The Union Minister for Science & Technology and Earth Sciences Dr. Harsh Vardhan says that government is endeavoring to promote scientific temper in the country to give a boost to start up movement in the country. Addressing a Press conference to give details of the First India International Science Festival (IISF) being organized at IIT Delhi from 4th to 8th December 2015, he said, India made invaluable contribution in generating and distributing scientific knowledge for the benefit of humanity while also making many landmark scientific achievements. The Minister pointed out that concerted efforts are to be made now to reap the benefits of science research for the improvement of quality life of our people. He pointed out that fostering scientific temper is considered far more relevant today than ever before. Diffusion of science and technology across the entire societal fabric shall help foster scientific temper and reinforce a rational attitude.
The Minister said the IISF 2015 targets to involve and include commoners with a view to improve their scientific understanding, temperament and appreciation for various feats in science & technology by showcasing Indian achievements. Giving details about the science festival Dr. Harsh Vardhan said this is expected to be the country's biggest ever Technology & Industrial Expo where a world record attempt in science practical demonstration by 2,000 school children as per Guinness guidelines will also be held. There will be an international science film festival and around 400 research papers presented by young scientists will be the highlights of the first India International Science Festival (IISF).
The Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) has been chosen as the nodal government institution to organise this mega event in collaboration with Vijnana Bharati (VIBHA).
This science festival will stand apart from other events of the kind in view of the diversity of programmes it includes.
In all around 4,000 delegates from India and abroad are expected to take part in IISF 2015 which will aim to showcase the achievements of Indian scientists and institutions; explore ways to translate academic research to industrial applications benefiting the common man and encourage culmination of scientific temperament among youngsters, especially schoolchildren.
IISF 2015 intends to be a platform for scientists to interact for sharing ideas and knowledge. In the present day scenario, India has a huge number of technically qualified professionals, yet scientific temper is not much evident across the nation. Hence, fostering scientific temper is considered far more relevant today than ever before. Diffusion of science and technology across the entire societal fabric shall help foster scientific temper and reinforce a rational attitude. Today we need path-breaking inventions to support flagship programs such as Make in India, Digital India, Smart Villages and Smart Cities that were initiated by the Prime Minister. Listening to the voice of young scientists from the country on the topics of relevance to our global world is considered essential to fulfil these initiatives for a better tomorrow. It is with these objectives that the 1st India International Science Festival is being organised in Delhi from 4th to 8th December 2015.
This is a Special effort to bring thousands of young children, young scientists and the public at large at one venue and expose them to the excitement of doing science and feel proud of the scientific and technological achievements of the Nation and dream of even higher and more challenging goals. Special emphasis will be laid on exploring ways to translate academic research to practical industrial applications benefiting the common man, promotion of this translational spirit among young children and scientists and promotion of scientific temper among people of this country.
Among the major events of IISF 2015 is a mega Technology and Industrial Expo on the theme "Think Science, Live Science". More than 240 stalls and pavilions spread over 72,000 sq ft of exhibition space will showcase innovations from government ministries and departments, science and technology councils of various states, autonomous institutions, R&D organisations, technological institutes, laboratories, educational institutions and public/private sector companies engaged in research.
The National Level Exhibition & Project Competition (NLEPC) under the 'INSPIRE' Programme of the Department of Science and Technology would be an integral part of IISF 2015. Around 800 students of Classes VI to X, selected on the basis of state-level competitions, will showcase their innovative project models. 60 best projects will be shortlisted and top three will be awarded.
The festival will host a number of scientific and technical sessions addressed by leading scientists from the country and abroad. Nearly 400 research papers will be presented during the Young Scientists' Conference on subjects ranging from Indigenous Science and Technology, Agricultural Practices and Livestock Management, Green Energy, Waste Management and Water Management to Ocean Sciences, Geo Information Systems and Vector Control.
Another major milestone of IISF 2015 would be to attempt setting a World Record for the largest practical science laboratory experiment by 2,000 school students on Monday (December 7). The current world record is held by a group 1,339 Irish schoolchildren. Officials from the Guinness Book of World Records will be on hand to oversee and authenticate the record.
An international science film festival running from December 5-7, will screen internationally acclaimed, national award winning films on science, health and environment. Eminent filmmakers and science communicators will conduct workshops for film enthusiasts and students.
The planned Industry-Academia conclave will feature representatives of well known industrial houses and the country's premier institutes to work out ways to make college students career-ready by providing a post academic knowledge environment and industry exposure.
Nearly 6,000 students from schools and colleges are expected to interact directly with eminent scientists at IISF 2015.
One of the core themes of IISF, the promotion of green energy, is being demonstrated by a festival participant, Bangalore-based Shri Syed Sajjad Ahmed. He has journeyed from Bangalore to Delhi in a solar-powered car he developed on his own. Shri Ahmed, who started on the trip on 1st November, reaches Delhi on 2nd December, 2015.
India International Science Festival will be a pioneering event in terms of both its scale and significance. It will reach out not just to the scientific community but the common man. There will be a great deal for school and college students to learn and explore at IISF, the first edition of which will aim to set new benchmarks for science events in the country.


Wonder why I recommend an Epsom Salt bath after massage therapy? Well, let me break it down for you!
During your massage therapy sessions, I release metabolic waste from your muscles. Drinking extra water helps flush some toxins, but you might be sore for a couple days after the massage. Just add 2 cups of Epsom Salt to your warm bathwater, to enhance the toxin-flush by increasing perspiration and draw wastes (like uric acid) through your skin.Caution: stand up slowly after the bath, and drink plenty of water, as Epsom Salt will dehydrate and could make you feel more light-headed than a regular hot bath. Seek the advice of your physician before you take an Epsom Salt bath if you have high blood pressure, diabetes or a heart or kidney condition, or before you start any new treatment plan.
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text:
/*
 * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates
 * and open the template in the editor.
 */
package org.ec.jap.entiti.saap;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Date;

import javax.persistence.Basic;
import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.JoinColumn;
import javax.persistence.ManyToOne;
import javax.persistence.NamedQueries;
import javax.persistence.NamedQuery;
import javax.persistence.Table;
import javax.validation.constraints.NotNull;
import javax.validation.constraints.Size;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlRootElement;

/**
 *
 * @author Freddy
 */
@Entity
@Table(name = "gasto")
@XmlRootElement
@NamedQueries({
		@NamedQuery(name = "Gasto.findAllGastosAcum", query = "SELECT SUM(g.valor) FROM Gasto g inner join g.idRegistroEconomico ree inner join ree.tipoRegistro tr inner join g.idPeriodoPago pp WHERE tr=:tipoRegistro AND  (pp.anio<=:anio or :anio=0) AND (pp.mes<=:mes or :mes=-1)"),
		@NamedQuery(name = "Gasto.findAllGastos", query = "SELECT SUM(g.valor) FROM Gasto g inner join g.idRegistroEconomico ree inner join ree.tipoRegistro tr inner join g.idPeriodoPago pp WHERE tr=:tipoRegistro AND  (pp.anio=:anio or :anio=0) AND (pp.mes=:mes or :mes=-1)"),
		@NamedQuery(name = "Gasto.findAllByUser", query = "SELECT a FROM Gasto a inner join a.idPeriodoPago pp WHERE pp.idPeriodoPago=:idPeriodoPago OR :idPeriodoPago=0 ORDER BY a.fechaIngreso  "),
		@NamedQuery(name = "Gasto.findAll", query = "SELECT g FROM Gasto g"), @NamedQuery(name = "Gasto.findByIdGasto", query = "SELECT g FROM Gasto g WHERE g.idGasto = :idGasto"),
		@NamedQuery(name = "Gasto.findByDescripcion", query = "SELECT g FROM Gasto g WHERE g.descripcion = :descripcion"),
		@NamedQuery(name = "Gasto.findByValor", query = "SELECT g FROM Gasto g WHERE g.valor = :valor"),
		@NamedQuery(name = "Gasto.findByFechaIngreso", query = "SELECT g FROM Gasto g WHERE g.fechaIngreso = :fechaIngreso"),
		@NamedQuery(name = "Gasto.findByNumeroDocumento", query = "SELECT g FROM Gasto g WHERE g.numeroDocumento = :numeroDocumento") })
public class Gasto implements Serializable {
	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
	@Id
	@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
	@Column(name = "id_gasto")
	private Integer idGasto;

