copyright Ordinance (Cap. 528). The Ordinance will be effective on 27 June 1997. After that, the Ordinance, which has myriads of adjustments for improvements and modernization, is in line with the related standards for protecting copyright mentioned in the international conventions, and balance the copyright owners' rights and society 's interest all together.
The Ordinance is reviewed by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Government with the aim of reinforcing copyright protection in the ever altering digital environment. The legislative work began after different parties have reached a consensus.
The Ordinance will be effective on 29 May 1998. The purpose of the Ordinance is to control optical disc manufacturers in the HKSAR to fight the production of pirated optical discs. If anyone wants to produce optical discs in the HKSAR, license should be applied for from the Customs and Excise Department (C&ED). The premise that produces the optical discs should be licensed. Manufacturer's code needs to be marked on the optical discs which are produced by a licensed manufacturer, for the aim of identification. The Ordinance has myriads of adjustments. One big modification is being effective on 1 April 2001, with the purpose of deterring bootlegging activity in places of public entertainment. If anyone brings any video recording equipment into a cinema, theatre or concert hall without lawful authority or reasonable excuse, under the amended ordinance, a criminal offence is committed.
Copyrights in Hong Kong SAR Reference Website
The Macao Special Administrative Region
The Code of Author's Right and Related Rights was supported by Decree-Law no. 43/99/M on 16 August 1999 and was effective on 1 October 1999.
The Code includes 6 chapters and 223 articles, regulating the content, relegation, protection period, international protection scope and usage of the author's right, and as well as the legal responsibility for action of infringing the right of the author.
Reference Website
Categories of Work subject to Copyright Protection
Under Article 3 of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China, "Works" for the copyright law's protection, contains the work of literature, art, natural sciences, social sciences, engineering and technology made in written forms, oral works, musical, dramatic, singing, choreographic and acrobatic works, works of fine arts and architecture, photographic works, cinematographic works and works made by a process similar to cinematography, graphic works (e.g. drawings of engineering designs and product designs, maps and sketches, and model works), computer software, and other works as offered in laws and administrative regulations.
Under the Copyright Ordinance, original literary works (such as books and computer software), musical works (e.g. musical compositions), dramatic works (e.g. plays) and artistic works (e.g. drawings, paintings and sculptures), sound recordings (e.g. compact discs), films (as well as music videos), broadcasts, cable programmes, and typographical arrangement of published editions of literary, dramatic or musical works are protected by copyright.
Copyright obtains the right automatically, which born at the time of creating or recording the work. There are no registration formalities for a copyright owner to get copyright protection.
Works created in or outside Hong Kong will be protected under the Copyright Law, regardless of the nationality and residence of the authors.
Besides, live performers will be protected by a separate right to avert from the unauthorized exploitation of their performances, e.g. making a fixation of the performance or broadcasting the performance on live.
The Author's Right Law gives protection that presumes the manifestation of the work.
According to the Code, for the original one, literary, journalistic, scientific and other writings, including computer programmes, lectures, speeches, addresses and sermons, dramatic and dramatic-musical works and the direction thereof, works of choreography or mime (in written or any other form), musical compositions (with or without words), cinematographic, television, video and other audiovisual works, works of drawing, tapestry, painting, sculpture, ceramics, glazing, engraving, lithography and architecture, photographic works and works produced by processes analogous to photography, works of applied art, industrial designs or models and designer works that comprise of artistic creations, illustrations and maps, plans, sketches and three-dimensional works regarding architecture, geography or other sciences, slogans or mottoes (even if of an advertising nature), parodies and other literary or musical compositions (even if inspired by the theme or subject of another work) and databases and other compilations (be original in the arrangement of their subject matter or the selection of their contents) are protected works.
The right of the author will automatically become a right in the Macao SAR. After finishing the work, notwithstanding its disclosure, publication, use or economic exploitation, the author can get protection from the law without any registration formalities. Yet the right of author is generally prescriptive right. According to the law, the right will last for 50 years after the death of the creator, even for the situation that disclosing or publishing the work posthumously. However, the genuine protection period of work may rely on the classification of the work.
Not only the right of author needs to be protected by the Code, but also the performers, producers of phonograms and videograms, broadcasting organizations and performance contractors who obtained other author's right should be protected by law.
Exclusive Rights of Copyright Owners
Under Article 10 of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China, there are personal rights and property rights including in the copyright.
First, the right of publication (to decide whether to make a work accessible to the public) is included in the copyright.
Second, the right of authorship (to state authorship in respect of, and to have the name of author stated with regard to a work) is included in the copyright.
Third, the right of revision (to revise or authorize others for revision of a work) is included in the copyright.
Forth, the right of integrity (to protect a work against distortion and mutilation) is included in the copyright.
Fifth, the right of reproduction (to produce one or more copies of a work by printing, photocopying, lithographing, making a sound recording or video recording, duplicating a recording, or duplicating a photographic work, or by other means) is included in the copyright.
Sixth, the right of distribution (to provide the original copy of reproductions of a work to the public by selling or donating) is included in the copyright.
Seventh, the right of rental (to authorize others to use temporarily a cinematographic work or a work created by a process similar to cinematography, or computer software, excluding where the software is not the necessary object of the rental) is included in the copyright.
Eighth, the right of exhibition (to publicly display the original copy or reproductions of a work of the fine arts or of a photographic work) is included in the copyright.
Ninth, the right of performance (to perform a work in public and to openly communicate the work's performance by any means or process) is included in the copyright.
Tenth, the right of presentation (to present a work of the fine arts, a photographic work, a cinematographic work, a work created by a process analogous to cinematography, or other works, by projector, slide projector or any other technology or instrument in public) is included in the copyright.
Eleventh, the right of broadcasting (to broadcast a work or distribute it to the public by any wireless means, to communicate the broadcast of a work to the public by wire or by rebroadcasting, and to openly communicate the broadcast of a work by loudspeaker or any other similar instrument transmitting signs, sounds or images) is included in the copyright.
Twelfth, the right of communication through information network (to make a work accessible to the public by wireless means, thus, people may have access to the work from a place and at a time independently selected by them) is included in the copyright.
Thirteenth, the right of cinematography (to fix a work's adaptation in a medium by cinematography or a process similar to cinematography) is included in the copyright.
Fourteenth, the right of adaptation (to change a work into a new one with originality) is included in the copyright.
Fifteenth, the right of translation (to change the language which is used to write the work) is included in the copyright.
Sixteenth, the right of compilation (to compile through selecting or arranging of pre-existing works or passages there from into a new work) is included in the copyright.
Seventeenth, other rights to be enjoyed by copyright owners are included in the copyright.
Authorization may be needed for the owners of copyright to use the rights given under Subparagraphs (5) to (17) of the preceding paragraph and obtain compensation under the terms of contracts or the related provisions set in this law.
Rights given under Subparagraphs (5) to (17) of the first paragraph in this Article can be transferred to anyone by the owners of copyrights completely or partly. The owners of copyrights can obtain remuneration according to the terms of contracts or the related provisions set in this law.
In general, the copyright work's author is the copyright's first owner.
When the works are created by the employees in the area relating to the employment, the first copyright owner of the works is the employer, except for the situation that alternative agreement has been made. When there is commissioned works, the copyright's ownership relies on the agreement between the author and the commissioner of the work.
Copyright, being a private property right, is transferable by assignment or by testamentary disposition.
An exclusive right to work can be enjoyed by a copyright owner. Restriction to any third party from doing particular acts without permission can be implemented. The particular scenarios involve copying of work, issuing work copies to the public, renting work copies, e.g. a computer programme, a sound recording, a film and a comic book, to the public, making available work copies to the public (for example, through the Internet), performing, showing or playing the work in public, broadcasting the work or including it in a cable programme service, making adaptations of the work.
If anyone does not have work license of the copyright owner or violates any restrictions under the copyright, he or she has done an infringement act on the copyright, and will bear legal responsibility. To gain a balance between the copyrights owners' right and the need of public for logical use of copyright works, under specific situations, particular acts are permitted under the Copyright Law.
Using work under particular approved situations is not an infringement act on the copyright. The permitted acts contain fair dealing with the work in order to do research or private study, for the aim of criticism, review or news reporting, logical use of the work at libraries, archives and schools.
The right of author is the right to his or her works. Generally, work is created by the authors' creation, and the right to the work should be owned by author.
Yet, because of the diversity of the ways to generate work, under particular conditions, creator may not own the right of author. Under the Code, in fulfilling the official duties or under an employment contract, the owner of the economic rights in a work which created representing another party will be decided according to the agreement in advance.
Personal rights and economic rights in the protected work should be protected by the author. Personal rights should have no relation with the economic rights, as they are "inalienable", "unrenounceable" and "imprescriptible". After the death of the author, if the works do not categorized in public domain, the successor will acquire the exercise of personal rights. The responsibility of the Macao SAR is to protect the authenticity and integrity of works in the public domain.
Personal rights of the author contain keeping the work unpublished, claiming the work's authorship, being identified as the author on the original, on each copy and in any publicity, withdrawing author's works from circulation mentioned in the law, making sure the authenticity and integrity of author's work and objecting to any disfigurement or bend and generally to all and any acts that detract from it and might unfavorably influence author's honour and reputation.
Economic rights involve using and economically exploiting the work, authorizing its use and economic exploitation completely or partly by a third party and receiving remuneration for the use by others on the work, where the permission of the author for that use is constricted by law.
Under the Code, the exclusive right to use his or her work should be owned by the author partly or completely. Exclusive right includes the right to disclose, publish and economically utilize it in any form, directly or indirectly, inside the law's limitations.
The advantages arisen from exploiting the work are the legal protection's general purpose.
Exclusive right is to freely opt for the process and conditions for using and economically exploiting the work, and taking any known or unknown form in accordance with the genre and nature of the work in economic exploitation of the work, and its use generally.
Under the Code, the exclusive right to carry out or authorize publication by printing or by any other methods of graphic reproduction, performance, recitation, execution, display or presentation in public, cinematographic reproduction, adaptation, performance, distribution and presentation, communication to the public by wire or wireless means, distribution to the public of the original or copies of the work by any means, translation, adaptation, arrangement of the work, total or partial, permanent or temporary, direct or indirect reproduction of the work and construction of an architectural work according to the related plans should be included by the author.
The said exclusive rights are jointly independent. The author or an authorized user should not have prejudice on adopting other forms when adopting one of the exclusive rights.
There are two purposes for Copyright Law:
The first purpose is to protect the author's and other copyright holder's interests.
The second one is to promote broad communication of information.
Under the Code, private use for the protected works should be regulated. The private use for the protected works should be used freely, especially for the situation, e.g. work's reproduction exclusively for the private purposes of the person who does it, and the dramatic or dramatic-musical work's performance, the cinematographic work's showing, the literary work's narration, the musical work's performance and any other action of communication of a work already disclosed or published, when done without profitable aim and where opened to the public.
In addition, without author's permission, there are acts of using the works lawfully. The acts include the partial or total reproduction of already published or disclosed works which is done by a public library, non-commercial documentation centre or scientific institution and that the reproduction is not aimed for the public and is restricted to the institution's own activities' requirements, partial reproduction by educational establishments that is entirely for teaching purposes in those establishments and without lucrative purpose, the inclusion in one's own work of quotations or summaries from another's, no matter what their nature is, in favor of one's own opinions or with the aim of criticism, discussion or teaching, and the fixation of works of art placed in public places by means of photography, cinematographer, cinematography or other similar means.
As fair use of protected works in private is permitted by the law, normally economically exploiting protected work and unjustifiably prejudicing the author's legitimate interests should not be done.
Liability of Business End-Users
Under the Copyright Law, Computer Software Protection Regulations and related judicial interpretations, legal responsibility for infringement reproduction acts will be needed to be borne by the business end-user.
Under Item 1 of Article 48 of the Copyright Law, anyone behaves the infringement act of "reproducing, distributing, performing, presenting, broadcasting, compiling a work or making it accessible to the public through information network, without the permission of the copyright owner", excluding for the one supported by law, he or she will "depending on the circumstances, bear the civil liabilities which include ceasing the infringement, eliminating the impacts, making an apology, paying compensation for damages". If there is harm to the public rights and interest, the infringer will be ordered by the administrative department for copyright to "discontinue the infringement, confiscate his unlawful gains, confiscate or destroy the infringing reproductions and may also be imposed a fine". If the situation is solemn, the administrative department for copyright will "confiscate the materials, tools and instruments mainly used to produce infringing reproductions". If there is constitution of crime, there will be investigation of criminal liabilities as said by the law.
Under Item 1 of Article 24 of the Computer Software Protection Regulations issued on 20 December, 2001, excluding for the one supported by law, if anyone behaves infringement act of "reproducing wholly or partially the software of the copyright owner, the infringer shall "depending on the circumstances, bear the civil liabilities which include ceasing the infringement, eliminating the impacts, making an apology, paying compensation for damages". If there is harm to the public rights and interest, the infringer will be ordered by the administrative department for copyright to "discontinue the infringement, confiscate his unlawful gains, confiscate or destroy the infringing reproductions and may also be imposed a fine". If the situation is solemn, the administrative department for copyright will "confiscate the materials, tools and instruments mainly used to produce infringing reproductions". If there is constitution of crime, there will be investigation of criminal liabilities as said by law under the provisions of the Criminal Law on crime of infringing the copyright and crime of selling the infringing reproductions."
Under Article 21 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on some issues regarding the application of law in trial of copyright civil dispute cases (Law Interpretation [2002] No. 31), "the computer software user uses commercially the computer software without permission or uses it beyond permission scope, he or she shall bear the civil liabilities under provisions of item 1 of Article 48 of the Copyright Law and item 1 of Article 24 of the Computer Software Protection Regulations."
Under Article 30 of the Computer Software Protection Regulations, for the situation that "the holder of the software reproduction who does not know or has no reasonable grounds to know that the software is an infringing reproduction", the one shall not bear the compensation responsibility. Yet, he or she should stop using and destroy the infringing reproduction. If stop using and destroying the infringing reproduction would lead to a huge loss to the reproduction user, the reproduction user may continue the use after making a reasonable payment to the software's copyright owner.
Legal liabilities for making use of any infringing copy of a copyright work in the business's area need to be borne by a business end user which refers to an organization which makes use of copyright works in the business's area, yet not for selling purpose.
Possession of an Infringing Copy of a Copyright Work
If an infringing copy of a copyright work for the use of the business's area is possessed intentionally by a business organization, civil liability will be borne by the organization or individual. Moreover, if the copyright work is a computer programme, movie, TV drama or musical recording (including musical visual and sound recording), criminal offence will be committed by the business organization and the directors or partners who are in charge of the internal management.
Parallel-imported Copies of Copyright Works
