text:
More Liberal voices. A Response to the EC Public Consultation on Merger Control
Lithuanian Free Market Institute in partnership with F. A. Hayek Foundation (Slovakia), Civil Development Forum (FOR) (Poland), Institute of Economic and Social Studies (INESS) (Slovakia), Institute for Market Economics (IME) (Bulgaria), Centre for Economic and Market Analyses (CETA), (Czech Republic)and the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom (Germany) contributed to the public consultation of European Commission on more effective merger control, which took place from 09.07.2014 to 03.10.2014.
According to its competences LFMI is suggesting possible amendments for the Consultation.
Expanding acquisitions review into the field of non–controlling minority shareholdings.
According to the White Paper "Towards more effective EU merger control" There is a possibility for competing companies to acquire minority stakes in for competitors and thereby influence their behavior thus reducing competition in the market. It is stated that suggested reform would ensure that the Commission can examine those transaction which may raise competition concerns. Such amendments to merger control would cover all sources of harm to competition. The White Paper also states that such reforms would not create a significant extra regulatory burden for businesses.
It is stated that acquisition of a minority shareholding may:
Lead to horizontal unilateral effects due to an increase in parties' ability and incentive to unilaterally raise prices or restrict output.
Enable the acquirer to gain a competitive advantage in the market by increasing its rival's cost.
Enable the acquirer to use its position to limit the competitive strategies available to the target firm thereby weakening it as a competitive force.
Enhance the ability and incentive of market players to coordinate in order to achieve supra-competitive profits.
Lead to foreclosure, particularly input foreclosure, given that the acquirer only internalizes a part, rather than all, of the loss in the target firm's profits.
White paper suggest dealing with such problems by extending the existing system of ex–ante merger control by adding potentially problematic acquisitions of non–controlling minority shareholdings to the field of possible review. Problematic acquisitions are considered to be those that have competitively significant link. It means that Commission must be informed about a merger in several cases which are if the shareholding is:
Acquired in a competitor or a vertically related company; and
Either (i) above a certain higher level of, for example, 20%, or (ii) 5% or more and accompanied by additional factors such as rights which give the acquirer a "de–facto" blocking minority, a seat on the board of directors, or Access to commercially sensitive information of the target.
Similar legal procedures currently exist in only three Member states: Austria, Germany and United Kingdom.
Such amendments should not be implemented because of two main reasons. Firstly possible harmful effects presented in the consultation do not really pose any serious threat and secondly, suggested procedures actually increase regulatory burden for businesses.
Most of the harms, such as an increase in parties' ability and incentive to unilaterally raise prices or restrict output, negatively influence competitive strategies to the target firm, possibilities to lead to foreclosure, that are exclaimed in the Consultation do not really pose a serious threat to the competition. While this might be a valid point to some extent, but on the other hand, acquiring shares in itself passes the right to a new owner of shareholdings to influence such economic parameters.
Firstly, restriction of such rights would diminish the value of bought shares. Every additional regulatory obstacle decreases a value of transaction it is limiting. In this case while parties will be notifying the Commission about their transaction, they won't be able to carry out business and receive possible income brought by merger.
Second of all, possible restrictions imposed by the Commission would negate the rights of the new owner of the shareholdings. Transaction between the parties of the contract in which shareholdings are bought and sold is carried out voluntarily and willfully by both sides of the contract. If the party does sell a part of it shareholdings it means that it gives up a part of its influence over a control of the firm to the buyer. Restricting such influence would negate the buyer's full rights over his new property and possibilities that come with it.
What is more, the White Paper explicitly emphasizes acquiring of the non–controlling minority shareholdings. This means that even though the influence over targeted firm's economic parameters might increase; it would not be significant enough to de–facto pose any serious threat towards the competition. Minority shareholdings that would be considered as competitively significant link by the White Paper would not grant buyer rights to do any aforementioned harm as such piece of shareholdings would not provide enough control over a firm. Therefore presented amendments to merger control are not necessary.
Such extension of administrative burden would be harmful to both Commission and businesses. Even though it is claimed that new regulations have to meet the principle of avoiding any unnecessary administrative burden, new proposals do the opposite.
Targeted notification system is being proposed as a possible solution to presented harms. It actually expands the existing system of ex–ante merger control. Suggested procedure includes condition for a party that is acquiring shareholdings to be either a competitor or a vertically related company. By such extension more mergers would be subjected to the possible review of the Commission. It means that a greater number of subjects would have to deal with acquisitions that are more expensive in terms of time consumption, human resources and price.
What is more, such requirement to notify the Commission would bring unintended consequences as it is incompatible with a stock market system. Majority of the stock contracts are carried out automatically. It means that they are mostly carried out online without any requirements of additional approve of the government institutions. New regulations would mean that if one party buys enough shareholdings to meet the requirements of the procedures the automatic procedures would be blocked in order to notify the Commission. Such processes would hurt finance markets and diminish companies' possibilities to raise money and find investors.
Impact assessment states that the Commission would intervene in another 1–2 cases per year. It means that such regulation would not bring any practical increase of the protection of competition. First of all there is no practical harm towards the competition, second of all, expanded scope of the merger review only increases administrative burden. It means that the Commission will be bound to review all the notifications in order to determine which cases should be investigated. This leads to a greater human recourse and time consumption for the Commission let alone financial costs.
Another important point is that none of the possible harms mentioned in a White Paper would happen if a vertically related company would acquire a non–controlling minority shareholding in a targeted firm. Therefore such regulation would only bring unnecessary regulatory burden.
Merger control mechanism should not be extended due to previously mentioned arguments. Harms presented in the White paper do not pose any serious threat. Limiting acquisitions of minority shareholdings would undermine buyer's rights that they get after purchasing shares. Expanding the administrative procedure would act as a both time consuming and financial burden both to businesses and the Commission. Such amendments would not only tamper with shareholding's prices but would harm companies' possibilities to attract new investments.
Simplification of the Merger Regulation
White paper suggests further simplifications of The Merger Regulations. It is suggested that The Merger Regulation could be amended so that the creation of a full – function joint venture located and operating totally outside the EEA (and which would not have any impact on markets within the EEA) would fall outside its scope. Thus such joint ventures would not have to be notified to the Commission, even if the turnover thresholds of Article 1 are met.
What is more, in order to further simplify merger procedures, the Commission could be empowered to exempt from notification certain categories of transactions that normally do not raise any competition concerns (such as those transactions which do not involve any horizontal or vertical relationships between the merging undertakings and are currently dealt with under a simplified procedure) from mandatory prior notification. Such cases might be subject to a procedure similar to the "targeted transparency system" envisaged in the White Paper for dealing with acquisitions of non-controlling minority shareholdings.
LFMI fully supports suggested simplifications of The Merger Regulation. Both of the aforementioned suggestions would decrease administrative burden both to The Commission and businesses. This means that such procedures would be less time and cost consuming for all the subjects that are involved in the merger procedure.
3.1 LFMI strongly suggests rejecting the expansion of merger control in to the field of acquisitions of non–controlling minority shareholdings. Suggested amendments will not fulfill its purposes and will only increase administrative burden.
3.2 LFMI supports the initiative to simplify The Merger Regulation. It would be beneficial for businesses and the Commission to exclude these mergers from the field of the merger control:
Creation of a joint venture located and operating totally outside the EEA.
Such mergers that do not include horizontal or vertical competition


This entry was posted in Blog, Pics from Customers, Press Clippings on 9:51 am by Franny.
Leonie wears our Glamour Breastfeeding Dress for her newborn shoot.
This entry was posted in Blog, Pics from Customers on 9:49 am by Franny.
Jennifer's built up a freezer stash of breast milk!
This entry was posted in Blog, Pics from Customers on 12:27 pm by Franny.
This entry was posted in Blog, Pics from Customers on 10:49 am by Franny.
This entry was posted in Blog, Pics from Customers on 10:14 am by Franny.
This entry was posted in Blog, Pics from Customers on 1:27 pm by Franny.
This entry was posted in Blog, Pics from Customers on 1:57 pm by Franny.
This entry was posted in Blog, Pics from Customers on 1:25 pm by Franny.
This entry was posted in Blog, Pics from Customers on 5:28 pm by Franny.


It was a confusing Monday morning commute for some Muni Metro riders in San Francisco, on the first day of a planned summer-long construction project for the railroad.
SAN FRANCISCO (KGO) -- It was a confusing Monday morning commute for some Muni Metro riders in San Francisco, on the first day of a planned summer-long construction project for the railroad.
The first shuttle busses rolled down Market Street early Monday connecting K,L and M line riders with Muni trains heading downtown. "It's very inconvenient, they didn't tell us what time the bus would come to my stop. The trains are late, the bus is late, everything is late," said rider George Balto.
The bus bridges are being used because West Portal and Forest Hill stations are scheduled to be closed for two months. It's allowing for a $48 million track replacement project inside the Twin Peaks tunnel.
On Monday, Muni had an army of representatives at stations and stops, helping riders get where they needed to go. "I woke up early to hop on a bus to get to work," said rider Morgan Moreno.
The project has turned one block of West Portal Ave. into a construction zone, now off-limits to cars.
Local business owners are concerned customers won't be able to find them. "It means less parking, less chance for people to come here," said Rain Tree Cafe manager Michelle Rementeria.
Muni's chief hopes the public will be patient and understanding. "We thank our passengers for their patience and indulgence, when the project is completed we'll have a quicker, more reliable ride into town," said SFMTA Director of Transit John Haley.
The project is scheduled for completion, August 24.
Click here for more information on the Twin Peaks Tunnel Improvement Project.


text:
Q: How can i hold the properties of model between the actions(asp.net mvc) Here's my model:
public class MyModel
    {
        public int BaseTypeField { set; get; }

        public MyType UserTypeField { set; get; }
    }

In the first action, i passed a MyModel to the view normally:
public ActionResult Action1()
    {
        MyModel model = new MyModel();
        //do something with model.UserTypeField
        return View(model);
    }

In Action1View i can easily modify the model.BaseTypeField with HtmlHelper, but I dont wanna modify model.UserTypeField in this view(neither can i store it in HiddenFor).
Then Action1View submit the model to another action:
public ActionResult Action2(MyModel model)
    {
        //model.UserTypeField is lost here
        return View();
    }

Here comes the problem: how can i hold/save the model.UserTypeField except for something like Session??

A: Well, if you don't want to use session state, then your only option is to pass the information to the client and have him pass it back with his request.  One way you could do this would be with a cookie.  Another might be to use a hidden form field.  You would include the field in your response to Action1, and the browser would automatically submit it in the request to Action2 (assuming you're using a form POST to call the action).

A: You have a number of options to preserve state across controller actions:

*

*Store it in a Hidden input element in the View (though I appreciate that you say you can't, and there are plenty of good reasons why that might be the case).

*Store it in Session State.

*Store it in your application database (but then, you may as well use Session State).

*Store it in a cookie. You can create a HttpCookie and add it to HttpContext.Current.Response.Cookies in Action1 and read it from HttpContext.Current.Request.Cookies in Action2.

If you only have a small amount of data and have no reason to use Session State elsewhere, I'd probably go for the cookie option. But Session State is there for precisely this kind of purpose. Don't be afraid to use it if it's the right thing.

A: Each action should have a parameter that has only properties for fields which you would like to accept from the request.  The rest of the object should be loaded from the data store again.  In other words, don't have Action2 take a property that takes in the whole model as it will allow your consumers to inadvertently alter more properties than they should be able to.
This may seem like a lot of work to do on every step, but you will save yourself many headaches by not having to do all of the validation for all the fields which you do not want changed.  It is also easy to load the rest of the model from the data store if you wrap it up in a function.

A: TempData[] is intended to hold items between actions, but it does use the Session.  If keys are not marked using Keep, then they are removed once the next Action is executed.
If you wanted to avoid Session fullstop, then you would have to serialize your object and send it to the client in the view (in a hidden form variable for example) and then deserialize it back into Action2.
If you wanted to use TempData (which would be simplest unless you can't use session for some reason), the syntax would just be:
public ActionResult Action1()
{
    MyModel model = new MyModel();
    //do something with model.UserTypeField

    TempData["UserTypeField"] = model.UserTypeField;

    return View(model);
}

public ActionResult Action2(MyModel model)
{
    model.UserTypeField = TempData["UserTypeField"];

    return View();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Life there after marriage was a new world. One which enriched my understanding of diverse Indian cultures. languages, people and what not…Archives of memories is long and large … from windows, doors, pots and pans, shops and flyovers, moments of joy and festivity, longing for the far distant as well as times of uncertainty and the struggle of holding back the precious..
In the middle of this.. I cannot but remember and miss Uncle Sharma, an unusual Sufi soul, in his simple khadi kurta pyjama with a gentle and happy demeanour. An atheist, he lived in the neighbouring flat with his wife in Mayur Vihar phase 1.
In his 80's he enjoyed reading books, poetry and was writing a book on Mir Taqi Mir's life and works. He rarely left the house except when he went for his walks.
His beginnings were from a small village of Ludhiana's poor farmer family. A studious, hardworking and humble soul, his brilliant mind ensured him a high posting in the government service. Every evening he used to take two to three pegs of the local Indian MacDowell's whisky.
Our immediate connection was Urdu a language he wrote and spoke beautifully given he had studied in Islamia College in Ludhiana. Whenever I would manage to engage him to talk, our conversations ranged from the everyday mundane to anything under the sun. Sumedh and I both adored him.


text:
Conference Room Complex
History of Construction of the Centre
City of Torun
Torun Symphony Orchestra
TOS ticket office:
What is Toruń famous for? Most of the Poles will answer that it is its gingerbread and Copernicus. But that's not everything! After all, Toruń was selected by the American television CNN as of the eleven most beautiful places in Poland for a reason. And the Old Town of Toruń was the winner of the plebiscite "7 Miracles of Poland for the 100th Anniversary of Regaining Independence".
What is more, the entire medieval municipal complex of Toruń was recorded on the UNESCO World Heritage List, covering both the Old Town, and the New Town, as well as the ruins of the Teutonic Knight Castle. However, Toruń is not just about gothic monuments. In the city of Copernicus also real pearls of the Baroque and Secession style can be fund.
What is a must during your stay in Toruń? The brave ones may try to climb almost two hundred stairs to the top of the Town Hall Tower, and enjoy the view of the city from the top. Those, who feel stressed and search for peace and quiet should enjoy a walk in the Dream Valley. Those, who search for picturesque views should visit the left bank of the Vistula River in the boat Katarzynka, to admire the panorama from the view-point. There is also something for the enthusiasts of photography. Such characters as the Donkey, the dog Filuś, the Woman Baker (Piernikarka), and even Kargul and Pawlak will be models for your photographs. And remember that you do not need to fly to Pisa to see the Leaning Tower. It suffices to visit Toruń.
The city lives all year long and it always has something interesting to offer. In May Toruń is ruled by students, who celebrate their Juwenalia. In August the city shines and delights during Bella Skyway Festival – the celebration of light and sound. In winter, with foul weather outside, you can find warm in numerous museums, music clubs and cultural institutions.
The beauty and diversity of Toruń are appreciated both by tourists, and the media and worldwide organizations. However, it is not enough to just read abut the attractions of this city. You need to see them with your own eyes.
Sara Watrak
Project co-financed from the European Regional Development Fund under the Regional Operational Program of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship for the years 2007 - 2013 and from the funds of the Toruń Municipality
Cultural Congress Centre Jordanki
Aleja Solidarności 1-3 street
87-100 Torun, POLAND
Share capital:
60 114 000,00 PLN
Public Information Bulletin (PL)
Ticket office of the Toruń Symphony Orchestra
Ticket office is open from Thursday to Friday from 1 p.m. do 7 p.m.
Copyright © CKK Jordanki 2023, all rights reserved
This website is using cookies to measure website statistics, and to improve overall experience of the site. Understand

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
› Newsroom › News › Information Regarding 2012-13 Wilson H. Elkins Professorship Now Available
Information Regarding 2012-13 Wilson H. Elkins Professorship Now Available
Deadline Set for May 25, 2012
The University System of Maryland is pleased to make available to its institutions the Wilson H. Elkins Professorship for use in Academic Year 2012-2013 (FY2013). The professorship, which has been in existence for over 25 years, was established to perpetuate the name and contributions of Wilson H. Elkins, a former Rhodes Scholar who led the University of Maryland to new levels of distinction, as its president from 1954 to 1978. Under Dr. Elkins' leadership, the university grew notably in size, scope, and standing. Information about the professorship and some recent Elkins Professors is available on the University System of Maryland homepage at http://www.usmd.edu/Leadership/USMOffice/AcademicAffairs/elkins.html.
Income from the endowment for the Elkins Professorship is intended only to supplement an existing faculty line; the professorship may be used to recruit an outstanding individual to an institution to fill a vacancy or to provide special recognition and support to retain a current outstanding member of the faculty. Appointments to the Elkins Professorship are ordinarily made for a one-year period; departments may apply for renewal of an existing Elkins Professorship during the normal application cycle. Institutions that use the professorship to provide a salary supplement should understand that continued salary supplement after the professorship period becomes the responsibility of the individual institution.
In an institution's letter applying for the professorship, please indicate the specific department or program that is proposing a professorship. Special effort will be made to bestow the award in those areas where the Elkins Professor will have an opportunity to make an important contribution to the teaching, research, and public service mission of the institution and the entire University System of Maryland. Direct involvement with undergraduate and/or graduate students and outreach to other institutions in the System are hallmarks of the Elkins Professors. The Professorship should not be viewed as a reward for maintenance of the status quo but as an opportunity for the institution to build on its strengths to be of greater service to its students and to society.
If an institution's application pertains to a current faculty member, please provide a brief curriculum vitae as well as a short narrative description of how this individual exemplifies the excellence an endowed professorship signifies. If your intent is to use the professorship to recruit an outstanding scholar to your institution, please indicate the names of individuals who might be considered for the proposed appointment. Identifying possible candidates in no way implies any obligation to make the final selection from those listed. Finally, the letter from your institution should indicate how the income from the Elkins endowment would be used (i.e., a general budget listing the amount of proposed salary supplement, support of a graduate assistant, travel, publication, distinguished lecture series, etc.) and the proposed time period. A proposed budget should be based on a maximum annual award of $80,000. The amount of spendable income the endowment generates will determine how many awards USM can offer for FY 2013.
Institutions are asked to have their letter of application in to the Office of the Chancellor by May 25, 2012. The USM looks forward to announcing the appointment of the next Wilson H. Elkins Professors.
http://www.usmd.edu/usm/academicaffairs/elkins.html?t=print.php&zoom_highlight=elkins+professors


text:
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/ruba-ruba/minesweeper.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/ruba-ruba/minesweeper)
[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/github/ruba-ruba/minesweeper/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/github/ruba-ruba/minesweeper?branch=master)
[![Gem Version](https://badge.fury.io/rb/minesweeper-curses.svg)](https://badge.fury.io/rb/minesweeper-curses)

