Dr. Horacio Nicaragua has compiled a list of Wonderlic scores for some of this year's NFL Draft's prospects over at his blog.
This list, which really started to attract attention when Vince Young was discovered to be borderline retarded, continually delivers a black eye to the institution of collegiate athletics. Young was initially rumored to have scored a 6, a Wonderlic score usually reserved for the illiterate.
Young is not alone, however. San Francisco 49ers running back Frank Gore also scored a 6 on his Wonderlic, and Javon Walker scored a 9. A score of 20 indicates average intelligence, while a score under 10 suggests illiteracy.
So which of this year's NFL Draft prospects are illiterate?


Beautiful Baby Annabelle 3 wheel stroller with fully adjustable hood and foot rest. This Tri Pushchair features a foam handle for a comfortable grip with a height of 58cm and handy under seat storage basket to store all your dolls accessories. Supplied in a pretty soft pink and pale blue colourway with rose floral patterned fabric and featuring the cute Baby Annabelle lamb, this pram provides a perfect fit for your Baby Annabelle doll. Fits dolls up to 50cm. A lovely dolls pushchair to encourage nurturing role-play and imagination.


--* Download the file by right clicking the link and choosing Save Target As. Download the Walkthrough Application.
--! If you are unable to download or run the application on your computer, please contact your technical staff as agency security policies vary.


The City of Manassas Information Technology Department is seeking an individual that is passionate about GIS and data to join Manassas' Enterprise GIS Group. The successful candidate will assist multiple departments by developing ESRI Web Maps & Apps, creating printed maps, writing and maintaining Python code, and querying and understanding data relationships across multiple SQL databases. Seeking an organized individual with a strong ability to multitask and interact with citizens, vendors, and other departments.
The hiring range for this position is: $58,801.60 - $77,916.80.


text:
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);

namespace phpDocumentor\Descriptor;

use phpDocumentor\Descriptor\ProjectDescriptor\Settings;

/**
 * Represents the entire project with its files, namespaces and indexes.
 */
class ProjectDescriptor implements Interfaces\ProjectInterface
{
    /** @var string $name */
    protected $name = '';

    /** @var NamespaceDescriptor $namespace */
    protected $namespace;

    /** @var Collection $files */
    protected $files;

    /** @var Collection $indexes */
    protected $indexes;

    /** @var Settings $settings */
    protected $settings;

    /** @var Collection $partials */
    protected $partials;

    /**
     * Initializes this descriptor.
     */
    public function __construct($name)
    {
        $this->setName($name);
        $this->setSettings(new Settings());

        $namespace = new NamespaceDescriptor();
        $namespace->setName('\\');
        $namespace->setFullyQualifiedStructuralElementName('\\');
        $this->setNamespace($namespace);

        $this->setFiles(new Collection());
        $this->setIndexes(new Collection());

        $this->setPartials(new Collection());
    }

    /**
     * Sets the name for this project.
     *
     * @param string $name
     */
    public function setName($name)
    {
        $this->name = $name;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the name of this project.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getName()
    {
        return $this->name;
    }

    /**
     * Sets all files on this project.
     *
     * @param Collection $files
     */
    public function setFiles($files)
    {
        $this->files = $files;
    }

    /**
     * Returns all files with their sub-elements.
     *
     * @return Collection|FileDescriptor[]
     */
    public function getFiles()
    {
        return $this->files;
    }

    /**
     * Sets all indexes for this project.
     *
     * An index is a compilation of references to elements, usually constructed in a compiler step, that aids template
     * generation by providing a conveniently assembled list. An example of such an index is the 'marker' index where
     * a list of TODOs and FIXMEs are located in a central location for reporting.
     */
    public function setIndexes(Collection $indexes)
    {
        $this->indexes = $indexes;
    }

    /**
     * Returns all indexes in this project.
     *
     * @see setIndexes() for more information on what indexes are.
     *
     * @return Collection
     */
    public function getIndexes()
    {
        return $this->indexes;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the root namespace for this project together with all sub-namespaces.
     *
     * @param NamespaceDescriptor $namespace
     */
    public function setNamespace($namespace)
    {
        $this->namespace = $namespace;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the root (global) namespace.
     *
     * @return NamespaceDescriptor
     */
    public function getNamespace()
    {
        return $this->namespace;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the settings used to build the documentation for this project.
     *
     * @param Settings $settings
     */
    public function setSettings($settings)
    {
        $this->settings = $settings;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the settings used to build the documentation for this project.
     *
     * @return Settings
     */
    public function getSettings()
    {
        return $this->settings;
    }

    /**
     * Sets all partials that can be used in a template.
     *
     * Partials are blocks of text that can be inserted anywhere in a template using a special indicator. An example is
     * the introduction partial that can add a custom piece of text to the homepage.
     */
    public function setPartials(Collection $partials)
    {
        $this->partials = $partials;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a list of all partials.
     *
     * @see setPartials() for more information on partials.
     *
     * @return Collection
     */
    public function getPartials()
    {
        return $this->partials;
    }

    /**
     * Checks whether the Project supports the given visibility.
     *
     * @param integer $visibility One of the VISIBILITY_* constants of the Settings class.
     *
     * @see Settings for a list of the available VISIBILITY_* constants.
     *
     * @return boolean
     */
    public function isVisibilityAllowed($visibility)
    {
        $visibilityAllowed = $this->getSettings()
            ? $this->getSettings()->getVisibility()
            : Settings::VISIBILITY_DEFAULT;

        return (bool) ($visibilityAllowed & $visibility);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A new generation of compact chainsaw for occasional users who are discernible about quality. A top quality compact domestic chainsaw by the World leading brand STIHL.
Ideal for: home and hobby users around the domestic property, plus also popular with builders and pruning.


Some refer to her as the "little red dot", but Singapore's presence in the world today is larger than that moniker. In fact, Singapore is a bustling cosmopolitan city that offers a world-class living environment, with her landscape populated by high-rise buildings and gardens. One interesting facet you'll discover about Singapore is a ubiquitous collage of cultures, where people of different ethnicity and beliefs coexist. Besides a vibrant multicultural experience, there's more you can discover about Singapore.
After arriving at Singapore, check-in to your hotel. Spend the day at your leisure, exploring Singapore your own way. Singapore is a model city, and enjoy night safari,quite unlike any other in the world. It is dynamic, colorful and offers a harmonious blend of culture, cuisine, arts and architecture. Brimming with unbridled energy, this little South-East Asian dynamo embodies the finest of both the East as well as the West. Thereafter, have a comfortable stay at your hotel.
After breakfast at the hotel, proceed for a half-day city tour with flyer. Explore the city by driving past the Civic District, passing by Padang, Cricket Club, historic Parliament House, Supreme Court and City Hall. Next, stop at the Merlion Park and enjoy impressive views of Marina Bay. Do not miss out on this great photo opportunity with the Merlion, a mythological creature that is part lion and part fish. In the evening proceed for Night Safari Tour & later night return and stay overnight at your hotel.
Breakfast at the hotel. Morning at leisure. You would be transferred to Sentosa Island tour. Enjoy Songs of the Sea, Singapore`s multi-sensory extravaganza. The world-class water show Features dramatic effects, water jets, lasers, burst of fire and Foot-tapping music in an underwater setting, transporting you to an Enchanted world where mystical sea creatures, a dashing young hero, Beautiful princess and all things magical come to life. Back and overnight at hotel.
After breakfast at hotel, you will be transferred to the airport for your flight back home or onward destination.


Gyanapu Style - ग्यानापु स्टाइल, Lalitpur, Nepal. likes. Gyanapu Style (Nepalbhasa song) Parody of 'Gangam Style by Psy'. Brought to you by: nrcwpix.com Gyanapu Style - Surajbir Bajracharya Dont forget to visit nrcwpix.com for more songs!. Stream Gyanapu nrcwpix.com by झी नेवाः "WE-Newars" from desktop or your mobile device.
9 Jan All the contestants of Miss Newa were graceful and energetic on the stage and gave their best performance for a chance to win the title. Gyanapu Style (ग्यानापु स्टाइल). Info. Shopping. Tap to unmute. If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device. Your browser does not . Singers, No Singer. Genre, Pop. Language, Nepali. Availability, Video, Lyrics, MP3. Album, Not Applicable. Lyrics, Not Applicable. Composer, Not Applicable.
Home; Suraj Bir Bajracharya - Gyanapu Style. Suraj Bir Bajracharya - Gyanapu Style. Add to playlist. Description. Genre, Pop. Language, Nepali. Availability. Chimi Ma Gyanapu in song HD MP4 and MP3 3GP Lagu Format, List download Gyanapu Vs Gangnum Style (ग्यानापु स्टाइल Vs ग्याङनम स्टाइल. style for Men - The Fundamentals of style - An Illustrated Guide to Dressing Well + Being the Best Man For Dummies - Mantesh. ( MB), , Gyanapu Style (ग्यानापु स्टाइल). Surajbir bajracharya views3 year ago. Daddy Cool - Newar Cover (ड्याडी कूल नेवाः) Post has attachment. Nipun Singh dangol. Public Nov 23, Photo. Gyanapu Style- Harsha R. Shakya. Add a comment no plus ones. no shares.
New newari song chimi ma gyanapu bhim tuladhar nrcwpix.comma nakarmi /. Newari song hey Gyanapu style newari song, gangnam style. Newari song madan. Chimi Ma Gyanapu in song HD MP4 and MP3 3GP Lagu Format, List download link of Chimi Gyanapu Style (gangnam style Parody) Nepalbhasa Music Video. 14 Feb Salaam E Ishq Hindi FULL Moive HD. LOOT - Full Movie. LOOT - Full Movie. Boyss Toh Boyss Hain - HIndi Movie Watch Online. Boyss Toh. Gyanapu Style Original Karaoke (थ्व ला ग्यानापु स्टाइल). thumb. Ka re Mayeju (का रे मयजु छसलिं अयला) by Surajbir Bajracharya (Dohalapa.
Gyanapu nrcwpix.com +Lat Lag Gai Dj Nikhil (NIK Mix). Breakup SongAdhm (Remix). About VirtualDJ. What is VirtualDJ · Why VirtualDJ . Gyanapu Style Nothing Impossible Nepali Movie Mp3 Download Gyanapu Style Nothing Impossible Nepali nrcwpix.com3. Dinesh Thapa YO JAWANI ATM Nepali. The latest Tweets from abhay shrestha (@abhayshrestha1). i m a electronic techincine.i repear laptop,mobile, computer n t nrcwpix.com service center is in nayabazar. Slowly Slowly Nepali Movie Kali Electro House M!x Dj Arun. Ambarsariya (Club Mix) - DJ Arun Dubai. Gyanapu Style nrcwpix.com DJ A-Run Live at RESONATE Vol.


text:
Trending 23rd February 2018 by Niamh Foran
So Here's Who Will Be Playing William & Kate In 'Harry & Meghan: A Royal Romance'
The actors that will play the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge in the upcoming movie about Prince Harry and Meghan Markle have been revealed.
The tv movie, Harry & Meghan: A Royal Romance, will be similar to the film made about William and Kate, back when their engagement was announced in 2010, and now we know who will be portraying the future King and his wife.
Australian actor Burgess Abernethy will be taking on the role of William, while Laura Mitchell, from Vancouver will be playing Kate.
The Royal couple's two children Prince George and Princess Charlotte will be played by Preston Karwat and Brielle Weintraub.
The two will join Murray Fraser and Parisa Fitz-Henley, who will play the lead roles of Harry and Megs for the upcoming royal film, set to air closer to the eagerly anticipated wedding this May.
We cannot wait until it comes out!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
San Bernardino Maneuvers to Save Jobs Programs
Johnny Magdaleno January 23, 2017
(Photo by Amerique)
When it comes to U.S. cities struggling to get to steady footing after last decade's recession, Detroit took the national spotlight after filing for bankruptcy in 2013. And rightfully so — it was the biggest municipal bankruptcy in the country's history.
Fresno's Poorest Neighborhoods Give City a Plan for $35 Million in State Funds
Community College Connects Calif. Residents to Job Openings
Bridging Detroit's Digital Divide Has Community Meaning
This Is How We Win: Growing Our Power in Cities
But a year before, San Bernardino, California, filed for its own Chapter 9 protection, with $45 million in debt that crippled its economic outlook. Four years later, the city of 200,000 is now embroiled in the longest Chapter 9 process in recent U.S. history, and last year it gutted its Employment and Training Agency partially to help it climb further out of the hole.
San Bernardino County announced in December it would step in to take on the workforce development roll. Reg Javier, the county's deputy executive officer for workforce and economic development, says he thinks this will actually make his work — and the efforts of the region's job programs — a lot more impactful.
Prior to this, the city and the county ran two different workforce programs, reaching two different parts of the city's population, and backed by two different funding streams from the federal government. "It created a sort of donut hole in the middle of the county," he says, referring to their lack of reach in the city.
The county has one of its federally funded American Jobs Centers in Valley View, at the southern cusp of the city. But the city's is located right in the heart of San Bernardino, meaning the county found it was taking in a lot of job-hunting residents from south of downtown.
"Now we'll be able to really look for a new site that serves the city but is also tasked with serving the outer areas," says Javier. "And throw real resources at it, in a city that really, really needs more services than we can currently deliver."
He says they still haven't pinned down where a new site will be, but in the meantime, city residents can now seek services at both locales. And since the transition started last summer, after the city agency closed, Javier's office reports it has already given jobs to 99 San Bernardino residents.
As part of the transition, the San Bernardino County's Workforce Investment Board will now expand its youth services program into the city, build a new career training series with local public schools, host a job fair, and start building up relationships with local businesses — some of the main employers that have benefited from the county's workforce efforts in the past.
The San Bernardino metropolitan area had a 5.2 percent unemployment rate as of December 2016, according to state of California data that also looked at unemployment in nearby cities Ontario and Riverside. That's just slightly above California's unemployment rate of 5 percent, and the country's 4.5 percent.
But the city has been reported as one of the poorest cities in the state of California — if not the poorest in Southern California. And minorities suffer unemployment and poverty rates at higher rates than their white counterparts.
While he can't speak to the performance of San Bernardino's now-defunct employment agency, Javier does know that the county was recognized by the state for having one of the most effective programs in California. Branching out to cover the entire county, instead of just the fringe areas of its biggest city, means they'll be able to coordinate without worrying about the services overlap they saw between the south job center and the downtown one.
"It just makes complete sense to have a contiguous system that has a unified strategy on how it's going to serve its job," he says.
The transition process, given its freshness, will still need some time before it fully wraps up. But the county is about to debut a series of requests-for-proposals, aimed at local community groups and organizers, to contract out its city-based youth services programs.
Javier remembers the glimpses of success he saw prior to this merger, and going forward is eager to bring it down to the city level. There was the drug user who came into a workforce program one day to take the place of his absent friend, and ended up sticking with the program for months before landing a job.
Then there was the small business owner who petitioned the county's workforce investment board to start rolling out job-training services like those she'd heard about from local fliers and employers — only to learn that the county was the very one rolling out the services that impressed her. She then took advantage of those programs, and says the workforce development board helped her save $10,000 by handling all the training and recruitment work as she tried to fill staff jobs at her fastening company in Chino, California.
"These types of stories come to us every board meeting, and they really help all of us understand the meaning and value of our work," says Javier. "It tells us we're doing the right thing."
The Equity Factor is made possible with the support of the Surdna Foundation.
Johnny Magdaleno is a journalist, writer and photographer. His writing and photographs have been published by The Guardian, Al Jazeera, NPR, Newsweek, VICE News, the Huffington Post, the Christian Science Monitor and others. He was the 2016-2017 equitable cities fellow at Next City.
Follow Johnny
Tags: jobs, poverty, california, san bernardino


DIYARBAKIR — Ah, Diyarbakir. This is an ancient city, almost 4,000 years old, one of the oldest on the planet. Last time I was here, the oppression stuck to my skin like humidity in a rain forest. Armored personnel carriers roamed the streets and the cops beat the hell out of a crowd of Kurds when they came to a cemetery hoping to memorialize a democracy martyr's death from the early 1990s.
This time, however, the APCs were parked off the streets. There is a notable lack of gendarmes, Turkey's internal security police and the primary force responsible for keeping order in the southeast for the last 15 years. The sidewalks are cracked but bustling. Merchandise — whole fish, shoes, scarves and fabrics, toys and sweets — spill out onto the sidewalks, forcing older women in headscarves and traditional dress, men in kafiyehs and the Kurds' trademarked baggy trousers to compete for walking space with teenagers in Nike sweatshirts and young men in leather jackets trying to look tough. Or they could take their chances in the street with the taxis, zooming madly, beeping their horns in staccato blips as warnings. The cacophony is thrilling, exhilarating, and even now as I sit in my hotel room, I can hear the merchants in the bazaar calling out, the horns, the traffic, snippets of conversation that echo up the alley walls and slip into my room.
Turkey lifted the emergency rule a few months ago and the difference, to me, is dramatic. This is a city that feels newly alive.
But not so to some of the younger Kurds. Emre, a 17-year-old English student, found me as I was trying to reach the KDP's Damascus office. Slight, with delicate features and a mustache that was shyly announcing itself, he was interested in my satellite phone. As we struck up a conversation, he took to a caravansarai — a trading post built 500 years ago by the Seljuk Turks — that now served as a tea garden. It also served as a mini-bazaar, with merchants in each corner running shops selling carpets, silver-work, scarves, kafiyehs and even old Iranian rials.
Sitting down among intricately knotted carpets exploding with color — note to self: come back and ship one of these home when you come back through — that hung from the walls and ceiling supports, Emre, J., myself and Emre's friend, Necati, sat down to some of the ubiquitous tea.
He was against the war, of course — basically everyone in Turkey, 94 percent, is against the war — but I asked him if things were better now that emergency rule had been lifted. He said it was only a little better. I asked him if the Turks were justified in worrying about its own Kurds attempting to break off and dash for independence if the Iraqi Kurds over the border attained their own country.
Emre said that was his point. "If I can speak my own language, learn Kurdish in school, listen to Kurdish music and have the same democratic rights as the people in the west [of Turkey], why would I need my own country? We want the same economic development as in the west, too, we want to be as rich as they are. If we had all this, why would Turkey's Kurds need their own country?
I've since found out that some donors have been getting the B2I-Dispatch hours after it's gone up on the Web site, which is exactly backward from the way it's supposed to be. I'm truly sorry and I apologize. I will see what I can do about that. I've also discovered that I grossly overestimated the bandwidth available on the sat-phone. Which means there may not be many pictures until I get back. I haven't taken many, however, since my focus has been on traveling, but perhaps Diyarbakir would be of interest to people.
Also, I read every comment that people make on this site, as well as all emails. However, because of time, bandwidth and other considerations, I may not be able to respond to everyone. Please don't take it personally. I really, really appreciate everyone taking the time to write, and your notes of support keep me excited about all of this.
As for donations, I also don't often have time to thank you all personally, but I have been forwarding your email addresses (as per PayPal) to Mike for adding to the list, which he is doing. So while you might not get a personal thank-you note, you are being put on the list. And allow me now to thank you all very much for your continued support.
Christopher Allbritton has arrived in Diyarbakir. He is an independent, AP and New York Daily News reporter, on his way to northern Iraq to write reports for his weblog Back to Iraq….


While you retain Deer Park Movers for labor and international moving services, in addition we handle as much or as little of your haul as you require. We also come to you perform the inclusive move of your goods or perform as little as unloading your van for you.
Deer Park Movers that care and are certified at doing household ryder moving, piano transport, automobile trucking, furthermore moving containers.
– Relax knowing if calling Deer Park Movers to complete your professional transport company that there never is a bombshell expenses furthermore your belongings will be correctly administered.
– Deer Park Movers assert massive proficiency in Deer Park, we offer the best relocation with spirited shipping figures around Deer Park.
– Deer Park Movers submit a varied choice of transport clarifications in Deer Park, we provide you with a full relocation tips covering everything from a full service home relocation to solutions for Automobile moving.
– Deer Park Movers have vast amount of practice here in Deer Park allowing us to be rapid, watchful also well-mannered consequently our patrons stay content furthermore delighted.
– By contacting Deer Park Movers you have utterly nothing to lose with doing a removal price Form or calling us for a fast and free price for your relocation.
Deer Park Movers recognize the formula to craft a cheerful buyer, we always are ecstatic of all the optimistic opinions Deer Park 1 Movers encompass from our clients.
Being the main city in Texas, Deer Park sees many clientele come furthermore depart. People that depart the big metropolitan area, Deer Park 1 Movers is the top Deer Park hauling company to assist you with your trucking. Deer Park Movers has more than 20 years know-how in the moving business, in addition we can finish your transfer, prevent the significant tension that comes along with relocating.
Deer Park Movers realize that shipping could be overbearing, however via our help with the details In addition we can construct a simple experience. We concentrate on the move from one house to another really bestowing our capability as a Deer Park moving company. Deer Park 1 Movers predominantly start through a pre – moving estimate, making sure the style is orderly furthermore unflustered for you.
When its time for planning your moving with us, We always proceed beyond and past what most shipping establishments execute. Instead of scraping by performing the smallest extent of exertion possible, relax knowing that we are involved from inception to conclusion. Personalized Deer Park moving tips that cater to your explicit needs, we always formulate your moving to your home a easy encounter.
Deer Park Movers offer diverse offers for packing including you-pack, we pack your boxes or a blend of both. If you are searching for relocation boxes, Deer Park 1 Movers contain a wide array of options for hauling containers plus a mixture of carton sizes, starting from mattress covers to dollys. We always recommend transferring packages expressly designed for shipping mattresses plus elegant cups. Your Deer Park 1 Movers counselor always impart you with affordable quotes of these supplies.
Deer Park Movers will not only do aiding plus relocating your property our Deer Park Movers help do not end. Deer Park 1 Movers always propose a collection of options such as unpacking, reassembly furthermore dumping of boxes & supplies. From planning before you transfare your items to removal services after getting in the new apartment.
We always afford the finest price for the superiority of move that we bestow. In addition we added help is obtainable at reasonable prices, assuring you that you will not break the bank when moving to your home. We also possess a document of the best fees, while the whole rate will dive under that rate, it will not outdo that number.
Although trucking must be challenging, We always withstand much of the situation off of your worries. Deer Park Movers all-embracing affordable services present you more choices moreover funds that you can spent on your new dwelling.


This entry was posted in Podcast and tagged Bean, Conrad, gnomon, Head Crater by spac9750. Bookmark the permalink.
finally i know now how our astronauts sleped in their hammocks in the LEM…i was wondering about this for years…..
con grates to the quarter milline'a episode!


My own Tarot spread which gives a general overview of your life at the present moment, touching on the past as well as aspects of the future. Quite different from the traditional Tarot, this reading is uplifting and focuses on solutions. This reading can be tailored to specific life areas but is also suited as a generic overview.
Available in person, by email, phone or video conference. Duration is around 1 hour.


text:
Q: Evaluating the solution of sympy dsolve numerically I would like to evaluate the solution of a differential equation against some x_test
array
from sympy import *
init_printing()

from __future__ import division
from sympy import *
x, y, z, t = symbols('x y z t')

# Constants
C, R, u_rest = symbols('C R u_rest')

f, g, h = symbols('f g h', cls=Function)

solution = dsolve(C*Derivative(f(x), x) + (1/R)*(f(x)  - u_rest ),f(x))

x_text = np.array(range(0,100))

but I fail
# 1. attempt with evalf(Not working)
solution.args[1].evalf(subs={x: 3.14})

# 2. attempt with lambdify(Not working)
lambdify(x,solution.args[1])(3.14)

What is the right way to do it?

A: If you look at your solution.args[1] value you will see that it is an expression of several variables, including x. It will not evaluate to a number until you supply values for all variables. Your first attempt doesn't fail, but you don't explain why it is not giving you what you hoped for:
>>> solution.args[1].evalf(subs={x: 3.14})
u_rest*(1.0 - exp((C1 - 3.14/R)/C))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Duan Jansen and Marco Jansen — the twin brothers from Potchefstroom — are just 17 and yet to feature in the Under-19 side of the local franchise, Highveld Lions.
In an Indian net session overseas, you don't often see local bowlers being given the new ball, especially when the likes of Virat Kohli, Murali Vijay, Rohit Sharma, Ajinkya Rahane or any other top batsmen are padded up.
Well, on Monday at The Wanderers, we saw a rare exception when India's bowling coach Bharat Arun gave two red cherries to the Jansen brothers, who were specially summoned to attend this session by India's head-coach Ravi Shastri. Interestingly, both Duan Jansen and Marco Jansen — the twin brothers from Potchefstroom — are just 17 and yet to feature in the Under-19 side of the local franchise, Highveld Lions.
Amongst the many local net bowlers at India's practice session on Monday, Jansen brothers looked by far the most accurate and effective. Both of them are left-arm seamers and huge admirers of Mitchell Johnson. They are tall, have nice seam positions and their high-arm actions are perfect to get some extra bounce out of any surface. The twins bowled almost against all the Indian batsmen, who batted on Monday and troubled most of them. The effort earned them some serious words of appreciation from the likes of Kohli, Rohit, Vijay and the other members of the Indian team management.
"It's a huge blessing and honour to bowl against the best guys in the world. We are thrilled to learn a lot of stuff. It was good to see how they (the Indians) go about their business and approach their cricket," a soft-spoken Marco said after a tiring three-and-a-half-hour session.
The duo was in the Indian nets on Sunday as well and their bowling impressed Shastri and Kohli so much that the brothers were invited to join Monday's session too. For those two youngsters, it was nothing short of living a dream, though they had to skip their school and their father Koos Jansen had to take an off from his work to accept this invitation of a lifetime. They started early in the morning and drove more than 150 kilometres to reach Wanderers before 9.30 am.
"We were so excited about today that we couldn't sleep till 1 o' clock last night," Duan said.
For me as well as their father Koos, the fascinating part of their effort on Sunday was the fact that the brothers bowled to the Indian batsmen ahead of some of the senior Lions bowlers, who too attended the net session and supposed to be the first-choice local bowlers.
"Until now, they (the senior Lions' players) probably did not know my boys. But from today, I am sure both Duan and Marco will be on their radar," a proud Koos, who was watching the action closely from the sidelines, said.
While talking about the same, the Jansen brothers too seemed quite amazed.
"We couldn't believe it actually. We thought we were going to bowl shorter spells and those guys going to bowl longer. But it seemed the other way around," Marco said.
However, this wasn't the first time the brothers were bowling against the Indians. They were also called to bowl to the India 'A' team that had come to their hometown Potchefstroom last year. On that occasion, Rahul Dravid, the coach of India 'A', patted their backs, encouraged them to work hard and reach higher levels.
"They had pictures with Dravid and they kept showing it to everyone. Obviously, it was a huge moment for my boys. He (Dravid) told them to keep up the good work and try to reach the next level, which is the Under-19 side of the Lions," Koos said.
Well, now the picture with Kohli is an addition to their esteemed collection.
Both of them are genuine all-rounders and currently featuring at the age-group level for the Dragons, which is considered as the 'B' team of the Lions. By next year, they are aiming to secure their places in Lion's Under-19 team. And of course, both Duan and Marco are targeting the Under-19 World Cup in 2020.
"We actually tried last year (for the ongoing Under-19 World Cup) to impress the selectors. Unfortunately, we couldn't. We did not do our best. But I think, now we will practice hard and at the end of this year, we will try to impress them once again so that we get selected (for the next youth World Cup)," Marco sounded quite determined.
Furthermore, they are also hoping to be called upon to bowl to the Australian players at the nets, especially to Steven Smith, when he will come to Johannesburg for a Test match later this year.
"That will be an experience of a lifetime," Duan hoped.
While on most occasions they play for the same side, when it comes to a contest in the backyard, Marco and Duan like to have a go at each other.
So I ask, who is a better backyard cricketer?
It was wonderful to note the maturity in their thinking. Also, both of them complement each other brilliantly, on and off the field.
As soon as I was done with this interview, the Jansen brothers started heading towards their car.
"They just want to reach home as soon as possible and update their mother (who is a former netball player) about the day's proceedings. She is not a cricket fan and still doesn't want the kids to take this sport as a career. But I hope after knowing about today's stuff and reading this interview, she will probably change her mind," Koos bid me goodbye by saying this.


text:
Q: what does "it is to+ sth(a noun)" mean? Is it a common usage of "to" to be followed by a noun? I've read a sentence in the Economist. And the sentence is

"If Mr Rajapaska falls it will not be to a popular rising but because of anger at rising prices, corruption and one-family rule."

I'm having trouble understanding the usage and the meaning of "it will not be to a ...". Is there a usage of " it is to" followed by a noun? And also, what does the former half of this sentence mean?

A: It is in fairly common usage. Usually as "If X, it will not be to Y" to indicate that X is more likely to happen for a some reason other than Y.
So in your sentence, X is Mr Rajapaska falling, and Y is a popular uprising:
Mr Rajapaska is more likely to fall [I assume this is fall as in "fall from power"?] from [public] anger at rising prices, corruption and one-family rule than if there is a popular uprising [against him].
Does this help?


When someone asks you to share wisdom, rest assured you're probably not young anymore. I've learned to be OK with that. I have enjoyed a long and satisfying career in various leadership roles in Engineering and IT. For the better part of a decade, I've served in the CIO role, and I think most experienced CIOs would agree that the Farmers Insurance commercial claim, "We've learned a thing or two since we've seen a thing or two," applies to us as well. Since wisdom often follows mistakes, I guess I'm comfortable acknowledging I am wiser now than I was. So I thought I'd share a few lessons learned (CIO Wisdom) as they apply to something current and timely, our analytics effort. Most will seem like common sense or perhaps based on some quote we've all heard. If quote based, I'll try to give credit to the source if I know it.
Peter Drucker is often credited with the quote "Culture Eats Strategy for Breakfast". Turns out it's pretty hard to prove he ever said those exact words. "Culture Beats Strategy" may be closer. One thing I know. It's true. I've worked in the utility industry my entire career. Few would disagree that utility companies are conservative. It might be an insult or indictment by some, but we don't take it that way. We wear that label with pride. The electric grid has been and remains one of the most reliable and vital systems to have ever served mankind. When your job is to keep the lights on, you can't afford to take crazy chances with new technology. When it comes to spending money on things like analytics, expect to be met with healthy skepticism. If we can't see how it improves the safe generation and delivery of low cost, reliable energy, we're not going to buy it. There's nothing wrong with that. It's who we are.
"Although, historic data may be used, analytics is about doing something better in the future, or being able to predict things that haven't happened yet"
A few years ago we entered what I would call our analytics evangelism stage. We talked about analytics. We looked for example use cases and suggested leaders pay attention to what their counterparts in the industry were doing with analytics. We became charter members of the Analytics Institute and I encouraged business unit representatives to get involved with the Institute's working groups.
"What is Analytics anyway? Sounds like a buzzword to me. We've been doing data analysis for years. Now the marketers are calling it analytics so they can sell us something." I heard things like that. If I'm honest, I thought that myself early on. Thankfully, I wasn't evangelizing alone. There were others who share the passion and are doing their part to help steer our journey towards becoming a data driven company.
I think it was John Maynard Keyes who said "It's better to be roughly right than precisely wrong." What is the difference between analytics and data analysis? Is there a difference? I generally think of analytics as more sophisticated in technique, often involving far larger data sets than have typically been analyzed in the past, and generally more about the future. Although, historic data may be used, analytics is about doing something better in the future, or being able to predict things that haven't happened yet. Traditional analysis is more about explaining what happened. But that's just me. Analytics is certainly defined in the dictionary, but a few internet searches reveal several opinions but no real consensus on analysis vs. analytics. Here's the thing. I'm not sure it matters what the internet or dictionary has to say about analytics. The important thing is what does it mean at your company? While we want our analytics results to be precise, when it comes to what is and isn't analytics, it's more important to be consistent than to worry about being correct.
As we've developed and rolled out our "Self Service Analytics Platform," we're leveraging the term "data consumers." We've identified three types of data consumption, reports, analysis, and advanced analytics. We expect 90 percent of our self-service platform users will be report consumers. They are going to run reports that have been developed and use them as they always have. The reports will just be easier to access. No more than 10 percent of our data consumers will be leveraging more advanced analysis tools. We're training those individuals in the use of the standard tools and techniques that are part of our platform. These tend to be the traditional "power users" who know how to pull data from various systems into their spreadsheets to answer business questions. Finally our 1 percent, the elite you might say, are our data scientists, or at least those who have been trained by our data scientists in more advanced techniques and tools. As a medium sized Midwest utility, we are fortunate to actually have a data scientist on staff, not in IT.
So are our reports analysis based? Sure. Will we create re-usable reports that leverage advanced analytics? I expect we will. How do we draw the line between reports, analysis, and advanced analytics? I doubt that we will. If we get to the point where everyone who needs to, can leverage our analytics platform to improve our business we'll be mostly right, and that'll be good enough.
About the same time we began our analytics evangelism efforts, IT worked with a local consultant to develop a Business Intelligence strategy and architecture. We certainly needed to architect a solution that could satisfy our business requirements, but it had to be sustainable. We needed to leverage our current environment and skillsets where we could, but also identify new skillsets and processes we needed going forward.
Take data governance for example. No matter how advanced our analytics techniques and tools become, if they are applied to data that is inaccurate, inconsistently defined, or even misunderstood, the results and decisions based on them will suffer. The old adage still applies, "Garbage In, Garbage Out." Good data governance is the blocking and tackling of Analytics. Just as great quarterbacks fail without a good offensive line, so too will data scientists who are asked to analyze poor data.
Next month I'll share some additional lessons concerning things like governance and architecture. You'll see the trend of not talking about the actual technology continue. Technology is easy. It's people that are complicated.


CHLORPHENIRAMINE; DEXTROMETHORPHAN (klor fen IR a meen; dex troe meth OR fan) is a combination of an antihistamine and a cough suppressant. It is used to treat the symptoms of a cold. This medicine will not treat an infection.
Take this medicine by mouth. Chew it completely before swallowing. Follow the directions on the package label. Take your medicine at regular intervals. Do not take it more often than directed.
Tell your doctor or healthcare professional if your symptoms do not start to get better or if they get worse. See your doctor if the symptoms last more than 7 days or if a fever, rash, or long lasting headache is also present. Coughs that last more than 7 days or come back can be a sign of a serious health condition.


If you feel anxious before taking an important test, writing about your test anxieties for 10 minutes immediately before the exam improves your test results by 10 to 15%, according to a new study.
The study, published last week in Science by researchers at the University of Chicago, tracked test taking performance over 3 different experiments.
In the first experiment, the researchers tracked 20 college students, divided in two groups, one of which was told to write for 10 minutes on how they felt about the test they were about to take, while the other was told to do nothing during that time. Compared to a previous reference test, the students who sat quietly did worse by 12%, while those who wrote about test anxiety improved their scores by 5%.
In the second experiment, the researchers had 47 college students take the same kind of test, but divided the subjects into three groups, where the third group was asked to write about unrelated subjects for 10 minutes. The scores for the students in the non-writing group and in the group writing about unrelated subjects dropped by 7%, while those for the students writing about test anxiety rose by 4%.
The third experiment tracked a total of 105 9th grade high school students, in two groups, one year apart. Six weeks before a final exam, the researchers surveyed students' anxiety levels. Then, right before the exam, they divided the students in two groups, one of which was asked to write for 10 minutes about their feelings about the test, while the other was asked to think quietly about unrelated topics. In the non-writing group, the subjects with the highest anxiety performed worst. However, in the writing group, the subjects with the highest anxiety performed as well as those will low anxiety. The student with low anxiety performed similarly in both groups.
The study conclusion: if you have significant test anxiety, taking 10 minutes to write about your test taking feelings before the test might significantly improve your test results. The study's main author, Professor Sian Beilock, believes that the method clears the subjects' working memory of latent anxiety and allows their brain to work more efficiently.
Want to read more about it? Try Scientific American, Business Week, the LA Times, TIME Magazine, the Chicago Tribune, US News, Live Science, CNN Health, CTV, UPI, Canadian Press, Science News, the Huffington Post, or the Globe and Mail.


text:
La Creu de terme de la plaça de Santa Anna és una obra d'Anglesola (Urgell) inclosa a l'Inventari del Patrimoni Arquitectònic de Catalunya.

Descripció
La creu s'aixeca sobre un pedestal de planta poligonal, amb tres graons i un sòcol decorat amb l'escut d'Anglesola. Al damunt s'hi aixeca un senzill fust de pedra ben escairada, coronat pel cos esculpit de la creu pròpiament dita, sobre un capitell on hi ha esculpits en relleu Sant Joan, Sant Andreu, Sant Jaume, Sant Pere i Sant Pau, entre altres. Els Sants estan disposats sota un entaulament llis amb cornisa volada, i entre ells no hi ha cap element arquitectònic que els separi

La creu, separada del capitell per un àbac de dos cossos i sense decoració, segueix la tipologia que mossèn Gudiol anomenà de creus floronades. El tret característic d'aquest grup implica la tendència a fer desaparèixer els braços de la creu, mitjançant els elements decoratius que els uneixen i que alhora tenen una funció estructural. El treball escultòric es concreta en les imatges de la intersecció dels braços, en les traceries, de caràcter ogival, i en els florons dels extrems de l'estrella, un dels quals ha estat restituït. La creu porta el crucifix en una de les cares, mentre que a l'altra hi ha una imatge amb peanya i sota dosser.

Història
De les tres creus de la vila d'Anglesola, només s'ha conservat la que actualment es troba a la plaça de Santa Anna. Desmuntada durant la Guerra Civil, va ser instal·lada de nou en un lloc proper a l'originari

L'enquadrament cronològic de la peça és força difícil atès el caràcter retardatari que sovint tenen aquesta mena de monuments. En el cas que ens ocupa, és palesa la simbiosi d'elements de tradició gòtica, però ja dins d'una nova manera de fer que despassa una estricta classificació estilística.

Referències

Patrimoni monumental d'Anglesola
Creus de terme de l'Urgell
Creus de terme gòtiques

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Just Call Margy Staging & Redesign ..... Staging your home before you sell adds value to your home, boosts the listing price, and brings a quicker sale. We stage your home to immediately impress buyers in the few moments they go through it AND to impress the 85% of buyers that search the internet for their dream home. We also redesign or do a "makeover" in your home, condo, townehome, or cottage rental. A gentle approach is taken as we begin with your own belongings and add or update items as needed. Our goal is to (1) create the look that you have always wanted with practical creativity and (2) to stage with expertise, appealing to all potential buyers (3) to update and enhance your rental cottage, a dream get-away, family fun and relaxation, and (4) to customize a plan for your home to minimize, eliminate and keep clutter in check.
Staging is the art of presenting your home at its best. My goal is to make your home feel larger, comfortable and up to date. Your home will stand out from the competition so it will sell quickly and bring you top dollar for your property.
Staging works! There's no denying the statistics- Homes that are Staged generally sell 50% faster and for more money. Staging is for everyone!! There is a misconception that Staging is only for high end homes. That just isn't true! Every home looks more inviting with Staging. Staging is a great investment! A quicker sale means less holding costs and more money for you. Staging is affordable! Staging doesn't have to be expensive. Staged Home Designs offers affordable, real- world solutions for Staging your home.
What does a Waldo home stager do?
Home staging companies in Waldo, WI employ a variety of different techniques to present the home in the best light possible. The first step will likely be to make sure the home is impeccably clean, including the exterior of the house. Next the home stager will work on removing the personal touches that are unique to the current owners. Paint colors might go from dramatic reds and purples to neutral tones like beige and taupe, in order to appeal to the masses. The home will likely be cleared of family photos, risqué artwork, collections and knickknacks, so potential buyers will be able to better envision their own life in the house. In some cases furniture will be swapped out, and you might not even recognize your own house. Some Waldo home stagers tackle most of these tasks themselves, while others work with subcontractors and other professionals to get the job done. Here are some related professionals and vendors to complement the work of home stagers: Interior Designers & Decorators, Photographers, Real Estate Agents.
The process of staging a home can be difficult for some homeowners, especially when being asked to change things you've poured your heart and soul into over the years; but try not to take anything personally, as the stager only has your best interest in mind and no intention of insulting your personal taste. Before you contact a professional home staging company in Waldo, WI, make sure to consider a few things: Are you willing to change your home and take the advice of this professional to help sell your house? Do you think your house would greatly benefit from the help of a stager? How long are you comfortable having your home on the market? A staged home is likely to sell faster and, on occasion, at a higher asking price than a non-staged home. While there is no guarantee this will always be the case, it's often true and can make the entire selling and moving process a lot less stressful in the long run. If you are selling through a real estate agent, it's a good idea to get their opinion on whether staging your home would be beneficial to your specific situation.
Find a certified Waldo home stager on Houzz. Narrow your search in the Professionals section of the website to Waldo, WI home stagers. You can also look through Waldo, WI photos by style to find a room you like, then contact the professional who staged it.


text:
Everything Explained.Today
A-Z Contents
CLIÉ
Client state
Client state explained
A client state is a state that is economically, politically, or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state (termed controlling state in this article) in international affairs.[1] Types of client states include: satellite state, associated state, puppet state, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state, and tributary state.
Controlling states in history
Persia, Greece, and Rome
See also: List of Roman client kings. Ancient states such as Persia and Parthia, Greek city-states, and Ancient Rome sometimes created client states by making the leaders of that state subservient, having to provide tribute and soldiers. Classical Athens, for example, forced weaker states into the Delian League and in some cases imposed democratic government on them. Later, Philip II of Macedon similarly imposed the League of Corinth. One of the most prolific users of client states was Republican Rome[2] [3] which, instead of conquering and then absorbing into an empire, chose to make client states out of those it defeated (e.g. Demetrius of Pharos), a policy which was continued up until the 1st century BCE when it became the Roman Empire. Sometimes the client was not a former enemy but a pretender whom Rome helped, Herod the Great being a well-known example. The use of client states continued through the Middle Ages as the feudal system began to take hold.
Under the Mongols and the Yuan dynasty
In the 13th century, Goryeo dynasty of Korea was overrun by the Mongols who founded the powerful Mongol Empire. After the peace treaty in 1260 and the Sambyeolcho Rebellion in 1270, Goryeo became a semi-autonomous client state of the Yuan dynasty for about 80 years.
See main article: Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire. The number of tributary or vassal states varied over time but notable were the Khanate of Crimea, Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, Sharifate of Mecca and the Sultanate of Aceh.
Russia and Serbia
See main article: Russia–Serbia relations. The Austro-Hungarian Empire tried to make Serbia a client state in order to form a Christian opposition to the Ottoman Empire. That changed after a revolution in Serbia in 1900. Serbia now came under Russian protection, which was forming a pan-Orthodox opposition to the Latin Christianity represented by the Austro-Hungarian empire. In 1914, Russia repeatedly warned the Austro-Hungarian Empire against attacking Serbia. When it did attack, Russia mobilized its army.[4] [5] [6] Russia also wanted Bulgaria[7] and Montenegro[8] as client states.
Great Britain and Austria both considered Serbia as a client state controlled by Russia.[9] Most historians call Serbia a client state but historian Christopher Clark disagrees. He says the Russians made a mistake in thinking Serbia was a client state. In an unpublished commentary Clark argues:
"It was a risk enhancing initiative [of Russian Foreign Minister Serge Sazanov] to allow Serbia to become to see Serbia as a kind of client; ... Serbia, to my knowledge, has never been a client of anyone. [...] This is a mistake, when Great Powers think they can secure the services of "client states"; That Those "clients" are never in fact "clients"! That's a mistake that is presumably going to continue being made by our political leaderships, though one hopes one day it will stop."[10]
See main article: French client republic and Françafrique. During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras (1789–1815), France conquered most of western Europe and established several client states.At first, during the French revolutionary wars these states were erected as republics (the so-called "Républiques soeurs", or "sister republics"). They were established in Italy (Cisalpine Republic in Northern Italy, Parthenopean Republic in Southern Italy), Greece (Septinsular Republic), Switzerland (Helvetic Republic and Rhodanic Republic), Belgium and the Netherlands (Batavian Republic).
During the First French Empire, while Napoleon and the French army conquered Europe, such states changed, and several new states were formed. The Italian republics were transformed into the Kingdom of Italy under Napoleon's direct rule in the north, and the Kingdom of Naples in the south, first under Joseph Bonaparte's rule and later under Marshal Joachim Murat. A third state was created in the Italian Peninsula, the Kingdom of Etruria. The Batavian Republic was replaced by the Kingdom of Holland, ruled by Napoleon's third brother, Louis Bonaparte.
A total of 35 German states, all of them allies of France, seceded from the Holy Roman Empire to create the Confederation of the Rhine, a client state created to provide a buffer between France and its two largest enemies to the east, Prussia and Austria. Two of those states were Napoleonic creations: the huge Kingdom of Westphalia, which was controlled by Jerome Bonaparte, the Emperor's youngest brother; and the Grand Duchy of Würzburg.
Following the French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, Spain too was turned into a client Kingdom of Spain under Joseph Bonaparte; as was Poland, then the Duchy of Warsaw.
In the 20th century, France started to apply the concept of Françafrique, its name for its former African colonies,[11] [12] sometimes extended to the former Belgian colonies. At present the term is used on some occasions to criticise the allegedly neocolonial relationship France has with its former colonies in Africa.
The countries involved provide oil and minerals important to the French economy. In addition, French companies have commercial interests in several countries of the continent. As if that were not enough, Francophone countries in Africa help to sustain the image of France as a world power, by giving votes of support for French initiatives at the UN.[13]
In the British Empire the Indian Princely States were technically independent and were technically given their separate independence in 1947 (although the Nizam of Hyderabad indeed opted for independence but could not retain his independence from India). Egyptian Independence in 1922 technically ended a British protectorate in Egypt. Sudan continued to be governed as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan until Sudanese independence in 1956; Britain also had an interest in Egypt until the Suez Crisis was over. Iraq was made a kingdom in 1932. In each case the economic and military reality did not amount to full independence, but a status where the local rulers were British clients. Similarly in Africa (e.g. Northern Nigeria under Lord Lugard), and Malaya with the Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States; the policy of indirect rule.
After France was defeated in the Battle of France, Vichy France was established as a client state of Nazi Germany, which remained as such until 1942 when it was reduced to a puppet government until its liberation in 1944. Germany also established, in its newly conquered Eastern territories, client states including the Slovak Republic, the Croatian State and the Albanian Kingdom.
The term applied to authoritarian regimes with close ties to the United States during the Cold War, more appropriately referred to as U.S. proxy states, such as South Vietnam, Indonesia (1966–1998) under the Suharto Regime, Iran until 1979, Cambodia under the regime of Lon Nol from 1970 to 1975, the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos from 1965 to 1986,[14] and Saudi Arabia. U.S. - Iran relations under the Shah (reigned 1941 to 1979) have been cited as a modern political-science case-study.[15]
A school of thought saw an earlier incarnation of Canada as a client state of the U.S.[16]
The term might also arguably be used for those states extremely economically dependent on a more powerful nation. The three Pacific Ocean countries associated with the United States under the Compact of Free Association (the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Palau) may fall somewhat in this category.
In the late 19th century, the Japanese Empire gradually reduced Joseon Korea's status to that of a client state. In the early 20th century, this was converted to direct rule. Manchukuo, in contrast, remained a puppet state throughout World War II.
Soviet proxy or "client" states included much of the Warsaw Pact nations whose policies were heavily influenced by Soviet military power and economic aid. Other third world nations with Marxist-Leninist governments were routinely criticized as being Soviet proxies as well, among them Cuba following the Cuban Revolution, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea,[17] the People's Republic of Angola, the People's Republic of Mozambique, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). Within the Soviet Union itself, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR, had seats at the United Nations, but were actually proper Soviet territory.
- Australian intervention in East Timor has been alleged to be an "imperialistic" mission to acquire a client state.[18] [19] [20]
Nauru has been regarded as a client state of Australia by some sources, as it is heavily dependent on economic support from Australia, uses Australia's currency and processes and houses unauthorised asylum seeker arrivals to Australia under the Pacific Solution.[21] [22] [23] In The Guardian, Ben Doherty wrote that "Nauru is a client state in every sense, kept functioning, just, by its wealthy neighbour. But its dependence on Australian largesse makes its government entirely beholden to its benefactor's interests, even at the expense of its own people" and described Nauru as a "tiny, impoverished client state in the middle of the Pacific".[24] Refugee advocate David Manne labelled a plan by Nauru to sign the 1951 Refugee Convention as a "cynical marketing tool" by a "client state of Australia".[25] [26]
Papua New Guinea, also involved in the Pacific Solution, has been called to a lesser extent, a client state of Australia.[27]
See also: List of tributaries of Imperial China.
Cambodia has sometimes been considered a client state of China.[28]
has also been considered a Chinese client state, although this is disputed.[29]
Myanmar has been described as "a near-client state of China".[30]
Nepal has been described as a client state of China by Huffpost.[31]
has sometimes been seen as a client state of the People's Republic of China since the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, although this sometimes disputed.[32]
Pakistan is sometimes considered a client state of China.[33] [34]
- The Economist has warned that Russia is "evolving into a Chinese tributary".[35]
has been described as an Indian client state.[36]
Lebanon,[37] Syria[38] [39] and Iraq[40] have to varying degrees been called client states of Iran.
- Financial Times has said that Russia "has long treated Belarus as a client state".[41]
Kyrgyzstan has been referred to as a Russian client state.[42] [43]
has sometimes been called a client state of Russia.[44] [45] [46] [47]
is sometimes referred to as a Russian client state.[48]
- According to The Atlantic, "Bahrain has long positioned itself as a client state to Saudi Arabia as well as the U.S."[49]
has been referred to as a Saudi client state, siding with Riyadh against Iran.[50]
(Cabinet of Yemen) - during the civil war in Yemen.
There are three Pacific Island states that are under the Compact of Free Association:
Sierra Leone - This is because of British intervention in Sierra Leone in 2000. This was a positive, humanitarian, intervention where Britain saved the government of Sierra Leone from collapse. Britain then helped Sierra Leone rebuild after with military, political and financial support. [51]
Walter C. Ladwig III, Assistant Professor of International Relations at King's College London, classifies Iraq and Afghanistan as "contemporary client states" of the United States.[52] In 2011 The Atlantic listed Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Colombia, South Korea, Yemen and Bahrain as American client states.[53] The term has also been used to describe Ukraine,[54] Georgia,[55] Brazil,[56] Japan,[57] Myanmar[58] and Australia.[59]
Vassal state
Tributary (political)
Puppet state
Satellite state
Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne. Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Continuum International Publishing, 2002. Pp. 9.
Book: Herod's Judaea. 9783161497179. Rocca. Samuel. 2008.
Collected studies: Alexander and his successors in Macedonia, by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond,1994,page 257,"to Demetrius of Pharos, whom she set up as a client king
Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov warned Austria in 1914 that Russia "Would respond militarily to any action against the client state." Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (2012) p 481.
Book: Thomas F. X. Noble. et al. Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, Volume C: Since 1789. 2010. Cengage. 692. 978-1424069606.
Book: Michael J. Lyons. World War II: A Short History. 2016. Routledge. 3–4. 9781315509440.
Book: Barbara Jelavich. Russia and the Formation of the Romanian National State, 1821-1878. 2004. Cambridge UP. 288. 9780521522519.
Book: Clive Ponting. Thirteen Days: The Road to the First World War. 2002. Chatto & Windus. 60. 9780701172930.
Book: Henry Cowper. World War One and Its Consequences. 1990. Open University Press. 209. 9780335093076.
CIRSD Conference on WWI: Panel "What Kind of Failure?" - Prof. Christopher Clark, 21:36. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sV2147p9xho Published on 30 May 2014.
Web site: The French African Connection . September 27, 2018 . April 7, 2014 . Al Jazeera .
News: The Return of Françafrique . September 27, 2018 . Haski . Pierre . July 21, 2013 . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . New York .
Web site: Bleeding Africa: A Half Century of the Françafrique . September 27, 2018 . March 25, 2014 . Loonwatch.com .
News: Imelda's Tears . The New Yorker . April 12, 1998.
Book: Gasiorowski . Mark J. . Mark J. Gasiorowski . U.S. foreign policy and the Shah: building a client state in Iran . registration . Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series . Cornell University Press . 1991 . 9780801424120 . 2018-09-19 .
Book: Williams . Glen . 6: Canada in the International Political Economy . Clement . Wallace . Williams . Glen . The New Canadian Political Economy . Montreal . McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP . 1989 . 116, 130 . 9780773506817 . 2018-09-19 . The dependency school, dominant in the 1960s and early 1970s, argued that Canada is an economic colony with a client state. [...] while it might have been possible a decade ago to use a Latin American dependency model when describing Canada, because of its excessive degree of foreign ownership and 'American client state' status, both Canadian capitalists and the Canadian state have now 'come of age.'.
Why North Korea is betting big on nuclear weapons. 8 January 2016. Mizokami. Kyle. The Week.
Web site: Australian troops deployed to occupy East Timor - World Socialist Web Site. James Cogan. 25 May 2006.
Web site: Info . ro.uow.edu.au . 2020-01-13.
Web site: JPRI Working Paper No. 64.
Web site: Pacific correspondent Mike Field. 18 June 2015. Radio New Zealand.
Web site: Chris Kenny visits Nauru as borders open up to allies. The Saturday Paper.
Book: The Lonely Planet Story. 9781854584496. Wheeler. Tony. Wheeler. Maureen. 2008.
Web site: This is Abyan's story, and it is Australia's story. Ben Doherty. the Guardian.
Web site: 'Opportunistic' Nauru not fit to sign refugee convention - Crikey.
Web site: Nauru's former chief justice predicts legal break down. News.
Web site: Data . www.regionalsecurity.org.au . 2010 . 2020-01-13.
Ciorciari. John D.. China and Cambodia: Patron and Client?. SSRN Electronic Journal. en. 1556-5068.
Web site: Impoverished Laos Shows Resistance To Becoming A Client State Of China. Jennings. Ralph. Forbes. en. 2020-01-22.
Web site: China's Myanmar Problem. thediplomat.com. en-US. 2020-01-23.
Web site: Is Nepal China's Client State?. Novick. Rebecca. ContributorWriter. 2010-10-05. HuffPost. en. 2020-01-22. Optimist. Eternal.
Web site: (Commentary) North Korea is not a client state that China can control. Standard. The. The Standard. en. 2019-08-02.
Web site: China is at risk of becoming a colonialist power. Anderlini. Jamil. 2018-09-19. Financial Times. en-GB. 2019-08-02.
Web site: Pakistan is China's client state', says US report. April 21, 2018. Business Standard.
News: Partnership is much better for China than it is for Russia. The Economist. 2020-01-16. live. 0013-0613.
News: What Were China's Objectives in the Doklam Dispute?. Blank. Jonah. 2017-09-07. 2020-01-22. en-US. 0015-7120.
News: Opinion Lebanon, Hezbollah and Iran's Emerging Client State. Schanzer. Tony Badran and Jonathan. 2019-09-18. Wall Street Journal. 2020-01-22. en-US. 0099-9660.
Web site: https://www.idf.il/en/minisites/iran/iran-in-syria/the-future-of-irans-presence-in-syria/. www.idf.il. 2020-01-22.
Web site: The Real Reason Why Iran Backs Syria. Barfi. Barak. 2016-01-24. The National Interest. en. 2020-01-22.
Web site: Iraq is a Client State of Iran. 2017-11-09. International Policy Digest. en-US. 2020-01-22.
Web site: Belarus and Russia ease tensions over oil supplies. www.ft.com. live. 2020-01-16.
Web site: Cooley: Kyrgyzstan is entering a new era as a Russian client state. 2014-09-19. www.ponarseurasia.org. en. 2020-01-22.
Web site: With Massive Russian Military Aid, Is Kyrgyzstan Becoming A Client State?. Eurasianet. en. 2020-01-22.
Web site: Why Russia Needs Syria. Knight. Amy. 2015-10-08. The New York Review of Books. en. 2020-01-16.
Web site: Analysis: Despite Icy Relations With U.S., Could Putin End Syrian War?. NBC News. en. 2020-01-16.
News: Obama administration scrambles as Russia attempts to seize initiative in Syria. DeYoung. Karen. 2015-09-30. Washington Post. 2020-01-16. en-US. 0190-8286.
Web site: Is Russia the Middle East's New Hegemon? by Shlomo Ben-Ami. Ben-Ami. Shlomo. 2019-11-18. Project Syndicate. en. 2020-01-16.
Web site: Former local U.S. Congressman Sweeney defends Russian bank work The Daily Gazette. dailygazette.com. 2020-01-22.
Web site: Obama's UN Address and the Bahrain Exception. Fisher. Max. 2011-09-21. The Atlantic. en-US. 2020-01-22.
News: Pakistan Just Became Saudi Arabia's Client State, and Turned Its Back on Tehran. Shahid. Kunwar Khuldune. 2019-02-24. Haaretz. 2020-01-22. en.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/14/sierraleone1
Book: Ladwig. Walter C.. The Forgotten Front: Patron-Client Relationships in Counter Insurgency. Cambridge University Press. 2017. 302. 9781107170773. 2018-05-15. As with their Cold War counterparts, it was erroneous for American policymakers to believe that the governments of contemporary client states, such as Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, necessarily shared their desire to defeat radical Islamic insurgents by adhering to the prescriptions of U.S. counterinsurgency doctrine..
Web site: The Decline of American Client States. Fisher. Max. 2011-09-27. The Atlantic. en-US. 2020-01-21.
Dubovyk. Volodymyr. 2017-02-16. Is Ukraine a "Client State" of the United States?. PonarsEuarasia - Policy Memos. en.
Web site: A Tale of Two Client States. Lieven. Anatol. 2007-11-14. The National Interest. en. 2020-01-21.
News: The United States and Brazil: Limits of Influence. 2009-01-28. 2020-01-22. en-US. 0015-7120.
News: Contradictions of a client state. Gittings. John. 2007-09-12. The Guardian. 2020-01-22. en-GB. 0261-3077.
Web site: The Rohingya crisis and Myanmar's military responses. www.lowyinstitute.org. en. 2020-01-22.
Web site: Australia is at a point where it has to choose between its ally America and its economic backer. Steger. Isabella. Quartz. en. 2020-01-22.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Client state".
Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2020, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.


Disposing of your kitchen waste or garbage in your sink isn't really easy, so there are some garbage disposal units available in the market which will help you dispose of your waste efficiently. There are many things to consider when it comes to looking for the best garbage disposal units that are available out there. You need to find something that is efficient and of course, it should be at your money's worth. It's alright to shell out money if your garbage disposer of your choice is effective and it suits your needs.
Garbage disposal units are usually powered by electricity; therefore, it is dependable in grinding your food waste in your sink efficiently. A good reason to have a garbage disposal unit is so that you can manage your kitchen and food waste effectively so as not to have any issues with how to dispose of your waste! To find a good one that matches your wants and needs, it's good to check out garbage disposal reviews to have a walkthrough on what unit you prefer among the others available in the market.
So below are the best garbage disposal reviews to somehow help you decide on how to choose the best garbage disposal unit! When it comes to waste management in your home or in your space in general, it's important to never settle for anything but the best!
2.4 Product Reviews Are Useful!
The InSinkErator Evolution Excel 1.0 is one of the top rated garbage disposals in the market today. With a rating of 4.5 stars in amazon and tons of positive customer review ratings, it proves itself to be a trusted garbage disposal unit for your waste management needs. It is made of stainless steel that's guaranteed not to gather any rust for as long as you use it.This specific garbage disposal unit has a SoundSeal Technology which lets it grind your food waste as quietly as possible unlike other standard and generic disposal units. With this, you'll have no problem with the usually loud sound of garbage disposers that kind of makes you cringe because of its hard metal sound.
This garbage disposal unit has a MultiGrind Technology which is able to grind any food waste imaginable. With this, you will not have a hard time in maintaining your disposer because it can manage to grind anything through its three grind stages. It will surely grind anything quickly and without any hassles. This is one of the best rated garbage disposal units because of its efficiency and also because of its longevity and how it can store 40 oz. of waste. Further, this specific sink disposal unit has 1 Horsepower Dura-Drive Induction Motor capacity which makes it really efficient in doing its job.
The InSinkErator Evolution Excel 1.0 HP Household Garbage Disposer is truly a good choice for a the best garbage disposal unit because of the stated features above. Also, if you want to be more amazed, it comes with a 7 year warranty. Yes, you read that right, 7 years. So it looks like the InSinkErator Evolution will truly serve you its purpose for a long time.
The Waste King L-8000 Continuous-Feed Garbage Disposal is one of the top rated garbage disposals. It has a 4.5 star rating on amazon that comes along with plenty of positive customer reviews from those who have experienced the wonders of this specific garbage disposal unit. It has a 1.0 horsepower motor with a high speed of 2800 rpm which makes it very efficient when it comes to grinding your food and kitchen waste. It is made of stainless steel and also has stainless steel swivel impellers for grinding waste and this stainless steel is insulated which makes it very silent while it grinds your waste. It's always better to choose a garbage disposal unit that can grind your waste in the quiet!
This garbage disposal unit also has a fast and easy mount system which makes it very easy to install. It includes a drain elbow and gasket which makes it easier to install, without facing any hassles of course! This food disposal unit can truly meet your needs because it has rust free grinding components which make the process of grinding food waste very effective and efficient. This Waste King L-8000 assures you with a lifetime warranty against corrosion because it is made of quality stainless steel.
The Waste King L-8000 Garbage Disposal is definitely a good choice when it comes to hunt for the best garbage disposal units out in the market right now. You will have no problems when it comes to this specific sink disposal unit because it's guaranteed to suit your waste management needs!
The Waste King A1SPC Knight Garbage Disposal is a garbage disposal unit that's known to be one of the best garbage disposal units out in the market today. It has a 4.5 star rating on amazon and a lot of positive reviews from people who have already purchased this device. This specific sink disposal unit has an Exclusive Silencer Technology unlike any other which makes the grinding process of waste material very quiet. This technology uses the same tools in sound proofing music studios.
You can easily install this specific garbage disposal unit because of its New Snap and Lock Mount system which also helps in replacing existing disposers of yours. With this, it's much easier to use this specific unit as compared to others which aren't that easy to install. It also has a 2700 rpm motor that processes even the toughest waste that could go through your sink. And the Waste King A1SPC does that efficiently, without any struggle that you can hear of because it's very quiet! As one of the best food waste disposer,this unit no longer has a multi chamber system which makes it difficult for the device to process waste easily. This unit processes waste in one pulverizing pass which makes it very efficient.
The Waste King A1SPC Knight 1.0 Horsepower Garbage Disposal is truly a good choice if you're looking for one of the best garbage disposal units available out there because of how it suits your needs when it comes to proper waste management of your kitchen and food waste. This garbage disposal unit comes with a lifetime warranty which means that this unit will surely benefit you for a long time!
With a ton of positive reviews, the InSinkErator Badger 5, 1/2 HP Food Waste Disposer has a 4.5 star rating on amazon. This garbage disposal unit is the one to choose when you are considering the affordability of a garbage disposal device. It has the proper and efficient functions but it can come at a much lower price than the other top devices in the market. The InSinkErator brand has been known to provide people with the topnotch devices when it comes to food disposers so this specific one wouldn't really disappoint any of us.
The InSinkErator Badger 5 has a 26 oz. grind chamber with galvanized steel grind system. With this, you can make sure that your food waste is going to go through efficient grinding processes. With its ½ horsepower induction motor, you can make sure that this motor is very powerful and it can grind waste effectively. It's a reliable choice when it comes to choosing the best garbage disposal unit available in the market.
The InSinkErator Badger 5, 1/2 HP Food Waste Disposer comes with 2 year in home limited warranty which is enough in making sure that this garbage disposal unit will continue to meet your needs for quite a long time. With this sink disposal unit, you really won't be disappointed because it just comes at the right price but it's still reliable and efficient in delivering quality performance. When it comes to disposing those food wastes, it's always good to have the InSinkErator Badger 5 in mind.
The General Electric GFC520V Continuous Feed Food Waste Disposer is one of the top rated garbage disposals out in the market. It has a 4.5 star rating on amazon which is backed up by many positive user reviews. This specific garbage disposal unit has a heavy-duty 1/2 horsepower a magnet motor that's permanent, which assures you that it can take in even the hardest food waste to grind in a disposer. With this, it's sure to take on any of your food waste so there's no need to worry about anything. It has a 2800 rpm action which is considerably better than with others which only usually have 2600 rpm or 2700 rpm.
This specific unit is one of the best food disposal units out in the market because of its large capacity and galvanized turntable. It also has direct wire connection so you don't have to worry about separate power cords when you install this unit in your home. It has an EZ Mount technology which aids in easier installation of the device which is ideal when it comes to garbage disposal units. Further, it also has a removable splash guard and stopper that come along with the unit.
The General Electric GFC520V is a good choice when it comes to looking for the best garbage disposal to buy. If you have a very busy kitchen, then this unit will be very useful to you because it will surely deliver a good job. This unit is also one of the best because of its convenient design that has many advantageous features. So if you're looking for the best garbage disposal unit, then this one is really a good choice for you.
The KitchenAid Continuous Feed Garbage Disposal is rated with 4.5 stars on amazon which makes it one of the best garbage disposals to buy in the market right now. And if you're also looking for a cheap garbage disposal unit that's good for its price then you should keep an eye on this one. This specific unit has a continuous feed which is good for quick cleanups after every meal. You won't have a problem about waiting for too long for your disposer unit before it can work properly again. It also has a sound seal technology which makes it very ideal if you really want to maintain a quiet kitchen. It's no good to be hearing some loud grinding sounds when you're at work in your kitchen, right?
The KitchenAid Garbage Disposal will be a good choice for you because of its ¾ horsepower motor which means its power capacity is for heavy duty grinding and food waste processing. There's no need to worry about the hassles of too much food waste to be processed and your food waste disposer getting stuck while it's trying a futile attempt to grind all of it.
This specific garbage disposal unit has a 40 oz. food waste disposer with a two-stage grinding process which makes it an efficient kitchen waste disposal unit. It is also on the side of affordable garbage disposal units so if you're one who wants an effective disposer but wants to maximize the set budget that you have, then this specific garbage disposer is for you.
It's not that easy to choose the best garbage disposal unit that's available in the market. You need to consider a lot of things so that you'll know that you're making the right choice. So below are things you need to know when it comes to purchasing a good kitchen waste disposal unit!
You always need to consider the efficiency of what disposal unit you will buy in connection with the activity you do in your kitchen. Do you have a very busy kitchen? Or it's more of a calm one? You should buy a good garbage disposal unit that depends on how much work and how much waste your kitchen produces. With this, you'll have something that's efficient in terms of how it complements your home so that you don't overdo or underdo it. Remember that you don't to get a disposal unit which is heavy duty if your kitchen does not involve heavy duty work because the unit will just be more of a waste to you.
There are some people who are alright with shelling out more money if it means they get something that are worth their money. We all know that most kitchen waste disposal units are pricey but it is because of how it functions and how it is very essential in managing the waste that you produce in the kitchen. So when buying the best garbage disposer, it's good to always have a set budget beforehand so that you won't have problems when it comes to overstretching your budget. Look for more product reviews and check how what other people's experiences are in a specific product. With this, it will much easier for you to choose. But always remember, choose and purchase something for your money's worth so that you won't get disappointed in the end.
You should never forget to take note of the structure, capacity and overall design of the garbage disposal unit that you will purchase. If you're looking for the best garbage disposal unit, find something that will last you a long time in your kitchen, something that's durable and something that comes with a very convenient warranty. Don't ever settle for something that doesn't meet your needs just because it comes at a cheaper price.
When talking about the design, it's always essential to find a garbage disposal unit that's made of stainless steel and so that it will not be prone to rust and corrosion. When it comes to the capacity, both power and waste processing, it's important to always consider what will suit your needs and wants. Don't settle for something less than you need also don't go looking for something far more than what you want.
Product reviews says it all. When it comes to the top garbage disposal units, it's good to check out product reviews so that you'll know what other people think of specific products that you have in mind purchasing. When you know about other people's experience with a food waste disposer, it will be much easier for you to weigh your options. Don't take product reviews and user reviews for granted for they are very useful when it comes to looking for the best garbage disposal units that are available and you can read proof if they are actually the best through the reviews from people who have already purchased the specific device or unit.
A warranty is very important when it comes to buying something like a food disposal unit because you are expecting that it will be with you for a long time. There are some garbage disposal units that can give you a lifetime warranty and there are some that are just limited to as short as a year. If that's the case, you can still look for a package that contains your preferred choice of garbage disposal unit but with an extended warranty. With this, you can maximize your preferences in terms of what unit will suit your needs and your home's need, of course. So remember, when buying a good garbage disposal unit; always prioritize the warranty and its limitations. Be sure that you will get only what is best for you so that you won't ever be disappointed with what you will purchase!
There are many things to consider when it comes to choosing the best garbage disposal unit for your house or for your space in general. There are many available units out in the market and all you need to do is to choose from them but of course, it's good to already start from top rated garbage disposals in the market so that you can lessen your time in decision making so that you can start having the best garbage disposal unit to yourself!
Owning the best garbage disposal unit is a good investment for your space. If you have one, think of all the convenience that you will get just because you have it. Improving one's home requires a lot of effort and all the effort you put into it is a good investment for you and your family. A good kitchen disposal unit is something that will be of benefit to you so when you choose one, always choose the best. We all know that it's not good to end up being disappointed over something we purchased, right?
True enough, there are many known and trusted brands to choose from and with this; you are assured that they will deliver only the best performance for you. So if you choose from what's already the best according to many people, I guarantee that you will have an easier time in purchasing what garbage disposal unit suits your needs.
So for a final note, choosing the best garbage disposal unit requires planning and thinking carefully. It's something that's hard to replace once you already bought a unit that you thought was good enough so always plan and set a budget that you have for what you will buy. In this way, you'll get something that you will truly be satisfied with.
"Is this list ranked in order of best disposals? If not, which do you recommend? I've seen lots of positive reviews of the InSinkErator, but read on another blog that it can overheat. Do you have any thoughts on this?


Thomas of Aquino and the Relics.
Thomas Aquinas (or Thomas of Aquino) (ca 1225-1274), probably the most important church father of the middle ages, had a huge influence on Christianity both in his own lifetime and later.
He was himself influenced by the philosophy of Aristotle and Plato, and tried to combine these philosophies with the gospels and the church's dogmas. Thomas was the son of a count in the city of Aquino in Italy, but parted early with his family, and became a Dominican monk in 1243. He is described as a sluggish, fat character, without much sense of humor. He worked for some time at the University of Paris.
On his way to a synode (church council) in Lyon in 1274, the famous church father Thomas fell ill, and had to stop at a monastery in Fossanuova. This was possibly not among his best ideas. This was in the middle of medieval times, when the popularity and sales of holy relics was booming in Europe. The churches and monasteries competed of having the most famous and best relics. Having good relics meant getting droves of pilgrims, and pilgrims generated revenue. The trading with objects associated with holy persons was in its heyday, and the highest priced items were remains of holy persons themselves.
As the most esteemed church father of his day, Thomas Aquinas "value" would be considerable, if wasn't it for him still being alive.
The Monasteries in Italy had often a shaky economy, and the friars in the Fossanuova monastery may have seen a pale and sick Thomas Aquinas staggering through their gate, as a gift from above. There has been suspicions of maybe the dried herring he was served was poisoned. Whatever the cause, Thomas health deteriorated very quickly after arriving in the monastery. And short after, he took his last breath, ca 50 years old. The body was probably not even cold before the monks cut off the head of the famous church father, and boiled his fat body for hours to get rid of the flesh, and to collect and preserve his bones. (Roughtvedt 1996). The pious brothers did not immediately capitalize on the project, since Thomas Aquinas was not canonized as a saint until fifty years later. Maybe they got a good price for the bones then, who knows.
Selling and buying holy relics was big business, and thus the authenticity of the objects was often quite dubious. Pig bones could easily pass as the bones of some holy saint. As mentioned above, having holy relics gave churches and monasteries income in the form of money or gifts from visiting pilgrims. Different saints were believed to have different magic powers, and pilgrims were paying for the miraculous healings and services of the local church's resident saint/relic.
A lot of the holy saints were based on fiction and myths, and therefore no real bones could be obtained. But since all human skeletons usually look the same, some other random bones could easy pose for any particular saint. Bones were dug up from cemeteries and collected in crypts, and passed on as the remains of different saints and religious celebrities.
Early on most relics was the human remains of the supposed holy persons themselves. But with the relic business booming, new areas opened up, and now also objects associated to holy persons, or mentioned in the Bible became relics. So now suddenly splinters from the cross, thorns from the crown of thorns, nails from the cross, the lance used to stab Jesus, emerged on the marked. Objects supposedly owned by disciples and other biblical figures, were now suddenly "found" over a 1000 years later. Planks from Noah's ark, and even charred twigs from the burning bush suddenly emerged on the relic marked. One of the really hot items was splinters of the holy cross. So many splinters of the holy cross were in circulation, and together you could probably build a small wooden village from them. Liters of the virgin Mary's breastmilk, and even the foreskin of Jesus himself was sold and bought. At one point one discovered that there were not less than six instances of Jesus' circumcised foreskin, all claimed to be the real thing. Then a cardinal put his foot down, and declared that only three of them could be genuine, because of the trinity(!) (Roughtvedt 1996).
We know of 14 different examples of Jesus' foreskin relics, and only in France there are approximately 500 of the Baby Jesus baby teeth. (Deschner 1987 s.54). He must have been quite a sight when he smiled... The "discovery" of Jesus' foreskin even formed a strange catholic "foreskin-cult", were the holy foreskin was revered and praised. This cult was for some reason very popular amongst nuns. Holy feathers (!) and even eggs (!!) from the Holy Spirit are still kept as relics several places. In the castle church in Wittenberg no less than 5500 relics were kept in 1510 AD, and the archbishop of Mainz had a private collection of 9000 holy relics!!
Bone fragments, arms, fingers, heads, feet and whole corpses of supposed saints or holy persons, were bought and sold, and distributed to churches all around catholic Europe. Often, the remains of one saint could emerge as several different relics, all claiming to be the real deal. For example, of nineteen examined "saints" relics, still kept in different churches and monasteries, there are 121 heads, 136 bodies and numerous different body parts of these nineteen saints! In the Cathedral in Cologne they kept the skull of St. Johns the Baptist – as a twelve year old! From St. John the Baptist we know of ca 60 fingers and at least tree heads. (Deschner 1990 s.293).
The holy relic trade also brought about an extensive thieving and plundering of relics. A practice the church largely accepted. For example was the remains of St. Nicholas (Santa Claus) stolen from the church in Myra (Asia minor/Turkey), in the 1089, by pious delegation from the city of Bari. St. Nicholas remains were brought to the city of Bari, where they built their own church to house the stolen remains. (Roughtvedt 1996).
Buying holy relics was expensive, but without relics, your local church and village didn't get much income from passing pilgrims. There was no guarantee, and often the investment was not worth the price, especially if the holy saint turned out to be a sack of pig bones. Most of the relics were of course fake forgeries, since the majority of the catholic saints never actually had existed in the first place. Anonymous corpses and body parts passed as famous saints, and earned unscrupulous graverobbers good money.
Of the more unlucky buyers were two anonymous monks sent to Rome to acquire their local monastery their very own saint. In Rome they stated their mission, and lo and behold, they soon got lucky and were offered to buy the remains of the holy St. Sebastian himself. After some negotiations and haggling, something the two monks obviously didn't excel in, they ended up paying a very stiff price for the holy cadaver.
Well back at home after a probably arduous long journey dragging a stinking corpse, they discovered that they were kind of swindled. The corpse was not of the holy St. Sebastian at all, but of a roman emperor. They decided to pretend as nothing had changed, and started an ostentatious celebration, with the corpse ceremonially placed on the high altar. It now became obvious that the process of preserving the corpse was not very well done, and on an especially hot summer day, the whole cadaver suddenly exploded with a loud bang during the High Mass. (Ibid. s.42-43).
Selling and buying holy relics was big business, and thus the authenticity of the objects was often quite dubious. Pig bones could easily pass as the bones of some holy saint.