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A distinctive new frog species (Anura, Mantellidae) supports the biogeographic linkage of two montane rainforest massifs in northern Madagascar
Mark D. Scherz‡§, Oliver Hawlitschek|, Jary H. Razafindraibe¶, Steven Megson#, Fanomezana Mihaja Ratsoavina¶, Andolalao Rakotoarison¶|, Molly C. Bletz|¤, Frank Glaw‡, Miguel Vences|
‡ Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Munich, Germany
§ Zoologisches Institut, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
¶ Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
# Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
¤ University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, United States of America
Corresponding author: Mark D. Scherz ( mark.scherz@gmail.com )
Academic editor: Johannes Penner
© 2018 Mark D. Scherz, Oliver Hawlitschek, Jary H. Razafindraibe, Steven Megson, Fanomezana Mihaja Ratsoavina, Andolalao Rakotoarison, Molly C. Bletz, Frank Glaw, Miguel Vences.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation: Scherz MD, Hawlitschek O, Razafindraibe JH, Megson S, Ratsoavina FM, Rakotoarison A, Bletz MC, Glaw1 F, Vences M (2018) A distinctive new frog species (Anura, Mantellidae) supports the biogeographic linkage of two montane rainforest massifs in northern Madagascar. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 247-261. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.21037
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8A83DE58-A2EE-494F-A03C-820DC836CDDF
We describe a new species of the genus Gephyromantis, subgenus Gephyromantis Vatomantis (Mantellidae, Mantellinae), from moderately high elevation (1164–1394 m a.s.l.) on the Marojejy, Sorata, and Andravory Massifs in northern Madagascar. The new species, Gephyromantis (Vatomantis) lomorinasp. n. is highly distinct from all other species, and was immediately recognisable as an undescribed taxon upon its discovery. It is characterised by a granular, mottled black and green skin, reddish eyes, paired subgular vocal sacs of partly white colour, bulbous femoral glands present only in males and consisting of three large granules, white ventral spotting, and a unique, amplitude-modulated advertisement call consisting of a series of 24–29 rapid, quiet notes at a dominant frequency of 5124–5512 Hz. Genetically the species is also strongly distinct from its congeners, with uncorrected pairwise distances ≥10 % in a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene to all other nominal Gephyromantis species. A molecular phylogeny based on 16S sequences places it in a clade with species of the subgenera Laurentomantis and Vatomantis, and we assign it to the latter subgenus based on its morphological resemblance to members of Vatomantis. We discuss the biogeography of reptiles and amphibians across the massifs of northern Madagascar, the evidence for a strong link between Marojejy and Sorata, and the role of elevation in determining community sharing across this landscape.
Bioacoustics, Biogeography, Marojejy, Montane Endemism, Sorata, Taxonomy
In recent decades, the number of frog species that have been discovered in Madagascar, while steadily increasing (Köhler et al. 2005), often included species that were not immediately recognizable as new to science, though with occasional exceptions, e.g. Boophis lichenoides (Vallan et al. 1998), Scaphiophryne boribory (Vences et al. 2003), and Tsingymantis antitra (Glaw et al. 2006). The majority of newly discovered taxa are assignable to existing complexes and must be investigated closely before it can be confirmed whether or not they constitute new species (e.g. Vieites et al. 2012). Differing from this general pattern, on a 2012 expedition to the Sorata massif in northern Madagascar, we discovered a small green frog of the genus Gephyromantis that was immediately recognisable as a new species. It was not given a candidate species number at the time, and no sequences of this species were included in the barcoding assessment of Perl et al. (2014). In a 2016 survey in Andravory, near Sorata, and a 2016 survey of Marojejy National Park in northeastern Madagascar, we encountered the same species.
At present, 44 species of Gephyromantis are recognized and assigned to six subgenera (Asperomantis, Duboimantis, Gephyromantis, Laurentomantis, Phylacomantis, and Vatomantis) based on molecular and morphological criteria (Glaw and Vences 2006, Vences et al. 2017). This classification is largely in agreement with the molecular multi-gene phylogeny of Kaffenberger et al. (2012). However, this phylogenetic study revealed that the subgenera Laurentomantis and Vatomantis are closely related, and that Gephyromantis klemmeri Guibé, 1974, morphologically similar to other species of the subgenus Gephyromantis, is sister to the Laurentomantis clade, suggesting the need for an improved classification. We here provide a description of the new species, which has potential implications for the supraspecific taxonomy of Gephyromantis, and the biogeographical linkage of the rainforest massifs of northern Madagascar.
Specimen collection and morphological measurement
Specimens were collected at night using head torches along montane streams, euthanized using MS222 anaesthesia and subsequent overdose, fixed in 96 % ethanol, and deposited in 75 % ethanol for long-term storage. Tissue samples were stored in 96 % ethanol. Field numbers refer to the zoological collections of Miguel Vences (ZCMV), Frank Glaw (FGZC), and Steven Megson (SM). Specimens were deposited in the amphibian collections of the Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Université d'Antananarivo (UADBA) and the Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM).
Morphological measurements were taken to the nearest 0.1 mm using a digital calliper. Measurement schemes followed generally previous work on the genus (e.g. Vences et al. 2017) with modifications to decrease the risk of damaging the fragile limbs of the specimens when ascertaining limb lengths: snout–vent length (SVL), maximum head width (HW), head length from posterior edge of tympanum to snout tip (HL), horizontal eye diameter (ED), horizontal tympanum diameter (TD), distance from eye to nostril (END), distance from nostril to snout tip (NSD), distance between nostrils (NND), upper arm length from the articulation of the arm with the trunk to the elbow (UAL), lower arm length from the elbow to the base of the hand (LAL), hand length from the base of the hand to the tip of the longest finger (HAL), forelimb length (FORL*, given by the sum of UAL, LAL, and HAL), forearm length (FARL, given by the sum of LAL and HAL), thigh length from cloaca to knee (THIL), tibia length from knee to heel (TIBL), tarsus length from heel to base of foot (TARL), foot length from base of foot to tip of longest toe (FOL), hindlimb length (HIL*, given by the sum of THIL, TIBL, TARL and FOL), and length and width of femoral gland (FGL, FGW). Asterisks in this list indicate measurements that have the same abbreviation as the analogous single-measurement of previous studies (e.g. Vences et al. 2017) but are cumulative here and therefore not necessarily equivalent; comparison of such values must be done cautiously.
Sequencing and analysis of DNA sequences
DNA was extracted from tissue samples using a Qiagen DNeasy blood & tissue kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), or standard salt extraction protocols. For two samples from Sorata and one sample from Marojejy (ZCMV 15269), we amplified a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (hereafter 16S) in 25 µl polymerase chain reactions with the primers 16Sra-L and 16Sb-H (Palumbi et al. 1991), 1 µl of template DNA, and the following steps: initial denaturation for 3 min at 94 °C, followed by denaturation with 35 cycles of 30 sec each at 94 °C, 30 sec of annealing at 55°C and 60 sec of elongation at 72 °C, and a final elongation step of 10 min at 72 °C. Sequencing was conducted using the BigDye Terminator v1.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit on ABI 3730 and ABI 3130xl capillary sequencers. Newly determined sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers MG926811–MG926823). For an additional nine specimens from Marojejy, we sequenced a shorter, highly variable stretch of 250 bp of the same 16S region by an Illumina amplicon approach (Vences et al. 2016) to confirm their identification (data not shown).
For an exploratory analysis, we aligned the new sequences with 16S sequences used by Kaffenberger et al. (2012) for all nominal species of Gephyromantis. Because the obtained tree (not shown) confirmed the new species to be related to the Laurentomantis/Vatomantis clade as also strongly suggested by morphology, we focused our analysis on this subgroup, i.e., all nominal species of the subgenera Laurentomantis and Vatomantis, and G. klemmeri which is known to be related to these subgenera (Kaffenberger et al. 2012), as well as G. granulatus (subgenus Duboimantis) as outgroup.
We aligned sequences in MEGA 7 (Kumar et al. 2016), yielding an alignment of 532 positions of the sequenced stretch of the 16S rRNA gene. As only a few indels were found in this alignment, we did not exclude any positions for further analysis. We used the Bayesian Information Criterion in jModelTest 2.1.4 (Darriba et al. 2012) to determine a SYM+G substitution model as best-fitting our data. We implemented this model in MrBayes 3.2 (Ronquist et al. 2012) and computed a Bayesian inference phylogenetic analysis, with two independent runs of 20 million generations, each comprising four Markov Chains (three heated and one cold), sampling every 1000 generations. Chain mixing and stationarity were assessed by examining the standard deviation of split frequencies and by plotting the -lnL per generation using Tracer 1.5 software (Rambaut and Drummond 2007). Results were combined to obtain a 50 %-majority rule consensus tree and the respective posterior probabilities of nodes, after discarding 25 % of the generations as burn-in (all compatible nodes with probabilities <0.5 kept). In addition, we computed a Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree in MEGA 7, with a GTR+G model (as the SYM model is not available in this program), SPR level 5 branch swapping, and 500 nonparametric bootstrap replicates. Genetic distances (uncorrected pairwise p-distances) were also calculated in MEGA 7.
Bioacoustic analyses
Recordings from Marojejy were made on a Marantz PMD661 MKII with a Sennheiser ME66/K6 supercardioid microphone, at a bandwidth of 44.1 kHz. Recordings from Sorata were made on an Edirol R-09 with its internal microphone. Call analysis was conducted in Cooledit 2.0 (Syntrillium Corp.). To obtain frequency information, the recording was transformed with Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT; width 1024 points). Spectrograms were created with a Hanning window of 512 or 256 bands. Measurements are given as mean ± one standard deviation, with range in parentheses. Terminology follows the recently-published recommendations of Köhler et al. (2017) with a note-centred approach. This definition is different from that of Vences et al. (2002) for Laurentomantis and Sabino-Pinto et al. (2014) for Vatomantis; the 'pulses' of those studies are here treated as notes, because each of these units in the new species described herein are distinctly pulsed, and therefore are treated as individual notes following Köhler et al. (2017). Recordings are deposited in the Animal Sound Archive of the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin (DOI: 10.7479/nmx8-aq7v), and are available as Suppl. materials 1–2.
Taxonomic work
The electronic version of this article in Portable Document Format (PDF) will represent a published work according to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that Code from the electronic edition alone. This published work and the nomenclatural act it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix http://zoobank.org/. The LSID for this publication is urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8A83DE58-A2EE-494F-A03C-820DC836CDDF. The online version of this work will be archived and made available from the following digital repositories: CLOCKSS and Zenodo.
Based on 16S sequences, the newly collected specimens represent an undescribed and hitherto unknown species of Gephyromantis that is highly distinct from all others (≥10 % p-distance). Exploratory phylogenetic analyses including all species of Gephyromantis clearly suggested their relationships with the subgenera Laurentomantis and Vatomantis, which also is strongly supported by morphological affinities, in particular by the greenish dorsal colour, granular skin, riparian habits, and paired subgular vocal sacs of partly white colour in males (see Diagnosis below for more details). A phylogenetic analysis of 16S sequences (total alignment length 532 bp) for all described species of Laurentomantis and Vatomantis as well as G. klemmeri, which was related to these subgenera in the multi-gene analysis of Kaffenberger et al. (2012), places the newly collected specimens sister to a clade with all described species of Vatomantis. Gephyromantis klemmeri is placed sister to Laurentomantis, although these basal nodes did not receive relevant support from ML bootstrap values or Bayesian posterior probabilities (Fig. 1). Genetic distances of the new specimens to all other species were high: 10.9–15.4 % to the three described species of Vatomantis, 10.0–13.2 % to species of Laurentomantis, and 12.2–12.5 % to G. klemmeri. The newly collected specimens from Sorata and Marojejy differed by 2.9 %, while no sequence differences were detected within each of these two localities, except for two mutations observed in one Marojejy specimen (ZCMV 15219).
Preliminary phylogenetic tree of Gephyromantis (Vatomantis) lomorina sp. n., based on Maximum Likelihood analysis of a 532 bp fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap values in percent (500 replicates, above) and posterior probabilities from a Bayesian Inference analysis (20 million generations, below), shown only if >50 % (bootstrap) or >90 % (posterior probabilities). Each specimen/species is followed by the corresponding GenBank accession number used in the alignment. Schematic drawings of femoral glands of all species in the subgenera Laurentomantis and Vatomantis as well as of G. klemmeri are shown to the right of the phylogeny, and coloured according to the subgenus to which they are assigned.
Phenotypically the new specimens bear resemblance to both Laurentomantis and Vatomantis. Their advertisement call is more similar to Laurentomantis, but their morphological resemblance to Vatomantis is greater (see the diagnosis below). We here tentatively assign them to Vatomantis due to their morphological affinities and preliminary phylogenetic relationships. Given their very high genetic divergence to all other Gephyromantis, isolated phylogenetic position (not placed as close sister group to any other species), and morphological and bioacoustic differences, there is no doubt that these specimens belong to a new species, which we describe below.
Gephyromantis (Vatomantis) lomorinasp. n.
http://zoobank.org/5D2109C8-AD0A-434D-816F-51722FE7DCD7
Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, Table 1, Suppl. materials 1, 2
ZSM 419/2016 (ZCMV 15221), adult male, collected at 21h20 on 18 November 2016 near Camp Simpona (ca. 14.4366°S, ca. 49.7434°E, ca. 1325 m a.s.l.) in Marojejy National Park, Sava Region, northeastern Madagascar, by M. D. Scherz, J. H. Razafindraibe, M. C. Bletz, A. Rakotoarison, A. Razafimanantsoa, and M. Vences (Fig. 2).
The holotype of Gephyromantis lomorina sp. n., ZSM 419/2016 (ZCMV 15221) in life. (a) Dorsal; (b) ventral; and (c) dorsolateral view. Scale bars indicate 5 mm.
ZSM 418/2016 (ZCMV 15220), female, and ZSM 420–421/2016 (ZCMV 15222 and 15271), two males, collected between 17 and 19 November 2016 from the same locality and by the same collectors as the holotype; UADBA 60294–60299 (ZCMV 15219, 15223, 15247, 15270, 15272, and 15273), one male, three females, a subadult and an unsexed adult, collected between 17 and 19 November 2016 from the same locality and by the same collectors as the holotype; ZSM 1549/2012 (FGZC 3714), adult male, collected on 30 November 2012 in a creek near the campsite on the Sorata massif (13.6829°S, 49.4403°E, 1325 m a.s.l.), Sava Region, northeastern Madagascar, by O. Hawlitschek, F. Glaw, A. Rakotoarison, F. M. Ratsoavina, T. Rajoafiarison, and A. Razafimanantsoa; ZSM 1545–1547/2012 (FGZC 3716, 3734, and 3664), adult males, and ZSM 1548/2012 (FGZC 3721), adult female, collected between 28 and 30 November 2012 from a creek below a bamboo forest on the Sorata massif (13.6772°S, 49.4413°E, 1394 m above sea level), Sava Region, northeastern Madagascar, by O. Hawlitschek, F. Glaw, A. Rakotoarison, F. M. Ratsoavina, T. Rajoafiarison, and A. Razafimanantsoa; ZSM 318/2016 (SM AEA 063), adult female, and UADBA uncatalogued (SM AEA 062), unsexed adult, collected between 18h45 and 18h50 on 30 May 2016 in Andravory (13.7385–13.7388°S, 49.5310°E, 1164–1179 m a.s.l.), Sava Region, Antsiranana Province, northeastern Madagascar, by S. Megson, R. Walker, W.-Y. Crawley, and T. H. Rafeliarisoa (Figs 3–4).
Morphological and chromatic variation among paratypes of Gephyromantis (Vatomantis) lomorina sp. n. from Marojejy in life. (a–b)ZSM 420/2016; (c–d)UADBA 60296; (e–f)UADBA 60295; and (g–h)ZSM 418/2016. Scale bars indicate 2 mm.
Photographs of Gephyromantis (Vatomantis) lomorina sp. n. and its habitat in Sorata. (a,d)ZSM 1545/2012; (b,e)ZSM 1547/2012; and (c,f)ZSM 1549/2012, not to scale; (g) habitat where several specimens were found in Sorata, showing (h,i) the appearance of the species in situ whilst calling at night.
A species assigned to the genus Gephyromantis on the basis of its granular skin, moderately enlarged finger tips, small femoral glands consisting of a small number of large granules and present in males only (thus of type 2 as defined by Glaw et al. 2000), and bifid tongue. Within the genus Gephyromantis, assigned to the subgenus Vatomantis on the basis of its small size, connected lateral metatarsalia, absence of an outer metatarsal tubercle, paired subgular vocal sacs of partly whitish colour, greenish skin colouration, and riparian ecology. Gephyromantis lomorina sp. n. is characterized by the possession of the following suite of morphological characters: (1) granular skin, (2) reddish eyes, (3) mottled green and black skin, (4) males with paired subgular vocal sacs of partly white colour, (5) males with bulbous type 2 femoral glands consisting of a small number (2–3) of large granules, (6) white spots on the venter, (7) SVL 20.2–25.5 mm, and (8) fourth finger much longer than second. Furthermore, the species is characterised by distinctive, 1681–1827 ms advertisement calls of relatively low intensity, consisting of 24–30 individual pulsed notes, with 2–4 pulses per note, an inter-note interval of 41–75 ms, and a dominant frequency of 5124–5555 Hz. DNA sequence data from the 16S gene fragment supports the high divergence of this taxon to all other Gephyromantis, and is in agreement with its subgeneric assignment, albeit without statistical support (Fig. 1).
Within the genus Gephyromantis, G. lomorina sp. n. can be distinguished from all subgenera except Laurentomantis and Vatomantis on the basis of the combination of femoral glands composed of few large granules (vs. composed of many, small granules; note that G. klemmeri is here treated separately from all other subgenera, below, due to its unclear assignment), SVL < 26 mm (vs. > 27 mm in all other subgenera except Gephyromantis), absence of a white stripe along the upper lip (vs. general presence in subgenus Gephyromantis), and absence of distinctly enlarged supraocular spines (vs. presence in Asperomantis and some Duboimantis). It may be distinguished from all members of the subgenus Laurentomantis (G. ventrimaculatus (Angel), G. malagasius (Methuen & Hewitt), G. striatus (Vences, Glaw, Andreone, Jesu & Schimmenti), G. horridus (Boettger), and G. ranjomavo Glaw & Vences) by paired subgular vocal sacs (vs. single), absence of outer metatarsal tubercles (vs. presence), and at least partly greenish dorsal skin (vs. mostly yellowish to brown to reddish), and from several of these by the absence of tibial glands in males (vs. typical presence). Within the subgenus Vatomantis, G. lomorina sp. n. may be distinguished from all species by its more granular dorsal skin (vs. granular but not rough) and venter spotted with white (vs. generally without whitish spotting except on the chin and over the sternum); from G. rivicola (Vences, Glaw & Andreone) and G. webbi (Grandison) by its reddish iris colouration (vs. copper and greenish, respectively); from G. silvanus (Vences, Glaw & Andreone) by its smaller size (SVL 20.5–25.5 mm vs. 31 mm) and partly whitish vocal sacs (vs. yellowish); from G. webbi by femoral glands composed of few large granules (vs. composed of many, small granules) and large inner metatarsal tubercle (vs. small). Gephyromantis lomorina sp. n. may be distinguished from G. klemmeri by its roughly granular dorsal skin (vs. smooth to shagreened), greenish skin colour (vs. brownish), reddish iris (vs. gold), and strongly protruding inner metatarsal tubercle (vs. small and not protruding).
The call of G. lomorina sp. n. may be distinguished from all Vatomantis and Laurentomantis species in having notes that are clearly pulsed (vs. unpulsed notes in all species except G. ventrimaculatus); Gephyromantis ventrimaculatus has a higher number of pulses per note notes than G. lomorina sp. n. (ca. 6 pulses per note vs. 2–4 in G. lomorina sp. n.). The call of G. lomorina sp. n. is somewhat similar to that of G. klemmeri, especially in having pulsed notes, but the call duration is much longer (1681–1827 ms vs. 626–982 ms), the call has a more distinct amplitude decay (vs. complex amplitude modulation, see Vences et al. 1997), the notes of the call are more homogeneous (vs. distinct components of the call), and it lacks frequency modulation (vs. frequency modulated toward the end of the call).
Description of the holotype
A specimen in a good state of preservation, a piece of tissue taken from the left thigh. SVL 23.3 mm; for other body measurements see Table 1. Body slender. Widest part of head marginally wider than widest part of body. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral view, protruding slightly over upper jaw in lateral view. Nostrils not distinctly protruding, with lateral openings. Canthus rostralis distinct, concave. Loreal region concave, vertical. Tympanum distinct, fairly small, 53% of eye diameter. Supraocular spines absent. Weakly distinct supratympanic fold running from the eye over the tympanum to above the insertion of the arm. Forelimbs and hindlimbs slender. Inner and outer metacarpal tubercle present, both indistinct. Finger discs enlarged, round. Subarticular tubercles distinct, dark in colour. No webbing between fingers. Comparative finger lengths 1 < 2 < 4 < 3, fourth finger much longer than second finger. Toe discs slightly enlarged, smaller than finger discs. Traces of webbing between toes. Comparative toe length 1 < 2 < 3 = 5 < 4. Inner metatarsal tubercle rather large (length about 1.3 mm), protruding strongly distally to resemble a toe. Outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Lateral metatarsalia connected. Dorsal skin granular, with numerous small tubercles arranged in mostly parallel lines running posteriorly over the dorsum, with convergent lines of tubercles on the posterior head, and weak rows of tubercles on the hindlimbs and forelimbs. Femoral glands round, consisting of three large granules with an indentation in their middle (similar to type 2 sensu Glaw et al. 2000). Vomerine teeth absent. Maxillary teeth present. Choanae small and lateral. Subgular vocal sacs whitish in distensible portion, blackish on the jaw, fairly small. Tongue bifid, free posteriorly.
Morphological data on specimens of Gephyromantis lomorina sp. n. Abbreviations: m = male, f = female, sa = subadult; for measurement abbreviations, see the Materials and methods. The holotype is bolded. Additive measurements (FARL, FORL, and HIL) are not explicitly shown but can be deduced from these data.
Catalogue (field number)
UAL
THIL
TIBL
TARL
FGL
FGW
ZSM 419/2016(ZCMV 15221) m 23.3 7.2 8.5 2.1 4.0 2.2 1.4 2.2 6.0 7.3 8.2 13.4 13.9 7.4 12.1 2.8 2.0
ZSM 418/2016(ZCMV 15220) f 25.5 7.7 9.1 2.0 4.1 2.4 1.4 2.1 5.2 7.7 8.4 13.6 14.8 6.7 12.6 n/a n/a
UADBA 60294(ZCMV 15270) m 22.1 6.5 8.0 2.7 3.4 1.5 1.4 1.9 4.9 6.1 7.2 10.8 12.3 6.4 11.0 2.6 1.6
UADBA 60298(ZCMV 15273) f 24.6 7.6 9.0 2.0 3.8 2.2 1.4 2.1 6.4 6.4 8.3 12.1 13.5 7.3 12.4 n/a n/a
UADBA 60296(ZCMV 15223) sa 20.2 5.7 7.8 1.6 3.1 1.9 1.6 1.9 4.8 5.9 7.6 11.1 12.0 6.6 9.5 n/a n/a
ZSM 1549/2012(FGZC 3714) m 23.3 8.0 8.3 2.3 3.3 2.6 1.5 1.9 5.8 6.7 8.8 11.1 13.2 6.7 12.6 3.0 2.1
ZSM 1548/2012(FGZC 3721) f 24.1 7.7 9.2 2.2 2.8 2.8 1.4 2.2 5.5 6.6 9.3 12.5 14.0 6.5 13.8 n/a n/a
ZSM 318/2016(SM AEA 063) f 25.2 7.9 9.4 2.1 2.6 3.0 2.0 2.4 7.1 6.4 8.9 13.6 14.2 7.2 13.6 n/a n/a
Colouration in life (Fig. 2) dorsally mottled with greens, browns, blacks, and yellows. Particularly green over the eyes. Raised ridges on the back were mostly yellowish, but some also with an orange hint. Flanks and lateral head as dorsum. Legs dark brown with yellow-green cross-bands, three on the thigh, three on the shank, and two on the tarsus. The tarsus and dorsal foot were a more ruddy brown than the rest of the body, mottled with a tan orange on the toes and on the heel. A few tubercles on the legs were red. A whitish annulus was present before the terminal disc of each toe and finger. The forelimbs were as the shanks and foot, ruddy brown mottled with yellow-green and dark brown, with a few red tubercles. Whitish spots were present in the inguinal region and the ventral portion of the flank, and also two cream stripes were present below the eye that continued on the bottom lip. The tympanum was distinctly brownish. The venter was umber in base colour with more reddish portions of translucent skin on the ventral side of the arms. The chin had white portions along the lip and especially on the vocal sacs, but the jaw itself was blackish. The venter had distinct white spots. The ventral hindlimbs were umber with irregular pale olive and yellow patches on the ventral thigh and shank. The ventral tarsus, foot, and hand were umber. The femoral glands were fleshy in colour, and the area ventral to the cloaca was pinkish. The iris was copper above and below, and rusty anteriorly and posteriorly, with blackish reticulations and a blackish line above and below the centre of the pupil.
After six months in preservative, the colouration of the holotype has faded to become more uniformly brownish, and areas that were greenish in life have become cream. White areas of the venter are still immaculately white.
All paratypes resemble the holotype in gross morphology; see Table 1 for morphological variation. Tympanum diameter ranges from 47–79 % of eye, without strong sexual dimorphism in tympanum size. Females are marginally but not significantly larger than males (t-test, t = -1.9215, df = 13, p = 0.07687). Several paratypes have smaller femoral glands than the holotype. Femoral glands are composed of 2 or 3 large granules (mean 2.875 ± 0.35, n = 8; all but one of eight examined specimens with 3 granules). Females have miniscule raised bumps in the femoral area. There is considerable variation in colouration of the specimens, with some individuals being much darker, and others being more green (Figs 3–4). The chin of females is more solidly dark than that of males, and they lack most white spots. A pair of cream stripes below the eye that continue on the lower lip is present in all specimens. Two specimens (UADBA 60299, and ZSM 1545/2012, Fig. 4) have a bright vertebral stripe.
Bioacoustics
Call recordings were made in Marojejy from the holotype ZSM 419/2016 at its collection locality at a distance of 0.5 m during light rain (Suppl. material 1, DOI: 10.7479/nmx8-aq7v). The call is interpreted as an advertisement call as it resembles the advertisement calls of the subgenus Laurentomantis, and was emitted without close proximity to other individuals, and while the frog was otherwise inactive (Köhler et al. 2017). Air temperature was not recorded. A strict FFT bandwidth filter was applied to the dataset to remove all sound below 400 Hz in order to remove wind artefacts. Two calls were recorded from the holotype, but numerous calls were heard whilst searching for this species along the river where it was found. Calls consisted of a rapid series of 24–29 extremely short notes (note duration 6.3 ± 1.9 ms, range 2–10 ms, n = 53; Fig. 5a), each of which had 2.6 ± 0.6 pulses (2–4 pulses, n = 50), the peak amplitudes of which were separated by 2.7 ± 0.6 ms (1–4 ms, n = 53; Fig. 5b). Notes were separated by silent inter-note intervals of 64.6 ± 5.5 ms (47–75 ms, n = 51). The call was amplitude modulated, increasing in amplitude quickly and slowly decaying toward the end of the call. Call duration was 1769–1827 ms (n = 2), with one inter-call interval recorded of 2399 ms. Generally, however, the calls appeared to be emitted rather irregularly. Dominant frequency was 5124–5512 Hz, and the 90 % bandwidth was from 2723–2759 to 6391–6462 Hz.
Spectrogram (above) and waveform (below) of a call of the holotype of Gephyromantis (Vatomantis) lomorina sp. n., ZSM 419/2016, from Marojejy. (a) A full call (spectrogram shown using FFT of 512 points to visualise call structure); and (b) a 250 ms section from the middle of a call, showing the degree of pulsation of each note (spectrogram shown using FFT of 128 points to visualise note structure).
Similar calls were recorded in Sorata from ZSM 1549/2012 at its collection locality (Suppl. material 2, DOI: 10.7479/nmx8-aq7v). Air temperature was not recorded. The calls strongly resembled those recorded from the holotype. Three calls were recorded, but one was cut off and another had loud calls of Gephyromantis (Duboimantis) sp. in the background, so only one was analysed. The call consisted of a rapid series of 31 extremely short notes (note duration 6.9 ± 0.8 ms, range 6–10 ms, n = 27 analysed), each of which had 2.0 ± 0.2 pulses (2–3 pulses, n = 27), the peak amplitudes of which were separated by 3.0 ± 0.4 ms (2–4 ms, n = 27). Notes were separated by silent inter-note intervals of 46.3 ± 3.8 ms (41–55 ms, n = 27). The call was amplitude modulated in the same way as that of ZSM 419/2016. Call duration was 1681 ms, and one inter-call interval was ca. 1900 ms. In general however calling was irregular. The dominant frequency was 5555 Hz, and the 90 % bandwidth was from 4979 to 6003 Hz. The call with a loud Gephyromantis (Duboimantis) sp. in the background was considerably shorter, and consisted of just 11 notes over a duration of 515 ms, but we suppose this call may have been disturbed as it lacked amplitude reduction toward its end.
The new species is known from three localities in northeastern Madagascar: (1) Marojejy National Park (type locality), (2) Sorata massif, and (3) Andravory massif (Fig. 6). All specimens were collected between 1164 and 1394 m a.s.l.
Distribution of Gephyromantis (Vatomantis) lomorina sp. n. in northern Madagascar. Areas with diagonal lines are official protected areas. The dotted outline indicates the proposed area with the scope of the WWF protection plan for this part of Madagascar (Biodev Madagascar Consulting 2014, WWF Madagascar 2015). Three arc second SRTM data from Jarvis et al. (2008).
Specimens were collected near mountain streams in pristine montane riparian rainforest (Fig. 4g). In Marojejy National Park they were encountered during and after light rain, sitting in inconspicuous locations, especially on the fronds of tree ferns, but also on other low vegetation, between a few centimetres and up to 2 m above the ground. Specimens in Sorata were found in similar positions during dry weather, in the days just before the beginning of the rainy season. Males called irregularly and softly (see the call description above). Population density in Marojejy was remarkably high, with around three or four individuals being found along a 10 m stretch of stream. The observed density in Sorata was lower, possibly due to the absence of rain during the observation period. The species occurred in close sympatry with a number of other mantellids, but only few of these (especially Mantidactylus aff. femoralis) were found in the same microhabitat. Several specimens from Marojejy had pinkish mites (probably of the genus Endotrombicula; see Wohltmann et al. 2007) embedded within translucent whitish pustules on the skin of their fingers, toes, and bodies. Nothing is known about the reproduction of this species, but the calling sites suggest an association with lotic water.
Available names
There are no other, earlier names currently available (e.g., junior synonyms) that are assignable to the subgenera Vatomantis or Laurentomantis and that could apply to the new species.
The specific epithet is the Malagasy word lomorina, meaning 'covered in moss', in reference to the green, mossy appearance of the species in life. It is used as an invariable noun in apposition to the genus name.
The species occurs in two regions with very different conservation situations: the highly protected forests of Marojejy National Park, and the unprotected, isolated, and highly threatened forests of Sorata and Andravory. Maminirina et al. (2008) report a study site in the rainforest of Sorata at 970 m a.s.l., but in our surveys in 2012, we detected larger patches of forest only at elevations of ca. 1270 m and above. The new species was collected at lower elevation in Andravory (1164–1179 m a.s.l.), where forest persists. Higher elevation levels of Sorata are covered by high-elevation forests different to those where G. lomorina sp. n. was found, and these therefore may not support this species. In this area, the species is therefore directly threatened by the loss of the only forests in which it has been detected.
By contrast in Marojejy, forest extends down to roughly 200 m a.s.l., is highly protected, and the high elevation forest where this species occurs does not seem to be facing any immediate threats. Although the tourist load to Marojejy is relatively high, and the area upslope from the collection locality of the holotype and several paratypes is somewhat polluted with refuse from the nearby tourist camp, the species was abundant around this stream during our survey there in 2016, and presumably inhabits other streams around the same elevation across the massif.
Accommodating this spread of risk is a challenge for the IUCN Red List status. However, G. (V.) lomorina sp. n. is not the first species to have almost exactly this distribution. Rhombophryne vaventy Scherz, Ruthensteiner, Vences & Glaw was recently recovered from Sorata (Peloso et al. 2016, Scherz et al. 2016, Lambert et al. 2017) after initially having been described from the same type locality as G. lomorina sp. n. (Scherz et al. 2014). In the case of this species, Scherz et al. (2017a) argued for a classification of Endangered under IUCN criterion B1ab(iii), i.e. an extent of occurrence under 5000 km2 (B1), known from fewer than five threat-defined locations (a), and an observed, estimated, inferred, or projected decline (b) in the area, extent, and/or quality of habitat (iii). Given the similar situation in G. lomorina sp. n., i.e., very similar, limited distribution and ongoing reduction and threat to a substantial part of its habitat (i.e., the forests of Sorata and Andravory), we propose that the same threat status and justification be given for this species.
Gephyromantis (Vatomantis) lomorina sp. n. is a distinctive species, mostly due to its granular, greenish skin, which is rougher than in all other members of the subgenus Vatomantis, but not as rugose as in many species of the subgenus Laurentomantis. Indeed, it is in several aspects intermediate between these subgenera, having a call that sounds similar to both (Vences et al. 2006). Its phylogenetic position is at present basically unresolved between these two subgenera. However, its morphology is clearly more similar to Vatomantis than to Laurentomantis, as it lacks an outer metatarsal tubercle (present in Laurentomantis), has a distinct brown tympanum (less distinct in Laurentomantis), lacks a broadened head (usually distinctly broadened in Laurentomantis) and has paired subgular vocal sacs (single in Laurentomantis) (Glaw and Vences 2006).
Gephyromantis (Vatomantis) rivicola, G. (V.) silvanus, G. (V.) lomorina sp. n., and most Laurentomantis species share a unique femoral gland morphology with glands being composed of a small number of large, round granules (each granule representing a single gland within the femoral macrogland; Vences et al. 2007; Fig. 1). Glaw et al. (2000) interpreted these unusual glands as possible intermediate steps between Type 2 glands (sharply delimited groups of numerous granules of up to 0.9 mm diameter) toward Type 3 and 4 glands (a rounded structure composed of few, large granules and an external central depression). The position of G. (V.) lomorina sp. n. appears to make this situation more complicated; formerly, it seemed that granule size had increased and number decreased in G. (V.) rivicola and G. (V.) silvanus while G. (V.) webbi had retained Type 2 glands typical of most other Gephyromantis species (Glaw et al. 2000, Vences et al. 2007). However, given the split of G. (V.) lomorina from a more basal node in that clade (Fig. 1), and given the ubiquity of these unusual glands in the sister subgenus Laurentomantis (Glaw et al. 2000, Kaffenberger et al. 2012), it seems that Type 2 femoral glands may have independently originated one or more times in this clade. A better resolved phylogeny of the clade will be necessary to better understand the evolution of their femoral gland morphology.
The apparently highly divergent G. (V.) lomorina sp. n. sheds some light on questions regarding the relationships of G. klemmeri. Formerly, G. klemmeri was considered a member of the subgenus Gephyromantis, but Kaffenberger et al. (2012) showed that it has affinities between Laurentomantis and Vatomantis. They forestalled action on transferring it to one of these subgenera until more data become available, as single genes disagreed as to its position. Gephyromantis klemmeri shares femoral gland morphology with both Laurentomantis and Vatomantis, having large glands with a small number of large granules. This lends credence both to its phylogenetic position being close to these subgenera, and also to the hypothesis that smaller numbers of larger granules in the femoral glands may be ancestral in this clade.
Kaffenberger et al. (2012) suggested three possible alternatives to dealing with the phylogenetic affinities of G. klemmeri: (a) including G. klemmeri in Laurentomantis (its position sister to Laurentomantis was supported with 94 % bootstrap support from maximum likelihood and >0.99 posterior probability, but was not supported in maximum parsimony analysis), (b) erecting a new monotypic subgenus, or (c) redefining a more inclusive subgenus Laurentomantis that besides G. klemmeri would also include Vatomantis as a junior synonym (the clade containing Laurentomantis, Vatomantis, and G. klemmeri was supported with 100 % bootstrap support from maximum likelihood, >0.99 posterior probability, and 86 % bootstrap support from maximum parsimony). Determining the best course of taxonomic action will in part depend on the resolution of the phylogenetic relationships of G. klemmeri and of G. (V.) lomorina sp. n., in the framework of a more comprehensive revision of Laurentomantis and Vatomantis, as these subgenera still contain further candidate species requiring in-depth analysis (Vieites et al. 2009).
Gephyromantis (Vatomantis) lomorina sp. n. also sheds light on the biogeography of northern Madagascar, providing yet more evidence for a strong link between Sorata and Marojejy. The environmental conditions of these two regions are similar (Brown et al. 2016), and various species originally described from one of the two areas have subsequently been discovered in the other, e.g. Rhombophryne vaventy (Peloso et al. 2016, Scherz et al. 2016, 2017a, Lambert et al. 2017), Gephyromantis (Asperomantis) tahotra (Glaw et al. 2011, Vences et al. 2017), and G. (D.) schilfi (Glaw and Vences 2000, Scherz et al. 2017b). These similarities are generally limited to species found above 1200 m, probably because forest below 1200 m in Sorata has been mostly eradicated.
We predict that similarities between faunal compositions of the mountainous massifs of northern Madagascar are limited by elevational connectivity. For instance, there is continued connectivity between regions of elevation up to 1400 m from Sorata to Marojejy and indeed roughly to the Manongarivo massif as well. There is no connectivity above this elevation however; areas of over 1400 m across the different massifs are separated by lower elevations, leading to island-like isolation of peak areas. Therefore, we predict that species occurring above 1400 m will show a greater degree of microendemism, and those below this elevation will have a greater probability of occurring more widely; the higher a species' centre of elevational distribution is located, the greater its chance of being microendemic. No absolute threshold of turnover is expected, because major climate fluctuations in the past will likely have blurred elevational boundaries over time.
So far, evidence appears to support this hypothesis; as already stated, several species from around 1300 m are shared between Marojejy and Sorata (and Andravory, though at present only limited and generally unpublished data are available from this forest), and some species known from higher elevations are so far thought to be microendemic to either region, e.g. Rhombophryne longicrus (Scherz et al. 2015), Gephyromantis (Duboimantis) tohatra (Scherz et al. 2017b), Calumma jejy, and C. peyrierasi. Assuming this hypothesis is correct, it raises questions about species that are microendemic at lower elevations, but opportunities to study and understand these taxa are increasingly limited by the fact that forest at lower elevations is disappearing outside of protected areas. Conservation efforts must be redoubled to ensure that these study systems may remain long enough to be investigated and understood.
As always, we are grateful to the Malagasy authorities of the Ministry of Environments and Forests for providing us with permits. Field research was conducted under permit No 215/16/MEEF/SG/DGF/DSAP/SCB.Re (dated 5 September 2016) and N° 265/12/MEF/SG/DGF/DCB.SAP/SCB (dated 18 October 2012). Specimens were exported under permits N° 010N-EA01/MG17 (dated 4 January 2017) and N° 163N-EA12/MG12 (dated 17 December 2012). This work was carried out in collaboration with the Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Universite d'Antananarivo, to whom we are also grateful for the loan of the paratype series. We are also grateful to R. Walker, W.-Y. Crawley, T. H. Rafeliarisoa, and the Andravory team for their help in Andravory, and A. Razafimanantsoa and T. Rajoafiarison for their help in Marojejy and Sorata. AR and MCB were supported by fellowships of the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst. MV and MDS were supported by grants of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (VE247/13-1 and 15-1). The fieldwork of OH, FG, AR, and FR was supported by the Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund (project 11253064). The publication of this article in Zoosystematics and Evolution was made possible by the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin.
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Supplementary material 1
Advertisement call of Gephyromantis lomorina sp. n.
Mark D. Scherz, Oliver Hawlitschek, Jary H. Razafindraibe, Steven Megson, Fanomezana Mihaja Ratsoavina, Andolalao Rakotoarison, Molly C. Bletz, Frank Glaw, Miguel Vences
Data type: WAV File (.wav)
Explanation note: Call recording of Gephyromantis (Vatomantis) lomorina sp. n. ZSM 419/2016 (ZCMV 15221). Calls recorded at 21h20 on 18 November 2016 near Camp Simpona (ca. 14.4366°S, ca. 49.7434°E, ca. 1325 m a.s.l.) in Marojejy National Park, Sava Region, Antsiranana Province, northeastern Madagascar, by M. D. Scherz. Frog was ca. 1 m above the ground on a fern near a small river, calling occasionally during light rain. Air temperature was not taken. Recording distance was 0.5 m. Animal Sound Archive: https://doi.org/10.7479/nmx8-aq7v.
This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Download file (1.42 MB)
Explanation note: Call recording of Gephyromantis (Vatomantis) lomorina sp. n. ZSM 1549/2012 (FGZC 3714). Calls recorded at night on 30 November 2012 on the Sorata massif (creek near campsite, 13.6829°S, 49.4403°E, 1325 m a.s.l.), Sava Region, Antsiranana Province, northeastern Madagascar, by O. Hawlitschek. Ecological data not available. Air temperature and recording distance were not noted. Animal Sound Archive: https://doi.org/10.7479/nmx8-aq7v.


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A new analysis of biomedical awards over five decades shows men receive more cash and more respect for their research than women do, report Brian Uzzi and colleagues.
Scientists might gauge their success by the usual publishing metrics, or perhaps by how many Nature papers they have. Yet the rest of the world cares little for citation counts, publication rates or journal prestige — people are more likely to learn of a scholar's impact through the media buzz surrounding big scientific awards. Such prizes also catch the eye of granting agencies, influence the direction of research and bring scientists personal recognition, particularly in the formative period of their careers.
However, there have been surprisingly few quantitative analyses of prizewinning in science, and even fewer that consider nuances such as prestige and financial rewards.


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Lauren Lien
Eliza Lillian Taylor
Pioneer Eliza Lillian Taylor (1878 – 1967) immigrated from England at the age of 28 to settle in Mojave. Her aunt, Sarah Faulkner, was the owner of the Los Angeles Rooming House in Mojave and invited Eliza to come and stay with her. When Eliza arrived in Mojave, however, she received the tragic news that her aunt passed away. Willed the property by her aunt, Eliza became the new owner of the Los Angeles Rooming House.
Soon after settling in Mojave, Eliza met Daniel McDonald (1870 – 1923). Daniel was previously a Boston shipyard worker who had come to Mojave to seek employment in the local mines. He was working at the Exposed Treasure and Queen Esther Mines when they married in 1907.
Together they worked as a team, with Eliza managing their hotel and restaurant and Daniel managing their saloon. As increasing development came to the area, they expanded the hotel to accommodate the large crews that came in to work on the local railroad, mines, and aqueduct. Daniel operated his saloon until it was shut down by Prohibition in 1919, with him being the last saloonkeeper in Mojave to close his doors.
Eliza was considered to be kind but tough, a hard-working woman that always had something to get done. She became known locally as "Ma" McDonald, with a widespread appreciation for her persimmon cookies. She operated her rooming house for over 60 years.
This photo shows Daniel McDonald with his and Eliza's two sons, Joseph (left) and Donald, along with their family dog.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As an Iraq invasion supporter, I suppose I too have been "radicalized." But I don't feel radical on principles; I don't mean to advocate for proletariat ownership of the means of production, or sub-10% taxation of the top 2% of wage earners, or anything. I am forever radicalized against trusting the government and the media about much of anything, particularly matters of national security.
As an oldest child, from an upper-middle-class family, I'd always been inclined to think that things were mostly being conducted on the up-and-up; that we as a people had learned the lessons of the Gulf of Tonkin, segregation, and Watergate. Now I know that those were eternal lessons of human frailty, not lessons of history learned by all.
Reading Marcus Aurelius and the Federalist Papers on governance and human nature would once have been described as "conservative"; no idea what to call this radicalization of tone and attitude in light of what that term means now.
For me, real conservatism and real Christianity have never been more vital. Or their absence so striking.


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End of an era at VCC; McDonald retires after 29 seasons, more than 500 wins
Paul McDonald and Provost Shawn Bina
Ironmen KOd from playoff chase
Little rest for the Wolves; Another cancellation creates busy home stretch to end year
Boys win section title; Ely sending nine to state meet
Prigge sets new BSU record, breaks mark held by Dusich
Ely's Jayne Dusich holds numerous track and field records at Bemidji State University.
It took almost 30 years, and one of her former students, for one of those records to fall.
Last weekend, freshman Ryne Prigge of Ely not only won the 1,000-meter run at an indoor event in North Dakota, but she also shattered a school record set by Dusich in 1991.
Prigge, who was coached by Dusich in both cross country and track at Ely, won Saturday's race in 3:00.57, breaking Dusich's school-best mark when she was a standout for the Beavers in the early-1990s.
Last year's Arrowhead Conference Female Athlete of the Year, Prigge was a standout in track, cross country and Nordic skiing at Ely and signed with Bemidji State, an NCAA Division II school, to compete in both track and cross country.
Dusich followed a similar path and earned spot in both the BSU and Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference Hall of Fame.
Winter Frolic Week coming up at EHS
Pushing the limits; Ely's Skustad bows out of 135
Carl Skustad posted online this week, "Thanks for all your thoughts and positive vibes. After a few hours at Melgeorge's last night thinking about today's race strategy I decided to drop from this years AH135. With as much respect as I have for this race I didn't want to be a liability on trail. I was safe and have all my fingers and toes in one piece. The time it would taken me to get to the finish would have possibly put me in a bivi tonight. My skis were so slow and I jacked up my knee in a little wipeout action on course. Ski ya later, peace."
Lake Superior cools down Ironmen
The Vermilion Ironmen were riding a hot streak, at least until Wednesday.
That's when league upstart Lake Superior staked its own claim in a growing chase for a regional playoff berth, pulling away from the Ironmen in an 84-64 community college basketball victory at Superior, Wis.
The fledgling IceHawks, in their first season of play in the Minnesota Community Athletic Conference, evened their division record at 4-4 while VCC fell to 3-4 and had a three-game win streak come to an end.
One team was hot and the other was not as the Ironmen shot just 34 percent for the game and were six-for-28 from three-point distance.
Lake Superior shot at a 51 percent clip and was an even more impressive 11-for-20 from beyond the three-point line.
The IceHawks' Ryan Pantsar hit all five of his three-point attempts and had 19 points for LSC, which outscored Vermilion 39-27 in the second stanza.
Ely ski teams get set for key meets
Ely's Nordic Wolves had the chance Wednesday to race under the same format that will be used for the upcoming section and state meets.
The results showed that opponents of the Ely boys have good reason to be nervous.
As they have all year, the Wolves racked up another team victory with sophomore Jasper Johnston once again at the head of the pack.
Johnston won both the freestyle and classic five-kilometer races at the Duluth East Invitational, taking home the combined pursuit victory with nearly a minute to spare.
As a team, the Ely boys were as dominant as Johnston, grabbing three of the top-five individual places and six spots in the top-11.
Those results gave the Wolves an easy win in the team standings, with Ely topping eight other schools.
Among the girls, Ely was fourth in a 10-team field.
Rugged stretch on, off court; Illness, difficult foes form potent combination against Ely girls


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Konge i Danmark: Frederik 5. 1746-1766

Se også 1757 (tal)

Begivenheder
 Slaget ved Prag
 Slaget ved Rossbach
 Slaget ved Leuthen

Januar
 2. januar – Robert Clive af Indien indtog Kolkata (dengang Calcutta), som var indtaget af Nawab af Bengalen. Af 146 engelske fanger overlever kun 23

Februar
 1. februar - i Danmark bliver der indført bødestraf for drukkenskab

Juni

 23. juni - under ledelse af general Robert Clive besejrer briterne de indiske styrker i slaget ved Plassey

Født

 28. november – William Blake, engelsk poet

Dødsfald
 23. juli – Domenico Scarlatti, italiensk komponist. 71 år.

Sport

Musik

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

57

Artikler om enkelte år

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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You are here: Home / Human Interest / Red Cross seeing blood supplies dwindle
Red Cross seeing blood supplies dwindle
The year may be winding down, but the demand for blood from Iowa hospitals is rising while the number of blood donors is dwindling.
Josh Murray, regional communications director for the Iowa-Nebraska Region of the American Red Cross, says the agency is making an appeal for everyone who's able to give a pint.
"Our donor turnout is still down. People have been kind of slow coming back after the pandemic to give," Murray says. "Also, we're seeing a rise in hospital demand. They're doing more elective surgeries that maybe they didn't do during the height of the pandemic. There's some other cases that they need more blood for treatments that maybe they couldn't do in the past year."
Several blood drives are planned in Iowa during December, which Murray says is a welcome change since so many had to be called off during the pandemic. "We're excited to get more blood drives on the calendar, more opportunities for people to give," Murray says. "This is traditionally a tough time to collect blood with the holidays, everyone is busy, the weather is going to get nasty here soon and we'll have to deal with that. We have an opportunity for people to get out, help us collect that blood so we can be able to provide that to hospitals and to patients in need."
Blood products are perishable and Murray says the only source of lifesaving blood for patients is volunteer blood donors. "Type O is always in need, that's universal and the most transfused type, but really all blood types are in need right now," Murray says. "We're seeing a shortage across the board. We encourage everyone, no matter what your blood type, to consider giving blood. If you're an O, that is even more significant right now."
Blood can be safely donated every 56 days and Murray says donors can feel good knowing that by donating through the Red Cross, they may be helping patients not only in their community but also others across the nation.
Blood drives are planned in the following cities: Omaha-Council Bluffs on December 20th, Cedar Rapids on December 22nd, Des Moines on December 23rd, South Sioux City on December 30th, and Cedar Falls on December 30th.
Filed Under: Fires/Accidents/Disasters, Human Interest, News


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The world almost ended 71 years ago...
The plague came out of nowhere and ravaged the world. Most died within a week. Nothing could stop it. The world did its best. It wasn't good enough.
For three generations, we, the last fragments of humanity have lived on the seas, on floating stations called "havens." Far from the plague, we are able to provide supplies to the mainland to keep them (and us) from succumbing completely.
We've managed to keep a network of the largest known cities in the world alive. Things have been tough the past few years. Cities far away from the havens have fallen off our grid...
Tomorrow, a small group of us head out into what's left of the world. We don't know what we'll find.
Pandemic Legacy: Season 2 is an epic cooperative game for 2 to 4 players. Unlike most other games, this one is working against you. What's more, some of the actions you take in Pandemic Legacy will carry over to future games. No two worlds will ever be alike!
Atha Kanaani
Pandemic Legacy: Season 2 (Game Review by Chris Wray) (Spoiler Free)
The Opinionated Gamers
Pandemic Legacy first took the boardgame world by storm back in 2015, with Season 1 grabbing BGG's #1 spot and earning praise from around the hobby. Season 2 was released last year, and it is climbing in the BGG rankings as well.
Pandemic Legacy: Season 2—The world's "best board game" gets better
Ars Cardboard
How do you follow the most popular board game ever made? In a world where three separate versions of Smurfs Monopoly exist, Pandemic Legacy: Season One (PL:S1) isn't the biggest-selling game of all time—but it has topped the popularity charts at Board Game Geek since it was released. It's as close to...
Pandemic Legacy Season 2
Hiew's Boardgame Blog
Plays: 4P x 18. Pandemic Legacy Season 2 is a spoiler-heavy game, so in talking about it I have to use the same method as when I wrote about Season 1. In Part 1 I will talk about how the game works, and you will see items that you have access to before your first game.
Pandemic Legacy Season 2 September Game - SPOILERS Full Board Game Play Session
123 min Video