### Minesweeper Terminal
  > Console version of [minesweeper game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Minesweeper) written in [ruby](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/) & [curses gem](https://github.com/ruby/curses)

#### Requirements

  - ruby 2.4 or higher

#### Setup

  - `gem install minesweeper-curses`

#### Local installation

  - `git clone git@github.com:ruba-ruba/minesweeper.git`
  - `cd minesweeper`
  - `gem install bundler`
  - `bundle install`
  - `rake install`

#### Launching

  - `minesweeper-curses`

#### Controls

  - ←↑→↓ to move over the mineboard
  - ␣    to mark cell as a bomb
  - ↵    to open the cell

#### License

[MIT](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Learning to speak the Welsh language - Dal ati, daliwch ati
Llithfaen in the Victorian age. Staff turn back the clock: from left, Anwen Jones, Mair Saunders, Gwenno and Owain Talfryn, Bethan and Michelle Williams and Catherine Tudor-Jones
Learning to speak the Welsh language can be a challenge. But the idyllic coastal setting of Llithfaen, near Pwllheli, is proving an allure that's difficult to beat WORDS BY RACHAEL HOGG PHOTOGRAPHY BY JOHN COCKS
The main office
Porth y Nant and Nant Gwrtheyrn fact file:
Nant Gwrtheyrn is located near the village of Llithfaen on the Northern Coast of the Llyn Peninsula, Gwynedd, in Northwest Wales.
Nant Gwrtheyrn in English translates to Vortigerns Creek. Vortigern was a British 5th Century Warlord.
According to legend, Gwrtheyrn castle was destroyed by a fire from heaven.
The road down to Nant Gwrtheyrn has long been used as a corkscrew testing ground by motor firms due to its many bends, but has been vastly improved during the 5 million pound refurbishment.
The quarry first opened in 1861, and closed during World War II due to a lack of demand and transport difficulties.
For further details visit www.nantgwrtheyrn.org
Dal ati, daliwch ati means Keep at it, dont give up
Once a derelict and abandoned Victorian quarry village, the intriguing and remote Welsh language centre, Porth y Nant (or The Nant), certainly has an interesting past.
The quarry - which opened in 1861 - was closed during the Second World War and soon the community dispersed leaving the cottages to fall into decay eventually. It was occupied by hippies in the 1960s and again abandoned before being rescued in recent years. A National Lottery grant has helped towards the revival.
Today the centre offers the chance to study the Welsh language in a beautiful setting, turning the educational experience into something of a refreshing holiday. After a five million pound refurbishment, completed earlier this year, the village now boasts 24 terraced cottages, furnished to 4* quality, to accommodate residents on the language courses.
Courses from complete beginner to proficient, lasting over a weekend or over five days, and including visits to local sites such as Caernarfon Castle, are proving popular. Aside from this, The Nant offers the chance to discover the mysterious folk tale of doomed lovers and subsequent alleged sightings of their ghosts at The Meinirs Tree.
The Heritage Centre boasts a wealth of information on the history and development of the area; the Quarrymans cottage highlights how a quarryman and his family would have lived in 1910 at the height of the quarrys manufacturing; and then theres the beach, and the many stunning walks to enjoy around the area.
Mair Saunders, who works at Nant Gwrtheyrn said: You cant capture the magic in a bottle or a picture. Photographs will not do the area justice, you really do have to visit and see the beauty for yourself. And it is not just the Welsh who visit the village, people from many different countries attend. Although the language centre is at the hub of Porth y Nant, an equal number of people visit merely for the scenery and history, perhaps to meditate, or just relax.
The Nant Gwrtheyrn wedding venue, located in an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, provides intimacy and an unusual location for a wedding day. There is both a chapel and reception hall seating up to 100 guests, the dining room with space for 150 guests for wedding breakfast, and room for up to 300 evening guests. Accommodation for up to 76 adults (and extra space for children) is found throughout the cottages.
So if you fancy escaping to this secluded village set in 200 acres, there are some special events coming up. On October 22nd, theres an evening of Welsh music from Bryon Fon and his band, Gwybdaith Hen Fran, and others. On November 19th theres an early Christmas Fair to get you in the festive mood, and if you really want to celebrate in true Welsh fashion, from December 9 -11 the language centre is offering The Welsh Christmas Course for all levels of Welsh speakers.
The idyllic view with a remnant from the quarry days in the foreground


Fifteen workers of the Heavy Equipment Production Company (HEPCO) were sentenced to prison and flogging in Iran. Their crime: organising a strike action.
HEPCO, an Iranian company that produces road construction equipment in Iran and the Middle East, was privatized last year. The plight of workers began right after the privatization. Before privatisation, 8000 people worked at the company. Now, only 1,000 of them are left. In May, the workers protested their unpaid wages and their uncertain fate.
Independent trade unions are banned in Iran and workers have few legal protections. Those who hold protest rallies and strikes are in danger of persecution. Union activists are regularly beaten, jailed and tortured. In October, a court in Qazvin Province called for the death penalty against 17 striking truck drivers in the north-western province, after they went on a 20-day strike over low pay and the high cost of spare parts. More than 250 truck drivers were detained during the course of the strike and threats of death were issued by government officials who labeled the drivers "road bandits".
The fifteen HEPCO workers are: Majid Latifi, Behrouz Hasanvand, Hamidreza Ahmadi, Amir Houshang Pour Farzanegan, Morteza Azizi, Hadi Fazeli, Abolfazl Karimi, Farid Kodani, Majid Yahyaie, Amir Fatahpour, Yaser Gholi, Amir Farid Afshar, Mehdi Abedi, Ali Maleki and Berouz Valashajardi.


text:
Q: GAS How to iterate over a sheet with increasing rows without running into a timeout i have a google form that is filled by users and the answers are stored in rows in a gsheet.
Now the problem is that my apps script is iterating over the form to ensure that emails are generated from specific answers in the rows (each row represents one ticket).
The method used is to iterate over the rows by checking 2 cell values that indicate if there are more actions to per row ("EMAIL_SENT", "LOT_CREATED") is the following:
// Get Data Range of form response sheet
let data = form_response_sheet.getDataRange().getValues().filter(r => r.join(""));

// Shift the Data
data.shift()

// Iterate over the rows and columns
data.forEach(function(column, index){

< code to be executed >

)}

With the increasing lenght of the sheet by rows there are two problems emerging:
a) The timed execution of the script which was scheduled by 5mins timer is starting new instances while one instance is not finished, "ghosting" the script execution, resulting in multiple emails generated per row...
b) running into a timeout @ 1800 seconds by google...
Please give me a hint how to solve this.
Your contribution & support is highly appreciated!


Cellulose ester plastics are particularly suited for eyeglass frames, hearing aids, and other tough, transparent plastics which often contact the skin for prolonged periods. Dermatitis from such plastics may result from pressure, chemical irritation, or allergy. Six patients with allergic contact dermatitis from cellulose ester plastics were studied and the allergens identified. The most frequent sensitizer was the ultraviolet stabilizer, resorcinol monobenzoate. An antioxidant, p-tert-butylphenol, and two dyes in a black plastic colorant were also shown by patch testing to be responsible for allergic contact dermatitis.


I am blessed to live in the small resort community of McCall, Idaho. In my neighborhood, there are an abundance of urban wildlife, which over the years, I have come to regard as part my family. I love animals of all kinds, and like to help them whenever there is a problem. Last year (2017), there was a terrible epidemic of Sarcoptic Mange Infestation that afflicted our local urban fox population.
Our urban foxes have provided me with countless hours of company, wonder, and photo opportunities (photos on my Facebook page are public, so take a look). I decided to be proactive and help treat the mange problem. I did my research, and through the help and advice from the Fox Wood Wildlife Rescue ( http://www.foxwoodwildliferescue.org/), and the UK's National Fox Welfare Society ( http://www.nfws.org.uk/), I was provided the knowledge and resources to help treat mange in our local fox population.
In 2017, I was able to successfully treat 6 out of 7 local mange infected foxes. I had hoped that I would never see another case of mange, but in just the last three weeks, I have observed and treated another three foxes. Initially, I paid for the treatment myself, but I have many wonderful Facebook friends who love my photos, and they decided to donate to help provide treatment for the animals. They also have encouraged me to start a Go Fund Me account, which I am finally doing today.
I not only provide treatment to the foxes, but I also freely exchange knowledge, information, and medication to other locals who want to help our wildlife. I didn't know what amount to ask for to reach a "goal", so I decided on $500. I do also try to help our local urban deer, raccoons, skunks, squirrels, and birds. Our neighborhood used to have a bad feral cat population problem, and through the efforts of a few neighbors and myself, we have almost eliminated the feral cycle through the "trap, neuter (spay), return" program.
I know that I do my best to help the wildlife and feral animals in my neighborhood. I wish I had the time and resources to do more, but that is not realistic. I am not begging for money, and I don't want anyone to think that I am. I don't want anyone to feel obligated to help out financially. I do what I do for the animals out of love and respect. There's so much life and beauty in our urban wildlife, that I will try my best to help provide those experiences to our locals, visitors, and myself.


text:
WikiMili
A twisted pair cable with an 8P8C modular connector attached to a laptop computer, used for Ethernet
An Ethernet over twisted pair port
Ethernet /ˈiːθərnɛt/ is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN). [1] It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3. Ethernet has since retained a good deal of backward compatibility and has been refined to support higher bit rates, a greater number of nodes, and longer link distances. Over time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as Token Ring, FDDI and ARCNET.
Repeaters and hubs
Bridging and switching
Frame structure
Autonegotiation
Error conditions
Switching loop
Runt frames
The original 10BASE5 Ethernet uses coaxial cable as a shared medium, while the newer Ethernet variants use twisted pair and fiber optic links in conjunction with switches. Over the course of its history, Ethernet data transfer rates have been increased from the original 2.94 megabits per second (Mbit/s) [2] to the latest 400 gigabits per second (Gbit/s). The Ethernet standards comprise several wiring and signaling variants of the OSI physical layer in use with Ethernet.
Systems communicating over Ethernet divide a stream of data into shorter pieces called frames. Each frame contains source and destination addresses, and error-checking data so that damaged frames can be detected and discarded; most often, higher-layer protocols trigger retransmission of lost frames. As per the OSI model, Ethernet provides services up to and including the data link layer. [3] The 48-bit MAC address was adopted by other IEEE 802 networking standards, including IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi, as well as by FDDI, and EtherType values are also used in Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) headers.
Ethernet is widely used in homes and industry. The Internet Protocol is commonly carried over Ethernet and so it is considered one of the key technologies that make up the Internet.
Accton Etherpocket-SP parallel port Ethernet adapter (circa 1990). Supports both coaxial (10BASE2) and twisted pair (10BASE-T) cables. Power is drawn from a PS/2 port passthrough cable.
Ethernet was developed at Xerox PARC between 1973 and 1974. [4] [5] It was inspired by ALOHAnet, which Robert Metcalfe had studied as part of his PhD dissertation. [6] The idea was first documented in a memo that Metcalfe wrote on May 22, 1973, where he named it after the luminiferous aether once postulated to exist as an "omnipresent, completely-passive medium for the propagation of electromagnetic waves." [4] [7] [8] In 1975, Xerox filed a patent application listing Metcalfe, David Boggs, Chuck Thacker, and Butler Lampson as inventors. [9] In 1976, after the system was deployed at PARC, Metcalfe and Boggs published a seminal paper. [10] [lower-alpha 1] Yogen Dalal, [12] Ron Crane, Bob Garner, and Roy Ogus facilitated the upgrade from the original 2.94 Mbit/s protocol to the 10 Mbit/s protocol, which was released to the market in 1980. [13]
Metcalfe left Xerox in June 1979 to form 3Com. [4] [14] He convinced Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Intel, and Xerox to work together to promote Ethernet as a standard. As part of that process Xerox agreed to relinquish their 'Ethernet' trademark. [15] The first standard was published on September 30, 1980 as "The Ethernet, A Local Area Network. Data Link Layer and Physical Layer Specifications". This so-called DIX standard (Digital Intel Xerox) specified 10 Mbit/s Ethernet, with 48-bit destination and source addresses and a global 16-bit Ethertype-type field. [16] Version 2 was published in November, 1982 [17] and defines what has become known as Ethernet II. Formal standardization efforts proceeded at the same time and resulted in the publication of IEEE 802.3 on June 23, 1983. [18]
Ethernet initially competed with Token Ring and other proprietary protocols. Ethernet was able to adapt to market realities and shift to inexpensive thin coaxial cable and then ubiquitous twisted pair wiring. By the end of the 1980s, Ethernet was clearly the dominant network technology. [4] In the process, 3Com became a major company. 3Com shipped its first 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 3C100 NIC in March 1981, and that year started selling adapters for PDP-11s and VAXes, as well as Multibus-based Intel and Sun Microsystems computers. [19] :9 This was followed quickly by DEC's Unibus to Ethernet adapter, which DEC sold and used internally to build its own corporate network, which reached over 10,000 nodes by 1986, making it one of the largest computer networks in the world at that time. [20] An Ethernet adapter card for the IBM PC was released in 1982, and, by 1985, 3Com had sold 100,000. [14] Parallel port based Ethernet adapters were produced for a time, with drivers for DOS and Windows. By the early 1990s, Ethernet became so prevalent that it was a must-have feature for modern computers, and Ethernet ports began to appear on some PCs and most workstations. This process was greatly sped up with the introduction of 10BASE-T and its relatively small modular connector, at which point Ethernet ports appeared even on low-end motherboards.
Since then, Ethernet technology has evolved to meet new bandwidth and market requirements. [21] In addition to computers, Ethernet is now used to interconnect appliances and other personal devices. [4] As Industrial Ethernet it is used in industrial applications and is quickly replacing legacy data transmission systems in the world's telecommunications networks. [22] By 2010, the market for Ethernet equipment amounted to over $16 billion per year. [23]
An Intel 82574L Gigabit Ethernet NIC, PCI Express ×1 card
In February 1980, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) started project 802 to standardize local area networks (LAN). [14] [24] The "DIX-group" with Gary Robinson (DEC), Phil Arst (Intel), and Bob Printis (Xerox) submitted the so-called "Blue Book" CSMA/CD specification as a candidate for the LAN specification. [16] In addition to CSMA/CD, Token Ring (supported by IBM) and Token Bus (selected and henceforward supported by General Motors) were also considered as candidates for a LAN standard. Competing proposals and broad interest in the initiative led to strong disagreement over which technology to standardize. In December 1980, the group was split into three subgroups, and standardization proceeded separately for each proposal. [14]
Delays in the standards process put at risk the market introduction of the Xerox Star workstation and 3Com's Ethernet LAN products. With such business implications in mind, David Liddle (General Manager, Xerox Office Systems) and Metcalfe (3Com) strongly supported a proposal of Fritz Röscheisen (Siemens Private Networks) for an alliance in the emerging office communication market, including Siemens' support for the international standardization of Ethernet (April 10, 1981). Ingrid Fromm, Siemens' representative to IEEE 802, quickly achieved broader support for Ethernet beyond IEEE by the establishment of a competing Task Group "Local Networks" within the European standards body ECMA TC24. On March 1982, ECMA TC24 with its corporate members reached an agreement on a standard for CSMA/CD based on the IEEE 802 draft. [19] :8 Because the DIX proposal was most technically complete and because of the speedy action taken by ECMA which decisively contributed to the conciliation of opinions within IEEE, the IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD standard was approved in December 1982. [14] IEEE published the 802.3 standard as a draft in 1983 and as a standard in 1985. [25]
Approval of Ethernet on the international level was achieved by a similar, cross-partisan action with Fromm as the liaison officer working to integrate with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Technical Committee 83 and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee 97 Sub Committee 6. The ISO 8802-3 standard was published in 1989. [26]
Internet protocol suite
MGCP
NNTP
ONC/RPC
TLS/SSL
DCCP
Internet layer
ICMPv6
Link layer
Ethernet has evolved to include higher bandwidth, improved medium access control methods, and different physical media. The coaxial cable was replaced with point-to-point links connected by Ethernet repeaters or switches. [27]
Ethernet stations communicate by sending each other data packets: blocks of data individually sent and delivered. As with other IEEE 802 LANs, adapters come programmed with globally unique 48-bit MAC address so that each Ethernet station has a unique address [lower-alpha 2] . The MAC addresses are used to specify both the destination and the source of each data packet. Ethernet establishes link-level connections, which can be defined using both the destination and source addresses. On reception of a transmission, the receiver uses the destination address to determine whether the transmission is relevant to the station or should be ignored. A network interface normally does not accept packets addressed to other Ethernet stations. [lower-alpha 3] [lower-alpha 4]
An EtherType field in each frame is used by the operating system on the receiving station to select the appropriate protocol module (e.g., an Internet Protocol version such as IPv4). Ethernet frames are said to be self-identifying, because of the EtherType field. Self-identifying frames make it possible to intermix multiple protocols on the same physical network and allow a single computer to use multiple protocols together. [28] Despite the evolution of Ethernet technology, all generations of Ethernet (excluding early experimental versions) use the same frame formats. [29] Mixed-speed networks can be built using Ethernet switches and repeaters supporting the desired Ethernet variants. [30]
Due to the ubiquity of Ethernet, the ever-decreasing cost of the hardware needed to support it, and the reduced panel space needed by twisted pair Ethernet, most manufacturers now build Ethernet interfaces directly into PC motherboards, eliminating the need for installation of a separate network card. [31]
Older Ethernet equipment. Clockwise from top-left: An Ethernet transceiver with an in-line 10BASE2 adapter, a similar model transceiver with a 10BASE5 adapter, an AUI cable, a different style of transceiver with 10BASE2 BNC T-connector, two 10BASE5 end fittings (N connectors), an orange "vampire tap" installation tool (which includes a specialized drill bit at one end and a socket wrench at the other), and an early model 10BASE5 transceiver (h4000) manufactured by DEC. The short length of yellow 10BASE5 cable has one end fitted with a N connector and the other end prepared to have a N connector shell installed; the half-black, half-grey rectangular object through which the cable passes is an installed vampire tap.
Ethernet was originally based on the idea of computers communicating over a shared coaxial cable acting as a broadcast transmission medium. The method used was similar to those used in radio systems, [lower-alpha 5] with the common cable providing the communication channel likened to the Luminiferous aether in 19th century physics, and it was from this reference that the name "Ethernet" was derived. [32]
Original Ethernet's shared coaxial cable (the shared medium) traversed a building or campus to every attached machine. A scheme known as carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) governed the way the computers shared the channel. This scheme was simpler than competing Token Ring or Token Bus technologies. [lower-alpha 6] Computers are connected to an Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) transceiver, which is in turn connected to the cable (with thin Ethernet the transceiver is integrated into the network adapter). While a simple passive wire is highly reliable for small networks, it is not reliable for large extended networks, where damage to the wire in a single place, or a single bad connector, can make the whole Ethernet segment unusable. [lower-alpha 7]
Through the first half of the 1980s, Ethernet's 10BASE5 implementation used a coaxial cable 0.375 inches (9.5 mm) in diameter, later called "thick Ethernet" or "thicknet". Its successor, 10BASE2, called "thin Ethernet" or "thinnet", used the RG-58 coaxial cable. The emphasis was on making installation of the cable easier and less costly. [33] :57
Since all communication happens on the same wire, any information sent by one computer is received by all, even if that information is intended for just one destination. [lower-alpha 8] The network interface card interrupts the CPU only when applicable packets are received: the card ignores information not addressed to it. [lower-alpha 9] Use of a single cable also means that the data bandwidth is shared, such that, for example, available data bandwidth to each device is halved when two stations are simultaneously active. [34]
A collision happens when two stations attempt to transmit at the same time. They corrupt transmitted data and require stations to re-transmit. The lost data and re-transmission reduces throughput. In the worst case, where multiple active hosts connected with maximum allowed cable length attempt to transmit many short frames, excessive collisions can reduce throughput dramatically. However, a Xerox report in 1980 studied performance of an existing Ethernet installation under both normal and artificially generated heavy load. The report claimed that 98% throughput on the LAN was observed. [35] This is in contrast with token passing LANs (Token Ring, Token Bus), all of which suffer throughput degradation as each new node comes into the LAN, due to token waits. This report was controversial, as modeling showed that collision-based networks theoretically became unstable under loads as low as 37% of nominal capacity. Many early researchers failed to understand these results. Performance on real networks is significantly better. [36]
In a modern Ethernet, the stations do not all share one channel through a shared cable or a simple repeater hub; instead, each station communicates with a switch, which in turn forwards that traffic to the destination station. In this topology, collisions are only possible if station and switch attempt to communicate with each other at the same time, and collisions are limited to this link. Furthermore, the 10BASE-T standard introduced a full duplex mode of operation which became common with Fast Ethernet and the de facto standard with Gigabit Ethernet. In full duplex, switch and station can send and receive simultaneously, and therefore modern Ethernets are completely collision-free.
Comparison between original Ethernet and modern Ethernet
The original Ethernet implementation: shared medium, collision-prone. All computers trying to communicate share the same cable, and so compete with each other.
Modern Ethernet implementation: switched connection, collision-free. Each computer communicates only with its own switch, without competition for the cable with others.
A 1990s ISA network interface card supporting both coaxial-cable-based 10BASE2 (BNC connector, left) and twisted pair-based 10BASE-T (8P8C connector, right)
Main article: Ethernet hub
For signal degradation and timing reasons, coaxial Ethernet segments have a restricted size. [37] Somewhat larger networks can be built by using an Ethernet repeater. Early repeaters had only two ports, allowing, at most, a doubling of network size. Once repeaters with more than two ports became available, it was possible to wire the network in a star topology. Early experiments with star topologies (called "Fibernet") using optical fiber were published by 1978. [38]
Shared cable Ethernet is always hard to install in offices because its bus topology is in conflict with the star topology cable plans designed into buildings for telephony. Modifying Ethernet to conform to twisted pair telephone wiring already installed in commercial buildings provided another opportunity to lower costs, expand the installed base, and leverage building design, and, thus, twisted-pair Ethernet was the next logical development in the mid-1980s.
Ethernet on unshielded twisted-pair cables (UTP) began with StarLAN at 1 Mbit/s in the mid-1980s. In 1987 SynOptics introduced the first twisted-pair Ethernet at 10 Mbit/s in a star-wired cabling topology with a central hub, later called LattisNet. [14] [32] :29 [39] These evolved into 10BASE-T, which was designed for point-to-point links only, and all termination was built into the device. This changed repeaters from a specialist device used at the center of large networks to a device that every twisted pair-based network with more than two machines had to use. The tree structure that resulted from this made Ethernet networks easier to maintain by preventing most faults with one peer or its associated cable from affecting other devices on the network.
Despite the physical star topology and the presence of separate transmit and receive channels in the twisted pair and fiber media, repeater-based Ethernet networks still use half-duplex and CSMA/CD, with only minimal activity by the repeater, primarily generation of the jam signal in dealing with packet collisions. Every packet is sent to every other port on the repeater, so bandwidth and security problems are not addressed. The total throughput of the repeater is limited to that of a single link, and all links must operate at the same speed. [32] :278
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Ethernet" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Patch cables with patch fields of two Ethernet switches
Main articles: Network switch and Bridging (networking)
While repeaters can isolate some aspects of Ethernet segments, such as cable breakages, they still forward all traffic to all Ethernet devices. The entire network is one collision domain, and all hosts have to be able to detect collisions anywhere on the network. This limits the number of repeaters between the farthest nodes and creates practical limits on how many machines can communicate on an Ethernet network. Segments joined by repeaters have to all operate at the same speed, making phased-in upgrades impossible.
To alleviate these problems, bridging was created to communicate at the data link layer while isolating the physical layer. With bridging, only well-formed Ethernet packets are forwarded from one Ethernet segment to another; collisions and packet errors are isolated. At initial startup, Ethernet bridges work somewhat like Ethernet repeaters, passing all traffic between segments. By observing the source addresses of incoming frames, the bridge then builds an address table associating addresses to segments. Once an address is learned, the bridge forwards network traffic destined for that address only to the associated segment, improving overall performance. Broadcast traffic is still forwarded to all network segments. Bridges also overcome the limits on total segments between two hosts and allow the mixing of speeds, both of which are critical to incremental deployment of faster Ethernet variants.
In 1989, the networking company Kalpana [lower-alpha 10] introduced their EtherSwitch, the first Ethernet switch. [lower-alpha 11] Early switches such as this used cut-through switching where only the header of the incoming packet is examined before it is either dropped or forwarded to another segment. [40] This reduces the forwarding latency. One drawback of this method is that it does not readily allow a mixture of different link speeds. Another is that packets that have been corrupted are still propagated through the network. The eventual remedy for this was a return to the original store and forward approach of bridging, where the packet is read into a buffer on the switch in its entirety, its frame check sequence verified and only then packet is forwarded. This process is typically done using application-specific integrated circuits allowing packets to be forwarded at wire speed.
When a twisted pair or fiber link segment is used and neither end is connected to a repeater, full-duplex Ethernet becomes possible over that segment. In full-duplex mode, both devices can transmit and receive to and from each other at the same time, and there is no collision domain. This doubles the aggregate bandwidth of the link and is sometimes advertised as double the link speed (for example, 200 Mbit/s for Fast Ethernet). [lower-alpha 12] The elimination of the collision domain for these connections also means that all the link's bandwidth can be used by the two devices on that segment and that segment length is not limited by the need for correct collision detection.
Since packets are typically delivered only to the port they are intended for, traffic on a switched Ethernet is less public than on shared-medium Ethernet. Despite this, switched Ethernet should still be regarded as an insecure network technology, because it is easy to subvert switched Ethernet systems by means such as ARP spoofing and MAC flooding.
The bandwidth advantages, the improved isolation of devices from each other, the ability to easily mix different speeds of devices and the elimination of the chaining limits inherent in non-switched Ethernet have made switched Ethernet the dominant network technology. [41]
A core Ethernet switch
Simple switched Ethernet networks, while a great improvement over repeater-based Ethernet, suffer from single points of failure, attacks that trick switches or hosts into sending data to a machine even if it is not intended for it, scalability and security issues with regard to switching loops, broadcast radiation and multicast traffic, and bandwidth choke points where a lot of traffic is forced down a single link.[ citation needed ]
Advanced networking features in switches use shortest path bridging (SPB) or the spanning-tree protocol (STP) to maintain a loop-free, meshed network, allowing physical loops for redundancy (STP) or load-balancing (SPB). Advanced networking features also ensure port security, provide protection features such as MAC lockdown and broadcast radiation filtering, use virtual LANs to keep different classes of users separate while using the same physical infrastructure, employ multilayer switching to route between different classes, and use link aggregation to add bandwidth to overloaded links and to provide some redundancy.
Shortest path bridging includes the use of the link-state routing protocol IS-IS to allow larger networks with shortest path routes between devices. In 2012, it was stated by David Allan and Nigel Bragg, in 802.1aq Shortest Path Bridging Design and Evolution: The Architect's Perspective that shortest path bridging is one of the most significant enhancements in Ethernet's history. [42]
Ethernet has replaced InfiniBand as the most popular system interconnect of TOP500 supercomputers. [43]
Main articles: Ethernet physical layer and Ethernet over twisted pair
The Ethernet physical layer evolved over a considerable time span and encompasses coaxial, twisted pair and fiber-optic physical media interfaces, with speeds from 10 Mbit/s to 100 Gbit/s, with 400 Gbit/s expected by 2018. [44] The first introduction of twisted-pair CSMA/CD was StarLAN, standardized as 802.3 1BASE5. [45] While 1BASE5 had little market penetration, it defined the physical apparatus (wire, plug/jack, pin-out, and wiring plan) that would be carried over to 10BASE-T.
The most common forms used are 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 1000BASE-T. All three use twisted pair cables and 8P8C modular connectors. They run at 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, and 1 Gbit/s, respectively.
Fiber optic variants of Ethernet (that use SFP) are also very common in larger networks, offering high performance, better electrical isolation and longer distance (tens of kilometers with some versions). In general, network protocol stack software will work similarly on all varieties.
A close-up of the SMSC LAN91C110 (SMSC 91x) chip, an embedded Ethernet chip
Main article: Ethernet frame
In IEEE 802.3, a datagram is called a packet or frame. Packet is used to describe the overall transmission unit and includes the preamble, start frame delimiter (SFD) and carrier extension (if present). [lower-alpha 13] The frame begins after the start frame delimiter with a frame header featuring source and destination MAC addresses and the EtherType field giving either the protocol type for the payload protocol or the length of the payload. The middle section of the frame consists of payload data including any headers for other protocols (for example, Internet Protocol) carried in the frame. The frame ends with a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check, which is used to detect corruption of data in transit. [46] :sections 3.1.1 and 3.2 Notably, Ethernet packets have no time-to-live field, leading to possible problems in the presence of a switching loop.
Main article: Autonegotiation
Autonegotiation is the procedure by which two connected devices choose common transmission parameters, e.g. speed and duplex mode. Autonegotiation was initially an optional feature, first introduced with 100BASE-TX, while it is also backward compatible with 10BASE-T. Autonegotiation is mandatory for 1000BASE-T and faster.
Main article: Switching loop
A switching loop or bridge loop occurs in computer networks when there is more than one Layer 2 (OSI model) path between two endpoints (e.g. multiple connections between two network switches or two ports on the same switch connected to each other). The loop creates broadcast storms as broadcasts and multicasts are forwarded by switches out every port, the switch or switches will repeatedly rebroadcast the broadcast messages flooding the network. Since the Layer 2 header does not support a time to live (TTL) value, if a frame is sent into a looped topology, it can loop forever.
A physical topology that contains switching or bridge loops is attractive for redundancy reasons, yet a switched network must not have loops. The solution is to allow physical loops, but create a loop-free logical topology using the shortest path bridging (SPB) protocol or the older spanning tree protocols (STP) on the network switches.
A node that is sending longer than the maximum transmission window for an Ethernet packet is considered to be jabbering. Depending on the physical topology, jabber detection and remedy differ somewhat.
An MAU is required to detect and stop abnormally long transmission from the DTE (longer than 20–150 ms) in order to prevent permanent network disruption. [47]
On an electrically shared medium (10BASE5, 10BASE2, 1BASE5), jabber can only be detected by each end node, stopping reception. No further remedy is possible. [48]
A repeater/repeater hub uses a jabber timer that ends retransmission to the other ports when it expires. The timer runs for 25,000 to 50,000 bit times for 1 Mbit/s, [49] 40,000 to 75,000 bit times for 10 and 100 Mbit/s, [50] [51] and 80,000 to 150,000 bit times for 1 Gbit/s. [52] Jabbering ports are partitioned off the network until a carrier is no longer detected. [53]
End nodes utilizing a MAC layer will usually detect an oversized Ethernet frame and cease receiving. A bridge/switch will not forward the frame. [54]
A non-uniform frame size configuration in the network using jumbo frames may be detected as jabber by end nodes.
A packet detected as jabber by an upstream repeater and subsequently cut off has an invalid frame check sequence and is dropped.
Runts are packets or frames smaller than the minimum allowed size. They are dropped and not propagated.
5-4-3 rule
Chaosnet
Ethernet crossover cable
List of device bit rates
Metro Ethernet
Point-to-point protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE)
Sneakernet
Wake-on-LAN (WoL)
↑ The experimental Ethernet described in the 1976 paper ran at 2.94 Mbit/s and has eight-bit destination and source address fields, so the original Ethernet addresses are not the MAC addresses they are today. [11] By software convention, the 16 bits after the destination and source address fields specify a "packet type", but, as the paper says, "different protocols use disjoint sets of packet types". Thus the original packet types could vary within each different protocol. This is in contrast to the EtherType in the IEEE Ethernet standard, which specifies the protocol being used.
↑ In some cases, the factory-assigned address can be overridden, either to avoid an address change when an adapter is replaced or to use locally administered addresses.
↑ Unless it is put into promiscuous mode.
↑ Of course bridges and switches will accept other addresses for forwarding the packet.
↑ There are fundamental differences between wireless and wired shared-medium communication, such as the fact that it is much easier to detect collisions in a wired system than a wireless system.
↑ In a CSMA/CD system packets must be large enough to guarantee that the leading edge of the propagating wave of a message gets to all parts of the medium and back again before the transmitter stops transmitting, guaranteeing that collisions (two or more packets initiated within a window of time that forced them to overlap) are discovered. As a result, the minimum packet size and the physical medium's total length are closely linked.
↑ Multipoint systems are also prone to strange failure modes when an electrical discontinuity reflects the signal in such a manner that some nodes would work properly, while others work slowly because of excessive retries or not at all. See standing wave for an explanation. These could be much more difficult to diagnose than a complete failure of the segment.
↑ This "one speaks, all listen" property is a security weakness of shared-medium Ethernet, since a node on an Ethernet network can eavesdrop on all traffic on the wire if it so chooses.
↑ acquired by Cisco Systems, Inc. in 1994
↑ The term switch was invented by device manufacturers and does not appear in the IEEE 802.3 standard.
↑ This is misleading, as performance will double only if traffic patterns are symmetrical.
↑ The carrier extension is defined to assist collision detection on shared-media gigabit Ethernet.
Related Research Articles
A media access control address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for use as a network address in communications within a network segment. This use is common in most IEEE 802 networking technologies, including Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. Within the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) network model, MAC addresses are used in the medium access control protocol sublayer of the data link layer. As typically represented, MAC addresses are recognizable as six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by hyphens, colons, or without a separator.
100BaseVG is a 100 Mbit/s Ethernet standard specified to run over four pairs of category 3 cable. It is also called 100VG-AnyLAN because it was defined to carry both Ethernet and token ring frame types.
A network switch is networking hardware that connects devices on a computer network by using packet switching to receive and forward data to the destination device.
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) is a media access control (MAC) method used most notably in early Ethernet technology for local area networking. It uses carrier-sensing to defer transmissions until no other stations are transmitting. This is used in combination with collision detection in which a transmitting station detects collisions by sensing transmissions from other stations while it is transmitting a frame. When this collision condition is detected, the station stops transmitting that frame, transmits a jam signal, and then waits for a random time interval before trying to resend the frame.
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is a standard for data transmission in a local area network. It uses optical fiber as its standard underlying physical medium, although it was also later specified to use copper cable, in which case it may be called CDDI, standardized as TP-PMD, also referred to as TP-DDI.
Network topology is the arrangement of the elements of a communication network. Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio networks, industrial fieldbusses and computer networks.
In telecommunications and computer networks, a channel access method or multiple access method allows more than two terminals connected to the same transmission medium to transmit over it and to share its capacity. Examples of shared physical media are wireless networks, bus networks, ring networks and point-to-point links operating in half-duplex mode.
A virtual LAN (VLAN) is any broadcast domain that is partitioned and isolated in a computer network at the data link layer. LAN is the abbreviation for local area network and in this context virtual refers to a physical object recreated and altered by additional logic. VLANs work by applying tags to network frames and handling these tags in networking systems – creating the appearance and functionality of network traffic that is physically on a single network but acts as if it is split between separate networks. In this way, VLANs can keep network applications separate despite being connected to the same physical network, and without requiring multiple sets of cabling and networking devices to be deployed.
In the IEEE 802 reference model of computer networking, the logical link control (LLC) data communication protocol layer is the upper sublayer of the data link layer of the seven-layer OSI model. The LLC sublayer acts as an interface between the media access control (MAC) sublayer and the network layer.
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment. The data link layer provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and might provide the means to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical layer.
In IEEE 802 LAN/MAN standards, the medium access control sublayer is the layer that controls the hardware responsible for interaction with the wired, optical or wireless transmission medium. The MAC sublayer and the logical link control (LLC) sublayer together make up the data link layer. Within the data link layer, the LLC provides flow control and multiplexing for the logical link, while the MAC provides flow control and multiplexing for the transmission medium.
A network segment is a portion of a computer network. The nature and extent of a segment depends on the nature of the network and the device or devices used to interconnect end stations.
A Medium Attachment Unit (MAU) is a transceiver which converts signals on an Ethernet cable to and from Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) signals.
An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, multiport repeater, or simply hub is a network hardware device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together and making them act as a single network segment. It has multiple input/output (I/O) ports, in which a signal introduced at the input of any port appears at the output of every port except the original incoming. A hub works at the physical layer of the OSI model. A repeater hub also participates in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision. In addition to standard 8P8C ("RJ45") ports, some hubs may also come with a BNC or an Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) connector to allow connection to legacy 10BASE2 or 10BASE5 network segments.
Ethernet flow control is a mechanism for temporarily stopping the transmission of data on Ethernet family computer networks. The goal of this mechanism is to ensure zero packet loss in the presence of network congestion.
A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates a single aggregate network from multiple communication networks or network segments. This function is called network bridging. Bridging is distinct from routing. Routing allows multiple networks to communicate independently and yet remain separate, whereas bridging connects two separate networks as if they were a single network. In the OSI model, bridging is performed in the data link layer. If one or more segments of the bridged network are wireless, the device is known as a wireless bridge.
A computer network is a digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources. In computer networks, computing devices exchange data with each other using connections between nodes. These data links are established over cable media such as twisted pair or fiber-optic cables, and wireless media such as Wi-Fi.
Token Ring local area network (LAN) technology is a communications protocol for local area networks. It uses a special three-byte frame called a "token" that travels around a logical "ring" of workstations or servers. This token passing is a channel access method providing fair access for all stations, and eliminating the collisions of contention-based access methods.
In computer networking, an Ethernet frame is a data link layer protocol data unit and uses the underlying Ethernet physical layer transport mechanisms. In other words, a data unit on an Ethernet link transports an Ethernet frame as its payload.
The 5-4-3 rule also referred to as the IEEE way is a design guideline for Ethernet computer networks covering the number of repeaters and segments on shared-access Ethernet backbones in a tree topology. It means that in a collision domain there should be at most 5 segments tied together with 4 repeaters, with up to 3 mixing segments. Link segments can be 10BASE-T, 10BASE-FL or 10BASE-FB. This rule is also designated the 5-4-3-2-1 rule with there being two link segments and one collision domain.
↑ Ralph Santitoro (2003). "Metro Ethernet Services – A Technical Overview" (PDF). mef.net. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
↑ Xerox (August 1976). "Alto: A Personal Computer System Hardware Manual" (PDF). Xerox. p. 37. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
↑ Charles M. Kozierok (September 20, 2005). "Data Link Layer (Layer 2)". tcpipguide.com. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
1 2 3 4 5 The History of Ethernet. NetEvents.tv. 2006. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
↑ "Ethernet Prototype Circuit Board". Smithsonian National Museum of American History. 1973. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
↑ Gerald W. Brock (September 25, 2003). The Second Information Revolution. Harvard University Press. p. 151. ISBN 0-674-01178-3.
↑ Cade Metz (March 13, 2009). "Ethernet — a networking protocol name for the ages: Michelson, Morley, and Metcalfe". The Register. p. 2. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
↑ Mary Bellis. "Inventors of the Modern Computer". About.com. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
↑ U.S. Patent 4,063,220 "Multipoint data communication system (with collision detection)"
↑ Robert Metcalfe; David Boggs (July 1976). "Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks" (PDF). Communications of the ACM . 19 (7): 395–405. doi:10.1145/360248.360253.
↑ John F. Shoch; Yogen K. Dalal; David D. Redell; Ronald C. Crane (August 1982). "Evolution of the Ethernet Local Computer Network" (PDF). IEEE Computer. 15 (8): 14–26. doi:10.1109/MC.1982.1654107.
↑ Pelkey, James L. (2007). "Yogen Dalal". Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications, 1968-1988 . Retrieved September 5, 2019.
↑ "Introduction to Ethernet Technologies". www.wband.com. WideBand Products. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
1 2 3 4 5 6 von Burg, Urs; Kenney, Martin (December 2003). "Sponsors, Communities, and Standards: Ethernet vs. Token Ring in the Local Area Networking Business" (PDF). Industry & Innovation. 10 (4): 351–375. doi:10.1080/1366271032000163621. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 6, 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
↑ Charles E. Spurgeon (February 2000). "Chapter 1. The Evolution of Ethernet". Ethernet: The Definitive Guide. ISBN 1565926609.
1 2 Digital Equipment Corporation; Intel Corporation; Xerox Corporation (September 30, 1980). "The Ethernet, A Local Area Network. Data Link Layer and Physical Layer Specifications, Version 1.0" (PDF). Xerox Corporation. Retrieved December 10, 2011. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ Digital Equipment Corporation; Intel Corporation; Xerox Corporation (November 1982). "The Ethernet, A Local Area Network. Data Link Layer and Physical Layer Specifications, Version 2.0" (PDF). Xerox Corporation. Retrieved December 10, 2011. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ "IEEE 802.3 'Standard for Ethernet' Marks 30 Years of Innovation and Global Market Growth" (Press release). IEEE. June 24, 2013. Archived from the original on January 12, 2014. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
1 2 Robert Breyer; Sean Riley (1999). Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet. Macmillan. ISBN 1-57870-073-6.
↑ Jamie Parker Pearson (1992). Digital at Work. Digital Press. p. 163. ISBN 1-55558-092-0.
↑ Rick Merritt (December 20, 2010). "Shifts, growth ahead for 10G Ethernet". E Times. Retrieved September 10, 2011. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ "My oh My – Ethernet Growth Continues to Soar; Surpasses Legacy". Telecom News Now. July 29, 2011. Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
↑ Jim Duffy (February 22, 2010). "Cisco, Juniper, HP drive Ethernet switch market in Q4". Network World. International Data Group . Retrieved August 11, 2019.
↑ Vic Hayes (August 27, 2001). "Letter to FCC" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2010. IEEE 802 has the basic charter to develop and maintain networking standards... IEEE 802 was formed in February 1980...
↑ IEEE 802.3-2008, p.iv
↑ "ISO 8802-3:1989". ISO . Retrieved July 8, 2015.
↑ Jim Duffy (April 20, 2009). "Evolution of Ethernet". Network World . Retrieved January 1, 2016.
↑ Douglas E. Comer (2000). Internetworking with TCP/IP – Principles, Protocols and Architecture (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-018380-6. 2.4.9 – Ethernet Hardware Addresses, p. 29, explains the filtering.
↑ Iljitsch van Beijnum. "Speed matters: how Ethernet went from 3Mbps to 100Gbps... and beyond". Ars Technica . Retrieved July 15, 2011. All aspects of Ethernet were changed: its MAC procedure, the bit encoding, the wiring... only the packet format has remained the same.
↑ Fast Ethernet Turtorial, Lantronix, retrieved January 1, 2016
↑ Geetaj Channana (November 1, 2004). "Motherboard Chipsets Roundup". PCQuest. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2010. While comparing motherboards in the last issue we found that all motherboards support Ethernet connection on board.
1 2 3 Charles E. Spurgeon (2000). Ethernet: The Definitive Guide. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-1-56592-660-8.
↑ Heinz-Gerd Hegering; Alfred Lapple (1993). Ethernet: Building a Communications Infrastructure . Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-62405-2.
↑ Ethernet Tutorial – Part I: Networking Basics, Lantronix, retrieved January 1, 2016
↑ Shoch, John F.; Hupp, Jon A. (December 1980). "Measured performance of an Ethernet local network". Communications of the ACM. ACM Press. 23 (12): 711–721. doi:10.1145/359038.359044. ISSN 0001-0782.
↑ Boggs, D.R.; Mogul, J.C. & Kent, C.A. (September 1988). "Measured capacity of an Ethernet: myths and reality" (PDF). DEC WRL. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ "Ethernet Media Standards and Distances". kb.wisc.edu. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
↑ Eric G. Rawson; Robert M. Metcalfe (July 1978). "Fibemet: Multimode Optical Fibers for Local Computer Networks" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Communications. 26 (7): 983–990. doi:10.1109/TCOM.1978.1094189 . Retrieved June 11, 2011.
↑ Urs von Burg (2001). The Triumph of Ethernet: technological communities and the battle for the LAN standard. Stanford University Press. p. 175. ISBN 0-8047-4094-1.
↑ Robert J. Kohlhepp (October 2, 2000). "The 10 Most Important Products of the Decade". Network Computing. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved February 25, 2008.
↑ "Token Ring-to-Ethernet Migration". Cisco. Retrieved October 22, 2010. Respondents were first asked about their current and planned desktop LAN attachment standards. The results were clear—switched Fast Ethernet is the dominant choice for desktop connectivity to the network
↑ Allan, David; Bragg, Nigel (2012). 802.1aq Shortest Path Bridging Design and Evolution : The Architects' Perspective. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-14866-2.
↑ "HIGHLIGHTS – JUNE 2016". June 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2016. InfiniBand technology is now found on 205 systems, down from 235 systems, and is now the second most-used internal system interconnect technology. Gigabit Ethernet has risen to 218 systems up from 182 systems, in large part thanks to 176 systems now using 10G interfaces.
↑ "Adopted Timeline" (PDF). IEEE 802.3bs Task Force. September 18, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
↑ "1BASE5 Medium Specification (StarLAN)". cs.nthu.edu.tw. December 28, 1996. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
↑ "802.3-2012 – IEEE Standard for Ethernet" (PDF). ieee.org. IEEE Standards Association. December 28, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
↑ IEEE 802.3 8.2 MAU functional specifications
↑ IEEE 802.3 8.2.1.5 Jabber function requirements
↑ IEEE 802.3 12.4.3.2.3 Jabber function
↑ IEEE 802.3 9.6.5 MAU Jabber Lockup Protection
↑ IEEE 802.3 27.3.2.1.4 Timers
↑ IEEE 802.3 27.3.1.7 Receive jabber functional requirements
↑ IEEE 802.1 Table C-1—Largest frame base values
Digital Equipment Corporation; Intel Corporation; Xerox Corporation (September 1980). "The Ethernet: A Local Area Network". ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. 11 (3): 20. doi:10.1145/1015591.1015594. Version 1.0 of the DIX specification.
"Ethernet Technologies". Internetworking Technology Handbook. Cisco Systems. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
Charles E. Spurgeon (2000). Ethernet: The Definitive Guide. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1565-9266-08.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ethernet .
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet working group
IEEE 802.3-2015 – superseded
IEEE 802.3-2018 standard
Ethernet family of local area network technologies
1 Gbit/s
2.5 and 5 Gbit/s
25 and 50 Gbit/s
40 and 100 Gbit/s
200 and 400 Gbit/s
EtherType
Jumbos
Ethernet Alliance
First mile
10G-EPON
CSMA/CD
StarLAN
10BROAD36
10BASE-FB
10BASE-FL
10BASE5
FOIRL
100BaseVG
LattisNet
SFP/SFP+/QSFP/QSFP+/OSFP
GMII
XGMII
XAUI
Basic computer components
Pointing stick
Refreshable braille display
Sound chip
Disk pack
Network interface controller
Fax modem
FireWire (IEEE 1394)
DisplayPort / HDMI / DVI / VGA
This page is based on this Wikipedia article


I'd love to share my latest project with the Leica community (I'm an industrial designer and a photography enthusiast). I've modified an Instax SQ10 to mount a Leica Summicron-M 35mm (I think it's the first instant camera with a full-frame lens). Then, I've designed a concept of what a premium Leica instant camera could look like.
This entry was posted in Leica Sofort and tagged Leica Concepts, Leica Instant M design concept camera. Bookmark the permalink. Trackbacks are closed, but you can post a comment.


text:
Positive Operating Performance Boosts Desal Plant Bond Rating
Facility ownership transfer approved by Water Authority Board; Poseidon to continue plant management
Carlsbad, Calif. (October 24, 2019) – Bonds from the Carlsbad Desalination Plant and pipeline were upgraded to BBB and given a stable outlook in a new report from Fitch Ratings, affirming the project's sound management and its ability to provide a stable, reliable source of drinking water to the San Diego region. As the largest, most technologically advanced and energy-efficient plant of its kind in the nation, the Claude "Bud" Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant's stability stems from an effective collaboration between Poseidon Water and the San Diego County Water Authority.
That partnership will continue under a transfer of ownership from Orion Water Partners to Aberdeen Standard Investments approved Thursday by the Water Authority's Board of Directors. The transfer – made public in June – will not alter day-to-day operations at the Carlsbad facility or create a fiscal impact to the Water Authority.
The plant will remain governed by terms of the 2012 Water Purchase Agreement between Poseidon Water and the Water Authority. That 30-year agreement requires Poseidon to obtain the Water Authority's written consent of the transaction and to reimburse the Water Authority for its costs related to consideration of the consent request. Under the WPA, the Water Authority agreed to purchase between 48,000 acre-feet and 56,000 acre-feet of water from the desalination plant each year at a price established by the contract. At the end of the 30-year term the Water Authority can assume facility ownership for $1.
"We are honored that maintaining Poseidon Water as the facility manager was integral to the Water Authority's approval of the ownership transfer and by the Water Authority's acknowledgement of our exemplary stewardship of this valuable resource," said Carlos Riva, CEO of Poseidon Water. "We look forward to working alongside our new partners to continue providing the San Diego region with a climate-resilient drinking water supply and ensuring the plant continues its strong operations."
Water Authority Board Chair Jim Madaffer said the desalination plant is a valuable asset that provides high-quality water, a hedge against drought and insurance against earthquakes that could disrupt imported water deliveries. "With more than 50 billion gallons of water produced and counting, the Carlsbad plant is a critical part of our region's infrastructure – and we don't expect the sale to change that in any way," he said. "In fact, we anticipate many more years of productive partnering with Poseidon."
The Carlsbad Desalination Plant has met approximately 10% of the San Diego region's water needs. The planned construction of new, technologically advanced and environmentally sensitive intake and discharge facilities will further enhance operations.
Plant partners also praised the improved ratings for the desal plant and the associated pipeline by Fitch Ratings, which upgraded bonds from BBB- to BBB based on the plant's strong operational record, updated financing projections for capital improvements, and Fitch's expectation that the positive trend in financial and operational performance will continue. Also, this week Moody's affirmed its Baa3 rating for the plant and pipeline bonds. When those bonds are refinanced, higher ratings are expected to save ratepayers money by lowering the interest rate paid on the debt.
Since its inception as a public-private partnership, the Carlsbad facility has received numerous national and international awards (www.carlsbaddesal.com/uploads/1/0/0/4/100463770/carlsbad_awards.pdf). The P3 approach allowed the Water Authority to develop new, capital-intensive, public-serving infrastructure without incurring debt or negatively affecting bond ratings, a fact recognized in 2016 when S&P raised the Water Authority's credit rating to AAA citing, in part, the successful delivery of the Carlsbad facility.
For more information, go to the plant website, carlsbaddesal.com, or to the Water Authority's website, sdcwa.org.
The San Diego County Water Authority sustains a $231 billion regional economy and the quality of life for 3.3 million residents through a multi-decade water supply diversification plan, major infrastructure investments and forward-thinking policies that promote fiscal and environmental responsibility. A public agency created in 1944, the Water Authority delivers wholesale water supplies to 24 retail water providers, including cities, special districts and a military base.
Poseidon Water is a private company that partners with public agencies to deliver water infrastructure projects. The company's primary focus is developing large-scale reverse osmosis seawater desalination plants implemented through innovative public-private partnerships in which private enterprise assumes the developmental and financial risks. For more information on Poseidon's Carlsbad Desalination Plant, visit the plant website at www.carlsbaddesal.com. For more information on Poseidon's Huntington Beach desalination plant, visit the project website at HBfreshwater.com.


You are currently browsing the tag archive for the 'New York State Senate' tag.
The fallen nature of humanity is evident. Who could cheer the potential to stop the beating hearts of children who are, in some cases, just weeks away from birth? And the closer one gets to the issue, the more one sees just how blinded by injustice people can get.


For the best fit, please use a measuring tape & measure yourself exactly where you'll be wearing the belt (e.g., waist, hip, jeans, through belt loops, etc.). Our belt sizes are in exact inches. If you're on the cusp of a size, select "other" at time of order, then email us with your exact inch measurement so that we can ensure the right fit.
Ground shipping is free to all U.S. destinations. We use common carriers like USPS, FedEx, UPS and DHL. Each piece is made by hand & usually made to order, so please allow one to two weeks for delivery after placing your order. Please contact us if you need a rush delivery (additional charge will be applied... see below).
Wholesale pricing is available for retailers. Please contact us for information about selling DE PALMA handsewn leather goods in your store.
At DE PALMA, we pay special attention to detail & the quality of our work, making sure that each piece is finished perfectly before we ship it to you. If you're not completely satisfied with your purchase you can ship it back to us for an exchange, DE PALMA credit or refund. Returns must be postmarked within 30 days from the original shipping date & include the original packing slip & receipt. All returns must be unworn, in original condition & have their tags intact. We reserve all rights in deciding if an item is in acceptable condition for return.
Sales tax will be charged to all orders within the state of California.