2004-09-30 Assigned to ROCKWELL AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC. reassignment ROCKWELL AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BRIANT, STEPHEN C., KALAN, MICHAEL D., MORSE, RICHARD A., BAIER, JOHN J., CHAND, SUJEET, FARCHMIN, DAVID W., MARQUARDT, RANDALL A.
The invention provides systems and methods that format data based at least in part upon attributes associated with such data. Data attributes can be related to a number of various factors in a data driven architecture such as the source of the data, the data subscriber and the path employed to convey the data from the source to the subscriber. In addition, data formatting can employ various levels of complexity and data presentation can vary dependent on various factors such as display device and user to which the data is presented. For example, the format of the data can refer to the size, shape, color, and graphics associated therewith.
The subject invention relates to industrial control systems, and more particularly to systems and methods for automatic visualization and display of data based upon attributes associated therewith.
Industrial controllers are special purpose processing devices used for controlling industrial processes, machines, manufacturing equipment, and other factory automation applications. In accordance with a control program or routine, an industrial controller can measure one or more process variables or inputs representative of the status of a controlled process, and change outputs effecting control of the process. The inputs and outputs can be binary, (e.g., on or off), and/or analog assuming a continuous range of values. The control routine can be executed in a series of execution cycles with batch processing capabilities, and can comprise one or more functional units. Such a control routine can be created in a controller configuration system having tools and interfaces whereby a user can implement a control strategy using programming languages or graphical representations of control functionality. The control routine can be downloaded from the configuration system into one or more controllers for implementation of the control strategy in controlling a process or machine.
The measured inputs received from a controlled process and the outputs transmitted to the process can pass through one or more input/output (I/O) modules in a control system, which serve as an electrical interface between the controller and the controlled process, and can be located proximate or remote from the controller. The inputs and outputs can be recorded in an I/O table in processor memory. Input values can be asynchronously read from the controlled process by one or more input modules and output values can be written directly to the I/O table by a processor for subsequent communication to the process by specialized communications circuitry. An output module can interface directly with a controlled process, by providing an output from an I/O table to an actuator such as a motor, drive, valve, solenoid, and the like.
During execution of the control routine, values of the inputs and outputs exchanged with the controlled process pass through the I/O table. The values of inputs in the I/O table can be asynchronously updated from the controlled process by dedicated scanning circuitry. This scanning circuitry can communicate with input and/or output modules over a bus on a backplane or network communications. The scanning circuitry can also asynchronously write values of the outputs in the I/O table to the controlled process. The output values from the I/O table can be communicated to one or more output modules for interfacing with the process. Thus, a controller processor can simply access the I/O table rather than needing to communicate directly with the controlled process.
In distributed control systems, controller hardware configuration can be facilitated by separating the industrial controller into a number of control modules, each of which performs a different function. Particular control modules needed for the control task can then be connected together on a common backplane within a rack and/or through a network or other communications medium. The control modules can include processors, power supplies, network communication modules, and I/O modules exchanging input and output signals directly with the controlled process. Data can be exchanged between modules using a backplane communications bus, which can be serial or parallel, or via a network. In addition to performing I/O operations based solely on network communications, smart modules exist which can execute autonomous logical or other control programs or routines.
Various control modules of a distributed control system can be spatially distributed along a common communication link in several racks. Certain I/O modules can thus be located proximate a portion of the control equipment, and away from the remainder of the controller. Data can be communicated with these remote modules over a common communication link, or network, wherein all modules on the network communicate via a standard communications protocol.
In a typical distributed control system, one or more I/O modules are provided for interfacing with a process. The outputs derive their control or output values in the form of a message from a master or peer device over a network or a backplane. For example, an output module can receive an output value from a processor, such as a programmable logic controller (PLC), via a communications network or a backplane communications bus. The desired output value is generally sent to the output module in a message, such as an I/O message. The output module receiving such a message will provide a corresponding output (analog or digital) to the controlled process. Input modules measure a value of a process variable and report the input values to a master or peer device over a network or backplane. The input values can be used by a processor (e.g., a PLC) for performing control computations.
In such distributed control systems, data can be collected, analyzed and disbursed throughout a control architecture. In some instances, data related to a particular system and/or process can be conveyed to a user wishing to inspect desired data values. Further, data can relate to multiple aspects of a particular process and can be routed to a particular destination utilizing a number of means. Conventionally, data transmitted throughout a control architecture is typically viewed before it is configured to modify its appearance. In addition, it can be difficult to determine which channels are employed to transmit data from a source to a particular destination. Thus, data is needed that can be easily modified and presented relative to various properties associated with such data.
The invention provides systems and methods for automatic visualization and display of data based upon attributes associated therewith. Data received by a subscriber can have various attributes indicative of a source of the data and/or channels employed to deliver the data to the subscriber. For example, some data sources can only provide data with a time stamp, while others can support transactional capabilities, and still others can support more extensive attributes with varying degrees of sophistication. In addition, some devices (e.g., PLCs, controllers, etc.) can perform as servers adding attributes to data from other devices, while other devices can have as proxy servers for data in order to satisfy the data servicing requirements from automation devices for heavily utilized high overhead data. It is to be appreciated that in a data driven architecture, attributed data can be served in a hierarchical manner to designate the source and channels through which the data is routed. As known, data driven architecture can provide additional information to data subscribers in a particular control system to allow for more efficient and robust utilization of system resources. Partially attributed data can be published or made available to selected subscribers that can wish to view intermediate attributes of the data that relate to intermediate channels of data routing.
A common data object shell definition can provide a common framework for interoperable access to data on a plant floor in a manner that is amenable to manufacturing execution systems (MES) and/or enterprise resource planning (ERP) integrated information applications. Included in this data object shell definition can be tiered levels of human machine interface (HMI) visualization attributes for that data. A directory can be employed to provide a logical description to the user of devices in a factory, for example. The directory can provide a logical depiction of data tailored to the vernacular and/or plant organization of a user's industry. Thus, the directory can translate the logical view of the factory into physical locations and/or addresses needed for the required data access and/or associations.
According to one aspect of the invention, a system that provides automatic visualization configuration in an industrial environment is employed, comprising an input component that receives data from a source, wherein the data accumulates attributes based on data channeling from the source to the input component; and an analyzer that determines visualization attributes from the accumulated attributes and configures display properties of the data based at least in part upon the visualization attributes that are utilized during display of the data.
According to another aspect of the invention, a computer implemented method for automatic configuration of data is utilized that comprises receiving data from a source; analyzing the attributes associated with the data; determining data appearance configuration based on the analysis; and utilizing the configuration to display the data to a user.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, a computer implemented method for formatting data is employed comprising obtaining data from a source; determining attributes associated with the data based at least upon servers employed to communicate the data; and formatting the data based at least in part upon the attributes.
According to still yet another aspect of the invention, a computer implemented method for displaying data is employed comprising means for receiving data rules associated with visual formatting of the data; means for determining visual formatting properties associated with the data; and means for presenting the data on the display device based at least in part upon the visual formatting properties of the data. To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the invention, then, comprises the features hereinafter fully described. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative aspects of the invention. However, these aspects are indicative of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the invention can be employed. Other aspects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the drawings.
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary visualization component system in accordance with an aspect of the current invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary visualization component system with an attribute analyzer in accordance with an aspect of the current invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary visualization component system with an attribute analyzer and a rules store in accordance with an aspect of the current invention.
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary system that employs a visualization component system with an attribute analyzer and a rules store in accordance with an aspect of the current invention.
FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary visualization configuration system in accordance with an aspect of the current invention.
FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary visualization configuration system employed with a processing component in accordance with an aspect of the current invention.
FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary visualization configuration system in a network environment in accordance with an aspect of the current invention.
FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary methodology that receives and transmits formatted data to a display device.
FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary methodology that formats data based upon attributes of the data.
FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary methodology that displays data received from a source.
FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary computing environment wherein the invention can be employed.
FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary network wherein the invention can be employed.
The various aspects of the subject invention will now be described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. The invention relates to systems and methods that provide automatic visualization configuration and/or display in a data driven architecture. In such architecture, data can be received from any number of components, devices, systems, etc. throughout a factory, plant and the like. In addition, such architecture can provide various channels for information to be routed throughout the system such as servers, proxy servers, hubs and the like. In one aspect of the subject invention, the handling and processing of this data can be selectively transactional in nature. In addition, attributes associated with this data can be as simple as a time stamp or include units and data quality parameters, or include more sophisticated attributes such as transactional processing parameters, and various levels of visualization attributes.
Referring now to FIG. 1, an exemplary system 100 comprises an input component 110 that receives information from a source and transmits such information to a visualization component 120. The input component 110 can receive information from any number of sources to which the input component 110 is connected. For example, the input component 110 can communicate with external devices located throughout a data driven architecture to receive information from various sources related to the control architecture of the system. Such information can be sent via a specific protocol or communication standard such as Ethernet, ControlNet, DeviceNet, Profibus, CAN bus or the like. Further, the communication can be accomplished via a wireless protocol such as wireless Ethernet, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, etc. In addition, the input component 110 can receive data through various media such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, serial cable and the like. The input component 110 can be a hardware interface such as a serial port, USB port, wire terminal, etc. Alternatively, the input component 110 can be software in nature such that data is received and transmitted to a software interface such as an API, for example. The input component 110 can alternatively be a hardware device such as wire, cable, port, etc.
The information received by the input component 110 can be related to specific processes, machines and/or data associated with various aspects of machine control, for example. Such information can be transmitted to the visualization component 120 to modify various properties related to visual format and display of the information to a user. The visualization component 120 can change visual properties associated with received information based on various parameters. The visualization component 120 can be employed to change any number of display properties such as color, font, size, location, etc. of the information. Additionally or alternatively, data can be displayed in various levels of detail and illustrated utilizing graphics such as bar graphs, dials, pie charts, and the like. Various external visual aids can be associated with the data and displayed in place of or along side the data to provide context for the information, such as bitmaps, vector based graphics, etc.
In order to modify the information displayed to a user, the visualization component 120 can analyze received data to determine if various properties and/or attributes are associated with the data. For example, attributes relating to the source of the data can be determined as well as the manner (e.g., channels, servers, data routing, etc.) in which a subscriber received such data. The visualization component 120 can dynamically format and generate data based on the visualization attributes associated with the data objects to be displayed. Formatting of data can be based upon user definable and/or configurable "skins" for preferences of appearance, etc. and/or user definable configuration rules for visualization formatting. In addition, visualization information can be selected based upon the role and/or location of a user, capabilities of a display device, process to be viewed, location of a process to be viewed, time and/or business logic, for example. Further, additional attributes can be employed to force changes on applicable data.
The input component 110 can facilitate communication with external devices utilizing a number of protocols and/or standards. Further, the communication link that connects the external hardware with the input component 110 can obtain connectivity many different ways. Various protocols can be employed between the input component 110 and external sources and such protocols can be selected by the user and/or detected by the input component 110 to begin communication between devices. In another approach, the system 100 can receive and/or modify data. For example, the input component 110 can be associated with an industrial controller, a distributed I/O module, a data acquisition board or the like. Data can be transmitted from the input component 110 to the visualization component 120 utilizing one or a plurality of different mediums such as coaxial cable, ControlNet, Profibus, Ethernet, etc.
The visualization component 120 can output data to a plurality of disparate devices to display such data to a user(s). Such data can be formatted to accommodate various aspects of the device that receives such data and/or the user viewing the data. In one aspect of the invention, after the formatted data has been sent to a display device, a user can modify the display of such data. In addition, data can be sent to a desktop monitor with a particular size and resolution capability. Display of such data can be modified based on other data and/or display constraints related to disparate processes associated with the monitor. In another example, the same data can be transmitted to a handheld PC with a different (e.g., smaller) screen size, resolution, processes, etc.
Turning now to FIG. 2, a system 200 is shown wherein the input component 110 is employed to receive and convey information to the visualization component 120, as noted above. An attribute analyzer 210 can be utilized to communicate with the visualization component 120 to analyze received data and determine attributes associated with such data. The attributes can be related to various aspects of the data such as the origin of the data, channels employed to transmit the data to a subscriber, process and/or system associated with the data, time and/or business logic, for example. In this manner, attributes associated with a data object can be referred to as visualization properties utilized to determine the "look" and "feel" of the data as it is displayed to a user. These properties can be provided as inherent predefined and/or user defined attributes for that data to be utilized. There can be multiple levels of visualization properties provided within each data object facilitating simple to complex viewing of the data. For example, simple viewing can refer to a simple red/yellow/green indicator while complex viewing could be a bar chart with precise numerical depiction, units, error tolerances, set points, etc.
As described, the attribute analyzer 210 can be a virtual component that resides in the visualization component 120. In this manner, the visualization component 120 can act as a host for the analyzing process to take place. Alternatively, the visualization component 120 can exchange data with the attribute analyzer 210 wherein the attribute analyzer 210 is a separate entity. A memory (not shown) and a processor (not shown) can be coupled with the attribute analyzer 210 to facilitate analysis of received data. Once analysis is complete, data and/or a listing of attributes can be transmitted to the visualization component 120 for further processing.
Turning now to FIG. 3, illustrated is a system 300 wherein the attribute analyzer 210 is associated with a rules store 310. As shown, the attribute analyzer 210 is coupled to the visualization component 120 that receives data sent from the input component 110. The rules store 310 can be employed to create, edit and/or store rules associated with the attribute analyzer 210. A user can create rules and/or rules can be inherently created based on attributes associated with data received. For example, if data is received from a particular process within a plant, such data can inherently appear as blue, bold-faced text with a twelve-point font when output to a particular device. In such a case, a user can employ an editor to modify such inherent visualization formatting as desired.
Additionally, a user can create rules specific to various data that can be received by the visualization component to be visually formatted and output to a device. In order to create rules, the rules store 310 can provide a listing of possible attributes to the user that is associated with data received. In this manner, the user can select a desired attribute and assign it various formatting rules. Similarly, a listing of available formatting options can be presented to a user in order to simplify the rules creation process. Once a user creates a specific rule relating to a formatting configuration, he can employ the rules store 310 to store and access the rule at a later time. Thus, a user can generate and accumulate a plurality of various formats to be employed at a later date if desired. For instance, all data relating to a quenching process can have a graphic that displays a tank filled with water and a numerical field to display the data associated with the graphic. Additionally, the water level in the tank can be scaled so that the water height varies as a function of the numerical value of the data.
As shown, the rules store 310 is within the attribute analyzer 210. It is to be appreciated, however, that the rules store 310 can reside remotely from the attribute analyzer 210 and/or act as a virtual store that can be accessed from any number of locations. For example, the rules store 310 can be an HMI located on a remote computer that provides a graphical interface in order to create, edit and store attribute related rules. The HMI can provide an environment in which various routines, protocols, etc. can be employed to facilitate the development and execution of a rule(s).
Automatic visualization can be performed by a visualization software process using visualization rules to dynamically construct and format HMI visualization screens based upon the aforementioned configuration settings and data attributes. The visualization can be formatted for display utilizing standard web-browser display devices. Based upon the capabilities of the display device, the size and information content of the visualization screen can be adjusted accordingly. The visualization rules can provide a mechanism to provide plant, process, machine, location, and/or business rules based logic for the presentation and access control of machine or process related information.
An example of a business rule could be to "optimize process finished goods quality, then machine utilization, then material utilization." If finished goods quality is within specific limits, this can be shown as a simple status indicator. Alternatively, if the finished goods quality is not within limits, detailed quality visualization can be presented. In this aspect, the business rule along with the data itself can determine what information is presented to the user, in what manner and/or in what sequence.
Referring briefly to FIG. 4, illustrates an exemplary system 400 that analyzes and displays attributes related to data received. The input component 110 sends data received to the visualization component 120, which is coupled to the attribute analyzer 210, and rules store 310. As shown, the attribute analyzer 210 can parse out one or more attributes 440 related to data received and display such attributes 440 to a user. It is to be appreciated that received data can have any number of attributes 440 associated therewith. In this manner, such attributes 440 can be located and recognized to facilitate further processing of the data and/or attributes 440. For example, the rules store 310 can provide a specific rule set related to a particular attribute associated with various received data.
In addition, address and interface information related to the data can be employed to change the state or force changes to one or more parameters (e.g., data values) that are displayed. When viewing a particular data value (e.g., tank level), the address provided in one of the tank level attributes can be the means to force the control system to either manually fill or drain the tank. Such attributes can be restricted and only added where such operation is permitted.
FIG. 5 illustrates a visualization configuration system 500 that receives data via the input component 110 and provides visual formatting to data that is output via the visualization component 120. The visualization component 120 is coupled to the attribute analyzer 210 and the rules store 310 as discussed previously. In addition, the visualization component 120 is coupled to an appearance configuration bank (ACB) 510 which in turn is associated with an application program interface (API) 520. The ACB 510 can be employed to generate, modify and store one or more user definable appearance configurations, such as a "skin," for example. User definable "skins" can provide a means for users to set preferences for appearance related parameters such as color themes, fonts, object sizes and data display preferences. Such data display preferences can include numerical indication, gauges, bar charts, go/no-go color indicators, or combinations of these, for example.
In order to set appearance related parameters, the API 520 can be employed to provide a user interface to the ACB 510. The API 520 can be an HMI wherein a plurality of appearance configuration options can be presented to a user. For example, in an editing feature of the API 520, a user can click on a particular aspect of a screen such as the title bar of a particular software application. Once clicked, a properties window can appear before the user to allow changes to be made to the size, color, font etc. associated with the title bar. After such appearance configuration parameters have been modified, a memory (not shown) can be employed for storage and retrieval of the configuration (e.g., skin) at a later time.
FIG. 6 illustrates a system 600 that comprises a visualization configuration system (VCS) 610 employed within a processing component 620. The processing component 620 can be adapted to accept data from a source to facilitate processing and output the data to a display device 630. The processing component 620 can be any device and/or system that can accept data and output such data to a display device. In this manner, data that is received by the processing device can be visually formatted based on one or more attributes. Such formatting can be performed by the VCS 610 to provide data in specific configurations as they relate to the visual display of data. For example, a VCS 610 can be a programmable logic controller, a computer, distributed I/O, a smart terminal and the like.
The display device 630 can receive formatted data utilizing various protocols, standards and/or media to convey such data. The manner of providing data to the display device can be dependent on the type of processing component 620, the type of display device 630 or both. For example, the data can be transmitted via a plurality of protocols such as RS-232, RS-485, Ethernet, ControlNet, DeviceNet and the like. In one approach, data can be transmitted via parallel cable from a processor to a monitor in a desktop PC. In addition, media such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, video cable, etc. can be utilized to facilitate data delivery from the processing device 620 to the display device 630.