Parallel-imported copy of a copyright work for business's use may be possessed by a business organization. There are few restrictions. First, the aim of using the parallel-imported work must not be commercial dealing (including selling, hiring or distributing for profit). Second, for the movie, TV drama or musical recording (including musical sound or visual recording), as parallel-imported work playing or showing in public is not allowed.
The mentioned restrictions, yet, are not fitted for parallel-imported copies of computer software. Hence, it is legal for business organization to import or possess parallel-imported copies of computer software for commercial dealing purposes.
If the mentioned restriction is violated, the regarding business organization needs to bear the civil liability. Moreover, if the organization imported the parallel-imported copy of work to Hong Kong within 15 months from publishing the work anywhere in the world, the regarding organization and directors or partners that are in charge for the internal management of the organization will bear the civil liability and commit a criminal offence.
Copying and Distributing Infringing Copies of a Copyright Work
If a copyright work is copied or the infringing copies of the work for business' use are distributed, without the permission of the copyright owner, the regarding business organization may need to bear civil liability.
Moreover, if copyright works published in books, newspapers, magazines or periodicals are copied by the organization regularly or frequently, or the infringing copies of the work for business' use are distributed, without the permission of the copyright owner, and the number or value of the copies is out of the numeric limits ("safe harbor") stated in the Copyright Law, the regarding business organization being in charge of the internal management of the organization may bear civil liability and commit a criminal offence.
In general, parallel-imported copies of copyright works are the genuine copies that are made outside Hong Kong and initially used for selling in markets outside the SAR, but are then imported into the Hong Kong without the copyright owner's permission.
Duration of Copyright Protection
Under the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China, there is no time limit set on the term of protection for a right of author of authorship and revision and his right for integrity protection.
Regarding the citizen's work, the right of publication, reproduction, distribution, rental, exhibition, performance, showing, broadcasting, communication through information network, cinematography, adaptation, translation, compilation and other rights enjoyed by copyright owners, the time for protecting publishing rights or the right of author should last for the lifetime of the author, and expire on 31 December of 50 years after his death, under Subparagraphs (5) to (17) of the first paragraph in Article 10 of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China. Regarding the joint authorship work, the expiration of the term will be 1 December of the 50th year after the death of the last surviving author.
Regarding the work of a legal entity or other organization, or the work generated in the employment area, and the copyright (excluding the right of authorship) enjoyed by a legal entity or other organization, the expiration of protecting the right of publication, reproduction, distribution, rental, exhibition, performance, showing, broadcasting, communication through information network, cinematography, adaptation, translation, compilation and other rights enjoyed by copyright owners will be 50 years, expiring on 31 December of the 50th year after publishing the work.
Yet, the work which is not published within 50 years after the finish of the work will not be protected under the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China.
Regarding a cinematographic work, a work created by a process similar to cinematography or a photographic work, the expiration of protecting right of publication, reproduction, distribution, rental, exhibition, performance, showing, broadcasting, communication through information network, cinematography, adaptation, translation, compilation and other rights enjoyed by copyright owners will be 50 years, expiring on 31 December of the 50th year after first publishing the work. Yet, the work which is not published within 50 years after the finish of the work will not be protected under the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China.
In general, the copyright will end at the 50 years after the death of the creator. Yet, there are minor changes that vary on the types of work or individual situations.
Type of Copyright Work/Right Duration of Copyright Protection
For the original literary, musical, dramatic or artistic works, the duration of right is from the date the work is made until 50 years after the author dies. For sound recordings, the right duration is 50 years after the recording is made or released. For films, the right lasts from the date the film is completed until 50 years after the last creator passes away. The creators are the principal director, the author of the screenplay, the author of the dialogue and the composer of music specifically created for and used in the film. For broadcasts, the right duration is 50 years after broadcast. For cable programmes, the right duration is 50 years after inclusion in the cable programme service. For typographical arrangements of published editions of literary, dramatic or musical works, the right duration is 25 years after first publication. For performers' rights, the right duration is 50 years after performance or release.
According to the Code, without any particular permission, the right will last for 50 years after the death of the creator, even for the works disclosed or published posthumously. For the work of joint authorship, the right will last for 50 years after the death of the last surviving co-creator. For collective work, the right will last for 50 years after the first disclosure or publication. For anonymous work, the right will last for after the first disclosure or publication.
For the original literary, musical and artistic works, the right duration is 50 years after the death of creator. For the audiovisual works, the right duration is 50 years after announcement. For the applied art works, the right duration is 25 years after completion. For the photographic works, the right duration is 25 years after completion. For the rights for performer, the right duration is 50 years after deduction or performance. For the rights for producer of phonograms and videograms, the right duration is 50 years after fixation. For the rights for broadcasting organization, the right duration is 20 years after broadcast.
The work will be owned by the public after the expiry date. The Macao SAR government will be in charge of its integrality and protection of authorship.
Means of Relief for Infringement of Copyright
Situations Where Civil Remedies Are Applicable
Under Article 47 of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China, if anyone commits the infringing act below, depending on the situations, he or she needs to bear civil liabilities e.g. ceasing the infringement, eliminating the impacts, making an apology or paying compensation for the damages caused. The infringing acts are publishing a work without the copyright owner's permission or a work of joint authorship yet created solely by oneself, having one's name stated as author in another person's work in the creation which one has taken no part of without other co-authors' permission so as to look for personal fame and gain, distorting or mutilating a work created by another person, plagiarizing a work created by another person, exploiting a work for exhibition or cinematography or a process similar to cinematography, or for adaptation, translation, annotation, or other purposes, without the copyright owner's permission, excluding the one supported by law, exploiting a work created by another person without paying remuneration as one should, renting a cinematographic work or a work created by a process similar to cinematography, computer software, or products of sound recording or video recording, without copyright owner's or rights owner's permission regarding the copyright, excluding the one supported by law, exploiting the typographical design of a published book or periodical, without the publisher's permission, live broadcasting, communicating to the public, or recording a performance, without performer's permission or committing other acts infringing on the copyright and the rights about the copyright.
Situations Where Civil and Administrative Remedies Are Applicable
Under Article 48 of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China, if anyone commits the infringing act below, depending on the situations, he or she needs to bear civil liabilities e.g. ceasing the infringement, eliminating the impacts, making an apology or paying compensation for damages. If there is harm on the public rights and interests, the infringer will be asked by the administrative department for copyright to discontinue the infringement, confiscate the unlawful gains, confiscate or destroy the infringing reproductions and may also impose a fine. If the cases are serious, the administrative department for copyright may confiscate the materials, tools and instruments are mainly used to produce infringing reproductions. If there is constitution of a crime, criminal liabilities should be investigated according to the law.
The infringing acts are reproducing, distributing, performing, presenting, broadcasting, compiling a work or making it accessible to the public through the information network, without the copyright owner's permission, excluding the one supported by law, publishing a book the exclusive right of publication in which is enjoyed by another person, reproducing or distributing a sound recording or video recording of a performance, or making a performance accessible to the public through the information network without the performer's permission, excluding the one supported by law, reproducing or distributing a product of sound recording or video recording or making it accessible to the public through information network without producer's permission, excluding the one supported by law, rebroadcasting a radio or television programme or reproducing such a programme without permission, excluding the one supported by law, purposely circumventing or sabotaging the technological measures used by a copyright owner or a right's owner regarding the copyright to protect the copyright or the rights regarding the copyright in the work or products of sound recording or video recording without owner's permission, excluding the one supported by law or administrative regulations, purposely removing or changing any electronic rights management information attached to a copy of a work, a product of sound recording or video recording, etc. without the copyright owner's or rights owner's permission regarding the copyright, excluding the one supported by law or administrative regulations, or producing or selling a work that the authorship of which is counterfeited.
Situations Where Criminal Remedies Are Applicable
Under Article 217 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, if anyone commits any infringing act on copyright for the aim of gaining profits, he or she will be sentenced to a fixed-term imprisonment of between 3 and 7 years, and at the same time as be subject to a fine if the situations are in serious condition. The infringing acts are reproducing and distributing, without copyright owner's permission, his or her written works, musical works, cinematographic works, television works, video works, computer software and other works, publishing a book of which other has the exclusive publishing right, reproducing and distributing, without phonogram's or videogram producer's permission, the phonogram or videogram generated by the producer, or producing and selling a work of art bearing the forged signature of another individual.
Under Article 218 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, if anyone sells with the aim of reaping profits and knows that the relevant products are infringing reproductions stated in Article 217 of this law, he or she will be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of less than or equal to 3 years or criminal detention, and at the same time as or separately be subject to a fine, if there are huge illegal gains.
Related Provisions for Remedy
If anyone infringes on the copyright or a right relevant to copyright, he or she should pay reimbursement for the actual losses of the right owner. If the actual losses cannot be determined, the reimbursement will be the amount of the infringer's unlawful gains. The reimbursement should involve the right owner's logical expenses for forbidding the infringement. If the actual losses of the right owner or the unlawful gains of the infringer are difficult to calculate, the People's Court should evaluate the amount of reimbursement up to RMB 500,000, considering the infringement's situation.
Provided that the copyright owner or a rights' owner related can prove that there is the infringement act on his or her right with convincing evidence, unless the infringement act stops immediately, there will be irretrievable damage to the legitimate rights and interests, then the infringed one may ask the People's Court to forbid the related act and preserve the property before filing a lawsuit.
For forbidding the infringement act, the copyright owner or a rights' owner related can ask the People's Court to preserve the evidence before filing a lawsuit if there are difficulties of obtaining evidence or preserving the evidence. Applicant may be asked to offer a surety to the People's Court. Without offering surety, the application may be turned down.
For the infringing act on copyright or the related right, unlawful gain, the infringing reproductions and money and things of value used for illegal activities will be confiscated by the People's Court.
If a publisher or a producer of reproductions fails to prove that he or she is legally authorized in publishing or producing of the reproductions, the regarding party should bear legal liabilities. If a distributor or a renter of reproductions of a cinematographic work or a work generated by a process similar to cinematography, computer software, sound recording or video recording fails to prove the legal source of the reproduction, the regarding party should bear legal liabilities.
If there is any conflict over copyright, mediation may be needed. Arbitration agreement between the parties or the arbitration clause in the copyright contract needs to be done to an arbitration body for arbitration.
If there is no written arbitration agreement between the parties or an arbitration clause in the contract, legal proceedings may be taken by the regarding party straightforwardly in the People's Court. More can be referred to Articles 47-55 of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China and Articles 217-218 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China.
Civil Liability
Civil proceedings can be brought by a copyright owner against the infringers in court. An injunction can be granted by the court to avoid further infringing acts and ask the infringer to hand out all infringing items, reveal infringement's details and give the profits' account obtained from the infringement or compensate to the copyright owner.
Criminal Liability
C&ED of the HKSAR is in charge of accomplishing criminal investigation into infringement activities. Criminal prosecution will be created by the Department of Justice against the suspected infringers. Anyone can inform Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department (C&ED) about the infringement related crimes. Concerning the business end-user's criminal liability mentioned in Section 4.4, the business end-users on conviction need to bear a term of imprisonment up to 4 years and a maximum fine of HK$50,000 per infringing article.
Through measures of administration and jurisdiction, in the Macao SAR, the remedy for author's right and related right infringement can be acquired.
A relative protection, which is the administrative protection in the field of intellectual property, is available in Macau. Preventing, striking, forbidding infringing activities in intellectual property are what the administrating and enforcing department does. For the situation of author's right and related right, an action for protecting the own right can be done by the right owner with the Macao Customs and other empowered entities.
What judicial measures of protection Macau SAR adopts in intellectual property area is one kind of relative protections. For the situation of author's right and related right, legal process at judicial authorities can be used by the right owner to solve the conflict. Thus, sanction is imposed on the infringer against the infringement, so as to prevent violating the right of owner. Hence, interest of the right owner of author's right and related rights can be guarded.
Introduction of Hong Kong for Doing Business
Types of Hong Kong Business Entities
Hong Kong Private Limited Company Registration
Hong Kong Readymade (Shelf) Company Registration
Fact Sheet: Hong Kong Private Limited Company
Hong Kong Representative Office Registration
Hong Kong Branch Office Registration
Hong Kong Sole Proprietorship and Partnership Registration
Quick Facts: Comparison of Branch Office, Subsidiary Company, Representative Office
Hong Kong Non-Profit Company Registration
Business Registration Requirement for Doing Business in Hong Kong
Shareholding Arrangement of Hong Kong Companies
Compliance for Hong Kong Private Limited Company
Annual Filings for Hong Kong Companies
Deregistration of Hong Kong Limited Companies
Fast Fact: Incorporation of Companies in offshore jurisdictions
Direct Income Tax in Hong Kong: Profits, Salaries, Property Tax
Profits Tax of Hong Kong – EXPLAINED
Q and A – Profits Tax in Hong Kong
Salaries Tax of Hong Kong (for Employee) – EXPLAINED
Q and A – Salaries Tax in Hong Kong
Salaries Tax of Hong Kong (employers' obligations)
Property Tax of Hong Kong – EXPLAINED
Double Tax Treaties between Hong Kong and Mainland China
Hong Kong VISA (ABCs)
Hong Kong Visit VISA / Entry Permit
Hong Kong Employment VISA / Entry Permit
Hong Kong Business Investment VISA / Entry Permit
Hong Kong Family VISA / Entry Permit
Hong Kong Permanent Residence (PR)
Chinese Nationality / Citizenship
Intellectual Property Protection in HK (ABCs of)
Trademarks in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau
Patents in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau
Designs in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau
Copyrights in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau
List of Trademark Classes (WIPO WTO)
Employment Ordinance in Hong Kong
Statutory Minimum Wage in Hong Kong
Mandatory Retirement Funds in Hong Kong (MPF and ORSO)
Compulsory Employees' Insurance
Quick Start Guide: Expatriate Entrepreneur Relocation to Hong Kong
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Historic bird's eye view of Bristol, Rhode Island from 1891
Beautifully restored map of Pascoag, Rhode Island from 1895
Bird's eye view of Pascoag, RI in 1895
Beautifully restored map of Washington Village, R.I. from 1888
Historic bird's eye view of Washington, Rhode Island from 1888
Beautifully detailed view of Providence, Rhode Island in 1894
Historic bird's eye view of Providence, Rhode Island in 1894
Bird's eye view of Pawtucket and Central Falls, RI in 1877
This old map shows Pawtucket and Central Falls, Rhode Island in the late 19th century.
Beautifully restored map of Westerly, Rhode Island from 1877
This map shows Westerly, Rhode Island as it looked in 1877
Plan of Newport, Rhode Island created in 1777 by the invading British Army
Click here to see Newport, Rhode Island in 1777
Beautifully restored map of Warren, RI from 1877
This map of Warren, Rhode Island was created in 1877 by O.H. Bailey and J.C. Hazen, prominent 19th...
45 Patriotic Quotes from Presidents of the United States
Historic Beauty of Connecticut's Merritt Parkway Bridges
Longwood Mansion, the unfinished gem of Mississippi
How an 11 year old girl convinced Abraham Lincoln to grow a beard
Beautifully detailed map of Texas Railroads from 1876
100 inspirational quotes to help you through each day
Map of Frontier Montana, a one page history dedicated to the Old Timers, 1936
Andrew Carnegie's Five Requirements for Success
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


