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Lisa Garner Santa
August 16, 2017Carol Wincenc Residency at Texas Tech University September 16-20It is an honor to host soloist and Juilliard flute professor Carol Wincenc at the Texas Tech University School of Music this fall for a five-day residency. On Sunday, September 17 at 7:30pm Carol will perform the World Premiere of Joan Tower's Rising for Flute (arranged for orchestra) with Philip Mann conducting the TTU Symphonic Orchestra. Masterclasses with the TTU Flute Studio will take place the following Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday evenings. Carol will be available for private lessons on a limited basis. If you are interested please contact me for details.
Lisa Garner Santa currently serves as Artist-Performer and Professor of Flute, and Associate Director of Learning and Teaching, at Texas Tech University where she enjoys a diverse career as teacher, recitalist, soloist, and chamber musician. Garner Santa's playing has been described as "the kind of tone I prefer - rich, colorful, perfectly in control, and always in tune. Her phrasing is all well-shaped and thoughtful...a truly remarkable artist with dazzling musical ability." (American Record Guide)
Lisa Garner Santa's versatile programming ranges from the elegant Baroque music of Bach to the jazz-inspired writings of Mike Mower. Her passion for contemporary flute repertoire was sparked over a decade ago by the early flute works of Lowell Liebermann, which was the topic of her dissertation. Since then, she has supported the effort to expand and promote new music by performing and commissioning works from young as well as established composers including Warner Hutchison, Matthew Santa, Mike Mower, Joel Puckett, Derek Bermel and Peter Fischer.
As a pedagogue, Lisa Garner Santa presents masterclasses throughout the United States and abroad. International exchanges include masterclasses at the Royal College of Music in London, England and Victoria University in Wellington, New Zealand, as well as Peking University in Beijing, China. Presentations and performances at various regional and national conventions include invitations from the Texas Music Educators Association, the Texas Music Teachers Association, the National Association of Wind and Percussion Instructors, and the College Music Society. Her research, pedagogical articles and interviews are published in The Flutist Quarterly, The Flute View, Flute Talk, and The Instrumentalist. In recognition of her creative teaching, she was awarded the Texas Tech Big 12 Fellowship, the Texas Tech Alumni Association New Faculty Award, and the President's Excellence in Teaching award. She is also an Executive Council member of Texas Tech University's prestigious Teaching Academy and a graduate of TTU's Institute for Inclusive Excellence.
As an active member of the National Flute Association, Dr. Garner Santa has been a featured performer at the numerous conventions. She has served as adjudicator and/or coordinator for many NFA events and competitions including the High School Soloist Competition, the NFA Newly Published Music Competition, the NFA Professional Flute Choir Competition, as the General Competitions Coordinator, and as NFA Convention Associate Program Chair for the 2002 convention. She served the NFA as Program Chair for the 2011 convention held in Charlotte, NC followed by two years on the NFA Executive Committee.
With co-authors Matthew Santa and Thomas Hughes, Lisa Garner Santa developed the Flute/Theory Workout, a method that efficiently introduces full-range scalar and chordal flute technique while introducing music theory fundamentals at the same time. The Workout, which comes with an entertaining accompaniment CD, is available through Carolyn Nussbaum Music Co., and Flute World. Dr. Garner Santa holds performance degrees from West Texas State University, Florida State University, and The Shepherd School of Music at Rice University. Her teachers to whom she is eternally grateful include Carol Wincenc, Charles DeLaney, Sally Turk, and Helen Blackburn.
Additionally, Dr. Garner Santa is a certified Professional Yoga Instructor through the Kripalu Center, directs Yoga Shala Lubbock, and teaches Yoga and the Creative Arts: Philosophy and Practice, a core curriculum course at TTU. Visit lisagarnersanta.com.
Lisa Garner Santa is a Wm. S. Haynes Ambassador/Clinician.
Featuring fine playing and an intriguing programme, Lisa Garner Santa's recital was selected to explore 'the internal aspects of shade and light'. In doing so, it coalesces into one soothing, pleasant wash of sound dominated by Jake Heggie's exquisite Soliloquy, commissioned by Camerata Pacifica, one of Southern California's leading chamber music series, as a memorial to a longtime supporter. Transformative at its root, Soliloquy is a setting of the song 'Beyond' from the composer's Pieces of 9/11: Memories from Houston, and Santa's playing of the heartbreaking melody connects with the music's profound message of peace through consolation.
The disc opens with the tangible dreams and mortal fears of Joseph Schwantner's Black Anemones, then proceeds to three helplessly happy, innocuous and rarely recorded sonatas by Giuseppe Rabboni, principal flute at La Scala during the second quarter of the 19th century (Sonata No. 13 is 'based' on a Donizetti oboe sonata). York Bowen's Sonata, written in 1946 for the Philharmonia Orchestra's principal Gareth Morris, remains a appealingly conservative as it was originally: fluent in its technique, attractive in the sounds it gives to the flute to make, English in its form, and Impressionist French and Russian at its heart. The sonatas by Martinu and Matthew Santa provide additional moments of beauty.
Recorded in Hemmle Recital Hall at Texas Tech University where Santa teaches – including, as a core curriculum course, 'Yoga and the Creative Arts' – the sound of both Santa's flute and Nataliya Sukhina's graceful piano-playing is, like the performances, lovely and mild.Laurence VittesGramophone, April 2016
The flutist Lisa Garner Santa has chosen an eclectic group of works to "explore internal aspects of shade and light through the aspect of sound". In that sense, this recital is an exploration of our shadow side, whether that be a place of fear or safety.
First up is Joseph Schwantner's Black Anemones of 1980, based on a poem by Agueda Pizzaro, and originally for soprano and piano. A child dreams of its mother and explores issues of abandonment; on another parallel level of exploration, Schwantner explores the various manifestations of the anemone through folklore and legend. It is a fascinating premise, and the musical realization is gorgeously achieved. This is a miraculously affectionate performance of a highly atmospheric piece, one that encompasses all the depth the foregoing explanation might imply.
The nineteenth-century composer Giuseppe Rabboni was principal flute of the Teatro alla Scala from 1826 through 1856. The influence of the Italian operatic masters Bellini, Donizetti, Rossini and Verdi are all on show here (the Sonata No. 13 uses a theme from a sketch by Donizetti for an oboe sonata). Interestingly, the piano accompaniments here are composed by John Alley (a keyboardist with the London Symphony). The pieces really are charming, with that No. 13, actually the second one on offer here, proffering the highlight: the long "vocal" solo line against a simple accompaniment is wonderfully operatic, and Garner Santa offers terrific legato.
There are a number of extant versions of Bowen's Flute Sonata, including one I reviewed in Fanfare 38:6 performed by Kenneth Smith and Paul Rhodes on Divine Art (this was a program of all-British music). While the ArchivMusic website lists five versions, there is at least one other, by members of the Endymion Ensemble on Dutton, that one a wonderfully fresh account. Garner Santa and Sukhina claim a more intimate space for the first movement than the Endymion, yet one that still flows beautifully. The current recording uses the most recent (2000) version of the score. It is a performance of the utmost honesty: that reposeful first movement is beautifully performed, while the central Andante piacevole is truly gorgeous sonically (not for nothing is Bowen sometimes called the "English Rakhmaninoff"); the finale is playful and sprightly, its nature excellently caught on the wing here.
The First Sonata of Martinů demonstrates that fluidity of invention so characteristic of this composer. There is an acidic tang to some of the harmonies, yet the piece is shot through with radiant daylight, particularly in the first movement. The far more interior central Adagio is a miracle of concise expression on the composer's part; the finale is fairly complex, with some lovely crunchy harmonies for the piano.
Matthew Santa's Flute Sonata begins dissonantly on piano, almost as if a tribute to Prokofieff in his more strident mode. The surface does soften, however, melting somewhat into some lovely descending bell-like figures heard in delicious imitation. The central Largo is hushed, and notably properly pianissimo on the piano: Sukhina really is a sensitive musician. Garner Santa's melodic lines unfold effortlessly above this bed of sound; the finale, Presto, offers an attractive mix of the pretty and the sophisticated.
Finally, a piece by Jake Heggie. The opera Dead Man Walking is probably Heggie's most famous piece. His Soliloquy for flute and piano is a meditation on grief and is actually a setting of Heggie's song "Beyond" from Pieces of 9/11: Memories from Houston. It begins with a dissonant, restrained yet heart-felt cry before a shaft of hope finds its way into the frame. The tender melody that begins just before a minute in, against a high-register accompaniment, is very effective in its directness.
Currently Professor of Flute at Texas Tech University, Lisa Garner Santa is clearly a primary exponent of her instrument. Everything on the disc is delivered with fine expertise as well as a true feeling for the varied musics.
This is a most elevating recital. Its stated aim is ambitious, to confront our own shadows: the lingering silence after the Heggie after a full play-through convinces this writer, at least, that Garner Santa and Sukhina have been successful in their aim. A remarkable, thought-provoking release.Colin ClarkFanfare
Congratulations to Lisa Garner Santa for her new CD "Shades of Sound, Chamber Music for Flute and Piano" recorded with pianist Nataliya Sukhina. In selecting the works for this beautiful recording, Santa shares these thoughts: "I intended to explore the internal aspects of shade and light through the aspect of sound…" With this concept in mind she chose an eclectic array of compositions: Schwantner – Black Anemones, Rabboni – Sonata's, Edwin York Bowen – Flute Sonata, Martinu – Sonata, Matthew Santa – Sonata, and Jake Heggie's –Soliloquy.
Santa plays each work with a glorious sound, great pitch and rhythm, and with musical intensity, bringing to them a clarity of interpretation to match her conceptual approach. There are several works on the CD that I hadn't heard before- the sonata's by Giuseppe Rabboni (1800-1856) an Italian flutist who performed with La Scala for 30 years. Paul Edmund-Davies discovered the pieces in a second-hand store in Hungerford, England! (go figure…) They are lovely, romantic, operatic and a wonderful addition to romantic flute repertioire. Also new to me is the Sonata by Edwin York Bowen (1890-1961), a substantial sonata written in 1946 but not known until 1986, another great addition to our repertoire.Barbara SieselThe Flute View, October 2015
Lisa Garner Santa plays with a beautiful ease and freedom. Two of these pieces were originally written for voice: Heggie's and Schwantner's. Another is not far removed in style from opera: the "sonatas" by the Italian flutist-composer Rabboni, who lived from 1800 to 1856, are one movement each, and three have been selected to create a set: 14 followed by 13, then 16. And another piece, the sonata by Martinu, contains bird song, so aspects of song permeate this program.
The sonata by York Bowen (1946) is getting played more since a corrected edition came out in 2000. It is always welcome, and here is another fine rendition.
Nataliya Sukhina has much to relish in her supporting role. She adds moody sprinkles in the Schwantner and heft in other places; her contribution is balanced perfectly.Todd GormanAmerican Recod Guide, May/June 2016
Rêver en Couleurs (Dreaming in Color) – Lisa Garner Santa, flute – Gabriel Sanchez, piano: Compact Disc released on MSR Classics. This compilation of standard UIL contest pieces from the French flute repertoire appeals to flutists as well as the general public and serves as a valuable recruiting and visibility tool. The project was funded through the Texas Tech University School of Music and the TTU Internal Grants for Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity in the Arts and Humanities. "American flutist Lisa Garner Santa, capably assisted by pianist Gabriel Sanchez, makes a splendid impression with a French program aptly entitled Rêver en Couleurs (To Dream in Colors). This luminously beautiful recital captures the essential qualities of the 'French Flute School' whose roots go back to the tenure of Paul Taffanel as professor of flute at the Paris Conservatory from 1893 to 1908. What a glorious tradition that is, you may gather from the abundance of riches in this program, which includes late 19th and early 20th century pieces by Taffanel, Philippe Gaubert, Benjamin Godard, Georges Hüe, Johannes Donjon, Camille Saint-Saëns, Georges Bizet, and Gabriel Fauré. Lisa Garner Santa plays with a style that does full justice to the wonderful music heard on this disc. Her breath control is superb as she shapes the long melodic contours of the Moderato section of Gaubert's Fantaisie (1920), and she betrays not the least trace of breathiness in the graceful manner in which she trails off the gently melancholy ending phrase of Godard's Idylle (1890). She invests Hüe's Fantaisie (1893) with all the delicate color that the composer intended. This is indeed flute playing of a higher order.Audio Video Club of Atlanta
As its subtitle reveals, this 2007 disc called Rêver en Couleurs is a compilation of French music for flute and piano. More specifically, it is a compilation of late nineteenth and early twentieth century French music for flute and piano. The composers range from the exceedingly well-known Bizet, Fauré, and Saint-Saëns to the hardly known outside of French flute circles Gaubert, Godard, Hüe, Donjon, and Taffanel. While the music has a variety of moods, from the joyous to the melancholy and the sensuous to the sublime, it is all consistently light and uniformly lovely. And as played the American team of flutist Lisa Garner Santa and pianist Gabriel Sanchez, it is also all very, very beautiful. Garner Santa has a dulcet tone, agile technique, and a soulful disposition, qualities that serve this virtuosic but never overly demonstrative music, while Sanchez is a sensitive accompanist who seems wholly dedicated to supporting and not upstaging Garner Santa. For flute fans, this disc will be a must-have, especially in MSR Classics' lush sound. And for non-flute fans, it will still be a pleasant way to while away an hour or so.James LeonardAll Music Guide
CARNEGIE HALL:
Chamber Works for Flute," June 6, 2000, Weill Recital Hall Joining the program was Sallie Pollack, piano; Alexander Ezerman, cello; David Dees, soprano saxophone; Will Strieder, trumpet; Karl Dent, tenor; and Mark Weiger, guest artist from The University of Iowa, oboe. The program included world premieres of Lament and Jubilation for Flute and Piano (commissioned for Lisa Garner and funded by the Brannen-Cooper Fund) by Southwestern composer Warner Hutchison and Kanza for Flute, Soprano Saxophone, and Cello, by Texas Tech Visiting Professor, Teresa LeVelle. The program also featured a premiere performance of New York composer Eric Ewazen's Trio for Violin, Trumpet, and Piano, the violin part transcribed for flute by Lisa Garner. "Whether deserved or not, the State of Texas and its inhabitants have a reputation for doing things 'big' and although it may have merely been a coincidence, the June 6 recital of flutist and Texan Lisa Garner lived up to this reputation." Of Warner Hutchison's new work, "Lament and Jubilation …was one of the most interesting and successful segments of the recital. Garner slinked through the work's sinewy and difficult melodic curves like drifting smoke," and of the Corigliano, "The flute part lifted these pieces from being attractive but quaint tunes into something quite different....a commentary rather than merely an accompaniment. Garner played these with gusto, creating a memorable impression.Douglas GeersNew York Concert Review
It is all magnificent music, played with finesse. The flutist has the kind of tone I prefer – rich, colorful, perfectly in control, and always in tune. Her phrasing is well shaped and thoughtful, just what this elegant music deserves. Sanchez is an equal partner. It is refreshing to hear someone so firmly entrenched in our (academic) system who is truly a remarkable artist with such dazzling musical ability. Flutists and non-flutist alike should find this wonderful disc. I look forward to hearing more from this duo.ChaffeAmerican Record Guide
A virtuosic, fantasia-like evocation of the charm and elegance of French culture at its Zenith.World Magazine - Best-Selling CDs
From Noon to Starry Night: Lisa Garner Santa – flute, Lora Deahl – piano: Compact Disc released on 24Keys label featuring works from composers of the American Southwest including Matthew Santa, Robert Muczynski, Dan Welcher, Warner Hutchison, and Kent Kennan. Released September 2004. "The title track, originally for voice and piano, transcribed by the composer, is a wonderful addition to the flute repertoire and is a superb companion piece for the Muczynski, which follows it on the CD. Garner's colors, vibrato use, and interpretations are excellent. The balance between flute and piano is excellent throughout, and the sound engineering never intrudes into the music. This interesting, well-produced CD, which includes informative liner notes, should be in every flutist's record collection.Flute Talk
Friday, August 07, 2020NFA Summer Series: Virtual Warm UpNational Flute AssociationOnline
Wednesday, July 01, 2020Haynes TV Live Interview with Gareth McLearnonFacebookOnline
Friday, March 06, 2020TTU Collaborations Concert: Hindemith SextetHemmle Recital HallLubbock, TX
Wednesday, February 26, 2020Shadow of Sirius by Joel Puckett with Dr. Eric Allen and the TTUCBDNA Regional ConferenceOklahoma
Friday, October 18, 2019Radical Well-Being in Higher Education: Approaches for Renewal, The 11th Annual ACHME ConferenceAmherst, MAInspired by the Ayurveda's Daily Routine, or dinacharya, this practice workshop provided an interactive experience with practices including hydration, oral cleansing, self-massage, simple body and breath exercises, meditation, and guidelines for a nutritious start to the day.
Saturday, September 14, 2019Flute Fiesta BrownsvilleGuest ArtistBrownsville, Texas
Monday, June 10, 2019"Seminario por Bienestar para Musico" (Seminar for Musician Instituto Nacional de Musica Costa RicaSan Jose, Costa RicaPresented a series of workshops and masterclasses including Musician Wellness Practices for Optimal Performance, Yoga Philosophy and Performance Identity, Mind and Body Language for Confident and Creative Performances, and Embodied Performance Masterclass. Collaborated with faculty from the University of Costa Rica in a performance of solo and chamber music.
Thursday, February 14, 2019"Wellness Tools to Fuel Teaching and Prevent Burnout" Texas Music Educators Association, Co-presented with Shauna K. TSan Antonio
Saturday, July 21, 2018Fesitval de Musica NaolincoA week of chamber music coaching and faculty concerts. July 21-27.Mozart Flute Quartet in D Majormore info...
Wednesday, July 4, 2018Texas Tech University Band and Orchestra CampTexas Tech UniversityLubbock, TexasJuly 8-14.more info...
Sunday, June 3, 2018Panoramic FlutistUniversity of Colorado, BoulderBoulder, CoChristina Jennings: University of Colorado Boulder
Lorna McGhee: Pittsburg Symphony Orchestra, principal flutist
Lisa Garner Santa: Texas Tech University
Jennifer Keeney: Private Flute Instructor, Austin, Texas
With Margaret McDonald, collaborative piano
Join us in beautiful Boulder, Colorado, for a five-day immersion into the flute. The comprehensive 2016 seminar will include masterclasses, recitals, panel discussion, jazz improvisation class, yoga and movement and journaling class. We will share meals, hikes and community.
Up to 18 performers will be chosen for the masterclass slots by recorded audition. There is no limit to the number of participants for this class. All flutists 18 and older are encouraged to apply!
Leading flute manufactures will also exhibit instruments and goods for all to try. This year we will have Powell flutes and Flutistry of Boston.
This year's activites will include:
Repertoire masterclasses with Jennings, Buyse, Garner Santa, and Stagnitta
Yoga with Dr. Garner Santa
Orchestral Excerpt class with Professor Buyse
Improvisation: Conquer the Fear and Find the Love!
The Moveable Flutist and the Widor Romance and Scherzo
Belief Cycles - A Journaling Experience
Two faculty recitals with Margaret McDonald, pianomore info...
Saturday, March 3, 2018TTU Audition DayLubbock, TexasUNDERGRADUATE FLUTE AUDITION REQUIREMENTS (B.M. and B.M.E.)
Two contrasting pieces that demonstrate your musically expressive ability, one to demonstrate lyricism and one to demonstrate technical facility and articulation. Class I solos, as well as etudes, are acceptable. Accompaniment is not required.
All 12 major scales from memory, two-octave minimum. Proficiency in performance of minor scales from memory is highly suggested.
Sight-readingmore info...
Saturday, February 24, 2018TTU Audition DayLubbock, TexasUNDERGRADUATE FLUTE AUDITION REQUIREMENTS (B.M. and B.M.E.)
Friday, February 16, 2018The Fabulous Front Row: Optimizing Your Flute SectionTexas Music Educator Association 2018 ConventionSan Antonio, TexasEric Allen and Lisa Garner Santa: A great flute section can make any band director smile but sometimes the fabulous front-row creates unexpected challenges. In this session, Garner and Allen will discuss common misconceptions of the flute and its role in the band and offer suggestions for maximizing potential and removing barriers for optimal ensemble contribution.more info...
Sunday, January 21, 2018Collaborations: San Angelo Museum of Fine Arts Chamber Music SerSan Angelo Museum of Fine ArtsSan Angelo, TexasCollaborations is a mixed-ensemble chamber group that will feature five of Texas Tech University's School of Music Faculty members. The program includes everything from Bach to neew music mixed ensembles. Performers include Gregory Brooks, baritone; Carla Davis Cash, piano; Lisa Garner Santa, flute; Kimberly Sparr, viola; and Kevin Wass, tuba.more info...
Thursday, November 23, 20176th Forum of Critical Studies: Asking Big Questions AgainAgora Cultural CentreLucca, Tuscany, ItalyThe Fluency of "self": Classical Yoga and Performance Identity with Lisa Garner Santa will be presented on the panel "Performing Identity: The Relationship between Identity and Performance in Literature, Theater and the Performing Arts."more info...
Friday, October 6, 2017J.S. Bach: Mass in B-minorBrattleboro Music Center AuditoriumBrattleboro, VTCarol Wincenc, principal flute - Lisa Garner Santa, second fluteIn the tradition of the New England Bach Festival, the Chorale will present Bach's Mass in B-minor, featuring vocal and instrumental soloists familiar to our audience. These two concerts will be the Chorale's first performances in the Brattleboro Music Center's new hall.more info...
Friday, August 12, 2016National Flute Association ConventionTown and Country Resort - Royal Palms 1-2San Diego, CAMatthew Santa's Eight Hands for flute, clarinet, saxophone and piano - Lisa Garner Santa, flute - David Shea, clarinet - David Dees, saxophone - Carla Cash, piano.
Thursday, August 11, 2016National Flute Association ConventionTown and Country Resort - Pacific Salon SevenSan Diego CaliforniaSonata for Flute and Piano by Edwin York Bowen - Lisa Garner Santa, flute - Carla Cash, piano
Sunday, July 10, 2016Texas Tech Unviersity Band and Orchestra CampTexas Tech University School of MusicLubbock, TexasA highly qualified faculty & staff of over 100 serve a limited enrollment of talented students. Campers attend ensemble rehearsals, master classes, performances, recitals, and optional
recreation & social activities. FLUTE INSTRUCTION - LISA GARNER SANAT AND GUEST TEACHER JENNIFER KEENEYmore info...
Tuesday, May 31, 2016Panoramic FlutistUniversity of Colorado, BoulderBoulder, CoChristina Jennings: University of Colorado Boulder
Leone Buyse: Rice University Shepherd School of Music
Nancy Stagnitta: Interlochen Arts Academy
Saturday, April 9, 2016University of Texas, Rio Grand Valley - Flute and Clarinet FestiBrownsville
Thursday, January 21, 2016Yoga and the Creative Arts: Realizing Your Fullest PotentialUniversity of IllinoisUrbana–Champaign
Sunday, October 25, 2015TWU Guest Artist RecitalTexas Woman's UniversityDenton, TX 76204-5768Nataliya Sukhina, piano
Saturday, October 24, 2015TCU Guest Artist RecitalTexas Christian University School of Music
Sunday, September 20, 2015Collaborations - Faculty Chamber Music SeriesHemmle Recital HallLubbock, TexasJake Heggie - The Deepest Desire: A Song Cycle for Mezzo-Soprano, Flute and Piano
Sunday, August 16, 2015"Bel Canto" - Music for Flute and VoiceNational Flute Association ConventionWashington, DCCarla Cash, Keyboard - Quinn Patrick Ankrum, Mezzo-SopranoJ.S. Bach, Three Arias for Flute and Mezzo-Soprano
Saturday, August 15, 2015Yoga for Optimal PerformanceNational Flute Association ConventionWashington, DC
May 28, 2013The Panoramic FlutistUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado 80309-0301Join us in beautiful Boulder for four days devoted to the flute. We will delve into the practice, study, and performance of our instrument with creative workshops and sessions designed to address the whole musician: body, mind, and artistry.more info...
August 9-12, 2012National Flute Association ConventionCaesar's PalaceLas Vegas, NV8/10 - 12:00pm Texas Tech University Flute Choir Lobby Performance8/11 - 3:00pm Guest Lecture, "Composing the Musician's Mind"8/12 - 1:30pm Post Collegiate Panel Discussionmore info...
June 29-July 27, 2012200-hour Yoga Teacher Training IntensiveKripalu Center for Yoga and HealthStockbridge, MATeaching Assistant to Jovinna Chan and Devarshi Steven Hartman
June 24-29, 2012Texas Summer Flute SymposiumTexas A&M UniversityCommerce, TXGuest Artist Recital and Masterclasses, Yoga for Musiciansmore info...
May 18, 2012Texas Flute Society FestivalTexas Woman's University/University of North TexasDenton, TXInaugural Donna Marie Haire Young Artist Competition, Adjudicator
March 10, 2012Houston Flute Club FestivalUniversity of HoustonHouston, TX
March 9, 2012Guest LecturerShepherd School of Music, Rice UniversityHouston, TX"Composing the Musician's Mind"
YouTubeclick here for more info
(1/16) Beginning Flute - Intro - YouTube(1/16) ...an excerpt from MusicProfessor.com. In this series, MusicProfessor instructor Lisa Garner-Santa guides students through the very basics of tone pro...https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtSyH1UoDqw
(2/16) Beginning Flute - Parts of the Instrument - YouTube(2/16) ...an excerpt from MusicProfessor.com. In this series, MusicProfessor instructor Lisa Garner-Santa guides students through the very basics of tone pro...https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WxIA5u1ddg
(3/16) Beginning Flute - Air and Embouchure - YouTube(3/16) ...an excerpt from MusicProfessor.com. In this series, MusicProfessor instructor Lisa Garner-Santa guides students through the very basics of tone pro...click here for more info
(5/16) Beginning Flute - Head Joint Exercises - YouTube(5/16) ...an excerpt from MusicProfessor.com. In this series, MusicProfessor instructor Lisa Garner-Santa guides students through the very basics of tone pro...https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TaDIfPFvnn0
3 Flute TipsJoin us for this Beyond the Clef Summer Quick Notes with Professor Lisa Garner Santa as she shares three tips to make your flute playing better. Be sure to s...https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3w5ASI3iq5Q
Facebookclick here for more info
Texas Flute Societyhttp://www.texasflutesociety.org/
The National Flute Associationhttp://www.nfaonline.org/
Texas Music Educators Associationhttp://www.tmea.org
Order Works for Flute by Matthew SantaConners Publicationshttp://www.music-usa.org/conners/music.php4
Order Flute Theory WorkoutCarolyn Nussbaum Musicclick here for more info
Order Mike Mower's Concerto for Flute & Wind OrchestraItchy Fingers Publicationshttp://www.itchyfingers.com/view-IFP_096
Jeannie Lovett BarrickPhotographerhttp://www.jlovettbarrick.com
Aestheticize MediaWeb/Graphic Designhttp://www.aestheticize.com/
Dr. Lisa Garner Santa
Professor of Flute
Lubbock, Texas 79409-2033
lisa.garner@ttu.edu
Georges Hüe
iTUNES LISTEN
Robert Muczynski
Sonata for Flute & Piano, Op. 14
I. Allegro deciso
Mike Mower
Concerto for Flute & Orchestra
I. Bright
II. Middle Movement
III. Medium Swing 8's
Matthew Santa
Sonata for Flute & Piano
I. Allegro
II. Largo
III. Presto
PUBLICITY PHOTOS


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Moderna struggles to find 3,000 adolescent volunteers needed for COVID-19 vaccine trial
Karen Weintraub, USA TODAY
Not enough adolescents are signing up for Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine trial, a federal official said this week, potentially delaying vaccine authorization for this age group.
Last month, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration OK'd use of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for 16- to 17-year-olds, as well as adults. The companies did not have enough data in younger adolescents to apply for use in that age group, and Moderna had tested its vaccine only in adults, so it is authorized only for those 18 and up.
About four weeks ago, Moderna launched a trial in 12- to 17-year-olds, but apparently, the company is struggling to find enough adolescent volunteers.
Moncef Slaoui, the scientific head of Operation Warp Speed, the government's vaccine effort, said Tuesday that while a vaccine trial in adults is accruing 800 volunteers per day, the teen trial is getting only about 800 per month.
The study needs at least 3,000 participants, he said, to provide valid safety and effectiveness data, and get authorization from the FDA.
"It's really very important for all of us, for all the population in America, to realize that we can't have that indication unless adolescents aged 12 to 18 decide to participate," Slaoui said.
COVID-19 has disrupted schooling, killed at least 172 US children
Although teens tend not to get very serious cases of COVID-19, they can get sick and they can pass on the virus that causes the disease. More than 2 million minors were diagnosed with COVID-19 in 2020, and many more probably contracted the disease but were never diagnosed.
This fall, U.S. counties with large colleges or universities that held in-person classes saw a 56% increase in COVID-19 cases after classes started, and college students fueled the 19 hottest outbreaks in the U.S. during the fall semester.
Children and teens may not bear much of the burden of the infection, but they are "bearing a disproportionate burden of the overall pandemic impact," said Dr. Lee Savio Beers, president of the American Academy of Pediatrics and a professor of pediatrics at Children's National Hospital. "We should not forget that."
Can a shot reopen schools? Teachers should be next in COVID-19 vaccine schedule, CDC says
Children's schooling has been disrupted, along with their social lives and extracurriculars. Happening at a time when their brains are still growing and developing, "there is the potential for much longer-term impacts for them," than for adults, Beers said. "It really is a crisis situation."
While COVID-19 is generally mild in children, in rare cases, it can cause serious disease and even death. At least 172 American children had died of COVID-19 as of Dec. 17, compared with 166 who died of the flu during the 2019-2020 flu season.
Twelve-year-old Abhinav is one of the first children to join a COVID-19 vaccine trial. He got his shot on Oct. 22 at Cincinnati Children's, the same day as his father Sharat also joined the trial.
A spokesman for Pfizer said the company hopes to have data from 12- to 15-year-olds in the early part of this year and then, based on those findings, could start a trial in younger children in the spring.
For its part, Moderna said its trial is going just fine.
"While enrollment was lower over the holiday season, we expect to see an increase in the new year as planned," a spokesperson said via email. (More details on the trial are available here.) "We are on track to provide updated data around mid-year 2021."
Trial sites are limited at the moment, but will be expanding and people can preregister at teencovestudy.com.
Vaccines tend to be tested in adults and then teens before being tried in younger children and babies, who may need lower doses or have different reactions.
Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, an infectious disease and global health expert at Stanford University School of Medicine, said it's crucial to get vaccine data for children of all ages.
Fact check: The DC Council passed a law to allow minors over age 11 to consent to vaccines
"Many of us want to see kids vaccinated – for their own safety of course, but also because it really reduces the chain of transmission," said Maldonado, chair of the committee on infectious diseases for the American Academy of Pediatrics.
But the fact that COVID-19 is usually so mild in minors makes it hard for parents to justify enrolling their kids in trials, she said.
"If the disease were something that was very clearly impacting them in a hugely negative way, you'd probably see more interest there," she said.
It will take time to build momentum in Moderna's trial, and here's why
Even if parents want their kids to participate, it may be tough to get a busy adolescent to participate in the two-shot process.
"It's a pretty recalcitrant group in general," noted Maldonado, the mother of three, now grown.
Children over age 7 are generally asked to agree to take part in a trial, even if their parent signs off on it.
Trial volunteers are given two shots of the vaccine 3-4 weeks apart and their blood is drawn several times.
Still, there are plenty of parents and teens who want to participate in vaccine trials, said Dr. Barbara Pahud, a pediatric infectious disease specialist and director of research for the Infectious Diseases Division at Children's Mercy Hospital in Kansas City.
Pahud is not helping to run any pediatric trials yet, but she plans to, and expects many in her community and elsewhere will want to join as word of the trials gets out.
"A month from now, the situation might look very different," she said.
Pahud said she's not surprised that Moderna is taking longer to sign on teens than adults. Pediatric trials, she said, are simply used to a slower pace.
"There's no reason to expect them to enroll at the same rate" as adult trials, she said.
Heart failure in children: Another rare COVID-19 complication. Here's what to look for.
The federal government and vaccine makers have not put as much emphasis on testing vaccines in children or pregnant women as it did in adults, Pahud said – not including either group in initial studies – and that needs to change if they want to pick up the pace.
Dr. Robert Frenck Jr., director of the Vaccine Research Center at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, said he's also not surprised that enrollment so far has been slow in Moderna's trial.
"Whenever you move into a new age group for a vaccine/drug, it takes a bit of time to build momentum," he said via email.
Timing also makes it harder to vaccinate minors, he said. While clinical trials are generally set to run during the workday, children are not available until after school hours, decreasing the time available to sign them up, he noted.
Frenck, who is helping to run the Pfizer trial in adolescents, said his pace was slow at first, too.
"But, as the teens enrolled, many told their friends about the study which significantly boosted enrollment," he said, adding that he expects that to happen with Moderna's trial, too.
If they can stick to current schedules, both vaccines may be available to adolescents before the start of the 2021-22 school year, though it remains unclear when they would be authorized for use in younger children.
Contact Karen Weintraub at kweintraub@usatoday.com.
Health and patient safety coverage at USA TODAY is made possible in part by a grant from the Masimo Foundation for Ethics, Innovation and Competition in Healthcare. The Masimo Foundation does not provide editorial input.
This article originally appeared on USA TODAY: Moderna COVID-19 vaccine trial struggles to find adolescent volunteers
"Maturity" might be a good term to describe what Joe Biden brought to the 2020 campaign — and what he now carries with him into the White House, where it could turn out to be his greatest asset in meeting this fraught moment.
Poet Laureate Amanda Gorman reads 'The Hill We Climb' at inauguration
At President Biden's inauguration on Wednesday, Amanda Gorman recited her poem "The Hill We Climb." The 22-year-old Gorman is the youngest inaugural poet in U.S. history.
2020 candidate's son — Delaware attorney general and Iraq War veteran — died in 2015
The Dutch government on Wednesday proposed the first nationwide curfew since World War Two and a ban on flights from South Africa and Britain in its toughest moves yet to limit the spread of coronavirus in the Netherlands. Prime Minister Mark Rutte said the curfew, which is largely intended to target new, more infectious variants of the disease, must be approved by parliament, which is set to debate measures against the coronavirus on Thursday. The flight ban, which Rutte said also will apply to all South American countries, will begin on Saturday.
Vaccine trials for children could produce data by summer
I Was Part of Moderna's COVID-19 Vaccine Trial. Here's What the Side Effects Were Like.
State rolls out new COVID-19 vaccination plan
Seniors losing interest in vaccine trial now that more are eligible for shots
Finding A Coronavirus Vaccine In Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania expands COVID-19 vaccine distribution
Brussels targets vaccinating at least 70% of EU adults by summer
What are the rules after you have your Covid vaccine?
EU commission urges member states to speed up vaccination
Addison Lee follows Uber with discounted COVID-19 vaccine cabs
L.A. Official Orders Covid-19 Vaccine Be Made Available To Residents Over 65, But Admits "There Isn't Enough Vaccine"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We make decisions almost at every single moment. While reading this abstract, you could be deciding whether you would spend the time to join my talk, to go for a coffee or to stay in your office. Considerable evidence has suggested that the prefrontal cortex is important for comparing between options and sampling information about the options during decision making. However, the precise functional roles of the prefrontal cortex are largely unclear. In this talk, I will present my works that investigate how sub-regions of the prefrontal cortex contributes to different aspects of decision making. I will provide evidence from brain imaging experiments with healthy human and monkey subjects about the relationship between prefrontal cortex and decision making. I will also talk about evidence from our recent study with focal brain lesion patients to establish the causal role of prefrontal cortex.


Machine-readable finding aid created by Leah Ellenbogen as MS Word document, September 2013. Finding aid was encoded by Christine McEvilly on May 28, 2014. Description is in English.
Aleph Zadik Aleph, known almost exclusively as AZA, was founded in Omaha, Nebraska in 1924 as a local social and service group for young Jewish men. Eventually the AZA separated itself from its role as the official youth auxiliary of B'nai B'rith and continues to operate today as the BBYO (B'nai B'rith Youth Organization). This collection contains correspondence, pamphlets, governance documents and promotional material from AZA chapters on the North Shore (Chelsea, Everett, Lynn, and Swampscott-Marblehead), Mattapan, and Sharon.
Among these were the AZA lodges of Massachusetts's North Shore. Taking advantage of youthful energy, the AZA groups in cities and towns such as Lynn, Everett, and Chelsea held elections, organized events, and published newsletters. Occasionally these groups would operate alongside B'nai B'rith, the Boy Scouts of America or the BBG (B'nai B'rith Girls, founded in 1944) in planning activities. There was frequent contact between the groups and they participated in regional councils and events. AZA members paid dues which were used for charity purposes as well as to hold events.
The AZA had a very particular structure: the national board was made of members from chapters across the country. District councils covered groups of states, and regional boards oversaw even more focused state groups. Massachusetts was part of District One, which also included New York, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Maine as well as Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia. Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts made up the Tri-State Region (TSR), which met for retreats and conferences. Town groups could also officially join together in order to collaborate on AZA occasions and projects. In addition to the wider governing bodies, each chapter, like many fraternal orders, had an elected council with unique AZA position titles.
1924 First AZA group begins in Omaha.
May 1941 Lynn AZA team wins debate against Revere.
1944 First BBG group established in Massachusetts- Judah, Worcester #6.
1960 North Shore Council established.
May 1961 General Maurice Rose chapter in Mattapan receives letter of commendation from Edward Kennedy, in his role as Chairman of the 1961 Cancer Crusade for the Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Memorial Foundation.
"Aleph Zadik Aleph." Wikipedia. 07 Jan. 2013. Wikimedia Foundation. 16 July 2013 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph_Zadik_Aleph>.
"BBYO's History Timeline: 1923-2011." BBYO. BBYO. <http://bbyo.org/about/history/Timeline/>.
This collection contains correspondence, pamphlets, governance documents, and promotional material from AZA chapters on the North Shore (Chelsea, Everett, Lynn, and Swampscott-Marblehead) and Mattapan, and Sharon. These contain details of meetings, elections, dues, and other chapter business; newsletters containing comics, jokes, and essays contributed by members. Numerous official publications from the national AZA/BBYO management are included; both guidebooks for starting and governing a new AZA chapter and informational booklets about Jewish holidays and Israel, many belonging to Martin "Marty" Brody of the Swampscott-Marblehead chapter. Particularly detailed is the correspondence from the early 1940s of Lynn AZA #471 advisor Louis Winer, a former Aleph and lawyer.
Identification of item, date (if known); Aleph Zadik Aleph Records; I-555; box number; folder number; Jewish Heritage Center at NEHGS.


text:
Lightning starts 2 new fires in Okefenokee
New starts a setback for firefighters who continue to battle other blazes.
Terry Dickson
Thunderstorms that dropped rain in Southeast Georgia on Monday also started four fires, two of which were burning inside the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge.
The new starts are a setback for the team that continues to battle the 160,484-acre Honey Prairie Fire in the southern half of the Okefenokee, which is still 80 percent contained, and the 7,792-Race Pond Fire along U.S. 1 south of Waycross, which is 65 percent contained.
One of the goals in fighting the Race Pond Fire was to keep it from burning into the northeastern side of the Okefenokee Swamp where it could burn uncontrolled.
Also, firefighters used "strategic firing operations" weeks ago to burn out fuels between the Suwannee Canal and the northern edge of the Honey Prairie Fire to prevent it from burning farther north where it had miles of open, dry swamp ahead of it.
Thunderstorms late Monday might have overcome that successful work by igniting the Paxton Road Fire, which had burned 236 acres by Tuesday afternoon, and the 14-acre Durdin Prairie Fire.
The Paxton Road Fire started outside of the refuge and burned into the swamp while the Durdin Prairie Fire was started inside the swamp by a separate strike, said Arthur Webster, supervisory ranger for the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge.
The fires are northwest of Folkston and within two miles of each other.
Webster said the upland portion of the Paxton Road Fire was contained, but there was no containment on the fire burning inside the swamp.
The news was better in the nearby Davis community where a couple of other fires started by lightning were controlled at eight acres and two acres, Webster said.
Speaking from a joint information center, Bruce Prud'Homme said the fire command immediately put a lot of resources on the fires.
"We had seven helicopters up at one time," dousing the fires with water drops while firefighters plowed lines around them on the ground he said.
Structure protection units, including local fire departments, were also standing by in the Davis community to keep the fires from burning any homes, he said.
There was a half inch of rain in some areas of the swamp, but it likely didn't ease the drought situation, Prud'Homme said.
"The same location that had the rain is where we got the starts,'' he said. "There's such a moisture deficit, it didn't put the fire out."
Staying vigilant
That might not be the end of it. Aircraft were flying the area Tuesday afternoon looking for other starts that might have smoldered overnight and were just becoming active.
That's what was happening outside the swamp Monday afternoon where the Georgia Forestry Commission said it received calls to fires in Brantley, Charlton and Ware counties all in the space of a half hour.
There had been about 20 fires in the Waycross District after the thunderstorms passed through, the Forestry Commission said.
The Honey Prairie Fire was still active Tuesday in the southwest corner of the swamp and crews were conducting a firing operation to hold the fire inside breaks, the joint information center said. The fire's intensity increased as the severe weather moved through.
The fire had six helicopters, 42 fire engines, 20 bulldozers and 321 personnel assigned to it Tuesday.
The Race Pond Fire had two helicopters, 24 fire engines, 23 bulldozers and 195 personnel assigned to it.
terry.dickson@jacksonville.com, (912) 264-0405


text:
require 'test_helper'

ActiveRecord::Migration.suppress_messages do
  ActiveRecord::Migration.create_table("foos", force: true, options: "CHARACTER SET utf8mb3") do |t|
    t.string   :string,        limit: 40
    t.text     :tinytext,      limit: 255
    t.binary   :varbinary,     limit: 255
    t.binary   :blob
    t.text     :not_null_text, null: false
    t.integer  :checked,       null: false,  default: 0
    t.integer  :unchecked,     null: false
  end

  ActiveRecord::Migration.create_table("bars", force: true, options: "CHARACTER SET utf8mb4") do |t|
    t.string   :mb4_string
  end

  ActiveRecord::Migration.create_table("empties", force: true)

  ActiveRecord::Migration.create_table("nums", force: true) do |t|
    t.column :decimal,          "DECIMAL(5,2)"
    t.column :unsigned_decimal, "DECIMAL(5,2) UNSIGNED"
    t.column :tinyint,          "TINYINT"
    t.column :smallint,         "SMALLINT"
    t.column :mediumint,        "MEDIUMINT"
    t.column :int,              "INT"
    t.column :bigint,           "BIGINT"
    t.column :unsigned_int,     "INT UNSIGNED"
  end
end

class Foo < ActiveRecord::Base
  validates :string, :tinytext, :varbinary, :blob, database_constraints: :size
  validates :checked, database_constraints: :not_null
  validates :not_null_text, database_constraints: [:size, :basic_multilingual_plane]
end

class Bar < ActiveRecord::Base
  validates :mb4_string, database_constraints: :basic_multilingual_plane
end

class Empty < ActiveRecord::Base
  attr_accessor :not_a_column

  validates(:not_a_column, database_constraints: [:size])
end

class Num < ActiveRecord::Base
  validates :decimal, :unsigned_decimal, :tinyint, :smallint, :mediumint, :int, :bigint, :unsigned_int, database_constraints: :range
end

class DatabaseConstraintsValidatorTest < Minitest::Test
  include DataLossAssertions

  def test_argument_validation
    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Bar.validates(:mb4_string, database_constraints: []) }
    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Bar.validates(:mb4_string, database_constraints: true) }
    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Bar.validates(:mb4_string, database_constraints: :bogus) }
    assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Bar.validates(:mb4_string, database_constraints: [:size, :bogus]) }
  end

  def test_column_validation
    exception = assert_raises(ArgumentError) { Empty.new.valid? }
    assert_equal "Model Empty does not have column not_a_column!", exception.message
  end

  def test_validators_are_defined
    assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Validations::DatabaseConstraintsValidator, Foo._validators[:string].first
    assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Validations::DatabaseConstraintsValidator, Foo._validators[:tinytext].first
    assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Validations::DatabaseConstraintsValidator, Foo._validators[:varbinary].first
    assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Validations::DatabaseConstraintsValidator, Foo._validators[:blob].first
    assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Validations::DatabaseConstraintsValidator, Foo._validators[:checked].first
    assert_kind_of ActiveRecord::Validations::DatabaseConstraintsValidator, Foo._validators[:not_null_text].first

    assert_equal [], Foo._validators[:unchecked]
  end

  def test_not_null_field_defines_not_null_validator_if_requested
    validator = Foo._validators[:checked].first
    subvalidators = validator.attribute_validators(Foo, :checked)
    assert_equal 1, subvalidators.length
    assert_kind_of ActiveModel::Validations::NotNullValidator, subvalidators.first
  end

  def test_string_field_defines_length_validator_by_default
    validator = Foo._validators[:string].first
    subvalidators = validator.attribute_validators(Foo, :string)
    assert_equal 1, subvalidators.length
    assert_kind_of ActiveModel::Validations::LengthValidator, subvalidators.first
    assert_equal 40, subvalidators.first.options[:maximum]
  end

  def test_blob_field_defines_bytesize_validator
    validator = Foo._validators[:blob].first
    subvalidators = validator.attribute_validators(Foo, :blob)
    assert_equal 1, subvalidators.length
    assert_kind_of ActiveModel::Validations::BytesizeValidator, subvalidators.first
    assert_equal 65535, subvalidators.first.options[:maximum]
    assert_nil subvalidators.first.encoding
  end

  def test_not_null_text_field_defines_requested_bytesize_validator_and_unicode_validator
    validator = Foo._validators[:not_null_text].first
    subvalidators = validator.attribute_validators(Foo, :not_null_text)
    assert_equal 2, subvalidators.length

    assert_kind_of ActiveModel::Validations::BytesizeValidator, subvalidators.first
    assert_kind_of ActiveModel::Validations::BasicMultilingualPlaneValidator, subvalidators.second
    assert_equal 65535, subvalidators.first.options[:maximum]
    assert_equal Encoding.find('utf-8'), subvalidators.first.encoding
  end

  def test_not_null_columns_with_a_default_value
    assert Foo.new.valid?
    assert Foo.new(checked: 1).valid?
    refute Foo.new(checked: nil).valid?
  end

  def test_should_not_create_a_validator_for_a_utf8mb4_field
    assert Bar._validators[:mb4_string].first.attribute_validators(Bar, :mb4_string).empty?
    emoji = Bar.new(mb4_string: '')
    assert emoji.valid?
    refute_data_loss emoji
  end

  def test_decimal_range
    subvalidators = Num._validators[:decimal].first.attribute_validators(Num, :decimal)
    assert_equal 1, subvalidators.length
    assert_kind_of ActiveModel::Validations::NumericalityValidator, subvalidators.first

    inside_upper_bound = Num.new(decimal: '999.99')
    assert inside_upper_bound.valid?
    refute_data_loss(inside_upper_bound)

    inside_lower_bound = Num.new(decimal: '-999.99')
    assert inside_lower_bound.valid?
    refute_data_loss(inside_lower_bound)

    outside_upper_bound = Num.new(decimal: '1000.00')
    refute outside_upper_bound.valid?
    assert_data_loss(outside_upper_bound)

    outside_lower_bound = Num.new(decimal: '-1000.00')
    refute outside_lower_bound.valid?
    assert_data_loss(outside_lower_bound)
  end

  def test_unsigned_decimal_range
    subvalidators = Num._validators[:unsigned_decimal].first.attribute_validators(Num, :unsigned_decimal)
    assert_equal 1, subvalidators.length
    assert_kind_of ActiveModel::Validations::NumericalityValidator, subvalidators.first

    inside_upper_bound = Num.new(unsigned_decimal: '999.99')
    assert inside_upper_bound.valid?
    refute_data_loss(inside_upper_bound)

    inside_lower_bound = Num.new(unsigned_decimal: '0.00')
    assert inside_lower_bound.valid?
    refute_data_loss(inside_lower_bound)

    outside_upper_bound = Num.new(unsigned_decimal: '1000.00')
    refute outside_upper_bound.valid?
    assert_data_loss(outside_upper_bound)

    outside_lower_bound = Num.new(unsigned_decimal: '-0.01')
    refute outside_lower_bound.valid?
    assert_data_loss(outside_lower_bound)
  end

  def test_integer_range
    subvalidators = Num._validators[:bigint].first.attribute_validators(Num, :bigint)
    assert_equal 1, subvalidators.length
    assert_kind_of ActiveModel::Validations::NumericalityValidator, subvalidators.first

    inside_upper_bound = Num.new(tinyint: 127)
    assert inside_upper_bound.valid?
    refute_data_loss(inside_upper_bound)

    inside_lower_bound = Num.new(smallint: -32_768)
    assert inside_lower_bound.valid?
    refute_data_loss(inside_lower_bound)

    outside_upper_bound = Num.new(mediumint: 8_388_608)
    refute outside_upper_bound.valid?
    assert_data_loss(outside_upper_bound)

    outside_lower_bound = Num.new(int: -2_147_483_649)
    refute outside_lower_bound.valid?
    assert_data_loss(outside_lower_bound)
  end

  def unsigned_integer_range
    subvalidators = Num._validators[:unsigned_int].first.attribute_validators(Num, :unsigned_int)
    assert_equal 1, subvalidators.length
    assert_kind_of ActiveModel::Validations::NumericalityValidator, subvalidators.first

    inside_upper_bound = Num.new(unsigned_int: 4_294_967_295)
    assert inside_upper_bound.valid?
    refute_data_loss(inside_upper_bound)

    inside_lower_bound = Num.new(unsigned_int: 0)
    assert inside_lower_bound.valid?
    refute_data_loss(inside_lower_bound)

    outside_upper_bound = Num.new(unsigned_int: 4_294_967_296)
    refute outside_upper_bound.valid?
    assert_data_loss(outside_upper_bound)

    outside_lower_bound = Num.new(unsigned_int: -1)
    refute outside_lower_bound.valid?
    assert_data_loss(outside_lower_bound)
  end

  def test_error_messages
    foo = Foo.new(string: 'ü' * 41, checked: nil, not_null_text: "\u{1F4A9}")
    refute foo.save

    assert_equal ["is too long (maximum is 40 characters)"], foo.errors[:string]
    assert_equal ["must be set"], foo.errors[:checked]
    assert_equal ["contains characters outside Unicode's basic multilingual plane"], foo.errors[:not_null_text]
  end

  def test_encoding_craziness
    foo = Foo.new(tinytext: ('ü' * 128).encode('ISO-8859-15'), string: ('ü' * 40).encode('ISO-8859-15'))
    assert foo.invalid?
    assert_data_loss foo
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Tuning PostgreSQL config by your hardware. Based on original [pgtune](http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pgtune/).

## Development

[Main calculation logic](https://github.com/le0pard/pgtune/blob/master/source/javascripts/pgtune.coffee).
Web app build on top of [middleman](http://middlemanapp.com/). To start it in development mode, you need install ruby and run in terminal:

```bash
$ bundle # get all deps
$ middleman server # start server on 4567 port
```

## Contributing

1. Fork it
2. Create your feature branch (`git checkout -b my-new-feature`)
3. Commit your changes (`git commit -am 'Add some feature'`)
4. Push to the branch (`git push origin my-new-feature`)
5. Create new Pull Request


text:
Borrowing and lending between friends and family plummets
Kalila Sangster
31 July 2020, 7:01 pm ·3-min read
Just 13% of Brits have borrowed money from friends or family in the last year. Photo: Getty
Borrowing and lending money between friends and family has plummeted in the past year, falling even further following the coronavirus lockdown.
There has been a 58% reduction in borrowing, and a 52% decrease in lending, since March 2019, according to the latest 'How Britain Lives' research from Lloyds Bank.
Borrowing significant sums of money from loved ones decreased by 29% in the year to March 2020, and then by a further 40% throughout lockdown.
Just 13% of Brits have borrowed money from friends or family in the last year, compared to 31% in March 2019.
Number of people who have borrowed from friends and family in the last year. Chart: Lloyds Bank
Lending has seen a similar decline with a 28% reduction in the loaning of money to loved ones between March 2019 and March 2020. Lending went down by a further 34% over the lockdown period.
The number of people lending money to friends and family has more than halved in the last year, falling to 19% from 40% in March 2019.
READ MORE: Millions of Brits could pay more for borrowing due to COVID-19 credit score damage
The main reason for borrowing money from friends or family was to pay off other debts, with 16% of people citing this as the reason.
Buying a car was the second most common reason for borrowing (14%) and the biggest loans from family and friends in the past year were for cars, with the average loan standing at £3,630.
Number of people who have loaned money to friends and family in the last year. Chart: Lloyds Bank
People also borrowed substantial sums to pay for weddings, borrowing an average £3,226.
Some 12% of people called on loved ones for extra cash to make home improvements, at an average of £2,846.
The average amount borrowed for debt consolidation was £2,563.
READ MORE: UK shoppers plan to spend £9.3bn on post-lockdown treats
Family and friends who have been lending money are much less likely to be happy about doing so, with just 51% saying they were pleased to be able to help someone out, compared to 61% in 2019, and fewer people expect to be paid back than in 2019 — 42% compared to 43%.
Those aged between 18 and 24 are the most likely to lean on friends and family for extra cash, but borrowing amongst this group has dropped from over half (51%), to one in three (30%). Across all age groups there has been a significant drop in people turning to loved ones for financial aid.
The number of people borrowing money from loved ones split by age. Chart: Lloyds Bank
Those in Wales are the least likely to borrow money from loved ones, with only 5% saying they have done so in the last year, an 83% reduction since 2019. The regions seeing the most borrowing from friends and family are the South West, and the North West, where 15% continue to lean on loved ones for financial support.


text:
The Association for the Study of African American Life and History
Asalhstpete Mission
Leadership Charter Officers
ASALH MEMBERSHIP
ASALH Events
News Blogs
Lynching as a System of Terror in America
Elie Wiesel, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize and the author of Night, often spoke of the need to remember the Holocaust, which resulted in the killing of 6 million Jewish people in Europe during World War II. Of himself, he wrote, "For the survivor who chooses to testify, it is clear: his duty is to bear witness for the dead and the living. He has no right to deprive future generations a past that belongs to our collective memory. To forget would be not only dangerous but offensive, to forget the idea would be akin to killing them a second time."
This quote also applies to African Americans. We cannot forget, in fact, it behooves us to learn more about the history of lynching in America, which was an inhumane, horrific, and systematic method of terrorizing African Americans from the period of Black Reconstruction after the Civil War to the 1950's and undoubtedly later. It was used to put black people, in what many white Americans believed to be, in our place and deny us our rights, especially the right to vote, under the United States Constitution.
The Civil War was fought to preserve the institution of slavery. Eleven states, all from the South, seceded from the Union and in 1861, the war began. The people in power in these Southern states firmly believed in the subordination of black people to white people and that political power must forever be in the hands of white people, never to be shared with people of color. Many whites believed the institution of slavery would last forever. As the war dragged on, many former slaves escaped to the North and the Union Army; and, after two
years of war, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, which stated that slaves held in the Confederate states to be…"then, thenceforward, and forever free." There was much resistance by the Southern states and the slave owners. The true abolition of slavery nationwide did not occur until 1865, with the ratification of the 13th Amendment. By that time. racial inequality had been ingrained in American society since the first arrival of black people off a Dutch slave ship in 1619. Emancipation, this official freedom from slavery, prompted a great upheaval in Southern society. There was great resistance to relinquishing racial power. White supremacy was a deep part of the American belief system before and after the Civil War and still.
Immediately after the Civil War, (since the rebellious Confederacy and those who fought to preserve its way of life were forbidden to vote), Black Reconstruction began and for the first time in American history, black men were allowed the right to vote. As a consequence of doing so, and getting elected to state high offices and to the United States Congress for the first time, a vicious backlash began. Black people began to be killed just for exercising their right to vote. The only thing that kept more black deaths from taking place was the use of Union soldiers, who were placed throughout the South by President Ulysses S. Grant. The beginning of helpful institutions such black public schools, colleges and universities, medical and dental schools, the Freedmen's Bureau, the introduction of a banking system that
could be used by black Americans, and the prosecution and dismantling of the Ku Klux Klan by the federal government were extremely helpful. When the Union Army protection ended around the late 1870's, lynching began en masse. The Equal Justice Initiative, (EJI), in its book, LYNCHING IN AMERICA - Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror, states,
"Mass incarceration, excessive penal punishment, disproportionate sentencing of racial minorities, and police abuse of people of color reveal problems in American society that were framed in the terror era. The narrative of racial difference that lynching dramatized continues to haunt us."
EJI has verified 4,084 terror lynchings of black people between 1877 and 1950. Two documented lynchings by EJI occurred in Pinellas County, Florida. This was also the period of almost absolute racial segregation, Black Codes, (separate laws pertaining solely to black Americans throughout the South), and Jim Crow. According to EJI, "By 1890, the term 'Jim Crow' was used to describe the 'subordination and separation of black people in the South, much of it codified and much of it still enforced by custom, habit, and violence."
The lynchings were horrible. Black men and sometimes women were hung from trees with rope around their necks, from scaffolds, and from rail road tracks. Some were beaten, maimed, cut, and burned alive while hung. Many were public spectacles, advertised in local newspapers as to the time and location of the lynchings. Most were without any real evidence of any actual crime having been committed. Black men were often convicted of rape, solely on the word of a white female, arrested, taken from jail and lynched. As EJI has aptly stated," African Americans living in the South during this era were terrorized (by lynching) if they intentionally or accidentally violated any social
more defined by any white person." This reign of terror was legitimized by those whites in positions of power. According to EJI black "…subjugation was to be achieved through any means necessary, and whites who undertook the duty of carrying out lynchings would face no legal repercussions." During this period, ( 1877 to 1950), Florida has been documented to have perpetrated 311 Lynchings; Louisiana 549; Mississippi 654; Georgia 589; Arkansas 492; and Texas 335. In looking for relief, African Americans looked to the black press and anti-lynching forces gathered around the black press, such as the NAACP, and freedom fighters such as Ida B. Wells, T. Thomas Fortune, and Monroe Work, a sociologist at Tuskegee Institute. By the 1950's the Civil Rights era had begun and lynchings began to subside. Black Americans took the struggle to the ballot box and to the Courts. Thurgood Marshall, Charles Hamilton Huston, and Charles White, among others became "Lions of the Law" in the Civil Rights fight. This new phase of the struggle for human rights for black Americans opened a brand new era in American history and is still on-going.
Attorney Jacqueline Hubbard grew up in Saint Petersburg, graduating from Gibbs High School, Bryn Mawr College, and Boston University Law School. She has practiced Law in MA, CA, The U.S.V..I. and FL. She is currently the President of the St. Petersburg Branch of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History, Inc. ("ASALH"). May 4, 2019
This is the 2nd of a series on lynching in America
Holocaust Remembrance Day at the Florida Holocaust Museum
Jacqueline Hubbard participated in the May 2, 2019 commemoration of Yom HaShoah on Holocaust Remembrance Day at the Florida Holocaust Museum. This day is a "day of solemnity to remember the six million Jewish men, women, and children who suffered and died at the hands of the Nazi regime and their collaborators during the Holocaust or Shoah." Jacqueline was one of many who read the names of victims throughout the day.
ST PETERSBURG BRANCH of the ASSOCIATION for the STUDY of AFRICAN AMERICAN LIFE and HISTORY, Inc. ("ASALH, Inc.") SUMMARY of EVENTS for 2018 Summarized by Ms. Jennifer Gamble-Theard, Branch Historian
The St Petersburg Branch of ASALH had a very exciting "2018" year with many productive, exciting and reflective activities. The history for 2018 is listed as follows: January - On January 27, 2018, our first meeting of the year was at the Carter G. Woodson Museum. We began this year with the documentary, "Veterans Of Color", which was a tribute to the many African Americans who served in the United States Military. The film presentation was followed by a panel discussion, along with Q. and A. Also, the St Petersburg ASALH branch recognized our very own members, esteemed retired military officers, Colonel Ronalda Hobson and Lt. Colonel Ashby Hobson along with St Petersburg resident, distinguished Brigadier General Cary Nero (retired).
February - This was a very busy month as we presented our annual Black History Month Gala and Dinner at the St Petersburg Country Club on February 16. The focus for this year was on the, Young, Talented and Black youth that are connected to our ASALH St Pete Branch members. In particular, we had the opportunity to have as our speaker for this year the prize winning African American author and Tulane University professor, Dr. Ladee Hubbard, who is also the talented daughter of our wonderful and hard working Branch president, Jacqueline Hubbard, ESQ.
Dr. Hubbard presented highlights from her must read/captivating novel, "The Talented Ribkins". Afterwards, there was very successful book signing party.
March - On March 24, we began an African-American documentary film series at the Carter G. Woodson Museun. We reached out into the broader community to invite potential participants be a part of our film series. The first film was "Africa's Great Civilizations - Part l". A number of people from around the community were in attendance. The attendees expressed gratitude to us for being there and showing such dynamic historical information about Africa.
April - On April 26, the film series continued with "The Legacy of the Black Medical Schools and Departments in the United States". There was a robust discussion after the film in which current statistics were presented about how many Black medical schools still exist and the average number of African Americans that are admitted into all U.S. medical schools, as well as the need for African American doctors in areas with significant Black populations.
May - This was quite a busy month at home and abroad. Thanks to the organizing efforts of our members Ashby and Ronalda Hopson, a trip to Senegal and Gambia Africa was a great success. ASALH members and friends experienced a wonderful mix of many tours and exciting activities. A very reflective part of our tour in Senegal was on Goree Island, one of several slave deportation sites on Africa's west coast. A most delightful activity in particular was being the guest of the American Ambassador to Gambia, C. Patricia Alsup, who is a St Petersburg native. After returning home from Africa, the travel group was back just in time to see the last documentary in the film series on May 26, "Africa's Great Civilizations - Part ll
June - What a great way to bring an "End Of Season Gathering" on June 23 at the Callaloo Restaurant located in the Historic African American neighborhood of St Petersburg. Many members gathered together to break bread and discuss our future plans and activities in the coming months.
July - Communication and details were done via email regarding the many important business related matters for ASALH both national and local.
August - Plans were initiated for upcoming programs and activities during the fall and winter. Such plans included honoring our ASALH member, author, professor, and one of the nation's leading civil rights historians, Dr. Ray Arsenaught at the dinner gala in February 2019. In addition, we began organizing details for the film screening of "Rosenwald" for a future date.
September - On September 29, the ASALH St Petersburg Branch was back in action at the Carter G. Woodson Museum. There was a presentation of Stanley Nelson's film "Tell Them We Are Rising: The Story of Historically Black Colleges and Universities". At that particular ASALH session, we were honored to have as our guest a group of high school students in attendance.
October - Another busy month for many of our dedicated ASALH members. There was a road trip on 10/6 - 10/7 to Montgomery, Alabama by several members who visited the Justice Initiative Museum/Memorial and the National Memorial for Peace and Justice which was dedicated to the legacy of enslaved black people terrorized by lynchings. Our president, Jacqueline Hubbard; vice president, Irene Pridgen; ASALH member blogger Dr. Ron Sheehy and Mrs. Sheehy; and a few other members were a part of that unforgettable and solemn experience.
Branch historian, Jennifer Gamble-Theard attended the ASALH 103rd Annual Meeting and Conference in Indianapolis, Indiana. Everyone gathered back together at the Woodson Museum on October 27 for a visual presentation and seminar discussion about "What ASALH Learned on its Trip to Africa in 2018", presented by the members who were on the trip to Africa.
November - The main emphasis of ASALH members for this month was to attend the Tampa Bay Times Festival of Reading on November 17 where two of our Black History Month authors and speakers were the featured literary writers.
December - "Happy Birthday Dr. Woodson"...On December 16, members and friends of the ASALH St Petersburg and Manasota Branches joined together in a festive celebration for Dr. Carter G. Woodson's birthday at the lovely home of Dr. Mendee Ligon. We had a wonderful gathering in the spirit of the holiday season and observance of Dr. Woodson's birthday. We can thank Dr. Woodson in spirit for keeping us focused throughout 2018 and guiding us into this new year.
In addition, other activities that have been continuous with our ASALH St Petersburg Branch are monthly officers meetings on the first Monday of each month, and weekly community newspaper Black history articles written by St Petersburg Branch ASALH president, Jacqueline Hubbard, ESQ and St Petersburg Branch ASALH historian, Jennifer Gamble-Theard, M.Ed.
The financial team is always working hard to keep everything up to date. In fact, officers and members work hard together to keep all of ASALH's guidelines and procedures, and the passion of Black life and history working smoothly.
ASALH-AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY: FRONT AND CENTER-"Frederick Douglass and The Hypocrisy of American Slavery"
There is one African American who survived slavery, the Civil War and Reconstruction; and lived to brilliantly write, argue against and tell about it. This was Frederick Douglas (c.1817 - 1895). This fearless black man championed the anti-slavery cause, women's rights, and other equalitarian issues throughout his lifetime. Douglas had been taught to read at about age 12 by his slave master's wife. He was rumored to be the son of his slave master. This did not spare him the psychological and physical abuse suffered by the enslaved. When he could, he devoted his life to educating himself and others in literature, history, philosophy, and political thought and practices. As a teenager, Douglass ran away from his brutal existence in slavery and escaped to Baltimore, Maryland. After getting to Baltimore, Douglass met a free black woman named Anna Murray, who assisted him in his final attempt to escape. With her help, he escaped from Maryland using the Underground Railroad at about age 16.
Frederick Douglass married Ms. Murray on September 15, 1838. He settled in with his wife in New Bedford, Massachusetts that same year. Douglass was shortly thereafter asked to tell his life story at an abolitionist meeting. He was so successful at speaking that he became a regular anti-slavery crusader. His oratory made him very effective in the abolitionist movement. Frederick and Anna Douglass had five children together: Rosetta, Lewis Henry, Frederick Jr., Charles Redmond and Annie, who died at the age of 10.
After passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, the federal government assumed responsibility for recovering runaway slaves and demanded the Northern states cooperate. This heinous law denied habeas corpus to captives, rendering even free black people in the North vulnerable to slave catchers. Douglass lived in constant fear of being captured and returned to his slave master. In 1850 he decided to travel to England to obtain sufficient funds to buy his freedom, (England abolished the slave trade in 1834). After two years abroad, he earned enough money from his lectures on the evils of slavery to purchase his freedom when he returned.
One of Frederick Douglass' most famous speeches was given at a July 5th, 1852 "Independence Day Celebration" in Rochester, New York. He had been invited to speak and noted the hypocrisy of the occasion with so many people in slavery, by stating:
I am not included within the pale of this glorious anniversary! Your high independence only reveals the immeasurable distance between us. The blessings in which you, this day, rejoice, are not enjoyed in common. The rich inheritance of justice, liberty, prosperity
and independence, bequeathed by your fathers, is shared by you, not by me. The sunlight that brought light and healing to you, has brought stripes and death to me. This fourth
of July is yours not mine.
Further, Douglass lamented, Whether we turn to the declarations of the past, or to the professions of the present, the conduct of the nation seems equally hideous and
revolting. America is false to the past, false to the present, and
solemnly binds herself to be false to the future.
He had always been considered by his compatriots, the public, and historians to be a gifted orator. Upon his return from England, Douglass produced several abolitionist newspapers, including The North Star, Frederick Douglass
Weekly, Frederick Douglass' Paper, Douglass' Monthly and New National Era. The motto of The North Star was "Right is of no Sex – Truth is of no Color – God is the Father of us all, and we are all brethren." Charles and Rosetta assisted their father in the production of his first newspaper The North Star. Two of his sons fought in the Civil War as Union soldiers in a Massachusetts Colored Regiment and survived the war.
By 1862, Douglass was one of the most famous black men in America. He spent a great deal of time working to influence the powerful and improve the lives of black Americans, especially the black Union soldiers who fought in the Civil War. He tirelessly labored to improve the status of black Americans throughout the United States. In 1863, Douglass met with President Abraham Lincoln to talk about the treatment of black soldiers in the Union Army. He later met with President Andrew Johnson and attempted to convince him of the importance of black suffrage. After the Civil War, Douglass served his nation as President of the Freedman's Savings Bank and as Chargé d'Affaires for the Dominican Republic. Between 1889 and 1891, he was appointed minister-resident and consul-general to the Republic of Haiti. Most Americans are unaware of the fact that Douglass became the first African American nominated for vice president of the United States as Victoria Woodhull's running mate on the Equal Rights Party ticket in 1872.
Over the course of his career, he published three (3) autobiographies: The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, (1845); My Bondage and My Freedom, (1855), and The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, (1881, republished in 1892). His work spoke directly to the abolition of slavery, the Civil War and its necessity, the need for passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Reconstruction Era, and the coming dangers of of Jim Crow and racial violence after the removal of
Union troops and the end of President Grant's second term. Needless to say, after the war ended in 1865, Reconstruction became a time of both hope and great peril for African Americans. By 1877, The North had grown weary of the ramifications of the Civil War and Reconstruction and desired reconciliation with the Southern states and reunification, even at the price of racial violence against the newly freed. Reconstruction ended shortly thereafter and with its end came a resurgence of violence against black Americans, the re-emergence of the Ku Klux Klan and racial segregation that continued for another 80 years.
ASALH - AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY - FRONT and CENTER: "The Compromise That Ended Reconstruction."
When the Civil War ended in 1865, the Union Army was compelled to occupy the South to prevent the slaughter of newly freed black people by angry and impoverished former confederates. The death, destruction, violence, and terror against the newly freed was unparalleled in United States history. President Grant spent his two terms as the "Civil War and Reconstruction" President. He vanquished the Ku Klux Klan with a great deal of success. However, ensuring voting rights for black Americans in the southern states was an extremely difficult fight that continued throughout "Reconstruction" and afterward. For the first time, after 1868, Constitutional Amendments were passed giving the rights to vote, to due process, and to equal protection under the laws black people {men]. During Reconstruction, the 13th (1865), 14th (1868), and 15th Amendments (1868 ) to the United States Constitution were adopted, pressed by a united and Union [Republican] Congress and President. These Amendments are often called the "Civil War Amendments' or the "Reconstruction Amendments." For the first time in American history, people who had participated in the Confederate insurrection, mostly white, were denied the right to vote. The 14th Amendment, Section 2, denied the right to vote to any male who participated "in rebellion…" The 14th Amendment, Section 3, forbade the election of any "…Senator or Representative in Congress…or [to] hold any [elected] office…[if they] shall have engaged in
insurrection or rebellion…or given aid or comfort to the enemies [of the Union]." This complete reversal of the status quo was met by unadulterated hatred, resistance, and violence by the defeated Confederates. As a result, President Grant had to send thousands of Union troops to the South to protect the enfranchisement of black people and keep the polling places open. Black people met anger, violence, and hatred at every attempt to vote. Yet, vote they did, and Reconstruction lasted until 1880., with mostly African Americans in charge. Additionally, many Northerners came South to help open schools and educate black people, Education was vitally important. The Freedmen's Bureau, banking institutions, and voting places were protected by Union Troops. This enflamed and enraged the South.
There had been one negative prevailing view by American historians
of the effects of Reconstruction until the seminal work by W.E.B. DuBois: "Black Reconstruction in America - 1860 - 1880", New York, 1935. The older view held that nothing was accomplished by the newly freed except confusion and corruption led by ignorant black politicians. DuBois' research, first revealed in his PhD dissertation at Harvard University, proved this view to be incorrect. In fact, black Americans miraculously achieved a great deal during Reconstruction . Undoubtedly, the presence of Union troops helped keep the peace. For the first time black Americans could and did vote, held state constitutional conventions, wrote fair and just laws, and elected a governor, United States Senators and Representatives, state representatives
and senators and other elected officials. Black businesses began, farming for themselves
began, and black communities began to flourish. Black voters were uniformly Union supporters or Republicans, while former confederates and their
supporters were encapsulated in the Democratic party. Southern resistance to Reconstruction was fierce. Northerners began to tire.
Support for Reconstruction began to wane before the end of President Grant's second term. By 1876, his last year in office, uniform support for the newly freed had greatly weakened. In the Presidential election of 1876, a compromise was entered into by Republicans and Democrats that resulted in the election of Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in a hotly contested presidential election. Historian, Eric Foner sums up the commonly held notion that "All in all, 1877, confirmed the growing conservatism of the Republican party and portended a new role for the national state in the post-Reconstruction years. . . . To be sure, neither the humanitarian impulse that had helped create the Republican party nor the commitment to equal citizenship that evolved during the war and Reconstruction, entirely disappeared. Southern issues, however, played a steadily diminishing part in Northern Republican politics and support for the idea of federal intervention to enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments continued to wane."
Eric Foner, "Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution," 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, c1988).
Many Southerners opposed both Grant, the outgoing Republican president, and Rutherford B. Hayes, the 1876 Republican presidential candidate. In contests in four Southern states, Hayes won the presidency by one electoral
vote. In return for Southern support of Hayes, Republicans agreed to support the withdrawal of federal troops from the former Confederate States, formally ending Reconstruction. This was the Compromise of 1877, South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana agreed to certify Rutherford B. Hayes as the president in exchange for the removal of federal troops from the South. Hayes
complied with the compromise. He quickly ended Reconstruction and withdrew federal troops from the last two occupied states, South Carolina and Louisiana. The right to vote was the first victim of the ensuing assault on Constitutional rights for African Americans which continues.
The compromise resulted in an appropriations bill for the Army which included the prohibition of any military occupation of any state by the United States Army. By the 1878 election, Congress was dominated by the Democratic Party, and it passed the Posse Comitatus Act in 1878 to prohibit any future president or Congress from directing, by military order or federal legislation, the imposition of federal troops in any U.S. state. According to author Ron Chernow in "Grant,," Penguin Press, New York, 2017, "Once Reconstruction collapsed, it left southern blacks for eighty years at the mercy of Jim Crow segregation, lynchings, poll taxes, literacy tests, and other tactics designed to segregate them from whites and deny them the vote…". It is an enduring legacy and one African Americans need to be aware of.
JACQUELINE HUBBARD, ESQ, President of ASALH


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text:
Q: How to generate JSON data with PHP? CREATE TABLE Posts
{
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
title VARCHAR(200),
url VARCHAR(200)
}

json.php code
<?php
$sql=mysql_query("select * from Posts limit 20");
echo '{"posts": [';
while($row=mysql_fetch_array($sql))
{
$title=$row['title'];
$url=$row['url'];
echo '

{

"title":"'.$title.'",

"url":"'.$url.'"

},';
}
echo ']}';

?>

I have to generate results.json file.

A: If you're pulling dynamic records it's better to have 1 php file that creates a json representation and not create a file each time.
my_json.php
$array = array(
    'title' => $title,
    'url' => $url
);

echo json_encode($array);

Then in your script set the path to the file my_json.php

A: Here i have mentioned the simple syntex for create json file and print the array value inside the json file in pretty manner.
$array = array('name' => $name,'id' => $id,'url' => $url);
$fp = fopen('results.json', 'w');
fwrite($fp, json_encode($array, JSON_PRETTY_PRINT));   // here it will print the array pretty
fclose($fp);

Hope it will works for you....

A: Use this:
$json_data = json_encode($posts);
file_put_contents('myfile.json', $json_data);

You can create the myfile.json before you run the script.But its not compulsory if you have full sudo privileges(read/write permissions(For of you on Mac).

Here is a working Example:
<?php

// data stored in an array called posts
$posts = Array (
    "0" => Array (
        "id" => "01",
        "title" => "Hello",
    ),
    "1" => Array (
        "id" => "02",
        "title" => "Yoyo",
    ),
    "2" => Array (
        "id" => "03",
        "title" => "I like Apples",
    )
);
// encode array to json
$json = json_encode($posts);
$bytes = file_put_contents("myfile.json", $json); //generate json file
echo "Here is the myfile data $bytes.";
?>

A: You can simply use json_encode function of php and save file with file handling functions such as fopen and fwrite.

A: First, you need to decode it :
$jsonString = file_get_contents('jsonFile.json');
$data = json_decode($jsonString, true);

Then change the data :
$data[0]['activity_name'] = "TENNIS";
// or if you want to change all entries with activity_code "1"
foreach ($data as $key => $entry) {
    if ($entry['activity_code'] == '1') {
        $data[$key]['activity_name'] = "TENNIS";
    }
}

Then re-encode it and save it back in the file:
$newJsonString = json_encode($data);
file_put_contents('jsonFile.json', $newJsonString);

copy

A: Use PHP's json methods to create the json then write it to a file with fwrite.

A: Insert your fetched values into an array instead of echoing.
Use file_put_contents() and insert json_encode($rows) into that file, if $rows is your data.

A: To generate JSON in PHP, you need only one function, json_encode().
When working with database, you need to get all the rows into array first. Here is a sample code for mysqli
$sql="select * from Posts limit 20";
$result = $db->query($sql);
$posts = $result->fetch_all(MYSQLI_ASSOC);

then you can either use this array directly or make it part of another array:
echo json_encode($posts);
// or
$response = json_encode([
    'posts' => $posts,
]);

if you need to save it in a file then just use file_put_contents()
file_put_contents('myfile.json', json_encode($posts));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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His professional experience spans over 25 years. The first 5 years were spent with Wells Fargo Bank. Another 5 were spent honing his global banking skills, when Richard was intimately involved with International Trade Finance, Real Time Gross Settlement and Cross Border Banking. Richard then repositioned into the private and high-tech sectors providing high-level consulting services, business analysis, project management and training to a wide range of banking clientele across the globe.
Richard also served as an external consultant to the Bank of Israel in the reform of the Israeli payment systems which included two projects; the introduction of that country's ZAHAV Real Time Gross Settlement payment system and the inclusion of the Israeli Shekel in the international Continuous Linked Settlement (CLS) system.
He has spent extensive time servicing a diversity of "financial institutional" clients, in China, Singapore, Hong Kong, Philippines, Korea, Malawi, Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, Poland, Sweden, Ireland, Netherlands, Greece, United Kingdom, Norway, Bermuda, and across North America. Clients that Richard has trained & consulted to include with such notable firms as AIB Bank, Eurobank, ABSA Bank, CitiBank, Swedbank, IBM, Montran and Fundtech, as well as many others.
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With 50 years of experience, the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) is Norway's leading independent centre for research and information on international political and economic issues, and on areas of central relevance to Norwegian foreign policy.
NUPI was established by the Norwegian Parliament in 1959. The institute is organised as a state body under the Ministry of Education and Research, but operates as an independent, non-political instance in all its professional activities.
NUPI undertakes long-term basic research as well as short-term applied research and advisory services. Central to all NUPI's work is interdisciplinary collaboration, both within the institute and with other institutes and bodies in Norway and abroad.
Measuring the risk of radicalisation – is it really possible?
Are tools for gauging the risk of radicalisation used correctly?
Digitalization of poor countries is a good thing, but too little attention has been paid to the accompanying problems, according to one researcher.
When two countries constantly talk of each other as special friends and allies, this has consequences for practical policy.


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text:
<link rel="import" href="google_youtube_nodart.html">
<link rel="import" href="iron_localstorage.html">
<link rel="import" href="google_youtube_api.html">

<script type="application/dart" src="google_youtube.dart"></script>


text:
Six Americans play on Day 2 of the 2021 Wheelchair Tennis Masters
Six Americans Compete on Day 2
of Wheelchair Masters in Orlando
Victoria Chiesa | November 1, 2021
Six of the seven Americans who qualified for the tournament competed on Monday at the NEC Wheelchair Singles Masters and UNIQLO Wheelchair Doubles Masters. Unfortunately, though, none were able to come away with victories on the second day of the season-ending competition.
In the quad singles, defending champion David Wagner fell in his second round-robin match to top seed Sam Schroder, 6-3, 6-3, bringing his record this week to 1-1. The pair have now played 15 times, with the Dutchman leading 8-7 overall and winning the last six matches. Also in the quads, Bryan Barten pushed Yamnitu Silva of Brazil to a final set but fell short in his quest for a first victory in his Masters debut, 6-1, 2-6, 6-1, and dropped to 0-2.
In the opening round of the doubles tournament, home interests in the men's pairs went 0-3 combined in the men's and quad fields. ADVERTISEMENT Wagner and Nick Taylor, playing their last event together, fell to Schroder and Niels Vink, the top seeds and Tokyo gold medalists in the quads, 6-1, 6-0, while the other all-American pair of Chris Herman and Conner Stroud were beaten by British top seeds and title favorites Alfie Hewett and Gordon Reid, 6-1, 6-1, in their first men's doubles match. Also in Group A of the men's doubles, Casey Ratzlaff, making his Masters debut alongside Chile's Alezander Cataldo, came up short against Tokyo Paralympic bronze medalists Tom Egberink and Maikel Scheffers of the Netherlands, 6-2, 6-3.
In the women's draw, Dana Mathewson, who lost her first singles match to world No. 1 Diede de Groot on Sunday, had a day off. The world No. 8 will play her first doubles match with British partner Lucy Shuker on Tuesday as well as her second singles match against South Africa's Kgothatso Montjane. All seven Americans in the field will play on Day 3 as round-robin play continues, and Team USA will be gauranteed a win as Ratzlaff and Cataldo take on Herman and Stroud.
The NEC Wheelchair Singles Masters and UNIQLO Wheelchair Doubles Masters, featuring the world's eight best singles players and 18 doubles teams across the men's, women's and quad fields, runs from Oct. 31 to Nov. 7 at the USTA National Campus in Orlando, Fla. For more information on the event, visit the tournament hub here.
Photo: Conner Stroud hits a forehand as Chris Herman looks during their doubles match on Day 2. Photo credit: Paul Shank/USTA