	@Basic(optional = false)
	@NotNull
	@Size(min = 1, max = 2000)
	@Column(name = "descripcion")
	private String descripcion;

	@Basic(optional = false)
	@NotNull
	@Column(name = "valor")
	private Double valor;

	@Basic(optional = false)
	@NotNull
	@Column(name = "fecha_ingreso")
	private Date fechaIngreso;

	@Size(max = 128)
	@Column(name = "numero_documento")
	private String numeroDocumento;

	@JoinColumn(name = "id_periodo_pago", referencedColumnName = "id_periodo_pago")
	@ManyToOne(optional = false)
	private PeriodoPago idPeriodoPago;

	@JoinColumn(name = "id_destino", referencedColumnName = "id_destino")
	@ManyToOne(optional = false)
	private Destino idDestino;

	@JoinColumn(name = "id_registro_economico", referencedColumnName = "id_registro_economico")
	@ManyToOne
	private RegistroEconomico idRegistroEconomico;

	public Gasto() {
	}

	public Gasto(Integer idGasto) {
		this.idGasto = idGasto;
	}

	public Gasto(Integer idGasto, String descripcion, Double valor, Date fechaIngreso) {
		this.idGasto = idGasto;
		this.descripcion = descripcion;
		this.valor = valor;
		this.fechaIngreso = fechaIngreso;
	}

	public Integer getIdGasto() {
		return idGasto;
	}

	public void setIdGasto(Integer idGasto) {
		this.idGasto = idGasto;
	}

	public String getDescripcion() {
		return descripcion;
	}

	public void setDescripcion(String descripcion) {
		this.descripcion = descripcion;
	}

	public Double getValor() {
		return valor;
	}

	public void setValor(Double valor) {
		this.valor = valor;
	}

	public Date getFechaIngreso() {
		return fechaIngreso;
	}

	public void setFechaIngreso(Date fechaIngreso) {
		this.fechaIngreso = fechaIngreso;
	}

	public String getNumeroDocumento() {
		return numeroDocumento;
	}

	public void setNumeroDocumento(String numeroDocumento) {
		this.numeroDocumento = numeroDocumento;
	}

	public PeriodoPago getIdPeriodoPago() {
		return idPeriodoPago;
	}

	public void setIdPeriodoPago(PeriodoPago idPeriodoPago) {
		this.idPeriodoPago = idPeriodoPago;
	}

	public Destino getIdDestino() {
		return idDestino;
	}

	public void setIdDestino(Destino idDestino) {
		this.idDestino = idDestino;
	}

	public RegistroEconomico getIdRegistroEconomico() {
		return idRegistroEconomico;
	}

	public void setIdRegistroEconomico(RegistroEconomico idRegistroEconomico) {
		this.idRegistroEconomico = idRegistroEconomico;
	}

	@Override
	public int hashCode() {
		int hash = 0;
		hash += (idGasto != null ? idGasto.hashCode() : 0);
		return hash;
	}

	@Override
	public boolean equals(Object object) {
		// TODO: Warning - this method won't work in the case the id fields are
		// not set
		if (!(object instanceof Gasto)) {
			return false;
		}
		Gasto other = (Gasto) object;
		if ((this.idGasto == null && other.idGasto != null) || (this.idGasto != null && !this.idGasto.equals(other.idGasto))) {
			return false;
		}
		return true;
	}

	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return "uce.Gasto[ idGasto=" + idGasto + " ]";
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Insisting that no "hate crime" is suspected, police in St. Louis arrested an African-American man for a series of arson attacks on African-American churches perpetrated earlier this month.
On Friday, police arrested David Lopez Jackson, 35, and charged him with two counts of second-degree arson for setting ablaze seven mostly African-American churches throughout the St. Louis area between October 8 and October 22.
Photos show the suspect festooned with tattoos, including a crown on his forehead and flames reaching up from his chest and onto his neck.
Authorities report that, in his car, the St. Louis native had a container and a thermos bottle filled with or containing some traces of gasoline when he was arrested on October 29.
Other evidence was also cited for his arrest. For instance, Jackson's car was seen on video surveillance at one of the burned churches.
But even as officers have yet to determine a motive, they are insisting that there was no hate crime committed.
"There appears to be no indication of a hate crime or sign… any one particular Christian denomination or ethnic group was being targeted," a representative of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives said on Friday.
Five of the churches burned were a majority African-American, another had a mixed attendance, and the final church had mostly white members.
Jackson was also accused of trying to burn a relative's home late last week.
The church-going community was greatly alarmed by the attacks because the fires came not long after nine African-American parishioners at Emanuel AME Church in Charleston, SC, were murdered as they worshiped.
"I believe the St. Louis community will have a sigh of relief. Given our history of racial division, it will be a great relief that it is not motivated by prejudice," the Rev. Rodrick Burton of New Northside Missionary Baptist Church in Jennings said.


