text:
La guerra gótica sucedida entre los años 395 y 398 fue un conflicto librado en la península de los Balcanes y que enfrentó a los godos dirigidos por Alarico contra las partes oriental y occidental del Imperio romano. Comenzó con la rebelión de los godos asentados en Mesia quienes habían sido foederati dentro del Imperio romano desde la finalización de la anterior guerra ocurrida entre los años 376 y 382. Estos, buscando unas mejores condiciones, proclamaron a Alarico —quien también aspiraba a un puesto importante dentro del ejército romano— como su rey.

Los godos se dirigieron primero hacia Constantinopla mientras sembraban la destrucción a su paso. Ante la dificultad de tomar la capital y tras un acuerdo con Rufino, se dirigieron hacia el oeste y continuaron con su saqueo. Debido a que las tropas orientales se encontraban en Asia Menor, el general occidental Estilicón se trasladó desde Italia con un ejército para hacerles frente encontrándolos en el Epiro.

Cobró, entonces, relevancia una cuestión que enfrentaba a ambas mitades del Imperio: el control de la prefectura de Ilírico. La corte oriental tuvo miedo de que una victoria de Estilicón sobre los godos llevase a los occidentales a controlar esta prefectura por lo que le ordenaron que se retirase a Italia sin atacarlos. Algo similar volvió a suceder cuando los godos saquearon el sur de Grecia. El general romano volvió con el ejército occidental y consiguió rodear su campamento. Nuevamente, los orientales le ordenaron retirarse y llegaron, incluso, a declararlo «enemigo público». Ante esta perspectiva y debido a que se produjo un intento de usurpación en África, el general romano retornó a Italia.

Sin fuerzas para vencer a los godos, la corte oriental llegó a un acuerdo con ellos en el año 398. Accedieron a su asentamiento en Iliria y al nombramiento de Alarico como magister militum de esa prefectura. Este acuerdo de paz resultaría, al poco, negativo para la mitad occidental ya que los godos obtuvieron una base desde donde lanzarían sus ataques contra ella a partir del año 401.

Antencedentes

El tratado de foedus del 382

El , el Imperio romano llegó a un acuerdo de paz con los godos para finalizar la guerra que habían librado desde la entrada de este pueblo en el territorio imperial seis años antes, en el 376. Los términos más importantes del acuerdo fueron que los godos pudieron establecerse en la provincia de Mesia y gobernarse ellos mismos; por otro lado, ofrecerían asistencia militar al Imperio cuando esta fuese requerida. Se produjo entonces, por primera vez en la historia del Imperio, que un pueblo bárbaro se asentó dentro de sus fronteras y no quedó sujeto a las leyes imperiales.

La ocasión más importante en que los godos tuvieron que proporcionar fuerzas militares al Imperio surgió con motivo de la usurpación de Eugenio en el año 392. Teodosio pareció aceptar, en un principio, las pretensiones del usurpador pero, en el 393, reunió un ejército y se dirigió a Italia para enfrentarse a él. El control del Imperio se decidió en la batalla del Frígido en el 394. En este choque, Teodosio ordenó a los godos ocupar una de las posiciones más difíciles de su ejército por lo que sufrieron importantes pérdidas.

La disputa por Ilirico

Teodosio I falleció al año siguiente de la batalla —en el 395—. Antes de morir dispuso que el Imperio quedase dividido entre sus dos hijos: Honorio, de diez años, gobernaría la mitad occidental y Arcadio, de dieciocho, la oriental. La corta edad y escasas aptitudes de ambos hermanos hicieron que quedasen bajo la influencia de otras personalidades destacadas. En el caso de Honorio fue el magister militum Estilicón y en el de Arcadio, el  prefecto del pretorio Rufino.

Surgió, entonces, una cuestión que tensaría las relaciones entre ambas mitades: la posesión de la prefectura de Ilírico. Esta, estaba incluida dentro de la occidental cuando se dividió el imperio entre los hermanos Valentiniano y Valente en el 364. Había sido cedida, posteriormente, por Graciano a Teodosio para facilitar su lucha contra los godos. Tras la nueva partición del Imperio a la muerte de este, la mitad occidental reclamaba volver a controlarla completamente, algo que rechazaba la oriental. El trasfondo de esta disputa superaba el mero interés territorial ya que la región era el principal área de reclutamiento de soldados con la que contaba el Imperio.

Fases de la contienda

Inicio de la revuelta y ataque a Constantinopla

Tras el retorno de los godos a Mesia después de la batalla del Frigido, el descontento se extendió entre ellos debido a las enormes pérdidas sufridas. Alarico, quien había sido su comandante durante la batalla, los condujo a rebelarse contra el Imperio y fue proclamado como su rey coincidiendo con la muerte de Teodosio.

Bajo su liderato, los godos salieron de Mesia y se dirigieron al sur mientras saqueaban las provincias de Tracia y Macedonia. Intentaron, entonces, atacar la capital Constantinopla y estando acampados en sus cercanías, recibieron la visita de Rufino. Este negoció con ellos tras lo que consiguió que abandonasen su objetivo y se dirigieran hacia el oeste.

Saqueo de Grecia

La península balcánica se encontraba, en ese momento, sin tropas romanas debido a que estas estaban rechazando una invasión de los hunos en Asia Menor y Siria. Estilicón organizó, entonces, un ejército con legiones occidentales y aquellas del ejército oriental que habían permanecido en Italia tras la batalla del Frígido. Se dirigió por la costa dálmata hasta llegar cerca de donde se encontraban los godos.

En la corte oriental se levantó el temor de que, si Estilicón vencía a los godos, aprovechase la ocasión para controlar Ilírico y lo uniese al Imperio occidental. Rufino aconsejó a Arcadio que ordenase al general devolver las legiones orientales a Constantinopla y retornar con las occidentales a Italia. El mandato imperial llegó al campamento romano cuando estaban preparando un ataque contra los godos en el valle de Peneius, ataque que tenía buenas perspectivas de acabar definitivamente con ellos. Estilicón —cuya esposa e hijo se encontraban en ese momento en Constantinopla— obedeció la orden y dispuso que las legiones orientales se dirigiesen a Constantinopla al mando del godo Gainas, no sin antes acordar con él que dieran muerte a Rufino. Cuando Arcadio salió de la ciudad, junto a su corte, para recibir a las tropas, Rufino le acompañaba y se adelantó a saludar a los soldados. Entonces, un grupo de estos le rodearon y le dieron muerte.

Las tropas de Alarico, mientras tanto, al quedar libres del ataque de Estilicón, continuaron su saqueo de Grecia. Cruzaron el paso de las Termópilas sin que las tropas romanas estacionadas allí intentasen impedirlo y entraron en la provincia de Acaya. Saquearon las ciudades de Beocia tras lo que pasaron a El Pireo donde Atenas se rindió y permitió que Alarico fuese recibido y agasajado dentro de la ciudad. Después continuaron extendiendo la destrucción a Mégara, Corinto, Argos y Esparta.

Permanecieron en el sur de Grecia durante más de un año sin que el gobierno de Arcadio hiciese nada para enfrentarse a ellos. Ante esta situación, Estilicón organizó un nuevo ejército y en la primavera del 397 cruzó el mar Adriático y desembarco en Corinto. Tras un primer enfrentamiento victorioso, los romanos consiguieron rodear el campamento godo y los tuvieron a su merced. En la corte oriental se volvió a levantar, entonces, el temor a un éxito de Estilicón por lo que Eutropio convenció a Arcadio para que ordenase al general abandonar Grecia y retornar a Italia. Igualmente, el senado de Constantinopla le declaró «enemigo público». Al mismo tiempo, se produjo una rebelión en la provincia de África que era el principal granero de Roma. Esta suma de factores hizo que Estilicón llegase a algún tipo de acuerdo con Alarico y volviese a Italia con sus tropas permitiendo que los godos se retirasen al Epiro.

La rebelión de Gildo

Gildo era un militar africano que había ayudado a Teodosio el Viejo a suprimir el intento de usurpación de Firmo (quien, a su vez, era hermano de Gildo). Había sido nombrado comes Africae y puesto al cargo de la provincia. Cuando murió el emperador Teodosio y viendo que las relaciones entre ambas cortes romanas se deterioraban, planeó rebelarse y crear un reino africano que pondría bajo la obediencia de Constantinopla. Debido a que su propuesta tuvo buena acogida en la corte oriental, en el verano del 397 —cuando Estilicón se encontraba en Grecia— decidió cortar el suministro de cereal a Roma. La corte occidental buscó, entonces, alternativas de suministro en Hispania y la Galia. Estilicón, ya en Italia, organizó un ejército para suprimir la rebelión que, en la primavera del 398, envió al mando de Mascezel. La expedición fue un éxito ya que las tropas de Gildo rehusaron luchar debido, parece ser, a lo impopular de su mando y a que Mascezel pudo sobornar a alguno de sus líderes. El rebelde intentó huir pero finalmente fue apresado y ejecutado.

Final de la guerra y consecuencias

Tras conseguir escapar de Estilicón, los godos se asentaron en el Epiro. El Imperio oriental carecía de tropas suficientes para hacerles frente por sí mismo por lo que se avinieron en el 398 a acordar una paz con ellos que pusiese fin a la guerra. Otorgaron a Alarico el título de magister militum per Illyricum y consintieron el asentamiento de los godos en la prefectura de Ilírico que se disputaba con el Imperio occidental. Con la prefectura bajo su control, Alarico pudo saquear a su antojo las ciudades y sus arsenales de tal manera que consiguió abastecer y mejorar el armamento de sus tropas.

El resultado de la contienda tendría, en poco tiempo, un efecto fatal para el Imperio occidental ya que los godos obtuvieron una base vecina a su territorio desde donde pudieron emprender los ataques contra Italia durante la siguiente guerra gótica a partir del año 401.

Véase también
 Guerra Gótica
 Guerra gildónica

Referencias

Bibliografía utilizada en el artículo

Batallas de los godos
Gotica 377
Gotica 377
Europa en el siglo IV
395
396
397
398


Nevada has joined Colorado, Oregon, Washington and Alaska in becoming the fifth state to open dispensaries to recreational users. The celebration that took place with the legalization July 1st at midnight included DJs, food trucks and long lines. State Sen. Tick Segerblom, the pro-pot legislator who backed both medical and recreational marijuana, was the first the make a purchase.
Amid the celebrations, some are asking a lot of questions. How does Nevada plan to regulate and process recreational measures? It may be the state where gambling, prostitution and drinking in public is legal, but recreational marijuana is still a new frontier – even for Nevada.
So far, it appears that Nevada is several steps ahead of the other recreational states. California Maine and Massachusetts also past recreational measures in November, but have yet to finalize their rules. Nevada, on the other hand, has shared that it expects to collect $70 million for education in the next two years by taxing recreational marijuana at around 34 percent. Nevada's medical program (protected by a recently passed law) will collect fewer taxes; this will keep costs down for sick individuals.
Individuals 21 years of age and older are now able to buy and possess up to an ounce of flower, or an eight-ounce of concentrates (wax, shatter and oil) at a dispensary located anywhere throughout the state.
At the moment, only Colorado is working towards public consumption by allowing bookstores and yoga studios the opportunity to apply for permits. However, Colorado's only obstacle appears to be indoor smoking bans, which is not the case for Nevada. Still, many are optimistic that lounges connected to Nevada dispensaries could open later this year.
In the meantime, merchants do have the challenge of operating in cash-only. Traditional providers are typically unwilling to work with the marijuana industry because of the risks involved. This is where alternative providers – like Marijuana Merchant Account – have stepped in and offered safe payment processing solutions and flexible business funding options. For now, those behind the push for the legalization of recreational marijuana are very hopeful that changes in the right direction will continue.
This entry was posted in Nevada Marijuana and tagged Legal Marijuana, Legalization of Recreational Weed, Marijuana Dispensary, Nevada Dispensary, Nevada Marijuana Dispensary, Recreational Weed by admin. Bookmark the permalink.


Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Police" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on original research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
This page was last modified 17:27, 15 December 2013.


text:
Enyo Premieres New Single - 'Glorified' || @rachelenyo
Unknown Monday, December 04, 2017 Music Edit this post
Enyo is a rising music minister and a voice coach. With the massive response gained from the release of two earlier singles - 'Chuk...
Enyo is a rising music minister and a voice coach. With the massive response gained from the release of two earlier singles - 'Chukwuebuka' and 'Kidefojale'; she has been able to express the love of God to mankind!
And now the wonderful minstrel is at it again as she brings to your table - 'Glorified' - definitely a song that will cause a turn around for good.
Enyo recently released her debut album which would soon be available on all online stores. She also took part in the JODU Records Audition 2017 in a bid to advance her career by winning their record deal opportunity and would soon be needing your votes and support.
Facebook: Enyo Rachel
Instagram | Twitter: @RachelEnyo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The official release date for GIVE DEATH A CHANCE: THE BRITISH ZOMBIE INVASION 2 is 10/31. What better way to spend Halloween, than with the zombified Beatles?
Hotel for Dogs is a children's book that plays out fairly realistically when it comes to portraying the relationships between all the characters. The parents are authority figures, not best friends in disguise; The threats of the bully provoke concern; Bruce and Andi are average kids, not precocious child prodigies… The overall feel of the book is somewhat Disney-fied though: the children a have a bit more autonomy than children would have in real life, there's a surprise revelation about prissy old Aunt Alice and, of course a HEA ending.
Other Stuff: I purchased a digital dnload copy of this title through iTunes.
This book qualifies for the Where Are You Reading? Challenge hosted by Sheila at her blog, Book Journey. Hotel for Dogs is set in the fictional town of Elmwood, NJ.
Clearly, you were not at the Book Blogger Convention. Admittedly, your article does not claim that you had attended; but to comment on the nature of the Convention, its participants and practice intimates that you were at least familiar with it. If you were though, there is no way you could have written the last paragraph of your piece. Before you write about a topic, you should do your homework. Generalizations, especially ill-informed ones, deny your credibility as a writer.
Investigate the roles that promotional bloggers have in expanding the reach beyond the already converted.
Hmm, maybe I should write the article. I'm more qualified than Ms Hurezanu. I was actually there.


text:
Q: How to remove duplicated rows in collection depending on two keys together I have Database Collection, and i need to remove duplicated rows depending on two keys together
$messages = DB::table('users_mailbox')->where('msg_to', $username)->orderBy('id', 'desc')->paginate(10);

I tried
$messages = $messages->unique('msg_from','ad_id);

This is my response
    +"id": 39
    +"ad_id": "2866527370"
    +"msg_from": "aliman"
    +"msg_to": "Haitham  Hmaserv"
    +"email": "amr@gmail.com"
    +"show_email": 1
    +"phone": "01002445900"
    +"show_phone": 1
    +"subject": "Re: akls;fdjl fa;dslkjf"
    +"message": "sadklfjlkads ;jfkladjf"
    +"is_read": 0
    +"created_at": "2020-03-15 00:15:53"
    +"updated_at": "2020-03-15 00:15:53"

But the result isn't correct.

A: You cannot use multiple keys. unique only has 2 parameters,$key and $strict.
/**
 * Return only unique items from the collection.
 *
 * @param  string|callable|null  $key
 * @param  bool  $strict
 * @return static|\Illuminate\Support\Collection
 */
public function unique($key = null, $strict = false)
{
    if (! is_null($key)) {
        return parent::unique($key, $strict);
    }

    return new static(array_values($this->getDictionary()));
}

You can pass your own callback to determine the uniqueness of the item :
$messages = $messages->unique(function ($item) {
    return $item['msg_from'] . $item['ad_id'];
});

Test
array:10 [
  0 => array:13 [
    "id" => 1
    "ad_id" => "2866527370"
    "msg_from" => "Doe"
    "msg_to" => "Andy"
    "email" => "chet28@yahoo.com"
    "show_email" => 1
    "phone" => "+1333054551110"
    "show_phone" => 1
    "subject" => "Nesciunt sed temporibus nulla quis ducimus."
    "message" => "Animi minus dolorem nostrum consectetur eos. Dolorum molestiae ea mollitia autem facilis numquam."
    "is_read" => 0
    "created_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
    "updated_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
  ]
  1 => array:13 [
    "id" => 2
    "ad_id" => "2866576390"
    "msg_from" => "Aliman"
    "msg_to" => "Phil"
    "email" => "konopelski.bianka@hotmail.com"
    "show_email" => 1
    "phone" => "+5618143199214"
    "show_phone" => 1
    "subject" => "Animi aut voluptas commodi quis."
    "message" => "Quisquam similique expedita quos vitae exercitationem omnis nostrum. Nesciunt aut ut rerum ex rem."
    "is_read" => 0
    "created_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
    "updated_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
  ]
  2 => array:13 [
    "id" => 3
    "ad_id" => "2866576390"
    "msg_from" => "Doe"
    "msg_to" => "Phil"
    "email" => "shaina92@gmail.com"
    "show_email" => 1
    "phone" => "+8476237443387"
    "show_phone" => 1
    "subject" => "Et alias animi non vel repellendus."
    "message" => "Dolor eaque cupiditate aut omnis. Sed aut voluptatibus cupiditate consequatur."
    "is_read" => 0
    "created_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
    "updated_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
  ]
  3 => array:13 [
    "id" => 4
    "ad_id" => "2866576390"
    "msg_from" => "Doe"
    "msg_to" => "Natalia"
    "email" => "gabrielle86@hotmail.com"
    "show_email" => 1
    "phone" => "+2733705925893"
    "show_phone" => 1
    "subject" => "Et earum et est voluptates voluptatibus rem."
    "message" => "Voluptas eum aut qui aut ex qui ipsa. Illo ea cupiditate est sunt qui iusto ut qui."
    "is_read" => 0
    "created_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
    "updated_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
  ]
  4 => array:13 [
    "id" => 5
    "ad_id" => "2866527370"
    "msg_from" => "Aliman"
    "msg_to" => "Andy"
    "email" => "tracey.ledner@morar.com"
    "show_email" => 1
    "phone" => "+5870383075455"
    "show_phone" => 1
    "subject" => "Sunt numquam et voluptatem pariatur quibusdam sit."
    "message" => "Ad possimus corrupti provident hic rem."
    "is_read" => 0
    "created_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
    "updated_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
  ]
  5 => array:13 [
    "id" => 6
    "ad_id" => "2866576390"
    "msg_from" => "John"
    "msg_to" => "Natalia"
    "email" => "emilie08@yahoo.com"
    "show_email" => 1
    "phone" => "+9398780932593"
    "show_phone" => 1
    "subject" => "Voluptates consectetur velit commodi deleniti."
    "message" => "Excepturi iste molestiae error qui."
    "is_read" => 0
    "created_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
    "updated_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
  ]
  6 => array:13 [
    "id" => 7
    "ad_id" => "2866576390"
    "msg_from" => "Aliman"
    "msg_to" => "Andy"
    "email" => "reece.welch@yahoo.com"
    "show_email" => 1
    "phone" => "+4309027792891"
    "show_phone" => 1
    "subject" => "Dolor consequatur mollitia sed numquam cupiditate."
    "message" => "Nisi alias non assumenda dolorem necessitatibus non."
    "is_read" => 0
    "created_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
    "updated_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
  ]
  7 => array:13 [
    "id" => 8
    "ad_id" => "2866576390"
    "msg_from" => "Aliman"
    "msg_to" => "Phil"
    "email" => "santina.mosciski@morissette.com"
    "show_email" => 1
    "phone" => "+7738160060411"
    "show_phone" => 1
    "subject" => "Iste at velit doloremque quas."
    "message" => "Vel error consequuntur incidunt sed nam itaque ut."
    "is_read" => 0
    "created_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
    "updated_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
  ]
  8 => array:13 [
    "id" => 9
    "ad_id" => "2866576390"
    "msg_from" => "Aliman"
    "msg_to" => "Natalia"
    "email" => "kim.considine@gmail.com"
    "show_email" => 1
    "phone" => "+7742196820229"
    "show_phone" => 1
    "subject" => "Praesentium repellat quod omnis."
    "message" => "Est et hic consequatur aut et omnis et. Sit perferendis et error eaque."
    "is_read" => 0
    "created_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
    "updated_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
  ]
  9 => array:13 [
    "id" => 10
    "ad_id" => "2866527370"
    "msg_from" => "Aliman"
    "msg_to" => "Andy"
    "email" => "lane38@conroy.com"
    "show_email" => 1
    "phone" => "+6448254479027"
    "show_phone" => 1
    "subject" => "Dolore velit aut perspiciatis."
    "message" => "Eligendi et eos harum magni quo pariatur porro. Non non qui quae voluptatum et laboriosam reiciendis."
    "is_read" => 0
    "created_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
    "updated_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
  ]
]