One of the country's only outdoor art exhibits occurring in a public nature preserve, Rootbound:Heaven and Earth IV offers visitors a 2-3 mile sculpture trail through Carkeek's canyons and creeks in northwest Seattle, highlighted this year by performance art and site-specific sculpture in 120-year old Piper's Orchard. Additional media include sound art, kinetic sculptures, and landscape interventions. All works are considered experimental: some are designed to last for the entire four month display period, June 23 - October 31, 2012, while others incorporate decay and erosion. The exhibit's themes offer a variety of perspectives on art and nature.


Im sure most of you are like all of us here at Clark Property Maintenance, and itching to get out into the garden and the surrounding landscape. Well it may be to early yet to do much gardening, now is a perfect time to do some construction projects in preperation for the upcoming growing season. What better way to complete these projects then with recycled or "upcycled" materials. I have recently stumbled across the wonderful world of building with used pallets or "skids".
Hello again, Just wanted to announce that we are looking for another landscape foreperson, Requirements are: 5 years experience, be able to build patios retaining walls and install plants with strong attention to detail. Must be able to communicate with customers in a proffesional manner, calculate square and linear footage. Knowledge of horticulture and plant biology would be a bonus. Please forward your resumes to christopher@goclark.ca or richard@goclark.ca and we will set up and interview.
Hi my name is Chris Clark, Landscape Designer and consultant here at Clark Property Maintenance in beautiful Port Perry Ontario.


text:
5 places to eat in Asia that doesn't cost the earth
Hungry? Sink your teeth in scrumptious meals prepared by chefs who marry gastronomy with sustainability.
A dish from Paste Laos in Luang Prabang, Laos. Image: Paste Laos
By Chris Dwyer, The Purpose Business
Sustainably produced, farm-to-table dining is not exactly the new kid on the culinary block. It's easy to forget that it's how people have lived and eaten since time immemorial—at least, that is, until the industrialisation of food production. A number of restaurants famously and passionately embraced its philosophy, notably Alice Waters' famed Chez Panisse in Berkeley, California, morphing a few decades later into the trend we see today.
They helped grow a trend for using hyper-local produce, crafting dishes with ingredients that have often travelled no further than a couple of hundred steps. Here's a look at five spots around Asia embracing this approach to brilliant effect:
Locavore, Bali, Indonesia
Image: Chris Dwyer
The clue's clearly in the name at Locavore in central Bali's elegant royal capital, Ubud. It's where Dutchman Eelke Plasmeijer and Indonesian Ray Adriansyah have continued to wow the public and critics alike with their cuisine and approach to hospitality. In 2017 they were not only named the best restaurant in Indonesia at Asia's 50 Best Restaurants, they also scooped 'Asia's Most Sustainable Restaurant' that is presented annually to the restaurant "with the highest environmental and social responsibility rating." The incredible bounty from Bali's rich volcanic soil is used to great effect in dishes which need no explanation, thanks to the menu's explainer: "Into the sawah: AKA everything that lives, grows and swims in and around the Ubud rice fields. Heritage galuh rice porridge, 64 degrees duck egg yolk, snails, frog leg abon, fern tips, wild flowers."
Shades of Green, Soneva Fushi, Maldives
Image: Shades of Green
If it's good enough for Madonna, there's a strong chance that even the pickiest diners will be happy. The Queen of Pop was a recent guest at the ultra-exclusive Soneva Fushi resort on a private island in The Maldives. Amidst multiple dining options, all imbued with the property's unique and profound appreciation of sustainability, the plant-based dining at Shades of Green is the most interactive on offer. That's because the young and talented Filipina chef Jenefer Espero leads diners on a tour of the beautiful walled garden featuring a huge array of fruits, vegetables, herbs and more. These are crafted into a gourmet menu featuring dishes such as pumpkin roasted in a firepit, then simmered in coconut milk, chili and lemongrass. Jerusalem artichoke chips had vegetarian diners giddy with excitement, even before the rest of the plate with asparagus and morel mushrooms was discovered.
Pru, Trisara, Phuket, Thailand
Leaving the turquoise Andaman Sea behind you, the journey to Pru Jumpa farm in northern Phuket involves a bumpy road before arriving in the place aptly which translates as ´the forest by the sea´. It has become the personal playground and creative hub for Michelin-starred Dutch chef Jim Ophorst. He takes the first class produce a few miles back to the elegant Trisara resort and his restaurant Pru – "Plant, Raise & Understand" – before working his magic. Zucchini and baby cucumber, limes and tomatoes, papaya and pumpkin are just some of the ingredients at his call, as well as free range eggs and catfish from their freshwater lake. Ophorst makes everything at Pru on site, including his sensational smoked coconut butter to accompany freshly-baked sourdough.
Corner Tree, Manila, Philippines
Image: Corner Tree Cafe
The self-styled home of vegetarian food in Manila, Corner Tree have been doing their thing for more than a decade. In a country known for its love of meat, they've been genuine trailblazers with their organic, sustainable menu that serves dishes from around the world—as long as they're vegetarian or vegan. That translates into plates such as North African vegetarian stew, rich with Moroccan spices, or a teriyaki bowl where tofu is the hero. Corner Tree started life as a stand operating at organic markets, before opening their permanent base in the business heart of Makati. Ingredients come from local farms and sustainable operations are front and centre. Owner Chiqui Mabanta says: "Because of our growing consciousness, we are able to make better choices for our health, the animals' and our planet's well-being". With a common sense philosophy like that, it's easy to see why it's become a popular go-to in the capital.
Paste Laos, Luang Prabang, Laos
Image: Paste Laos
Finally to the beautiful town of Luang Prabang in Northern Laos where Chef Bongkoch 'Bee' Satongun, the 2018 winner of Asia's Best Female Chef, digs deep into the local ground for ingredients and inspiration at Paste Laos. Of Thai-Lao heritage, Bee and her Australian husband Jason Bailey together celebrate royal Lao cuisine in dishes such as their version of kalee ped, a classic recipe for duck curry. It was originally created by a chef at the Royal Laos Court and they make the most of the flavours and textures of produce found in the farms, rivers and mountains of an often-overlooked culinary destination. Other dishes on offer include a stunning salad of cured eggplant, air-dried beef, ginger flower, fermented guava with kaffir lime juice and a dry spice mix. All ingredients are sourced from their own farm or local properties, in keeping with their philosophy of sustainable eating wherever possible.
Chris Dwyer (IG: chrismdwyer) is a Hong Kong-based writer and communications expert passionate about food, travel and sustainability.
This piece was republished with permission from The Purpose Business.


text:
A capela de Nossa Senhora da Penha de França foi um tempo católico brasileiro existente em Resende Costa.

Inaugurada em 12 de dezembro de 1749 no distrito da Laje (antiga denominação do município), a capela foi expandida anos mais tarde. Porém, já na primeira metade do século XX, foi demolida por razões estruturais — sinais de iminente desabamento e a necessidade de espaço maior para os fiéis.

Em seu lugar, foi construída a atual Igreja Matriz de Nossa Senhora da Penha de França. Da antiga capela, só restam algumas paredes, no altar.

Ligações externas

Nossa Senhora Penha
Templos católicos de Minas Gerais
Edifícios demolidos no Brasil
Patrimônio tombado pelo IPHAN

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Covered California is taking steps to finalize prescription drug benefits for its 2016 health plans, Capital Public Radio's "KXJZ News" reports.
According to exchange spokesperson Dana Howard, Covered California is considering both accessibility and affordability as it develops plans for prescription drug coverage.
Require health plans to post drug pricing information online (Bartolone, "KXJZ News," Capital Public Radio, 3/9).
Sharing information on the availability of drugs not included in formularies.
Meanwhile, the exchange also has requested that insurers submit reports detailing the effect of specialty drug price caps on premiums. Using that information, the exchange plans to develop recommendations regarding specialty drug caps ahead of its May board meeting (Exchange Board report, 3/5).


text:
Searchw
PANDA NATION
| Favorite Animal
Be the hero nature needs
This page is created by a WWF supporter like you and may not reflect WWF's views.
Ellie Payne - help me protect the Elephants!
Fundraising Goal: $2,000.00
My Progress:
Or, download this form to mail in a donation.
My name is Ellie. I am 9 years old and I go to Cedar Grove Elementary in Williamston, SC. We have a big problem in the world. People are killing elephants every day. This is a problem because people want elephant's rare tusks. You may not think that's bad but if you were an elephant you REALLY wouldn't want to die would you? That is how these elephants feel. Did you know that elephants are almost extinct? There are only about 40,000 to 50,000 elephants in the world today. I know what you're thinking, that's so many. It's really not. There are about 900 million dogs in the world today.
The two main threats to elephants are habitat destruction and human-elephant conflict. The most endangered animals in the world are elephants. I can't do this by myself which is why I need your help. I am just a kid and I am trying to solve one of the biggest animal problems in the world. Elephants are such beautiful creatures and we are letting them die. We can kill as many elephants as we want but we can't bring them back. Elephants could soon vanish from the face of earth. Imagine if elephants were extinct. Would you want that? Really think about it. This is extremely horrible!!! Do we really want to lose the world's largest land animal?
My goal is $2,000 by May 25, 2023. WILL YOU HELP ME SAVE ELEPHANTS?
I am just a child, yet I am trying to make a difference, change our world for the good and keep the amazing Elephants alive. These are things that some grown-ups don't even bother to do. I promise you, life is better with elephants. Please help me save the Elephants!!
Ellie Payne
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text:
import { CarbonLabel, StoreComponent, listenTo, dispatch } from '../CarbonFlux';
import * as React from "react";
import Panel from '../layout/Panel'
import { richApp } from '../RichApp';
import VirtualList from "../shared/collections/VirtualList";
import LessVars from "../styles/LessVars";
import { app, Selection, IArtboardPage, IIsolationLayer, IsolationContext } from "carbon-core";
import LayerItem from "./LayerItem";
import layersStore, { LayerNode, LayersStoreState } from "./LayersStore";
import dragController from "./LayersDragController";
import BackButton from "../shared/ui/BackButton";
import icons from "../theme-icons";
import styled, { css } from "styled-components";
import theme from '../theme';
import CarbonActions from '../CarbonActions';

type VirtualLayersList = new (props) => VirtualList<LayerNode>;
const VirtualLayersList = VirtualList as VirtualLayersList;

export default class LayersPanel extends StoreComponent<{}, LayersStoreState> {
    refs: {
        panel: Panel;
        list: VirtualList<LayerNode>;
    }

    constructor(props) {
        super(props, layersStore);
    }

    componentDidMount() {
        super.componentDidMount();
        dragController.attach();
    }

    componentWillUnmout() {
        super.componentWillUnmount();
        dragController.detach();
    }

    componentWillUpdate(nextProps, nextState: Readonly<LayersStoreState>) {
        if (nextState.selected !== this.state.selected || nextState.expanded !== this.state.expanded
            || nextState.version !== this.state.version || nextState.layers !== this.state.layers
        ) {
            this.refs.list.reset(true);
        }
    }

    @listenTo(richApp.layoutStore)
    onLayoutChanged() {
        if (!this.refs.panel) {
            return; // can be called when panel is hidden
        }
        this.refs.panel.updateSizeClasses();
    }

    private onLock = (node: LayerNode, selected: boolean) => {
        if (!selected) {
            node.element.locked(!node.element.locked());
            return;
        }
        if (!node.element.locked()) {
            Selection.lock();
        }
        else {
            Selection.unlock();
        }
    };

    private onCode = (node: LayerNode, selected: boolean) => {
        if (!selected) {
            node.element.useInCode = !node.element.useInCode;
        } else {
            if (!node.element.useInCode) {
                Selection.useInCode(true);
            }
            else {
                Selection.useInCode(false);
            }
        }
        dispatch({ type: "Carbon_Selection", composite: Selection.selectComposite() })
    };

    private onHide = (node: LayerNode, selected: boolean) => {
        if (!selected) {
            node.element.visible = (!node.element.visible);
            return;
        }
        if (!node.element.visible) {
            Selection.show();
        }
        else {
            Selection.hide();
        }
    };

    private renderLayer = (layer: LayerNode, index: number) => {
        if (index === 0 || index === this.state.layers.length - 1) {
            return this.renderLayerPadding();
        }
        var selected = !!this.state.selected[layer.id];
        var expanded = this.state.expanded[layer.id];

        return <LayerItem layer={layer} index={index} version={layer.version}
            selected={selected}
            expanded={expanded}
            useInCode={layer.element.useInCode}
            ancestorSelected={layersStore.isAncestorSelected(layer)}
            onLock={this.onLock}
            onCode={this.onCode}
            onHide={this.onHide} />
    }
    /**
     * Renders a special padding element so that overlays between layers are not clipped in the beginning and in the end.
     */
    private renderLayerPadding = () => {
        return <div className="layer__padding" />;
    }
    private getRowHeight = (node, index: number) => {
        if (index === 0 || index === this.state.layers.length - 1) {
            return LessVars.layerOverlayHeight / 2;
        }
        return LessVars.layerItemHeight;
    }

    goBack = () => {
        let isolationLayer = IsolationContext.isolationLayer as IIsolationLayer;
        if (isolationLayer && isolationLayer.isActive) {
            app.actionManager.invoke("cancel");
        }
        else {
            Selection.clearSelection();
            (app.activePage as IArtboardPage).setActiveArtboard(null);
            var artboards = app.activePage.children;
            app.actionManager.invoke("ensureScaleAndCentered", artboards);
        }
    }

    private renderBackButton() {
        if (!app.activePage) {
            return null;
        }

        let name = "";

        var isolationLayer = IsolationContext.isolationLayer as IIsolationLayer;

        if (isolationLayer && isolationLayer.isActive) {
            name = isolationLayer.getOwner().name;
        } else {
            var artboard = app.activePage.getActiveArtboard();
            if (artboard) {
                name = artboard.name;
            } else {
                return;
            }
        }

        return <PageHeaderContainer>
            <BackButton onClick={this.goBack} caption={name} translate={false} />
        </PageHeaderContainer>;
    }

    render() {
        let { children, ...rest } = this.props;
        return <Panel ref="panel" noheader header="Layers" icon={icons.p_layers} id="layers_panel" {...rest}>
            {/* {this.renderBackButton()} */}

            <PanelContent>
                <VirtualLayersList className="layers__container"
                    ref="list"
                    data={this.state.layers}
                    rowHeight={this.getRowHeight}
                    rowRenderer={this.renderLayer}
                    scrollToRow={this.state.scrollToLayer}
                    useTranslate3d={true} />
            </PanelContent>
        </Panel>;
    }
}

const overlay_height = 2;
const overlay_border = 1;

const layer_overlay = css`
    content: " ";
    display: block;
    border: ${overlay_border}px solid ${theme.accent};
    position: absolute;
    left: 0;
    height:${overlay_height}px;
    right: 0;
    z-index: 10;
`;

const PanelContent = styled.div`
    flex: auto;
    display: flex;

    & .layers__container_moving {
        .layerButtons {
            display:none;
        }
    }

    & .layers__container_moving {
        &.single {
            /* .c-layer_drag_single(); */
        }
        &.single.into {
            /* .c-layer_drag_single_into(); */
        }
        &.multi {
            /* .c-layer_drag_multi(); */
        }
        &.multi.into {
            /* .c-layer_drag_multi_into(); */
        }

        .layer {
            &__dropInside:after, &__dropAbove:after {
                ${layer_overlay};
                top: -${overlay_height/2}px;
            }
            &__dropInside:before, &__dropBelow:before {
                ${layer_overlay};
                bottom: -${overlay_height/2}px;
            }
        }

        .layer.selected {
            background: ${theme.layer_page_background};
        }

        .layer.selected{
            opacity:0.4;
        }
    }
`;

const PageHeaderContainer = styled.div`
    height:29px;
    background-color: ${theme.layer_page_background};
    color: ${theme.text_color};
    font: ${theme.default_font};
    display:flex;
    align-items:center;
    padding-left: 16px;

    & > * {
        cursor:pointer;
    }
`;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: App crash with distriqt scanner ane on Android I use the distriqt scanner ane and it works very vell on iOS. But with the similar app on Android it crashes the app immediately (while calling Scanner.service.startScan( options ))
I got follwing from logcat:
E/QCOM PowerHAL(  313): Invalid hint ID.
E/mm-camera-intf(  313): mm_camera_open:  opened, break out while loop
E/InputDispatcher(  858): channel '2da9ab5b air.myfunnyappidcovered/air.myfunnyappidcovered.AppEntry (server)' ~ Channel is unrecoverably broken and will be disposed!
E/InputDispatcher(  858): channel 'e01d279 air.myfunnyappidcovered/com.distriqt.extension.scanner.zbar.ZBarScannerActivity (server)' ~ Channel is unrecoverably broken and will be disposed!

Any Idea? All permissions and permission-freatures are set. The AS-Code works, like the iOS-compile shows. Tested with the same result on different Android-devices.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Last Chance Dance (1984)
Tony Kienitz, Susan Ursitti, Emily Longstreth | See full cast & crew »
A Sweeping Tour of the New USC School of Cinematic Arts, Featuring Speeches by George Lucas & Steven Spielberg - Part 3
21 April 2009 | The Hollywood Interview
Search for "Last Chance Dance" on Amazon.com
Three O'Clock High (1987)
A nerd gets himself in hot water with the new bully, a quiet bad boy who challenges him to fight on the grounds of their high school after the day's end.
Director: Phil Joanou
Stars: Casey Siemaszko, Annie Ryan, Richard Tyson
Final Analysis (1992)
Drama | Thriller
A psychiatrist becomes romantically involved with the sister of one of his patients, but the influence of her controlling gangster husband threatens to destroy them both.
Stars: Richard Gere, Kim Basinger, Uma Thurman
The Veil I (2016)
Twenty-five years after members of a religious cult committed mass suicide, the lone survivor returns to the scene of the tragedy with a documentary crew in tow.
Stars: Jessica Alba, Thomas Jane, Lily Rabe
Heaven's Prisoners (1996)
Drama | Mystery | Thriller
A hardened New Orleans cop, Dave Robicheaux, finally tosses in the badge and settles into life on the bayou with his wife. But a bizarre plane crash draws him back into the fray when his family is viciously threatened.
Stars: Alec Baldwin, Kelly Lynch, Mary Stuart Masterson
Tony Kienitz ... JD Theobald
Susan Ursitti ... Karen
Emily Longstreth ... Alicia
Jeroan Van Aichen ... Bud
This film led to director Phil Joanou and cameraman John Schwartzman being considered "persona non grata" at the USC School of Cinema-Television, as well as helping jump-start their future film careers. (Although Joanou ended up graduating, Schwartzman didn't, being told that because of the film, he would never earn enough credits.) This was due to the numerous school rules they broke while making it. Student films had to be made with USC financing and USC equipment, but they got around that by asking for favors and borrowing equipment from friends and nearby rental agencies. Films were also required to be no more than 20 minutes long, and though Joanou did prepare a 20-minute cut to placate the school, the cut that was shown at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, along with other USC films, ran for 33 minutes. The day after the screening, Joanou received numerous phone calls from agents and producers, including Steven Spielberg and Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg. Spielberg offered him the chance to direct two episodes of Amazing Stories (1985), and Katzenberg got him an office at Disney and a deal to write three screenplays, with a guarantee to direct if they were produced. See more »


England's World Cup-winning cricket captain Heather Knight picked another award to add to her trophy cabinet as she collected her OBE.
Winner of The Herald's Sports Personality of the Year prize, Heather, 27, who was raised in Plymouth and honed her cricketing skills in Plymstock, was honoured for services to cricket after leading England to beat India in the final to win the 2017 World Cup and helping change women's cricket forever.
Her 364 runs at an average of 45, including a century against Pakistan, were central to England's success.
After collecting her award from the Prince of Wales at Buckingham Palace, she said: "For us to sell out Lord's was something I never thought would happen and something like 200 million people watched us on telly which was completely unheard of.
"There was a moment when we were singing the national anthem in that world cup final when the whole crowd was with us and Eileen Whelan (former English Test cricketer) who was 105 years old was ringing the five-minute bell.
"There was Rachael Heyhoe Flint (the former England women's cricket captain) who obviously fought for us to play at Lord's, I was getting quite emotional and thinking what a big day it was for the sport and the women who played before us.
Knight, who plays club cricket for Plymstock in the Devon Cricket League, was among Wisden's Cricketers of the Year.
Of her visit to Buckingham Palace for the glittery honours ceremony, she said: "It is a bit strange putting the heels on. We do not often get the heels out on tours in cricket.
She said it was also great to be able to share the day with her father Mike, mother Beccy and brother Stephen because "it is also an award for them for all the support they have given me and the trials and tribulations I have put them through".


With every June Lite LED bulb you purchase, June Lite will give a Health Supporting LED bulb to a person in a developing country.
What makes June Lite LED bulbs different?
June Lite soft white LED bulbs are of the highest quality and are Energy Star compliant. They are dimmable and fit into all traditional medium sized sockets. For all intent and purposes the June Lite LED bulbs we sell are comparable to most quality soft white LED bulbs being sold at retail stores across the United States.
June Lite Health Supporting warm hued LED bulbs are engineered to be less attractive to certain insects such as a variety of mosquitoes, sand flies and the kissing bug that are known to spread diseases such as malaria, Chagas and leishmaniasis. Our Health supporting LED bulbs are engineered to have a yellow-orange hue which is more difficult for insects to see.
Our lights, as a result of the warmer hue, less blue in the spectrum, support our circadian rhythms by encouraging the natural production of melatonin to be created within our bodies supporting a better sleep pattern.
"June Lite and all of our customers, vendors and partners will provide a manner in which to utilize energy more efficiently that protects people and the environment."
Let's ALL be a part of the solution!
If you can, then DO!


text:
Home / Tips and Tricks / How the Titans vs. Patriots NFL Wild Card game without cable viewing
How the Titans vs. Patriots NFL Wild Card game without cable viewing
Tom Brady begins his search for a seventh Super Bowl ring on Saturday night against the Tennessee Titans.
The New England Patriots play on the Wild Card weekend for the first time in a decade. After being upset at home by the Miami Dolphins on the last Sunday of the regular season, the Patriots lost their first round, an advantage that they have earned and enjoyed each of the past nine seasons, amazing. Meanwhile, the Tennessee Titans made the playoffs only once in the last decade, and were knocked out by none other than the Patriots two years ago. The Titans also use the hasty leader of the Derrick Henry competition. The Patriots faded a bit past the end and lost three of their last five games, but it has been proven that it is unwise to bet against Bill Belichick and Tom Brady in the playoffs. They have a bit of a track record – under Belichick, Brady has more playoff wins than any other QB in the post-2020 season together. The Patriots are a 5-point favorite at home.
The Wild Card game between the Titans and Patriots begins on Saturday, January 4 in Foxboro, Massachusetts at 8:15 PM. ET (7:15 CT) on CBS .
View this:
Live TV streaming services for cutters: how to choose …
Wild Card weekend schedule
The Titans vs. Patriots is the second of four Wild Card games this weekend. Here is the full schedule:
Buffalo Bills on Houston Texans, 4.35 pm ET (ABC and ESPN)
Tennessee Titans with New England Patriots, 8:15 pm ET (CBS)
Minnesota Vikings at New Orleans Saints, 1:05 PM ET (Fox)
Seattle Seahawks at Philadelphia Eagles, 4:40 PM ET (NBC)
How to stream the NFL Wild Card games [19659011] Snippers can stream the Titans-Patriots game with a streaming service for live TV. See which services CBS offer for the Titans-Pats game, as well as ABC / ESPN, Fox and NBC for the other three Wild Card games this weekend. (Note: CNET is a division of CBS.) The catch is that not every service carries every local network, so check each network using the links below to check if it contains the channels you need for the games you play. want to view. [19659021] YouTube TV costs $ 50 a month and contains all the channels that NFL fans need to watch the play-offs: ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC and ESPN. Connect your zip code to the welcome page to see which local networks are available in your area.
Hulu with Live TV costs $ 55 a month and includes ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC and ESPN. Click on the link & # 39; View channels in your region & # 39; on the welcome page to see which local channels are offered in your zip code.
AT&T TV The basic package of $ 65 per month plus includes ABC, CBS, Fox, NBC and ESPN. You can use the channel search tool to see which local channels are available where you live.
Sling TV divides its live NFL options over its $ 30-per-month Blue plan and $ 30-per-month Orange plan, forcing NFL fans to make a tricky decision or encourage them to put on both for $ 45 a month to jump. Sling Blue contains NBC and Fox. Sling Orange contains ESPN. Sling TV does not offer ABC or CBS. The Sling packages receive a $ 10 discount for the first month. Enter your address here to see which local channels are available where you live.
FuboTV costs $ 55 a month and includes CBS, Fox and NBC but not ABC or ESPN. Click here to see which local channels you get.
CBS All Access costs $ 5.99 per month and lets you watch the Vikings-Saints Wild Card game on Sunday afternoon if you live in one of these 206 markets where the service offers live TV. It provides a good add-on for Sling TV subscribers who do not receive CBS.
All of the above live TV streaming services offer free trial versions, so you can cancel at any time and need a solid internet connection. Looking for more information? View our huge guide to streaming services.


Author Schlechtweg, Marcel, 1989- author.
Title Memorization and the compound-phrase distinction : an investigation of complex constructions in German, French and English / Marcel Schlechtweg.
Publication Info. Berlin, [Germany] ; Boston, [Massachusetts] : De Gruyter, 2018.
Description 1 online resource (292 pages) : illustrations, tables, graphs.
Grammar, Comparative and general -- Syntax.
Grammar, Comparative and general -- Analysis.


text:
Walmart opens its own milk processing plant in Indiana
Cathy Siegner
Walmart held a grand opening Wednesday for its first U.S. food production facility — a milk processing plant in Fort Wayne, Indiana. According to TheStreet, the company will produce half-gallon and gallon jugs of whole, 2%, 1% and skim plain and 1% chocolate milk under its own Great Value brand.
Walmart will acquire the milk from 25 farms in Indiana and Michigan within about 210 miles of the new facility, Hoosier Ag Today reported. The company said the finished products will be shipped to approximately 500 Walmart stores in Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio and northern Kentucky.
When fully operational later this year, the plant will employ 200 people at $19 per hour, plus 100 or so contract truck drivers, according to Hoosier Ag Today. Walmart didn't put a figure on the construction cost, but The Journal Gazette newspaper in Fort Wayne reported it as $165 million.
Walmart received a number of financial incentives to build the 250,000-square-foot facility in Indiana. The state's economic development corporation provided $2.9 million in tax credits and a $850,000 conditional tax incentive tied to hiring plans, the Fort Wayne newspaper noted. In addition, local county commissioners OK'd tax abatements projected to save the company $10.7 million over 10 years.
Walmart plans to realize production efficiencies with the new plant, which began processing, filtering and packaging milk products last week. Company officials said the facility already supplies 38 Walmart outlets in Indiana and that acquiring milk from area farms will keep prices down. A nationwide truck driver shortage has increased transportation costs for many food and beverage companies, so the centrally located plant should help trim Walmart's operational expenses.
Other large retailers have been investing in processing and bottling their own milk supply. Kroger and Albertsons have both opened such facilities, and they can shift into making other beverages whenever demand and prices for liquid milk products decline. Owning the processing piece also allows more control over supply, plus they can more easily use milk as a loss-leader in their stores to get customers in the door.
The new Walmart milk processing facility isn't cause for celebration for dairy competitors. Dean Foods lost a big chunk of business due to the Indiana plant and was forced to notify more than 100 milk producers in eight states this spring that their contracts were being canceled. While Dean will continue to provide milk to Walmart stores outside the Midwest region, the Dallas-based company and its suppliers have taken a financial hit. And though Dean has been diversifying through investments in juices, waters and plant-based products, it doesn't help that its own milk brands are higher-quality and cost more than those at Walmart, Kroger or Albertsons.
If the Indiana plant works as envisioned, Walmart may end up featuring only its own private-label processed and bottled milk in its stores, which could be more bad news for other milk processors and brands if they get edged out. Walmart could also cut milk prices for its own brand, especially if it's already saving from operating the new plant, but the shakeout period is far from over. Competition for customers in the grocery business, especially for in-demand basic items such as milk, continues to be fierce, and there's no telling what Walmart might do to maintain pricing dominance over its rivals.
Hoosier Ag Today Walmart Milk Processing Plant Opens in Fort Wayne
TheStreet Got Milk? Walmart Starts Production at its Own Dairy Plant
Catherine Douglas Moran/Grocery Dive
As grocers seek to hold onto the meal dollars they gained during the pandemic, look for personalization to weave its way into many facets of their operations in the years to come.
By Grocery Dive staff
Courtesy of Walmart
The startup that's automating supplier negotiations for Walmart
Martin Rand, CEO of Pactum, talks about how the AI-based platform is helping the retailer and other large companies revisit the many small-scale contracts that can go untended for years.
By Jeff Wells • Dec. 08, 2020
Pioneer Expands 'Comfort Meal Solutions' Sauce and Seasoning Mix Availability; Announces Nat... Press release from Pioneer


text:
Prince George's Co. police chief addresses complaint of racial discrimination within department
By Lauren DeMarco, FOX 5 DC
PALMER PARK, Md. - The police chief for Prince George's County held a news conference to address a complaint filed with the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) alleging racial discrimination, unfair promotional practices and disciplinary procedures within the police department.
The complaint was sent to the DOJ last October and is reportedly filed on behalf of more than 90 officers.
Police Chief Hank Stawinski said he has been attempting to contact the DOJ to get more details about the complaint, but has not received any information from them so far.
In the meantime, Stawinski teamed up with local president of the Fraternal Order of Police "convening a panel of outside experts and union representation to examine the department's practices, promotion system, and disciplinary procedures."
Stawinski also addressed several photos that are part of this complaint. One of the photos is of a training dummy that apparently shows a black face pasted on it and an afro wig at its feet. The chief said this photo is believed to have be taken in 2015 or earlier because this particular piece of equipment has not been used since then.
Another photo shows a personalized license plate on an officer's blue Chevrolet truck that reads "GFYOBMA." Stawinski said the acronym GFY meant to be offensive. The photo is believed to have been taken last year and Stawinski learned about this license plate, he made it clear that the car was not permitted on police department property. He said he also looked into what he could and could not legally do because he did not feel that it was appropriate. He said the officer did end up removing the license plate from their vehicle.
Another photo shows a locker where "African American" is written on it where it is supposed to say "Color Guard" with the word "Color" crossed off. An officer with the Special Operations Division who saw this locker recently and reported it directly to the police chief. Stawinski said it is currently being investigated.
Stawinski said he needs to identify whether these are individual cases or whether there is a systemic problem and they are now examining trends when it comes to disciplinary action and promotions. He said if a problem is identified, he will work to fix it immediately.
"I worry about the 2,000 members of this department and I don't hold anyone in any different view because they express a concern," said Chief Stawinski. "The reality is that we must work to improve this institution. We have evolved tremendously in 10 years, in 20 years. The only way that works is we all reject the status quo, we restructure, we investigate, we bring impartial people in to look at issues and tell us where they believe we have problems and then we act."
"We will continue to monitor this investigation, to ensure that our members cooperate with this investigation, to ensure that things of this nature are not allowed in the workplace and we move past this," said John Teletchea, president of the Fraternal Order of Police Lodge 89.
The National Hispanic Law Enforcement Association and United Black Police Officers Association filed the complaint on behalf of the officers and said on Twitter that they have been meeting with the Justice Department.
The Office of Inspector General for the Prince George's County, which has oversight of the police department, sent the DOJ a letter asking them to clarify what they are looking into and how the police department can support them in their inquiry. However, they have yet to receive a response.


text:
Q: GAE/J: Writing PDF data to a Google Doc In GAE/J, I need to generate a PDF and somehow place it into a ResumableGDataFileUploader to be uploaded to Google Docs. I can't dump the data into a File because GAE/J doesn't support any classes that can read or write to a file.
Does anyone know of a good way to fill in the rest of this code?
DocsService docsService = ...
Asset asset = new Asset("text/html", getHTML().getBytes(), "");
Document document = new Document(asset);
Conversion conversion = new Conversion(document, "application/pdf");
ConversionService service = ConversionServiceFactory.getConversionService();
ConversionResult result = service.convert(conversion);
for (Asset assetIter : result.getOutputDoc().getAssets()) {
    byte[] data = assetIter.getData();
    //How do I get the generated PDF into the ResumableGDataFileUploader?
    ...
    ResumableGDataFileUploader.Builder builder = new ResumableGDataFileUploader.Builder(...);
}

A: You can read, write and create files using the files API in the blobstore.


Aberrant production of tenascin-C in globoid cell leukodystrophy alters psychosine-induced microglial functions.
Neuronal inclusions of α-synuclein contribute to the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease.
An in vitro model for the study of cellular pathophysiology in globoid cell leukodystrophy.


text:
Q: How to parse a html string to native angular template Currently I'm rendering the html string using innerHtml property after bypassing the angular sanitizing mechanism this is working for rendering the contents. But not able to map the event handlers to a function in angular component.
E.g.the html string will contain a button like below
<button (click)="callme()">Click</button>

the callme function will be part of angular component file. I want this click event to be handled in angular function.
Is it possible to parse this string to html dom and handle the events in angular components.
Sample code which describes this scenario and using angular cdk Portals.
https://stackblitz.com/edit/angular-upaudh?file=src%2Fapp%2Fcdk-portal-overview-example.ts

A: There are 2 ways that you can implement it, it depends from what you want.

*

*The easy way is to use innerHtml input like this:

HTML
<div [innerHTML]="htmlStr"></div>

TS
htmlStr: 'Hello';

*

*If you want to create a dynamic template that will be translated to HTML at build time. Then you have to go with Portals.

PS: In your example (in the comments) you use [innerHtml] and try to bind it in a Portal. Again [innerHtml] will not be translated before runtime so your click event will not be in the same scope as your component. The thing that you ask is an open conversation in github: Issue. For now you can use the alternatives above to solve your case. You can use innerHtml, and then use renderer2 or native element reference to bind click events to your functions, after they have rendered on the view.


text:
Girl with autism slapped, pinched, pinned by teacher, says mom planning lawsuit
by: Andrew Lowe
Posted: Aug 4, 2018 / 10:38 AM CDT / Updated: Aug 4, 2018 / 10:38 AM CDT
She shielded her face to protect her daughter, but shared her story to be her voice. A mom from Polk County says her little girl is scarred forever after what happened at Jean O'Dell Learning Center in Bartow.
"If your heart tells you something Is wrong, it's wrong," said the mom.
She is both heartbroken and horrified by the events she says took place beginning last October.
Her 12-year-old daughter has autism and is non-verbal. So, when the child came home from school repeatedly, says the mom, with bruises and marks, the family wanted answers.
"The thing that hurt me the most, the way her comfort zone was shattered. She was no longer comfortable after that. She was no longer herself," the mother said.
There were other big changes the mom noticed.
Her child woke up screaming all the time, was suddenly aggressive and extremely attached. The mother began asking questions, going to the school and demanding to know what was happening.
This went on, according to the mom, for weeks and weeks with no answers and no resolution.
Then, in January, a call came from her daughter's principal.
It was a phone call the mom will never forget.
The child's teacher and teacher's aide were under arrest. The teacher's aide was charged with child abuse. The teacher was arrested for failing to report the information.
The mom dropped the phone and raced to her pick up her daughter. She had one question for her daughter's school leaders.
"What right do you have to do that? Especially to a child that's non-verbal and can't defend themselves," she said.
For now, the case is winding its way through the court system.
Meanwhile, Polk school leaders are not talking, telling WFLA they can't comment on pending cases.
The mother says she was told her daughter can get counseling with a specialist in the school system.
The waiting list for that program is 18 months.


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text:
De gemeente Tiel heeft 149 gemeentelijke monumenten, hieronder een overzicht. Zie ook de rijksmonumenten in Tiel.

Kapel-Avezaath
De plaats Kapel-Avezaath kent 2 gemeentelijke monumenten:

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Medel
De plaats Medel kent 4 gemeentelijke monumenten:

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Tiel
De plaats Tiel kent 140 gemeentelijke monumenten:

|}

Wadenoijen
De plaats Wadenoijen kent 3 gemeentelijke monumenten:

|}

Bouwwerk in Tiel
Tiel
Tiel


text:
The Roman Catholic priesthood needs a new role model
Michael W. Higgins
Special to The Globe and Mail
We are a long way from Bing Crosby's Father O'Malley, as the public's understanding of the role and personality of the Catholic priest has changed seismically.RKO Radio Pictures/Photofest/RKO Radio Pictures / Photofest
Michael W. Higgins is a distinguished professor of Catholic thought at Sacred Heart University. His most recent book, with co-author Kevin Burns, is Impressively Free: Henri Nouwen as a Model for a Reformed Priesthood.
When the Oxford Dominican and former master-general of his order Timothy Radcliffe was interviewed about his new book, Alive in God: A Christian Imagination, he observed that the sex-abuse crisis in the Catholic Church "was the worst crisis for Christianity since the Reformation." This is a view widely shared by the prominent and prolific church historian Massimo Faggioli and countless others.
The recommendations that went forward to Pope Francis from the recently concluded Amazon Synod in Rome requesting the ordination of married men in certain regions and the reopening of the investigation into ordaining women as deacons are important initiatives.
But the Roman Catholic priesthood as it currently exists – its credibility crisis, its diminished appeal in attracting the best and most promising to a life of ministry – suffers from a dearth of inspiring models.
Just a quick scan of movies and novels of the previous and current century will show how the public's understanding of the role and personality of the Catholic priest has changed seismically.
Priest protagonists played by Bing Crosby (The Bells of St. Mary's, Going My Way, Say One for Me), Karl Malden (On the Waterfront), Gregory Peck (The Keys of the Kingdom, The Scarlet and the Black), Spencer Tracy (Boys Town, The Devil at 4 O'Clock) and Tom Tryon (The Cardinal) were sympathetic figures, heroic and self-sacrificing in their vocation, exemplars of a rugged and practical holiness.
Contrast these sanitized models of spiritual perfection – even given their minor flaws – with more recent priest portrayals by Brendan Gleeson (Calvary), Philip Seymour Hoffman (Doubt) and Sean Bean (Broken), among others.
There has been a radical collapse of prestige, social profile and public respectability, a breakdown comprehensive and unforgiving.
The lovable priest cut in the image of a sweet and bungling Father Brown (G.K. Chesterton's Suffolk dumpling of a clerical sleuth) has been replaced by the manipulative and hypocritical cleric. Even the pontifex maximus, the high priest, the pope himself is unspared: going from Anthony Quinn's tattered gulag intern (The Shoes of the Fisherman) to Jude Law's American pope in a white Speedo (The Young Pope).
Novelists as well have gone beyond the semi-hagiographic and apologetic. Novels such as Linden MacIntyre's The Bishop's Man, John Boyne's A History of Loneliness, Andrew O'Hagan's Be Near Me, Jennifer Haigh's Faith and William King's A Lost Tribe expose the inner struggles and institutional pathologies that afflict the modern priest. We are a long way from Bing Crosby's Father O'Malley; we are even a long way from Georges Bernanos's classic Diary of a Country Priest with its saintly and sickly curé or the storied whisky priest and reluctant martyr of Graham Greene's The Power and the Glory.
We are on hostile terrain; reverence for the office has gone, the identity of the priest is in flux and sacerdotal authority irreversibly diminished.
Although the flood of abuse charges have been in part addressed through new protocols, judicial procedures, mandated pontifical commissions and a more accountable episcopal leadership, much more needs to be done at the structural and formational levels.
We need models, exemplars of an incarnational spirituality. For those in religious orders, they have their models – St. Ignatius, St. Francis, etc. – but the regular parish priest has St. Jean-Baptiste-Marie- Vianney, a 19th-century rural French cleric with a taste for self-flagellation. Not an ideal option in a post-Freudian era.
But there is a valid and inspiring model in the life and legacy of the Dutch psychologist and priest Henri Nouwen, who spent the last decade and the most fertile years of his ministry working in a L'Arche home near Toronto.
Never implicated in any act of predation, any allegation, any complicity, any omission or cover-up, Father Nouwen, who died in 1996, defined his priestly service in such a way as to approach the woundedness of others through his own woundedness. He cultivated a capacity for compassion and solidarity that found expression in his deep fidelity to his friends, and in his sense of responsibility to the tens of thousands who wrote him seeking his advice.
He was the priest as teacher, as friend, and ultimately as anam cara (soul companion in Celtic spirituality). A gay priest who took his vows seriously, he was drawn to the margins and not the centre, and similar to the pope he never knew, Francis, Father Nouwen built bridges not walls, eschewed judging others, saw the church as a "field hospital" and struggled to live honestly, humbly and transparently as a priest for his time.
Stephen Hough, essayist, critic and renowned pianist and interpreter of Serge Rachmaninoff, in his novel of a "failed" priest, The Final Retreat, has his tortured protagonist say: "My spiritual life was a bush hacked to the ground with blunt shears, but under the mashed branches, in the undergrowth, sap was flowing."
Father Nouwen lived his life with that level of scorching integrity. Manic, driven to the very edge by his unrelenting energy to serve others, he was not a pure specimen of balanced living and he had his foibles and flaws, but what he brought to his priesthood, whether exercised in his teaching at Yale and Harvard, working in a barrio in Peru, praying in a Trappist monastery or working with the disabled, was his unstinting capacity to give, and to do so with an encompassing joy.
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Former U.S. Cardinal McCarrick, 88, defrocked for sex crimes
As Pope Francis calls for climate action, his critics fear a green Trojan horse
Jean Vanier's global life of service was always grounded in the mind and the heart


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This morning the Senate Public Education Committee unexpectedly removed the hearing of HB3 from the scheduled agenda. At this time it is unclear when this hearing will take place, but we will notify you as more information becomes available.
Public testimony on HB3 in the Senate Education Committee will occur Tuesday, April 16, in Austin beginning at 9:00 am. We need you, G/T advocates, to consider testifying on behalf of the G/T allotment.


text:
L'agermanament entre dues ciutats és l'establiment oficial de lligams de cooperació mútua. Les ciutats agermanades tenen alguna característica en comú i es comprometen a millorar la coneixença mútua i l'ajuda bilateral.

La carta fundacional del que avui és la Federació Mundial de les Ciutats Unides, defineix l'agermanament com

La idea va sorgir després de la Segona Guerra Mundial dintre del procés d'integració europea, i avui compta amb el suport de la Unió Europea. La primera població a posar en marxa la iniciativa va ser l'anglesa Coventry, que es va agermanar amb Stalingrad, a la Unió Soviètica. A fi de la Guerra Freda van ser les ciutats de l'OTAN que es van agermanar amb les ciutats del Pacte de Varsòvia. A partir de la dècada del 1970, sorgeixen els agermanaments de cooperació pel desenvolupament del Tercer Món en el marc de relacions de solidaritat Nord-Sud.

Tipus d'agermanaments
Segons els promotors, es pot distingir els agermanaments institucionals i els civils o populars. Els agermanaments institucionals són promoguts i gestionats per les institucions locals, principalment els ajuntaments, amb una declaració i signatura oficial d'una carta d'agermanament. Els agermanaments no institucionals poden ser promoguts per qualsevol entitat o associació, amb finançament propi o popular.

Històricament, els tipus d'agermanaments han anat evolucionant amb el context històric i pel tipus d'objectius i activitats:
 Agermanaments reconciliació, després de la Segona Guerra Mundial, amb especial activitat entre ciutats franceses i alemanyes.
 Agermanaments comprensió (Est-Oest), entre ciutats de l'Europa Occidental i de l'Europa Central i Oriental durant la Guerra Freda.
 Agermanaments europeistes, entre ciutats de la Unió Europea i en el context del procés d'integració.
 Agermanaments cooperació (Nord-Sud), amb un enfocament de solidaritat entre municipis de països industrialitzats i de països del Tercer Món.
 Agermanaments multilaterals, triangulars o en xarxa, que involucra diferents municipis de diferents països.

Els motius d'elecció dels agermanaments són diversos. El Fons Català de Cooperació al Desenvolupament distingeix:
 Municipis amb la mateixa toponímia. Per exemple, Lleida i Lérida (Colòmbia).
 Municipis amb característiques demogràfiques similars. Per exemple, Reus i Bahía Blanca (Argentina).
 Municipis amb relacions ciutadanes prèvies. Per exemple, Manresa i Bambylor (Senegal) a partir de camps de treball organitzats per un grup de joves.
 Municipis amb vincles històrics. Per exemple, Terrassa i Tetuan (Marroc).
 Continuïtat al suport ofert en un determinat moment a una zona catastròfica o en conflicte. Per exemple, Igualada i Travnik (Bòsnia i Hercegovina).

Referències

Vegeu també
 Llista d'agermanaments de municipis balears
 Llista d'agermanaments de municipis catalans
 Llista d'agermanaments de municipis valencians

Geografia política