The display device 630 can be substantially any type of device that can accept and display data to a user. For example, the display device 630 can be a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a programmable digital assistant, a workstation, a palm top computer, a cell phone, an industrial monitor, a television or a notebook computer. It is to be appreciated that although a single display device is shown, a plurality of display devices can be employed in one approach of the subject invention. The limitations and/or features of a display device 630 can determine the manner in which the data will be formatted.
The display device 630 can have an artificial intelligence (AI) component (not shown) that can determine the best manner in which the data will appear on the display device 630. For example, the AI component can determine that a display device employs a particular video driver and thus modify color and/or resolution related to data conveyed to the display device 630.
In one aspect of the subject invention, visual formatting, as well as attributes, etc. of data can be generated by machine learning wherein one or more training sets of data with examples of desired results and/or undesired results for searches can be utilized to train the system. In another aspect of the subject invention, initial conditions, based on one or more features that indicate desired results, can be utilized. Such initial conditions can be adjusted over time and in response to user actions associated with returned results in order to improve discrimination. For example, results utilized by the user can be employed to train the system to learn desired results for the associated query and results that are ignored by the user can be employed to train the system to learn undesired results of the query. In addition, the frequency of utilization of a result can further enhance such learning. For example, a result that is accessed more times by the user can be deemed more useful to the user. In this manner, if a particular subscriber employs a specific data type more times than another, that data type can be utilized in the future.
In addition, as utilized herein, the term "inference" refers generally to the process of reasoning about or inferring states of the system, environment, and/or user from a set of observations as captured via events and/or data. Inference can be employed to identify a specific context or action, or can generate a probability distribution over states, for example. The inference can be probabilistic—that is, the computation of a probability distribution over states of interest based on a consideration of data and events. Inference can refer to techniques employed for composing higher-level events from a set of events and/or data. Such inference can result in the construction of new events or actions from a set of observed events and/or stored event data, whether or not the events are correlated in close temporal proximity, and whether the events and data come from one or several event and data sources. Various classification schemes and/or systems (e.g., support vector machines, neural networks (e.g., back-propagation, feed forward back propagation, radial bases and fuzzy logic), expert systems, Bayesian networks, and data fusion) can be employed in connection with performing automatic and/or inferred action in connection with the subject invention.
In yet another aspect of the invention, a technique can be employed to anticipate the visualization attributes and display of particular data. For example, information such as historical data representing data and attributes associated with such data utilized with various display devices can be employed to predict the visual formatting of the data with the display device 630. For example, intelligent based decisions based on statistics, probabilities, inferences and classifiers (e.g., explicitly and implicitly trained), including Bayesian learning, Bayesian classifiers and other statistical classifiers, such as decision tree learning methods, support vector machines, linear and non-linear regression and/or neural networks can be employed in accordance with an aspect of the subject invention. In this manner, the AI component (not shown) can be employed by the display device 630 to provide decision making based on learned actions of a particular attribute in relation to the display device 630.
Referring now to FIG. 7, which shows an exemplary system 700 wherein a network 1 (710), a network 2 (720) and a network N (730) are coupled to a visualization configuration system (VCS) 740. It is to be appreciated that the VCS 740 can be coupled to N number of networks, where N is an integer greater than or equal to one. In addition, the VCS 740 can be coupled to a network employing a plurality of means including wireless (e.g., network 1) and wired (e.g., network 2, network N) technologies and/or protocols. Such protocols can include wireless Ethernet, infrared, Blue Tooth, ControlNet, DeviceNet, Profibus and the like. The VCS 740 can be associated with one or more devices such that the VCS 740 is local or remote to such devices.
Each network 710-730 can comprise a plurality of devices that are coupled together utilizing various network architectures and/or protocols to facilitate communication between such network devices. Each network 710-730 can accommodate any number of devices that can interface to other components to provide electronic control of one or more processes, for example. In addition, the networks 710-730 can employ one or more servers to channel data from a source (e.g., drive, servo, measurement sensor, temperature sensor, switch, etc.) to a subscriber (e.g., programmable logic controller, computer, digital control system, etc.). Further, such data can be sent from one or more servers to a proxy server employed to accept data from disparate servers within a data driven architecture, such as the system 700.
Data conveyed between the one or more networks 710-730 and the VCS 740 can be sent based on a number of factors. For example, the data can be "pulled" from the networks 710-730 by the VCS 740 on a periodic basis and/or when a particular condition (e.g., specific data exceeds a predetermined value, time, etc.) is met. In addition, the VCS 740 can accept data from one or more networks 710-730 when a particular network attempts to deliver such data. For instance, the network 710 can attempt to deliver data once a specific process related to it is complete. In addition, the VCS 740 can poll the one or more networks to determine when data can be delivered and in what fashion (e.g., size of data, protocol, conduit, etc.) In this manner, data can be exchanged between the networks 710-730 and the VCS 740 in substantially any desired configuration.
The display device 750 can be one or more devices that can accept and display data received to a user. Such a display can occur utilizing a monitor, providing audio sounds, employing telephony and any number of methods and/or systems employed to communicate information to a user. The display device 750 can be an LED scroll bar, marquee, PA system, telephone, stereo, flat screen monitor, etc. In this manner, the data can be conveyed to a user in any desired audio or visual format. Moreover, such formatting can be configured based on attributes related to the data (e.g., channels the data employed to convey such data from a source to subscriber). For instance, attributes can be related to data that employs server A in plant 1 and proxy server 77 in the main plant to be transmitted from a source to a subscriber. In this example, the data can be displayed as text that is italicized and underlined with a font size of 80. Other configurations can be employed based on data attributes that provide inherent and/or programmed visual configuration and/or formatting. One skilled in the art can appreciate the limitless possibilities associated with the formatting and display of data based at least in part upon attributes associated with such data.
FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 illustrate methodologies 800, 900 and 1000 in accordance with the subject invention. For simplicity of explanation, the methodologies are depicted and described as a series of acts. It is to be understood and appreciated that the subject invention is not limited by the acts illustrated and/or by the order of acts, for example acts can occur in various orders and/or concurrently, and with other acts not presented and described herein. Furthermore, not all illustrated acts may be required to implement the methodologies in accordance with the subject invention. In addition, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that the methodologies could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states via a state diagram or events.
Referring now to FIG. 8, illustrated is a methodology 800 to format and display data to a user. At 810, data is received from a source wherein the source can be substantially any device and/or component that can generate data and communicate such data to another device and/or component. Data can be conveyed periodically, based on a condition, or when polled, for example. In addition, the data can be provided in desired protocols in order as needed to move data throughout a system, for example. Data can be received via a hardware and/or a software interface that can be configured to accept such data.
At 820, attributes are analyzed which are related to the received data. The attributes can be related to various channels in which the data is conveyed from the source to the component and/or device that receives the data. For example, if data is transmitted from a source to a server X, transmitted from server X to proxy server 17 and then transmitted to a data subscriber, the data channels can be conveyed as attributes and sent along with the data. It is to be appreciated that such attributes can be cumulative based on the various paths/routes/channels employed to convey data from a source to a subscriber, such as the source and the server X, for example. The attributes may not describe the communication path but rather varying degrees of visualization information and/or sophistication. In addition, the data 'title' or descriptive name can also be an attribute. Such attributes can be transmitted with the data such that the attributes are received before, after or simultaneous to the reception of the data.
At 830, appearance configuration settings (ACS) are determined. The ACS or "skins" provide a means for a user(s) to set preferences related to appearance related parameters such as color themes, fonts, object sizes and data display preferences. For example, data display preferences could include numerical indication, gauges, bar charts, go/no-go color indicators or a combination of these. At 840, the formatting of the data is modified based on the data attributes and appearance configuration. Such formatting can refer to size, color, font, graphics, etc. employed to display data to a user, as noted above.
At 850, the formatted data is transmitted to a display device and presented to a user. The display device can be substantially any system that can receive data and present such data to a user. For example, the display device can be a monitor, a laptop computer, a PC, a personal digital assistant or a cell phone. The data can be presented to the display device in a specific area of the device (e.g., upper right corner, bottom center, etc.) and/or justified as desired. In addition, the data can be re-sized so that it is proportional in relation to the display (e.g., screen, monitor, etc.) of the device. For example, data displayed to a desktop CRT can be one size and the same data can be re-sized to smaller proportions to be presented in a cell phone display. Once data is presented to the user, he can manipulate the data utilizing any number of programs (e.g., HMI, API, etc.) to make changes to various aspects of the data as desired.
FIG. 9 shows an exemplary methodology 900 wherein data is gathered and formatted based on attributes associated with the data. At 910, data is gathered from a process. The process can be related to various operations and/or methods associated with industrial control, for example. Such industrial control can be employed to monitor and/or control manufacturing, production, quality, finishing, building, etc. operations, for example. In addition, data can be gathered utilizing a processor, a terminal, a digital control system, a computer and the like. Such data can be transmitted to the gathering device at specific times, or as desired by the user. The data can be related to various units of measure and be scaled to minimum and maximum limits as desired by the user. For example, the data can be in volts, amperes, ohms, pulses, etc. and can be gathered in accordance with specific protocols such as ASCII, digital, analog, and the like.
At 920, the data is transmitted from the process to a first server. The server can be employed with any number of server platforms (e.g., hardware and/or software) to provide an engine that drives the server. In addition, the server can be one or more types of servers such as an application server, an audio/video server, a chat server, a fax server, an FTP server, a groupware server, an IRC server, a list server, a mail server, a news server, a proxy server, a telnet server and/or a web server. In addition, the server can be a location where data is stored and/or processed such as a PLC, automation controller, digital control system (DCS) and the like. It is to be appreciated to one skilled in the art that each server can have specific protocols and/or standards related to transmitting and/or receiving data and for the sake of brevity will not be mentioned in detail.
Further, the first server can be located remotely or locally to the location(s) of the data which is gathered. For example, data can be gathered from a single process that encompasses a multitude of disparate locations. Thus, the server can be local with regard to some aspects of the process and remote with other aspects. In addition, the manner in which the data is transmitted can employ wireless and/or wired technologies to convey data from a source to the first server. At 930, the data is transmitted from the first server to a second server employing various protocols, formats, standards and media as mentioned supra. It is to be appreciated that the methods outlined herein are non-exhaustive and that one skilled in the art can appreciate that any number of methods can be employed to transmit and/or receive data from the source to the servers, between servers and from the second server to the device that determines attributes related to the data conveyed.
At 940, attributes associated with the data are determined. As noted, some data sources can provide direct data with a time stamp, for example, while other data can directly support transactional capabilities and still others can support more extensive attributes such as HMI visualization attributes with varying degrees of sophistication. In addition, some devices can perform as servers adding attributes to the data from other devices. Such attributes can be determined utilizing a device and/or process for such purpose. The attributes can be related to the source of the data, the channels employed to convey the data, visualization configuration, etc. After the attributes have been determined, they can be stored in a memory (not shown) or similar storage device to retrieve and utilize at a later time.
At 960, the data is formatted based upon attributes. As noted herein, such data formatting can be accomplished by considering any number of factors such as role and location of a user viewing the data, capabilities of a display device, process to be viewed, time and/or business logic. In addition, formatting can refer to the size, shape, color, associated graphics, etc. of the data as it relates to how the data is presented to a user(s). Further, the data can be formatted at disparate levels such as simple, moderate and complex. For example, data can be presented as a simple multi-color indicator, or complex with specific data points mapped in relation to an associated graphic. By way of further example, data can have various formatting based on user preferences. For instance, particular data can have seven formatting configurations each related to one of seven users.
Turning now to FIG. 10, illustrated is a methodology 1000 to receive data from a source and display such data. At 1010 data is received from a source. The source can be a hardware device, software platform, combination of hardware and software, etc. that can transmit data utilizing various methods and/or protocols mentioned supra. In addition, data can be received from the source on a periodic basis, when a condition is met, a single time, etc. as desired. At 1020, visual formatting properties associated with the data are determined. Such visual formatting properties can relate to the manner in which data is presented to a user such as the screen location, levels of formatting, user configurations, etc. For example, visual formatting properties can include employing a moderate formatting level with user "John Smith" to present data as a pie chart related to several desired production metrics.
At 1030, display parameters of the display device are determined. Such display parameters can include bandwidth, dot clock, horizontal scan rate, refresh rate, interlacing, dot pitch, etc. of the device. Further, size of the screen (e.g., 3″, 8″, 14″, 15″, 17″, 20″, etc.) and screen resolution (e.g., 640×480, 800×600, 1024×768 and 1280×1024, etc.) can affect the appearance of visually formatted data. Thus, identically visually formatted data can be presented differently to a user if such data is sent to disparate devices with disparate display parameters. It is to be appreciated that display parameters can be consonant with various display devices. For instance, a cell phone can have a smaller screen and lower resolution than a desktop computer monitor. At 1040, the data is displayed to the user. Data can be displayed based at least upon the visual formatting properties associated with the data and the parameters associated with the display device, as noted above.
With reference to FIG. 11, an exemplary environment 1100 for implementing various aspects of the invention includes a computer 1112 is depicted. The computer 1112 includes a processing unit 1114, a system memory 1116, and a system bus 1118. The system bus 1118 couples system components including, but not limited to, the system memory 1116 to the processing unit 1114. The processing unit 1114 can be any of various available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multiprocessor architectures also can be employed as the processing unit 1114.
It is to be appreciated that FIG. 11 describes software that acts as an intermediary between users and the basic computer resources described in suitable operating environment 1100. Such software includes an operating system 1128. Operating system 1128, which can be stored on disk storage 1124, acts to control and allocate resources of the computer system 1112. System applications 1130 take advantage of the management of resources by operating system 1128 through program modules 1132 and program data 1134 stored either in system memory 1116 or on disk storage 1124. It is to be appreciated that the subject invention can be implemented with various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
A user enters commands or information into the computer 1112 through input device(s) 1136. Input devices 1136 include, but are not limited to, a pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad, keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, TV tuner card, digital camera, digital video camera, web camera, and the like. These and other input devices connect to the processing unit 1114 through the system bus 1118 via interface port(s) 1138. Interface port(s) 1138 include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a game port, and a universal serial bus (USB). Output device(s) 1140 use some of the same type of ports as input device(s) 1136. Thus, for example, a USB port can be used to provide input to computer 1112, and to output information from computer 1112 to an output device 1140. Output adapter 1142 is provided to illustrate that there are some output devices 1140 like monitors, speakers, and printers, among other output devices 1140, which require special adapters. The output adapters 1142 include, by way of illustration and not limitation, video and sound cards that provide a means of connection between the output device 1140 and the system bus 1118. It should be noted that other devices and/or systems of devices provide both input and output capabilities such as remote computer(s) 1144.
FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary computing environment 1200 in which the subject invention can be employed. The system 1200 includes one or more client(s) 1210. The client(s) 1210 can be hardware and/or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing devices). The system 1200 additionally includes one or more server(s) 1230. Likewise, the server(s) 1230 can be hardware and/or software (e.g., threads, processes, computing devices).
One possible communication between a client 1202 and a server 1204 can be in the form of a data packet transmitted between two or more computer processes. The system 1200 further includes a communication framework 1208 that can be employed to facilitate communications between the client(s) 1202 and the server(s) 1204. The client(s) 1202 can interface with one or more client data store(s) 1210, which can be employed to store information local to the client(s) 1202. Similarly, the server(s) 1204 can interface with one or more server data store(s) 1206, which can be employed to store information local to the servers 1204.
What has been described above includes examples of the subject invention. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the subject invention, but one of ordinary skill in the art can recognize that many further combinations and permutations of the subject invention are possible. Accordingly, the subject invention is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. In this regard, it will also be recognized that the invention includes a system as well as a computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for performing the steps of the various methods of the invention. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several aspects or implementations of the invention, such a feature can be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms "includes", "including", "has", "having", and variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, these terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising" and its variants.
an appearance configuration component that is configured to modify display property associated with the graphical representation based on an environment in which the display data is displayed, wherein the appearance configuration component is further configured to display a first graphical representation to represent the display data in response to a first determination that one or more attributes satisfy a predefined criterion, and display a second graphical representation to represent the display data in response to a second determination that the one or more attributes fail to satisfy the predefined criterion, wherein the first graphical representation provides more detailed information regarding the display data than the second graphical representation.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the display property comprises at least one of a color theme, a font, or an object size associated with the data to be displayed.
a rules store configured to retain a configuration rule to format display properties associated with the display data.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the analyzer is further configured to modify the display property based on at least one of a role of a user viewing the data, a location of the user viewing the data, or time.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the display property includes at least one of a font, a text size, a color, a translational motion, a rotational motion, an animation, or a screen location.
a presentation device that is configured to display the graphical representation.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein the presentation device is one of a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a programmable digital assistant, a workstation, a portable computer, a cell phone, a monitor, or a notebook computer.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more attributes comprise multiple levels, each level relating to a disparate aspect of formatting the process data.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more attributes are at least one of inherent, predefined, or user defined.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein the graphical representation displayed along with context data associated with the display data.
a rules store configured to at least one of create, edit, or store a user defined rule associated with the analyzer, the user defined rule facilitates configuration of the display property.
an appearance configuration bank configured to modify and store at least one user definable appearance configuration.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the appearance configuration bank further comprises an application program interface that is configured to provide a user interface for the appearance configuration bank.
14. The system of claim 1, wherein the graphical representation includes at least one of a numerical indication, a gauge, a bar chart, a pie chart, a dial, a slider, or a color indicator.
15. The system of claim 1, wherein the attribute data specifies a sequence in which the process data is to be displayed.
generating a first graphical representation to represent the display data, in response to determining that the attribute data satisfies a predefined criterion, and generating a second graphical representation to represent the display data, in response to determining that the attribute data does not satisfy the predefined criterion, wherein the first graphical representation provides a greater amount of information regarding the display data than the second graphical representation.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the receiving the process data includes receiving the process data routed via one or more devices within the data channel.
configuring at least one setting related to the graphical representation based in part on an environment in which the display data is displayed.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the configuring includes configuring at least one of a color theme, a font, an object size, or a data display preference associated with the graphical representation.
employing at least one pre-defined configuration rule to format one or more display properties associated with the graphical representation.
formatting the graphical representation based in part on at least one of a role of a user viewing the data, a location of the user viewing the data, a capability of a display device, a process to be viewed, time, or business logic.
facilitating a transmission of the graphical representation to a display device.
facilitating a presentation of the context data with the graphical representation.
facilitating a display of the graphical representation via at least one of a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a programmable digital assistant, a workstation, a palm top computer, a cell phone, an industrial monitor, a television, or a notebook computer.
facilitating a display of the graphical representation as at least one of a numerical value, a gauge, a bar chart, or a color indicator.
based in part on the attribute data, formatting at least one of a size, a color, a font, or a graphic within the graphical representation.
facilitating a display of the graphical representation based in part on a sequence specified by the attribute data.
formatting the graphical representation based in part on at least one of a role of a user viewing the data, a location of the user viewing the data, or time.
determining context data associated with the display data that is to be displayed with the graphical representation.


