text:
Title: Anatomy
Subject: Biology, Medical school, Outline of biology, Anatomical terminology, Burke and Hare murders
Collection: Anatomical Terminology, Anatomy, Morphology
One of the large, detailed illustrations in Andreas Vesalius's De humani corporis fabrica, 1543, marking the rebirth of anatomy
Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of animals and their parts; it is also referred to as zootomy to separate it from human anatomy. In some of its facets, anatomy is related to embryology and comparative anatomy, which itself is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny.[1] Human anatomy is one of the basic essential sciences of medicine.
The discipline of anatomy is divided into macroscopic and microscopic anatomy. Macroscopic anatomy, or gross anatomy, is the examination of an animal's body parts using unaided eyesight. Gross anatomy also includes the branch of superficial anatomy. Microscopic anatomy involves the use of optical instruments in the study of the tissues of various structures, known as histology and also in the study of cells.
The human body. Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from the examination of animals by dissection of carcasses and cadavers (corpses) to 20th century medical imaging techniques including X-ray, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging.
Animal tissues 2
Connective tissue 2.1
Epithelium 2.2
Muscle tissue 2.3
Nervous tissue 2.4
Vertebrate anatomy 3
Fish anatomy 3.1
Amphibian anatomy 3.2
Reptile anatomy 3.3
Bird anatomy 3.4
Mammal anatomy 3.5
Human anatomy 3.5.1
Invertebrate anatomy 4
Arthropod anatomy 4.1
Other branches of anatomy 5
Ancient 6.1
Medieval to early modern 6.2
Late modern 6.3
Human compared to elephant frame
Anatomical chart by Vesalius, Epitome, 1543
Derived from the bile, the role of the liver in nutrition and the regulation of bodily functions.[3]
The discipline of anatomy can be subdivided into a number of branches including gross or
Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text
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Articles with DMOZ links
amniotic membranes which prevents them from drying out and are laid on land, or develop internally in some species. The bladder is small as nitrogenous waste is excreted as uric acid.[30]
Anatomy of a snake. 1 esophagus, 2 trachea, 3 tracheal lungs, 4 rudimentary left lung, 5 right lung, 6 heart, 7 liver, 8 stomach, 9 air sac, 10 gallbladder, 11 pancreas, 12 spleen, 13 intestine, 14 testicles, 15 kidneys.
Turtles are notable for their protective shells. They have an inflexible trunk encased in a horny carapace above and a plastron below. These are formed from bony plates embedded in the dermis which are overlain by horny ones and are partially fused with the ribs and spine. The neck is long and flexible and the head and the legs can be drawn back inside the shell. Turtles are vegetarians and the typical reptile teeth have been replaced by sharp, horny plates. In aquatic species, the front legs are modified into flippers.[31]
Tuataras superficially resemble lizards but the lineages diverged in the Triassic period. There is one living species, Sphenodon punctatus. The skull has two openings (fenestrae) on either side and the jaw is rigidly attached to the skull. There is one row of teeth in the lower jaw and this fits between the two rows in the upper jaw when the animal chews. The teeth are merely projections of bony material from the jaw and eventually wear down. The brain and heart are more primitive than is the case in other reptiles and the lungs have a single chamber and lack bronchi. The tuatara has a well-developed parietal eye on its forehead.[31]
Lizards have skulls with only one fenestra on each side, the lower bar of bone below the second fenestra having been lost. This results in the jaws being less rigidly attached which allows the mouth to open wider. Lizards are mostly quadrupeds, with the trunk held off the ground by short, sideways-facing legs, but a few species have no limbs and resemble snakes. Lizards have moveable eyelids, eardrums are present and some species have a central parietal eye.[31]
Snakes are closely related to lizards, having branched off from a common ancestral lineage during the
Subdisciplines of biology
Cellular microbiology
Chemical biology
Chronobiology
Cognitive biology
Lipidology
Mathematical biology
Origin of life
Quantum biology
Reproductive biology
Hierarchy of life
Biomolecular complex > Molecule (Macromolecule, Biomolecule) > Atom
Foundations of biology
Cell theory
Energy Transformation
Principles of evolution
Genetic drift
Macroevolution
Microevolution
Principles of ecology
Biological interaction
Principles of molecular biology
Cell signalling
Post-transcriptional modification
Principles of biochemistry
Botanical terms
Ecological terms
Plant morphology terms
Adenoid
Vermiform appendix
Other organs
Rhinarium
Tissue (biology)
‹The is being .›
Anatomy and morphology
Neanderthal anatomy
Cat anatomy
Dog anatomy
Horse anatomy
Other vertebrates
Bird anatomy
Fish anatomy
Shark anatomy
Decapod anatomy
Gastropod anatomy
Insect morphology
Spider anatomy
Plant anatomy
Fruit anatomy
Disciplines of
Superficial anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
Allometry
Brain morphometry
TA 2–4:
Carpus
Collar bone (clavicle)
Thigh bone (femur)
Metacarpus
Metatarsus
Skull (cranium)
Sternum
Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
Synovial joint
TA 5–11:
splanchnic/
viscus
upper GI
lower GI
Biliary tract
GU: Urinary system
GU: Reproductive system
Testicle
TA 12–16
CNS equivalent
Subcutaneous tissue
Mammary gland
Myeloid
Myeloid immune system
Lymphoid
Lymphoid immune system
General anatomy: , , , ,
Anatomy at DMOZ
Anatomy, In Our Time. BBC Radio 4. Melvin Bragg with guests Ruth Richardson, Andrew Cunningham and Harold Ellis.
"Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray
Main article: Bibliography of anatomy
Resources in other libraries
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^ O.D.E. 2nd edition 2005
^ a b Bozman, E. F. (ed.) (1967). Everyman's Encyclopedia: Anatomy. J. M. Dent & Sons. p. 272.
^ "Anatomy". The Free Dictionary. Farlex. 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
^ Gribble N, Reynolds K (1993). "Use of Angiography to Outline the Cardiovascular Anatomy of the Sand Crab Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus". Journal of Crustacean Biology 13 (4): 627–637.
^ Benson KG, Forrest L (1999). "Characterization of the Renal Portal System of the Common Green Iguana (Iguana iguana) by Digital Subtraction Imaging". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 30 (2): 235–241.
^ "Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)". Johns Hopkins Medicine.
^ "Angiography". National Health Service. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
^ Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). Zoology. Saunders College Publishing. pp. 547–549.
^ a b c Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition. Cengage Learning. pp. 59–60.
^ Dorland's (2012). Illustrated Medical Dictionary. Elsevier Saunders. p. 203. ISBN .
^ name=Dorlands|pages=1002
^ McGrath, J.A.; Eady, R.A.; Pope, F.M. (2004). Rook's Textbook of Dermatology (7th ed.). Blackwell Publishing. pp. 3.1–3.6. ISBN 978-0-632-06429-8.
^ Bernt, Karen (2010). "Glandular epithelium". Epithelial Cells. Davidson College. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
^ Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition. Cengage Learning. p. 103.
^ Johnston, T.B; Whillis, J, eds. (1944). Grey's Anatomy: Descriptive and Applied (28 ed.). Langmans. p. 1038.
^ Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition. Cengage Learning. pp. 105–107.
^ Moore, K.; Agur, A.; Dalley, A. F. (2010). "Essesntial Clinical Anatomy". Nervous System (4th ed.). Inkling. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
^ Waggoner, Ben. "Vertebrates: More on Morphology". UCMP. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1985). The Vertebrate Body. Holt Rinehart & Winston.
^ Liem, Karel F.; Warren Franklin Walker (2001). Functional anatomy of the vertebrates: an evolutionary perspective. Harcourt College Publishers. p. 277.
^ "What is Homology?". National Center for Science Education. 17 October 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
^ a b Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). Zoology. Saunders College Publishing. pp. 816–818.
^ "The fish heart". ThinkQuest. Oracle. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
^ a b Kotpal, R. L. (2010). Modern Text Book of Zoology: Vertebrates. Rastogi Publications. p. 193.
^ Stebbins, Robert C.; Cohen, Nathan W. (1995). A Natural History of Amphibians. Princeton University Press. pp. 24–25.
^ a b c Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). Zoology. Saunders College Publishing. pp. 865–868.
^ Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). Zoology. Saunders College Publishing. p. 870.
^ "Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD". Retrieved 15 May 2014.
^ "Studying medicine". Medschools Online. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
^ "Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (UK). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3". Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
^ "Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (US). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3". Archived from the original on 9 February 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
^ a b "American Association of Anatomists". Retrieved 27 June 2013.
^ Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition. Cengage Learning. pp. 23–24.
^ "Exoskeleton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
^ Ebling, F. J. G. "Integument". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
^ Britannica Concise Encyclopaedia 2007
^ "O. Orkin Insect zoo". Mississippi State University. 1997. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
^ Gullan, P.J.; Cranston, P. S. (2005). The Insects: An Outline of Entomology (3 ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 22–48.
^ Marieb, Elaine (2010). Human Anatomy & Physiology. San Francisco: Pearson. p. 12.
^ Porter, R. (1997). The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present. Harper Collins. pp. 49–50.
^ Lang, Philippa (2013). Medicine and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt. Brill NV. p. 256.
^ "Alexandrian Medicine". Antiqua Medicina – from Homer to Vesalius. University of Virginia.
^ a b Hutton, Vivien. "Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
^ Charon NW, Johnson RC, Muschel LH (1975). "Antileptospiral activity in lower-vertebrate sera". Infect. Immun. 12 (6): 1386–91.
^ Brock, Arthur John (translator) Galen. On the Natural Faculties. Edinburgh, 1916. Introduction, page xxxiii.
^ a b c d e f Boas, Marie (1970 (First published by Collins, 1962)). The Scientific Renaissance 1450–1630. Fontana. pp. 120–143.
^ Zimmerman, Leo M.; Veith, Ilza (1 August 1993). Great Ideas in the History of Surgery. Norman.
^ Crombie, Alistair Cameron (1959). The History of Science From Augustine to Galileo. Courier Dover Publications.
^ Thorndike, Lynn (1958). A History of Magic and Experimental Science: Fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Columbia University Press.
^ Mason, Stephen F. (1962). A History of the Sciences. New York: Collier. p. 550.
^ "Warwick honorary professor explores new material from founder of modern human anatomy". Press release. University of Warwick. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
^ Vesalius, Andreas. De humani corporis fabrica libri septem. Basileae [Basel]: Ex officina Joannis Oporini, 1543.
^ O'Malley, C.D. Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964.
^ Boas, Marie (1970 (First published by Collins, 1962)). The Scientific Renaissance 1450–1630. Fontana. p. 229.
^ Sappol, Michael (2002). A traffic of dead bodies: anatomy and embodied social identity in nineteenth-century America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
^ Rosner, Lisa. 2010. The Anatomy Murders. Being the True and Spectacular History of Edinburgh's Notorious Burke and Hare and of the Man of Science Who Abetted Them in the Commission of Their Most Heinous Crimes. University of Pennsylvania Press
^ Richardson, Ruth (1989). Death, Dissection, and the Destitute. Penguin.
^ Johnson, D.R. "Introductory Anatomy". University of Leeds. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
^ "Reproduction of Portrait of Professor William S. Forbes". Jefferson: Eakins Gallery. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
^ Waterston SW, Laing MR, Hutchison JD (2007). "Nineteenth century medical education for tomorrow's doctors". Scottish Medical Journal 52 (1): 45–49.
^ Waterston SW, Hutchison JD (2004). "Sir John Struthers MD FRCS Edin LLD Glasg: Anatomist, zoologist and pioneer in medical education". The Surgeon : Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland 2 (6): 347–351.
^ McLachlan, J. & Patten, D. 2006. Anatomy teaching: ghosts of the past, present and future. Medical Education, 40(3), p.243-53.
^ Reinarz, J. 2005. The age of museum medicine: The rise and fall of the medical museum at Birmingham's School of Medicine. Social History of Medicine, 18(3), p. 419-37.
^ "Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
^ a b "Microscopic anatomy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
^ "Anatomical Imaging". McGraw Hill Higher Education. 1998. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
Acland's Video Atlas of Human Anatomy
American Association of Anatomists
Anatomical terms of location
Anatomical terms of motion
Foundational Model of Anatomy
List of human anatomical features
List of human anatomical parts named after people
Outline of human anatomy
[76] Short wavelength electromagnetic radiation such as
Before the era of modern medical procedures, the main means for studying the internal structure of the body were X-ray diffraction for studying the crystal structures of proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules gave rise to a new field of molecular anatomy.[75]
An electron microscope from 1973
The teaching of anatomy in Britain was transformed by Sir John Struthers, Regius Professor of Anatomy at the University of Aberdeen from 1863 to 1889. He was responsible for setting up the system of three years of "pre-clinical" academic teaching in the sciences underlying medicine, including especially anatomy. This system lasted until the reform of medical training in 1993 and 2003. As well as teaching, he collected many vertebrate skeletons for his museum of comparative anatomy, published over 70 research papers, and became famous for his public dissection of the Tay Whale.[70][71] From 1822 the Royal College of Surgeons regulated the teaching of anatomy in medical schools.[72] Medical museums provided examples in comparative anatomy, and were often used in teaching.[73] Ignaz Semmelweis investigated puerperal fever and he discovered how it was caused. He noticed that the frequently fatal fever occurred more often in mothers examined by medical students than by midwives. The students went from the dissecting room to the hospital ward and examined women in childbirth. Semmelweis showed that when the trainees washed their hands in chlorinated lime before each clinical examination, the incidence of puerperal fever among the mothers could be reduced dramatically.[74]
In the United States, medical schools began to be set up towards the end of the 18th century. Classes in anatomy needed a continual stream of cadavers for dissection and these were difficult to obtain. Philadelphia, Baltimore and New York were all renowned for body snatching activity as criminals raided graveyards at night, removing newly buried corpses from their coffins.[65] A similar problem existed in Britain where demand for bodies became so great that grave-raiding and even anatomy murder were practised to obtain cadavers.[66] Some graveyards were in consequence protected with watchtowers. The practice was halted in Britain by the Anatomy Act of 1832,[67][68] while in the United States, similar legislation was enacted after the physician William S. Forbes of Jefferson Medical College was found guilty in 1882 of "complicity with resurrectionists in the despoliation of graves in Lebanon Cemetery".[69]
Late modern
In England, anatomy was the subject of the first public lectures given in any science; these were given by the Company of Barbers and Surgeons in the 16th century, joined in 1583 by the Lumleian lectures in surgery at the Royal College of Physicians.[64]
Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) (Latinized from Andries van Wezel), professor of anatomy at the University of Padua, is considered the founder of modern human anatomy.[61] Originally from Brabant, Vesalius published the influential book De humani corporis fabrica ("the structure of the human body"), a large format book in seven volumes, in 1543.[62] The accurate and intricately detailed illustrations, often in allegorical poses against Italianate landscapes, are thought to have been made by the artist Jan van Calcar, a pupil of Titian.[63]
[60][56]
Anatomy developed little from classical times until the sixteenth century; as the historian Marie Boas writes, "Progress in anatomy before the sixteenth century is as mysteriously slow as its development after 1500 is startlingly rapid".[56]:120–121 Between 1275 and 1326, the anatomists Mondino de Luzzi, Alessandro Achillini and Antonio Benivieni at Bologna carried out the first systematic human dissections since ancient times.[57][58][59] Mondino's Anatomy of 1316 was the first textbook in the medieval rediscovery of human anatomy. It describes the body in the order followed in Mondino's dissections, starting with the abdomen, then the thorax, then the head and limbs. It was the standard anatomy textbook for the next century.[56]
Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt – Anatomy lesson of Dr. Willem van der Meer, 1617
Engraving from a picture by Tintoretto of Andreas Vesalius, about 1540
Anatomical study of the arm, by Leonardo da Vinci, (about 1510)
Medieval to early modern
In the 2nd century, Galen of Pergamum, an anatomist, clinician, writer and philosopher,[53] wrote the final and highly influential anatomy treatise of ancient times.[54] He compiled existing knowledge and studied anatomy through dissection of animals.[53] He was one of the first experimental physiologists through his vivisection experiments on animals.[55] Galen's drawings, based mostly on dog anatomy, became effectively the only anatomical textbook for the next thousand years.[56] His work was known to Renaissance doctors only through Islamic Golden Age medicine until it was translated from the Greek some time in the 15th century.[56]
The anatomy of the muscles and skeleton is described in the Hippocratic Corpus, an Ancient Greek medical work written by unknown authors.[50] Aristotle described vertebrate anatomy based on animal dissection. Praxagoras identified the difference between arteries and veins. Also in the 4th century BCE, Herophilos and Erasistratus produced more accurate anatomical descriptions based on vivisection of criminals in Alexandria during the Ptolemaic dynasty.[51][52]
In 1600 BCE, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, an Ancient Egyptian medical text, described the heart, its vessels, liver, spleen, kidneys, hypothalamus, uterus and bladder, and showed the blood vessels diverging from the heart. The Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BCE) features a "treatise on the heart", with vessels carrying all the body's fluids to or from every member of the body.[49]
Superficial or surface anatomy is important as the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily seen from the exterior contours of the body.[1] It enables physicians or veterinary surgeons to gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures. Superficial is a directional term that indicates that structures are located relatively close to the surface of the body.[48]
Comparative anatomy relates to the comparison of anatomical structures (both gross and microscopic) in different animals.[1]
Artistic anatomy relates to anatomic studies for artistic reasons.
Other branches of anatomy
Spiders a class of arachnids have four pairs of legs; a body of two segments—a cephalothorax and an abdomen. Spiders have no wings and no antennae. They have mouthparts called chelicerae which are often connected to venom glands as most spiders are venomous. They have a second pair of appendages called pedipalps attached to the cephalothorax. These have the same segmentation as the legs and function as taste and smell organs. At the end of each pedipalp is a spoon-shaped cymbium that acts to support the pedipalp.
thorax and an abdomen.[45] The head typically bears a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, one to three simple eyes (ocelli) and three sets of modified appendages that form the mouthparts. The thorax has three pairs of segmented legs, one pair each for the three segments that compose the thorax and one or two pairs of wings. The abdomen is composed of eleven segments, some of which may be fused and houses the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive systems.[46] There is considerable variation between species and many adaptations to the body parts, especially wings, legs, antennae and mouthparts.[47]
Arthropods comprise the largest phylum in the animal kingdom with over a million known invertebrate species.[44]
Arthropod anatomy
mesoderm is present in echinoderms, sponges and some cephalopods. Exoskeletons are derived from the epidermis and is composed of chitin in arthropods (insects, spiders, ticks, shrimps, crabs, lobsters). Calcium carbonate constitutes the shells of molluscs, brachiopods and some tube-building polychaete worms and silica forms the exoskeleton of the microscopic diatoms and radiolaria.[42] Other invertebrates may have no rigid structures but the epidermis may secrete a variety of surface coatings such as the pinacoderm of sponges, the gelatinous cuticle of cnidarians (polyps, sea anemones, jellyfish) and the collagenous cuticle of annelids. The outer epithelial layer may include cells of several types including sensory cells, gland cells and stinging cells. There may also be protrusions such as microvilli, cilia, bristles, spines and tubercles.[43]
cilia or flagella or may proceed via the advance of pseudopodia, food may be gathered by phagocytosis, energy needs may be supplied by photosynthesis and the cell may be supported by an endoskeleton or an exoskeleton. Some protozoans can form multicellular colonies.[41]
Daphnia a planktonic crustacean
Invertebrate anatomy
Academic human anatomists are usually employed by universities, medical schools or teaching hospitals. They are often involved in teaching anatomy, and research into certain systems, organs, tissues or cells.[40]
[40]. radiology and histopathology and doctors working in some diagnostic specialties, such as surgeons A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by physicians, especially [39][38] The major anatomy textbook, [1] Human anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically; that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems.
Generally, students of certain biological sciences, paramedics, prosthetists and orthotists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, nurses, and medical students learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials, and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy through practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers. The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope. [37]
Humans have the overall body plan of a mammal. Humans have a head, neck, trunk (which includes the thorax and abdomen), two arms and hands and two legs and feet.
In the human, the development of skilled hand movements and increased brain size is likely to have evolved simultaneously.[36]
Sagittal section of the head as seen by a MRI scan
Mammals are amniotes, and most are viviparous, giving birth to live young. The exception to this are the egg-laying monotremes, the platypus and the echidnas of Australia. Most other mammals have a placenta through which the developing foetus obtains nourishment, but in marsupials, the foetal stage is very short and the immature young is born and finds its way to its mother's pouch where it latches on to a nipple and completes its development.[35]
Mammals are a diverse class of animals, mostly terrestrial but some are aquatic and others have evolved flapping or gliding flight. They mostly have four limbs but some aquatic mammals have no limbs or limbs modified into fins and the forelimbs of bats are modified into wings. The legs of most mammals are situated below the trunk, which is held well clear of the ground. The bones of mammals are well ossified and their teeth, which are usually differentiated, are coated in a layer of prismatic enamel. The teeth are shed once (milk teeth) during the animal's lifetime or not at all, as is the case in cetaceans. Mammals have three bones in the middle ear and a cochlea in the inner ear. They are clothed in hair and their skin contains glands which secrete sweat. Some of these glands are specialised as mammary glands, producing milk to feed the young. Mammals breathe with lungs and have a muscular diaphragm separating the thorax from the abdomen which helps them draw air into the lungs. The mammalian heart has four chambers and oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are kept entirely separate. Nitrogenous waste is excreted primarily as urea.[35]
Skeletons of a Great Dane and a Chihuahua
Mammal anatomy
The feathers are outgrowths of the epidermis and are found in localized bands from where they fan out over the skin. Large flight feathers are found on the wings and tail, contour feathers cover the bird's surface and fine down occurs on young birds and under the contour feathers of water birds. The only cutaneous gland is the single uropygial gland near the base of the tail. This produces an oily secretion that waterproofs the feathers when the bird preens. There are scales on the legs, feet and claws on the tips of the toes.[34]
Birds are tetrapods but though their hind limbs are used for walking or hopping, their front limbs are wings covered with feathers and adapted for flight. Birds are endothermic, have a high metabolic rate, a light skeletal system and powerful muscles. The long bones are thin, hollow and very light. Air sac extensions from the lungs occupy the centre of some bones. The sternum is wide and usually has a keel and the caudal vertebrae are fused. There are no teeth and the narrow jaws are adapted into a horn-covered beak. The eyes are relatively large, particularly in nocturnal species such as owls. They face forwards in predators and sideways in ducks.[34]
Part of a wing-drawn by Dürer
Bird parts
Crocodilians are large, low-slung aquatic reptiles with long snouts and large numbers of teeth. The head and trunk are dorso-ventrally flattened and the tail is laterally compressed. It undulates from side to side to force the animal through the water when swimming. The tough keratinised scales provide body armour and some are fused to the skull. The nostrils, eyes and ears are elevated above the top of the flat head enabling them to remain above the surface of the water when the animal is floating. Valves seal the nostrils and ears when it is submerged. Unlike other reptiles, crocodilians have hearts with four chambers allowing complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.[33]
Skeleton of a snake, drawn by Richard Lydekker, 1896
Reptile anatomy
In frogs the pelvic girdle is robust and the hind legs are much longer and stronger than the forelimbs. The feet have four or five digits and the toes are often webbed for swimming or have suction pads for climbing. Frogs have large eyes and no tail. Salamanders resemble lizards in appearance; their short legs project sideways, the belly is close to or in contact with the ground and they have a long tail. Caecilians superficially resemble earthworms and are limbless. They burrow by means of zones of muscle contractions which move along the body and they swim by undulating their body from side to side.[29]
Amphibians are a Class (biology) of animals comprising frogs, salamanders and caecilians. They are tetrapods, but the caecilians and a few species of salamander have either no limbs or their limbs are much reduced in size. Their main bones are hollow and lightweight and are fully ossified and the vertebrae interlock with each other and have articular processes. Their ribs are usually short and may be fused to the vertebrae. Their skulls are mostly broad and short, and are often incompletely ossified. Their skin contains little keratin and lacks scales, but contains many mucous glands and in some species, poison glands. The hearts of amphibians have three chambers, two atria and one ventricle. They have a urinary bladder and nitrogenous waste products are excreted primarily as urea. Amphibians breathe by means of buccal pumping, a pump action in which air is first drawn into the buccopharyngeal region through the nostrils. These are then closed and the air is forced into the lungs by contraction of the throat.[27] They supplement this with gas exchange through the skin which needs to be kept moist.[28]
Anatomy of frog 1 Right atrium, 2 Lungs, 3 Aorta, 4 Egg mass, 5 Colon, 6 Left atrium, 7 Ventricle, 8 Stomach, 9 Liver, 10 Gallbladder, 11 Small intestine, 12 Cloaca
Skeleton of Surinam horned frog
(Ceratophrys cornuta)
Amphibian anatomy
The bony fish lineage shows more derived anatomical traits, often with major evolutionary changes from the features of ancient fish. They have a bony skeleton, are generally laterally flattened, have five pairs of gills protected by an operculum, and a mouth at or near the tip of the snout. The dermis is covered with overlapping scales. Bony fish have a swim bladder which helps them maintain a constant depth in the water column, but not a cloaca. They mostly spawn a large number of small eggs with little yolk which they broadcast into the water column.[26]
Sharks and rays are basal fish with numerous primitive anatomical features similar to those of ancient fish, including skeletons composed of cartilage. Their bodies tend to be dorso-ventrally flattened, they usually have five pairs of gill slits and a large mouth set on the underside of the head. The dermis is covered with separate dermal placoid scales. They have a cloaca into which the urinary and genital passages open, but not a swim bladder. Cartilaginous fish produce a small number of large, yolky eggs. Some species are ovoviviparous and the young develop internally but others are oviparous and the larvae develop externally in egg cases.[26]
[24] The body of a fish is divided into a head, trunk and tail, although the divisions between the three are not always externally visible. The skeleton, which forms the support structure inside the fish, is either made of cartilage, in
Organs of a fish
Skeleton of a butterfly fish showing the vertebral column and fin rays
All vertebrates have a similar basic body plan and at some point in their lives, (mostly in the embryonic stage), share the major chordate characteristics; a stiffening rod, the notochord; a dorsal hollow tube of nervous material, the neural tube; pharyngeal slits; and a tail posterior to the anus. The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column and is above the notochord and the gastrointestinal tract is below it.[20] Nervous tissue is derived from the ectoderm, connective tissues are derived from mesoderm, and gut is derived from the endoderm. At the posterior end is a tail which continues the spinal cord and vertebrae but not the gut. The mouth is found at the anterior end of the animal, and the anus at the base of the tail.[21] The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the vertebral column, formed in the development of the segmented series of vertebrae. In most vertebrates the notochord becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs. However, a few vertebrates, such as the sturgeon and the coelacanth retain the notochord into adulthood.[22] Jawed vertebrates are typified by paired appendages, fins or legs, which may be secondarily lost. The limbs of vertebrates are considered to be homologous because the same underlying skeletal structure was inherited from their last common ancestor. This is one of the arguments put forward by Charles Darwin to support his theory of evolution.[23]
Mouse skull
The three germ layers
Nervous tissue
earthworms that can extend slowly or make rapid contractions.[15] In higher animals striated muscles occur in bundles attached to bone to provide movement and are often arranged in antagonistic sets. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of the uterus, bladder, intestines, stomach, esophagus, respiratory airways, and blood vessels. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart, allowing it to contract and pump blood round the body.
Cross section through skeletal muscle and a small nerve at high magnification (H&E stain)
Muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue is composed of closely packed cells, bound to each other by cell adhesion molecules, with little intercellular space. Epithelial cells can be squamous (flat), cuboidal or columnar and rest on a basal lamina, the upper layer of the basement membrane,[11] the lower layer is the reticular lamina lying next to the connective tissue in the extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells.[12] There are many different types of epithelium, modified to suit a particular function. In the respiratory tract there is a type of ciliated epithelial lining; in the small intestine there are microvilli on the epithelial lining and in the large intestine there are intestinal villi. Skin consists of an outer layer of keratinised stratified squamous epithelium that covers the exterior of the vertebrate body. Keratinocytes make up to 95% of the cells in the skin.[13] The epithelial cells on the external surface of the body typically secrete an extracellular matrix in the form of a cuticle. In simple animals this may just be a coat of glycoproteins.[10] In more advanced animals, many glands are formed of epithelial cells.[14]
Gastric mucosa at low magnification (H&E stain)
skeleton to support or protect the body. An exoskeleton is a thickened, rigid cuticle which is stiffened by mineralisation, as in crustaceans or by the cross-linking of its proteins as in insects. An endoskeleton is internal and present in all developed animals, as well as in many of those less developed.[10]
Hyaline cartilage at high magnification (H&E stain)
Animal tissues can be grouped into four basic types: connective, epithelial, muscle and nervous tissue.
Unlike ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
The zygotes include a blastula stage in their embryonic development. Metazoans do not include the sponges, which have undifferentiated cells.[9]
A diagram of an animal cell
The term "anatomy" is commonly taken to refer to human anatomy. However, substantially the same structures and tissues are found throughout the rest of the animal kingdom and the term also includes the anatomy of other animals. The term zootomy is also sometimes used to specifically refer to animals. The structure and tissues of plants are of a dissimilar nature and they are studied in plant anatomy.[3]
Anatomy can be studied using both invasive and non-invasive methods with the goal of obtaining information about the structure and organization of organs and systems.[1] Methods used include Angiography using X-rays or magnetic resonance angiography are methods to visualize blood vessels.[5][6][7][8]
Medicine, Ecology, Molecular biology, Botany, Metabolism
Biology, Evolution, Earth science, Earth, Genetics
Epidermis (skin), Water, Cell (biology), Connective tissue, Amphibians
Pininfarina Nido, Pininfarina, Jesper deClaville Christiansen
Thoracic diaphragm
Thoracic cavity, Phrenic nerve, Latin, Aorta, Esophageal hiatus
Medicine, Pediatrics, Anatomy, Psychiatry, Pharmacology
Outline of biology
Ecology, Neuroscience, Biochemistry, Molecular biology, Anatomy
Latin, Human body, Yoga, Embryology, Scapula
Burke and Hare murders
Anatomy, Capital punishment, Internet Movie Database, Victorian era, Doctor Who


I have an incredible ASCA/AKC intact female Australian Shepherd available to an approved experienced home.
Please visit my website www.LilacandLaceCattleCo.com to read more on Vi and contact me via the "Contact Form" (found at the bottom of each page) on the website if you are seriously interested and would like an interview. Thank you.


CARB is developing a regulation to implement the requirements established in Assembly Bill 617 (AB 617) for the annual reporting of criteria air pollutant and toxic air contaminant emissions data from facilities. AB 617 also continues California's environmental leadership by establishing innovative new policies to improve many aspects of air quality including emission inventory. Emissions inventory data is critical to understanding the sources of emissions that may contribute to adverse health risks or other impacts at the local, regional, and statewide level.
The "Regulation for the Reporting of Criteria Air Pollutants and Toxic Air Contaminants," or CTR Regulation, was adopted by the CARB Board during December 2018. However, staff is working working with stakeholders and hosted five public workshops during March to refine elements of the regulation, including providing "15-day" revised regulatory text, before it is finalized and becomes effective.
Assembly Bill 617 aims to reduce the burden from pollutants in California's most disadvantaged communities. The primary elements of the bill focus on discrete actions to determine solutions for directly reducing the air pollution impacts on environmental justice communities. Similarly, the objective of AB 197 is to achieve emissions reductions beyond the statewide greenhouse gas emissions limit and to protect the state's highly impacted and disadvantaged communities.
The Criteria and Toxic Reporting Program staff is working closely with external stakeholders and other CARB working groups to implement the requirements of both assembly bills. CARB's efforts will help to achieve these goals and further protect public health by improving public right-to-know and data transparency, specifically within these identified communities.


Get ready for it because Tiny Harris is in Hollywood with her BFF, Toya Wright, and word on the street is that they are coming back with another reality show.
Toya is also accompanied by her look-alike daughter, Reginae Carter, and fans are hoping for a reboot of the hit series, Tiny and Toya.
They are pleading with the ladies to have Zonnique Pullins and Reginae in the show this time around.
A few supporters even suggested Tamar Braxton — but that might not be a possibility because Toya and the former host of the Real had a few fallouts.
Tiny has a lot going on at the moment.


Bright, colorful annual flowers keep landscapes in Denver looking their best in spring and summer! At City Floral Garden Center, we offer exciting annual plants and expert advice to bring your garden to life!
So Many Annual Flowers for You!
Plants and flowers that are known as annuals complete their growing lifecycle, from seed to flower to seed, in one growing season. Unlike their perennial partners, annual plants last just a single season and are most often enjoyed outdoors during spring, summer, and fall.
While annual flowers might only see one Denver summer, they are a joy to have in your garden! Most annuals are planted in the middle of May once the chance of a snowstorm has passed but can be planted throughout the summer and will bloom until the first frost. Annuals are versatile and make wonderful bedding plants, window box arrangements, and as seasonal container plants.
City Floral offers a terrific selection of annual flowers and plants! From rows of colorful petunias to pretty impatiens to bright geraniums, we provide 8 greenhouses and a large patio that that are completely stocked with every color and variety of annuals!
Colorado's warm days and cool nights are a great blend to keep your annual plants happy.
To get the most out of your annual flowers, choose a planting location that enjoys well-drained soil. Digging in quality compost or an amendment and gently breaking apart any root mass will help your annual flowers roots to spread and take hold. Give plants some space for room to grow and water well after planting.
Once your annual flowers bloom, pinch off old flowers (called deadheading) to encourage the growth of more blooms! Annuals tend to have more shallow roots so need to be watered regularly. Keep an eye on the soil dryness and, in the hot Denver sunshine, you may need to water the soil each day.
Throughout the growing season, fertilize your annual plants and flowers monthly with a slow-release fertilizer. For extra pop, you can add a water-soluble bloom boost fertilizer to feed those beautiful flowers!
City Floral Garden Center has an extensive selection of the most beautiful annual plants around! With advancements in all types of annual flowers to be climatized to the area, we can help you realize the garden of your dreams with many options.
Most annuals at City Floral are locally grown and tested specifically for the Colorado climate. Our floral production means we offer plants tough enough to handle the extreme Colorado weather! We pride ourselves in providing full-color plant and flower options year-round.
Visit City Floral Garden Center at 1440 Kearney Street in Denver, CO for a terrific selection of annual flowers, perennials, tree nursery, garden tools, pots, outdoor furniture, garden accessories, gardening gifts, expert advice, and so much more to make your garden gorgeous! We are a proud small business that has been serving Denver since 1911. We strive to buy and sell locally as much as possible. Check out our list of local vendors.


The main opposition Liberty Korea Party (LKP) decided on Friday not to postpone its convention to elect a new leadership scheduled for Feb. 27 in spite of the fact that it overlaps with the second U.S.-North Korea summit in Vietnam.
The decision to stick to the original date is expected to shake up the party, since most of the candidates running for party chairman had put intense pressure on the leadership to postpone the event.
In a rare show of agreement, six of the contenders - including former Seoul Mayor Oh Se-hoon and former LKP chairman and one-time presidential candidate Hong Joon-pyo - announced around noon on Friday that they would boycott a convention on the 27th if the event was not postponed.
Four of the lower polling candidates, all sitting lawmakers, produced a joint statement demanding it be delayed for at least two weeks. They also called for the party to arrange at least six televised debates before the convention to allow candidates to raise their public profiles.
The remaining two candidates, former Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn and Rep. Kim Jin-tae, did not partake in the pledged boycott, with Hwang - the favorite to win based on recent polls - arguing the event should take place as scheduled.
Hong Joon-pyo went even further on Wednesday to suggest on Facebook that the scheduling of the U.S.-North Korea summit on the same day as the LKP convention was a "ploy by the Moon [Jae-in] administration" to minimize its effect. "It is the same kind [of plot] behind the [first] U.S.-North Korea talks held at Singapore a day before the last local elections," Hong argued. Floor leader Na Kyung-won also made a similar implication of conspiracy.
While these theories did little more than invite scorn from politicians from other parties, they testified to how sensitive candidates are about the coming leadership race, which analysts say is a crucial stepping stone for some contenders to a presidential bid in 2022.
The candidates have been fiercely competing for support from disgraced former President Park Geun-hye, with some even suggesting that Park - currently in jail for power abuse and corruption - be pardoned.
For Hwang, that support appeared all but guaranteed given that he served as Park's last prime minister and interim president during her impeachment trial in 2017. But a bombshell statement by Park's lawyer on a conservative TV program on Thursday threw everything into doubt after the attorney, Yoo Young-ha, suggested that Park does not regard Hwang as the ally that her supporters believe he is.
"That tells you everything," he said, adding that Park remains upset about the fact that Hwang did not try to improve her accommodations in prison as interim president after she was detained in March 2017.


text:
Skip to park navigation
Skip to park information
National Seashore California
Alerts In Effect
Change has always been a powerful force of nature. National parks and the stories they represent—like the San Andreas Fault Zone at Point Reyes National Seashore, or the lava flows in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, or the path of the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon—help us understand and appreciate how much our lives are influenced by change. They illustrate for us how interconnected we are with our environment whenever change occurs.
Today, we hear more and more about the effects of "climate change" (aka "global warming" or "climate destabilization"). Due to global warming, Point Reyes National Seashore and other national parks are currently confronting one of the greatest threats in their history. The world is heating up, and the signs are already visible in National Parks: rising temperatures, prolonged drought, severe wildfires, diminished snowfall, acidifying oceans, and changing habitats.
Point Reyes is renowned for both its sandy beaches and ruggedly beautiful coastline along which people come to watch whales, pinnipeds, and birds. The windswept pines of Point Reyes, the violent surf of the Great Beach, and the rocky shores of the Point Reyes Headlands are securely protected from the development pressures of a booming Bay area. But those boundaries don't provide protection from climate change.
Rising sea levels impelled by melting glaciers and polar icecaps will likely dramatically change this coastal park's environment upon which animals have come to rely and humans come to enjoy. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) predicts that rising seas could erode beaches and coastlines, submerge wetlands, and swallow up Native American cultural artifacts at Point Reyes and several other national parks. Rising temperatures may make this area uninhabitable for many species of plants and animals that currently live here. Rising temperatures may also result in greater visitation to the Seashore during hot summer days, putting more strain on the park's natural resources, infrastructure, and staff.
Fortunately, there may still be time to limit the impact of this threat to Point Reyes and other national parks. The Seashore is doing its part by putting innovative energy technologies to use and looking for ways to reduce its carbon "footprint." As of January 2016, Point Reyes National Seashore has obtained seven hybrid and six electric vehicles, instituted a No Idling program, is using green technology in new construction, and installed photovoltaic solar panels on 23 structures, from which the park receives close to 50 percent of the energy it uses).
With a combination of local, national, and international action to halt global warming, we can all help ensure that millions of Americans will be able to enjoy these national treasures for generations to come.
Learn more by reading about some of the research being conducted at Point Reyes or by viewing some of the The Natural Laboratory multimedia presentations that discuss some of the impacts of climate change and what Point Reyes National Seashore is doing to reduce its carbon footprint. Check out our Climate Change Resources and Links page for more information.
Contact the Park
1 Bear Valley Road
Point Reyes Station , CA 94956
This number will initially be answered by an automated attendant, from which one can opt to access a name directory, listen to recorded information about the park (i.e., directions to the park; visitor center hours of operation; weather forecast; fire danger information; shuttle bus system status; wildlife updates; ranger-led programs; seasonal events; etc.), or speak with a ranger. Please note that if you are calling between 4:30 pm and 10 am, park staff may not be available to answer your call.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Did you leave your keys locked in the car? Need new car keys because you lost your old ones? Are you looking for automotive locksmiths near you? Remember, an automotive lockout situation can turn out to be intimidating, depending on where you are and what time of the day it is. If you are in a lockout crisis or have lost your transponder keys, don't panic and just give Interstate Locksmith Shop a call. Our experienced locksmiths will be at your service immediately. We work 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and 365 days a year to help you out of your sticky auto locksmith problems.
Automotive locksmith services need a different level of dedication and commitment towards its customers. Clients can be stuck anywhere, the situation can be extremely dire, and perhaps they need assistance immediately. We understand the nature of problems associated with auto locksmith needs. This is why Interstate Locksmith Shop offers mobile locksmith service, a fleet of state-of-the-art vehicles that are equipped to reach you in no time and provide a solution then and there.
Our team of experts is made of locksmiths who hold the highest degree of the trade, have requisite skills and have undergone rigorous training to become a value to not just Interstate Locksmith Shop but also to the entire San Diego, CA area. We equip our technicians with the latest tools which enables them to come up with solutions in no time. Keys locked in the car? Don't worry, just call us and our expert will make you new car keys in no time.
Don't feel abandoned if you are facing vehicle entry problems; remember, help is only a phone call away. Our experts will respond to your concern quickly and address the problem in a speedy manner. We will fix your entry door problems, help with broken key extraction, offer key duplication service and lots more. New car keys will be made available to you on the spot. You can also trust our experts with ignition repair problems. It doesn't matter even if you need the most basic service, Interstate Locksmith Shop team will do everything it can to help you get on your way.
Next time you are locked out of your car or are facing any lock & locksmith issue, just contact one of our automotive technicians to assist you and fix your problem of gaining access into your vehicle. The highlight of our service is that we charge our customers very less and are the most affordable locksmiths you will find in San Diego, CA area.
We can fulfill any automotive locksmith need, from the most basic to the most complex one. Give Interstate Locksmith Shop a chance to service you and your car locksmith needs and we'll prove why we're the best!


Alright guys, I'm super excited to talk about one of my favorite deal websites formerly known as GroopDealz and now relaunching TODAY as Eleventh Avenue! This is a darling boutique that handpicks the perfect items from women's clothing, to super cute baby threads, to great items for the home! I love a few of their new features on the site as well including the ability to create "collections" by starting your own page of collections keeping track of everything you love in one place. You can also file away the items you "love" by simply clicking the heart icon to the right of each product photo, as not to forget them when you revisit! Along with a new name, they have also grown a lot and have lots more items than before!
If you know me, you know I'm a sucker for great deals, so to be able to find all these great items in one place for killer deals is definitely my kind of site!
P.S. I'm getting ready to buy these darling moccs and maybe a pair of shoes for myself...or two!
*This post is sponsored by EleventhAvenue, however all thoughts and ideas are my own.


Click to Find a Walmart office in your location, then copy the details of our cashier provided on checkout.
Go to any of the stores of your choice and fill out the necessary forms and hand it over to the cashier. You can send money from a branch in several ways: via cash, with a credit or debit card. Using your credit card may result in a cash-advance fee imposed by the card issuer.


text:
Протипотерии () — род вымерших млекопитающих семейства Interatheriidae отряда нотоунгулятов, обитавших в Южной Америке в миоцене, генезис которых прослеживается до палеоцена.

По внешнему виду напоминали зайцев, по размеру несколько превышали их — средняя длина взрослого животного составляла около 40 см. Тело, лапы и хвост были относительно длинными, а шея — короткой. Череп напоминал крысиный, содержал 44 неспециализированных зуба.

Судя по форме когтей, протипотерии специализировались в рытье земли и, вероятно, захватывал норы других видов. Предполагается, что по образу жизни он был в основном растительноядным, однако не брезговал и падалью.

Название

Protypotherium означает «до типотерия». В свою очередь, типотерий (Typotherium, в настоящее время мезотерий,  Mesotherium) означает «типовой зверь». Такое название было дано Огюстом Браваром (, 1803-1861) из-за того, что типотерий является типовым родом своего семейства, и кроме того, послужил основанием для выделения отряда Typotheria (в настоящее время считается подотрядом).

Виды
По данным сайта Fossilworks, род включает 12 вымерших видов:

Примечания

Нотоунгуляты
Млекопитающие миоцена
Ископаемая фауна Южной Америки
†

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


There are two things slightly off about Foxy Brown on the red carpet at the taping of BET's Rip The Runway in New York last night. Can you tell what they are?
Here's a hint: the first one is right above our BOSSIP logo in the photo. The second… might require a close up.


Manufacturing is the backbone of the U.S. economy. It provides millions of well-paying jobs, delivers innovative solutions and ensures that we maintain our competitive edge in the global market. At DDC, we know that keeping the industry moving isn't optional—it's essential.
We know how to leverage public and private sectors, use our extensive network to shape public opinion and sway decision-makers to affect outcomes when and where it matters most.
We combine political expertise, strategic communications, award-winning creative and cutting- edge technology into one seamless, compelling campaign that gets your messages recognized on a national scale.
DDC has a trusted legacy in manufacturing, with more than 20 years of experience and close partnership with some of the most prominent industry pillars out there.
Manufacturing is a rich part of our American history. But as the story evolves, we must develop a distinct and compelling narrative that creates new relevance and further brings the manufacturing industry to life.
You need individuals who are passionate enough to take action on your behalf. We combine this unique outreach with third-party validators to reinforce the power of your message and enact meaningful change.
We facilitate the conversation between American businesses and policymakers, influencing smart policy decisions and shaping a more productive conversation that moves the U.S. economy forward.


This manifold looks liks a true Masteriece!
Designed specifically to get the very best from the already SuperCharged Elise S Modelyear 2011 onwards.
You will need to combine a special Sportscat, Silenced Cat replacement or Cat replacement pipe for this manifold!
This manifold suits the 2ZR Supercharged engine.


October is here so my challenge this month is to watch 1 scary movie a day. Yesterday was first so I started yesterday with Crimson Peak. I had recently gone to see the Guillermo Del Toro exhibit at LACMA and I saw that TWC now Spectrum had Crimson Peak OnDemand which I had not seen. Movie was interesting. I liked it, the whole feel to it was awesome as well. The ghost coming out were awesome graphics in my opinion. Good movie. Still deciding what to watch today.


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When will "ongoing" contract talks get Russell Wilson the richest contract ever?
Posted by Mike Florio on March 17, 2019, 9:12 AM EDT
On Friday, Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson told Jimmy Fallon that there's "a great potential" for Wilson to eventually become the highest-paid player in NFL history. So when precisely would that Wilson eclipse Aaron Rodgers' $33.5 million per year?
Here's what Seahawks coach Pete Carroll told PFT Live at the Scouting Combine on the question of when contract talks will commence with Wilson, whose current deal expires at the end of the 2019 season: "That effort's ongoing, now, you know? We have a tremendous relationship with Russ and he's been an incredible part of our club and like I said, the community, all aspects of the league, all aspects of sports around the country, he's an extraordinary factor. And we like to celebrate the years that he's had with us with continuing more years and putting it all together. So that's ongoing."
So if it's ongoing, when does it end? Last year, we explained that Wilson's mindset at the time was to resist long-term offers and to let things play out on a year-by-year basis. If he were to pursue the Kirk Cousins model, Wilson could force application of the franchise tag for a couple of years before forcing his way to the open market, in turn forcing the Seahawks to compete with others for his services moving forward.
With a cap number of $25.286 million for 2019, Wilson's franchise tag in 2020 would bump to $30.34 million. In 2021, the franchise tag for Wilson would become $36.41 million. Come 2022, the rule guaranteeing a 44-percent increase would push the cap number all the way to $52.43 million.
Would the Seahawks pay him $52.43 million for another season, or would they let him hit the market? (The other option would be the transition tag, at $43.69 million for 2022, but that would guarantee only a right to match.)
The bigger question is whether the Seahawks would put enough on the table to get Wilson to forgo the Cousins approach, and ultimately whether the guy who has a habit of ending every press conference and interview by saying "go 'Hawks" would tell the 'Hawks goodbye.
63 responses to "When will "ongoing" contract talks get Russell Wilson the richest contract ever?"
omeimontis says:
I would love to see Russell Wilson get a huge contract in Seattle, that is guaranteed that he will be the highest paid quarterback ever, for 15 years or more, and I am a Frisco 49er fan. LOL
arcross12042004scorp15 says:
$ 25 Million seems like enough to eek out a meager existence. Do players understand there is a salary cap ? Each additional dollar the star receives leaves one less their teammates receive. This dynamic makes it less likely the team can or will be able to afford enough talent to win it all. Tom Brady is not the highest paid QB, yet his team wins because he takes less then he " deserves". Maybe being highest paid shouldn't be the ultimate goal.
douce54 says:
If he's in it only for the top dollar, then he's not in it for the championships.
Just ask Aaron how's that going!!
scorpion42 says:
How about more Super Bowl wins as a start
indiapalealeblog says:
There is a shortage of very good QBs. Wilson is a very good QB. Thus he can force his way out and get paid top dollar.
Since he already had a super bowl ring, does he care about getting another? Ir not he can see his services for near top dollar and cash out. Nothing dishonerable about that. But the team that signs him probably won't be winning anything.
If he does want to play on a good team, and possibly win another super bowl (Brady probably won't be around past 45, will he?) then he may want to consider not demanding top dollar. Leaving 3MM on the table won't be enough to win. He'll have to take a 30MM contract.
A team that pays him top dollar will probably be become a playoff team, but they won't be going far.
So Wilson has to decode – take the money and not win a super bowl, or leave some money on the table, sign with a good team, and try to win a super bowl.
vikings1234 says:
The Patriots have been lucky that Brady's #1 goal is not to be the highest paid Q. BB looses stars like Trey Flowers and Trent Brown every year rather than bust the cap. I think this might be one reason why the Patriots have been so competitive during the BB era. Instead of a few superstars they have a deep, quality roster.
Russ Wilson is the leader of the Seahawks. I want to see him get paid, but i hope he leaves enough on the table that the Seahawks can continue to build around him. I did no expect to see them make the playoffs last year, it was supposed to be a rebuilding year. Let's leave enough on the table to keep rebuilding and get back to the SB. I'm tired of the one year dynasty talk i always read about.
jefflocc says:
5yr 395 million contract with 390 million being guaranteed!!
rdhome2 says:
Selfish player and will doom the hawks for a long time with this type of contract. Not worth it
bagbolt says:
How to hamstring a franchise… Overpaying the QB
rpw84 says:
This QB salary scale is rendering teams unable to resign players they have developed, attract a few free agents to fill holes etc. You wonder why some of these OL s are in disarray. QB salaries are taking up 20 percent of the damn cap. "It would be fun to have a record salary" . Not too much fun for the team! Fun is greed, Fun is compromising the salaries of the other 52. ENOUGH!
learysdisciples says:
As soon as you get involved.
thetooloftools says:
How about you make more money for wins and less money for losses. I hope the NFL considers this in the next CBA with the players because right now the players are playing like they don't really care….. but they care about the $. I swear if you pay the winners more then the losers of every game, we would all see much better football. As it is, you get your money… try to play kinda hard, but your getting your money no matter what. If it's all about the money…. then give them a reason to fuel their greed.
Imagine what quarterbacks will be making in 10 years, 20 years and 30 years. Joe Montana made like $2.5 million in 1990. In 1990 the average quarterback salary was less that $1 million. Now the average salary for quarterbacks is $15 million. Wilson will probably get a deal that gets close to $40 million per year. Then other quarterbacks will demand more and pretty soon the top will be $50 million. In 20 years top quarterbacks will be making over $100 million per year. A good game day seat will cost $2000 by 2030. 30 bucks for a beer or a hot dog. Why would fans care what players make? Oh, because the money comes from the fans.
mashoaf says:
Let him walk after three seasons… he'll be 34 that season…
exinsidetrader says:
This guy has gone Hollywood and doing his best to destroy his brand and talk his way out of Seattle. He will never win another Super Bowl.
Sean Murphy says:
The NFL should seriously consider the NBA salary structure. Not dollar for dollar obviously, just the philosophy. It's a team sport. If you're a max contract caliber player, you get a designated max contract (in length and value), regardless of position. Do the math, come up with some feasible salary structures based on performance and tenure.
They already implemented a rookie wage scale, veteran minimum contracts, and franchise tags values. Meaningful and mutually beneficial reform should not be too challenging for them. I think most players would support the idea. It makes good financial sense for everyone except above average quarterbacks, defensive ends, cornerbacks, and left tackles. That leaves a of players working just as hard for much less.
Its supply and demand and player evaulation.
If all QBs decided they want to set new records in getting paid then the smart teams would start drafting QBs near the end of their current QBs contract.
What would you rather have:
A) Russel Wilson at $40 mm/year, with a mediocre Oline and receivers
B) Andy Dalton at 600K/year for 4 years on a rookie contract plus 40MM to spend on Oline and receivers?
If you don't like this example, substitute Kirk Cousins for Russel Wilson.
No QB pay scale is needed, there is a fixed salary cap, and its up to teams to evaluate
players and make decisions.
smoothrobinva says:
Average qb
bondlake says:
Even if Wilson gets the largest contract, it won't last long.
The GB diva will immediately want more.
1andDone says:
He's their QB and RB, stands to reason the Seahawks pay him upwards of 30 mil/yr
1969l78 says:
Highest paid…that's funny!
redclaw1314 says:
Just give him a blank check—he will do the right thing.
donttrollonme says:
Eek a wild card berth into a playoff one and done year after year…..then expect the biggest contract ever.
One Year Dynasty!
whenwilliteverend says:
I don't believe he's a $30M QB.
dfosterf says:
Pay, pay, pay the man! All you other teams that are not the Green Bay Packers…Pay, pay pay! If this works out right, Aaron Rodgers will be the lowest paid QB in a few years, lol
bucfaninclearwater says:
Championships don't pay the bills…."Show me the money!!!"
jimmyjohns01 says:
Taking less so the team can improve other positions only works if you trust your GM to actually bring in good players and coaches. TT is known for letting good players walk, signing bad FA, and over paying overrated players. I think if Rodgers had any hint he'd had the same success as BB/Brady, he probably would take a little less. But no. Packers kept McCarthy and Capers a little too long.
bugbearcaptain says:
Sadly the only team/ star QB that both understand this and solved that potential problem is the Patriots/Brady. Everyone else cripples their chances every time their QB gets a new deal. The new way is to nail your QB in the draft and win on his rookie contract while still being able to field a top supporting cast.
waynefontesismyfather says:
I would trust never. He isn't worthy of being the player with the richest contract in NFL history.
minerslung says:
He's not even that good. Is he a top ten an, yes. But no better than that. Seattle is bonkers to pay anymore than 25 million. They have to build a team. I saw what happen with manning. As soon as Russ gets a long term injury, they will have to move on. They better groom their own if they want to be perennial contenders.
contract says:
Everyone is for capitalism and free markets until it's time to pay pro athletes. If paying QBs 20% of the salary cap is a problem, do away with the salary cap and let owners spend as much as championships are worth to them.
Tom G says:
Let him play this year on his current deal. Then of course try and work something out but if he already has the mindset of being the highest paid player, the Seahawks should let him go or do a sign and trade. Enough of these players holding the team hostage. These huge long term contracts hardly ever work out. Football is the ultimate TEAM sport. Take a page out of Brady's book and don't be so damn greedy. Plus the guy has one SB victory and a HUGE mistake in the other Bowl appearance. Not worth it!!
TjWhosYourDaddy says:
All these average QBs driving up the price for the actual QBs that deserve the money. Russel Wilson should NOT be the highest paid QB in the league. Period
Wilson is vastly overrated. The SeaSlugs have gone to 2 Super Bowls and won just 1…and that was 5 seasons ago.
It's time for a total rebuild in Seattle. That starts with NOT extending Wilson.
6thsense10 says:
Every occupation or job has a budget it is not the job of the employer to balance the budget and worry about cash for coworkers. It seems the NFL is the only job in the US were people think it should be the employer's responsibility to not get the most his talent can get so others could get paid. I don't know why fans always think like owners.
Players already have agreed to structural tools that limit their pay. The rookie salary cap, restricted free agency, being able to franchise tag a player up to 3 times, the transition tag, salary cap. All those are a limit on player salaries. So no a player shouldn't voluntarily take less during a business negotiation. I mean owners as a group were ready to lock out players and cancel a season during last CBA negotiations not because they were losing money but because they wanted a Bigger percentage of the revenue. At the end of the day it's always about the money. The fact that fans like you always put the blame on players when they remind you of that fact is a little surprising.
torgow says:
I thought he wanted 6 super bowl rings?! That ain't how you're gonna get 'em, Russ.
chawk12thman says:
32M per year for 5 years and all of it guaranteed with another 5 years tacked on at 35M per but not guaranteed. 160M guaranteed and another 175M for total of 330M. He would essentially be locked up for remainder of career.
Wisconsin's Favorite Son Jeffrey Be Dahmed says:
The Patriots have been paying a company partially owned by Tom Brady. It's a wink, wink deal that no other teams agree to. In fact, other companies like Tom's pay the teams to be associated with them.
How is this not a violation?
raiderbeer34 says:
I hope wilson breaks the bank, that way when mahomes contract is up the chiefs have to pay him like 40 mill a year and are cap straped for ever.
cheeseisfattening says:
Aaron Rodgers' $33.5 million per year
33.5 mill a year for a beat up, decling QB with a damaged shoulder whose teammates don't luke him. I forgot how bad that contract is for the next 5 years.
jackedupboonie says:
Seattle can't draft a QB this season starting with only 4 picks.
I love how people practically nominate Brady for saint-hood because he's not trying to be the highest paid QB. There is zero chance he would be taking less if his wife wasn't already worth $500M and earning $50M a year.
The Seahawks are a 3-4 win team without Wilson. Their running game wouldn't be nearly as effective without the threat of Wilson off the play fake (just ask Lynch, whose YPC without Wilson in full yard fewer). Guys thinking you can just draft a QB to replace him, please tell me how that's working out for Oakland, Miami, and Denver. Like it or not, the going rate for a perennial pro bowl QB is $333-$35M a year. Only 2 SB's in the last 19 have been won by QBs who were not top QBs, so going cheap and hoping to catch lightning in a bottle with a drafted QB tips the odds decidedly against you.
Chances are the new CBA will make even a $35M/year contract look cheap by the 2nd or 3rd year as teams are dishing out $45-$50M a year for Mahomes, Wentz and Goff. The Seahawks' downfall wasn't in paying Wilson, it was in 3 consecutive horrible drafts that failed to restock the team with talent ready to step up for the talent that leaves. Their last two drafts have been much better, which is why they were able to make the playoffs despite the loss of "marquee" talent. Continue to draft well, and they will be fine even after paying Wilson. Fail to do so, and they will stumble as any team that drafts poorly would.
derp363 says:
If Seattle wants to get max value for Wilson, it's now or never as far as a trade. Once he is on franchise tag money, he will be trying to limit his new teams trade collateral.
riverhorsey says:
36 million for 2021 alone. Who said football was a blue collar sport, tickets anyone ?
thermanmerman99 says:
Weeman Wilson has a promising future as a Carlton Banks impersonator at low level bars across the country after his career ends. At least he be used to being booed
The Keener Observer says:
Wait, I thought he wanted to move to New York, at the behest of his wife.
If true, then he would have to consider what the Giants are willing to pay.
This could be a case where Seattle can leverage NY to get a better deal, depending on what NY is willing to pay.
not to mention what kraft pays brady off the books.
skwackquackwoof says:
I am having a justification problem here. Stick with me cause it's gonna take a minute… IF the ball was thrown on the 1 yard line instead of handing it to Marshawn was to symbolize the "passing of the torch" of leadership to Wilson, why have we spent SO much time and energy trying to replace Marshawn… Now that we have gone through what feels like 163 rb's since then, and found 1 guy who can carry the ball consistently, they still had 4 other RB's on the committee who STILL got carries, taking away from our guy's abilty to get his rythym in a game. Then they sent our ENTIRE defense packing for not drinking the kool aid. Once all of that settled and the season played out, we surprisingly made the playoffs. In the playoffs they game planned as if Marshawn was still there, as well as our defense, but Russell Wilson doesn't exist. It is driving me nuts. I am happy to say that we have Wilson as our QB, and honestly believe that no other QB in the league would be able to be as successful in Seattle. In other words, if this is the Russell Wilson show, how about actually STARTING the show?
marvin1958 says:
Vikings fans will be happy to explain the pitfalls of overpaying a QB.
I know, I know … I wish I could block out their posts too.
I have to agree with this. The fact they played mud ball against a Cowboy offense that wasn't even as good as theirs and left a middle of the road defense to die on the cross late in the game was pretty embarrassing. Get used to it, this style ain't going anywhere. Next season they will play every game the same with wins being at 10 max and losses being at 7 or less.
vikinganswer says:
Never. Idiotic if it happens. Rodgers Brees and Brady should be not the next free agent.
Douglas Ziemann says:
Ok I disagree,,,,so basically you are saying Russel made that call in Super Bowl? I can agree if you would say he "threw it behind" or " he was late" but why bring something so many years old into this conversation?
I've been solid hawks since 1980,,, I guess I dont get why you would bring this up now.
WE go up,,we go down,,,you are either a Hawk fan or not…
Steve Cunningham says:
The real question is: when will the NFL and people realize that the top tier of NFL players pay has gone up more in the last 10yrs than it did over the prior 70-80yrs and at the rate its going up it's TOTALLY UNSUSTAINABLE as too is the salary cap going up at $10mil/yr!!!
A lot of these players today don't even care about what is supposed to be the most important thing in this game, the Superbowl. And when the SB isn't important to players anymore it's time to make it important again, whatever it takes!!! Limit the cost one player can be paid and make the Playoffs and SB relevant by making the bonuses for getting there and winning a lot bigger, the NFL can afford it! Say give a $1,000,000/player bonus for starters of the SB winner(less for the non-starters) and an extra $1,000,000 bonus for being MVP and none of it counting towards a teams or players cap since it's a bonus paid by the NFL and not the team.
It's going to take something drastic to change this "I what to be the highest paid" mentality that has really taken over the NFL by storm the last few years and the higher pay gets the worse the problem is going to get, but you know the old saying: "drastic times call for drastic measures", so it's time to put a limit of what any one player can be paid!
They have a minimum pay, now with all this player greed it's time to put a maximum on what a player can be paid?
I think if Rodgers had any hint he'd had the same success as BB/Brady, he probably would take a little less.
This takes being an apologist to new levels.
The convo's about QB's, not BB.
Wayne Rice says:
As a Seahawk fan, I believe Wilson's stats inflate his effectiveness. It seems to me he doesn't "see" secondary and ternary receivers that well. I think he's good. Just not a top 5 QB. His scrambling gets him out of situations many times he creates himself. Don't get me wrong, he's the best we've had but he doesn't create miracles like Brady, Rogers, and Brees.
Chances are the new CBA will make even a $35M/year contract look cheap by the 2nd or 3rd year as teams are dishing out $45-$50M a year for Mahomes, Wentz and Goff.
REALLY? I believe you're dreaming! There is NO WAY the owners let this insane escalating pay continue and I believe you'll see a long work stoppage if the players insist on trying to continue down this path! Sure there are a few teams that sell-out every home game, but look around the league and the number of those teams that sell-out every home game, well it is a list that is getting shorter and shorter every year. That's revenue being lost and don't think for a second that the owners don't realize it, it WILL be thier main topic of conversation going into these negotations for a new CBA!
So at a time when most players want more money and at a time when more owners are having a harder time filling stadiums the gap between players and owners is getting larger than ever before and anytime there is this much room between the parties look for a long stand-off!
The way NFL top player pay has gone up over just the last 5yrs, well it is TOTALLY UNSUSTAINABLE!!! I believe that $50mil/yr QB is a lot farther down the road than most people think, but they'll change their minds once they see what happens in the next CBA, they'll be a lot more changes(especially to player pay and the cap) than anyone thinks!
gloireferoce says:
It is odd to watch people direct frustration at a player for trying to make money. On one had, I get it because I understand there is a salary cap and want the Hawks to stay competitive. But the team is ultimately responsible for offering the contract. It seems to me people ought to be frustrated at the billionaires who made the system and pay the salaries if they aren't happy with QB pay scales. The frustration towards Russ seems misdirected. I wonder if the same frustration would be targeted at the owners if there were articles written about how much bank the owners make (hint: the majority)?
dudeicle says:
5 years out from a superbowl appearance and wants to be paid like the reigning champ??
fmc651 says:
These QB contracts are ruining the NFL. And it is their own doing.
denverscott says:
Gotta feed his family .
andymannfl says:
Does a lot of really good things. Great TD to INT ratio, extending plays etc. But honestly, only twelve 300+ yard passing games in 7 years…take a little less $$$ Russel and keep a good team around you.
skawh says:
I hope they trade him. He's not worth it as a starting QB. Time to start over with draft picks, AND fire Schneider who has done absolutely nothing in 6 years or more.


I'm from Vermont and used to drive through Woodstock on my way home from Ohio. One time 2 am trying to get home I'm cruising through Woodstock not a sole around and all of a sudden blue lights. Barney proceeded to give me his proud accomplishment and I turned to him as he walked away and said "is this my welcome home card thanks a lot" he was like "excuse me" my response was just as bold not thinking being on the road for 11 hrs. He took the high road and just told me to slow down. Needless to say I don't go that way anymore. However I have been in Ohio for over 25 years but Vermont will always be home thanks for the pics.
highcountrymoto and BMgreenmt like this.
I've had the same pleasure, once at 4am on my way to work. I spouted a similar remark which was followed by a $180 speeding ticket for doing 42 in a 25. Woodstock and Bridgewater cops are the worst. So bad so, that it was once a topic on VPR radio. The bit was about small towns deriving a large income from moving violations.
The Stowe UPS Store is 6 miles from my house. Great ride report, keep it coming.
So... I'm stranded on the side of the road (Cemetery Road), having failed to diagnose the no-power issue during several carburetor tear-downs, when up pulls Eric. "You look like you could use some help", he says, seeing parts and tools scattered everywhere while I was finishing up a cigarette before diving back into the roadside repair. "I think I'm pretty close to solving it, but thanks for the offer", I say like a total idiot as my pride takes over. Eric gets out of his car and assesses the situation. He's a fellow rider and belongs to the BMW motorcycle owners group of America. He explains that part of their philosophy is to help out fellow motorcycle travelers by whatever means necessary. It was getting dark, and he could clearly see that I wasn't going anywhere anytime soon.
"Tell you what", he says, "I live about 25 minutes up the road and have a motorcycle trailer and a shop in my garage. I'm going to run home, pick up the trailer, and come back. If you get the bike running before I come back, great. If not, we're going to my house and we're going to get this solved. No need to stress out any more."
So he heads up the road and I keep working on the bike. Another carb teardown, check the air filter, check for any obvious loose electrical connections... nothing.
Eric comes back about an hour later, trailer in tow, and it's almost dark outside. His wife has made me a sandwich. He has a beer for me to drink to help relax. I reassemble my bike and we load it up on the trailer. Unbelievable.
We stop to gas up Eric's car and buy some beer for Eric's neighbor, who has apparently been alerted to my troubles and is practiced in the art of getting old carbureted dirt bikes and snowmobiles running. Up some dark, winding, dirt country roads we get to Eric's place and get to work. He has a nice garage/shop in his basement, and his friend soon joins. We crack some beers and start troubleshooting.
"Is the gas bad?" We drained my tank into a bucket and it looks fine.
"How's the compression?" We tested it and it was fine.
"Getting good spark?" Yep, looks good.
I start disassembling the carb one more time, not believing that I'd find anything new after the first two or three go's at it. Slide and diaphragm out again. "No the diaphragm looks like it's in good shape..... wait, hold on... there it is!" The smoking gun. A tear in the slide diaphragm. That's it!
Having diagnosed the problem, Eric said "Ok well you'll stay in the bonus room tonight, I have a futon mattress you can use. There's a fresh towel in the bathroom, you can get cleaned up, get a good night's rest. I have to leave for work around 5:30 tomorrow morning, and you'll borrow my motorcycle while I'm gone to run by the powersports shops near Burlington to find the slide/diaphragm you need."
Eric's bike was a BMW R1200RT. It was his baby. He kept it immaculately clean. It was bigger and heavier and more expensive than any motorcycle I'd ever ridden. It's no exaggeration to say that I was more nervous than I can remember ever being when I fired that bike up in the pitch black at 5:30 am in a state that I'd never been to before and followed him out to the main highway on backcountry Vermont dirt roads before we split up.
Words can't really explain how unreal this whole situation felt. This complete stranger had gone out of his way to pick me and my bike up off the side of the road, helped me diagnose the problem in his shop, let me crash for the night in his spare room, and was letting me borrow his prized possession to go on a parts run to Burlington.
We got to the main highway where Eric had to go one direction and I would head the other way to get to Burlington/Williston. It was just starting to get light outside. He told me to be careful around the corners because of the wet leaves, but otherwise open her up and have fun with it. No way was I going to go nuts with his bike, but it was awesome. It was like riding a smooth sewing machine.
More to come soon, but for now, a picture of the loaner ride during a crack-of-dawn coffee and breakfast stop!
Loadtoad101, edgeoftheworld, wilfred and 7 others like this.
wadethewanderer and highcountrymoto like this.
I believe it. Vermonter's are a special breed. But I may be a bit bias .
highcountrymoto, NewEnglander and BMgreenmt like this.
Yeah a thumbs up or a like is way to small a reply for this part of the story.
crustyone, highcountrymoto, bbanker and 1 other person like this.
ummmm, what happened to the rest of the story?
highcountrymoto and ejm4 like this.
I figured he was still travelling with the 'loaner"
Sorry to keep everyone waiting! It's been a busy holiday season, work has been crazy, the story continues tonight!
That is awesome !! I live right down the road from where you broke down in Vermont (Bristol VT). Actually the picture with the bike on the trailer looks like it was taken in Bristol VT at the gas station across from the town square. So glad one of my neighbors stopped to help you. I know I would of helped if I seen a broke down motorcyclist on the side of the road. Vermonters are good people...especially those that ride !! Great read...thanks !
flexiflyer and highcountrymoto like this.
At the crack of dawn, after having ridden down from Eric's remote house and now with some coffee and a breakfast sandwich in me, I was feeling more comfortable on the R1200. It was amazing the difference in feel between this bike and my KLR. Different machines built for different purposes and different budgets, I know... but still.
Up Route 100 to 89 in Waterbury, then west into Williston. Roadside Motorsports was the destination, a Kawasaki and other powersports dealer that was first on the list from research the night before. The backup plan was to hit up a Harley dealership, as the slide/diaphragm from the Keihin CVK40 carburetor was apparently used on some Harley models as well.
I got to Roadside Powersports at about 8:45 am, about 15 minutes before they opened. As I was sitting on a railing outside, waiting to talk with someone, the guy who I think may be the owner/manager walked up and asked what I needed. I told him I was looking for the slide/diaphragm for a KLR 650, to which he replied almost immediately "oh man, that's gonna be a part we'll need to order". I figured this would be the case, but it still sucked to hear. He said "well I think the shop/parts store manager just showed up, let's go down and talk to him." Parts guy said the same thing. "Yeah, sorry man, we'll need to order one and it'll be at least a few days, maybe a week... BUT... we did just get a used KLR 650 in the other day. If you want, I could pull the slide diaphragm from that bike, check it out to make sure it's in good shape, sell it to you for retail cost, and put the new part in our bike once it comes in." Of course I responded "Hell yeah! Do it!"
15 minutes later he had the slide pulled from the old bike and said he checked it out and that it looks good, "take a look and see what you think". Looked good to me, so the deal was done. $180 on an increasingly crippled credit card, but this was the promise of continuing my journey under my own power... no brainer.
It was a beautiful ride back to Eric's house on the BMW. Sunny skies, perfect temperature, in positive spirits with the new slide/diaphragm securely stashed in the side box. Back at Eric's house I got to work. Eric and his family were gone for the day, but he gave me free reign of his shop and tools to get the job done. Well... not all of his family was gone for the day. Luke became my trusty shop assistant while I drank a few beers and reassembled the carb for about the millionth time this trip.
Bike reassembled, I took it for a test run up and back the dirt road Eric lived on. It was running, but still rough. It wouldn't hold an idle without choke. What the hell. I pulled back into the shop and pulled the carb again. In my excitedness, it turns out I had assembled the needle and little castle-looking holder in the wrong order. Everything in its right place this time, back together, another test run up the dirt road... SHE LIVES!!! Running better than ever!
It would be a while before Eric got back from work and it was understood that if I got the bike running before he came back I would just keep going. So I wrote a note thanking him immensely for everything he had done for me and left it on the kitchen counter. We're still in touch, with tentative plans to ride together soon. After I got back home, as a small token of appreciation I put together a "North Carolina care package" for Eric with several NC barbeque sauces, a sampling of NC beer, and a new compression testing kit which included an adapter sized for the KLR 650... no more finger-plug technique next time he helps out another stray KLR rider!
Panniers mounted, gear on, time to hit the road again. The destination was back into NY to find a campsite in the Adirondacks for the night. Vermont put on one hell of a show for my final day in the state.
edgeoftheworld, YYZ Rush, MuckSavage and 6 others like this.
Yep, that was the Bristol gas station across from the town square! 100% wholeheartedly agree that Vermonters are good people. I can't wait to get back up there to do some more riding!
802_rider and Amphib like this.
Glad you got it sorted out. Roadside Powersports are good people service wise. It is currently waaay too cold to ride, but your RR is good to keep the doldrums away, thanks!
This was a lovely report. I'm in Durham, NC and would love to do a trip like this in 2019!
highcountrymoto and flexiflyer like this.
A great report! A friend of mine and I had 5 days last October to ride and decided to spend 3 days on the MABDR. We tried to avoid the rain by riding north on country roads to Moorefield and then take the route south. No such luck. It started raining on us 20 minutes out of Garner and continued until we got to Culpeper. The rest of the trip was dry and we had a great time. The plan is to ride the whole route in late spring this year.
highcountrymoto and Milosh like this.
Great report. Just finished reading up to this point. Glad to hear that you had enjoyed the stay in Watkins Glen, just a few miles up the road from my place. There are a few other hidden gems scattered around the area as well.


text:
Clarks Summit University Grows Its Online Education
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CommentaryCulture
Woodlawn: Movie Review
With the recent Hollywood success of War Room as a #1 movie, I see no reason why Woodlawn will not be a huge hit too. The main character, Hank Erwin Jr., is played by Sean Astin, who is best known from his role as Samwise Gamgee in The Lord of the Rings. Moviegoers will also know him as Rudy in the movie by the same name. Woodlawn has a wonderful storyline with compelling subplots and superb acting.
by Mark Shaw
When my wife and I went to a special preview screening for pastors back in August, we had no idea that the movie was based upon former Senator Erwin's life. I have had several opportunities to meet and talk with Mr. Erwin, having lived in Alabama where our children attended the same homeschool covering organization. We were thrilled to see these young men honor their father, who truly is a godly man, humble yet courageous in his Christian faith.
Some will liken Woodlawn to Remember the Titans, but this movie is different in that it is primarily about the power of Christ working through a faithful, bold chaplain named Hank Erwin, the father of the movie-makers the Erwin Brothers (Jon and Andrew), who produced October Baby in 2011. These sons wanted to tell the true story of their father's life during this period of time.
Having lived and worked in the Birmingham area for many years, I was impacted by the raw portrayal of the evil of racism in this movie, by the hope of the gospel, and by the humility of those who trust in Christ to move His Kingdom purposes forward in spite of a growing hatred toward anything Christian. The movie's setting begins in the 1970s at a time where children were being "bussed" across town to a new school in order to desegregate "whites and blacks" in public schools. The problem is that neither group was thrilled to be brought together in this way, creating more tension and unrest in the school. It was a time where the community was looking for "something bigger" than themselves to bring them together, and some thought football would be that "something bigger." But we know that only Christ offers a new hope, true unity, and that He alone is that "something bigger" every person is searching for.
"I want you to stop all religious activity until this Board has time for a full review," is what Woodlawn High School football coach, Tandy Geralds, was told by his superiors at one point in the movie when the faith of the students moves into the public square. The movie displays the tension of racism as well as religion at Woodlawn High School. Amidst the hatred and lingering racism of the 1970s in Birmingham, Alabama, God starts a historic revival that the movie details with riveting relationships that cross barriers often difficult to overcome, but not too difficult for Christ to overcome. In the Gospels, Jesus crossed all sorts of barriers with the poor, women, Samaritans, and the outcast by His love. It is this same love of Christ that is manifested before our eyes in this film.
What I appreciate about this movie is how they portray Christianity in an honest yet winsome manner. I hope unbelievers have a chance to watch this movie for that very reason. When we think about the power of racist hatred displayed in our country today, there really is only one unifying force greater than that hatred and those fears: the perfect love of Christ as outlined in 1 John 4:18-21 below:
There is no fear in love; but perfect love casts out fear, because fear involves torment. But he who fears has not been made perfect in love. We love Him because He first loved us. If someone says, "I love God," and hates his brother, he is a liar; for he who does not love his brother whom he has seen, how can he love God whom he has not seen?
Woodlawn portrays brotherly love quite well, and I recommend this movie with 4.9 stars out of 5.0 (no movie is perfect). I pray Christians would support this movie and send a powerful message to Hollywood that we are tired of trash and longing for godliness to be demonstrated before our eyes.
I don't want to give the movie away, so I won't go into specifics, but there are many humorous and delightful moments in Woodlawn!
On a personal note, I worked for about two years right across the street from Woodlawn High School at Christ Health Center, a medical clinic that offered Biblical counseling through Truth in Love Ministries, the organization I founded in 2007. During that time, I saw the high school building each day I went to serve there, but didn't know the full story of what was depicted in the movie. Now, my prayer is that the same type of revival that occurred in the movie will happen in that area of Birmingham through the local churches there because the area has been plagued by evil, lawlessness, crime, poor leadership, broken homes, and the like. The church has an opportunity to reach the community around it with the love of Christ. I believe God will use this film to reach many hearts. With football being such an important aspect in the lives of Alabamians, maybe the draw of this movie as a football movie will appeal to those who might not otherwise watch a so-called "Christian" movie.
One more memory to share: I remember when my wife told me that the Erwin brothers spoke to a crowd of students and parents at our homeschool group at the beginning of one particular school year to show their current video production work. It was a short, patriotic film. The brothers said they wanted to inspire others to pursue big dreams and to offer to teach them their trade. The quality of their patriotic video production presented at that meeting was phenomenal, especially knowing their young age (they had just recently graduated). These young men are gifted by the Lord and excelling at their craft. It is a joy to see and I hope you will support them. Because of its compelling story, you will enjoy this movie even if you are not a football fan!
Mark Shaw is pastor and executive director of Vision of Hope, a treatment center ministry of Faith Church, Lafayette, Ind. He has 22 years of counseling experience working in a variety of settings, including faith-based residential programs, dealing with issues surrounding addictions of all types, and supervising staff positions. This article has been reprinted by permission from Vision of Hope's blog.
Posted in Commentary, Culture on October 29, 2015.
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what does this word "behave" mean?
And all our best to our soldier.
Hope this trip is enjoyable... you richly deserve a break!
I hope you enjoy getting back in touch with old buddies. And thanks for the pointer to the soldier blog. Have a safe trip!
Can I haz mor Pondering?


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These scripture verses are chosen to give a rounded view of the gospel and also provide comfort, guidance and character to face the trials and joys that life brings. This is a useful addition to the highly successful 'My 1st Book of Questions & Answers' – a modern catechism with scripture proofs. Together they provide a God-given structure to the faith of young lives.