Result
array:5 [
  0 => array:13 [
    "id" => 1
    "ad_id" => "2866527370"
    "msg_from" => "Doe"
    "msg_to" => "Andy"
    "email" => "chet28@yahoo.com"
    "show_email" => 1
    "phone" => "+1333054551110"
    "show_phone" => 1
    "subject" => "Nesciunt sed temporibus nulla quis ducimus."
    "message" => "Animi minus dolorem nostrum consectetur eos. Dolorum molestiae ea mollitia autem facilis numquam."
    "is_read" => 0
    "created_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
    "updated_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
  ]
  1 => array:13 [
    "id" => 2
    "ad_id" => "2866576390"
    "msg_from" => "Aliman"
    "msg_to" => "Phil"
    "email" => "konopelski.bianka@hotmail.com"
    "show_email" => 1
    "phone" => "+5618143199214"
    "show_phone" => 1
    "subject" => "Animi aut voluptas commodi quis."
    "message" => "Quisquam similique expedita quos vitae exercitationem omnis nostrum. Nesciunt aut ut rerum ex rem."
    "is_read" => 0
    "created_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
    "updated_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
  ]
  2 => array:13 [
    "id" => 3
    "ad_id" => "2866576390"
    "msg_from" => "Doe"
    "msg_to" => "Phil"
    "email" => "shaina92@gmail.com"
    "show_email" => 1
    "phone" => "+8476237443387"
    "show_phone" => 1
    "subject" => "Et alias animi non vel repellendus."
    "message" => "Dolor eaque cupiditate aut omnis. Sed aut voluptatibus cupiditate consequatur."
    "is_read" => 0
    "created_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
    "updated_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
  ]
  3 => array:13 [
    "id" => 5
    "ad_id" => "2866527370"
    "msg_from" => "Aliman"
    "msg_to" => "Andy"
    "email" => "tracey.ledner@morar.com"
    "show_email" => 1
    "phone" => "+5870383075455"
    "show_phone" => 1
    "subject" => "Sunt numquam et voluptatem pariatur quibusdam sit."
    "message" => "Ad possimus corrupti provident hic rem."
    "is_read" => 0
    "created_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
    "updated_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
  ]
  4 => array:13 [
    "id" => 6
    "ad_id" => "2866576390"
    "msg_from" => "John"
    "msg_to" => "Natalia"
    "email" => "emilie08@yahoo.com"
    "show_email" => 1
    "phone" => "+9398780932593"
    "show_phone" => 1
    "subject" => "Voluptates consectetur velit commodi deleniti."
    "message" => "Excepturi iste molestiae error qui."
    "is_read" => 0
    "created_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
    "updated_at" => "2020-03-22 04:19:54"
  ]
]

I recommend you use DISTINCT instead of unique collection method.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We have an adorable pair of hand raised Hyacinth Macaws available for adoption. They will come as a pair and including all paperwork and their cage. Our parrots are highly socialized, talkative, and intelligent.


text:
NEWS & POLITICS ARCHIVES
Cy Vance Has a $734 Million Slush Fund of Forfeiture Cash
Manhattan D.A. can spend the money seized from Wall Street banks with no governmental oversight
by Jake Offenhartz
Cyrus Vance Jr. doesn't have to tell you where he spends the money he collected in your name. Victor J. Blue/The New York Times
The Manhattan district attorney's office is sitting on hundreds of millions of dollars in "off-budget" funds obtained through asset forfeiture, the majority of which fall under a state law with minimal transparency, according to a new report from the Independent Budget Office. As a result, the historic windfall is not flowing through typical budget channels, and is instead allocated at the discretion of a lone prosecutor: Cy Vance.
According to budget watchdog groups, there's little reason that the embattled district attorney should be allowed to privately control such an enormous stream of revenue. "The Manhattan district attorney gets a lot of money from legal settlements, and is really unsupervised when it comes to where that money can be spent," Carol Kellerman, president of the Citizens Budget Commission, tells the Voice. "When he's suing on behalf of the state, any money that comes in as a result of those settlements should go through the state budget process."
The IBO report, released on Wednesday, makes clear that this is far from the reality. As of last June, the Manhattan district attorney's office held $734 million in funds garnered from criminal asset forfeiture, thanks in large part to major financial settlements reached in recent years with international banks. (This process is distinct from the more controversial civil asset forfeiture, which does not require a criminal conviction.) Of that sum, $512 million came from state settlements — including $450 million from BNP Paribas Bank, which in 2014 pled guilty to violating state law by falsifying records of New York financial institutions. But while recipients of federal forfeiture funds are required to report annually on where that money is going and how much is left over, no such statute exists under state law.
"Given the sums of money involved, and the fact that it's effectively public money, more accountability and transparency would be warranted on the state level," notes Doug Turetsky, chief of staff and communications director for the IBO.
Currently, the reporting required by Albany does not include end-of-year balances of accumulated assets, or any details on how much was spent or who received the funds. And the city comptroller's annual financial report, Turetsky points out, includes these figures as an aggregate among all district attorneys, lumped in with the special accounts of several other government units. That lack of accountability has allowed Vance to accumulate an enormous nest egg of public money — nearly seven times his office's annual operating budget — without any clear mechanism for the public to decide, or even track, how that money will be spent.
Finding an easy alternative to this arrangement doesn't require much imagination. The New York State Department of Financial Services has also generated billions of dollars through major financial settlements, but the regulatory agency provides that money directly to the state budget. "That's how money from the district attorney's settlements should be handled," according to Kellerman.
On the national level, at least, there are some restrictions on how federal forfeiture assets — money shared with local district attorneys in exchange for their cooperation with federal investigations — can be spent. By law, federal forfeiture funds given to prosecutors must go toward criminal justice expenses, broadly interpreted to include the leasing of detention facilities, new equipment, and costs associated with travel and transportation of law enforcement.
But as long as those expenses loosely relate to criminal justice, there's little else stopping Vance from allocating money however he sees fit. In recent years, his office has transferred $20 million to the city's police department for "communications-related fiber network enhancements" and $1.4 million to the Police Athletic League, a youth recreation organization run by the NYPD, according to the IBO report. He's also distributed money for causes outside the city — nearly a million dollars to law enforcement agencies upstate and in New Jersey, for purposes including surveillance equipment and pistol range upgrades.
Reached for comment, Danny Frost, director of communications for Vance, told the Voice: "We are proud of the investments we are making to reform the justice system and fight 21st-century crimes, and proud of the transparency with which we are investing these dollars." He added that "investments" made by the Manhattan district attorney's office were registered with the New York City Department of Finance, and encouraged New Yorkers to learn about the D.A.'s Criminal Justice Investment Initiative.
Established by Vance in 2016, that initiative brings about $250 million in forfeiture assets to "impactful projects," ranging from increased services for victims of hate crimes to educational programs in prisons. To accompany each of these investments, the district attorney's office sends out an individual press release, full of private testimonies thanking Vance for his contribution. Reading them, it's easy to forget that the money comes not from a generous philanthropist, but from a collection of funds meant for the public.
And whether or not that money is going toward worthy causes, the mere fact that Vance has influence over such a large sum of it affords him a power that far exceeds the typical authority of the office. For those concerned with responsible governance, that's a red flag — a "separation of powers issue," as Kellerman calls it — regardless of the district attorney's stated intentions.
"People voted for a district attorney to prosecute cases, not make spending decisions," says Kellerman. "Vance winds up performing a function that's not in his job description, when really that money should go to the people."
UPDATE: After this story was published, a spokesperson for the Manhattan district attorney reached out to the Voice to note that Vance has returned $2.04 billion to the state treasury and $1.4 billion to the city since taking office. The spokesperson also clarified that money given to law enforcement agencies for pistol range upgrades was actually distributed by the DEA's High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas (HIDTA) program, which uses the district attorney's office as a "fiduciary conduit."
More:criminal forfeitureCyrus Vance Jr.transparenc


When creating a budget for an existing company, you need to import a historical balance sheet into Budgeto. This is an important step because an existing company already has assets and liabilities. Budgeto needs to know the status of these assets and liabilities because they will affect your budget (profit and loss statement, cash flow statement and balance sheet).
3- The monthly balance of the unpaid debt to be reported in the balance sheet.
BUDGETO can be used to prepare budgets on an annual basis and/or to prepare financial projections during the year. The historical data menu lets you enter your historical profit and loss statement monthly, allowing you to start building a budget at any giving time during a fiscal year.
When entering your past results monthly, Budgeto automatically updates your budget and provides you with a clear vision of your future cash flow situation. Based on your real results, you can review and update your budget in the manner that you wish. Therefore, it will reflect exactly what happened in the past and what should happen in the future.