Did GrafTech International Ltd. (NYSE:EAF) Insiders Buy Up More Shares?
The company's majority shareholder is selling down its stake.
BBU earnings call for the period ending December 31, 2018.
EAF earnings call for the period ending December 31, 2018.
GrafTech is a major supplier of graphite electrodes, which are the primary heating element in electric arc furnaces used in making steel from scrap metal. Most analysts are recommending a Buy on GrafTech's stock, but Johnson downgraded it late last year to a Sell rating and said during an interview Thursday the market is missing falling prices. "Consensus is that graphite electrode prices are rising," Johnson said on Benzinga's PreMarket Prep trading show.
Does GrafTech International Ltd. (NYSE:EAF) Have A Place In Your Portfolio?
Is GrafTech International Ltd. (EAF) A Good Stock To Buy?
GrafTech International Sees Hammer Chart Pattern: Time to Buy?
GrafTech International has been struggling lately, but the selling pressure may be coming to an end soon.
Vertical Research sounds a worrying note.
Hold onto your pencils. The graphite inside them may be worth more than you imagine.
EAF earnings call for the period ending September 30, 2018.
Is GrafTech International Ltd (NYSE:EAF) Attractive At This PE Ratio?
On Sep 12, Larry Kudlow, President Trump???s chief economic advisor confirmed that Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin has sought fresh trade talks with China.


Limonium has several lateral stems that produce hundreds of papery blossoms. This coral limonium has been airbrushed with a special floral paint. The deep coral color will complement your beach themed wedding décor while adding texture to your floral designs.


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Archidiecezja Campinas (łac. Archidioecesis Campinensis) – diecezja Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego w Brazylii. Należy do metropolii Campinas, wchodzi w skład regionu kościelnego Sul 1. Została erygowana przez papieża Piusa X bullą Dioecesium nimiam amplitudinem w dniu 7 czerwca 1908.

19 kwietnia 1959 papież Pius XII utworzył metropolię Campinas podnosząc diecezję do rangi archidiecezji.

Bibliografia

Campinas
Religia w Campinas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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BROOKFIELD NEWS
Brookfield Central, East high schools might get four new LED lights at their football fields
BROOKFIELD - Brookfield East and Central high schools could soon have updated lights at their football fields that will both improve lighting on the field and decrease the amount of light that spills into nearby homes.
Plans for the new lights were unanimously approved by the Brookfield Plan Commission on March 9.
The plan calls for four new 80-foot LED light poles to be placed at both schools' multipurpose outdoor athletic fields.
An exception was approved by the plan commission because of the poles' length. A conditional-use ordinance says lighting poles cannot exceed 80 feet in length.
The four new lighting poles will be used until 10 p.m. at the latest and will have a maximum wattage of 1,500 watts.
The lighting upgrades coincide with the recent move to upgrade the football fields at both of the schools, city documents show. The multipurpose field is used for football, soccer, track and field and lacrosse.
Dan Davis, senior vice president of the construction management firm CG Schmidt, presented the plans to the plan commission.
"The lighting currently has outdated lamps and fixtures," he said. "Right now at both campuses, the light isn't sufficient to really meet WIAA standards and the lighting standards at these fields."
Alderman Gary Mahkorn praised the efforts of the school district at the plan commission meeting.
"I think you're trying to clean things up," he said. "It's going to be a better presentation for the fields but it's also going to be a better presentation for the neighbors who live nearby."
A letter to the plan commission from Randy Johnston, the director of facilities at Elmbrook School District, said it's possible the lights could be used past 10 p.m.
"On occasion, if any event is delayed due to weather or other circumstances beyond our control, the lights may need to stay on past 10 p.m. for safe exit and clean up," the letter said.
Next, the item will go before Brookfield's common council.
The Elmbrook School Board in October approved a $5.4 million plan to upgrade the football field and track facilities at both East and Brookfield Central high school. The plan includes improvements to the field event areas, fencing and updated stadium entrances at both facilities.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Nxt is an advanced cryptocurrency platform on which different functionalities can be built. Its focus is to make complex and technological material as simple as possible. This makes it possible to start building applications using blockchain technology without prior knowledge of programming. It uses the proof-of-stake algorithm, so the NXT coins you buy can be used to maintain the network. You receive a reward for this contribution in the form of NXT in your wallet. You can purchase NXT securely and reliably at LiteBit and send it to your own wallet.
Would you like to receive an email when Nxt reaches the desired price? We can keep you informed for free. You can also use this service without a LiteBit account.


Satellite communications play a vital role in the global telecommunications system. More than 2,000 satellites orbiting Earth relay analog and digital signals carrying voice, video, and data to and from one or many locations worldwide. CTech has deep experience on ground segment which is one of the two main components of satellite communication.
CTech's new generation military and commercial waveforms are being developed compatible with IP centric world.


Hospital leaders are facing significant challenges to revenue cycle performance, including more complexity in payer rules and contracting, declining reimbursement rates, higher costs leading to lower margins, denials and revenue integrity, and rising patient consumerism.
Hospitals also have less capital to enhance technology platforms that could help solve some of these problems. Unsurprisingly, two-thirds of hospitals have started to engage partners for at least some part of their revenue cycle to combat this trend, according to comments made by two revenue cycle experts during a Sept. 10 webinar sponsored by R1 RCM and hosted by Becker's Hospital Review. The presenters said coding, patient receivables and revenue optimization functions are among the most frequently outsourced services.
"Systems can't continue throwing more people at the problem or just trying harder. It's getting too complex and too narrow in the margin space," Kate Harper, senior vice president of revenue integrity at R1 RCM, said. "What health systems need is subject matter expertise and revenue enhancing technology."
Whether it be reducing operating expenses, increasing scores on performance metrics, improving the patient and physician relationship or gaining experience at scale for ever-changing payment models, hospitals are increasingly looking for revenue cycle management partners. Ms. Harper and Daniel Graves, vice president of coding operations at R1 RCM, spoke to webinar listeners about what makes an outsourcing experience successful, and why hospitals should expect added bonuses within their outsourcing contracts.
There are three proven outsourcing models hospitals can choose from to improve revenue cycle management functions: a full end-to-end outsource, a co-managed model and a selective outsource of certain RCM functions.
"We're seeing health systems beginning to view revenue cycle as a competitive advantage against others in their market," Ms. Harper said. "They're looking for an outsourcing model that focuses attention on improving patient care without sacrificing expertise in revenue cycle."
Which model will work best depends on the needs and goals of the hospital. Some hospitals seeking standardization and new technology will likely see the greatest improvement through an end-to-end outsource. Full outsourcing can help reduce risk for hospitals and present them with the most opportunity to lower cost to collect, the R1 RCM presenters said.
Hospitals that want to maintain internal oversight of revenue cycle operations, but recognize a need for transformative change, may consider a co-managed outsource model.
"It's a 'try before you buy' model before full outsource," Ms. Harper said. "It's an arrangement with a key partner that provides more options for customization." Ms. Harper said what attracts some hospitals to a co-managed model is the ability to allow revenue cycle managers to maintain jurisdiction over all operations, while letting the vendor to take care of systems on the back end that hospitals may not have the technological or personnel bandwidth for.
The third proven play, outsourcing a strategic focus area, is the smallest scale outsourcing strategy. In simple terms, it's outsourcing select RCM functions, such as self-pay collections, rather than agreeing to co-manage the revenue cycle with a partner or give full reins to an outside vendor.
"We see providers going in this direction for a few reasons. In general, it can be a good strategy for people who are looking for a solution to an identified problem. They may be prioritizing speed to value in a focused area over a more comprehensive solution," Mr. Graves said.
Another challenge driving hospitals to consider outsourcing for RCM is the growing need to meet patient payment expectations. A recent survey of hospital revenue cycle leaders conducted by R1 RCM found 41 percent of respondents rank patient experience as their No. 1 priority.
"The added benefit of outsourcing is the ability to improve the patient financial experience," Mr. Graves said. "What hospitals should expect from an outsourcing firm is added benefits through the way they invest in technology and leverage their expertise in all other revenue cycle functions to make patient experience better."
R1 RCM has come to recognize the importance of this added value through its experience managing $31 billion in net patient revenue across end-to-end, co-managed and strategic outsourcing models. R1 RCM's standards, methods and technology are based on deep day-to-day operating experience with 135-plus hospitals nationwide.
"A revenue cycle outsourcing experience should create a more loyal, happy patient space. From a financial standpoint, we've seen in our own operating experience that a patient who is better educated and a patient who trusts and is satisfied with the billing process is likely to pay more of their share," Mr. Graves said.
To learn more about R1 RCM, click here.


March 2019 by Jennifer R.
Rita's Italian Ice is an italian ice restaurant chain that is based in Trevose, Pennsylvania. It mainly sells water, ice, speciality creations and frozen custard. It was founded in the year 1984 by a man named Bob Tumio, a former firefighter in Philadelphia. He used recipes that he purchased from one of his old neighbors, enhancing the recipe to include real fruit to enhance the flavors and make them unique. They coined the phrase "water ice" which turned into italian ice, a name that is still used for shaved ice across the country.


Go ahead and call Amazon an e-retailer, but the reality is that these guys have been as much content providers as anything else for years. Or to be more precise, Amazon has understood better than anyone how a rich content experience drives sales. I go to them regularly to find information about authors and books. As a literary resource online, they are second only to Wikipedia for me. It is hard to think of another retailer that has so fully obliterated the longstanding silos between media and marketing. Kinda makes you wonder where exactly Publisher's Weekly dropped the ball on that one, eh? Well, sure, they syndicate their reviews into Amazon. But why is it that again and again, in film media, books, music, etc. it takes a retailer or a pure play Web brand to take the lead on discovering what sorts of content the online readers really want and need?
Amazon continues to deepen its hold on bookaholics with their new Author Interview Series. Author videos have been at the site for a while already, but the project seems to be more focused and ambitious now that it has a dedicated site called the Backstory.
The site launches with five authors featured from different genres: Tom Douglas (cooking); Joshua Foer (novels and non-fiction); Holly Black and Cassandra Clare (young adult) and Gossip girl screenwriter John Stephens.
In addition to the author interviews, readers will be alerted to upcoming interviews, for which they can submit questions. The authors are further fleshed out with their musical playlists, recipes, guest reviews of others' books, etc.
You have to hand it to Amazon. They never keep their eye off the ball. It is still all about the sale. And that reflex is getting irritating as the company sites add richer content we traditionally identify with independent media. As is painfully true in their music and video sections, the company seems to think that the basic retail site structure is appropriate for just about anything. The Backstory literally shunts the author videos to the right side rail, leaving the center column looking pretty much like any Amazon sales page. In fact areas of the page are a tad deceptive. A left column promises an archive of podcasts featuring featured writers. But each listing actually just kicks you over a sale page for a feature book by the writer on which you have scrolls around to find under "Related Media." Even the "Featured Recipe" links do the same little bait and switch. It would be nice if they could give the hard sell a break just a bit and create an earnest, editorially-driven experience. There are a lot of us who have embraced the idea that Amazon is a media company, but somehow Amazon itself hasn't.


Moroccan culture is imbued with the different civilizations that have stayed there. A land of welcome and passage, it has integrated sections of the culture of all those who brought here the best of themselves. But Morocco keeps its identity. The culture of Morocco is the result of these paradoxes which are a richness here. You will discover it in the great cities of the country which house an important cultural and historical heritage. You will meet her at the heart of the Atlas or the desert in contact with the populations. Traditions, history, art, and religion are at the Appointment of your cultural circuit in Morocco.
The culture of Morocco leaves its historical traces in the cities. Go to meet the great dynasties of the kingdom and their capitals. The Imperial cities of Marrakech, Rabat, Fez, and Meknes, respectively, represent the Almoravids, Almohades, Idrissides and Alawi dynasties. These cities have been able to keep their buildings intact and contain invaluable cultural treasures that leave an impression of astonishment. As Tahar Ben Jelloun recommends, take the time to read the walls and faces and listen to the words of the men who exchange around a tea. At the heart of these cities with exceptional architecture are the souks. They are home to all the ancestral know-how of Morocco. Artisanal methods are exposed, the most beautiful products are put on sale.
Little wonder that so many sites are classified by UNESCO which launched its world ranking by the Medina of Fez! Souks, mosques, tombs, and palaces have aroused the enthusiasm of the world Organization. Marrakech and its mosques its medina and its souks quickly followed Fez. It is necessary to go down a little further south of Morocco on the road to the valley of the Draa to meet the fortified village (Ksar) of Aït Benhaddou. Meknes, the warrior city of the hundred minarets has joined these already classified sites. Two years later, it was the turn of the medina of Tetouan to join this very privileged circle. Volubilis the Roman city was in part classified in the same year. Mogador, the current medina of Essaouira faces the ocean. It was classified in 2001. El Jadida was the last to join this very closed club of the sites benefiting from the recognition of the highest international authorities.
Your travel agency in Morocco carries out cultural circuits on all these sites and still others… Contact us to find out more.


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Joseph Runnels, CFA, is vice president, quantitative trader at INTECH. Mr Runnels joined INTECH in June 1998 from QED Information Systems, a software development company providing portfolio management and investment accounting systems. Mr Runnels spent six years prior to that in portfolio management for the Tennessee Consolidated Retirement System in their fixed income investment division. Mr. Runnels holds a B.S. in Business Administration from Murray State University and has earned the right to use the Chartered Financial Analyst designation. Mr. Runnels has 27 years of investment experience.
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Colin Barnett's decision to quit politics means the WA Liberals can breathe a sigh of relief
By Jessica Strutt
Updated December 15, 2017 17:42:09
Photo: Mr Barnett's 27 years in Parliament, including eight as Premier, is an impressive record. (ABC News: Andrew O'Connor)
Related Story: Ex-premier Colin Barnett quits politics
Related Story: Mining exec touted to replace Colin Barnett in plum seat of Cottesloe
Related Story: Liberals take down Colin Barnett after interview sledging former ministers
Map: Cottesloe 6011
Colin Barnett's parliamentary colleagues would have breathed a huge collective sigh of relief today as he confirmed the worst-kept secret in town — he's quitting politics.
While they respect and admire his legacy, the former premier's unnecessary and unhelpful public commentary over the past nine months has hindered their ability to do their job.
As with a relationship gone sour, the Opposition has long needed a clean break from Mr Barnett to allow it to move on from the landslide election loss it suffered at the March poll.
Colin Barnett's political career
August 1990: Elected member for Cottesloe in a by-election
May 1992: Appointed deputy opposition leader
February 1993: Helps Richard Court defeat the three-term Labor government to return the Liberals to power
February 1993: Appointed to cabinet as minister for resources development and energy. Later adds education portfolio
February 2001: Returns to opposition after Geoff Gallop's Labor wins election
March 2001: Appointed opposition leader and opposition treasury spokesman
March 2005: Loses election and replaced by Matt Birney as opposition leader
November 2007: Announces plan to retire from politics at 2008 state election
September 2008: Appointed opposition leader unopposed after Troy Buswell's resignation to defeat Alan Carpenter and become premier of WA
March 2017: Loses election to Mark McGowan's Labor by a landslide
December 2017: Announces decision to retire from politics in early 2018
Mr Barnett appeared to even acknowledge as much when he confirmed his exit from politics on ABC Radio today.
"I think I feel a bit like the elephant in the room," Mr Barnett said.
"It's simply time for me to move on, I think that's good for the Opposition in Parliament."
His exit should also finally provide the WA Liberals, now led by Mike Nahan, with the opportunity to try and distance themselves from some of the more undesirable aspects of the former premier's legacy.
But the State's dire finances, particularly its ballooning debt, will prove a persistent legacy for the Opposition while Dr Nahan, who was treasurer in the previous government, remains leader.
There may also be policy shifts in certain areas as they try to woo back voters with whom they lost touch after more than eight long years in government.
Distraction for Liberals
Mr Barnett's continued presence on the Liberal backbench has been a distraction from the Opposition's message, and at times his public outbursts have armed the Government with ammunition to ridicule Liberal MPs.
Pressure had been mounting on Mr Barnett to leave, particularly after he criticised a "lack of horsepower" of his second-term cabinet during a recent newspaper interview.
Photo: Mr Barnett announced his retirement on ABC radio today. (ABC News: Andrew O'Connor)
The ABC has also seen a motion, passed by a Liberal branch after that incident, that the party call upon him to resign "forthwith and to honourably and unreservedly accept full responsibility for the 2017 state election loss."
The ABC understands that as frustration with his public commentary grew, other branches were likely to have followed suit.
Today's announcement will kill off the brewing anger that some in his party had started to feel towards him over such behaviour.
Cottesloe by-election test for powerbrokers
The bigger issue confronting the WA Liberals will now be ensuring it gets a high-calibre candidate to run in the Cottesloe by-election.
It's a contest the Liberals should win easily in the blue-ribbon seat, but in politics you never take anything for granted.
Photo: The Liberals are still healing from their loss at the March election. (AAP: Richard Wainwright
More importantly, with some anger in the WA Liberals at the moment about the influence of key party powerbrokers Peter Collier, Mathias Cormann and Nick Goiran, many will be closely watching the role they play in the preselection process.
Grassroots members in the western suburbs won't want someone parachuted into the candidacy by powerbrokers and will want to have a big say over who finally wins the Liberals' jewel-in-the-crown seat.
All preselection contests are robust, but the Liberals will want to avoid a public brawl over who ultimately gets picked.
Influential party members expect many hopefuls will express an interest in preselection for the plum seat, but believe ultimately it will come down to a choice of up to six high-calibre candidates.
One name being touted is Emma Roberts, a senior lawyer with mining company BHP. While the ABC has been told she was put forward as a potential candidate by a former party member, it appears she's already won the support of Mr Collier, an Upper House MP.
Photo: Mining executive Emma Roberts has been touted as a front-runner to replace Colin Barnett in the seat of Cottesloe. (LinkedIn: Emma Roberts)
Mr Barnett also confirmed today that he has already met with three or four potential candidates, including Ms Roberts, to discuss running for preselection.
Anointing would be 'kiss of death'
The former premier would not be drawn on a preferred candidate, but he said his only advice to the party was to pick a high-quality person who was capable of being a senior minister in the future, if not premier.
"If I was to anoint anyone, that would be the kiss of death," Mr Barnett said.
"There's only ever been three members for Cottesloe over a long period of time and they've all been blokes so a woman would be OK."
Mr Barnett's announcement today will likely bring more candidates out of the woodwork to express an interest in nominating for preselection.
Whoever gets the nod will have very big shoes to fill — 27 years in Parliament and more than eight years as premier is an impressive record by anyone's standards.
Topics: government-and-politics, state-parliament, political-parties, liberals, cottesloe-6011, wa
First posted December 15, 2017 16:11:33
More stories from Western Australia


If you've been feeling kind of down these days, cheer up! The dark months of winter are coming to an end. Just look to the western sky. It's no longer dark at 4:30 pm. Warmer, sunnier days are definitely on the way.
But, if knowing that spring is on the way is not enough to shake off the blues, there could be a medical reason for that. You could be suffering from Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), which, simply means, that you need to boost your vitamin D levels.
There are three ways to do that. You can take a Vitamin D supplement. You can eat foods to help build up vitamin D in your body, such as fatty fish, egg yolks and orange juice, or you can take in a healthy dose of sunshine.
According to the Vitamin D Council it's hard to get enough Vitamin D from food. Also, there are risks in taking Vitamin D supplements because vitamin D is fat-soluble. Taking too much can cause Vitamin D toxicity. The recommended dose should be 10,000 IU per day for adults.
When you soak in some sun, "your body can produce 10,000 to 25,000 IUs of vitamin D," so if you take a supplement it's easy to see how you can overload on too much of a good thing.
Exposing your bare skin to sunlight "is the most natural way to get vitamin D." Your body can produce 10,000 to 25,000 IUs from the sun. However, overexposure increases skin cancer risk.
If you need to overcome that "SAD" situation of needing more of the sunshine vitamin due to a long, dark winter, using a tanning bed in a controlled and timed environment can provide a safer alternative.


At the start of the first Formula 2 race of the weekend at Monaco, Charles Leclerc led the championship with 77 points, 30 more than Oliver Rowland in second place. Leclerc would be starting from pole and Rowland from third. Between them in the second on the grid would be Alexander Albon. The race got under way and the top three got through the first corner at Sainte-Dévote in their grid order. They quickly starting pulling away from the field.
As usually happens, a few drivers in the pack thought that diving down the inside of the hairpin would be a good idea. It's not. Thankfully, this is the slowest portion of any track they'll race on, so all of the contact only resulted in one front wing being lost.
On lap 8, Nicholas Latifi blew his engine and came to a halt just inside the start of the tunnel, bring out the safety car. This is by far the worst place to have your car stop. There is no crane to grab the car and the other drivers can't see your car until they enter the tunnel. It took a small army of about 15 track marshals to get the car on a cart and push it up hill a bit to the first available opening.
While this was happening, a good number of the drivers took their mandatory pit stop. Albon pitted with them with the hopes that he could jump to the lead when Leclerc stopped for tires. Albon rejoined in seventh place. For this work, he would need to stay within 30 seconds behind Leclerc and would need the race to stay green.
Once Latifi's car was safely off track, the race was green again. Leclerc knew of Albon's plan and started to do his best to undermine it. He pulled a two second gap on second place in the first lap after the safety car.
Leclerc was opening his gap by almost a second a lap over Rowland. Albon was stuck in traffic and was loosing more time than that, but was still in the window he needed to be in. On lap 22, everything got turned upside down.
Robert Visoiu tried an ambitious pass on the inside of Louis Deletraz at Mirabeau. They came together and both hit the guardrail. Deletraz got going again, but Visoiu's car was stranded on track, bringing out a second safety car.
Anticipating the safety car, Leclerc was called into the pits just before it was released. Nine times out of ten, this is the smart move. This was that tenth time. Rowland had already gone past the pit exit by the time the safety car hit the track. Leclerc managed to rejoin the race in 12th. Rowland was able to get around the track, pit, and keep the lead before having to get behind the safety car.
A few others were able to do the same. When the order was sorted out, Rowland truly held first, with Artem Markelov in second. Albon's early pit stop netted him the lead, but he did end up in fourth place after all this.
Once Leclerc was back on track, things just got worse. His left front wheel was vibrating as if the wheel nut wasn't on all the way. He was forced to pit again, just as the race was going green. Sadly, when he rejoined in last place, the vibration was there. Into the pits yet again for him, where the team confirmed damage to the suspension. His day was done.
The television feed caught LeClerc sitting between stacks of tires in the pits with his head between his knees. In minutes he went from dominating his home race to out of the points to retired. This also means he'll be starting the sprint race from near the back of the grid.
Someone else who had a particularly bad day at the office was Sergio Sette Camara. He started 20th and last, but had worked his way up to tenth and into the points. At some point, he was heard on the radio complaining about understeer to his race engineer. The reply he received: "Stop crying and race!"
When Sette Camara made his pit stop on lap 35, massive clouds of brake dust billowed off the wheels as they were removed. A few minutes later, he was hoping out and the car was retired. We'd love to hear what was said in the post-race talks with he and his engineer.
After taking the lead, Rowland drove a flawless race to victory. He kept Markelov just far enough behind while making sure he didn't drive the life out of his tires. It might seem that he got a little lucky with how everyone shuffled after the second safety car, but his team made the right call not to bring him in right away.
The sprint race is next for the F2 drivers. Leclrec has pulled off a miracle in one of these earlier in the season. It'll be a bigger ask to do it again, but he'll need to try. After his DNF, Leclerc still has 77 points. Rowland's win put him up to just three behind with 74. Rowland is poised to take the lead in the championship if Leclerc doesn't score.
We're all following Alonso at Indy, so here's an on-board lap with Vettel to help remind you why you should watch the Monaco Grand Prix.
Apparently, HaasF1 has a case of the grays.


When it comes to driving in runs, Granada Hills Kennedy junior Estevan Rodriguez keeps coming through in the clutch. He raised his season RBI totlal to 31 on Thursday after going three for three with three RBIs in Kennedy's 13-0 Valley Mission League win over Reseda.
Felix Rubi struck out 10 in five innings. Kennedy (16-6, 5-1) plays Sylmar in a critical two-game series next week. Sylmar defeated Van Nuys, 22-3, in five innings. Jose Holguin ahd three hits and three RBIs.
In the Southwestern League, Great Oak defeated Vista Murrieta, 4-3. Vista Murrieta scored three runs in the top of the seventh. Michell Hayes and Brett Dillon had two hits apiece. Ben Mora threw a no-hitter in Murrieta Valley's 9-0 win over Murrieta Mesa.
In the Baseline League, Los Osos defeated Upland, 12-4. Glendora defeated Rancho Cucamonga, 6-3. Justin Cage had two hits and three RBis.
In the SLO tournament, Jusin Dehn struck out 11 in Crespi's 5-2 win over Morro Bay. Matt Orozco and Zach Mausser each had three hits.
In the Righetti tournament, Alemany advanced to the championship game with an 11-1 win over Paso Robles. Carter Yankie struck out seven in six innings. Ruben Cardenas and Alex Mckenna had three hits apiece. Alemany is 16-4-1.
Calabasas defeated Lompoc, 12-2. Noah Perry had three RBIs. Chaminade defeated Righetti, 8-1. Dallas Tessar, Nick Kahle and Blake Rutherford each had two hits.
Agoura lost to Templeton, 2-0, in eight innings. Spencer Howard threw a complete game for Templeton, striking out nine and walking none.
Sierra Canyon defeated St. Genevieve, 6-5. Brock Bell and Alex Crane each had two hits. Village Christian defeated Valley Christian, 7-3, in an Olympic League game. Gordon Ingebritson struck out seven in four innings.


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name becomes the name of the user in Ramen.
created_at becomes the customer_created_at timestamp for the user in Ramen. It can be passed in as a Date or seconds since the epoch.
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Attributes with names ending in _at will be parsed as times.
id becomes the id of the company in Ramen.
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text:
Q: Cakephp can't see javascript event New to Cakephp having some trouble using it with javascript
Cakephp Code:
<?php
echo "ready!",
$this->Html->image(
'button_on', array(
'style' => 'height: 40px; width: 70px;',
'id' => 'changeimg',
'onclick' => 'changeImage()'
));
?>

Generated Code/The one you see in the browser's Page Source:
ready!

Theoretically speaking when you are changing an image using an onclick event the image url changes as the user clicks it or as the event is triggered, to  elaborate.
Generated Code:
ready!

click: event triggered:
ready!

The scenario above should happen, however in my case it didn't work, how can I solve this?why can't cakephp see the event being triggered.
Any help is appreciated

A: This works fine, change logic as per requirements :
<?php
echo "ready!";
echo $this->Html->image('logo.png', array('style' => 'height: 40px; width: 70px;','id' => 'changeimg','onclick' => 'changeImage()'));

$this->Html->scriptStart(array('inline' => false));
?>
function changeImage() {
    var path = document.getElementById("changeimg").src;
    if (path.search("logo.png")) {
        document.getElementById("changeimg").src = "<?php echo $this->webroot; ?>/img/logo_new.png";
    } else {
    document.getElementById("changeimg").src = "<?php echo $this->webroot; ?>/img/logo_small.png";
    }
    return false;
}
<?php
$this->Html->scriptEnd();
?>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange