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Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 98 in total
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Fulltext Over-prescription of antibiotics: both doctors and patients need education
Norsa'adah B
Med J Malaysia, 2007 Jun;62(2):181.
Principally, there are two problems in prescribing . They are prescribing decision and prescribing writing process, which contribute to 39% and 61% of prescription problems respectively. The first type of problem has more serious consequences and may even cause mortality. In that study, the issue is the appropriateness of prescribing antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). Over-prescribing of antibiotics in primary health care, especially for respiratory tract diseases is a problem worldwide . There are concerns about the rising prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria, cost and the potentially harmful consequences of unnecessary prescription such as drug interaction and allergy.
Matched MeSH terms: Physicians, Family/education*
Fulltext Modifying antibiotic prescribing: the effectiveness of academic detailing plus information leaflet in a Malaysian primary care setting
Teng CL, Achike FI, Phua KL, Nurjahan MI, Mastura I, Asiah HN, et al.
Med J Malaysia, 2006 Aug;61(3):323-31.
We assessed the effectiveness of an educational intervention in reducing antibiotic prescribing in public primary care clinics in Malaysia. Twenty-nine medical officers in nine clinics received an educational intervention consisting of academic detailing from the resident Family Medicine Specialist, as well as an information leaflet. The antibiotic prescribing rates were assessed for six months - three months before and three months after the intervention. A total of 28,562 prescriptions were analyzed. Among participating doctors, general antibiotic prescribing rates for pre- and post-intervention phases were 14.3% and 11.0% (post-intervention vs pre-intervention RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.83). The URTI-specific antibiotic prescribing rates for pre- and post-intervention phases were 27.7% and 16.6%, respectively (post-intervention vs pre-intervention RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.66). No significant change in antibiotic prescribing rates was observed among primary care practitioners who did not participate in the study. This low cost educational intervention using both active and passive strategies focusing on URTI produced a statistically significant (and clinically important) reduction in antibiotic prescribing.
Study site: Klinik Kesihatan, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Fulltext Audit of hypertension in general practice
Chan SC, Chandramani T, Chen TY, Chong KN, Harbaksh S, Lee TW, et al.
Med J Malaysia, 2005 Oct;60(4):475-82.
An audit of hypertension management was done in October 2004 in nine general practice (GP) clinics. Two structure, ten process and two outcome indicators were assessed. Results showed that targets were achieved in only four indicators, i.e., weight recording (89%), BP monitoring (85.8%), follow-up interval not exceeding 6 months (87.9%) and mean diastolic BP (73.9%). The other indicators (hypertension registry, reminder mechanisms for defaulters, recording of smoking, height, fundoscopy, monitoring of lipid profile, blood sugar, ECG, renal function and achievement of target mean systolic pressure) showed adequacy percentages varying from 22.1 to 68.7. Out of the 1260 patients assessed, 743 (59%) achieved a mean BP < or = 140/90 (or < or = 130/80 mmHg with diabetes mellitus / renal insufficiency) in the last 3 recorded readings. There was a vast difference between individual clinics. Reasons for not achieving targets were discussed and remedial measures for implementation were recommended.
Matched MeSH terms: Physicians, Family
Fulltext Primary care doctors' perceptions towards evidence-based medicine in Melaka State: a questionnaire study
Chan GC, Teng CL
Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jun;60(2):130-3.
A cross sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire to determine the perceptions of primary care doctors towards evidence-based medicine (EBM) was conclucted in Melaka state. About 78% of the primary care doctors were aware of EBM and agreed it could improve patient care. Only 6.7% of them had ever conducted a Medline literature search. They had a low level of awareness of review publications and databases relevant to EBM; only about 33% of them were aware of the Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews. Over half of the respondents had at least some understanding of the technical terms used in EBM. Ninety percent of the respondents had Internet access and the majority of them used it at home. The main barriers to practicing EBM were lack of personal time and lack of Internet access in the primary care clinics.
Matched MeSH terms: Physicians, Family/standards*
Fulltext A study of clinical questions in primary care
Fozi K, Teng CL, Krishnan R, Shajahan Y
Med J Malaysia, 2000 Dec;55(4):486-92.
This is a prospective study of clinical questions generated in primary care consultations and a comparison of two approaches to answering those clinical questions. Twenty-one doctors in a university-based primary care clinic submitted 78 clinical questions arising from patient consultations during 24 clinic days (0.01 question per patient encounter). These doctors subsequently found answers to 40% of their questions but were satisfied with only 67% of these answers. The investigators were able to provide answers for 95% of the questions asked and the doctors rated these answers as satisfactory in 86% of instances. Answers obtained by investigators had significantly higher satisfaction score than those obtained by doctors' search (p = 0.002). The two main findings of this study are (1) almost all questions arising in clinic setting could be answered by intensive search; (2) answers found by intensive searches were judged to be more satisfactory than those found routinely by doctors. Provision of an information retrieval service in addition to training in the searching and appraisal of medical literature are possible solutions to the information needs of busy clinicians.
Study site: Primary Care Clinic,
University Hospital Kuala Lumpur i
Matched MeSH terms: Physicians, Family*
Fulltext Reorientation of medical education for primary health care
Sahan AK
Med J Malaysia, 1987 Mar;42(1):1-8.
There is universal concern on the current inequitable coverage and low quality of health care. The lead roles of medical practitioners in health care and how they are prepared for such roles are being re-examined in many countries. This paper attempts to rationalise the need to reorientate medical education towards primary health care, and to suggest possible emphasis and direction for change.
Fulltext A nationwide postal survey on the perception of Malaysian public healthcare providers on family medicine specialists' (PERMFAMS) clinical performance, professional attitudes and research visibility
Chew BH, Yasin MM, Cheong AT, Rashid MR, Hamzah Z, Ismail M, et al.
Springerplus, 2015;4:213.
PMID: 25992310 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1004-9
Perception of healthcare providers who worked with family medicine specialists (FMSs) could translate into the effectiveness of primary healthcare delivery in daily practices. This study examined perceptions of public healthcare providers/professionals (PHCPs) on FMSs at public health clinics throughout Malaysia. This was a cross-sectional study in 2012-2013 using postal method targeting PHCPs from three categories of health facilities, namely health clinics, health offices and hospitals. A structured questionnaire was developed to assess PHCP's perception of FMS's clinical competency, safety practice, ethical and professional values, and research involvement. It consists of 37 items with Likert scale of strongly disagree (a score of 1) to strongly agree (a score of 5). Interaction and independent effect of the independent variables were tested and adjusted means score were reported. The participants' response rate was 58.0% (780/1345) with almost equal proportion from each of the three public healthcare facilities. There were more positive perceptions than negative among the PHCPs. FMSs were perceived to provide effective and safe treatment to their patients equally disregards of patient's social background. However, there were some concerns of FMSs not doing home visits, not seeing walk-in patients, had long appointment time, not active in scientific research, writing and publication. There were significant differences in perception based on a respondent's health care facility (p
Fulltext Audit on cardiovascular disease preventive care in general practice
Chan SC, Lee TW, Teoh LC, Abdullah ZC, Xavier G, Sim CK, et al.
Singapore Med J, 2008 Apr;49(4):311-5.
INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Primary care doctors as general practitioners (GPs) play a central role in prevention, as they are in contact with a large number of patients in the community through provision of first contact, comprehensive and continuing care. This study aims to assess the adequacy of cardiovascular disease preventive care in general practice through a medical audit.
METHODS: Nine GPs in Malaysia did a retrospective audit on the records of patients, aged 45 years and above, who attended the clinics in June 2005. The adequacy of cardiovascular disease preventive care was assessed using agreed criteria and standards.
RESULTS: Standards achieved included blood pressure recording (92.4 percent), blood sugar screening (72.7 percent) and attaining the latest blood pressure of equal or less than 140/90 mmHg in hypertensive patients (71.3 percent). Achieved standards ranged from 11.1 percent to 66.7 percent in the maintenance of hypertension and diabetic registries, recording of smoking status, height and weight, screening of lipid profile and attaining target blood sugar levels in diabetics.
CONCLUSIONS: In the nine general practice clinics audited, targets were achieved in three out of ten indicators of cardiovascular preventive care. There were vast differences among individual clinics.
Fulltext Are doctors assessing patients with hypertension appropriately at their initial presentation?
Wong SL, Lee PY, Ng CJ, Hanafi NS, Chia YC, Lai PS, et al.
Singapore Med J, 2015 Sep;56(9):518-22.
PMID: 26451055 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2015137
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which primary care doctors assessed patients newly diagnosed with hypertension for the risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) during the patients' first clinic visit for hypertension. The study also aimed to examine the trend of assessment for CVD risk factors over a 15-year period.
METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted between January and May 2012. Data was extracted from the paper-based medical records of patients with hypertension using a 1:4 systematic random sampling method. Data collected included CVD risk factors and a history of target organ damage (TOD), which were identified during the patient's first visit to the primary care doctor for hypertension, as well as the results of the physical examinations and investigations performed during the same visit.
RESULTS: A total of 1,060 medical records were reviewed. We found that assessment of CVD risk factors during the first clinic visit for hypertension was poor (5.4%-40.8%). Assessments for a history of TOD were found in only 5.8%-11.8% of the records, and documented physical examinations and investigations for the assessment of TOD and secondary hypertension ranged from 0.1%-63.3%. Over time, there was a decreasing trend in the percentage of documented physical examinations performed, but an increasing trend in the percentage of investigations ordered.
CONCLUSION: There was poor assessment of the patients' CVD risk factors, secondary causes of hypertension and TOD at their first clinic visit for hypertension. The trends observed in the assessment suggest an over-reliance on investigations over clinical examinations.
Fulltext Personal continuity of care in a university-based primary care practice: impact on blood pressure control
Hanafi NS, Abdullah A, Lee PY, Liew SM, Chia YC, Khoo EM
PLoS One, 2015;10(7):e0134030.
PMID: 26214304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134030
Continuity of care is an important quality outcome of patient care. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between personal continuity and blood pressure (BP) control among the patients with hypertension in an academic primary care centre. Between January and May 2012, we conducted a retrospective review of medical records of patients with hypertension who had been followed up for at least 1 year in the Primary Care Clinic, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia. In this setting, doctors who provided care for hypertension included postgraduate family medicine trainees, non-trainee doctors and academic staff. Systematic random sampling (1:4) was used for patient selection. BP control was defined as less than 130/80 mm Hg for patients with diabetes mellitus, proteinuria and chronic kidney disease and less than 140/90 mm Hg for all other patients. Continuity of care was assessed using the usual provider continuity index (UPCI), which is the ratio of patient visits to the usual provider to the total number of visits to all providers in 1 year. A UPC index of zero denotes no continuity while an index of one reflects perfect continuity with only the usual provider. We reviewed a total of 1060 medical records. The patients' mean age was 62.0 years (SD 10.4). The majority was women (59.2%) and married (85.7%). The mean number of visits in a year was 3.85 (SD 1.36). A total of 72 doctors had provided consultations (55 postgraduate family medicine trainees, 8 non-trainee doctors and 9 academic staff). The mean UPCI was 0.43 (SD 0.34). Target BP was achieved in 42% of the patients. There was no significant relationship between BP control and personal continuity after adjustment for total number of visits. Continuity of care was not associated with BP control in our centre. Further studies are needed to explore the reasons for this.
Study site: Primary care clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC)
Fulltext What are the barriers faced by patients using insulin? A qualitative study of Malaysian health care professionals' views
Lee YK, Ng CJ, Lee PY, Khoo EM, Abdullah KL, Low WY, et al.
Patient Prefer Adherence, 2013;7:103-9.
PMID: 23378747 DOI: 10.2147/PPA.S36791
BACKGROUND: Patients with type 2 diabetes often require insulin as the disease progresses. However, health care professionals frequently encounter challenges when managing patients who require insulin therapy. Understanding how health care professionals perceive the barriers faced by patients on insulin will facilitate care and treatment strategies.
OBJECTIVE: This study explores the views of Malaysian health care professionals on the barriers faced by patients using insulin.
METHODS: Semi-structured qualitative interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with health care professionals involved in diabetes care using insulin. Forty-one health care professionals participated in the study, consisting of primary care doctors (n = 20), family medicine specialists (n = 10), government policymakers (n = 5), diabetes educators (n = 3), endocrinologists (n = 2), and one pharmacist. We used a topic guide to facilitate the interviews, which were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using a thematic approach.
RESULTS: FIVE THEMES WERE IDENTIFIED AS BARRIERS: side effects, patient education, negative perceptions, blood glucose monitoring, and patient adherence to treatment and follow-up. Patients perceive that insulin therapy causes numerous negative side effects. There is a lack of patient education on proper glucose monitoring and how to optimize insulin therapy. Cost of treatment and patient ignorance are highlighted when discussing patient self-monitoring of blood glucose. Finally, health care professionals identified a lack of a follow-up system, especially for patients who do not keep to regular appointments.
CONCLUSION: This study identifies five substantial barriers to optimizing insulin therapy. Health care professionals who successfully identify and address these issues will empower patients to achieve effective self-management. System barriers require government agency in establishing insulin follow-up programs, multidisciplinary diabetes care teams, and subsidies for glucometers and test strips.
KEYWORDS: diabetes; focus groups; insulin; noncommunicable disease; primary care; qualitative study
Fulltext Attitude and knowledge of family medicine practitioners towards the association between periodontal disease and obesity
Akram Z, Abduljabbar T, Hanif A, Khan A, Vohra F
Niger J Clin Pract, 2017 05;20(5):595-599.
PMID: 28513519 DOI: 10.4103/1119-3077.197017
OBJECTIVES: To assess the attitude and knowledge of family medicine practitioners (FMPs) towards the association between periodontal disease and obesity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed and a 13-item survey questionnaire was given to FMPs practicing in 12 different teaching hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. The questions were aimed at exploring the knowledge of FMP's regarding the association of obesity and periodontal disease and their attitude towards the association of obesity and periodontal disease. Chi-square and Spearman co-efficient were conducted to compare subgroups and correlate factors with the knowledge score of FMPs.
RESULTS: A total of 314 questionnaires were completed (response rate = 92%). Median age of participants was 41 years and 57% were females. Almost 61% of FMPs answered all the knowledge questions correctly and 64% reported moderate understanding of the association between periodontal health and obesity. Nearly 73% FMPs inquired from obese patients regarding the periodontal disease and more than half (58%) refer patients to a dentist for evaluation. More than half of FMPs perform periodontal disease screening. Nearly all FMPs considered informing obese patients regarding periodontal disease as one of their roles.
CONCLUSIONS: FMP's play an important role in the early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of periodontal conditions in obese patients. More than two thirds of FMPs showed good knowledge of the association of obesity and periodontal disease. The attitudes of FMPs towards assessing and referring obese patients at a risk of having periodontal disease were reassuring.
Matched MeSH terms: Physicians, Family/statistics & numerical data*
Fulltext Factors influencing the role of primary care providers as gatekeepers in the Malaysian public healthcare system
Ang KT, Ho BK, Mimi O, Salmah N, Salmiah MS, Noridah MS
Malays Fam Physician, 2014;9(3):2-11.
PMID: 26425299 MyJurnal
Primary care providers play an important gatekeeping role in ensuring appropriate referrals to secondary care facilities. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the level, pattern and rate of referrals from health clinics to hospitals in the public sector, and whether the placement of resident family medicine specialist (FMS) had made a significant difference. The study was carried out between March and April in 2012, involving 28 public primary care clinics. It showed that the average referral rate was 1.56% for clinics with resident FMS and 1.94% for those without resident FMS, but it was not statistically significant. Majority of referred cases were considered appropriate (96.1%). Results of the multivariate analysis showed that no prior consultation with senior healthcare provider and illnesses that were not severe and complex were independently associated with inappropriate referrals. Severity, complexity or uncertain diagnosis of patients' illness or injury significantly contributed to unavoidable referrals. Adequate facilities or having more experienced doctors could have avoided 14.5% of the referrals. The low referral rate and very high level of appropriate referrals could indicate that primary care providers in the public sector played an effective role as gatekeepers in the Malaysian public healthcare system.
Fulltext Family physicians with special interest in dermatology
Muthupalaniappen L
Malays Fam Physician, 2008;3(1):64-5.
Fulltext Two Adults With Hypertriglyceridemia: How should one manage these persons?(#)
Jayasinghe S
The paper discusses the management of two individuals with asymptomatic hypertriglyceredemia, a common problem faces by Family Physicians in Malaysia. In such instances it is advisable to exclude an underlying disorder (e.g. metabolic syndrome) and take a pragmatic approach.
Fulltext Haematinics for anaemia in the elderly
Khoo SB
MyJurnal
Anaemia is the most common haematological problem in the elderly population. Using WHO criteria for anaemia (Hb of <12 g/dL in women and <13 g/dL in men), the prevalence of anaemia in the elderly has been found to range from 8-44% with the highest prevalence in men 85 years and older. Anaemia must not be considered simply as part of ageing because in 80% of cases, there is an underlying cause for Hb
levels of <12 g/dL in the elderly. Anaemia has negative impacts on the quality of life for the elderly and there is evidence of improved morbidity and
mortality after correction of anaemia. Chronic disease and thalassaemia may also cause microcytic anaemia besides iron deficiency and not all vitamin B12 and folate deficiency present with macrocytic megaloblastic anaemia. Nutritional deficiency anaemias are common, easily diagnosed, treatments are simple, inexpensive and effective. Tests for nutritional anaemia have to be given priority in the assessment before a patient is subjected to invasive tests to look for less common causes of anaemia. Serum ferritin which is the best non-invasive test for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia may be increased in the elderly while serum iron and transferrin decrease with ageing. Serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine (HC) levels are sensitive for detecting subclinical vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Routine iron therapy in non-anaemic elderly or in those without iron deficiency anaemia is of no use and may be detrimental to their health. Folate therapy may improve anaemia but may mask the signs and symptoms of neurological damage due to concomitant
vitamin B12 deficiency. Blood transfusion offers prompt symptom relief of anaemia in patients with terminal malignancy irrespective of the causes for the anaemia.
Fulltext Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in diabetic screened using fundus photography at a primary health care setting in East Malaysia
Mallika PS, Lee PY, Cheah WL, Wong JS, Syed Alwi SAR, Nor Hayati H, et al.
Malays Fam Physician, 2011;6(2):60-65.
Introduction: This study reports on the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and risk factors among diabetic patients, who underwent fundus photography screening in a primary care setting of Borneo Islands, East Malaysia. We aimed to explore the preliminary data to help in the planning of more effective preventive strategies of DR at the primary health care setting.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study on 738 known diabetic patients aged 19-82 years was conducted in 2004. Eye examination consists of visual acuity testing followed by fundus photography for DR assessment. The fundus pictures were reviewed by a family physician and an ophthalmologist. Fundus photographs were graded as having no DR, NPDR, PDR and maculopathy. The data of other parameters was retrieved from patient's record. Bi-variate and multivariate analysis was used to elucidate the factors associated with DR.
Results: Any DR was detected in 23.7% (95% CI=21 to 27%) of the patients and 3.2% had proliferative DR. The risk factors associated with any DR was duration of DM (OR =2.5, CI=1.6 to 3.9 for duration of five to 10 years when compared to <5 years) and lower BMI (OR=1.8, CI=1.1 to 3.0). Moderate visual loss was associated with DR (OR=2.1, CI=1.2 to 3.7).
Conclusions: This study confirms associations of DR with diabetic duration, body mass index and visual loss. Our data provide preliminary findings to help to improve the screening and preventive strategies of DR at the primary health care setting.
Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy, epidemiology, screening, primary health care, Malaysia
Study site: Klinik Kesihatan Jalan Masjid, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
Fulltext An adolescent with anorexia nervosa - a case report
Khairani O, Majmin SH, Saharuddin A, Loh SF, Noor Azimah M, Hizlinda T
This case report illustrates an adolescent with clinical presentation of moderate anorexia nervosa with no significant co-morbidities. It highlights the management of anorexia nervosa in the outpatient setting by a multi-disciplinary health care team which includes a family physician, a dietician, a psychologist and a child psychiatrist.
Fulltext Implementing standard setting into the Conjoint MAFP/FRACGP Part 1 examination - Process and issues
Chan SC, Mohd Amin S, Lee TW
Malays Fam Physician, 2016;11(2-3):2-8.
BACKGROUND: The College of General Practitioners of Malaysia and the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners held the first Conjoint Member of the College of General Practitioners (MCGP)/Fellow of Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (FRACGP) examination in 1982, later renamed the Conjoint MAFP/FRACGP examinations. The examination assesses competency for safe independent general practice and as family medicine specialists in Malaysia. Therefore, a defensible standard set pass mark is imperative to separate the competent from the incompetent.
OBJECTIVE: This paper discusses the process and issues encountered in implementing standard setting to the Conjoint Part 1 examination.
DISCUSSION: Critical to success in standard setting were judges' understanding of the process of the modified Angoff method, defining the borderline candidate's characteristics and the composition of judges. These were overcome by repeated hands-on training, provision of detailed guidelines and careful selection of judges. In December 2013, 16 judges successfully standard set the Part 1 Conjoint examinations, with high inter-rater reliability: Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.926 (Applied Knowledge Test), 0.921 (Key Feature Problems).
Fulltext Fish oil to prevent heart disease: the evidence and the controversy
Ong HT
Evidence thus far still supports the contention that fish derived omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, are good for heart patients. But this controversy tells us something about the medical research, and the acquisition and application of medical knowledge. Being scientists, doctors try to perform studies as rigorously as possible with randomised, placebo-controlled trials and using tests of statistical significance. But since the studies are on humans, with all their individual differing habits and inconsistencies, different results are produced by different researchers. And so while medicine is a science, in that the trials are scientifically conducted, the interpretation of the results, and in particular its application for the individual patient, is very much an art. A good doctor, like the good artist, must spend much time, energy and effort sieving through the good from the not so good data before coming out with the correct picture. Only by keeping an unbiased, inquisitive mind can the evidence be reviewed to solve the problem at hand. Almost always, the balance of data will favour a particular stand. In this day when newspapers are full of medical articles, a family physician has to be educated, interested and inquisitive to be a source of accurate and relevant information for the patients.
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" Justice "
The Right of the People to Rule
| Progressive Rejection of the Founding
The Right of the People to Rule The Right of the People to Rule 1 Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt relinquished the presidency in 1908, believing that his Progressive legacy lay safely in the hands of his handpicked successor, William Howard Taft. Although Taft expanded many of Roosevelt's policies and succeeded in passing through Congress the Sixteenth Amendment, permitting a national income tax, Roosevelt challenged Taft in the 1912 Republican primary. Losing the nomination, he announced an independent candidacy under the banner of the Progressive or "Bull Moose" Party. In this campaign speech, he urges more direct power to the people through recall elections, referenda and initiatives, and direct primaries. March 20, 1912 The great fundamental issue now before ...
Roosevelt, Theodore
Sec. 10.09
What is Progress?
What is Progress What is Progress? 1 Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) After earning a Ph.D. in both history and political science at Johns Hopkins University, Wilson held various academic positions, culminating in the presidency of Princeton University. Throughout this period, he came to see the Constitution as a cumbersome instrument unfit for the government of a large and vibrant nation. This speech, delivered during his successful campaign for president in 1912 and included in a collection of speeches called The New Freedom, puts forward the idea of an evolving, or "living," constitution. 1913 In that sage and veracious chronicle, "Alice Through the Looking-Glass," it is recounted how, on a noteworthy occasion, the little heroine is seized by the Red Chess Queen ...
Wilson, Woodrow
Progressive Democracy
Progressive Democracy Progressive Democracy 1 Herbert Croly (1869-1930) In this book, Croly, a leading Progressive theorist and founder of The New Republic magazine, criticizes the Founders' fear of tyranny of the majority and rejects their idea that government exists to protect individual rights. 1915 Chapter XII: The Advent of Direct Government ...If economic, social, political and technical conditions had remained very much as they were at the end of the eighteenth century, the purely democratic political aspirations might never have obtained the chance of expression. Some form of essentially representative government was at that time apparently the only dependable kind of liberal political organization. It was imposed by the physical ...
Croly, Herbert
The American Conception of Liberty
The American Conception of Liberty The American Conception of Liberty 1 Frank Goodnow (1859-1939) Progressive political science was based on the assumption that society could be organized in such a way that social ills would disappear. Goodnow, president of Johns Hopkins University and the first president of the American Political Science Association, helped pioneer the idea that separating politics from administration was the key to progress. In this speech, given at Brown University, he addresses the need to move beyond the ideas of the Founders. 1916 The end of the eighteenth century was marked by the formulation and general acceptance by thinking men in Europe of a political philosophy which laid great emphasis on individual private rights ...
Goodnow, Frank
The Inspiration of the Declaration
The Inspiration of the Declaration The Inspiration of the Declaration 1 Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933) President Coolidge delivered this speech on the 150th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. Rejecting Progressivism root and branch, he defends America's founding principles. July 5, 1926 We meet to celebrate the birthday of America. The coming of a new life always excites our interest. Although we know in the case of the individual that it has been an infinite repetition reaching back beyond our vision, that only makes it the more wonderful. But how our interest and wonder increase when we behold the miracle of the birth of a new nation. It is to pay our tribute of reverence and respect to those who participated in such a mighty event ...
Coolidge, Calvin
Commonwealth Club Address
| New Deal and Great Society
Commonwealth Club Address Commonwealth Club Address 1 Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) Delivered by Roosevelt to California's Commonwealth Club during his first run for the White House, this speech was penned by Adolf Berle, a noted scholar and a member of Roosevelt's "Brain Trust" who drew deeply upon earlier Progressive thought, especially that of John Dewey. September 23, 1932 ...I want to speak not of politics but of Government. I want to speak not of parties, but of universal principles. They are not political, except in that larger sense in which a great American once expressed a definition of politics, that nothing in all of human life is foreign to the science of politics. I do want to give you, however, a recollection of a long ...
Liberalism and Social Action
Liberalism and Social Action Liberalism and Social Action 1 John Dewey (1859-1952) As a leading Progressive scholar from the 1880s onward, Dewey, who taught mainly at Columbia University, devoted much of his life to redefining the idea of education. His thought was influenced by German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel, and central to it was a denial of objective truth and an embrace of historicism and moral relativism. As such he was critical of the American founding. 1935 1. The History of Liberalism ...The natural beginning of the inquiry in which we are engaged is consideration of the origin and past development of liberalism. It is to this topic that the present chapter is devoted. The conclusion reached from a brief survey of history, namely ...
What Good's a Constitution?
What Good's a Constitution What Good's a Constitution? 1 Winston Churchill (1874-1965) Written soon after Franklin Roosevelt's Democratic Convention Address of 1936, this article by British statesman Winston Churchill points to the wide gulf between Churchill's and Roosevelt's economic views, even if five years later they would forge a close wartime alliance. Beyond their differences on economics, Churchill sees the American Constitution as an enduring source of strength for the American republic, not an obstacle to be overcome. August 22, 1936 No one can think clearly or sensibly about this vast and burning topic without in the first instance making up his mind upon the fundamental issue. Does he value the State above the citizen, or the citizen above the State ...
Churchill, Winston
Annual Message to Congress
Annual Message to Congress Annual Message to Congress 1 Franklin D. Roosevelt As victory in the Second World War looked more and more likely, President Roosevelt turned his attention to postwar America. In this speech he proposes a "second Bill of Rights." January 11, 1944 ...It is our duty now to begin to lay the plans and determine the strategy for the winning of a lasting peace and the establishment of an American standard of living higher than ever before known. We cannot be content, no matter how high that general standard of living may be, if some fraction of our people—whether it be one-third or one-fifth or one-tenth—is ill-fed, ill-clothed, ill-housed, and insecure. This Republic had its beginning, and grew to its present strength ...
Progressive Rejection of the Founding (6)
Liberalism and Social Action (1)
American Conception of Liberty (1)
What is Progress? (1)
Right of the People to Rule (1)
Progressive Democracy (1)
Inspiration of the Declaration (1)
New Deal and Great Society (3)
Commonwealth Club Address (1)
What Good's a Constitution? (1)
Annual Message to Congress (1)
Presidency (2)
Churchill, Winston (1)
Coolidge, Calvin (1)
Croly, Herbert (1)
Dewey, John (1)
Goodnow, Frank (1)
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (2)
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Wilson, Woodrow (1)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hunger is the feeling when wanting food when your stomach is empty.
When I have hunger then I want to have some food.
He suffered from hunger and thirst.
Hunger is a serious lack of food.
Even after the war, people are dying of poverty and hunger.
This page was last edited on 23 April 2017, at 21:06.


Buick 215 in a Lark? - Page 2 - Racing Studebakers!
Re: Buick 215 in a Lark?
So considering that ballpark, and the 215/T5 will be lighter even than the 185/3spd, I see a 13" FL spring with 185lbs/in as a starting point and cut for curb height? Thoughts?
I would wait until the engine is installed and running before playing around with the suspension and ride height.
I at least have to do the inner bushings, seemed more convenient to do them now with all the room. But at least my engine leveler came today so my hoist will be able to tip it in.


The Northampton Parents Center has been at Edwards Church for over 20 years! We are a drop-in Center for children from birth through kindergarten and those who care for them. All are welcome!
Dates: Monday-Thursday mornings, 9:30-11:30, early September to late May. We generally follow the Northampton Public School calendar for vacations and holidays. We start up September 5, 2017.


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	function ToDoCtrl(maps, storage) {
		this.maps = maps;
		this.storage = storage;
		this.todos = storage.getAll();

		this.updateAddress = function (toDoItem) {
			var _this = this;

			return this.maps.getCurrentPosition()
				.then(_this.maps.getAddressFromPosition.bind(_this.maps), function (error) { return error.message; })
				.then(function (address) {
					toDoItem.address = address;
					return _this.storage.update(toDoItem);
				}, function (errorMessage) {
					toDoItem.address = errorMessage;
					return _this.storage.update(toDoItem);
				});
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Update the item location with an address.
	 * @param toDoItem
	 */

	/**
	 * Add a todo item to the list.
	 */
	ToDoCtrl.prototype.addToDo = function () {
		var _this = this;

		var text = this.newToDoText;
		if (!text) {
			return;
		};

		this.newToDoText = '';
		this.storage.create(text, 'Getting location...')
			.then(function (todo) {
				_this.todos.push(todo);
				return todo;
			}).then(this.updateAddress.bind(this));
	};

	/**
	 * Update the text of a todo item.
	 */
	ToDoCtrl.prototype.changeToDoText = function (toDoItem) {
		this.storage.update(toDoItem)
			.then(this.updateAddress.bind(this))
	};

	/**
	 * Check/uncheck a todo item.
	 */
	ToDoCtrl.prototype.toggleToDoDone = function (toDoItem) {
		toDoItem.done = !toDoItem.done;
		this.storage.update(toDoItem);
	};

	/**
	 * Remove a todo item from the list.
	 */
	ToDoCtrl.prototype.removeToDo = function (toDoItem) {
		var _this = this;
		this.storage.del(toDoItem).then(function (todo) {
			var index = _this.todos.indexOf(todo);
			_this.todos.splice(index, 1);
		});
	};
})();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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There are many different methods to understanding local web development services, but one surprisingly effective method is to study the relevant Website Development discussion forums for useful suggestions. There are likely to be entire websites that talk about virtually every topic our brains can conjure up! There are two main varieties of individuals on these forum websites: the first kind is made of folks who want relevant advice about something (such as reviews on web development services) and the second type include people who want to help the first. It's widely known that Web Design forums are great sources for getting answers to your seo services service questions and recommendations/reviews on webpage designers. Forum users come together online to share accounts of current experiences in regards to a distinct field, revolving around a particular locality such as Chicago, or even about a specific demographic such as married couples. Simply do a search on Google for 'forums' alongside 'web designer' or 'website design company' and you should be able to find them no problem.
After you have approached a promising web developer, the very next task you must complete is to call them and have an honest discussion in relation to the work they promise to perform. Depending on your situation, you might want to ask for an official contract or legally binding agreement that describes which Website Development services will be provided. It is extremely important to possess a way by which you are able to hold them accountable for what was agreed upon. Think ahead so it won't catch you off guard! The exhaustive the agreement is, the more equipped you will be in case you're required to take legal action.
Looking at reviews that talk about web development services persists in being one of the most efficient approaches to take when investigating a specific web design company. Think about this: it takes people a substantial amount of time to write a testimonial. This information is crucial because this hints that they feel compelled enough concerning the website developer for them to take time during their crazy schedule in order to sit down and write about their experience. The customer must stop what they are doing and then decipher their thoughts and feelings concisely into words. As is usually the case, the reactions most likely to be seen are typically those that spark the most tempestuous disputes. Sometimes these things can be positive but sometimes they can be negative. Many Web Design reviews should potentially be remarkably worthwhile because you are gaining access to firstand accounts from past clients of the website designer. With that in mind, before you give weight to the words of strangers, it's important that you be aware that a few of them could be fraudulent so make sure not to believe every little thing you come across. Tricking others this way is quite wrong and prompts a great gnashing of teeth, but it does still occur routinely. It's not easy to believe that these swindlers will stoop this low in a misguided attempt at achieving a slight edge over the competition. This dishonesty might also involve certain web design companies paying for damaging reviews about the website developer you are thinking of hiring. Even though reviews in general are a good method of doing your homework on skilled webpage developers, pay very close attention to these fake Website Design reviews since they are definitely designed to effectively deceive you.The search for Click here to learn more about seo services service finishes with Advance Vision Art.
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In the same way that the the loudest song is not always the most captivating, the most knowledgeable website developer is not always located the closest! You'll never know what's in store for you if you never even try to look. Now is the time. No pain, no gain so turn that over in your mind while choosing what's a higher priority to you: location or a competent website designer.
Never settle for the very first website development service that grabs your attention. Be sure to get a bunch of different quotes. No two web developers are the same so it's to your advantage to consider at least a handful of different ways of thinking. Do not allow impatience scare you away from hunting for the best website development company.
You've paid for Website Design services but did the work actually get completed? Be sure that you are able to effectively communicate your requirements as well as your fears before you make any contract negotiations with your chosen website design service. To make things go well for you, establish some temporary goals which will allow you to accurately plot any progress made. Doing so actually allows both of you to forge a happy working relationship. In this manner, each of you can rest easy knowing that the outcome will be acceptable to everybody involved.
Don't forget to make notes of what Web Development services have been performed and their dates of completion. Make sure to protect yourself and at the same time keep the web development agency accountable by being conscientious with your record-keeping. The best thing about having careful notes is that you'll have evidence immediately available in case something needs to be disputed. By doing this, you can ensure that the Website Development services are conducted within a reasonable time.
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Before you can honestly settle on any sound choices regarding seo services service, you really need to take a deep breath and make sure beforehand that you are well versed enough on the matter in the first place. It's a fact that nobody will fault you for neglecting to become a complete Website Development master but the more you are aware of, the more poignant the questions you pose will be when talking to a prospective website developer! Many webpage developers normally have a diverse spectrum of Website Development services designed to address a multitude of different situations with different price tags. Searching for an acceptable web developer will presumably be considerably easier when you can have a thorough comprehension of your current needs in regards to Web Design. When it all boils down to it, if you sound like you know what you're talking about, the web designer in question will most likely give your problem a higher priority so make sure that you educate yourself thoroughly in advance and use your insight to get ahead.
Looking at how incredibly busy certain website designers are sometimes, you really can't criticize them for hiring outside helpers. Many web developers might frequently outsource to an assistant to perform some of the work. No matter what happens, make sure those Web Design assistants can also put together a list of people who can vouch for their character. Knowing that all assistants or subcontractors are suitably trained will potentially help you to rest easy. One last thing you will want to confirm is that these sub-contractors are just as honest as the primary web designer. Still a little nervous? Just play your cards right and you will have a unified team who all possess the same work ethic. You know the great thing about this? They will all be working for you.
The world wide web is actually packed with information that may help you look for your next website designer so go grab it! Websites that talk about Web Design are often a perfect starting point to gather testimonials pertaining to a particular web design service. More often than not, customers are eager to share their past experiences with website design agencies. It's likely that you will gain quite a bit of insight into the fundamentals of the Website Design industry this way. Keep in mind that some members of these forums may just have an axe to grind when it comes to a specific web developer, but it is normal to run into a spiteful person or two (or 68!) on a forum website. Go ahead and ask your own questions. You may be amazed by the great answers that you receive. Online forums are often a valuable resource when it comes to researching into most industries. There's no doubt that these forums will assist you as you make your decision on which options are right for you.
Unfortunately, there are some Web Design services in these economic times who are disreputable which is a main reason why it is so crucial that you get personal referrals from those you trust. You may find that these weasels will try to grab your attention to get you in the door with a rock-bottom introductory price, but will surprise you later on with undisclosed fees to boost the overall cost. On the other hand, ethical web developers will let you know of their usual bottom-line so that you can budget effectively. But how will you be able to tell the difference? Perhaps the easiest method of doing this is to find a relative or friend who has had a previous experience in this area and ask them if they have any personal recommendations for you. These referrals can be crucial when searching for a suitable seo services service.
Various web developers may have drastically different ranges of services they provide in the industry. Remember to conduct an exhaustive study of your current Web Design needs so that you can instantly decide if a particular web development service is what you're looking for. Doing this on the internet is a great way to determine if you can have every issue taken care of in one place. If you're facing several issues, this is the perfect chance to streamline the procedure. Doing so will also allow you to work with a much smaller number of web developers instead of one for each of your issues, which will help in eliminating the inconvenience linked to the act of juggling lots of meetings with many individuals. Do not be afraid to assemble a big list first and then narrow it down afterwards. Your end goal is to figure out which web designers you would like to seek help from.
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HUDHUD has approved the Texas action plan for its $5 billion allocation from the Community Development Block Grant – Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR) program. Designed to support long-term recovery from Hurricane Harvey. The largest share of the funds goes to the Single-Family Homeowner Assistance Program ($1.1 billion); buyouts and acquisitions for eligible homeowners to sell their damaged homes to local government ($275 million); and funding for the rehabilitation, reconstruction, and new construction of affordable multi-family rent properties ($250 million).
FEMAAs the June 30 deadline ending the Transitional Shelter Assistance (TSA) program for survivors of Hurricanes Maria and Irma approaches, FEMA cites 1,827 households still in hotels and motels as of June 22. Sixty-nine percent (1,268) are in the continental United States. June 30 is also the deadline by which eligible survivors can secure FEMA Transportation Assistance to cover their travel costs if they return to Puerto Rico no later than July 1. FEMA directs those remaining to go to www.fema.gov/disaster/4339 for a list of services around the country that may provide help.
FEMA's Public Assistance program, which reimburses no less than 75 percent of eligible costs, approved over $69 million for the Florida Division of Emergency Management. These federal funds will help with recovery expenses from Hurricane Irma-- including staff salaries, housing, and equipment--for first responder facilities and Emergency Operation Centers.
Local PerspectivesA rally at an Orlando hotel demanded action from Florida Governor Rick Scott to address the needs of displaced hurricane survivors from Puerto Rico. The protestors urged the Governor to use the state's affordable housing fund to help the over 600 families still living in Florida hotels (according to FEMA's Transitional Shelter Assistance (TSA) program) and facing possible homelessness with TSA's June 30 deadline imminent. An estimated 75,000 Puerto Ricans came to Florida, further exacerbating the state's affordable housing shortage.
The Massachusetts Black and Latino Legislative Caucus wrote an op. ed. for the Boston Globe supporting passage of legislation in Congress that would force the implementation of the Disaster Housing Assistance Program (DHAP) within 15 days of enactment. The op. ed. cites the success of DHAP in both Hurricane Katrina and Superstorm Sandy, resulting in 95 percent of the Katrina participants securing stable housing after the program ended.
Texas RioGrande Legal Aid is representing Texas Housers in a complaint filed against the Texas General Land Office (GLO) relative to its CDBG-DR action plan for Hurricane Harvey recovery. The complaint cites the state's failure to meet its obligations to low and moderate-income people per the federal register, thereby having a disparate impact on African American and Hispanic populations. Texas RioGrande Legal Aid also wrote a letter to HUD affirming that the GLO has not properly fulfilled its affirmatively further fair housing (AFFH) obligations, resulting in the perpetuation of patterns of segregation.


text:
package net.ssehub.easy.instantiation.core.model.vilTypes;

import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;

import net.ssehub.easy.instantiation.core.model.common.VilException;
import net.ssehub.easy.instantiation.core.model.expressions.ExpressionEvaluator;
import net.ssehub.easy.instantiation.core.model.vilTypes.configuration.AbstractIvmlVariable;

/**
 * Represents an individual operation available to the VIL languages. Please
 * note that named arguments are passed in terms of a map as the last parameter
 * of the respective method. If the underlying Java method takes such a parameter,
 * the descriptor will count one parameter less!
 *
 * @author Holger Eichelberger
 */
public abstract class OperationDescriptor implements IMetaOperation {

    /**
     * Declares different types of alias.
     *
     * @author Holger Eichelberger
     */
    public enum AliasType {

        /**
         * No alias.
         */
        NONE,

        /**
         * Annotation-based alias.
         */
        EXPLICIT,

        /**
         * Implicit name-based alias (duplication).
         */
        IMPLICIT
    }

    /**
     * The name of constructor methods (static, same return type as declaring class, this name).
     * We do not rely on constructors, as constructor methods simplify reflection analysis.
     */
    public static final String CONSTRUCTOR_NAME = "create";

    /**
     * Defines a constant unmodifiable list for empty parameters.
     */
    public static final List<TypeDescriptor<?>> EMPTY_PARAMETER
        = Collections.unmodifiableList(new ArrayList<TypeDescriptor<?>>(0));

    private String name; // only used if alias
    private boolean isConstructor = false;
    private OperationType opType = OperationType.NORMAL;
    private TypeDescriptor<?> declaringType;
    private TypeDescriptor<?> returnType; // lazy
    private AliasType aliasType = AliasType.NONE;
    private List<TypeDescriptor<?>> parameter; // lazy
    private boolean acceptsNamedParameters = false; // lazy
    private boolean acceptsImplicitParameters = false; // lazy
    private boolean isConversion;

    /**
     * Creates a new operation descriptor. Overriding constructors shall call
     * {@link #setCharacteristics(OperationType, AliasType, boolean)} in order to redefined the
     * default values.
     *
     * @param declaringType the declaring type
     * @param name the alias name (may be null if the original name of method shall be used)
     * @param isConstructor whether the operation is a constructor
     */
    protected OperationDescriptor(TypeDescriptor<?> declaringType, String name,
        boolean isConstructor) {
        this.declaringType = declaringType;
        this.name = name;
        this.isConstructor = isConstructor;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the characteristics of this operation descriptor. To be called by overridden
     * constructors.
     *
     * @param opType the operation type
     * @param aliasType the alias type
     * @param isConversion whether the operation is a conversion
     * @param name the actual name of the operation
     */
    protected void setCharacteristics(OperationType opType, AliasType aliasType, boolean isConversion, String name) {
        this.opType = opType;
        this.aliasType = aliasType;
        this.isConversion = isConversion;
        this.name = name;
    }

    /**
     * Initializes the parameter and the return type if necessary (lazy, due to
     * linked descriptor structures which may not have been completely initialized
     * during the constructor execution).
     *
     * @see #initializeParameter()
     * @see #initializeReturnType()
     */
    private void initialize() {
        if (null == parameter) {
            initializeParameters();
        }
        if (null == returnType) {
            initializeReturnType();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Initializes the parameters (lazy init). Is called by {@link #initialize()}.
     * Shall call {@link #setParameters(List, boolean, boolean)}.
     */
    protected abstract void initializeParameters();

    /**
     * Initializes the return type (lazy init). Is called by {@link #initialize()}.
     * Shall call {@link #setReturnType(TypeDescriptor)}.
     */
    protected abstract void initializeReturnType();

    /**
     * Sets the parameters. Shall only be called in {@link #initializeParameters()}.
     *
     * @param parameters the parameters
     * @param acceptsNamedParameters whether this operation accepts named parameters
     * @param acceptsImplicitParameters whether this operation accepts implicit parameters
     */
    protected void setParameters(List<TypeDescriptor<?>> parameters, boolean acceptsNamedParameters,
        boolean acceptsImplicitParameters) {
        this.parameter = parameters;
        this.acceptsNamedParameters = acceptsNamedParameters;
        this.acceptsImplicitParameters = acceptsImplicitParameters;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the return type. Shall only be called in {@link #initializeReturnType()}.
     *
     * @param returnType the return type of this operation
     */
    protected void setReturnType(TypeDescriptor<?> returnType) {
        this.returnType = returnType;
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether the operation accepts named parameters.
     *
     * @return true if it accepts named parameters, false else
     */
    public boolean acceptsNamedParameters() {
        return acceptsNamedParameters;
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether the operation accepts implicit named parameters.
     *
     * @return true if it accepts implicit named parameters, false else
     */
    public boolean acceptsImplicitParameters() {
        return acceptsImplicitParameters;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the name of the method.
     *
     * @return the name of the method
     */
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the name stored in this instance.
     *
     * @return the name stored in this instance
     */
    protected final String getStoredName() {
        return name;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the operation / operator type.
     *
     * @return the operation / operator type
     */
    public OperationType getOperationType() {
        return opType;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the alias type.
     *
     * @return the alias type
     */
    protected AliasType getAliasType() {
        return aliasType;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the name of the declaring type. In case that
     * {@link #getDeclaringType()} is null, the result of
     * {@link #getDeclaringTypeNameFallback()}
     * is returned.
     *
     * @return the name of the declaring type
     */
    public String getDeclaringTypeName() {
        String result;
        if (null != declaringType) {
            result = declaringType.getName();
        } else {
            result = getDeclaringTypeNameFallback();
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the name of the declaring type in case that {@link #getDeclaringType()}
     * is null.
     *
     * @return the name of the declaring type
     */
    protected abstract String getDeclaringTypeNameFallback();

    /**
     * Returns the signature of the method.
     *
     * @return the signature of the method
     */
    public String getSignature() {
        StringBuilder tmp = new StringBuilder();
        if (isConstructor()) {
            tmp.append("new ");
            tmp.append(getDeclaringTypeName());
            tmp.append(" ");
        } else {
            tmp.append(getName());
        }
        tmp.append("(");
        int pCount = getParameterCount();
        for (int p = 0; p < pCount; p++) {
            tmp.append(getParameterType(p).getVilName());
            if (p < pCount - 1) {
                tmp.append(",");
            }
        }
        tmp.append(")");
        return tmp.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the Java signature of the method (public for testing).
     *
     * @return the Java signature of the method
     */
    public abstract String getJavaSignature();

    @Override
    public boolean isConstructor() {
        return isConstructor;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the declaring type.
     *
     * @return the declaring type (may be null in case of a wrapped external Java method)
     */
    public TypeDescriptor<?> getDeclaringType() {
        return declaringType;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the alias type.
     *
     * @return the alias type
     */
    public AliasType isAlias() {
        return aliasType;
    }

    // disable assignment Integer
    // reflection translation table

    /**
     * Throws an exception for the case that parameter are incompatible.
     *
     * @param args the actual arguments
     * @throws VilException the created exception (happens in any case)
     */
    protected void throwIncompatibleParameter(Object[] args) throws VilException {
        StringBuilder tmp = new StringBuilder("(");
        int start = 0;
        if (!isStatic()) {
            start = 1;
        }
        for (int i = start; i < args.length; i++) {
            if (i > start) {
                tmp.append(", ");
            }
            if (null == args[i]) {
                tmp.append("null");
            } else {
                tmp.append(args[i].getClass().getSimpleName());
            }
        }
        tmp.append(")");
        throw new VilException("incompatible parameter " + tmp + " cannot be applied to "
            + getJavaSignature(), VilException.ID_TYPE_INCOMPATIBILITY);
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether two Java methods have the same Java signature (public for testing). This method does not
     * consider possible unnamed parameter rather than the underlying Java parameter.
     *
     * @param method1 the first method to compare
     * @param method2 the second method to compare
     * @return true if both have the same signature, false else
     */
    public static boolean isSameSignature(Method method1, Method method2) {
        boolean same = false;
        if (method1.getName().equals(method2.getName())) {
            if (method1.getReturnType().equals(method2.getReturnType())) { // might need relaxation
                Class<?>[] param1 = method1.getParameterTypes();
                Class<?>[] param2 = method2.getParameterTypes();
                if (param1.length == param2.length) {
                    same = true;
                    for (int p = 0; same && p < param1.length; p++) {
                        same = param1[p].equals(param2[p]);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return same;
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether the given method is considered to be a VIL "constructor".
     * A VIL constructor must comply to the VIL rules,
     * it must be static, the name must be equal to {@link #CONSTRUCTOR_NAME}
     * and the return type must be equal to the one of the declaring class (public for testing).
     *
     * @param method the method to be analyzed
     * @return true if it is considered as a constructor, false else
     */
    public static boolean isConstructor(Method method) {
        int modifier = method.getModifiers();
        boolean modOk = Modifier.isPublic(modifier) && !Modifier.isAbstract(modifier) && Modifier.isStatic(modifier);
        return  modOk && method.getName().equals(CONSTRUCTOR_NAME)
            && method.getReturnType().equals(method.getDeclaringClass());
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether the given method is considered to be a VIL operation. A VIL operation must comply to the
     * VIL rules and not be static (public for testing).
     *
     * @param method the method to be analyzed
     * @return true if it is considered as an operation, false else
     */
    public static boolean isOperation(Method method) {
        int modifier = method.getModifiers();
        return Modifier.isPublic(modifier) && !isConstructor(method);
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether the given method is a VIL operation or a VIL constructor.
     *
     * @param method the method to be analyzed
     * @return true in case of a VIL operation or VIL constructor
     *
     * @see #isConstructor(Method)
     * @see #isOperation(Method)
     */
    static boolean isOperationOrConstructor(Method method) {
        return isOperation(method) || isConstructor(method);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the return type of this operation.
     *
     * @return the return type
     */
    public TypeDescriptor<?> getReturnType() {
        initialize();
        return returnType;
    }

    @Override
    public int getParameterCount() {
        initialize();
        return parameter.size();
    }

    @Override
    public int getRequiredParameterCount() {
        return getParameterCount(); // default - no named params
    }

    /**
     * Returns the specified parameter type.
     *
     * @param index the index of the parameter to return
     * @return the specified parameter type
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if index < 0 || index >= {@link #getParameterCount()}
     */
    public TypeDescriptor<?> getParameterType(int index) {
        initialize();
        return parameter.get(index);
    }

    @Override
    public IMetaParameterDeclaration getParameter(String name) {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the parameter declaration of named parameters.
     *
     * @param index the index of the parameter to return
     * @return the named parameter or null for an usual parameter
     */
    public IMetaParameterDeclaration getParameter(int index) {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a textual representation of this descriptor (the Java signature).
     *
     * @return the textual representation
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return getJavaSignature();
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether this operation is a type select operation (non-static, collection
     * return, parameter is type).
     *
     * @return true if it is a type select operation, false else
     */
    public boolean isTypeSelect() {
        boolean ok = false;
        if (!isStatic()) {
            initialize();
            ok = returnType.isCollection() && 2 == getParameterCount()
                && (TypeRegistry.typeType() == getParameterType(1));
        }
        return ok;
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether this operation is a generic collection operation, i.e., whether the collection
     * itself determines the return type (non-static, collection return, implicit parameter is generic collection).
     *
     * @return true if it is a generic collection operation, false else
     */
    public boolean isGenericCollectionOperation() {
        boolean ok = false;
        if (!isStatic()) {
            initialize();
            if (returnType.isCollection() && getParameterCount() > 0) {
                ok = getParameterType(0).isCollection() || getParameterType(0).isMap();
            }
        }
        return ok;
    }

    /**
     * Return whether this operation returns the result of iterating over a collection. Such an
     * operation may be a quantor, a collector or a selector. Therefore, the operation
     * must not be static, belong to a collection (first parameter type) and accept exactly one
     * {@link ExpressionEvaluator} (typically the only additional parameter).
     *
     * @return true of this operation is an iterating operation, false else
     */
    public boolean isIteratingCollectionOperation() {
        boolean ok = false;
        initialize();
        if (!isStatic()) {
            if (getParameterCount() > 1 && getParameterType(0).isCollection()) {
                int count = 0;
                for (int p = 1; p < getParameterCount(); p++) {
                    if (ExpressionEvaluator.class == getParameterType(0).getTypeClass()) {
                        count++;
                    }
                }
                ok = count == 1;
            }
        }
        return ok;
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether this operation descriptor is a conversion.
     *
     * @return true if it is a conversion, false else
     */
    public boolean isConversion() {
        return isConversion;
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether a generc parameter of the operand shall be used as return type.
     *
     * @return the parameter to be used as index number, negative if none
     */
    public abstract int useGenericParameterAsReturn();

    /**
     * Returns whether a parameter shall be used as return type.
     *
     * @return the parameter to be used as index number, negative if none
     */
    public abstract int useParameterAsReturn();

    /**
     * Returns whether artifacts shall be stored before execution of this operation.
     *
     * @return true if artifacts shall be stored, false else
     */
    public abstract boolean storeArtifactsBeforeExecution();

    /**
     * Indicates whether this function requires dynamic expression processing and may cause problems with
     * serialized models in standalone settings without xText.
     *
     * @return true if this function requires dynamic exception processing, false else
     */
    public boolean requiresDynamicExpressionProcessing() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether an execution of this descriptor shall be traced. Conversions shall not be traced by default as
     * well as some operation types.
     *
     * @return true if it shall be traced, false
     */
    public boolean trace() {
        return !isConversion() && getOperationType().trace();
    }

    /**
     * Tries to specialize this operation descriptor for the given type, e.g., to consider the specific generic
     * parameters of that type.
     *
     * @param declaringType the declaring type to specialize for
     * @return either this if no specialization is needed or a specializing instance
     */
    public OperationDescriptor specializeFor(TypeDescriptor<?> declaringType) {
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether this operation allows iterator aggregation.
     *
     * @return true if allowed, false
     */
    public boolean allowsAggregation() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Composes an execution exception message from a given (Java) exception.
     *
     * @param ex the original exception
     * @param args the call arguments
     * @return the execution message
     */
    protected String composeExceptionMessage(Throwable ex, Object[] args) {
        return ex.getMessage() + " calling " + getSignature() + " with " + Arrays.toString(args);
    }

    /**
     * Converts variables to objects, e.g., for reflection calls.
     *
     * @param params the parameters (may be changed as a side effect)
     */
    protected void convertVariables(Object[] params) {
        final TypeDescriptor<?> any = TypeRegistry.anyType();
        for (int p = 0, n = Math.min(getParameterCount(), params.length); p < n; p++) {
            if (any == getParameterType(p) && (params[p] instanceof AbstractIvmlVariable)) {
                params[p] = ((AbstractIvmlVariable) params[p]).getValue();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether this operation is OCL compliant or flagged as not compliant.
     *
     * @return true for compliant, false else
     */
    public boolean isOclCompliant() {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * When resolving expression types, use any as return type if object is given and do
     * not try to override this.
     *
     * @return true for use any, false else (default)
     */
    public boolean useAny() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * When resolving expression types, flatten the final return type.
     *
     * @return true for use any, false else (default)
     */
    public boolean flatten() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * When resolving the return type, use the actual operand type as return generics.
     *
     * @return true for use return type, false else (default)
     */
    public boolean useOperandTypeAsParameter() {
        return false;
    }

}


text:
Home > Taxes > The Airlines With the Most Passenger Complaints
The Airlines With the Most Passenger Complaints
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April 15, 2015 • min read by Bob Sullivan 0 Comments
If you feel like airline service is slipping, that's because it is. In fact, it has slipped back to levels not seen since the recession, according to a new "Airline Quality Rating" report out this week. The rating considers four factors most important to travelers: on-time performance, involuntary bumping, mishandled baggage and complaints. Only Virgin America, Alaska and Hawaiian upped their game last year, according to the study, while all other major airlines offered worse service.
University professors Brent Bowen (Embry-Riddle) and Dean Headley (Wichita State) have conducted the research using Department of Transportation data for 25 years, and found that performance levels have sunk back to where they were in 2009, during the Great Recession.
"The Airline Quality Rating industry score for 2014 shows an industry that declined in overall performance quality over the previous year. As an industry, performance in 2014 was worse than the previous four years," the authors say. "Of the 11,364 complaints registered with DOT regarding all U.S. domestic carriers, 62.7% were for either flight problems, customer service problems, or baggage problems." Overall, complaints skyrocketed 22% in 2014.
So which airline attracted the most complaints? To adjust for airline size, the authors published a rate of complaints per 100,000 passengers. The industry average was 1.38 for 2014. At the "top" of the list is Frontier and United. Alaska and Southwest attracted the fewest complaints. These stats aren't a fluke: Alaska also had the fewest complaints per 100,000 in 2013, while Frontier and United had the most last year, too.
The Most Complaints per 100,000 Passengers
Frontier 3.91
United 2.71
American 2.12
Envoy 1.59
JetBlue 1.17
Virgin America 1.14
ExpressJet 1.01
Hawaiian 0.89
SkyWest 0.84
Delta 0.72
Southwest 0.53
Alaska 0.42
Frontier didn't immediately respond to a request for comment.
"I'm not surprised by the latest results," said consumer travel advocate Chris Elliot, who operates Elliot.org. "Airline passengers are fond of referring to the industry's customer service record as a race to the bottom. These numbers leave little doubt that the race is far from over."
The results also reveal a backslide from improvements that airlines had made since the recession, Elliot said.
"These numbers suggest that the uptick in customer service was only temporary," Elliot said. "The study is a big disappointment, both for airline passengers, and also for me personally. I had really hoped the industry had begun to turn a corner."
Airline tickets can come with big price tags, which can be especially rage-inducing if you're bumped or experience customer service issues. You can eliminate some of the cost by using airline rewards credit cards to earn free flights, free checked bags and even upgrades (here are a few of the best airline miles credit cards on the market). But be sure you don't spend your way into debt just to score a freebie — rewards cards are best used by cardholders who pay their balances in full every month.
Image: iStock
Bob Sullivan is author of the New York Times best-sellers Gotcha Capitalism and Stop Getting Ripped Off. His stories have appeared in The New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and hundreds of other publications. He has appeared as a consumer advocate and technology expert numerous times on NBC's TODAY show, NBC Nightly News, CNBC, NPR's Marketplace, Terry Gross' Fresh Air, and various other radio and TV outlets. He helped start MSNBC.com and wrote there for nearly 20 years, most of it penning the consumer advocacy column The Red Tape Chronicles. See more at www.bobsullivan.net. Follow Bob Sullivan on Facebook or Twitter.


text:
HOW THE SHOW BEGAN
Four Oaks Nurseries was set up on a 2 acre greenfield site by brothers Stuart and Arthur Coutts in 1964 for the production of bedding plants. The Vicar of Chelford had the foresight to help them source land as he could see potential employment for local people and particularly married women in a rural area.
The brothers pioneered the use of supplementary lighting in seedling production, working closely with Manchester University's Botany Department at Jodrell Bank and Norweb, the local Electricity Board. The first "Four Oaks Open Day" was organised in 1971 by Norweb to promote the use of growing rooms in commercial horticulture. Over 400 local growers visited and 4 trade exhibitors had a presence.
By 1979, there were around 80 exhibitors and at this stage Four Oaks took over the organisation and it became the "Four Oaks Trade Show", with myself at the helm. The 1980s were the boom years. Huge numbers of small growers and grower retailers were the backbone of the industry and at this stage the show was one day only. Two years of preview evenings proved the need for an extra day and in 1991 during the last recession the show became a 2 day event which was a turning point. This brought in the European exhibitors with masses of hardy stock, mature trees and Mediterranean plants, changing the profile of the show.
The business was bought by Richard Harding in 2002 which secured the future of the site and the show has continued to prosper with his support. At a time when other shows in the industry are reinventing themselves, Four Oaks goes from strength to strength - "Four Oaks is Forever".


We've all been there…you climb into your car, turn the key and click, click, click. The dreaded dead battery! And it never happens when you have hours to spare, right?
Not to worry…Stanley has the solution to your problem. The Stanley series jump starters allow you to jump your battery back to life without the need of another vehicle. These jump starters pack the power you need, from 600 peak amps all the way up to 1000 peak amps, it's like CPR for your car!
Ever need portable power? Who doesn't these days? The Stanley series jump starters has you covered with a USB power port and 12 volt DC outlet. So if the lights go out due to a weather emergency or you just to need to charge your cell phone, tablet or laptop, you're good to go. Portable power on the go!
-120 PSI compressor. (Note: Available on J7CS and J5C09 only).
-12 volt DC ports / ultra bright LED light.
Hook it up to your battery, turn the switch on and start your car. It's that simple. You're back on the road in no time.
With cell phones, tablets, laptops and gaming systems ever more present in our everyday lives, who couldn't use a little extra power on the go when those devices get low?
And how about these other cool features like a 120 PSI compressor with a brass tipped SureFit nozzle for secure connections? Perfect for inflating your car tire, sports equipment, bicycle tires or anything else that needs to be pumped up.
Note: Available on J7CS and J5C09 only.
Charge two devices at once with the USB and 12 volt DC port!
The optional DC plug also allows you to charge Stanley's jump starters with your vehicle's DC port. Plug it in and keep it ready to go at a moment's notice.
If your battery go dead when it's dark, no problem! The ultra bright LED light swivels 270 degrees and shines light just where you need it.


text:
The Origin of Races and Color (PB)
Of the books authored by Martin R. Delany (1812-1885), "The Origin of Races and Color" is perhaps the most obscure. Out-of-print until now, it has been available to the public only through select libraries. At the time of its publication in 1879, this valuable resource presented a bold challenge to racist views of African inferiority. Delany wrote in opposition to a developing oppressive intellectualism that used Darwin's thesis, "the survival of the fittest," to support its demented theories of Black inferiority.
Skillfully blending biblical history, archaeology and anthropology, Delany offered evidence to the "serious inquirer" suggesting the first humans were African, and that these Africans were ." . . builders of the pyramids, sculptors of the sphinxes, and original god-kings. . . ." With such radical assertions, Delany advanced a model of ancient history that contradicted the very foundation of intellectual racism. He believed knowledge of one's past was essential, and that it could provide Black people with the regenerative force necessary to inspire their self-improvement. Were he alive today, Delany would certainly feel at home with the present generation of Africancentrists, especially since he developed and articulated so many of their arguments more than a century ago.
Martin R. Delaney
Black Classic Press
The Breakthrough: Politics and Race in the Age of Obama (PB)
The Fire This Time: A New Generation Speaks about Race (PB)
Black Klansman: Race, Hate, and the Undercover Investigation of a Lifetime (PB)
The Black Presidency: Barack Obama and the Politics of Race in America (PB)
Yurugu: An African-Centered Critique of European Cultural Thought and Behavior
The Name 'Negro' Its Origin and Evil Use
The Isis Papers: The Keys to the Colors


A unique collaboration between two specialists – one a woodworker and the other a treehouse builder, has resulted in the ultimate retreat… right in your own backyard.
It may look quaint, even rudimentary, nestled into its woodland environment, however behind those rustic shingles there's more engineering to the Escape Pod than meets the eye.
Designed and crafted in the Gloucestershire countryside by treehouse specialist Jeremy Fitter and seasoned hardwood specialist Dominic Ash, the Escape Pod was born out of a desire to create a beautiful, striking outdoor structure.
Made from strong and beautiful birch plywood, the frame is clad with cedar shingles and has stairs and window sills clad in European Oak for its natural weather resistance.
More impressive though is the aircraft style 'plug' door which swings across on a wooden hinge mechanism to reveal a snug room with your choice of layout – bedroom, study, living or dining room.
The pod sits on a raised platform half a metre from the ground and can be rotated to face your choice of view. It's what's on the inside that counts though. Pods are custom made so can be tailored to order – right down to window placement and heating options of wood burning fire or underfloor heating.
Currently only available in the UK, Pods are priced from £19,800 (AUD35,500) so you might want to put it on your wishlist for now, but perhaps we'll see one orbitting the southern hemisphere in the not too distant future.
Visit Podmakers Ltd for more information.


text:
Marché du Niger (Nigerian market) is a market in Conakry, Guinea, slightly smaller than the other main market in the city, Marché Madina. It sells fruit and vegetables and according to Lonely Planet has a problem with pickpocketing.

See also
List of buildings and structures in Guinea

References

Retail markets in Guinea
Buildings and structures in Conakry

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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We have a variety of real estate to buy in Thailand. You can locate top developers of the best property tasks and also agents such as Home Realty Hua Hin, Siam Residential or commercial property, Hua Hin Dream House as well as many more.
Below is simply such a collection, which will, with any luck, help the eager novice right into eventually becoming a pro, when it involves getting property.It is crucial to obtain any kind of realty property, be it house or service, House For Sale Hua Hin Thailand, professionally examined before dedicating to an agreement.
If you could not manage the cost of the assessment, then it is sensible to even more examine whether you can essentially pay for to possess the home. An evaluation could show expensive issues which a layman can conveniently ignore, but wind up being liable for additionally down the roadway.
Working with a customer's representative can be a big advantage when you are planning to buy a residential property. Listing agents have to work for the seller of the home, however buyer's agents function to help you have a quicker, simpler transaction.
This collection was meticulously created to assist you, to make sure that you could start to hone your purchasing abilities right into purchasing the property that you want.
Now, ideally the above mentioned collection of suggestions were enough to provide you a wonderful begin on just what to do and also anticipate when it pertains to acquiring residential property.
The newest condos listings for sale in Prachuap Khiri Khan from builders and also proprietors. Pick your budget, your favored size, location as well as ask our representatives for viewing. Locate your excellent property in Hua Hin on this property website and also utilize our search information, pictures, costs. You will locate lots on homes for sale in Hua Hin and also surrounding locations. Search our complete listings of condominiums, suites as well as homes.
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Currently, when it pertains to properties for sale in Hua Hin, there is a variety of choices to choose from, which are available online. Nevertheless, when it comes to discovering the most effective Hua Hin real estate, then this website is the most effective to visit. At Property Real Estate Hua Hin, we have many real estate specialists, that are skilled as well as specialized to assist everyone as well as anybody seeking homes for sale. We also aid those planning to create a residence in Hua Hin, Cha-Am, Khao Takiab, as well as the Pranburi District.


text:
Q: Symfony2.2 @Assert\Image not working Completely misses any files.
If I use Assert \ File works, but then does not take minWidth, minHeight
Purpose:
1) The file must be an image.
2) Make a limit on the resolution of the image
My Entity:
/**
 * @Assert\Image(
 *     minWidth = 150,
 *     maxWidth = 150,
 *     minHeight = 190,
 *     maxHeight = 190
 * )
 * @Assert\NotBlank(message="Додайте будь ласка фотографію")
 */
protected $file;

   /**
 * Sets file.
 *
 * @param UploadedFile $file
 */
public function setFile(UploadedFile $file = null)
{
    $this->file = $file;
}

/**
 * Get file.
 *
 * @return UploadedFile
 */
public function getFile()
{
    return $this->file;
}

Generate form:
$builder
        ->add('file', 'file', array(
            'label' => 'Ваша фотографія (Обов`язковий розмір: 150*190)',
            'required' => true,))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Detailed with elegance, style, and current trends, our baby shower favor boxes and bags come in different sizes favorable for all your needs. Available in several designs, you can choose from a variety of colors pleasant for the baby gender. Additionally, we have personalized baby shower favors and boxes, labels and personalized tags to add a special touch to your baby shower favors .


When I first transcribed the audio file and opened it again, it worked, the transcribed conversation was in chronological order. Now they are all messed up and I do not see any option in the program to sort the transcript entries by starting time or anything.
Have anyone experienced the same issue? Any thoughts on how to solve this?
A window will appear, browse to the location where your old project is stored.
Click on the project file and click Import.
Once the import is completed, please check if the issue is resolved.