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Preventing the next pandemic may start with supply chains
Reducing meat consumption would go a long way toward cutting the likelihood of viruses cropping up.PHOTO: REUTERS
Apr 1, 2020, 6:42 pm SGT
https://str.sg/JYhh
NEW YORK (BLOOMBERG) - Pandemics haven't always been top of mind for investors focused on environmental, social and governance issues. But a handful have been warning for years that some corporate practices-particularly those in global supply chains-lay the groundwork for them.
The new coronavirus is just the latest infectious disease to originate from human interactions with animals. They are zoonotic - triggered by germs spread between animals and humans. Three out of every four new or emerging infectious diseases in humans come from animals, according to the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention.
Investors who focus on the interplay between environmental and public health issues - ensuring access to medicines, protecting antibiotic effectiveness, fighting deforestation - say their work had only just begun to gain traction. The current pandemic, it seems, may accelerate interest.
Dr Finny Kuruvilla, chief investment officer at Eventide Asset Management, says reducing meat consumption, for example, would go a long way toward cutting the likelihood of such viruses cropping up.
A graduate of Harvard Medical School, Dr Kuruvilla explained during an investor call this month the long history of human-animal interaction leading to disease and death. Influenza originated with pigs and chickens. Middle East respiratory syndrome (Mers) from camels. Salmonella from chickens. Mad cow disease from cows. And Severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars), which is similar to the new coronavirus, is thought to stem from bats and possibly civet cats.
Usually seen through the lens of global warming, deforestation also carries with it a nasty biological component for humans.
"There are all these other unintended consequences of deforestation, like the encroachment on endangered species, and the hunting and killing of wild animals that can release viruses previously contained in their ecosystem," says Ms Leslie Samuelrich, president of Green Century Capital Management in Boston.
Ms Samuelrich says investors can reduce environmental and pandemic risks (both in their portfolios and out in the world) by dumping companies with factory farm products or engaged in deforestation. They can also push meat companies to cut antibiotic use (reducing the risk of antibiotic-resistant super-bugs) or invest in makers of meat alternatives, she says.
"The connections have always been there," Ms Samuelrich says. "Things that are problematic because they cause environmental damage are also incredibly relevant to investors concerned about public health."
Mr Jeremy Coller, chief investment officer of Coller Capital, agrees. Also the founder of London-based investor network Farm Animal Investment Risk & Return, Mr Coller sees more bad news for big meat companies that are already under fire for environmentally destructive business models.
"After Covid-19, many investors will shift capital away from those businesses most exposed to the risk of the next zoonotic-based pandemic," Mr Coller says. "That is, traditional animal protein producers who are failing to act in areas such as climate or alternative proteins."


Lately, I've been really enjoying slow-burn, character-driven stories and I thoroughly devoured this one! Crane is not afraid to shine a light on the downfalls of sorority life and unlikable characters, but does so with intensity and heart, and in such a clever way. The story centers around Margot as she is found dead. Was it suicide or something else? We read about each sorority sister in the house and the events that led up to that moment.
This book is unlike any other I've read. Each chapter is about its own character, almost like a collection of short stories with each story including the character's individual triumphs, flaws, and hardships. There are some exquisite details, specifically in the beginning chapter, where we get a brief introduction of each girl before diving into their unforgettable stories. There are quite a few harrowing moments because these girls are not exactly the innocent type. Crane does a phenomenal job writing a large cast of characters and keeping them distinct with their own voice so it's never confusing. The writing is beautiful, dazzling, and something I wasn't expecting which made it unique and wonderful. Crane is a true talent and I cannot wait to read what she writes next!


TV Maxi Poster: Immerse yourself in the world of Breaking Bad's Walter White with this collection of his stand out quotes throughout the show. Complimented by symbols and mementos they track the progression of Walter's decent and key moments with other characters. Featured quotes include "I am the one who knocks", "Say my name", and "If that's true, if you don't know who I am, then maybe your best course would be to tread lightly". If you are a fan of Breaking Bad the this is the perfect poster for you, it captures the story, the characters and the essence of what made it such a great show.
High quality, framed The Many Sayings Of Walter White, Breaking Bad poster with a bespoke frame by our custom framing service.


text:
China-US / Business
US experts divided over China's local debts
By CHEN WEIHUA in Washington (China Daily USA)
Print Mail Large Medium Small 分享按钮 0
While US national debt in excess of $17 trillion has been an acute concern for their country, American experts have expressed both optimism and pessimism at China's growing local government debt, which has been a hot topic in the news media lately.
China's National Audit Office reported in December that China's local government debts had grown to 17.9 trillion yuan (about $3 trillion) by the end of June 2013, up about 70 percent from the 10.7 billion (about $1.8 trillion) at the end of 2010.
Nicholas Lardy, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, is among the optimists.
He said although there are a lot of murky things about local government debt and uncertainties, people should pay less attention to the magnitude of the debt and more to its sustainability.
To Lardy, the bulk of the investment, which has been on municipal construction, such as transportation, housing and water, and some on science and environmental protection, is a good thing.
"I think the great bulk of expenditure looks like it will have high economic return. China needs more infrastructures," he said, while admitting that some investment has been used in white elephant projects.
The expert on the Chinese economy said the problem is that financial returns are extremely low and will not be sufficient enough to pay off the debts. But he said government should subsidize projects such as subway systems, which are a public good and benefit everybody.
"The fact that the subway system does not have the means to repay does not mean it's a mistake," he said.
Lardy does not exclude the possibility that he may modify his relatively optimistic view if he has more details to understand where the investment has gone. "But for the moment, I am relatively optimistic," he said.
Yukon Huang, a senior associate in the Asia program of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, said the decline of investment efficiency is due to the fact that there is a surge of investment in interior part of China, when the central government seeks to promote more equitable development of income between the coast and interior.
"This is very much a regional issue rather than for the country as a whole," he said.
Huang, a World Bank country director for China from 1997 to 2004, believes the problem of mounting local government debt is caused by the small budgets in local governments while tax revenues mostly go to the central government. As a result, local governments create financial arms to raise money, using land as collateral.
Derek Scissors, a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, is much less optimistic than Lardy.
He questioned whether those government numbers can be trusted when statistical bureaus always fall behind financial institutions. The debt number released is also based on a narrow definition.
He said when the numbers in China are wrong, it always means China is in worse shape than it represents.
"It's not just China. But finance moves faster than regulations do and faster than statistical bureaus do. You regulate one type of product, they create a new type of product that you aren't counting," he said.
Scissors believes that the problem is the mounting corporate debt. "I agree that the local government debt is not that dangerous. The corporate debt is dangerous," he said.
But he said an acute crisis is not likely because there are no counter parties. The borrowers and lenders are often related, or very related parties, sometimes owned by the same people, referring to the ownership by the government in the so-called transactions.
He described local government debt as China's "natural economic problem", something the Chinese government wants to address but in a slow fashion. "The more slowly they do, the more they are accumulating debts of all kinds," he said.
Lardy reminded people that unlike the US, China does not have a federal system and the central government will assume the responsibility to repay some of the debt.
In Lardy's view, China's local and central government debt ratio to GDP at 54 percent does not make China an outlier. "It's way below India's 71 percent and almost identical with Brazil and Turkey," he said.
He also pointed to the huge assets of State-owned enterprises, which are more than twice as large as liabilities.
Still, Lardy warned that the pace of growth of China's local government debt should slow down. "But the probability that this is going to create a financial crisis is low," he said.
Huang, of the Carnegie Endowment, said the policies rolled out after the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China are potentially transformative if they are actually implemented.
"It will change the nature of the Chinese economy for the coming decade and the next," he said, referring to the announcement to give a big say to the market and conduct financial reform that has delayed for years.
Countdown to Year of the Horse
Runaways get second chance
Hotline help on way for Chinese abroad
Underground man's improved Spring Festival
Home-bound workers ease crowding in Beijing
Festival gala upgraded to national status
Tokyo's revised history lessons raise concerns
Syria talks see no breakthrough
Egypt court delays Morsi trial
EU, Russia hold 'clear the air' talks
Putin pays tribute to Siege of Leningrad victims
Abe blasts Chinese defense spending
The Year of Horse gallops in
Obama pushes minimum wage hike
Getting ready for some football
China welcomes Year of the Horse
Musical celebration of Fab Four anniversary
Nice day for a cool white wedding
Professionals find appetite for etiquette
Uphill task in fight against child sex abuse
Bittersweet Spring Festival
Social insurance program leaves expats confused
Find provides grave paws for thought
Smog descends on the 'two sessions' agendas
Xi extends Lunar New Year greetings
Ambassador nominee vows to expand China ties
HK slaps sanctions on Manila
More Chinese set to travel overseas
Lenovo makes move on Motorola
China-themed malls a new trend in the Bay area
Replace dollar with super currency
Japan should learn from Germany
Geared to go
Empire State Building gears up for Chinese New Year
THE WEEK: Testaments of the hero
Spring Festival celebrations
World champions pose for wedding photos
Consul general meets former US diplomat
International attention on future reform agenda for China


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Here's another very clever way to take something old, predictable and boring and make it fresh again. All the information is here, but delivered in a new and fun way. It proves my point that the dullest, dreariest topic can be made fun and engaging. Go Virgin America!
On a side note, I realize that I post a lot of entertaining videos, but I hope that you see them as more than just entertainment, as examples to put into practice in your own presentations. I hope you're taking the SUCCESs principles, for example, and using them to make your presentations more "sticky" and memorable. If you can analyze why these videos and commercials are working, then you can apply these concepts to your visuals and content.
This one uses cartoons and silliness to get its message across. The bullfighter who is so proud of himself for learning how to use the seat belt is made funnier by the bull who rolls his eyes. These subtle tactics keep our attention and keep us watching.
The woman who's putting on her life vest actually waves as the announcer says "As you leave the aircraft," putting a somewhat absurd spin on the idea of having to jump into the ocean in a water landing.
The video also pokes fun at those of us who are too cool to look around and see where the nearest exit is. This is obviously something that is common among passengers, so the airline used it because most of us can relate.
Again, I will say that using humor or fun in your presentation doesn't diminish the importance or seriousness of your message. Think about how you can say the same old thing in a new, fresh and engaging way in your next presentation.


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February 2018 - page 2
NFL Protest Hypocrisy – A Foolish Irony
Published on February 7, 2018 in The Political Slant by Rob Arnold
NEW YORK — Professional athletes have every right to protest law enforcement during the singing of our national anthem at sporting events. We can picture the conversations between players and coaches where a guy like Colin Kaepernick would insist that he'd feel like a fake, like a complete phony, if he were to put his hand over his heart to honor a country that he feels continues to treat people of African descent unfairly, or minority groups in general.
Understood. And on some level Mr. Kaepernick should be commended for staying true to his beliefs. It is also easy to see why coaches, team managers and owners have not seen it fit to scorn anyone who refuses to do that which they feel uncomfortable; that which they see as going along with empty and hollow symbolism for a country they do not deem as worth honoring, or worth respecting in moments such as these.
No, they should not be forced to stand at attention, hand over heart, for the singing of an anthem they simply don't believe in, and no one, anywhere, should be demanding that they do.
The problem is not in these players taking a knee in protest of American law enforcement or America at large. The problem goes much deeper than such things, and is multifold.
Photo Credit: Washington Times
As quoted recently, on or about October 26, 2020 by political journal The Hill, by reporter Celine Castronuovo, Rep. Alexandria
The tragic death of George Floyd on May 25, 2020, has set into motion a public outcry that will go
*As someone with a well known reputation as being an avid Trump supporter in my building, and in my neighborhood
Pizza & Politics: Papa John – Metaphor for America
Published on February 7, 2018 in The Political Slant by Admin
BOSTON — John Schnatter, (now former) CEO of pizza chain Papa Johns, blamed declining sales on NFL anthem protests during the company's quarterly earnings report. Papa John's ($PZZA) trading fell by as much as 12%, losing about $70 million in value.
In a thinly veiled shot at commissioner Roger Goodell, Schnatter argued that the issue "should have been nipped in the bud" a year and a half ago, when Colin Kaeperinck first started to protest during the national anthem.
He went on to say that "once the issue is resolved" that he is "optimistic the NFL's best years are ahead." Papa John's also announced they would be removing the NFL logo from all advertising campaigns in an attempt to distance themselves from the league and the protests, which he stated is "polarizing the customer, polarizing the country".
Schnatter, an outspoken supporter of President Trump, is no stranger to mixing pizza and politics.
One non-mention among us is why some whites voted and will continue to vote for Trump due to their concern
*A few weeks ago Bill Maher tried to explain to the panelists on his HBO program why it will take
*Our Founding Fathers lived through the wrongs of Europe and knew what they wanted for this country. No one is
A Father's Journey – Part 1
Published on February 7, 2018 in The Life Slant by Stephen Pecevich
From the Editor:
You're about to embark on the journey and true story of Stephen Pecevich, a single dad of three in the Boston area. Stephen, a former financial services professional, had his life take a complete detour which he and his family never imagined, when his youngest child was diagnosed with a brain tumor before she she was even 60 days old.
Follow the story of how this devoted father found faith and strength on what Stephen calls "a life detour", as we publish regular excerpts from Stephen's own memoir, which will be available in its entirety in the near future.
Here is how it all began:
A Father's Journey – Part 5. Relax Daddy, Just Follow My Lead
* Relax, Daddy. Just follow my lead. It'll be okay. Let me show you the way. *Stephen Pecevich, a single
A Father's Journey – Part 4. Open Hearts
* Friends and strangers, far and wide have opened their hearts beyond my wildest imagination. *Stephen Pecevich, a single dad
A Father's Journey – Part 3. Independently Breathing
* A small victory; independently breathing Stephen Pecevich, a single dad of three in the Boston area, had his life
Fortune Favors the Bold
Published on February 5, 2018 in The Life Slant by Carlton Mack
The late, great, Ray Charles said "Live everyday as if it's your last, because one day you're going to be right." That can be a scary thought, but it can also be a very invigorating one that pushes us into the space of doing. None of us want to near the end of our lives, looking back on lost opportunity with regret.
How much different might our lives have been, had we just taken a few more of those risks that we avoided skeptically? The dissatisfaction would eat away at our already dwindling souls and would expedite our demise.
Silent Screams – the Pressure of Masculinity
*It is not good for man to be alone…we don't do alone well. A few days ago, I saw a
Positivity with Strategy, a Recipe for Success
* Positivity is Fickle – Strategy is Enduring* I like to think that I am an inherently positive person. I
Clean Mind, Fit Body
LOS ANGELES — We've all heard that "New Year, New me" saying right? Don't make it a new you just
The Woodshed – A Reckoning for Fake News
NEW YORK — President George Walker Bush comported himself in the exact opposite manner as the current American President, Donald John Trump, did on the campaign trail of 2016 and does as president. President Bush's countenance and demeanor, from day one until he left office, always placed him up high on the high road, never a cross word, always respectful and decent in his approach to the office of the presidency, and to the media. He treated the fourth estate with dignity, even reverence, presumably out of a healthy respect for the 1st amendment, tempered with a non-confrontational style.
He was a class act, regardless of how anyone judged his policies – right or wrong, we know that he did not speak brashly and churlishly, ever, or anything resembling disdain. And what did that get him? The media painted him the fool at every turn. President George W Bush was so viciously attacked so regularly that it brought his father to tears, his father, a man who'd seen it all, welled up with tears at the treatment of the 43rd American President who happened to be his son.
President George W Bush
The venomous and vitriolic ways in which leading Democrats and the media treated that Republican President should stand as a lesson for us all, now, with the most recent sitting Republican US President since his tenure ended.
The mean-spirited, dishonest and intellectually bankrupt way in which President Trump is being treated by media elites has very little to do with Mr. Trump himself, but has to do with the fact that he has an R after his name.
Believing Women – An Unfortunate Culture of Questioning Assault
Published on February 5, 2018 in The Life Slant by Admin
One of the howls that has emerged from the #MeToo stories and the ongoing breaking news about accusations of sexual harassment, sexual assault, abuse, and rape in multiple industries is the objection to those who say we should believe women when they come forward.
"But what about the women who falsely accuse men?" is the inevitable reaction, regardless of how many statistics from multiple countries on the low rate of false reports are cited. I am pretty sure this will always be a knee-jerk reaction to the notion of believing women.
Would the howls stop if we said instead that when a woman comes forward with an accusation that she is taken seriously? Can we please at least get to that point?
This is not about denigrating the vital legal principle of innocence until proven guilty. However, it is about treating women with respect when they come forward to report something that is incredibly serious.
Because there is no other crime where the accuser, the alleged victim, is not taken seriously.
A Republican Rant with Ryan Girdusky – Video
NEW YORK — Republican strategist and political commentator Ryan Girdusky joins Slanted Media for a lively video discussion about the
Not #MeToo
WASHINGTON — In the months following the inauguration of the 45th US President, Donald J. Trump, women across the country
Super Bowl LII, Anticipating Protest and Selective Outrage
Published on February 3, 2018 in The Life Slant/The Political Slant by Admin
BOSTON — Ahead of the Super Bowl, millions of people may see NFL players silently protest by taking a knee during the national anthem. President Trump has made his feelings on this topic clear, initiating a feud with athletes who choose to kneel.
Weeks ago, at a rally for now failed Alabama senatorial candidate (and possible super-villain) Luther Strange, Trump encouraged NFL owners to fire those 'sons of bitches' who decided to kneel during the national anthem. He unleashed a barrage of tweets further admonishing those players, 17 tweets in all, despite the White House's insistence that Trump is focused on more pressing issues like the hurricane in Puerto Rico or the North Korea crisis.
Nearly every NFL team responded with messages of unity and support for their players right to protest. The number of players protesting during the anthem rose from about a dozen in the second week to over 100 by the third. Three teams decided to skip the anthem all together.
Published on February 3, 2018 in The Political Slant/Video by Admin
NEW YORK — Republican strategist and political commentator Ryan Girdusky joins Slanted Media for a lively video discussion about the State of the Union, #MeToo, and Hillary Clinton, that is sure to raise eyebrows and cause a few laughs.
On #MeToo "Can you imagine giving oral sex to Aziz Ansari with Jerry Seinfeld's voice in the background? Wouldn't you kill yourself?"
On Hillary Clinton "…. She's not the right candidate for anything… ever again…"
On Leftist Ideology "…. A lot of these organizations that are really created in a very left-wing ideology pursue to destroy something rather than rebuild something….."
WASHINGTON — In the months following the inauguration of the 45th US President, Donald J. Trump, women across the country have taken to social media and began the #MeToo movement. On the campaign trail, a leaked audio clip of then Apprentice star Trump, revealed the vulgar side of a man vying for the highest office in the land. "Grab her by the pussy," he said. This was the catalyst for several women to come forward and accuse the candidate of inappropriate sexual behavior.
One of the howls that has emerged from the #MeToo stories and the ongoing breaking news about accusations of sexual
Don't Putin a President
Published on February 1, 2018 in The Political Slant by Sam Martinez
MIAMI — Why are we twisting the meaning of an independent counsel?
Robert Mueller, a registered Republican, has the reputation of having unwavering morality and being experienced, fair, responsible, tight-lipped, and dutiful. There won't be trumped up charges or fabricated evidence if there is nothing there. The innocent will go free. Let the investigation run its course without any hullabaloo or character assassinations. Anyone that believes external forces have backed off bots or intelligence gathering against America's democracy, doesn't live in truth.
Special Counsel Robert Mueller
While the North Pole Cooks, Trump Tweets
*There is a giant gulf today between those who promote and profit from fossil fuels, including Presidents Trump and Putin,
Pray for Trump – The Grass is not Always Greener
As things in and around the White House deteriorate before our eyes, millions of Americans continue to steadfastly support the
I felt such excitement watching Olympic women, Kikkan Randall and Jessie Diggins, win the first ever cross-country gold medal for


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text:
Kallang Alive: sports precinct to have football and tennis hubs, velodrome and more
Chia Han Keong
Yahoo News Singapore 6 August 2019
The proposed Kallang Alive precinct. (INFOGRAPHIC: Sport Singapore)
SINGAPORE — A tennis centre, a football hub, a speed climbing wall, and the first cycling velodrome to be built in Singapore.
Those are some of the new sports facilities that Singaporeans can look forward to in the next six to seven years at the Kallang Alive precinct, the area around the current Singapore Sports Hub.
The development of this precinct is among 15 recommendations announced on Tuesday (6 August) by Sport Singapore (SportSG), the country's sports governing body, as it charts its next steps in its Vision 2030 sports blueprint for the nation.
As part of the Urban Redevelopment Authority's plans to rejuvenate the Kallang River over the next 20 years, the Kallang Alive precinct is envisioned to be a destination where Singapore residents can participate in community sports activities, as well as enjoy world-class entertainment and sporting action.
Works begin on football hub, tennis centre
Work has begun on the new Kallang Football Hub and Kallang Tennis Centre.
The Kallang Football Hub, to be built on the former Kallang baseball/softball field, will comprise a full-sized natural turf pitch, complemented by artificial turf pitches, a half-size pitch for five- or seven-a-side matches, and four sheltered futsal pitches.
The new Kallang Football Hub in the Kallang Alive precinct. (INFOGRAPHIC: Sport Singapore)
It will also house the sport's National Training Centre, as well as the ActiveSG Football Academy. Its facilities will be open to the public for community programmes and bookings.
Meanwhile, the Kallang Tennis Centre, which will replace one of the outdoor carparks near the Leisure Park Kallang, features both sheltered and open courts. Like the football hub, it will house the National Training Centre as well as the ActiveSG Academy for the sport.
The new Kallang Tennis Centre in the Kallang Alive precinct. (INFOGRAPHIC: Sport Singapore)
Cycling enthusiasts can finally look forward to seeing the first velodrome in Singapore, as SportSG is conducting a feasibility study on building this facility.
It is also collaborating with the National Youth Council for a possible Youth Hub, which may features new and extreme sports facilities for speed climbing and parkour.
The proposed velodrome in the Kallang Alive precinct. (INFOGRAPHIC: Sport Singapore)
Redeveloping Kallang Theatre
Plans for the Kallang Alive precinct include a redevelopment of the aging Kallang Theatre, which was built in 1970 and hosted major theatre productions as well as National Day Rallies.
SportSG has initiated a Request For Information process for ideas on the redevelopment of the theatre. So far, seven parties have sounded their interest in the project, and the development could include a multi-purpose indoor arena capable of hosting esports events, a themed hotel and an international sports medicine centre, as well as office spaces.
An artist impression of the proposed redevelopment of Kallang Theatre in the Kallang Alive precinct. (INFOGRAPHIC: Sport Singapore)
Finally, the waterfront space along Jalan Benaan Kapal is envisaged to become a community space called Benaan Kapal Green with greenery, running trails and park connectors. SportSG is also exploring the possibility of connecting all the sports facilities via a walking and cycling loop.
Focus on children and youth sports frameworks
These new developments comprise just one of the new recommendations for the Vision 2030 roadmap, which was launched in 2012 to set out the directives to enrich people's lives through sports.
The recommendations came out of a 2018 review of the roadmap, derived from the feedback of more than 3,000 people who took part in focus group discussions, surveys and research studies.
SportSG chief executive officer Lim Teck Yin said a key focus in the new recommendations is on creating partnerships with citizens and organisations to achieve breakthroughs in areas such as sports participation, sports excellence and sports industry.
"Over the last seven years, we have put in place platforms for citizens to gain access to sport – such as ActiveSG and SportCares," he said.
"In the next leg of Vision 2030, we hope to strengthen our partnership with citizens and organisations to redouble our efforts to enable all to live better through sports."
One demographic that the review focused on is on children and youth. SportSG is building a framework of initiatives to increase opportunities to play sport through school-going years.
Minister for Culture, Community and Youth, Grace Fu, commented on the Vision 2030 review at the Singapore Disability Sports Awards on Tuesday night.
She said, "The Vision 2030 review was an important occasion for us to take stock. We've seen how sports participation, particularly in the community level, has increased over the years. Significantly, we realise the power of sports in building social capital by bridging different communities.
"So I think this review will lead us from here onwards, to look at what more we can do to bring diverse communities together through sports, particularly with the young, the elderly, and those with special needs."
Other recommendations for Vision 2030
Other recommendations that came out of the Vision 2030 review include:
Associate Partner scheme: collaborating with private sports academies and clubs for more opportunities to learn and play
Support for parents and teaches: equip parents and teachers with tools to nurture children through sport
Optimise high-performance sport: unlock potential of elite athletes through professionalism and prioritisation
Better governance and integrity of sport: develop shared values and principles for the sports eco-system
Communities of care: to enable the vulnerable and people with disabilities to experience and reap benefits of sport
Playbook for corporate: for corporate organisations to use sport as a strategy for success and to strengthen their workforce
Formal partnership for senior stakeholders: strengthening the active ageing eco-system to create opportunities for seniors to build greater social connectedness
Eco-system that enables sports business development: driving innovation and business for sport in Singapore through cross-sector collaboration
Marketplace for ideas and innovation: leverage SportSG's infrastructure and assets to nurture innovation and incubate ideas
Network of play spaces: unlock more spaces to play sports anywhere, anytime
Smart sport centres: more meaningful and engaging experiences at sports centres
Harness data intelligence: enable data to create better value
Network coordination and business data partnership: develop partnerships to unlock potential of data networks
PUB has given 119 companies fines for illegal dumping of waste
Director of chiropractic firm who conspired with 2 Manulife agents to scam insurer jailed
2 Malaysian women who tried to smuggle man in car boot out of Singapore caught
Ole Gunnar Solskjær is not the right manager for Manchester United
Sevilla chief Monchi says he would have taken team off after Real Madrid profit from VAR controversy
Guardiola's birthday ruined as Palace snatch point, Chelsea stunned by Newcastle


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text:
Andrea Bræin Hovig (* 19. Juli 1973 in Oslo) ist eine norwegische Schauspielerin, Sängerin und Kinderbuchautorin.

Leben
Ihre Schauspielausbildung absolvierte Andrea Bræin Hovig von 1995 bis 1998 an der Nationalen Theaterakademie (Statens teaterhøgskole) in ihrer Heimatstadt. Ihr Theaterdebüt gab sie noch als Schauspielschülerin am Det Norske Teatret in der Rolle der Borghild in einer Dramatisierung von Cora Sandels Roman Kranes konditori (1995). Auch nach ihrer Ausbildung trat Hovig am Det Norske Teatret sowohl in klassischen Stücken von Euripides (Titelrolle in Iphigenie in Aulis, 2000), Molière (Agnès in Die Schule der Frauen, 1999) und Shakespeare (weibliche Titelrolle in Romeo und Julia, 2001), als auch modernen Stoffen von Jon Fosse (Mädchen in Sommertag, 1999) oder Lars Norén (Sanna in Personenkreis 3.1, 1999) in Erscheinung.

Parallel zu ihrer Theaterarbeit war Hovig seit Beginn der 2000er-Jahre in 30 Film- und Fernsehproduktionen zu sehen, sowohl Dramen als auch Komödien. Für ihre Nebenrolle als Verlagsredakteurin Anne Holt in Dag Johan Haugeruds Tragikomödie Wie du mich siehst (2012) wurde sie erstmals mit dem norwegischen Kanonprisen ausgezeichnet und für den Filmpreis Amanda nominiert. Drei weitere Male wurde sie für den Kanonprisen sowie zweimal für die Amanda nominiert – für die Hauptrolle der Krebspatientin Anja in Maria Sødahls autobiografischem Drama Hoffnung gewann sie beide Preise und wurde 2020 für den Europäischen Filmpreis nominiert.

Filmografie
 2000: Hovmod (Kurzfilm)
 2000: De 7 dødssyndene
 2002: Tyven, tyven
 2003: Mia (Fernsehserie)
 2007: Størst av alt (Fernsehserie, 4 Folgen)
 2007: Berlinerpoplene (Fernsehserie, 6 Folgen)
 2008: Haus der Verrückten (De Gales hus)
 2009: Rafiki – Beste Freunde (Bestevenner)
 2012: Wie du mich siehst (Som du ser meg)
 2014: Mammon (Fernsehserie, 4 Folgen)
 2015: Me and My Moulton (Kurzfilm, Erzählerin)
 2014: Det er meg du vil ha
 2015: Neste Sommer (Fernsehserie, 1 Folge)
 2016: Alt det vakre
 2016: Redo (Kurzfilm)
 2016: Det tredje øyet (Fernsehserie, 3 Folgen)
 2016–2020: Helt perfekt (Fernsehserie, 6 Folgen)
 2017: Retract (Kurzfilm)
 2017: Elias – Das kleine Rettungsboot (Elias og Storegaps Hemmelighet)
 2018: Presten (Fernsehserie, 4 Folgen)
 2018: Thieves (Fernsehserie, 3 Folgen)
 2018: Eple (Kurzfilm)
 2018: Eine Affäre – Verbotene Liebe (En affære)
 2018: Kielergata (Fernsehserie, 10 Folgen)
 2019: The Birdcatcher
 2019: Barn
 2019: Hoffnung (Håp)
 2019: Disco
 2020: Lyset fra sjokoladefabrikken
 2020: Aldri voksen (Fernsehserie, 11 Folgen)

Auszeichnungen
 2013: Kanonprisen für Som du ser meg
 2020: Amanda für Hoffnung (Beste Hauptdarstellerin)
 2020: Kanonprisen für Hoffnung (Beste Hauptdarstellerin)

Werke auf Deutsch
 Andrea Bræin Hovig: Die wilde Mathilde. Geschichten zum Vorlesen. Aus dem Norwegischen von Christel Hildebrandt. Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 2016, ISBN 978-3-8369-5872-1

Weblinks

 Profil bei nationaltheatret.no (norwegisch)
 Profil im Store norske leksikon (norwegisch)
 Profil bei filmweb.no (norwegisch)

Einzelnachweise

Theaterschauspieler
Filmschauspieler
Autor
Kinder- und Jugendliteratur
Literatur (Norwegisch)
Literatur (Norwegen)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Norweger
Geboren 1973
Frau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The aim was to improve the livelihoods and food security of smallholder vegetable farmers in the Southern Philippines, an area affected by frequent typhoons, widespread insect pest and disease issues, and poor access to modern vegetable varieties and cropping inputs.
Resources produced in the project can be used by farmers to help increase their productivity. They will also help in the development of Good Agricultural Practice ( GAP) protocols in a new project that aims to increase the supply of safe vegetables to consumers in the Philippines.
Agronomy and integrated pest management (IPM) best practice guides were developed for vegetable farmers and advisors. The guides focus on key vegetable crops, and are available in English, Cebuano, Tagalog and Waray languages.


This holiday season lots of mamas are giving birth to freshly baked babies! Though they would enjoy that scarf or piece of jewelry you're thinking of giving them, there are a lot more gifts they'd appreciate as they recover from birth and adjust to life with a newborn. Check out these 11 great gifts any new mama would totally love!


Gresham Transfer's diverse capabilities and dependability throughout the years has established us as one of the leaders in the heavy haul market. Though our heavy haul service areas are primarily focused in Oregon & Washington State, we are licensed to operate and haul to all 48 contiguous states and Canada.
Stretch trailers, tank trailers, dollie equipment and specialized hauling equipment capable of up to 100 tons.
Tie down securement services for railroad and oversea shipping.


text:
Katie Hopkins told lawyers to 'sling mud' at Jack Monroe, court told
Judge to reserve judgment in food writer's libel case against MailOnline columnist until later this month
Esther Addley
Wed 1 Mar 2017 10.07 EST Last modified on Wed 1 Mar 2017 10.40 EST
Jack Monroe argues that tweets from Katie Hopkins are libellous. Photograph: Getty/PA
Katie Hopkins instructed her legal team to "sling mud" at the food writer Jack Monroe while they defended her in court from accusations of libel, a strategy for which she should "pay the price", Monroe's barrister has said.
Closing his submissions on the third and final day of the defamation hearing against Hopkins, William Bennett told the high court in London that the controversial columnist had never apologised for two Twitter messages she directed at Monroe in May 2015, which allegedly implied that the blogger had defaced or supported defacing war memorials.
Monroe argues that the tweets are libellous, have caused serious reputational harm and led to death threats from other Twitter users.
The judge, Mr Justice Warby, has reserved judgment in the case until later this month.
The dispute between the two writers originated as a case of mistaken identity when Hopkins, who writes for Mail Online, messaged Monroe: "Scrawled on any memorials recently? Vandalised the memory of those who fought for your freedom[?] Grandma got any more medals?"
The court has heard that Hopkins had confused the food writer with Laurie Penny, a columnist for the New Statesman who had earlier tweeted that she had no objection to the recent defacing of a war memorial as part of an anti-austerity protest.
Monroe replied to Hopkins: "NEVER 'scrawled on a memorial'. Brother in the RAF. Dad was a Para in the Falklands. You're a piece of shit," and sent further tweets requesting an apology or retraction.
Hopkins deleted the original tweet two hours later, but posted a second, which read: "Can someone explain to me – in 10 words or less – the difference between irritant @PennyRed and social anthrax @MsJackMonroe."
Bennett told the court: "We say the second tweet was published as an act of defiance against [Monroe] … It was absolutely obvious to the defendant … that the complainant absolutely abhorred the behaviour being ascribed to her."
He disputed the argument of Hopkins's legal team that the first message had merely been part of a heated political debate – "We say there is no political message in that tweet" – and rejected the defence's argument, advanced earlier, that "people don't believe what they read on Twitter, that somehow Twitter is the wild west".
"Even if Twitter is the wild west, which we dispute, that doesn't exclude it from the operation of the law. Even the wild west had local marshals to ensure people weren't bullied."
The court was told on Tuesday by Hopkins' barrister that the claim was part of a "crusade" against the columnist, and that Monroe was an equally provocative voice on Twitter who used "an arsenal of dirty insults" to express outrageous political views "publicly, aggressively, on an almost daily basis".
Bennett said he believed the defence lawyers had conducted the case professionally, "but they are acting under instructions – the instructions of Katie Hopkins". Those instructions, he said, were "to throw mud at the complainant and rake up stale allegations … that we say are wholly irrelevant to the court's decision".
He added: "As with any libel case, a defendant ought to pay the price of running that sort of strategy during a trial."


Smooth Shapes Laser Worcester patients can comfortably tighten and smooth unsightly areas of cellulite. Regardless of the amount of exercise in which women engage or the amount of healthy foods they might consume, most women are susceptible to the problem of cellulite. It derives from a combination of factors that lead to fat cells being full of lipids and pushing into the surface of the skin creating a dimpled or orange peel effect. The result, however common, can be very disheartening and leave the patient feeling highly unattractive. The SmoothShapes system is the solution. Just a short series of treatments using this system of laser technology can dramatically reduce the appearance of cellulite.
Cellulite occurs when fat cells fill with lipids and become enlarged and irregular. As they push against the skin, they create what looks like dimples with some areas sunken. The SmoothShapes system utilizes lasers, contoured rollers and a vacuum to gently liquefy the lipids inside the fat cells and loosen the lower levels of the skin to allow the fat cells to be coaxed back into their normal position. This makes the skin look smoother and tighter and for a longer period of time.
To obtain the best results, patients should be treated for four weeks with twice weekly appointments. During the treatments, they will experience slight warmth to the skin and a relaxed feeling like what one might experience during a deep tissue massage. There is no downtime after the procedure or any special preparations to be made prior to it. However, after the treatment is completed, patients may notice slightly pink skin for up to two hours, slightly warmer skin for up to 30 minutes, and the need to urinate more frequently due to the additional six to eight glasses of water that must be consumed on the day of the treatment.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

using Duality;
using Duality.Cloning;
using Duality.Resources;

using Duality.Editor.Properties;

namespace Duality.Editor.UndoRedoActions
{
	public class SetGameObjectNameAction : GameObjectAction
	{
		private	string[]	backupParentObj	= null;
		private	string		targetValue		= null;

		protected override string NameBase
		{
			get { return GeneralRes.UndoRedo_SetGameObjectName; }
		}
		protected override string NameBaseMulti
		{
			get { return GeneralRes.UndoRedo_SetGameObjectNameMulti; }
		}

		public SetGameObjectNameAction(string value, IEnumerable<GameObject> obj) : base(obj)
		{
			this.targetValue = value;
		}

		public override void Do()
		{
			if (this.backupParentObj == null)
			{
				this.backupParentObj = new string[this.targetObj.Length];
				for (int i = 0; i < this.backupParentObj.Length; i++)
					this.backupParentObj[i] = this.targetObj[i].Name;
			}

			foreach (GameObject obj in this.targetObj)
			{
				obj.Name = this.targetValue;
			}
			DualityEditorApp.NotifyObjPropChanged(this, new ObjectSelection(this.targetObj), ReflectionInfo.Property_GameObject_Name);
		}
		public override void Undo()
		{
			if (this.backupParentObj == null) throw new InvalidOperationException("Can't undo what hasn't been done yet");
			for (int i = 0; i < this.backupParentObj.Length; i++)
			{
				this.targetObj[i].Name = this.backupParentObj[i];
			}
			DualityEditorApp.NotifyObjPropChanged(this, new ObjectSelection(this.targetObj), ReflectionInfo.Property_GameObject_Name);
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Fernando Alonso 2022 Signed Team Cap
Celebrate two-time World Champion, Fernando Alonso, with a 2022 BWT Alpine F1 Team cap, signed by the Spanish F1 driver himself.
Signed by two-time World Champion, Fernando Alonso
2022 team detailing
Comes with display case
Dimensions of display case: 300mmD x 220mmW x 260mmH
After re-joining the F1 grid at the start of the 2021 season, Alonso continued with the French team for the 2022 season, finishing in ninth place in the Drivers' Championship. The 2022 season has been Alonso's final year with the team before he moves to Aston Martin in 2023.
This team cap dons the liveries chosen by the team for the 2022 FIA Formula One World Championship™ and features an autograph from Fernando Alonso. An awesome collectible for fans of the Champion, this cap is not to be missed.
Explore our ultimate F1 store further for more F1 collectibles, including Alpine car parts, Alonso wall art, and Alonso gifts for F1 fans - plus much more!


text:
Q: Relativelayout align top and bottom I would like to align center horizontial & center vertical all 3 buttons as 1 button in my relativelayout!
I used LinearLayout with parameter android:layout_weight, but Buttons's height is modified.
This is my layout file. Thanks!
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
tools:context=".Main" >

<Button
    android:id="@+id/bt_singleColor"
    android:layout_width="150dp"
    android:layout_height="100dp"
    android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
    android:layout_margin="@dimen/button_margin"
    android:background="@drawable/button_circle"
    android:padding="@dimen/button_padding"
    android:text="@string/button_01"
    android:textColor="@color/button_text_color" />

<Button
    android:id="@+id/bt_shake"
    android:layout_width="150dp"
    android:layout_height="100dp"
    android:layout_below="@+id/bt_singleColor"
    android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
    android:layout_margin="@dimen/button_margin"
    android:background="@drawable/button_circle"
    android:padding="@dimen/button_padding"
    android:text="@string/button_02"
    android:textColor="@color/button_text_color" />

<Button
    android:id="@+id/bt_autoColor"
    android:layout_width="150dp"
    android:layout_height="100dp"
    android:layout_below="@+id/bt_shake"
    android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
    android:layout_margin="@dimen/button_margin"
    android:background="@drawable/button_circle"
    android:padding="@dimen/button_padding"
    android:text="@string/button_03"
    android:textColor="@color/button_text_color" />

A: You can use something like
<RelativeLayout to match parent or fill parent>
<LinearLayout with wrap_content and layout centerInParent>
<Button/>
<Button/>
<Button/>
</LinearLayout>
</RelativeLayout>

meaning that the LinearLayout is centered absolutely in the Relative layout and you can play with this alignment if you want something else. While for the Linearlayout you have wrap_content to detect its size based on the buttons size, margin and padding. Also don't forget about orientation for LinearLayout.


text:
CHEMICAL BANK v. Major Building Products Wholesalers, Inc., Defendant.
CHEMICAL BANK, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Bruce G. MELTZER, Defendant-Appellant, Major Building Products Wholesalers, Inc., Defendant.
Decided: December 30, 1997
Before MURPHY, P.J., and SULLIVAN, MILONAS and MAZZARELLI, JJ. Caroline A. Mellusi, for Plaintiff-Respondent. Joel M. Markowitz, for Defendant-Appellant.
Judgments, Supreme Court, New York County (Ira Gammerman, J.), entered June 10, 1996 and August 15, 1996, awarding plaintiff damages of $337,756, plus interest, costs and disbursements, and awarding plaintiff attorneys' fees of $14,592, respectively, and bringing up for review prior orders which granted plaintiff's motion for summary judgment in lieu of complaint, and denied defendant-appellant's cross motion to compel an assignment of the subject bond and mortgage, affirmed, with costs. The appeal from the orders, same court and Justice, entered May 17 and on or about June 3, 1996, are dismissed, without costs, as superseded by the appeals from the judgments.
Defendant-appellant's payment of the outstanding indebtedness on the bond did not entitle him to be subrogated to plaintiff's rights thereunder and the first mortgage securing it. Since the guarantee signed by defendant does not distinguish between any of the three guarantors thereon, and, indeed, states that they are "jointly and severally, absolutely, irrevocably and unconditionally" primary obligors, defendant's contention that plaintiff could only demand payment from him upon a failure to perform by one or both of the other guarantors, and that defendant was therefore their surety, is simply not supported by the document he signed.
We are in agreement with the decision of the motion court and its determination that it would not be equitable to permit defendant to be subrogated to plaintiff's rights under the subject bond and first mortgage (see, King v. Pelkofski, 20 N.Y.2d 326, 333, 282 N.Y.S.2d 753, 229 N.E.2d 435), since plaintiff, who also holds a second mortgage on the property, would have to pay defendant the amount necessary to redeem an assigned first mortgage were defendant to foreclose on it, in order to protect its second mortgage, which would effectively nullify the guarantee defendant gave to plaintiff. "The obligation assumed by a surety runs to the creditor and subrogation may not in any way defeat the creditor's rights." (Winkelmann v. Excelsior Ins. Co., 85 N.Y.2d 577, 582, 626 N.Y.S.2d 994, 650 N.E.2d 841). We have considered defendant's remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.
In 1984 plaintiff bank's predecessor in interest purchased a bond issued by the Town of Brookhaven Industrial Development Agency in the face amount of $1.1 million. As security for payment of the debt evidenced by the bond, the purchaser bank was given a mortgage upon the real property whose development was to be financed with the funds from the bond sale. Additionally, guaranties of the bond's payment were given the bank, respectively, by Defendant Major Building Products Wholesalers, Inc. (hereinafter "Major"), the lessee of the facility to be constructed by the Industrial Development Agency, and by defendant-appellant Bruce G. Meltzer, one of Major's principals.
In 1991, the same bank again extended credit to Major via the Brookhaven Industrial Development Agency, and was given by the Agency as security for the loan's repayment a second mortgage upon the real property leased to Major. Meltzer was not a party to this second transaction.
In 1993, Major defaulted in its lease payments, and as those payments had been earmarked to service the debt represented by the 1984 bond, the bond went into default as well. Thereupon, the bank demanded payment of the outstanding obligation represented by the 1984 bond from Meltzer pursuant to his guaranty. Meltzer acknowledged and agreed to satisfy the obligation remaining under the 1984 bond, but requested as a condition of so doing that he be subrogated to the bank's rights as a creditor under the 1984 bond purchase agreement; he asked, accordingly, that the mortgage given as security for the 1984 loan be assigned to him. The bank, unwilling to assign Meltzer its first mortgage upon the collateral securing both of its loans to the Industrial Development Agency, elected instead to sue Meltzer upon his guaranty.
This appeal follows the motion court's grant of plaintiff bank's motion for judgment in lieu of a complaint against Meltzer based upon his personal guaranty. In granting the motion, Supreme Court, while acknowledging the longstanding common-law rule that a surety upon performing as such is entitled to be subrogated to the rights of the creditor to recover from the party primarily liable for repayment of the debt (see, Ellsworth v. Lockwood, 42 N.Y. 89, 98), expressed the view that Meltzer's role in the context of the 1984 financing transaction was not that of a surety but of a guarantor and that in the latter capacity his obligation was collateral and not primary and as such was not an appropriate predicate for the acquisition of subrogatory rights. The court also indicated its belief that compelling an assignment of the first mortgage to Meltzer would be inequitable since it would, in the event of Meltzer's foreclosure upon the first mortgage or the bank's foreclosure upon the second mortgage, effectively require the bank to repay Meltzer any amounts paid by him pursuant to his guaranty.
Because I believe that Meltzer was in fact cast as a surety in the 1984 financing transaction, and because I am unable to perceive any reason to deny him the subrogatory rights equity ordinarily affords one acting as a surety, I respectfully dissent from the majority's decision to affirm the appealed rulings.
To begin, I do not think that there is any cogent distinction to be drawn by describing defendant Meltzer in the context of the 1984 loan as a guarantor rather than a surety. A guarantor is generally merely a kind of surety (see, Fehr Bros. v. Scheinman, 121 A.D.2d 13, 509 N.Y.S.2d 304; Anti-Hydro v. Castiglia, 92 A.D.2d 741, 742, 461 N.Y.S.2d 87; Restatement [Third] of Suretyship § 1, comment c). Indeed, not even plaintiff bank has sought to rely upon this tenuous distinction. To the contrary, in arguing that Meltzer is not a surety the bank has not followed the motion court's lead in maintaining that his obligation was collateral but rather has contended that his obligation was primary and that as a primary obligor Meltzer was not entitled to become subrogated to the bank's rights as a creditor. However, while it may be true that vis-a-vis the bank, Meltzer was a primary obligor, it would appear equally true that vis-a-vis the co-obligor Major, his role was that of a surety (see, Fischer v. Mahland, 191 App.Div. 209, 211, 181 N.Y.S. 179["[T]hough defendant took on himself the place of a co-obliger, still he may be a surety"]; see also, Restatement [Third] of Suretyship § 1 [3] ). It is clear that Major, and not Meltzer individually, was the true beneficiary of the 1984 financing transaction and that Major was primarily responsible for furnishing the sums necessary to service the debt incurred by reason of the 1984 bond purchase. Only if Major defaulted upon that primary obligation was the bank to have recourse to the guaranty given by Meltzer. In that event, Meltzer would in essence be asked to answer for a debt owed principally by another, or, in other words, to act as a surety. That is, in fact, precisely what has occurred and having been asked to assume the obligation of a surety, Meltzer ought also to have been assured that his consequent rights as a subrogee of the creditor receiving the benefit of his guaranty would be fully honored.
Nor do I think there is any merit to the bank's claim that because it subsequently, in 1991, took a subordinate mortgage upon the collateral already securing the 1984 loan, Meltzer should be denied the recourse ordinarily accorded a surety. As noted, Meltzer's role in the 1984 financing transaction was clearly that of a surety and it would seem plain that he could not be stripped of his rights as a surety by a subsequent financing agreement to which he was not a party. What is more, there would seem to be no inequity involved in relegating the bank to precisely the security for which it bargained. The mere fact that the collateral may not be of sufficient value to repay the debt owed the bank does not argue with any measure of cogency for the impairment of the surety's right of recourse against that collateral. In very similar circumstances it has been aptly observed:
It is true that in this case the mortgagee also held a second mortgage on the premises which was given to it by a subsequent grantee and it desired to protect this second mortgage. This situation created no equities in the plaintiff's favor. The original mortgagor was not a party to the transaction of the giving of the second mortgage and can in no way be bound by, or deprived of any of its rights by reason of, that transaction. It must be assumed that the mortgagee was not in ignorance of the first mortgagor's right of subrogation when it entered into the second transaction, and if, under those circumstances, it saw fit to place itself in this position, it must abide by the effect thereof (National Saving Bank of City of Albany v. Fermac Corp., 241 App.Div. 204, 206, 271 N.Y.S. 836affd. 266 N.Y. 443, 195 N.E. 145).
Finally, the bank's claim that it could not assign the 1984 mortgage but instead, upon payment of defendant's guaranty, was obliged pursuant to § 275 of the Real Property Law to issue a satisfaction of the mortgage, is also without merit. Real Property Law § 275, particularly as amended in 1990, provides no support for this contention. Indeed, the statute makes it quite clear that "the full amount of principal and interest due on a mortgage shall not be considered to be paid whenever such mortgage continues to secure a bona fide debt and an enforceable lien continues to exist" (RPL § 275[2] ). It follows that, here the mortgage may not be deemed paid since it continues to secure a bona fide debt, namely, the debt owed by the principal obliger, Major, to the surety, Meltzer, and an enforceable lien continues to exist.
Accordingly, the judgments of the Supreme Court, New York County (Ira Gammerman, J.), entered on June 10, 1996 and August 15, 1996, which, respectively, awarded plaintiff the sum of $337,756, plus interest, costs and disbursements, and the sum of $14,592 in counsel fees, and the orders of the same court and Justice entered on May 17, 1996 and May 20, 1996, which granted plaintiff's motion for summary judgment in lieu of complaint and denied defendant Meltzer's cross-motion to compel an assignment of the subject bond and mortgage upon payment of his obligation pursuant to the guaranty, should be reversed, the aforesaid judgments vacated, the cross-motion granted and judgment entered in defendant-appellant's favor declaring that upon defendant Meltzer's payment of all amounts necessary to satisfy the debt represented by the 1984 bond, he is entitled to become subrogated to the rights of the bank respecting that debt, among them the right to proceed against the collateral securing payment of the debt and, in that connection, to have the first mortgage upon that collateral assigned to him.
MEMORANDUM DECISION.
All concur except MURPHY, P.J. who dissents in a memorandum as follows: