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Psychological service for gynaecological cancer launched
Innovative CPFT service to support the mental health of women with gynaecological cancers launched
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An innovative CPFT service to support the mental health of women with gynaecological cancers at CUH Addenbrooke's and Peterborough City Hospitals and funded by Macmillan has been launched today.
The comprehensive psychological service, one of the first of its kind in the country, includes group and 1:1 therapies, and direct access to specialist psychology and psychiatry support for those with more complex or severe mental health difficulties.
It has been developed by experts from CPFT's Psychological Medicine Service, which provides psychiatric care to those in acute hospitals, and the gynaecological oncology department at Addenbrooke's, part of Cambridge University Hospitals (CUH).
One of the services offered is an eight-session course aimed at moving forward after a gynaecological cancer diagnosis and treatment. Women on the pilot course, all of whom had been treated for gynaecological cancers, said the group sessions gave them confidence in their abilities and the strength and energy to tackle life's day-to-day problems.
The course was supported by CPFT's Recovery College, which helps people learn new skills and understand more about their personal mental health challenges.
Dr Annabel Price, CPFT Consultant Liaison Psychiatrist, said: "Gynaecological cancer and its treatment can be very traumatic and life-changing and the after-affects are as much psychological as what has happened to their bodies. Before we created this course with CUH and Macmillan, women would face struggling with how to manage the rest of lives alone without professional support.
"Now, with this new model of delivery, they have the tools and support to build their confidence and inner strength to do take control of their lives again.
"One key advantage of the integrated physical and mental care approach is that it provides direct access to psychological services such as CPFT's Psychological Wellbeing Service, if people do require one-to-one support."
Dr Price, continued: "Our patients on the pilot course gave us very positive feedback and also some good ideas to help us improve the course. In the long term we plan to make courses like this more widely accessible to people living with and beyond cancer, with specialist support available for people with more complex psychological needs."
Macmillan cancer care have funded the two-year pilot psychological service to women coming to CUH Addenbrooke's and Peterborough City Hospitals for their gynaecological cancer care.
Elaine Chapman, CUH Macmillan Lead Cancer Nurse, said:
"We are very pleased that our partnership with colleagues from Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust has made a real difference to patients to improve their mental health and also to help maintain their physical health by giving the strength to care for themselves properly."
Marguerite Calver, a retired teacher from Stowupland, was treated for ovarian cancer in 2014. She praised the care she received from CPFT's Liaison Psychiatry team.
"The psychiatrist was so good, she would come and sit by my bed and was the one person I was able to connect to. She was a great listener and I poured my heart out to her. She gave me tremendous support – she was always there. I ended up being in the fetal position most of the time. I was ill psychologically but Annabel was amazing, so patient and incredibly caring."
The availability of the psychiatric service during this period meant that the cause of the psychiatric symptoms was quickly identified and the right treatment was started. The mental health and cancer teams worked closely together to develop a physical and mental health management plan and put follow up in place once Marguerite was recovering.
Since her recovery Marguerite has been a very active supporter of the development of cancer specific mental health services and has been involved with the development of the case for funding for a dedicated psycyo-oncology service in Cambridgeshire.
Adrian Ient
E adrian.ient@cpft.nhs.uk
Psychological service for gynaecological cancer launched (0.34 MB)
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Posted on July 11, 2017 July 11, 2017 by Sara T.
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Economic development, town planning, leadership, innovation, creative thinking and operational management.
As one of few people in the UK to hold an MSc in Corporate Leadership, David has successfully led both in the private and public sector at Managing Director and CEO level.
Been MD Europe for an award winning computer and telecoms company.
Been CEO of one of Scotland's most innovative Enterprise Companies.
Developed the microelectronics, optoelectronics and commtechs super-cluster.
Led the £11m Broadband Scotland Initiative which, in partnership with BT, succeeded in achieving 100% broadband coverage throughout Scotland.
Led the Waterfront Development in Dundee, successfully returning RRS Discovery to it's Dundee origins.
David joined Blue Horizons (Scotland) Ltd in April 2007 as Director of Development. Specialising in major project development, David is now also leading the development of Culture Pulse®, Blue Horizons trademarked product aimed at measuring and improving the culture and therefore performance of business and organisations.


This trend is the complete opposite of the sculpted look.
It seems like every week there's a new beauty term to add to our vocabularies: sandbagging, baking, eye-lighting, strobing. We've pretty much heard it all. Well, that's what we thought until Marie Claire introduced us to non-touring. In the article, celebrity makeup artist Renee Sanganoo says, "It's kind of like Spanx for the skin. You know you're wearing it, but no one's supposed to see it." Of course, we were totally intrigued.
Just like most of the new makeup techniques, it's actually a classic method that has been attached to a new buzz-worthy word. Non-touring is very similar to highlighting, which is when you use illuminating products to attract light and create a glow effect. Obviously, there are levels when it comes to highlighting. You can go full on disco ball or choose a more subtle effect. And non-touring falls on the barely-there side of the spectrum.
To attempt non-touring at home, you'll have to stock up on radiant powders, and you can swap out your heavy foundation for a lighter BB cream or tinted moisturizer. Think of this pared-down look as an easy way to make your skin glow without piling on deep bronzers.
It all might sound a bit complicated, but we tested out non-touring on one of our editors to show you the stunning results. The lit-from-within technique gives off a similar vibe as the no-makeup makeup trend. If you're ready to take a break from elaborate contouring this summer or just want to score a natural shine, keep reading to see how non-touring is done.
Great makeup begins with great skincare. Before adding product, make sure you have a hyrdated base to work with. After completing your usual moisturizing regimen, add a primer to minimize the appearance of pores and to smooth skin's texture. An illuminating option like Lancôme La Base Pro Hydra Glow Illuminating Makeup Primer ($40; macys.com) will boost your skin's radiance.
Layer a BB cream or a tinted moisturizer over your primer to prep the skin. The goal in non-touring is to create light coverage that allows your natural skin to shine through. So, skip heavy foundations that offer full coverage. Instead, reach for coverups that will blur blemishes but still look natural. We like Neutrogena's Healthy Skin Enhancer Broad Spectrum SPF 20 ($11; neutrogena.com) and Urban Decay's Naked Skin Beauty Balm SPF 20 ($14; sephora.com).
Highlight the light-reflecting areas of your face.
It's important to make sure that you choose the right illuminator for your skin's undertones. "Silver shimmers will make complexions with yellow undertones appear ashy," says Anjeh Bourne of The Glam App. So, golden highlighters work best. Try Nars The Multiple In South Beach ($39; narscosmetics.com) to get that warm glow. Women with pink undertones have a little bit more flexibility with their options and will look great in silver or gold shimmer. Benefit Cosmetics High Beam Liquid Face Highlighter ($26; ulta.com) offers a silvery shine that's also dewy.
Reach for a fan brush similar to the Morphe Deluxe Fan ($14; morphebrushes.com) to sweep on product. The flat shape on this tool will help you to spread product exactly where it is needed. Instead of using a straight diagonal motion, try a curving technique. "Make a semi-circle around the apple of your cheek to make the light-reflecting particles look as natural as possible," Bourne says.
You can also highlight the center of your nose and your cupid's bow. Use a small brush like the Sephora Collection Pro Contour Highlight Brush ($34; sephora.com) to help control exactly where the product lands. All you need is a small amount of highlighter. Sweep the product down from the bridge of your nose to the tip. Then, use the same brush to outline the bow shape at the very top of your lip.
And here's how non-touring compares to contouring.
Non-touring is very different from the chiseled effect of contouring. This trend is all about subtle, natural-looking radiance.


Fixin' to Stay (Summer 2002) | Reimagine!
Gentrification, the wrenching process of neighborhood change, was first named in the 1960s. The name, however did not acknowledge the permanent erasure that takes place when a community loses its memory. Gentrification, or urban blight were policy terms that carried social and racial values, as well as a political and economic agenda. The layered meanings of the language of redevelopment has been understood by many communities that have fought to remain intact. In San Francisco, those communities and their fights for survival are whispered anthems to community struggle; International Hotel, Yerba Buena, Fillmore.
There are effective strategies to both increase affordable housing and gain community control over development. In this issue you will find the story of a Los Angeles coalition that won a Regional Housing Trust Fund. PolicyLink has a tool kit for equitable development, a web based resource with strategies to preserve affordability. We bring you ACORN's organizing work in Sacramento and a Displacement Free Zone in Brooklyn, where the community enforces a ban on blatant rent increases. We take a look at the successes of faith-based organizing in cities where lack of investment, not displacement is the problem, In another section we look at the center of gravity for San Francisco's South of Market Filipino community, and the risk to cultural continuity that displacement can bring.
We look for future trends in community development, and find a wider frame for global capitalism, displacement, and the forces that shape our communities. Global economic decisions impact people's choices for immigration, decent jobs, housing, and the environment. Global economic decisions impact people's choices for immigration, decent jobs, housing, and the environment. Global economic forces undermine the ability of our communities to come together and resist displacement. And displacement is not a new story. People of color in this country and around the world have long struggled for self determination and for their land.
In this issue we attempt to provide historical context, policy ideas, and community experiences from around the country that will leave you both inspired and better equipped to tackle these issues at the local and regional level.


A few months after public protests here over the violent repression of democracy in Tiananmen Square, it's business as usual in Hong Kong. After years in New York, a young Chinese remarked that his native city ''had become a gigantic shopping mall.'' The so-called Hong Kong dream, a vision of the good life parallel to the American Dream, however, shouldn't be reduced to pure mercantilism. For the film scholar Esther Yau, Hong Kong's precarious existence represents a utopia, the right not to choose between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang. Nowhere is this utopia better expressed than in the film industry - where audiences may enjoy a taste of paradise lost long ago in Hollywood. In Hong Kong, film making is an unpretentious industry, designed for profit, popular entertainment and export to Japan, Taiwan and Korea.
Paradise, however, is in danger of being lost. The Hong Kong film industry is a brilliant form of escapism, for there is something to escape from. In 1997, the 99-year British concession will expire, and Hong Kong will come under the jurisdiction of the Beijing Government. The June 4 crackdown has increased the residents' anxieties - and the film industry has been especially affected by the events. Producers, directors and stars, torn between rage, fear and the desire to keep working, might see their world disappear altogether. Hong Kong's film industry has its mega-stars (Sylvia Chang, Anita Mui, Cora Miao, Chow Yun-fatt, Tony Leung) and its kung fu idols Jackie Chang and Samo Hung; its major studios (Golden Harvest, Cinema City, D and B); its Spielbergian producers (Tsui Hark); its maverick auteurs (Allen Fong); and a handful of talented women directors (such as Ann Hui - of ''Boat People'' fame - and Mabel Cheung).
Since the 1970's, Hong Kong has become the Hollywood of Asia and one of the world's most prolific film centers. But a shadow looms over its creative energy - that of 1997, when Hong Kong is to be reunited with the People's Republic of China. And since June 4, 1989, the day of the Tiananmen violence, history seems to have quickened its pace.
''Chinese often use the past to talk about the present,'' says Po Chim Leong. Born in England to an emigre Cantonese family, he moved to Hong Kong in the 60's. Channel 4 in London produced his film ''Ping Pong,'' exploring the identity crisis of a young ''B.B.C.'' (British-Born Chinese). In Asia, he is famous for his 1986 film, ''Hong Kong 1941.'' The British colonials leave, the Japanese Army arrives, plunging the city into lawlessness and violence. Three young people struggle to survive. One of them (played by Chow Yun-fatt) gallantly dies to let his best friend escape with the girl they both love.
Beyond the romance, beyond the memory of the atrocities committed by the Japanese, ''Hong Kong 1941'' is pregnant with allusions to the present. ''When the Japanese officer distributes rice, he says, 'Have faith in me.' Those were the very words used by Deng Xiaoping to the Hong Kong businessmen who were preparing to do business on the mainland,'' explains Mr. Po.
In her 1984 film ''Love in a Fallen City,'' Ann Hui, a top New Wave director, also set a love story amid the havoc wrought by the Japanese Army. Tsui Hark's hits ''Shanghai Blues'' (1984) and ''Peking Opera Blues'' (1986), as well as Jackie Chan's box-office draw ''Project A, Part II'' (1987), used a similar strategy: though displaced in time and space, Hong Kong's anxiety concerning its future at the end of the British Mandate was clearly recognizable. Parallels are often drawn between Hong Kong in the 1990's and Shanghai in the 1940's, as exemplified by a recent action film, Teddy Robin's ''Shanghai Shanghai.'' Hong Kong is afraid of meeting the fate of Shanghai, a thriving urban metropolis (and film production center) that went into decline after 1949, following the Communist takeover on the mainland.
''The nightmare,'' says Tsui Hark, ''is that the Chinese Government itself does not know if it is capable of running Hong Kong . . .'' Born in Vietnam to a family from the south of China, he moved to Hong Kong in 1966 as a teen-ager, studied film in the United States, directed a series of successful films and now runs his own production company, Film Workshop.
After producing a series of top-grossing gangster films directed by John Woo and starring Chow Yun-fatt, ''A Better Tomorrow Part I'' and ''II,'' and ''The Killer,'' Mr. Tsui went back to directing with ''A Better Tomorrow Part III'' (also known as ''Love and Death in Saigon'').
''Vietnam in 1974, at the end of the American presence,'' he said, ''offered an interesting background. The protagonists are the products of their times. The main character is less heroic, he's no Rambo, he doesn't stand a chance against a whole army. And the bad guys are more elements of the general corruption than typical gangsters.'' Here again, the spectacle of individuals fighting for their dignity and happiness in a country torn apart by opposing armies and rival factions, functions as a metaphor for the colony's worst fears.
As a result, ''Love and Death in Saigon'' is Mr. Tsui's most somber film. Allusions to political repression, to the senseless violence of armed men, to student demonstrations, keep creeping in, belying the ''Better Tomorrow'' of the original title.
Can there really be a ''better tomorrow'' in Hong Kong? It is no longer fun to watch ''Chinese killing Chinese,'' as many people say, and while the hero still gets the heroine (Anita Mui), she dies in his arms.
Since the ''open door policy,'' in which the Chinese Government sought to normalize commercial and cultural relations with both Hong Kong and Taiwan, Hong Kong film makers have been able to shoot on the Chinese mainland, making use of its extraordinary landscapes. Between 40 and 50 movies (mostly action films) were being shot annually in co-production with China. Since June 4, this number has decreased radically, but the trend seems only temporary. For both the Chinese Government and the Hong Kong producers, ''business is business,'' and real locations are more attractive than papier-mache sets.
Last April, Mabel Cheung was shooting ''Eight Taels of Gold'' in a rural area near Canton. A shy, overweight New York cab driver (Samo Hung, the kung fu star, creatively cast against type), comes back to the village he fled during the Cultural Revolution. There he falls in love with his beautiful cousin, already engaged to another man. A return to life on the mainland is impossible for Hung, who is left shouting his despair in an empty landscape.
For the first time in years, the box office is down. Yet people still invest in building and refurbishing movie theaters - knowing that the younger audience will keep going to the movies until the Communists take over in 1997 - and probably after. And there is no shortage of interesting projects. Po Chim Leong wants to shoot a contemporary version of ''Hong Kong 1941.'' Mabel Cheung plans to direct a two-part film about what she describes as ''the Hong Kong countdown,'' one from a female, the other from a male point of view. Allen Fong hopes to make ''as many movies as possible before 1997, to document the last years of Hong Kong,'' then emigrate and give up film making.
Hong Kong's censorship law makes it difficult to produce and exhibit what the text calls ''political'' movies. Films ''which may seriously endanger the relationship between Hong Kong and its neighboring countries'' are banned. Last December, a Taiwanese video documentary titled ''They're Writing History'' could not be shown at the Hong Kong Art Center because it included interviews with Chinese dissidents and student leaders. Paradoxically, television, radio and newspapers are not submitted to censorship and vent, often violently, negative feelings toward China.
When a Japanese television station approached Shu Kei last year to produce a documentary, he first intended to make a film on the legendary Taiwanese composer-singer Hou Dejian, who, in 1983,defected to China. Tiananmen Square thwarted the project. (Mr. Hou, on a hunger strike at the end of the student movement, disappeared during the violence and resurfaced in Beijing only two months later.) Instead, Mr. Shu made ''Sunless Days,'' a ''personal documentary'' about Hong Kong's reactions to the crackdown. Interviewing families and friends, he took his camera throughout the Chinese diaspora, from London to Australia and Toronto and back to Hong Kong - trying to find answers to the harrowing question: What does it mean to be Chinese in the post-Tiananmen world?
The film is composed of vignettes depicting various reactions to the events: from the radicalization of a couple of fun-loving artists to the self-analysis of writers in exile; from a mainland film maker's decision to go back, ''because there is work to do at home,'' to the middle-class strategy for a comfortable emigration; from demonstrations of Hong Kong students to images of his mother going about her daily chores.
''No one can conceptualize Hong Kong in the hands of mainland China,'' adds Shu Kei. ''This is why people are so nervous.'' Initially he thought that his documentary would be banned in Hong Kong. But the theatrical version of the film won a prize given by the Roman Catholic press at the 1990 Berlin Film Festival. So, invited by the Hong Kong Film Festival, ''Sunless Days'' was finally passed by the censorship committee at the last minute and shown on April 15, the anniversary of the death of the ousted Communist leader Hu Yaobang, which had set in motion the democracy movement.
Berenice Reynaud is the New York correspondent for Cahiers du Cinema.


IT'S on to headquarters on Sunday for the last eight clash. Meath are in opposition. A team who have been hitting the headlines for all the wrong reasons in recent times.
The Royals have no selectors following the resignation of both Barry Callaghan and Liam Harnan last week, they were dealt a major injury blow in a recent challenge against Galway in Mullingar and their league form left a lot to be desired.
So preparation for Sunday's encounter has been far from ideal but nobody, especially in Kildare, is writing off Meath. To do so would be foolish.
Kieran McGeeney's Kildare had an easy time of it during their preliminary round meeting with Wicklow. They were seven points to the good by the time the long whistle was sounded and that winning margin should have been a lot bigger had it not been for some poor wides and short efforts.
Wicklow, in short, were dire and although Meath don't seem to be in good form lately they simply cannot be anywhere near as bad as Micko's men.
The Lilies' showing in O'Moore Park over a week ago might not have set the world alight but considering the first round statistics for Kildare in recent years it was most satisfactory. When things weren't working out McGeeney was quick to change it and he eventually got it right.
Starting Johnny Doyle in midfield turned out to be a genius move by the Armagh man but had the captain not performed so splendidly it could have been described as a silly move. The world of championship football can be a fickle one indeed.
Now the likelihood of the Allenwood club man starting in the middle against Meath is slim especially considering Daryl Flynn could be back available for selection. Kildare will need a man in the middle that can field high balls against Meath and Flynn is the man for that job, most likely alongside Hughie Lynch, who acquitted himself very well against Wicklow. However, reports emanating from the panel this week suggests that Flynn is no where near ready for a return to action.
Flynn's return would be most welcome but a return that's an even bigger welcome is the one of Mikey Conway. The Nurney man lined out for the juniors in their provincial clash against Louth last Wednesday and everyone was delighted to see him back after a torturous two years. However, if folks are hoping to see the Nurney man on the hallowed turf of Croke Park on Sunday they might be sorely disappointed. The likelihood of Conway starting or even making an appearance is slim but if victory is secured, one never knows, he just might well play a part in this year's championship.
Doyle might be unlikely to hang on to his place in the middle but Tomas O'Connor could very well keep a hold of the full forward position. The Clane club man was a great addition to the forward line, he caused huge problems for the Wicklow rearguard and he worked really well alongside Alan Smith, another player that looks to be coming back to his best.
The experiment of playing Brian Flanagan in the half forward line didn't work. McGeeney was quick to change it when he replaced the Johnstownbridge man with Eamonn Callaghan after just 30 minute and indeed Flanagan could miss out for Sunday. It appears the half back line of White, O'Flaherty and Bolton is the best option and will be probably be the same again on Sunday. Morgan O'Flaherty fulfills the sweeper roll with aplomb, it's not broken so it doesn't need fixing.
Similarly the full back line against the Garden boys performed well. Wicklow's biggest threat was their inside forward line and even though they had an off day Kildare curtailed them extremely well. McLoughlin, Foley and McGrillen all look as save as proverbial houses to hold on to their places for Sunday, barring injury of course.
Both Padraig O'Neill and Ronan Sweeney were off form against Wicklow and their places could be in doubt, while Eoghan O'Flaherty is carrying a groin injury, which forced him off early in Portlaoise. Smith and O'Connor's form could see them hang on to their places, while Doyle should make a return to the forward line, as could James Kavanagh.
Meath have major worries about their defence and news coming from the Royal County suggests that Eoin Harrington is out for the remainder of the summer. The Wolfe Tones' man picked up an injury in the Royals challenge win over Galway in Mullingar last week, while it is also reported that Cormac McGuinness has withdrawn from the panel.
During that 0-10 to 0-8 victory over the Tribesmen Graham Geraghty made a return to the inter county scene with a substitute appearance. The 38-years-old returns after a three year sabbatical from the Meath set up and has caused major controversy in the Royal County.
The resignation of Harnan and Callaghan came supposedly after they weren't consulted by team manager Seamus McEnaney on the return of Clann na Gael club man.
The Meath county board met last week following the resignation of the two selectors and stipulated that McEnaney must replace the pair with another two Royal natives but it is not clear whether or not this will be done before Sunday's quarter final clash. At present the two front runners for the job are Pat Coyle the current Meath junior boss and Kit Henry, former junior manager and former manager of Louth club side Mattock Rangers.
For now though County Board chairman Barney Allen and secretary Cyril Creavin will step in.
Back to on the field action however. Meath's challenge against Galway saw a return to form of Stephen Bray. The Navan O'Mahony's man missed out on Meath's dismal National Football League Division 2 campaign because of his three month long honeymoon and was not on form when he returned to action for his club. However, the corner forward now seems to be hitting form when it matters most.
Meath's biggest threat of course is in attack with the likes of Bray, Cian Ward, Joe Sheridan and Graham Reilly and the Lilies will have to be on form if they want to curtail them.
There can be no doubting that Kildare won't have things as easy on Sunday as they did against Wicklow in O'Moore Park. That's a given.
Meath, despite their current problems, are a better side than Micko's team. A wounded animal is a dangerous thing. Of course the prize is a semi final meeting with Dublin, if the boys from the capital do what's expected of them against Laois and Leinster champions Meath would like nothing better than another stab are their bitter, bitter rivals.
Moral is low in Meath. Very low. Kildare have the benefit of game behind them. It won't be as easy as last year but one expects the Lilies to come out on top.


During the Maghrib prayer, these two children of different origin took their time choosing a cupcake together. This sharing occurred at an Interfaith Iftar where Muslims invited Non-Muslims to partake in breaking of Iftar with them. Sharing Iftar goodies together breaks boundaries!
Lovely photo – cheers me up on the "the whole thing." Keep up the good work.


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A  foi um conjunto de alianças e compromissos estabelecidos entre várias potências europeias (incluindo o Império Otomano) que se confrontaram com a França na fase final da Revolução Francesa. O conjunto dos confrontos entre a França e a coligação ficou conhecido como Guerra da Segunda Coligação, teve início em 1799 e prolongou-se até 1801. Formalmente, a guerra só terminou em 1802 com a assinatura do Tratado de Amiens. Contra a França uniram-se a Áustria, a Rússia, a Grã-Bretanha, o Império Otomano, o Reino de Nápoles e outras pequenas entidades políticas da península Itálica e da região da Germânica, estas últimas integradas no Sacro Império Romano-Germânico. A invasão de Portugal por um exército espanhol, em 1801, no conflito que ficou conhecido como Guerra das Laranjas, está também associada a estes acontecimentos e trata-se de uma campanha que não pode deixar de ser referida no âmbito da Guerra da Segunda Coligação.

Esta guerra, iniciada quando a França era governada pelo Diretório, terminou quando Napoleão Bonaparte era já Primeiro Cônsul. Assim, foi durante esta guerra que se realizou a transição da França Revolucionária para a França Napoleónica. As operações relativas a esta guerra decorreram em três teatros de operações: Europa Central e Países Baixos e norte da Península Itálica. Foi neste último teatro de operações que se realizou a  Segunda Campanha de Napoleão em Itália. Quando se iniciou a Guerra da Segunda Coligação, tanto os Estados Papais como o Reino de Nápoles estavam já em guerra com a França por causa da expansão desta República para sul, na península italiana. O Império Otomano encontrava-se em confronto com os franceses desde setembro de 1798, após o início da Campanha do Egito.

Antecedentes

Consequências do Tratado de Campoformio

O Tratado de Campoformio, que pôs um fim formal à Guerra da Primeira Coligação, alterou o mapa político europeu. No norte de Itália, a França tinha obtido, do Reino da Sardenha, o Ducado de Saboia e o Condado de Nice pelo Tratado de Paris de 1796. Por este tratado, os franceses obtinham o direito de atravessar os territórios do Piemonte em direção ao Ducado de Milão que se encontrava sob domínio austríaco. Em compensação pela perda da Bélgica, a Áustria recebeu o território da República de Veneza, incluindo as suas possessões na Ístria e na Dalmácia. Dos territórios de Veneza, a França reteve as Ilhas Jónicas como bases navais. No final da sua primeira campanha em Itália, Napoleão reuniu na República Cisalpina os territórios que os franceses tinham dominado durante a guerra. À República de Génova foi imposto um governo de acordo com os interesses franceses e esta passou a designar-se República da Ligúria. O Ducado de Parma manteve a sua entidade política, embora sob controlo dos franceses. A República de Lucca e o Grão-Ducado da Toscana mantiveram a sua independência. Os Estados Papais perderam para a República Cisalpina alguns territórios: Romanha, Bolonha e Ferrara.

Francisco I da Áustria cedeu os Países Baixos Austríacos (Bélgica) à França e, na qualidade de imperador do Sacro Império Romano-Germânico (como Francisco II) cedeu os territórios alemães da margem esquerda do rio Reno. A França atingia, assim, as chamadas fronteiras naturais, isto é, avançou as fronteiras até aos limites geográficos materializados pelo rio Reno, pelos Alpes e pelos Pirenéus. A França prometeu à Áustria que usaria a sua influência para ajudar o imperador Francisco II a obter Salzburgo e parte da Baviera. A República Batava (Holanda) tinha sido criada pelos patriotas holandeses, com o apoio das forças francesas invasoras, em 16 de maio de 1795 e, desde essa data, manteve-se um Estado satélite da França.

Expansão francesa em Itália

Em setembro de 1791, os franceses tinham anexado Avinhão e o Condado Venaissino, territórios pontifícios. Esta facto agravou as relações entre a França revolucionária e a Santa Sé. As conquistas francesas durante a guerra foram mantidas sob a forma daquelas repúblicas irmãs, que mais não eram que Estados satélites de França. Após a assinatura do Tratado de Campoformio era suposto manter o status quo, mas os franceses iniciaram um período de expansão na Itália. Em 1796, Bolonha e Ferrara, a norte dos Estados Pontifícios, foram colocadas sob controlo da República Cisalpina. Em dezembro de 1797, em Roma, registaram-se algumas manifestações durante as quais foi assassinado o general francês Léonard Mathurin Duphot, que para ali se tinha dirigido com o embaixador francês José Bonaparte, a fim de tentarem incitar e apoiar uma revolta republicana. Este incidente foi o pretexto para os franceses enviarem o seu Exército de Itália, sob o comando do general Louis-Alexandre Berthier. Os Estados Pontifícios foram ocupados, as tropas francesas foram aclamadas como libertadoras pelos democratas romanos e, a 12 de fevereiro de 1798, foi estabelecida a República Romana. O papa Pio VI foi feito prisioneiro, enviado para Siena e daí para Valença, onde morreu no ano seguinte. Em 1798, Maria Carolina da Áustria influenciou o seu marido, o rei Fernando IV de Nápoles, a invadir a República Romana. As tropas napolitanas ocuparam Roma mas os franceses contra-atacaram e, no dia 20 de janeiro de 1799, o general Jean Étienne Championnet atacou Nápoles. No dia 23 de janeiro foi proclamada a República Napolitana, que os franceses foram obrigados a abandonar a meio desse mesmo ano de 1799.

Expansão francesa na Suíça

Em abril de 1798, os franceses ocuparam a Suíça, onde a Revolução Francesa teve uma forte repercussão. Uma série de revoltas registaram-se em diversos cantões da Suíça. Durante esse conflito interno, o político suíço Frederico César de La Harpe propôs a intervenção de tropas francesas com a finalidade de impor os princípios revolucionários em todos os cantões. No início do ano de 1798, as tropas francesas entraram no cantão de Vaud, que tinha proclamado a independência e, a partir daí, foi feita a ocupação de toda a Suíça. Estes acontecimentos conduziram à proclamação da República Helvética a 12 de abril de 1798, organizada segundo o modelo francês. No dia 19 de agosto de 1798, a República Helvética e a República Francesa assinaram um tratado de defesa mútua. A França, entretanto, tinha anexado os cantões de Genebra, Neuchâtel, Berna e o território do bispo de Basileia, atual Jura.

A Campanha do Egito

Em maio de 1798, partiu de Toulon uma frota com o Exército do Oriente, sob comando de Napoleão Bonaparte. Tinha início a Campanha do Egito. A ilha de Malta foi ocupada a 10 de junho de 1798 e, no dia 1 de julho, o exército francês iniciou o desembarque perto de Alexandria, na costa mediterrânica do Egito. Estas ações tiveram duas consequências. No que respeita a Malta, os Cavaleiros Hospitalários expulsos da ilha pediram auxílio a Paulo I da Rússia e elegeram-no grão-mestre da ordem, sem que disso fosse impedimento o facto de ele pertencer à Igreja Ortodoxa. Sendo a Rússia uma potência com fortes interesses no Império Otomano, via também com grande alarme a presença de forças francesas no Egito. Para a Rússia, era importante travar este expansionismo francês. A outra consequência foi  a declaração de guerra do Império Otomano à França, a 2 de setembro de 1798. No início do ano de 1799, Napoleão avançou pela Síria otomana e pôs cerco a Acre. A expedição na Síria terminou em julho desse mesmo ano e, em setembro, Napoleão e alguns dos seus colaboradores abandonaram o Egito e dirigiram-se para França. A justificação para esta atitude que lhe poderia ter custado a carreira foi a situação difícil em que se encontrava a França na guerra que se travava contra as potências da Segunda Coligação.

Formação da Segunda Coligação

Quando Napoleão partiu para o Egito, em maio de 1798, a posição da França parecia segura. A República Francesa tinha as suas fronteiras delimitadas pelos seus limites naturais, o rio Reno, os Alpes e os Pirenéus. Em 1795 tinha sido formada a República Batava, assim as fronteiras francesas eram fortalecidas por um estado satélite. No norte de Itália, a anexação de Nice e a criação de outro estado satélite, a República da Ligúria, tinham permitido aos franceses controlar a rota costeira para a Itália. Pela República da Ligúria, os franceses tinham acesso à República Cisalpina, outro estado satélite, que dominava o vale do Pó. A influência austríaca estava limitada ao território a norte do rio Ádige. O caminho estava aberto para "libertar" a Itália Central e do Sul.

O avanço francês em direção ao Sul de Itália, a posse das Ilhas Iónicas e de Malta e, em 1799, a expedição da Síria, fazia com que o domínio francês do Levante começasse a parecer uma possibilidade. Ora, o território do Império Otomano e, especialmente, os estreitos do Bósforo e de Dardanelos eram preocupação especial dos russos porque asseguravam a saída do mar Negro para o Mediterrâneo. Os russos e os otomanos tinham-se enfrentado em vários conflitos, o último dos quais a Guerra Russo-Turca (1787—1792), em que a Rússia procurara sempre assegurar o acesso ao Mediterrâneo a partir do mar Negro. A possibilidade de aquela região vir a ser controlada pelos franceses era motivo de preocupação para Paulo I da Rússia, que, assim, recebeu com satisfação uma sugestão do governo britânico para assumir a liderança na organização de uma coligação contra a França.

Em novembro de 1798, William Pitt, primeiro ministro britânico, enviou a São Petersburgo, capital do Império Russo, uma proposta que continha o programa do que viria a ser a Segunda Coligação. Nessa proposta, Pitt convidava Paulo I da Rússia a assumir a liderança na promoção e organização da coligação. O governo britânico defendia que a França deveria voltar às suas fronteiras anteriores à Revolução; defendia também que fosse restaurada a independência da República Holandesa (designada República Batava na época que estamos a tratar) e, para isso, convinha torná-la mais forte para poder enfrentar uma possível futura invasão pelos franceses. A fórmula proposta para fortalecer a República Holandesa era a união com as províncias belgas do norte. Não sendo prevista, desta forma, a restituição da totalidade da Bélgica à Áustria, esta seria compensada recebendo territórios em Itália. Aqui, seria restaurado o Reino da Sardenha e Piemonte, que, fortalecido com a recuperação da Saboia, controlaria as passagens da França para Itália. Também a Suíça deveria recuperar a sua independência e os territórios que a França tinha anexado.

A Prússia estava na altura mais preocupada com os acontecimentos na Polónia, com quem tinha fronteira a Este. A Polónia tinha sido sujeita a três partilhas. A última ocorrera em 1795 e o território polaco ficou sob controlo da Rússia, da Áustria e da Prússia. A Prússia não se juntou à Segunda Coligação apesar de terem sido oferecidas compensações na Alemanha. Os planos para fazer sair os franceses dos territórios alemães, da Holanda, da Itália e da Suíça foram então elaborados pelas três principais potências que formaram a coligação: Grã-Bretanha, Rússia e Áustria. As ações militares da Coligação iniciaram-se em março de 1799.

Portugal na Guerra da Segunda Coligação

Portugal foi envolvido no conflito em 1801, na chamada Guerra das Laranjas, ao ser invadido por forças espanholas. Na realidade, existia um estado de guerra entre Portugal e a França desde 1793, quando teve início a participação portuguesa na Campanha do Rossilhão, no âmbito da Guerra da Primeira Coligação. Sendo uma potência aliada da Inglaterra, Portugal garantia, com esta aliança, as comunicações com os seus territórios ultramarinos. Atacar Portugal e ameaçar ocupar o seu território era, para Napoleão, uma forma de ganhar uma posição mais favorável nas negociações com a Inglaterra quando chegasse o fim da guerra. Neste sentido, o governo espanhol foi pressionado para organizar, com o apoio francês, um exército para invadir Portugal. Assim, o estado de guerra que perdurava desde 1793 materializou-se novamente em ações militares, agora no território português, que foi parcialmente ocupado. A ameaça de anexar todo o território apressou as negociações de paz entre a França e a Grã-Bretanha.

A guerra

Os acontecimentos históricos são sempre muito complexos, mesmo quando procuramos ver apenas alguns dos seus aspetos particulares. Essa complexidade obriga-nos, para mais fácil compreensão, a sistematizá-los de acordo com determinadas referências. Nesse trabalho de sistematização, alguns autores tomam como referência a subida de Napoleão Bonaparte ao poder, como Primeiro Cônsul. Isso aconteceu a 9 de novembro de 1799 e este acontecimento marca, assim, a separação entre as Guerras da Revolução Francesa e as Guerras Napoleónicas. De acordo com esta metodologia, dividimos as guerras da Segunda Coligação em dois períodos: período anterior a Napoleão e período napoleónico.

Período anterior a Napoleão

As potências que tinham formado a Segunda Coligação elaboraram um plano de ação contra a França. Esse plano previa desencadear ações ofensivas em três frentes: na Holanda, um exército anglo-russo sob o comando do duque de Iorque expulsaria os franceses; na Alemanha e na Suíça, um exército austríaco sob o comando do arquiduque Carlos obrigaria os franceses a abandonar os territórios ocupados; da Itália, os franceses seriam expulsos por um exército austro-russo sob o comando do marechal Alexander Suvarov. Este confronto englobava cerca de  homens do lado da Coligação (sem contar com os cerca de  do Reino de Nápoles, de fraca qualidade) e cerca de  do lado dos franceses. Estes começaram a incorporar legiões dos estados-satélite para os seus exércitos (Holanda, Piemonte, Itália e Suíça). As operações militares tiveram início na Itália.

A guerra na Itália
Durante a Guerra da Primeira Coligação, o Reino de Nápoles fez a paz com a Primeira República Francesa a 10 de outubro de 1796. Após o final daquela guerra e depois de assinado o Tratado de Campoformio, os franceses continuaram a expansão na Itália ameaçando as entidades políticas ainda independentes. Por esta razão, o Reino de Nápoles estabeleceu uma aliança com a Áustria a 9 de maio de 1798. Nesse mesmo ano, a 12 de fevereiro, tinha sido proclamada a República Romana e, no dia 29 de novembro, um exército napolitano, sob o comando do general austríaco Karl Mack von Leiberich, capturou Roma. Os franceses reagiram de imediato e ao fim de quinze dias as tropas napolitanas tinham sido expulsas da República Romana. Era opinião geral que o exército napolitano seria o pior da Europa, tanto no que respeita à disciplina como em combate. As deserções era muito numerosas. Com o avanço francês, as tropas napolitanas entraram em pânico e, no dia 11 de janeiro de 1799, o general Mack desertou para as linhas francesas para fugir às tropas amotinadas. O comandante das forças francesas, general Jean-Étienne Vachier-Championnet, avançou então para Nápoles, conquistou a cidade (24 de janeiro) e fundou a República Napolitana.

Em março de 1799, o general francês Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer marchou ao longo do rio Ádige e atacou as forças austríacas sob o comando do general . O objectivo de Schérer era derrotar aquelas forças austríacas antes da chegada do exército austro-russo sob o comando do general Alexander Suvorov. No dia 26 de março deu-se o encontro entre as duas forças na região de Pastrengo, uma aldeia do norte de Itália na margem ocidental do Ádige. Os franceses derrotaram os austríacos. Nesse mesmo dia houve combates em Verona, com resultados inconclusivos, e Legnano, com uma vitória dos austríacos. Estes, no dia 30 de março, obtiveram uma vitória nos combates em Perona e, no dia 5 de abril, perto de Castel d'Azzano, deu-se a Batalha de Magnano, uma derrota para Schérer, que foi obrigado a retirar em desordem.

Após esta vitória do general Kray em Magnano, Suvarov chegou ao norte de Itália com o exército russo e assumiu o comando das forças da Coligação ali presentes, isto é, cerca de  homens, e de imediato iniciou a ofensiva contra os franceses. No dia 21 de abril, a guarnição francesa de Bréscia rendeu-se às tropas austro-russas. No dia seguinte, em Lecco, registaram-se combates entre tropas russas e francesas e estas continuaram a retirar. Suvarov deixou o general Kray com  homens a cercar Mântua e Peschiera e, a 27 de abril, atacou os Franceses em Cassano. As forças francesas, sob o comando do general Jean Victor Marie Moreau, que substituiu o general Schérer, foram derrotadas na Batalha de Cassano e obrigadas a retirar. No dia seguinte, Suvarov entrou em Milão e daí seguiu para Turim, que ocupou a 20 de junho. Suvarov não perseguiu as forças francesas em retirada. As forças da Coligação ficaram então dispersas pelo norte de Itália, pondo cerco a várias praças que ainda eram controladas por guarnições francesas.

Entretanto, o exército francês no Sul de Itália,  homens sob comando do general Jacques MacDonald, dirigiu-se para norte. Durante esta marcha, o general Moreau manobrou a partir de Génova a fim de desviar a atenção de Suvarov daqueles reforços vindos de sul. O resultado foi o de o exército de Suvarov ficar posicionado entre dois exércitos franceses, o de Moreau e o de MacDonald. As tropas de Suvarov encontravam-se muito dispersas. O general russo reuniu cerca de  homens e, de surpresa, lançou um ataque ao exército de MacDonald. A Batalha de Trebbia, travada entre 17 e 20 de junho, foi uma importante vitória das tropas austro-russas sobre as forças francesas, que sofreram baixas pesadíssimas:  mortos,  feridos,  prisioneiros e alguma artilharia. As baixas da Coligação foram muito menores ( no total). Em seguida, Suvarov atacou o exército de Moreau, que tinha derrotado um corpo de tropas austríaco na Batalha de Cassina Grossa a 20 de junho. Os franceses recuaram para a Riviera Italiana (costa do Golfo de Génova) onde tinham a sua principal linha de comunicações com a França.

Perante estes acontecimentos, o Diretório substituiu Moreau pelo general Barthélemy Catherine Joubert. Em agosto, com um efetivo de cerca de  homens, Joubert lançou um ataque contra Suvarov, que dispunha de uma força de aproximadamente . No decorrer da Batalha de Novi a 15 de agosto, Joubert foi morto e o seu exército derrotado com pesadas baixas ( franceses para  russos e austríacos). O exército da Coligação não perseguiu o exército francês em retirada, pois o Exército dos Alpes (francês), com cerca de  homens, sob o comando do general Jean Étienne Championnet, tinha entrado na Itália pelo Passo do Monte Cenis.

Antes do confronto seguinte entre as forças da Coligação e as forças francesas, Suvarov recebeu ordens para, com  homens do exército russo, dirigir-se para a Suíça. O exército da Coligação em Itália ficou sob o comando de um oficial austríaco, o marechal Michael von Melas. As forças da Coligação derrotaram o exército do general Championnet na Batalha de Genola a 4 de novembro. Perto do fim do ano, quase todos os ganhos obtidos durante a Primeira Campanha de Napoleão em Itália tinham sido perdidos e isso ficou a dever-se quase inteiramente ao marechal Suvarov. Além destas ações militares descritas, verificaram-se numerosos cercos e combates de menor importância entre as forças em confronto (ver Cronologia da Segunda Coligação).

A guerra na Alemanha

Em março de 1799, o Exército de Mayance, um dos exércitos franceses da Revolução, com cerca de  homens e sob comando do general Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, iniciou a ofensiva francesa na Alemanha, atravessou o rio Reno em Kehl e Hüningen e avançou pela Floresta Negra. O primeiro confronto com as forças austríacas, cerca de  homens sob o comando do arquiduque Carlos da Áustria-Teschen, deu-se no dia 21 de março em Ostrach, uma aldeia no sul da Alemanha, o que resultou numa derrota para os franceses. Este resultado não impediu Jourdan de ordenar imediatamente um ataque contra a ala direita austríaca. A Batalha de Stockach, travada a 25 de março, foi uma vitória dos franceses, que, no entanto, não impediu o contra-ataque austríaco. Este foi lançado contra o centro do dispositivo de Jourdan. As baixas foram mais elevadas do lado austríaco () do que do lado francês (), mas a ofensiva francesa perdeu o ímpeto e parou. Perante forças superiores, Jourdan retirou ao anoitecer do dia 26, em ordem, para a região do Reno.

Quando terminou a retirada, Jourdan resignou do seu cargo e foi substituído pelo general André Masséna. Durante o resto do ano não houve mais ações militares de relevo. Registaram-se recontros na região sudoeste da Alemanha em Mannheim (18 de setembro – vitória austríaca), Philippsburg (16 de novembro – vitória francesa) e Wiesloch (3 de dezembro – vitória austríaca). Ambas as partes estavam mais preocupadas com as operações na Suíça e na Holanda.

A guerra na Holanda

No dia 27 de agosto de 1799, a Coligação desembarcou na República Batava (Holanda) uma força britânica de  homens, sob o comando do Duque de Iorque. A expedição britânica desembarcou na península da Holanda do Norte, imediatamente a sul da ilha de Texel. O  foi com as tropas da República Batava, no dia do desembarque, em , uma aldeia no Noroeste da Holanda, cerca de 9 km a sul da cidade de Den Helder. Os britânicos derrotaram as forças batavas e, no dia seguinte, o major-general sir John Moore ocupou Den Helder e o estaleiro naval, onde capturou 97 bocas-de-fogo de artilharia, muitos abastecimentos e 13 navios. No dia 30 de agosto, mais 12 navios da República Batava renderam-se sem luta. Estes navios foram incorporados na Royal Navy.

Assim que foi reforçado com duas divisões russas, o duque de Iorque passou a dispor de uma força de  homens e tomou a ofensiva. No dia 10 de setembro, em Zyper-Sluis, um ponto de controlo da água no sistema de drenagem na Holanda do Norte, a oeste de Alkmaar, houve novos combates com as forças batavas e francesas. Apesar da superioridade numérica das tropas franco-batavas, os britânicos, sob o comando do tenente-general sir Ralph John Abercromby, obtiveram uma vitória. O avanço continuou e, no dia 19 de setembro, deu-se a Batalha de Bergen. A falta de coordenação entre as tropas russas e britânicas conduziu à derrota das forças da Coligação, que foram obrigadas a recuar. No entanto, duas semanas mais tarde, as tropas do duque de Iorque reiniciaram a ofensiva.

No dia 2 de outubro, 11 m a oeste de Alkmaar, foi travada a Batalha de Egmond-aan-Zee. Desta vez, a expedição anglo-russa obteve uma vitória sobre as forças francesas e batavas. Tirando partido da vantagem obtida, o duque de Iorque continuou o avanço para sul. No dia 6, no entanto, uma força franco-batava com cerca de  homens lançou uma ação ofensiva sobre os invasores ao longo das dunas da costa do mar do Norte. Novamente, a falta de ligação entre as forças russas e britânicas conduziu à derrota das tropas da Coligação na Batalha de Castricum. O duque de Iorque entendeu então que não dispunha de tropas suficientes para expulsar os franceses da Holanda e retirou para norte. Ficava cumprida a missão de destruir ou capturar a frota holandesa. No dia 18 de outubro foi assinada a Convenção de Alkmaar, acordo concluído entre os comandantes militares presentes e pelo qual as tropas da Coligação aceitavam sair da República Batava. Nas semanas a seguir à assinatura da Convenção, as tropas britânicas e russas foram transportadas para a Grã-Bretanha.

A guerra na Suíça e nos Alpes

Em março de 1799, Massena, no comando do Exército da Suíça (Armée d'Helvétie), dispunha de  homens na Suíça Central. A sua missão era avançar pelas regiões montanhosas de Vorarlberg e Grisons e cobrir o flanco direito do exército de Jourdan na Alemanha. No dia 6 de março, derrotou os austríacos em Maienfeld e, no dia seguinte, capturou a maior parte da força austríaca em Chur, na região de Grisons. Os combates repetiram-se em vários locais, quase sempre com vitória do lado francês. Entretanto, Massena enviou parte das suas forças, um corpo de  homens, sob comando do general Claude Lecourbe, para o vale do rio Inn, no Tirol. A esta força juntou-se um corpo de tropas francesas do Exército de Itália.

Na Alemanha e na Itália, ou seja, nos flancos esquerdo e direito do Exército da Suíça, os exércitos franceses sofreram importantes derrotas e foram obrigados a retirar. Desta forma, o exército de Massena ficava com os flancos expostos. No vale do Inn, o general Lecourbe foi atacado pelas tropas austríacas e foi obrigado a recuar para o Reno superior. Massena manteve o comando do seu exército e assumiu também o comando do exército de Jourdan, que tinha sido derrotado. Ficava assim responsável pela defesa da linha do Reno a sul de Mogúncia e da Suíça. Com o seu principal corpo de tropas, cerca de  homens, retirou lentamente em direção a Zurique. À sua frente encontravam-se o arquiduque Carlos e o general  com  homens.

Massena entrincheirou as suas tropas. Os austríacos lançaram o ataque no dia 4 de junho. A Primeira Batalha de Zurique foi uma vitória dos austríacos, que, no entanto, sofreram o maior número de baixas. Os franceses retiraram para oeste. Os combates seguintes só se verificariam a meados de agosto com escaramuças e combates de menor dimensão, quando Massena retomou a ofensiva. No dia 14 de agosto, os franceses lançaram uma ofensiva sobre Zurique mas não tiveram sucesso. Entretanto, os aliados da Coligação fizeram novos planos que implicavam uma redistribuição das forças. Assim, o arquiduque Carlos deveria marchar para norte, a fim de se juntar ao exército anglo-russo do duque de Iorque, que tentava expulsar os franceses da Holanda. Com a partida do arquiduque Carlos para norte, ficaram na Suíça cerca de  homens da força russa sob o comando do general Alexandre Mikhailovich Rimsky-Korsakov. Para compensar esta perda de efetivos e para expulsar os franceses, o exército russo de Suvarov recebeu ordem para marchar para a Suíça.

Massena antecipou-se aos planos da Coligação. O general Lecourbe, com uma força de  homens, ficou a guardar o Passo de São Gotardo, nos Alpes. No dia 25 de setembro, Massena atacou as posições russas em Zurique. A Segunda Batalha de Zurique foi uma vitória dos franceses. O exército de Korsakov aguardava a chegada de Suvorov. Este, ao atingir o Passo de São Gotardo, encontrou-o bloqueado pelas tropas francesas. Suvorov lançou um ataque para abrir caminho, o que conseguiu à custa de elevadas baixas. Entretanto, teve conhecimento da derrota de Korsakov em Zurique e, perante estas notícias, nada tinha a fazer na Suíça. Decidiu então marchar ao longo dos Alpes para Ilanz, cidade suíça na margem do Reno superior. O Czar Paulo I demitiu Suvorov das suas funções. Por seu lado, o arquiduque Carlos, ao tomar conhecimento do resultado da Segunda Batalha de Zurique e da derrota do exército do duque de Iorque, manteve-se na Alemanha.

O ano de 1799 terminou com maus resultados para ambas as partes. Os franceses tiveram de lutar para não perder a totalidade das suas anteriores conquistas, mas foram obrigados a sair de Itália. Os aliados, por seu lado, falharam nos seus objetivos e a Rússia, descontente com as derrotas sofridas e pelo facto de forças britânicas terem capturado e ocupado Malta, retirou-se da Segunda Coligação. No Egito, Napoleão entendeu que não podia levar por diante o seu projeto de expulsar os britânicos da Índia e regressou a França.

Período napoleónico

Napoleão Bonaparte chegou a França a 9 de outubro de 1799 e, no dia 16 desse mês, entrou em Paris. Aí se manteve até 6 de maio de 1800, quando marchou para Itália. Entre outubro de 1799 e maio de 1800, mudaram muitas coisas em França. O Diretório, enfraquecido, caiu com o golpe militar 18 de Brumário e o poder ficou concentrado nas mãos de três cônsules: Napoleão Bonaparte (Primeiro Cônsul), Roger Ducos, e Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès. A guerra não tinha terminado, mas as operações militares estavam paradas e as posições da França e da Segunda Coligação mantinham-se inalteradas desde 1799. Apenas se registaram alguns combates na Itália meridional, no Egito e na Irlanda, onde os franceses desembarcaram algumas tropas que acabaram por ser capturadas. No mar, a França estava também empenhada na chamada quase-guerra, isto é, uma situação de guerra não declarada com os Estados Unidos da América. No início do seu poder político, Napoleão ofereceu paz aos aliados, mas este gesto foi recusado porque a França, apesar de ter perdido as suas anteriores conquistas no norte de Itália, continuava a ocupar territórios para além do que era aceite pelas potências europeias.

As ações militares foram reiniciadas em abril de 1800. Os austríacos planearam expulsar os franceses dos territórios que ainda ocupavam na Itália. Para isso, o general Pál Kray von Karajova, com um exército de  homens, recebeu a missão de defender o território alemão. Os austríacos previam ali uma ofensiva do exército francês sob o comando do general Jean Victor Marie Moreau, com cerca de  homens, ao longo do Reno superior, na Suíça e na Alsácia. Para sul, outro exército austríaco com  homens, sob comando do general Michael von Melas, tinha a missão de derrotar os  homens sob o comando de Massena na costa da Riviera em Itália. Perante esta situação, Napoleão considerou duas modalidades de ação: (1ª) combinar o recém-criado Exército de Reserva com o de Moreau e lançar uma ofensiva na Alemanha a partir da Suíça, com o objetivo de cortar a linha de comunicações do general Kray com Viena ou (2ª) invadir a Itália a partir da Suíça e derrotar o exército de Melas, que ficaria encurralado entre o exército de Napoleão e o exército de Massena. Foi escolhida a segunda modalidade de ação.

Esta segunda fase da guerra decorreu, portanto, em duas frentes, Alemanha e Itália. Nesta última frente encontramos como figura central Napoleão Bonaparte, na sua segunda campanha em Itália. Para além das campanhas que decorreram nestes dois teatros de operações, foi no final desta fase que se deu a invasão de Portugal, no conflito que ficou conhecido como Guerra das Laranjas.

A guerra na Itália

Desde o dia 6 de abril de 1800 que as forças francesas na Itália começaram a sofrer derrotas sucessivas frente aos austríacos, que tinham lançado uma ofensiva com o objetivo de se apoderarem da costa italiana da Riviera. O exército de Massena, por razões de subsistência, foi obrigado a dispersar. Massena, com  homens, foi empurrado para a praça de Génova, onde foi cercado pelo general austríaco , com  homens. O general Melas perseguiu as restantes forças francesas, sob comando do general Louis-Gabriel Suchet, para além de Nice, no vale do rio Var. Napoleão Bonaparte apressou a concentração do Exército de Reserva em Genebra, na Suíça. Este exército tinha apenas  homens, pelo que Bonaparte enviou ordens a Moreau para destacar uma parte das suas tropas para o teatro de operações de Itália.

Entre 14 e 24 de maio, o Exército de Reserva atravessou o passo do Grande São Bernardo, entrou no planalto da Lombardia e Bonaparte apoderou-se de Milão. Contava que Massena resistisse e até lançasse uma ação ofensiva enquanto o Exército de Reserva cortava as linhas de comunicações do exército austríaco. Melas, ao tomar conhecimento da entrada de Bonaparte em Itália, abandonou Nice e dirigiu-se para norte. Entretanto, no dia 4 de junho, a guarnição francesa em Génova capitulou. Os sobreviventes da guarnição, cerca de  homens (dos  iniciais) sob o comando de Massena, marcharam para França. Melas marchou para Turim e ali teve conhecimento de que Bonaparte tinha cortado a sua linha de comunicações e avançava na sua direção. Assim, começou a concentrar em Alexandria as forças que tinha disponíveis, com o objetivo de atacar o exército francês e restaurar a sua linha de comunicações com a Áustria.

Registaram-se alguns combates entre tropas francesas e austríacas, em geral com vantagem para os franceses. Os austríacos iam recuando em direção a Alexandria. Bonaparte pensou que o general Melas se encontrava ainda em Turim, que queria evitar o combate com o exército francês e que o seu objetivo era retirar em direção à única saída que lhe restava, o porto de Génova. Assim, Napoleão passou a maior parte das suas tropas para sul do rio Pó e avançou em direção a Alexandria. No dia 14 de junho, inesperadamente, Bonaparte viu-se confrontado com forças mais numerosas em Marengo, 4 km a leste de Alexandria. A Batalha de Marengo foi a mais sangrenta batalha desta campanha. Perante o sucesso inicial das tropas austríacas, os franceses conseguiram reunir mais forças, reagir e transformar a derrota em vitória. Depois desta batalha, os austríacos não ofereceram mais resistência ao avanço francês. Melas negociou a capitulação. Esta vitória francesa destruiu a vontade dos austríacos em continuarem a guerra e deu a Napoleão Bonaparte o peso político que ele necessitava para regressar a Paris e confirmar a sua posição como líder dos Franceses.

A guerra na Alemanha

Em maio de 1800, o Exército do Reno, sob o comando do general Moreau, avançou na Alemanha e derrotou os austríacos em Büsingen e Hohentwiel (1 de maio),  e  (3 de maio),  (5 de maio),  (9 de maio), Ulm (16 de maio), junto ao rio Iller (5 de junho),  (19 de junho) e Neuburg (27 de junho). O seu objetivo era Munique. Entretanto tinha sido anunciada a vitória francesa em Marengo. Até novembro não se registaram mais combates e o general Kray foi substituído pelo arquiduque João da Áustria. As operações recomeçaram em dezembro com uma vitória austríaca no combate de  (1 de dezembro), mas com uma importante vitória francesa, dois dias mais tarde, na Batalha de Hohenlinden. Entretanto, um exército francês invadiu o Tirol, a partir da Suíça, e o Exército de Reserva, em Itália, agora sob comando do general Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune, avançou para as passagens nos Alpes Julianos.

Após a Batalha de Hohenlinden ainda se registaram combates em Rosenheim (9 de dezembro), Salzburgo (14 de dezembro), Neumarkt (16 de dezembro), Frankenmarkt (17 de dezembro), Schwanenstadt e Vöcklabruck (18 de dezembro), Lambach (19 de dezembro) e Kremsmünster (20 de dezembro). Apenas o combate em Salzburgo não foi uma vitória francesa. No dia 25 de dezembro, os austríacos aceitaram os termos da paz e, a 9 de fevereiro de 1801, foi assinado o Tratado de Lunéville, que reafirmava os termos do Tratado de Campoformio. A Áustria retirava-se assim da Coligação e ficava o Reino da Grã-Bretanha como a única grande potência que se mantinha em guerra com a França.

A guerra em Portugal

Portugal foi invadido por tropas espanholas a 20 de maio de 1801. Nesta altura já a França tinha estabelecido a paz com a Áustria mas não com a Grã-Bretanha, e é neste âmbito que se dão os acontecimentos da chamada Guerra das Laranjas. Para pressionar a Espanha, sua aliada, a França enviou um corpo de tropas destinado a colaborar na invasão de Portugal. No entanto, a guerra foi curta pois os portugueses não estavam em condições de se defenderem dos invasores espanhóis, a menos que os seus aliados britânicos enviassem tropas suficientes. As tropas espanholas ocuparam algumas fortalezas, a maior parte sem que se registasse uma resistência minimamente aceitável. Perante a possibilidade de ocupação de parte importante do território e não desejando prolongar a guerra até ao ponto em que as tropas francesas tivessem tempo para atravessar a Espanha e intervir na guerra, o governo português assinou com a Espanha e a França o Tratado de Badajoz, nos termos do qual Portugal perdeu o território de Olivença. Napoleão rejeitou os termos do tratado e, por isso, a paz com a França só foi confirmada no Tratado de Madrid.

O fim da Segunda Coligação
William Pitt tinha proposto que a Grã-Bretanha, a Rússia e a Áustria se comprometessem a não fazer a paz com a França separadamente. Essa situação tinha acontecido durante a Guerra da Primeira Coligação e tinha facilitado a vitória francesa. No entanto, as três potências não assinaram nenhum compromisso nesse sentido. O insucesso da expedição na Holanda e as derrotas sofridas na Suíça levaram o czar Paulo I a retirar a Rússia da Coligação, a 22 de outubro de 1799. No dia 16 de outubro, Napoleão Bonaparte, que tinha deixado o Egito, chegou a Paris e, menos de um mês depois, a 10 de novembro, assumiu as funções de Primeiro Cônsul. Napoleão manobrou por forma a provocar mais divisões entre os seus inimigos. Quando a Rússia se retirou da guerra, a França detinha  prisioneiros russos. Napoleão enviou esses prisioneiros para a Rússia, completamente equipados e sem procurar nenhuma compensação. Além disto, Napoleão propôs que a ilha de Malta ficasse sob proteção russa. Paulo I tinha sido eleito recentemente Grão-Mestre dos Cavaleiros de Malta e a guarnição francesa da ilha estava bloqueada em Valeta pelas forças britânicas. A guarnição francesa rendeu-se no dia 5 de setembro de 1800. Em 1798, ao preparar-se a formação da Segunda Coligação, o governo britânico tinha prometido entregar a ilha aos russos. Como a Rússia se retirou da Coligação, os britânicos mantiveram-se na posse da ilha. A reação russa foi criar a Segunda Liga da Neutralidade Armada, que se opunha ao poder marítimo britânico. Paulo I da Rússia foi assassinado a 11 de março de 1801 e sucedeu-lhe o seu filho . A diferença de política seguida pelos monarcas russos deitou por terra as tentativas de reaproximação feitas por Napoleão.

Com o abandono da coligação por parte da Rússia, os austríacos ficaram mais dependentes do apoio britânico. Os negócios estrangeiros da Áustria estavam entregues, desde 1793, a . Este ministro obteve da Grã-Bretanha, em junho de 1800, um apoio adicional de dois milhões de libras, com a condição de a Áustria não concluir uma paz separada com a França. No entanto, a vitória de Napoleão na Batalha de Marengo (14 de junho de 1800) conduziu as negociações para um armistício entre a França e a Áustria e, após a derrota austríaca na Batalha de Hohenlinden (3 de dezembro), a paz foi concluída nos termos do Tratado de Lunéville. A guerra prosseguiu apenas entre a França e a Grã-Bretanha. Os termos do tratado enfraqueceram o poder austríaco e muitos dos pequenos estados alemães voltaram-se para França. O Sacro Império Romano-Germânico aproximava-se do seu fim.

A França e a Inglaterra assinaram a 1 de outubro de 1801 uma convenção preliminar com disposições previstas para o fim das hostilidades entre as duas potências. A paz foi formalmente estabelecida no dia 27 de março de 1802 com a assinatura do Tratado de Amiens.

Ver também

Primeira Coligação
Terceira Coligação

Bibliografia

Guerras Revolucionárias Francesas
Guerras Napoleónicas
Alianças militares
Conflitos em 1798
Conflitos em 1799
Conflitos em 1800
Conflitos em 1801
Conflitos em 1802

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
11,000 jobs at risk as two UK retailers implode
by Alanna Petroff @AlannaPetroff April 25, 2016: 11:06 AM ET
Two British retailers are imploding
Roughly 11,000 jobs are at risk as two fading British retailers announce that they're going into administration -- the U.K. equivalent of Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
The department store BHS, which was founded in London in 1928, said Monday it was entering administration, putting about 10,000 jobs at risk and raising questions about the fate of its 164 stores.
Meanwhile, menswear retailer Austin Reed -- known for dressing Winston Churchill and the Beatles -- filed to enter administration last week. That company, founded in 1900, employs about 1,000 people and runs about 150 stores.
The ultimate fate of both firms now lies with administrators, who will take over day-to-day business operations and decide whether to try to revive the failing firms or sell them off in parts.
Both companies had well-known brands but suffered long-term declines, as they failed to adapt with the times. Young shoppers have shunned their offerings and flocked to competitors.
Related: Winston Churchill was terrible with his finances, but brilliant at war
BHS was "very slow to embrace digital transformation, but digital may not have saved them in any case as their product was no longer relevant," noted Sophie Albizua, co-founder of the digital retail consultancy, eNova Partnership.
Austin Reed, which was known for its shirts and suits, "suffered from competition from all sides" from shirt retailers, fashion brands and department stores, noted Albizua.
The latest annual filings from the privately owned BHS show it lost £69 million ($100 million) in fiscal 2014, following a loss of £55 million in fiscal 2013.
The company's administrator -- Duff & Phelps -- said the company had to seek protection from creditors after failing to sell the business or its properties.
Meanwhile, the latest annual filings from Austin Reed show the company was working to close unprofitable stores and stem losses. The company made just under £2 million in the 2015 fiscal year, following a £142,000 loss in the prior year.
The collapse of both BHS and Austin Reed follows the 2009 downfall of another major retailer, Woolworths, which shut down in the midst of the financial crisis after being in operation for over 100 years. That closure reportedly put 27,000 people out of work in the U.K.
CNNMoney (London) First published April 25, 2016: 10:37 AM ET

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


CINCINNATI -- Call it Marvin's Law: Anything that can go wrong will go wrong when Marvin Lewis sends his Bengals team against the Steelers. He came into Monday 8-23 against the Pittsburgh team.
The Bengals blew a 17-point lead, set a franchise record with 173 yards in penalties and generally imploded in a 23-20 loss to up-the-river rivals on a rainy night before a crowd of 56,029 at Paul Brown Stadium.
"We needed to make critical plays to win the football game," Lewis said. "We didn't do it."
It was a brutal game, even by NFL standards. Two players were take off on backboards after hits left them motionless on the turf. Pittsburgh wide receiver JuJu Smith-Schuster got an unnecessary roughness and taunting penalty for his hit that put Vontaze Burfict out of the game.
The Bengals weren't upset about that -- they were steamed about the result.
"It was a great AFC North football game," Carlos Dunlap said. "We were physical. They were physical. Football is physical. The one with (Vontaze)...the tape will tell you what that is. At the end of the day, we know it's going to be edgy football game. I don't care about that. I just want to win."
This was a game the Bengals had to win to salvage the season. That should bring the best out in a team. And it did in the Bengals for the most of the half. They played nearly perfect game to build the 17-0 lead.
It slowly slipped away from there. This didn't have the suddenness of the meltdown in the 2015 Wild Card Game. This was a slow demise. Death by dozens of mistakes, penalties and missed chances.
The Steelers tied it with 3:51 left.
Biggest drive of the year for Bengal offense.
Drop by A.J. Green on first down.
Eight-yard run by Giovani Bernard on second down.
Andy Dalton sacked on the third down.
You knew it was over over then. The Steelers methodically drove it to the 27. Chris Boswell ended it with a 38-yard field goal with four seconds left.
"We had it," Green said. "We played well in the first half. The second half, I didn't make enough plays. It comes down to me. I've got to make that catch."
It was a stunning loss even by Bengals-Steelers standards. When you're up 17-0 with 32 seconds left in the half, you have to do a lot of things wrong to lose.
"You can blame it on a lot of things," Dunlap said. "The bottom line is, we're not finishing football games. We ain't doing what it takes to win. That has to end right now. Right now. We have to make a stand. We're letting it roll.
A 5-7 record with four games to play.
In other words, the season is over. The players and Lewis talked about righting things for next week against the Bears, but with another disappointing season all but sealed, you have to wonder about Lewis' future. His contract is up after this year. When you can't beat the Steelers, it makes winning the division tough.
Monday's loss was the Bengals' eighth in the last nine meeting with the Steelers.
It began to go south with 35 seconds left in the first half. The Bengals had stifled the Steelers to that point, but they let the Steelers go 71 yards in three plays to get a field goal on the last play of the half.
The slide continued after half.
The Bengals stalled on the first drive of the second half. The Steelers went 78 yards in seven plays on the first drive of the half. Le'Veon Bell took it from 39 on a catch-and-run -- the last 19 or so after the Bengals thought he went out of bounds. He didn't.
"I thought he went out," said William Jackson, who could have pushed Bell out.
When a Giovani Bernard holding penalty wiped out a 61-yard A.J. Green catch, you started to think: Here we go again.
The Bengals recovered enough to get a field goal to make it 20-10.
The Steelers went for it at their own 37 with 12:39 to go. Bell got it easily. Still, the Bengals held the Steelers to a field goal.
That's where the offense failed. The Bengals went three-and-out.
The Steelers took over at their 20. On the third play of the drive. Smith-Schuster leveled Burfict with a blindside hit. The game stopped for five minutes or so while Burfict was attended to. The penalty made it second-and-16. Five plays later, the Steelers were in the end zone on 6-yard TD catch by Antonio Brown.
The killer three-and-out followed. When the Steelers took over with 2:42 to go at their own 41, everyone watching knew how it was going to end.
"We didn't stop," Lewis said. "We've got to stop them. We've got make stops."


I have an employee who posted some very negative comments about our company on his Facebook page. Can I take action against this employee based on the Facebook comments?
The rapid growth of the social media, including Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Plaxo, and many more, have raised a lot of issues for employers, including the proper response to the question posed above.
Labor Code Section 96(k) protects an employee engaging in "lawful conduct occurring during nonworking hours away from the employer's premises." In addition, all employees have the right to freedom of speech as guaranteed in both the U.S. and California constitutions.
That right, however, is not without limits. It is impermissible to post defamatory comments on social media, and employers can pursue legal remedies when blatantly defamatory comments are posted for everyone to read.
Another example of when an employer can take action is when employees brag about misconduct on their Facebook page, such as calling in sick when they want to go skiing, revealing confidential information about the company, or even posting about spitting in food by a restaurant worker (yes, this was a question the Helpline received!).
The more difficult issue is when an employee posts his/her opinion, which might not be pleasant, but isn't specifically actionable. An employee can cause awkward, even possibly harassing situations by misuse of social media.
Additional difficult situations result when former employees ask their former bosses to provide references, often on LinkedIn. Supervisors who do so should be aware that such a reference has the force and effect of a written recommendation, and therefore should proceed with caution.
Prohibit the use of their blogs and posts during business hours.
Give notice that misuse of social media may be grounds for disciplinary action, up to and including termination.
Ask that employees bring any complaints to the company's human resources contact versus posting on the Internet.
Prohibit employees from revealing the employer's confidential information or trade secrets on social media.
This list is by no means all inclusive, and it is recommended that employers consult their attorneys to draft appropriate language. Employers cannot ignore social media use, however. They must understand all the issues involved, and then draft policies and procedures to address those concerns accordingly.
The Labor Law Helpline is a service to California Chamber of Commerce preferred and executive members. For expert explanations of labor laws and Cal/OSHA regulations, not legal counsel for specific situations, call (800) 348-2262 or submit your question at www.hrcalifornia.com. Reprinted with permission from the California Chamber of Commerce, www.calchamber.com. The Labor Law Helpline is a service to California Chamber of Commerce preferred and executive members.


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Let us know which one of these trips you hope to win.
Would love to win the Walt Disney World Resort: 5-day/4-night vacation for 4. We try to go every 3 years and just couldn't afford it this year. Would love to surprise my 9yr old daughter.
Please enter me. I would love to win one of the trips.


CPO Outlets, which sells certified pre-owned tools from all of the major tool manufactures has just added three new brands to their growing number of online stores. The addition of Black & Decker, Panasonic Tools, and Fein, brings their total number of stores to 32 different brands. If you want to take advantage of factory reconditioned tools including a factory warranty, at a discount price, you might want to take a look at the CPO Outlets the next time you need a tool.


Gretchen A. Colter brings more than 20 years of experience in product liability, commercial litigation, and discovery matters to BSP. Her work has included matters involving automobiles, medical devices, and pharmaceutical drugs. She also has extensive experience with mediations, expert and employee witness depositions, MDL discovery, and taking matters to trial. Gretchen is a registered nurse and her experience enhances her ability to effectively evaluate cases and obtain favorable outcomes for clients.
Prior to joining the BSP team, Gretchen served as Partner at Bowman and Brooke where she focused her work on product liability litigation, toxic torts and environmental litigation relating to the automotive, medical device, and pharmaceutical industries. During her time there, she also worked a secondment with a major automotive manufacturer where she assisted heavily with product litigation matters.
Prior to starting her career in law, Gretchen was involved full-time with her nursing career. She previously served as a Registered Nurse on medical, surgical, cardiac, and orthopedic units at the University of Colorado's Health Science Center in Denver and Cedars Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles. She continues to work part-time as a Registered Nurse within the NeuroScience Unit of Beaumont Hospital in Royal Oak, Michigan.
Gretchen is a graduate of University of Colorado, where she earned her B.S. in Nursing. She later earned her J.D. from the University of Detroit Mercy School of Law.


text:
Market report: Monday close
By Malcolm Withers
Updated: 19:00 EST, 1 September 2002
INSURERS led by Royal & SunAlliance were under pressure again today as fears about pensions and savings schemes impacted. RSA led the blue-chip losers with a fall of 6 1/2p to 118p on suggestions that customers could be deserting it.
The sector was not helped by Morgan Stanley turning cautious about insurers, sending Prudential down 19p to 490p and Legal & General off 4 3/4p to 118p. Friends Provident slipped 2 1/2p to 145 1/2p. Suspicions about rights issues also came to the fore.
Morgan Stanley were also cautious about Six Continents, advising investors to be underweight in the stock, despite a 12-month price target of 675p. Its shares slipped 12 1/2p to 594 1/2p.
Vodafone's role as a dominant market player helped depress the overall market on reports that it is to make a surprise cash offer for French mobile phones operator SFR, which is controlled by Vivendi Universal. The troubled French media group has always maintained that it wanted to hold on to this stake but recent problems may have led to a change of mind.
BT, down 3/4p to 199 1/4p, muddied the waters by saying it was open to offers for its 26% stake in Cegetel, the French telecom business that in turn owns 80% of SFR.
Vodafone slipped 3 3/4p to 99 3/4p, taking it to the top of the turnover league as more than 85 million shares changed hands.
Share markets echoed the warning from financial services group Collins Stewart about a bleak future for equities for the remainder of this year. This was reinforced by lack of transatlantic guidance as Wall Street celebrates Labor Day today. The market drifted lower with volume at a lowly 600m as the FTSE 100 lost 46.4 points to 4180.9. All the other indices were in negative territory with the techMARK down 8.25 at 774.77.
Sweet enemies Cadbury Schweppes and Nestlé may be chewing over a joint bid for Hershey Foods, the biggest US chocolate maker. The two groups have competed for a long time in international markets and for them to get together is quite unprecedented. But then opportunities such as Hershey's Kisses rarely become available and have already prompted a love-in between the two rivals. Cadbury Schweppes shares slipped 2 1/2p to 465 1/4p.
Ahead of annual results on Thursday, drinks group Diageo, up 1 1/2p to 783 1/2p, looks to have had no second thoughts about returning £1bn to shareholders via a share buyback despite critics who look for growth investment.
Troubled drugs group AstraZeneca told heart specialists at a meeting in Berlin that its cholesterol-busting drug Crestor is more than 8% more effective in treating patients with potential cardiovascular problems than rival drugs. Crestor could be the next big money-spinner for AstraZeneca with the potential to earn billions of pounds for the pharmaceutical group. Its shares added 66p to 1888p, a good rally from the year's low of 1822p it hit last Friday.
Worries about hijacks ahead of 11 September left British Airways shares down 7p to 145p, Easyjet stalled 17p to 308p and Ryanair flew down 15p to 362 1/2p. BAA lost 13 1/2p to 541 1/2p in sympathy.
With full-year figures due on Wednesday, Logica rallied from the morass of tumbles both here and across the Atlantic among the techies with a 1/4p rally to 169 1/2p with volume at just under £1m shares.
• Prices and indices in this section are supplied from various sources and calculated at different times and may not always match those listed in the tables. Ofex prices relate to the previous close.
World markets, updated every 2 minutes
Every share, updated every 2 minutes
AIM, updated every 2 minutes
techMARK, updated every 2 minutes
Today's gainers and fallers


THE FABULOUS FOOTHILLS OF HEMET......55+ AGE QUALIFIED......A CLEAN QUIET GATED COMMUNITY !!!!! Location....Location.....This home is situated right behind the clubhouse which means the swimming pool is ALMOST in your front yard....All the fun is directly across the street from you....Dinners, dances, card games, bingo, crafts room, library, spa....this place has it all....And did I mention....CORNER LOT so neighbors only on one side....but not to worry....the neighbors here are great....and you'll have a wonderful patio area to sit out and enjoy all of our southern California weather and get to meet all your new neighbors out walking their fur babies....the yard features some awesome fruit trees and has a lawn area for your own pets....All of the homes in this park are LOW PROFILE so no stairs to deal with and the carports have more room for extra parking....This home has 2 bedrooms / 2 bathroom with a light bright airy floor plan....The dining room is huge and enough room for family gatherings around the holidays....You'll want for nothing here.....don't delay.....call to see this home today !!!!


Weddings are lovely and…..long. And they should be. It's no small thing to herald a relationship to the world. It takes time and planning, but it's a joyful celebration of two souls, two hearts.
This weekend we attended an extraordinary Sikh wedding, robust with ritual, tradition and colour!
If you have never been to a Sikh wedding, they are events. They are affairs of jubilance and abundance. There are the Shabads ( spiritual music/hymns), followed by the Ardaas (silent prayer), then the Palla ceremony which tethers the bride and groom together by the bride's father signifying physical and spiritual union.
The Lavaan describes the four pillars of marriage, and as it is being read and sung, the couple circles around the guru. At the completion of these 4 cycles, they are considered married. There are more prayers and hymns, blessings and gifts.
No where on earth have I witnessed more colour than at a Sikh wedding. Every guest was wearing sari's or traditional dress in the most beautiful colours. Pale pinks and lime greens, teal, raspberry, sunburst orange, golds, turquoise, teal and purples. When you put all these rich colours together in a room, it's an explosion of ebullience. This wedding ceremony was the culmination of 5 days of festivities; parties, food and dancing.
I was especially happy that my children were invited and they were able to witness a different cultural experience from their own. I want them to respect and understand different traditions and customs. We didn't return until well after 1:00 am and I am still dealing with being tired but happy to witness such joy.
We live in a multicultural nation and community. Understanding and tolerance, acceptance and inclusion must prevail for us all to find joy and ultimately, peace.
It was very cool, but I went hungry all night because there were no NON-spicy foods. But overall so lovely!