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These are the Liverpool Crest Colouring Pencils, they are a set of different coloured crayons ideal for drawing pictures of your favourite football player. The pencils are presented in their very own storage case that is designed in the shape of an oversized pencil, the case is red in colour and is adorned with a club crest, to ensure the pencils are safely secured inside the case has a screw top lid.
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text:
Types of General Ledger Accounts
By Joy Sunday Zaleng / November 28, 2022 November 28, 2022
What is a general ledger?
General ledger in relation to double-entry accounting explained
General ledger and financial statements
Asset accounts
Liability accounts
Shareholders' equity accounts
Revenue accounts
Expense accounts
Non-operating or other income accounts
How to prepare a general ledger
General ledger format
Examples: Types of ledger accounts
Importance of general ledger
Foundation of financial statements
Filing of taxes
Pictures all transactions
Video: Types of general ledger accounts
The different types of general ledger accounts are contained in the general ledger which summarizes all the financial transactions within a company. The general ledger contains important information needed for the preparation of a company's financial statements.
Companies that make use of double-entry accounting make use of general ledgers to keep accounting records of their business transactions. The double-entry principle simply requires each transaction to have debit and credit entries and at all times, debit and credit balances should equal each other. In this article, we see what general ledgers entail, the types of general ledgers, and how to make records therein.
Types of general ledger accounts.
See also: Business Valuation Methods and Examples
A general ledger is an accounting record that compiles every financial transaction carried out by a firm to provide accurate entries for financial statements. In other words, it is a document containing accounting summaries for accounts used by a company.
An account can be thought of as a notebook filled with business transactions from a specific account. So, the cash notebook would have records of all the business transactions that involve cash. Using the same analogy, we could consider a ledger as a folder that contains all of the notebooks in it. It is oftentimes referred to as a book of second entries because business transactions are first recorded in journal entries. After the journals are complete for the period, the account summaries will then be posted to the ledger.
With this, we can see a ledger account as a master accounting document that includes the past debit and credit transactions of a business and serves as a foundation of the double-entry accounting system. These transactions are usually organized by accounts; assets, liabilities, equity, expenses, and revenue. So, these accounts form the types of general ledger accounts.
The general ledger account is relevant for the assessment of a company's financial performance. As a business owner, one can use a general ledger to form a more accurate picture of a company's financial standing and profitability which may influence financial decisions positively.
In essence, general ledgers are important in terms of a company's financial health because they are helpful in balancing a company's books by compiling a trial balance and producing important financial statements. They are useful in tracking a company's financial performance and cash flow, correct filing of taxes, and visualizing every financial transaction.
Many financial statements such as cash flow statements, income statements, and balance sheets are created using the transaction details contained in the general ledger.
Double-entry accounting is the most common system of bookkeeping, it is a way of managing a business's daily transactions and staying on top of possible accounting errors. Here, every business transaction is recorded at least twice, when money is leaving an account and when money is entering an account. In essence, double-entry accounting requires financial statements to have debit and credit entries and the debit must be equal to the credit.
So, the term "balance the books" originates from double-entry bookkeeping. A general ledger helps in the achievement of this goal by compiling journal entries and allowing accounting calculations.
With this, we can say that the general ledger functions with double-entry accounting. Oftentimes, businesses that employ double-entry bookkeeping accounting make use of a general ledger. As stated above, this means that each financial transaction that takes place affects at least two sub-ledger accounts, remember that the types of general ledger accounts have sub-accounts under each. Here, each accounting entry has at least one debit and one credit transaction.
Double-entry transactions are also called journal entries which are posted in two columns, that is, debit entries on the left and credit entries on the right, and the total of debit and credit entries must balance.
The accounting equation which underlies the double-entry accounting states that shareholders' equity is equal to total assets minus total liabilities. So, the balance sheet follows this format and shows information at a detailed account level. For instance, the balance sheet shows several asset accounts including cash and accounts receivable under its current assets section. Even in cases whereby the accounting equation is presented differently such as assets equal to total liabilities plus shareholders' equity, the balancing rule is always applicable.
Assuming a company receives payment from a client for a $200 invoice, the accountant will increase the cash account with a $200 debit and complete the entry with a credit which means a reduction of $200 to accounts receivable. Here, the posted debit and credit amounts are equal, meaning that they are balanced. In this instance, we see that one account (cash) is increased by $200 while another asset account (accounts receivable) is decreased by the same amount.
The net result is that both the increase and the decrease only affect one side of the accounting equation (assets) and with this, the equation still remains in balance.
After the entries are made in the general ledger, the balances of all the ledger accounts are taken to the financial statements which are the trial balance from which the cash flow statement, income statement, and balance sheet, are prepared. A trial balance is a worksheet with the column of debit and credit in correspondence to the rules of double-entry bookkeeping also known as the dual aspect of accounting, which has been discussed above.
As per this rule, every financial transaction affects at least two accounts which in turn causes them to lose or gain something of equal amounts. For example, goods purchased with cash will cause goods to be debited as an asset while the cash account will be credited to finance the purchase.
Trial balance holds the balance of all the ledger accounts and if the bookkeeping and accounting are done appropriately, then the sum of the trial balance's debit side will be equal to the sum of its credit side. If the summation of both sides does not correlate, it is an indication of discrepancies or errors that will call for rectification.
It is only after there is a match in the balances that the accounts will be considered for profit or loss calculation, making use of expenses and revenues in the income statement as well as assets, liabilities, and equity in the balance sheet. As emphasized, the debit and credit balances are to match.
See also: Net Income Vs Net Profit Margin Differences and Similarities
Equity accounts
Expenses accounts
Other income accounts
Typically, a general ledger records the above-mentioned accounts. This structured process helps investors, management, stakeholders, and analysts to assess the ongoing financial performance of the company.
Asset accounts are categories in a business's books of accounts that show the value it owns, that is, they record the assets owned by a company. A debit to an asset account is an indication that the business owns more assets while a credit to the same account implies a decrease in assets. In other words, an asset account is debited if assets enter the company and credited if assets leave the company.
Assets are known to provide economic benefits to the company either immediately or in the future. They can be tangible assets or intangible assets and tangible assets can either be fixed or current assets. Fixed assets include plant, equipment, machinery, and vehicle. Current assets include accounts receivable, cash, inventory, and investments. Intangible assets include copyright, trademark, patents, and goodwill.
A liability account is a type of account that records all the liabilities of a company, that is, all legally binding obligations payable to a third party. Liability accounts appear in a firm's general ledger which is later aggregated into the liability line items on the balance sheet. Samples of the types of liability accounts that a company may use can fall under long-term liabilities such as loans, mortgages, etc, and short-term liabilities such as accounts payable, accrued liabilities, interest payable, notes payable, wages payable, etc.
The natural balance of a liability account is a credit, therefore, any entry that brings about an increase in the balance of a liability account will appear on the right side of the journal entry. A debit entry on the other hand reduces the balance of a liability account. Sometimes, a liability account is paired with a contra-liability account which contains a debit balance when combined with a liability account which reduces its total balance.
Equity accounts represent the financial representation of business ownership. Equity can come from payments to a business by its owners or from residual earnings that the business generates. Because of the different sources of equity funds, equity is recorded in different types of accounts.
With the exception of the treasury stock account, every equity account has a natural credit balance. If the retained earnings account has a debit balance, it is either an indication that the business has been experiencing losses or that the business has issued more dividends than it had available through retained earnings.
Equity is calculated by subtracting a company's liabilities from its assets, therefore, it is concluded as the remaining assets available to the company. Examples of equity accounts include retained earnings/earnings surplus, common stock, and treasury stock accounts.
Revenues are the assets that a company has earned through its business activities such as delivering a service or sales. The aim of designing revenue accounts is to record different types of sales transactions. An organization can generate different types of revenue, so, these sub-accounts are recorded in the revenue account in order to report the aggregate revenue by type. This is done for further management analysis. The accounts in which revenue transactions can be recorded are dependent on the nature of the underlying transactions. Examples of revenue accounts are sales and service fee revenue.
Expense accounts represent the record of all expenses incurred by a company. It includes the different types of expenditures in an organization's accounting records or money spent on business activities with the hope of generating profit. In essence, expense accounts record the cost of running a business which includes salaries, rent, advertising, cost of goods sold, etc.
Expenses have a natural debit balance, meaning that a credit to this account indicates a decrease in the balance in the expense account.
This is an additional type of general ledger account that refers to business income that is not related to core business operations and generally takes place outside of the daily operations of a business. For example, one might sell an asset that has been owned for years and record the revenue received from the sale of the asset in a non-operating income account. Non-operating income accounts include interest received, loss on disposal of assets, gain on sale of assets, etc.
A general ledger contains the date and description of each transaction (which could be an expense, revenue, asset, liability, or equity) alongside the debit and credit side of a T-shaped visual picture of the transaction. The model is known as T-account.
The basic steps below are followed to prepare a general ledger:
The name of the account should be written at the top of the page in order to make it easy to find in the future. In the general ledger, each account should have at least one entire page.
The account numbers should be added below the account name in the general ledger.
Records of transactions should be done in chronological order in order to keep the company's financial records organized. This will make it easy to find specific items by date.
The next thing to do is to decide whether the account needs to be debited or credited. Under the types of general ledger accounts, we explained that assets and expenses increase on the debit side and decrease on the credit side of the account while liabilities, equity, and revenue are increased on the credit side and decrease by a debit entry.
For the general ledger to balance, the account balances on both the debit side and the credit side must be equal. If the ledger does not balance, then there will be a need to investigate and include appropriate adjusting entries at the end of the accounting cycle.
Date Description Ref. Debit (amount) Credit (amount)
A business owner receives $700 from a debtor on March 1 and on March 15, he purchased goods with $200 cash. The general ledger entries will look like this:
Cash Account:
Date Description Ref. Debit Credit
March 1 Debtor 700
March 15 Goods purchased 200
Debtor Account:
March 1 Cash 700
Goods Account:
March 15 Cash 200
In the general ledger, the cash amount in the company's bank account increased and it is debited while the debtor account is credited since the debtor now owes less money. The purchase of goods transaction on March 15 brings about a decrease in the company and with this, the cash account is credited by the amount of transaction while the amount of goods in the company increases, and the goods account gets debited by the amount of transaction.
T-accounts are useful for the creation of a visual presentation of transactions in the general ledger. Subsidiary ledgers also referred to as sub-ledgers help one to understand the numbers in the general ledger by showing all the transactions that are associated with the account.
In essence, based on the transaction that takes place, a debit and credit journal entry will be made and from there, general ledgers will be created. It is from the general ledger that financial statements will be prepared.
On July 16, 2018, a UK textile company sold goods to customers for cash of $45,000. The journal entry will be as follows:
July 16, 2018 Cash 45,000
Sales 45,000
The general ledger will be as follows:
Sub-account general ledgers
This example shows the general ledgers in T-format.
On the 1st of January, a firm received $10,000 from a debtor and on the 9th, it purchased goods worth $4,000. The business also paid $ 1,000 for rent on the 11th of January. Ledgers are to be prepared for all the accounts involved in the transaction.
Considering the debit and credit rules, the fact that the firm received cash from the debtor will increase the cash balance which will be a debit entry. On the other hand, cash payments for rent and goods will have a credit entry which implies a reduction in the cash account balance. The debtor's account will be credited, which means the debtor is the giver of cash.
After purchase, the goods which are an asset will be debited as this entry will increase the asset account. Rent expenses will have a debit entry which implies an increase in the account balance. After subtracting the credit balance from the debit balance, the balance that is left for the business will be $5,000 cash.
Debtors, goods, and rent will have no adjustments since they are single entries. The balances after adjustments in the general ledger will be taken to the trial balance, debit, and credit sides respectively.
Note that balance adjustments in the general ledger usually occur at the end of an accounting period, usually a year, although there are firms that opt for monthly adjustments.
We can now prepare general ledgers for each account involved in the transaction.
Date Description Ref Debit (Amount in $) Credit (Amount in $)
January 1 Debtor 10,000
January 9 Goods purchased 4,000
January 11 Rent 1,000
Total (adjustment) 5,000 5,000
Debtors Account:
Date Description Ref. Debit (Amount in $) Credit (Amount in $)
Cash 4,000
Rent Account:
January 11 Cash 1,000
In the examples given above, the general ledgers look different, however, general ledgers can be prepared in any form. Examples 1 and 3 were given based on the format explained while in example 2, the general ledgers were prepared in T-account which is common.
Also note that though the general ledgers are created for different sub-accounts, these sub-accounts still represent the different types of general ledger accounts. For example, cash, debtors, and goods accounts are sub-accounts of an asset account, rent account is a sub-account of an expense account, sales account is a sub-account of a revenue account, etc. So in a general ledger, one would see the basic accounts represented by their sub-accounts in the record.
So the ledgers prepared in the examples above still make up the types of general ledger accounts. It is for this reason that the account is referred to as a general ledger account since it summarizes all the transactions of a company with the accounts affected.
See also: Consolidated Statement of Financial Position
Before a company gets its financial statements, it has to go through the general ledger. Financial statements help a company to track its business's financial performance and cash flow, they draw on data that has been compiled in the general ledger. The core financial statements that are useful to business owners are the income statement, the balance sheet, and the cash flow statement. So as financial statements matter, the general ledger matters as well.
Every business needs to file its taxes, with this, there is a need to refer to the general ledger for the filing of taxes. For instance, if the business is filing Form 1099 for a contractor, there is a need to know the amount of money that was paid to them during the accounting period. In this case, a firm checking its invoices against the general ledger will ensure the correct preparation of Form 1099.
As defined, the general ledger shows the summary of all transactions performed by a firm with the various accounts or sub-accounts affected. With this, a company has a view of all its transactions. In the general ledger, one can see every journal entry that was ever made rather than combing through the bank statements, credit statements, and invoices when looking out for one transaction. So the general ledger can be looked upon to see all accounting records in one place.
A video explaining the types of general ledger accounts.
Joy Sunday Zaleng
5+ years of professional experience in the business and finance sector with 1 year experience as a sales associate.
Writer, Editor, and economic activist.
Latest posts by Joy Sunday Zaleng (see all)
What is a Free Enterprise Economy? Definition and Examples - January 20, 2023
What is an Unregulated Market? Definition and Examples - January 16, 2023
Disadvantages of free enterprise economy - January 16, 2023

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Membership in Alpha Delta Pi brings gifts, both tangible and intangible. It gives me the gift of friendship, laughter, connection, support, and service. It also gives me tangible items that connect me to individuals and our sisterhood. Here are a few of my favorite items.
I remain so honored to wear the International President's badge. It belongs to the sorority and is entrusted to me while serving in this role. I love the tangible connection to the 11 presidents who wore it before me and all who will come after me.
The year I served as a Leadership Consultant, the sorority gave each of us a pair of blue handled scissors and a stapler to use on our chapter visits. I still have both of them in my home. While the stapler gets infrequent use, the scissors are in my kitchen drawer and are used often. They remind me that ADPi is a part of every day, in both ordinary and extraordinary ways.
I have a ring that belonged to Karen Mayster Gans, who served as Chapter Finance Director Chair when I joined the team as a new International Officer. She lived in California and I lived in Virginia; she was the first alumna sister I developed a friendship with from afar and she showed me the connections of our sisterhood no matter how you meet. Karen passed away way too early in life, and I am honored to wear her ring, already worn smooth by her years of use, and continue to take it to our special ADPi events.
For Christmas this past year, I received a box from Renee Bailey Iacona with a note that every International President needs a lion pitcher. The extravagance and kindness of her gift brought tears to my eyes as I opened in on Christmas morning. Louie, as I named this pitcher, now sits on my kitchen table regally gracing the house from morning prayers to evening dinner.
What items bring you joy and remind you of our sisters and sisterhood?


As an interiors stylist, specialising in food, meeting ceramicists was an occupational hazard.
Marion Graux would borrow their bowls and plates for shoots until eventually, years after graduating from art school, at the age of 29, she decided to try her hand at it herself.
Growing up, she was inspired by her aesthete parents who taught her to appreciate quality and all the beautiful fabrics and objects that they filled the family home with. It's why she thinks she takes pleasure in beautiful everyday things. "I wanted to celebrate the ordinary; even if I'm not rustling up anything fancy but eating a simple salad, I always want to take the time to eat it off a nice plate, on a pretty wooden table. I take a lot of pleasure and care in small everyday things".
A series of plates takes a minimum of 15 days or up to 3 weeks. "You can't rush the process as you can spoil the process, they can end up cracking." They cook in temperatures of up to 980°C and the glaze is set in temperatures of up to 1240°C, high enough to mature the clay, ensuring that it can hold water.
Graux's atelier is in the countryside at her father's house and an hour away from where she lives in Paris, which provides an antidote to her busy, urban life.


Topics include wheat variety walk-throughs, why keep wheat in the rotation, insecticide-treated seed, herbicide resistance update, and more. CCA credits approved. Pesticide credits pending.
he University of Kentucky is holding the first Wheat Field School of 2018 on March 1st. These in-depth, hands-on trainings are held throughout the year during periods that are important to grain production, such as green up, planting and harvesting. The training is geared toward crop advisors, managers, consultants or anyone else involved in wheat production.
Annual UK Winter Wheat Meeting in Hopkinsville. CCA and Pesticide Credits approved.


Precious Purl: Nuno Felted Summer Scarf/Wrap Workshop.
We had our last workshop for the year at Precious Purl today.
Our participants made beautiful filmy wraps with Muslin. These would be equally beautiful on silk but the girls chose muslin. Glen selected wool top, silk top, mohair curls and some silver lurex to make this beautiful tone on tone wrap, just right for cool Summer evenings. This was a great workshop for beginning Felters to learn the steps involved in Nuno Felting without too much of the rubbing /rolling being required. Glen, our sometime assistant at Precious Purl, did a great job on her first felted piece.
Moyna chose beautiful blues and greens producing a gorgeous wrap she was making for a gift. Lucky friend!
This was a 3 hour workshop that I will run again at Precious Purl as it produced lovely results in a short space of time.
I have just 3 more posts to reach my 100th and I am planning a great giveaway, so keep checking back!!
Keep checking our Lara Downs Online Sale (see the address in my sidebar!) for some great bargains too.
All products featured in the Sale are available from Precious Purl - Wednesday to Saturday 11 -4pm.


Using cars may have been a luxury a couple of decades ago but not anymore. Especially in the cities using them has become more than a necessity. So most working people do own cars and do most of the moving around the urban area and also its outskirts in a comfortable way via the cars. The comfort factor is well cared for but this has given rise to another worry. It is not finding safe places for parking. You have public places for parking in most cities but many may not be safe. This led to the offer of executive parking services.
With this parking services, your cars or any vehicle is kept safe when you attend to your work. People may need to visit a hospital, restaurant, wedding hall, community hall or some other places. These visits may be professional or personal but they would need to use their cars to visit these places. Such places are visited by many people at the same time. This makes it difficult to find a safe parking place for the car for everyone.
Especially the early arriver may find a place to park the car but what about the latecomers. They need to struggle to find a place for parking their cars and this is a sheer waste of time and energy. Nowadays, these spots in the city where hundreds of people visit offer valet parking miami or their town. This is so convenient for everyone. This kind of a gesture from the facility providers makes the customers visit these corporate and public places a hassle-free one.
This creates a good impression about these service providers and speaks a load about their good customer service. This is a good move by these people to increase their customer base and pave the way for boosting their business. Indeed, providing such valet service may incur some expense but when it is done to provide convenience to the visitors it is worth it.
Also, this can help the service providers to develop their business and grow at a faster rate than their rivals. This move also provides jobs to a few people who manage the parking areas and work as valets. Such moves which lead to the growth of an individual business and job provision is to be lauded. When many such conglomerates provide good services there will be an overall growth seen all over.


Made of stainless steel and aluminum alloy - handle. It consists of pliers with a sharp portion for cutting wire, sharp knife with a smooth edge and one with serrated, small screwdriver, medium-sized screwdriver loop, magnet, can opener, bottle opener. Comes with cloth pouch.


1908 House Bill 1037. An Act Relative To Licenses For The Storage Of Certain Explosives And Inflammable Fluids.
Title 1908 House Bill 1037. An Act Relative To Licenses For The Storage Of Certain Explosives And Inflammable Fluids.


text:
Q: When I trigger an event, it is fired few times instead one time on input in jQuery I have the following HTML code, simple one:
<input type="text" />
<input type="hidden" />
<input type="button" value="ok" />

and javascript:
$(function(){
    $(":text").on("keyup", function(){
        $(":hidden").val($(this).val()).trigger("propertychange");
    });

    $(":hidden").on("propertychange", function(){
       alert($(this).val());
    });

    $(":button").on("click", function(){
        alert($(":hidden").val());
    });
});

When I type something in input type text then alert is displayed few times instead of once time.
How to fix it ?
See jsFiddle. (I checked with Firefox)

A: Your :hidden selector is actually matching 8 elements (including <head>, <title> and <script>) instead of only the hidden input, hence the propertyChange event is raised for each one.
From jQuery hidden documentation:

In some browsers :hidden includes head, title, script, etc...

Try this instead:
$("input:hidden").on("input propertychange", function(){
   alert($(this).val());
});

A: Try this,
$(function(){
$(":text").on("keyup", function(e){
    e.preventDefault();
    $(":hidden").val($(this).val()).trigger("propertychange");
   alert($(this).val());
});

$(":hidden").on("input propertychange", function(){

});

$(":button").on("click", function(){
    alert($(":hidden").val());
});
});

A: Apply any class or ID to hidden, due to using fiddle, it is accessing some other hidden objects also. Try below code.
$(function(){
    $(":text").on("keyup", function(){
        $(".md:hidden").val($(this).val()).trigger("propertychange");
    });

    $(".md:hidden").on("input propertychange", function(){
       alert($(this).val());
    });

    $(":button").on("click", function(){
        alert($(".md:hidden").val());
    });
});

A: I updated your fiddle check this [fiddle](http://jsfiddle.net/gkvgzc5p/2/)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Corporate Design for INITIATIVE TOLERAVE based in Dresden.
The city of Dresden is a colourful and multicultural place for many different people – and we want to keep it just like that. With grave concern we have noticed that an increasing atmosphere of resentment is currently threatening refugees and immigrants along with other minorities in our community. We, a group of creative artists, event managers and friends of electronic dance music, feel the duty to do something against that. Dedicating ourselves to an open and tolerant society we want to send a clear signal that national backgrounds and manners of living do not determine who can be part in our circles and that refugees as well as immigrants are explicitly welcome in our community. Bringing people together is our passion. We are convinced that, once the space and the opportunities are provided adequately, we can use them to get in touch with each other, deepen our relations and, finally, bridge the distances between us.


Police Aviation Eurocopter AS 355 is a high quality, photo real model that will enhance detail and realism to any of your rendering projects. With interior. Doors can be opened. The model has a fully textured, detailed design that allows for close-up renders, and was originally modeled in 3ds Max 2012 and rendered with V-Ray. Renders have no postprocessing.
Police Aviation Eurocopter AS 355 is ready to be animated. You can easily position it the way you need or animate.


Can someone please explain the genius behind these prints to the non-Indian world? I am going to try but if you think you can do it better, you should in the comments section.
These harem pants have a print of a very beloved and extremely famous caricature for a butter brand in India called Amul. This chubby "Amul Girl/ Baby" has been the mascot for the brand since 1967 and Amul ads are the best billboards on this planet! They are witty, always a spoof on current affairs hence relevant and they always incorporate this Amul Baby in it. These ads are so cool they've won a Guinness world record for the longest running ad campaign when first launched in 1967. I could have just given you the link to the wiki page on this info but nooooooooooooooo, I wanted to type it all while on a terrible work deadline just for you. For reals. So how ingenues is this idea by retarded velvet to put this Amul baby character on a pair of Harem plants??
The top has another crazy Indian cultural and mythological comic strip called "Amar Chitra Katha" on it. So you can find out more about this here.
You have seen me use this jacket a couple of times before on the blog. It is insane in it's prints and colors too and I think unintentionally it does have an Indian feel to it [with the back print that you can see here] which totally compliments all the other modern [almost hipster] cut separates in this outfit with an Indian traditional pop culture print.
Now I have to get back to work! Hope all you guys had a great weekend! I surely did!
Love those pants! The Amul character is adorable.
This is what i call an Ode to India! I love it and I love the Amul girl, do you knwo you get an iphone app to see all the amul ads??
what????????????????? i want it now!!! what is it called? need now!!!
Amul girl.. amar chitra katha...where did you find these treasures.. love it!!! can't make up my mind.. which one I love more.. and what a blast from the past too.. with all those amar chitra katha characters!!!
Cool pants. They are like hammer pants, but better.
Wow, that is so cool that they even make pants and tops with those themes!!! I love it! :) And yes, I can't get enough of the Amul ads - they're absolutely iconic!
wow loved the pants... would've deff looked even better with a black ganji ! Amul iconic !


text:
\section{Introduction}

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, which are made up of small systems with a thickness of at least one atomic layer, have emerged as an extraordinary class of materials. These 2D materials have a high surface-area-to-volume ratio as compared to bulk materials. A very thin sheet's magnetic, electrical, optical, mechanical, and catalytic properties may be fine-tuned by carefully controlling the size, shape, synthesis conditions, and functionalization \cite{D0MA00807A, Kim_2018, ABDULLAH2021413273, doi:10.1021/nn400280c}.
Since the successful fabrication of graphene, the first two-dimensional (2D) material, scientists have been working on it continually, both theoretically and experimentally. Other graphene-related compounds are apparently still being explored in order to broaden the scope of possible device applications \cite{Yu2017, C7TA00863E}. Silicene is a silicon monolayer with a low-buckled honeycomb and a Dirac cone in the band structure that is the silicon counterpart of graphene. Due to its amazing properties for a wide range of applications and relative ease of integration with today's current silicon-based electronic devices, 2D silicene monolayer is one of the most fascinating two-dimensional materials \cite{OUGHADDOU201546, Tokmachev2018, PhysRevB.76.075131, doi:10.1063/1.4944631}.
Monolayer silicene has been successfully synthesized so far using a variety of experimental techniques. The bottom-up technique has been the most common, including epitaxial growth on a substrate by deposition onto a supporting template such as monolayer silicence on Ag (111) substrate \cite{PhysRevLett.108.155501, Lin_2012, Jamgotchian_2012, doi:10.1021/nl301047g, ARAFUNE2013297}, also fabricated on zirconium diboride thin films \cite{PhysRevLett.108.245501}, Ir (111) \cite{doi:10.1021/nl304347w},  ZrB$_2$ \cite{Aizawa_2015}, MoS$_2$\cite{Jiajie_Zhu_2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304783} and SiC \cite{doi:10.1021/jp311836m} substrate. Furthermore, Tao et al.\ \cite{Tao2015} recently confirmed the development of monolayer silicene field-effect transistors based on Ag(111). As a result, the substrate's role in silicene's properties is important for practical uses of silicene.

Unlike graphene, which is flat and stable, silicene is somewhat sticky and hence unstable due to its puckered or crinkled structure \cite{Takahashi2017}. Despite the fact that their crystal structures are identical, silicene creates sp$^3$ bonds, whereas graphene forms sp$^2$ bonds. Their applications will be limited because of the lack of a band gap due to its buckled structure \cite{C8CS00338F}. A key success for enhancing silicene-targeted applications is an increase in its free-carrier density or the opening of its band gap. Despite the fact that external electric, magnetic, and mechanical forces all have a significant impact on the electrical properties of silicene, doping more significantly affects the properties of silicene \cite{doi:10.1021/ar400180e, C5CP04841A, Nguyen2019, doi:10.1021/nn504451t}.

Several theoretical studies of silicene have recently indicated that it is very desirable for enhancing device performance and remains a challenge to further studies via doping. For example, in the framework of DFT within GGA, transition metal doped silicene Vanadium (V) can produce a stable quantum anomalous Hall effect and provide a platform for electrically controlled topological states \cite{Zhang2013}, the energy bands at the Dirac point in Ni-doped silicene undergo a transformation from linear to parabolic dispersion, which is further stabilized \cite{C3CP54655A}.

Furthermore, a new extra electron energy loss spectra peak is found in perpendicular polarization for the optical characteristics of free standing silicene with different concentrations of Al, P, and Al-P codoping \cite{C4RA07976K}, apart from the Fermi level, which varies on the concentration of the atom doped and preserves the linear energy dispersion, the Al, B, and P interact significantly with the Si atoms of the dopant atoms in silicene \cite{HERNANDEZCOCOLETZI2018242} and controlling the doping locations in the structures changes dramatically the electronic characteristics of C doped silicene monolayers, resulting in a Mott-Anderson transition \cite{doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01775}.

In addition, transition metals (TM) such as Ti, V, Mn, Fe, and Co lower the buckling degree of the silicene structure, and significant orbital hybridization between TM atoms and silicene creates a high magnetic moment. In the absence of spin-polarization, certain TM-silicenes exhibits a high Seeback coefficient \cite{ABDULLAH2021114644}, light rare-earth (RE) metals doped in silicene, such as La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, and Sm, can create significant magnetic moments, and their magnetic characteristics are largely produced by RE atoms in their f states, with the exception of Pm and Sm doped silicene \cite{LI2020106712}, and under certain adsorption configurations, metals such as Na, Mg, and Al in doped silicene enhanced the buckling degree, the free-carrier densities, changed the Dirac cone structure, the spin-degenerate electron energy spectrum across Fermi energy, and the ferromagnetic properties \cite{doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c00905}.

In this work, monolayer Silicene doped with Ga forming a Ga$_2$Si$_6$ monolayer is investigated with different concentrations and atomic configurations of Ga atoms and the interaction between Ga atoms. The obtained results are analyzed using the spin-dependent and independent DFT forms. The band gap is opened when the distance between the doping atoms is large or the repulsive between the Ga atom is weak, causing silicene to become a semiconductor, and it tends to zero when they are near one other due to the strong repulsive force. Thus, the electrical, thermal, optical, and magnetic characteristics of a silicene monolayer are enhanced by the repulsive interactions between the dopant atoms, which has not previously been reported. In this research we discover that Ga doping of silicene has a novel effect on the physical characteristics of silicene monolayers, which is quite attractive for future nano-optoelectronics applications.

\section{Model and Method}

All computations of electrical and optical properties
are carried out using DFT, as implemented in the Quantum Espresso (QE) code \cite{Giannozzi_2009, giannozzi2017advanced}. Using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) in the Perdew-Burke-Ernzernhof (PBE) functionals, the electronic band structure and optical properties are studied. The (XCrySDen) \cite{KOKALJ1999176} and VESTA \cite{momma2011vesta} are used in this work to visualize the crystalline and molecular structure of the Ga doped silicene monolayers.
We use a $18\times18\times1$ Monkhorst-Pack K-point mesh with a $1088$~eV energy cutoff for fully relaxed monolayers \cite{ABDULLAH2021106981}. The atomic relaxation is performed until all the forces on the atoms are less than $10^{-5}$ eV/$\text{\normalfont\AA}$. The density of states (DOS) calculations are done using a $100 \times 100 \times 1$ K-mesh grid points. Finally, the thermoelectric properties are determined using the BoltzTraP software program \cite{Madsen2006, ABDULLAH2021106073}. The BoltzTraP code has a QE interface and functions with a mesh of band energies.

\section{Results and discussion}

The electrical, magnetic, thermal, and optical properties of Ga doped silicene are computed and analyzed in this section. Various concentrations and configurations of silicene at different doping levels are computed in a $2\times2$ supercell.

\subsection{Electronic properties}

In general, a $2\times2$ supercell has three atomic positions: ortho, meta, and para positions \cite{RASHID2019102625, ABDULLAH2021110095}.  If one Ga atom is doped in silicene identified as GaSi$_7$, the concentration of the Ga dopant atom is $12.5\%$. The position of Ga atom in all the three positions of the hexagon of silicene will give similar physical properties.  If two Ga atoms are doped in the silicene identified as Ga$_2$Si$_6$, the concentration of the Ga dopant atoms is $25\%$. In this case three distinct substitutional doping possibilities are considered. These three doping possibilities are expected to have different physical properties.
\begin{figure}[htb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig01.pdf}
	\caption{(a) Atomic configuration, and (b) electron localization function of Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2 monolayer. Red and brown color balls are Ga and Si atoms, respectively.}
	\label{fig01}
\end{figure}
The two Ga atoms can be doped at para-ortho, para-meta, and para-para positions. These three different atomic configurations are identified as Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2, and Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 for para-ortho, para-meta, and para-para positions, respectively.
For instant, the atomic configuration (a) and the electronic localization function (b) of one of these structures, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2 is shown in \fig{fig01}, where the two Ga atoms are doped at the para-meta
positions.

It seems that the electron charge transfers from the Ga atoms to the Si atoms in all monolayers under investigation here, which is expected as the electronegativity of an Si atom, $1.9$, is higher than that of a Ga atom, $1.81$.

The energetic stability of the Ga doped silicene monolayers is gauged by a calculation of their formation energy \cite{ABDULLAH2020114556}. The DFT calculations indicate that the three Ga$_2$Si$_6$ monolayers can be arranged from the higher to lower formation energy as follow: Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1 $<$ Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 $<$ Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2.
It has been shown that the lower the formation energy, the more energetically stable structure is found. As a result, the Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1 monolayer is the most stable structure.

The Ga atom doped in silicene will modify the electronic structure such as the lattice constant, the bond lengths, and the band gap. \tab{table_one} presents the physical parameters of the four configurations, that have been considered here. We determine, that the lattice constants of GaSi$_7$, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2, and Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 are longer than that of pure silicene. The lattice constant of pure silicene is $3.86 \text{\normalfont\AA}$ \cite{abdullah2021interaction}. Comparing to the lattice constant of pure silicene, the lattice constant of Ga-doped silicene is larger (see \tab{table_one}) indicating a supercell expansion of these Ga doped silicene monolayers.
In comparison to them, the Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 structure has a larger lattice constant between atoms than the others.
\begin{table}[h]
	\centering
	\begin{center}
		\caption{\label{table_one} Lattice constant, $a$, Si-Si, Ga-Si, and Ga-Ga bond length, and band gap for all Ga doped silicene structures. The unit of all bond length is $\text{\normalfont\AA}$.}
		\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline
			Structure	      & a       & Si-Si & Ga-Si  & Ga-Ga   & band gap    \\ \hline
			GaSi$_7$	      & 3.95    & 2.31  &  2.31  &  -      &  0.28 eV  \\
			Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1	  & 4.03    & 2.28  &  2.35  &  2.43   &   0.2 meV \\
			Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2	  & 4.04    & 2.31  &  2.34  &  -      &  0.12 eV  \\
			Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3	  & 4.05    & 2.25  &  2.38  &  -      &  0.6 eV  \\   \hline
		\end{tabular}
	\end{center}
\end{table}
The supercell expansion arises from the Ga-Ga interaction in the silicene structure.
To determine the interaction type between the Ga-Ga atoms \cite{ABDULLAH2020126350}, our DFT calculations show that the interaction energy between the Ga atoms is repulsive as the interaction energy is positive. The repulsive interaction is directly proportional to the distance between Ga atoms. The repulsive interaction energy is $2.18$, $1.6$, and $0.9$~eV for Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2, and Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3, respectively. The modifications in the lattice constant and the bond length influence the symmetry of the structure and thus the band structures.

It has been shown that the 2D pure silicene monolayer has no band gap, similar to graphene, and the valence and conduction bands meet at the Fermi level \cite{PhysRevB.50.14916, ABDULLAH2020126807}. The band structure of silicene doped with Ga atoms is determined using DFT methods.
The electronic band structure of the GaSi$_7$, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2, and Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 systems is shown in \fig{fig02}. The doping was initially investigated at low impurity concentrations. When one Si atom is replaced with one Ga atom in a supercell, the impurity concentration rises to $12.5\%$. Our band gap of GaSi$_7$ is $0.28$~eV, as shown in \fig{fig02}(a), which is in good agreement with previous theoretical result of $0.275$~eV \cite{refId0}.
The Ga atom alters the band gap, causing silicene to transform from semimetal to semiconductor. Due to the presence of a finite bandgap around Fermi energy, silicene doped with Ti and V is a semiconductor, whereas Mn, Fe, and Co doped silicene is a metal because the Fermi energy penetrates the valence or the conduction bands.

It has been shown that the band gap of most monolayers is increased with the dopant concentration ratio \cite{C4NR00028E, C6RA04782C, ABDULLAH2020100740}. This status is not true if one considers the interaction between the dopant atoms.
We investigated Ga doping at $25\%$ impurity concentration with various Ga-Ga separations by substituting two Si atoms with two Ga atoms. There are three possible doped silicene monolayers in supercell with two Ga atoms in various positions, yielding three distinct lattice constants, and interaction energy as is seen in \tab{table_one}. Our findings show that the band gap is determined by the repulsive interaction between the Ga doped atoms, rather than by the amount of impurities. The band gap opens as the distance between the Ga-Ga atoms is slightly increased, while the band gap narrows as the repelling force between them increased.
 \begin{figure}[htb]
 	\centering
 	\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig02.pdf}
 	\caption{Band structure for optimized structures of GaSi$_7$ (a), Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1 (b), and  Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2 (c), and  Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 (d).
 	The energies are with respect to the Fermi level, and the Fermi energy is set to zero.}
 	\label{fig02}
 \end{figure}
 %

The band structure is significantly tuned, and a band gap is opened based on Ga atom configurations for the GaSi$_7$, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2, and Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 structures.
\lipsum[0]
\begin{figure*}[htb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{fig03.pdf}
	\caption{Band structure for optimized structures of GaSi$_7$ (a), Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1 (b), Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2 (c), and  Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 (d) for both spin-down (dashed lines) and spin-up (dotted lines). The energies are with respect to the Fermi level, and the Fermi energy is set to zero.}
	\label{fig03}
\end{figure*}
The band gap is found to be at a maximum due to the decreased repulsive force when both of the two Ga atoms are placed at para positions in case of Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3, while it is reduced when they are placed at different positions of para and meta in Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2. However, due to the enhanced repulsive force between Ga atoms at para-ortho, the band gap of silicene is found to be very narrow, equal to $0.2$ meV for the Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1 structure.

\subsection{Magnetic properties}

The pure silicene was found to have no magnetism in the system, indicating that it is a nonmagnetic substance. For the varying doping concentrations of Ga atoms in silicene we compute the magnetic characteristics of the resulting material and identify possible ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases.

We compute the results of a spin-dependent model for the Ga-doped silicene monolayers.
First, we perform both ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) calculations with the  magnetization strength assumed to be $0.5 \, \text{\normalfont\AA}/$m. The energy difference between the AFM and the FM states is $\Delta E = {\rm E_{AFM}} - {\rm E_{FM}}$.
The $\Delta E$ of the Ga doped silicene is found to be zero for all structures under investigation here indicating a nonmagnetic structures.
The calculations of the spin-dependent band structures can confirm the magnetic properties of the monolayers. The spin-dependent electronic band structures of GaSi$_7$, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2, and Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 for both spin-up (solid lines) and spin-down (dotted lines) are shown in \fig{fig03}. The spin-up and spin-down of band structures are symmetric, and there is no spin splitting between them at the Fermi energy.
It is found that the materials behave as spin unpolarized semiconductors with no spin splitting between the spin-up and spin-down channels. As a result, these materials are known as nonmagnetic semiconductors.

Another confirmation of the non-magnetic properties of these structures is the spin polarized density.
For instance, the spin polarized density of Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2 is shown in \fig{fig04}.
In both situations, FM and AFM, the distance between the atoms remains unchanged, as do the effects of both states on the lattice constant and the distance between the Ga-Ga atoms.
The spin polarized density of Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2 is extremely small indication a non-magnetic material.
\begin{figure}[htb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{fig04.pdf}
	\caption{The spin polarized density of Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2 structure.}
	\label{fig04}
\end{figure}

\lipsum[0]
\begin{figure*}[htb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{fig05.pdf}
	\caption{Electronic thermal conductivity, $k$ (a), electrical conductivity, $\sigma$ (b), Seebeck coefficient, $S$ (c), and figure of merit, $ZT$ (d) versus energy are plotted for pure silicene, GaSi$_7$ (blue), Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1 (golden), Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2 (blood), and  Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 (red) . The Fermi energy is set to zero.}
	\label{fig05}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Thermal properties}

Thermal characteristics, such as the electronic thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity, the Seebeck coefficient, and the figure of merit are examined and shown in this section. The thermal calculations are performed in the temperature range of 20–150 K. The electron contribution to transport is considerable, but the phonon contribution is negligible, and the electron and lattice temperatures are unrelated \cite{Nika_2012, D0NR06824A}.
Scientists have become more interested in the issue of removing heat from nanoelectronic devices and thermoelectrically turning excess heat into energy in recent years. The next generation of nanoscale electronic devices will require this thermoelectric energy conversion \cite{Sadeghi2015}. The figure of merit, which is connected to the Seebeck coefficient, the electrical conductivity, the temperature, and the electronic thermal conductivity, determines the efficiency of heat conversion. It has been proven that a material with a high figure of merit should have a high electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, and low thermal conductivity with a specificity temperature.
A thermoelectric device's or material's efficiency is evaluated by its thermoelectric figure of merit, which is defined as $ZT = S^2 \sigma T/k$ \cite{nano9020218},
where $S$ is the Seeback coefficient, $\sigma$ is the electrical conductance, $T$ the temperature and $k$ the electronic thermal conductance. A monolayer silicene's thermoelectric performance is low due to closeness of its band gaps. Pure silicene has a low $S$ and a high $k$, resulting in a low \cite{LI2020106712}.
Figure \ref{fig05} indicates the relationship between $k$ (a), $\sigma$ (b), $S$ (c), and $ZT$ (d) with energy. Lowering the $k$, which enhances the structure and increases the $ZT$, is achieved by doping silicene. The decrease in the value of $k$ is found to be significantly higher than the change in $\sigma$. Doping Ga in silicene opens the band gap, which is dependent of the distance between dopant atoms rather than the increase in concentration. The $S$ and $ZT$ in GaSi$_7$, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2, and Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 structures are estimated to rise. The Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1 has a low band gap, but Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 has the largest band gap, resulting in the highest $S$ and $ZT$. The other structures GaSi$_7$, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1 fall between them. As a result, the Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 should perform better in terms of thermoelectricity.

\subsection{Optical properties}

In this part, we calculate the optical properties, such as the imaginary part of the dielectric function, $\varepsilon_2$, the excitation spectra, $k$, and the optical conductivity for 2D Ga-doped silicene in parallel (E$_{\rm \parallel}$) and perpendicular (E$_{\rm \perp}$) polarized electric fields. The electronic band structure has a direct impact on the optical properties. As a result, changing the band gap of a material has an effect on its optical characteristics.
The dielectric function is widely used to evaluate the optical properties, and it can also be used to describe other qualities. The material's ability to absorb energy is proportional to the imaginary component of the dielectric function.

There are two primary peaks in $\varepsilon_2$, and $k$ for for silicene with no doping \cite{JOHN2017307}. In the M-K direction, the $\pi-\pi^*$ transition occurs at $1.68$~eV, whereas the $\sigma-\sigma^*$ transition occurs at $3.92$~eV in both the M-K and $\Gamma$-K directions. For the case of E$_{\rm \perp}$, interband transitions have been reported, and the transitions occur at energies below 10 eV \cite{JOHN2017307}.

We show the $\varepsilon_2$ (a,b) and excitation spectra (c,d) for light polarized parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the GaSi$_7$, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2, and Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 in \fig{fig06}. The dielectric function and the excitation spectra are affected by the repulsive interaction of the Ga-Ga atoms as the band structure and the band gap are tuned due to the Ga atoms. Both peaks occur with a little shift to lower energy in both directions, and the high peak is created at low energy for the imaginary part of the dielectric function. Ga$_2$Si6-3 has the highest pick among the structures because of the largest band gap arising from the minimized repulsive force between Ga atoms.
 \begin{figure}[htb]
 	\centering
 	\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{fig06.pdf}
 	\caption{Imaginary part of dielectric function, $\varepsilon_2$, and excitation spectra, $k$, in the case of electric field that is parallel (E$_{\parallel}$) and perpendicular (E$_{\bot}$) to the GaSi$_7$ and Ga$_2$Si$_6$ structures.}
 	\label{fig06}
 \end{figure}

The last part of this study is the influence of doping on the optical conductivity (real part) of GaSi$_7$, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-1, Ga$_2$Si$_6$-2, and Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 structures in parallel and perpendicular electric fields as shown in \fig{fig07}. For these structures, the optical conductivity in E$_{\parallel}$ is almost zero up to $0.28$ eV, $0.2$ meV, $0.16$ eV, and $0.6$ eV, indicating the band gap of these monolayers, which have semiconductors properties. The Ga$_2$Si$_6$-3 has the highest peak value in terms of low energy among them due to its repelling action.
\begin{figure}[htb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig07.pdf}
	\caption{Optical conductivity (Real part) in the case of electric field that is parallel (E$_{\parallel}$) and perpendicular (E$_{\bot}$) to the GaSi$_7$ and Ga$_2$Si$_6$ structures.}
	\label{fig07}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}

The effects of the atomic configuration, the interatomic distance, and the atomic interaction of the dopant atoms with silicene are given special consideration in this study. Despite its favorable properties, silicene, like graphene, has a zero band gap, which restricts its application in nanodevices. We show that a Ga doped silicene monolayer opens a band gap. The configuration and the dopant concentration ratio control the band gap according to the first-principles calculations. The effects of doping has been examined by changing the dopant concentrations from $12.5\%$ to $25\%$, as well as examining alternative atomic positions for the same replacement doping concentration. The band gap in a 2D silicene doped with Ga is seen to be significantly dependent on the location of the Ga atoms and the Ga-Ga interactions.
The band gap is determined by the distance between the dopant atoms and the Coulomb repulsive force, rather than the doping concentration. As a result, the band gap in a monolayer of silicene can be widened, resulting in enhanced thermoelectric and optical properties. Furthermore, these structures behave as nonmagnetic semiconductors because they are spin unpolarized and have no spin splitting between spin-up and spin-down levels in the band structure. Finally, our calculations revealed that Ga doped silicene monolayers will be beneficial for thermoelectric and optoelectronic devices.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Trevor Floerchinger's connection to the CMR Holiday Classic wrestling tournament dates back about 30 years.
"I can remember Michael Zadick and I running around at that tournament when I was in the first grade," he said. And then he chuckled.
"Michael pushed me off the old stage in the CMR gym. Knocked me out," Floerchinger said.
He's got better memories, too, of the tournament, the 38th annual of which kicks off Friday morning at CMR Fieldhouse. The former two-time state champion for the Rustlers won a pair of CMR Holiday titles.
The event annually attracts most of the Class AA teams in Montana, plus a large section of Class A and B-C squads.
Great Falls High head coach Steve Komac, whose Bison have won the last five CMR Holiday team championships, also goes back about 30 years with the competition.
The Bison have dominated the event in recent years.
Tommy McMillen is one of GFH's top wrestlers this season.
McMillen was third at the Classic as a freshman and won it as a sophomore. He was injured and unable to compete a year ago, so this will be a big weekend for the unbeaten standout.
And an important competition for all the athletes.
"It's as good a tournament as there is," said Bozeman head coach Nate Laslovich.
Laslovich never competed here when he was in high school at Missoula Sentinel, as the Spartans elected to compete at the prestigious Tri-State Tournament in Coeur d'Alene.
Christmas makes it special, of course. But Laslovich, a 1995 Sentinel graduate who has been head coach at Bozeman for 10 years, said the competition is something to look forward to for other reasons.
Floerchinger certainly agrees with that.
"I go every year," he said. "It's one of my favorite times of year for sure. Wrestling is something that just gets in your blood. When I go to this tournament I see a lot of people I wrestled with and against. It holds an awful lot of prestige and brings people back to watch every year.


Iotosh Poyser (born January 27, 1998) is a Jamaican producer, musician and recording artiste.
He first gained recognition for both his production skills and powerful lyrical delivery on tracks such as Poison, Zoom and Mañana. His style has been described as a futuristic mix of Hip-Hop, Trap, Roots Reggae, Dancehall and R&B.
Recent credits include working on Kyraxx's "Double Standards" project as Executive Producer, producing three tracks to Runkus' critically acclaimed "Orientation." project, and producing the official remix of Protoje's "Sandra Foster".
He's currently working on a full length solo debut release, among other projects.


Bus Ministry II. 3 vetoes-FINANCES, FACILITIES, and FACULTY. The cost is greater than the purchase price of the bus. Build an adult base first. Do not double use your people. A route requires a bus captain, bus driver, secretary, and at least one helper. Accurate bus roll.


I was invited by Union Chapel in the fall of 2014 to be their pastor, and I accepted with great enthusiasm! I moved here and began serving in November of 2014.
I love the delight of bumping into people around town. It's also a joy to walk the island in the afternoon light. And, of course, Sunday mornings with the congregation.
A chance to be of service not only to the church but to the community.


text:
19 February - 7 March 2021
Hardship Tickets
Hospitality Packages
Parade FAQs
Parade Accessibility
Plan Your Parade Experience
Queer Thinking
Dating When You're Different?
The Fights Ahead
Rising Up For 'Gayrabia'
Laugh Out Proud
My Drag Story
My Trans Story
Queer Screen Film Festival
Fair Day
2021 THEME - RISE!
EXPLORE SYDNEY
Welcome to Sydney
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1978 - The first Mardi Gras
ANZ Mardi Gras Grants
Google Parade Grants
Supersized 2020 program focusses on What Matters
Posted on 10 Nov, 2019
From the sensational spectacle of the Parade to poignant panel discussions, phenomenal parties and pioneering queer performers; Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras makes a triumphant return in 2020 with a program bigger and bolder than ever before.
The festivities kick off on Friday 14 February 2020 and run until Sunday 1 March 2020, featuring a fabulously diverse program of events including dazzling dance parties, top-tier theatre, music, world-class workshops and family focused fun, culminating with the iconic Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Parade on Saturday 29 February, 2020.
The 2020 theme is WHAT MATTERS, a motif which builds on the legacy of Mardi Gras as a platform for activism and encourages the public to examine what we can do to build an even more inclusive future. In the afterglow of the marriage equality debate, it's a time to amplify the voices of the marginalised and evaluate the battles that still need to be fought on the road toward complete equality for all.
Mardi Gras Arts Interim CEO, Grant Lowe said "This year we celebrate those at the forefront of the fight for equality. From ground-breaking queer artists to trailblazing thought leaders, Mardi Gras 2020 is an opportunity to visit the next destinations on our journey of diversity, inclusion and social justice."
"With Sydney named as the host city for WorldPride 2023, there has never been a more pertinent time to celebrate LBGTQI+ culture and uplift every shade of the rainbow," said Lowe.
"We are thrilled to announce the expansion of the Mardi Gras Festival Hub in 2020," said Mardi Gras Creative Director Kat Dopper. "A hive of activity throughout the Festival, the Festival Hub will showcase 15 eclectic events including incredible local and international queer performances, inspiring discussions, side-splitting comedy, theatre, music, dance, circus, burlesque and drag all under the roof of Sydney's Seymour Centre, plus the late-night Festival Club from Thursday to Sunday each week."
Highlights at the Festival Hub include: neo-punk cabaret variety show Fuck Fabulous, the sassy, genre-defying smash-hit Hot Brown Honey, electrifying trans and gender-diverse performance Gender Euphoria, the outrageous drag and burlesque infused YUMMY UNLEASHED, award-winning circus extravaganza You & I from Casus Circus, the return of Koori Gras, thought-provoking workshops and community events from Queer Thinking and a night of quintessential queer bangers from LGBTQI+ artists at Homage.
In addition to this year's supersized program of events, Australia's pre-eminent vogue ball Sissy Ball returns, along with iconic Festival classics Fair Day, Parade, Party, and Laneway to deliver a Mardi Gras of monumental proportions.
Eager to sink your teeth into this year's phenomenal program? Tickets are now available. Dive into the full program of events here.
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