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Lilac pruning rules in spring and autumn
Any plant belonging to the order of the Higher has ground and underground systems. By ground refers crown, trunk or trunk, which in various monocotyledonous plants are called boles, and the plant itself will be called standard. The underground part consists of the root system, which includes various skeletal roots and a multitude of thin root hairs.
The aboveground and underground systems are interconnected. The growth and development of one system is impossible without the growth and development of another. Therefore, absolutely any external impact on the crown has a direct impact on the root system of plants, and vice versa. The task of any gardener is to minimize external stimuli or try to ensure that influence is always justified. Most often at the intuitive level, the gardener adheres to certain norms of maintaining decorativeness.
Trim or not trim?
In the spring there is a risk of removing the flower bud, which, in turn, is located on the very top of the shoot. It is also not recommended to level the lilac in height and to carry out formative pruning.
Most often forming trimming combines sanitary shoot removal. It is held in the summer months immediately after flowering and includes:
removing branches that overload the crown,
removal of weak shoots
circumcision of swan shoots that are no longer viable,
cut off the dried base or the tops,
pruning shoots that infected with various pests,
at this time produce a thinning of the crown,
old branches are removed, as well as shoots that intersect with healthy ones.
Next is the trimming of the top and branches. This is done to form a smooth and beautiful crown. Do not forget about the new shoots, which also must be removed. It is important to remember that too dense trimming of the crown, in which the work of the root system changes, in turn, may provoke active growth of shoots.
In spring, deep digging of the soil is unacceptable, especially in pristvolny circles. In this case, the most uppermost, most physiologically active roots are damaged. Reaction occurs aboveground part of the plant, namely, thin and short shoots are gaining weight. Flower buds are formed only on the well-lit part of the crown. Based on this reaction, the lilac is cut annually to about 15-17% of the total number of branches. Under young plants, the soil is loosened shallowly - up to 8 cm, while under older plants it is necessary to dig up the soil up to 15 cm.
Many gardeners are of the opinion that pruning lilacs is an unnecessary exercise. The postulate is: if it grows, let it grow as it wants and where it wants. However, opinions differ: some gardeners are constantly trying to align, prune, file. Experience has shown that, more often than not, the end result of constantly constantly undercutting is worse than that of the former. Everyone knows that it is necessary to cut the plants, and also to form a crown, but do it once a year and do it right.
In the usual broadleaf lilac and some other types of shoots branch in a false dichotomous type. This happens when from top node a one-year shoot does not sprout one, but several new shoots. On one shoot, many shoots are formed due to germination of buds on the nodes located below, and this increases the total number of shoots on one bush several times.
Accordingly, in spring the root system is incapable of increasing significantly in size. Based on this, every year the plant becomes less and less shoots and inflorescences, as well as the overall decorativeness of the entire bush. Only due to the correct annual pruning, it is possible to avoid crown thickening and to improve the overall appearance of the whole plant.
Trimming methods
To carry out the procedure yourselfshould learn how to properly trim the lilac. There are two main ways to trim the lilac:
pruning branches, crown and damaged shoots,
removal of inflorescences that have already bloomed, through a slice with a width of not more than 0.4 cm in diameter.
On the place of old inflorescences the lilac of large size will not grow, therefore it is necessary to cut off the old inflorescences. It is desirable to smear the cut well with a garden pitch, otherwise the plant will begin to rot. The rot subsequently penetrates into the middle of the skeletal branches, and gradually a healthy tree will turn into dust.
Lilac can be grown as a small tree or a bush. Crown plants are formed at the age of three; adult bushes should have several trunks. Among a large number of shoots or branches, 4–5 are the largest and strongest, which are directed in different directions. relative to the center of the plant. All the others are cut around the ring, and in the future, to avoid the emergence of new shoots, the crown is thinned every year in the central part.
Thanks to this method in the crown does not appear thick branches, the removal of which means a strong injury to the plant. For the old bush, which has a large number of trunks, this is permissible, because after removing the old shoot in its place a new one is formed. The latter grows out of the kidney of the root zone, which takes two and a half years.
Standard plants have a single trunk, and because of this, it is protected from any mechanical damage from the very beginning of the formation of the crown. The lilac is pruned in the spring, and this process begins in order to reduce the height of the trunk to 1 m. And all the rest are cut around the ring. Left shoots must be approximately at the same distanceto make the crown look symmetrical. This will make it possible to give the plant stability and strength.
In all the following years, shoots and young branches that are redundant should be removed immediately. Shoots that grow from dormant buds must be removed as soon as they sprout. Thanks to this method, cuts will never be larger than 2–3 cm in diameter, and this, in turn, ensures the durability of the trunk and its skeletal branches. However, if for any reason one or several branches in the crown, which have significant diameters, were not promptly removed, they do not need to be cut. By their presence, they will inflict less damage to the plant than the wound formed after their removal.
When to prune
As a gardener, you will have to decide for yourself when and how to prune the lilac.
Warning! Never exercise Lilac pruning in the summer, because it is in the summer months that the most active budding takes place. An inexperienced gardener can intervene in the process and unknowingly remove just those shoots that are tuned to the most magnificent flowering.
To trim the crown is necessary in early spring or, which is most favorable for growth, after the end of flowering. At the same time, velvet inflorescences and dry branches are removed.
Lilac lovers know that if old inflorescences of varieties such as common and broad-leaved lilacs are not removed or removed late (in August – September), all the nutrients will go to seed and fruit formation. There will be nothing left on the bud of the flower buds, and later, next spring, the plant will not bloom. Therefore, it is necessary to start pruning the inflorescences as soon as the lilac has blossomed.
There is a certain regularity: the more flowers of any varieties of petals are in relation to their wild relative, the less fruit they have. The very first pruned bushes, flowers which are non-double-leaved are more than half of the lilac varieties. The second are semi-double inflorescences, such as: Marshal Lannes, Violetta Linen. Last but not least, with double and terry inflorescences: Madame Lemoine, Madame Casimir, Ogni Donbassa, Taras Bulba, Lavoisier and others. In this case, thanks to pruning inflorescences, you can significantly improve the decorative appearance of the lilac.
Varieties that do not bear fruit, for example, Beauty of Moscow, Lesia Ukrainka, pruned at any time, can be cut even in winter. In physiological terms, the presence or absence of inflorescence in their crown does not have any effect on the formation of flower buds. In these types of inflorescences, most often they are not pruned, because, regardless of the number and yield of seeds, every year they bloom very much. However, there is an exception - this is Beijing Lilac, which, provided that the fruit is at its maximum, cannot form flower buds and will not bloom next year.
Spring pruning adversely affects the appearance of lilac shrubs, because pruning places (dips) may not disappear before flowering begins. That is, when the crown blooms next time, dark spots will appear there, which visually impairs the general appearance of the bush.
Pruning before flowering
Lilac pruning can be done in different months. Each of these procedures has its own meaning.
For example, pruning before flowering (that is, in early spring, from mid-March to early April) is important for several reasons.
It leads to more intensive growth of lateral shoots.
It helps to leave in advance only those branches on which buds appear. Thus, all the nutrients received by the plant will go to the growth of these parts.
At this stage, it is easier to form the crown.
You need to start pruning with the removal of all damaged branches. If they are broken, blackening appeared on them or branches grew in a curved shape - get rid of them.
Also need to trim quite old branches. They can be identified by the following features:
curved shape
the presence of lichen on them.
But the young shoots that have appeared over the past year, may also be under attack. For example, if they grow in the center of a bush. They do not get sunlight, nutrients also reach in small quantities. And there is not enough room for intensive growth. They only overload the bush.
It is also better to get rid of the shoots that have not survived the winter cold. They will not be able to reanimate.
But to cut off the upper parts of the branches, shortening the bush, in this period is not worth it. After all, there are also kidneys there.
Pruning after flowering
The next pruning should be carried out after flowering. It is best to do this between the end of May and mid-June.
During this pruning, the goal is no longer old and damaged branches, because they are disposed of in early spring. Now you need to get rid of the inflorescences that dry out after flowering. If you do not do it in time, then they will begin to form seeds. And all the nutrients the plant receives will be transferred to them. Because of this, you can not wait to re-bloom in the spring.
Also, it is possible to shorten long branches after flowering. Now there is nothing to worry about emerging buds. After pruning you will notice that voids are visible in the crown. There is nothing to fear - by the next spring they will grow, new shoots are formed.
When is it best to prune after flowering - right after it ends, in spring, or can you wait for autumn? For novice gardeners this is a serious matter. Pruning in the fall is not prohibited categorically. And if you do not have time to shorten the branches immediately after flowering, then you should do it in the autumn. But there is a risk that you will cut off parts of the already forming kidneys. For this reason, flowering in spring may not start at all. So it is better to prune until mid-summer.
Shaped pruning
Pruning is needed not only to get rid of spoiled branches. With it, you can change the shape of the lilac. Usually such procedures begin when a shrub reaches the age of three years.
Trimming needs to be planned in advance, because it will take several years to create the form.
In the first year will have to get rid of a large number of branches. Ideally, leave no more than four. These should be the strongest and evenest branches, on which there is no damage. Also, they should all be sent in different directions. That is, even if there are two branches that are ideally suited for the formation of a bush, but they grow side by side and are directed in one direction, one will have to get rid of one. It is also necessary to shorten the remaining branches about two times. All of them should end at about the same level.
By the second year, branches will appear on the tops of the branches left. You will also have to work on it, leaving only those forks that have become the strongest.
In the third year and further, you need to repeat the same actions - get rid of weak gains, maintaining the necessary form.
In the future, you also need to control the resulting shape and prevent the formation of a large number of branches.
Standard trimming
Another type of form - the standard. In this way you can get a small tree. First, it is a more unusual and beautiful form. Secondly, in this way you protect the bush from external influences. For example, if your lilac was chosen by a dog, because of which the lower branches constantly rot.
In the first year, immediately after planting, cut all the side branches. Leave only the central one, which is the strongest and strongest. During this year, remove the young shoots that appear on the side of the remaining stem.
In the second year, when the lilac grows to the required height, it is necessary to stop its growth in this direction. For this bush pinch, that is, remove the tip. As a result, the shoots will start to grow sideways. But most of the shoots will have to get rid of, retaining no more than four of the strongest. These branches will be the basis of the tree.
In the future, you need to act the same way as with conventional formative pruning. That is, each year to process these skeletal branches, leaving them with the strongest gains, adjust the length of the branches.
The height of the lilac in the second year should be no higher than a meter, but not less than sixty centimeters. If the lilac is too high, it will be difficult to adjust its shape. A low shtamb looks not very beautiful.
Anti-aging pruning
Over time, the lilac, which was not originally created form and not carried out in a timely pruning, grows too much. Its branches grow in all directions, differ in length, a large number of old and damaged branches appear. Pruning of an old bush will help to make rejuvenation. The layout is pretty simple.
Pruned shrub should also be until spring, before flowering. And if during normal pruning it is not recommended to shorten the branches so as not to remove the developing buds, then during the rejuvenating pruning you will have to do it. Yes, you will get less shoots. But this is really a radical pruning, which will bring a positive result next spring.
Before pruning, you need to clarify whether the seedling is grafted. For this you need to inspect the trunk of a lilac. At the vaccination site, you will find a change in the thickness of the trunk, as well as differences in the cortex — below the level of vaccination, it may be of a different color or with a different pattern. Cut such a lilac can only be above the site of vaccination. Otherwise, it will lose its features and grow into an ordinary bush.
Very old and damaged branches should be removed, leaving no hemp. Stronger specimens, which will be the basis for a rejuvenated lilac, can be cut in half or a third.
Further adjust the shape of the bush every year. To complete the restoration of lilac will need about one or two seasons.
Slice Processing
After pruning, the wound remaining in place of the cut of the branches heals with time. However, this is not such a fast process, and in a period when new shoots have not yet formed, lilac is in danger. Particularly serious may be harm after the removal of thick branches, because fully formed wounds may not be delayed. Viruses and fungal spores often get into these holes. Collision with them can lead to the death of the bush, so it is important to handle the place of pruning.
After removing or shortening a branch, work a little with a very sharp knife.
If moisture does not get into this area, then after about ten hours cracks form on it. This means that the top layer of about 5 millimeters has dried up.
After this, it is necessary to treat the cut point with a garden pitch.
Garden pitch is a special remedy that speeds up the healing of wounds and prevents pests from entering. It is sold in stores for gardeners. But you can cook it yourself. To do this, you need three ingredients:
One part of the rosin will require two parts of wax and oil. Melt rosin, add wax. Pour oil into the resulting liquid, stir and turn off the heat.
To prevent the mixture from separating, pour it into water after removing it from a fire. Then drain it, leaving the pot to dry. Store in closed containers.
An important procedure in the care of lilac is pruning. It helps to regulate the growth of the bush by getting rid of old branches, which in vain absorb nutrients. Also with the help of pruning you can change the shape of lilac. You can get both an ordinary bush and a beautiful tree. Обрезка поможет омолодить сирень.
Лучше проводить эту процедуру весной – до цветения и после него. Можно обрезать сирень и осенью, но тогда есть риск, что в этом сезоне она не зацветет.
Крайне важно обрабатывать место среза, чтобы куст не подвергся атаке вирусов.
When the lilac is cut
If you make the correct pruning plant, you can:
upgrade bush
improve flowering
form a crown
provide a good gain of green mass
Do not let the fungal diseases hit the plant.
The young lilac in the first two years does not need to remove branches and shoots. If you remove young growths, the flowering will be rare or completely absent. It is important to choose the optimal time for shaping and cutting. In the spring gardeners do not recommend cutting the lilac, as this may disrupt flowering or stop it altogether.
It is better to transfer all manipulations to fall or until the inflorescences on lilacs disappear. But this does not mean that spring care is not required for the plant. Until the lilac buds appear, the damaged and dried branches, as well as the diseased sprouts, should be cut.
Types of lilac trim
There are two types of pruning lilacs:
crown trimming
pruning inflorescences that have bloomed.
Crown pruning is performed after flowering, so that the bush gives new buds and does not weaken. Long branches are removed by 1/3, thinning shoots and remove excess root rooted. The shrub pruning scheme after flowering is shown below.
The flowering inflorescences are pruned in late spring or early summer when the flowers disappear. This stimulates the growth of new kidneys. After the bush has been rejuvenated, only hemp remains on it and it does not look beautiful. But after 2 years, lilacs will have new shoots and lush flowering.
List of tools
This procedure requires garden tools, namely:
Pruner. To remove thin branches and new shoots.
Hacksaw. Required when removing thick branches.
Special paint. For processing fresh cuts or damage.
All inventory must be clean and well ground, so that the infection does not penetrate into the section when pruning. The ingress of various bacteria can be detrimental to the plant.
Autumn pruning lilac
The main goal of the autumn pruning is to prepare the plant for winter, rejuvenate, strengthen the growth and development of the bush. At this time of year, the plant tolerates pruning better than in spring. In the autumn, not only rejuvenate, but also remove dry shoots, give the desired shape to the bush.
How to thin a lilac bush
Thinning is done to shape the shrub, but do not forget that this procedure is done after 3 years of plant life, otherwise the lilac will disappear. Below is a diagram of forming a bush.
You can create a lilac bush:
in the form of an improved bush,
in the form of a free bush,
polustambova,
vyshoshtambovoy.
Autumn rejuvenation of lilac
A shrub can maintain its fluffiness as it grows, but the intensity and duration of flowering decreases. To eliminate this, rejuvenating the scrub is done. The plant over 10 years old needs rejuvenation. After the procedure, the lilac looks ugly, but for 2 years it will evenly and magnificently bloom.
During rejuvenation, most branches are pruned. The length of the branches should be no more than 40 cm from the soil level. Sections are covered with oil-based paint or brilliant green for quick healing.
Annual pruning
For timely sanitary cleaning lilac inspect each year in the fall. Branches that are covered with lichen, and the bark must be removed so that next year the lilac pleased with their flowers.
You also need to remove the curves and broken shoots that thicken the crown. This event is not done in the spring, so as not to disturb the growth and development of flower buds. Autumn pruning will greatly benefit the shrub and improve its wintering.
Spring pruning bush
Gardeners do not recommend rejuvenating and shaping the shrub in the spring, but some treatments with the plant are necessary. Before the appearance of the kidneys, all unnecessary shoots are removed. In such pruning needs old lilac, which eventually stops flowering.
After the procedure, in the first year, the bush will have no inflorescences, but in the future it will delight with a large number of lush and beautiful buds.
Pruning during flowering
When the bush blooms and wants to pick up an armful of lilacs and decorate an apartment or house. You can do it safely to strengthen the shrub. In the process it is forbidden to break off branches, you need to use garden tools. Breaking branches, you can destroy the plant, and in rainy weather, the breakup quickly rot.
Pruning at the end of flowering
After the flowering of the shrub, dried inflorescences are removed. Fulfillment of some requirements will help to preserve the bush and ensure its lush flowering in the future:
after the flowering of the lilac, pruning is done to preserve the strength of the plant for further growth,
a bush that does not bloom is thinned every year,
Autumn pruning is useful for shrubs and helps it to endure even the coldest winter.
What you need to grow lilacs
Growing lilac does not require serious material costs. For good growth and abundant flowering of the bush, you must follow simple rules, namely:
conduct annual pruning,
do sanitary cleaning of shrubs,
rejuvenate the plant in spring and autumn
periodically thin out the bush,
use garden tools for their intended purpose.
Why pruned bushes
Everyone knows that most plants consist of aboveground and underground parts, which are completely dependent on each other. Any impact on one of them instantly reflects on the second. Therefore, only the correct pruning - a pledge of well-being of the plant as a whole.
Lilac is no exception to the total mass. Its shoots are so arranged that 2 twigs sprout from each node. Over time, the root system is simply unable to provide the expanded crown with nutrients, as a result of which the plant will be weak and very few buds will form on it.
To achieve a decorative look requires regular pruning of lilacs. Any deviation from the rules will cause irreparable damage. For those gardeners who very often and thoughtlessly pruned something, the bushes can die at all.
Attention! By cutting the lilac each year and according to the existing rules established by experience, it is possible to get bushes literally strewn all over the height with flowers.
It should be borne in mind that lilac, like any other plant, "gets shock" during pruning, and thick sections can rot in stable, wet weather. Experts recommend to exclude top dressing during this period, and in order to avoid problems, lubricate all wounds with brilliant green or other suitable antiseptic.
How to pruning in the fall
Lilac pruning in the autumn period is required to achieve several goals:
removal of old and damaged branches,
rejuvenation of the bush
giving shrubs a beautiful shape, that is, its formation.
As usual, all these procedures are carried out in the early spring period, but they are practiced by many gardeners in the autumn.
Sanitary pruning is cutting all shoots that have dried up or been damaged. This also includes the removal of outdated inflorescences. Rejuvenating procedure is recommended to perform only from the age of 15 lilac bush. It includes trimming extra young shoots and shortening the tops. The latter is performed in order to activate the branching of lateral shoots. Formative pruning lilac is also included in the autumn care. Thanks to her plant give the conceived shape. For example, to get a bush in the form of a cylinder, the following scheme is required:
On the lilac, which has reached 3 years, leave 4-5 main escape, the growth of which is directed in different directions. The rest neatly sawed to the ground. The tops of the branches left trim on one level.
For the second season, the most powerful, well-branched shoots are left. They should be at the top of the bush and be directed outwards. The rest, thickening crown, removed.
Each subsequent season, the pattern is repeated until the crown takes on its intended form. At the same time, neither thickening nor noticeable voids should be observed.
Such a scheme, in addition to the main purpose, will not allow the shrub to grow old.
Attention! All pruning work should be done on a cloudy day. This will help avoid sun damage to the injured shoots.
In addition to the cylinder lilac looks good in the standard form. But such plants can not be called strong. They are often subject to disease and freeze.
How to prune the lilac before flowering and during
Lilac pruning in spring is mainly carried out for sanitary purposes. Clean up all the darkened and broken shoots over the winter. Strongly thinning lilac at this time is not recommended - there is a threat that the plant this season will "refuse" to throw out the buds.
In addition, in the spring before bud break, old branches covered with lichen or those that have cracks on the bark should be removed. Such shoots consume a lot of nutrients, while flower buds are not formed on them. Of the young shoots on the lilacs, some of the strongest are left to maintain annual growth. They must grow upwards and not upset the shape of the crown. During the flowering period of lilac it is allowed to cut off a lot of fragrant inflorescences with which gardeners love to decorate a home. This procedure has a beneficial effect on the shrub.
Lilac pruning for rejuvenation
This procedure is performed on old, heavily overgrown lilac bushes. After that, be sure to water and feed the plant. This is done in early spring, at the time when the buds have not yet dismissed, according to the following scheme:
Weak and unnecessary shoots cut to the ground level.
Those branches that have decided to leave, cut off by 40-60 cm from the root collar.
In the spring of next season, most of the shoots left are cut into a ring. At each stump at the same time you get several strong branches.
Buds on the lilac shrub formed 3 years after the start of rejuvenation.
Attention! Strong pruning of such a plan extends the decorative effect only for a few years. Old hemp quickly destroyed and the plant dies.
Lilac - a plant that requires minimal maintenance. Several bushes with different colors of flowers, which are pruned annually according to the rules, can be the main decoration of the entire site.
When you can prune the lilac
Lilacs should be pruned every year, but depending on the purpose of pruning they spend it at different times. In early spring, before the sap goes along the branches and the garden awakens from its winter dormancy, thinning and sanitary cleaning. In the same time exercise and anti-aging pruning lilac
Lilac bloom with proper pruning
Form the crown A shrub is best immediately after completion of flowering. At the same time you can carry out sanitary cleaning, thin the crown and rejuvenate the plant.
Lilac spring pruning
In early spring, you need to remove numerous shoots, cut all frostbitten, dry, broken, crooked and blackened branches and shoots. They also remove old, gnarled branches and last year's weak shoots from the central part of the crown. Shorten good branches and shoots do not need: together with the tops of the shoots, you risk getting rid of flower buds.
If you have a grafted lilac, remove all the shoots that formed the stock, otherwise the new growth will drown varietal shoots.
Is it possible to cut the lilac during flowering
When the lilac blossoms, it is customary to cut off branches for bouquets from it. Do not break, namely cut off: after breaking, the disfigured ends of the branches with peeled bark remain, which disfigure the entire shrub and may be affected by pests. Partial sanitary pruning is also carried out during flowering: they remove branches that shade other plants or interfere with walking.
Sanitary pruning
When the lilac bloom is complete, you need to cut off all drying inflorescences, until they begin to set seeds: the formation and ripening of seeds takes a lot of strength and nutrition from the bush, and you hardly need any seed material for propagation of lilac: reproductive characteristics of the plant are not preserved by generative reproduction. Cut faded inflorescences should be as close as possible to the first pair of leaves.
After that, you can shorten the shoots to improve the shape of the crown.
When do you need to cut the lilac: in spring, summer or autumn?
You can prune garden lilac year-round. Sanitary procedures are best planned for the spring before bud break. Before starting flowering, it is worth refraining from adjusting the crown height so as not to remove flower buds. If the lilac inflorescences form a lot, that part of them can be removed to prolong the flowering of the shrub.
It is not recommended to spend more than 3 lilac haircuts per season.
Not everyone can correctly cut the lilac, although planting and caring for clematis also causes some difficulties. After the flowering of perennials, it is enough to remove only faded panicles so that they do not pull off some of the nutrients for seed ripening. Moreover, 10% of inflorescences are left in order not to disrupt the vegetative processes of the shrub.
The hairstyle is carried out no later than August, the trees thinned in autumn do not bring inflorescences in the next season. Cut the lilac in the fall can only be used for sanitary purposes. In the period from September to November, the fungal parts of the crown are removed. In this case, saving the bush from death is a priority to its fruiting.
Types of pruning before and after flowering
Flowers, trees and shrubs are the hallmark of any site. Well-groomed plants can ennoble even the most unsightly territory. While thickened, diseased shrubs not only make the vegetative composition heavier, they also pose a threat to other ornamental and fruit crops. Regular cutting will help protect the plant from overgrowing.
There are several technologies for cleaning the bush from green mass. The choice of one of them is carried out taking into account the time of year, the age of the bush, its condition.
Sanitary annual clean crowns
Works are reduced to the release of perennial from infected, frostbitten and withered branches. Injured and dried shoots are usually removed in early spring before bud break to prevent fungal and pest damage to the trunks. Sanitary work also includes the removal of inflorescences after flowering.
Sanitary haircut is not always tied to the calendar works in the garden. In the case of the invasion of pests or damage to the crown by bacteria, the patient part is cut out completely regardless of the work carried out earlier. In order not to remain without a blooming garden, they take into account when repotting clematis, roses, peonies, hydrangeas and other perennials.
Thinning pruning
This is a type of haircut, in which lateral growth and cuttings are cut from a formed bush.
The following branches are removed from the plant:
with an acute otkhozhdenie angle - due to improper attachment to the stem, they slowly tear apart the bark,
fork - skeletal branches, sitting in one node and creating an additional load on the trunk,
intersecting due to constant friction, provoking the exposure of wood and the ingress of infections under the seed bark,
Shrub or shtambovom tree?
Lilacs can grow as a compact tree or wide shrubs, annually forming root shoots. If you give the culture the opportunity to grow independently, then over time it will turn into an overgrown shrub, consisting of many stems of different ages. In the center will be the old trunks with flaking bark. Lichens, mosses, pests willingly take root on them, causing damage to the whole plant.
Another possible development of events is also possible - for those varieties that do not form sprouts, a single trunk ages. If you do not take timely action, the plant will grow old and die. Approaches to the forming should be different, in each case it is necessary to take into account the varietal characteristics of perennial.
It makes no sense to try to form a stem from an overgrown bush or vice versa. Approaches to shaping should be different.
The initial stage of forming a stem tree is to shorten an annual sapling to a height equal to the desired size of a bole, plus 3-4 pairs of developed buds. From shoots that grow from abandoned buds, they further form a crown on the basis of a bush plant. In the future, will have to promptly remove the branches formed below the crown.
Video on the formation of trunk of lilac.
When to start rejuvenation?
Anti-aging pruning is cleaning the crown in order to extend the life of the bush and improve flowering. When it is carried out, the gardener selects the oldest trunks and cuts them to the stump. The updated crown is formed from young shoots that were selected and preserved during past cleansing of the plant. Partial anti-aging pruning is to remove lignified skeletal branches.
Anti-aging cleansing is carried out with the aim of stimulating the growth of new shoots. In the next vegetative season, the plant will not bloom, since all the flowering buds of the last year will be removed. Before carrying out the planned event, gardeners determine the availability of vaccinations. When it is detected, all parts of the plant, located on the same level, or below the grafting, are preserved.
Experienced gardeners do not recommend removing all the old branches at once, and cut 2-3 old trunks annually so as not to remain without flowering.
При достижении 12-летнего возраста цветение становится скудным, соцветия мельчают, поэтому щадящее омоложение лучше начинать, когда кустарнику исполнилось 9 лет. При срезке 2-3 старых побегов за сезон сирень всегда будет выглядеть ухоженной без ущерба цветению.
Надо ли обрезать соцветия после увядания?
If the owner is not interested in the maturation of seed pods, faded panicles are recommended to be removed, as they absorb a significant amount of nutrients.
When the first flowers appear on the lilac, they can be cut into bouquets. Breaking branches is forbidden, since the split wood is recovered with difficulty. The flowering next year will not be as abundant as usual. This is explained by the fact that the shoots, in which future flower buds will form, are located next to the inflorescences and destroyed along with them.
To cut the panicles per bouquet without loss of flowering buds of the next year, you can trim only the brushes themselves, or the brushes together with a "slingshot" - the place of fusion of 2 inflorescences with an allowance of 5-6 cm.
Haircut rules
For work you will need a set of garden tools:
pruner,
gardening scissors,
penknife,
insulating tape, resin or garden var,
At the primary stage, a visual diagnosis of the bush is carried out. There are trunks, branches and shoots, which in consequence will be cut. It should be remembered that for 1 time you can not remove more than 20% of the crown.
What mistakes make novice gardeners dismantled in the video.
Too long branches are shortened first by 2/4. The cut is done under an inclination of 45% and covered with garden pitch in order to avoid the penetration of infections under the bark. After this, the shrub is thinned from the withered, deformed and broken branches. They are cut to the very base of the trunk. Bare spots are wrapped with tape or agrofibre.
When working with intertwined branches and closely spaced trunks, use strings. With its help, parts of the crown are fixed in such a way that the individual shoots do not interfere with the work of the gardener. The trunks are cut to a stump, i.e. under the very foundation, the wound is covered with garden pitch. If the amount of cut material does not exceed 15% of the total mass of the crown, gardeners start nipping weak branches and young shoots.
After completion of the procedure, the string is cut, the crown takes the same form. Cut material to be disposed of immediately. The branches abandoned near the bush provoke the development of putrefactive processes.
How to cut the lilac correctly - tips and ways
Lilac can be found on almost every flowerbed, because this unpretentious shrub has a high decorative effect, and its lush, fragrant inflorescences will decorate any garden. But in order to preserve these qualities, it is necessary to regularly prune lilac, both to form a crown of the correct form and to rejuvenate old plants.
This article describes in detail the technique of the procedure, depending on the season and the age of the shrub. You will learn how to properly remove the branches of lilac in the spring and autumn, and what activities need to be carried out before and after flowering, and photos and videos will help to master the skills necessary for the procedure.
When and how to prune the lilac
Remove old branches or excess shoots from the bush is necessary, because otherwise the flowers will cover mainly the upper part of the plant, and its decorativeness will decrease.
It is important to choose the right time for the procedure. Spring is not well suited for the formation of crown, because the stress of pruning can reduce or even stop flowering in the current year. Therefore, it is better to postpone the procedure until completion of flowering or autumn.
However, this does not mean that spring plants do not need to pay attention. Before the awakening of the kidneys, you need to carry out sanitary cleaning: remove all dry or damaged branches, as well as shoots with signs of disease. This will help preserve the health of the shrub during the entire growing season.
Trimming schemes
For trimming this shrub there are several schemes. One of them is aimed at the formation of the crown, and the second - at the rejuvenation of the old plant. Consider each of them in more detail.
To form a crown, do the following:
Wait until flowering is over and remove all withered buds,
Long branches must be shortened by a third,
Remove all excess root growth and thin out shoots growing close to the ground.
If the bush has become too wide, it is necessary to additionally remove weak and thin side shoots. As a result, you should have a compact plant with a rounded crown. This procedure is best done after flowering, and not in the spring, so that the shrub is not weak and can form buds (Figure 1).
Figure 1. The classical scheme of formation and rejuvenation of the bush
In the case of old shrubs that require rejuvenation, do differently. Without exception, the branches are shortened so that their length from the surface of the earth does not exceed 40 cm. Shoots located at the surface of the ground, thin out or completely remove (if the branch is old). If you are not interested in flowering this year, rejuvenation can be carried out in early spring, otherwise pruning is carried out after flowering is completed.
In fact, after rejuvenation, the bush will not look very attractive, since only small hemp will remain on it. But after 2-3 years it will acquire young shoots and again become covered with lush inflorescences.
For the procedure, you will need a standard gardener set: a secateur to remove young shoots and thin branches, a handsaw to cut off parts of large diameter, as well as garden var or oil paint to treat the resulting wounds.
It is important that the entire instrument is clean, sharp and disinfected. Otherwise, an infection that can kill the plant can get into the cut.
Thinning bush
Young culture is growing very quickly, and without regular thinning the bush will turn out too lush and shapeless.
Note: Since this event does not involve the removal of a large number of branches, it can be carried out in early spring.
In order to qualitatively thin the crown, first of all, cut out all the dry or frozen parts. Next, remove the weak shoots that are not able to form flower buds, but they consume the plant sap and weaken it. In addition, you need to cut off the branches growing inside the crown. Such an arrangement leads to the fact that the kidneys do not receive enough sunlight, and do not bloom.
Also in the process completely cut root shoots, especially for grafted plants. If this is not done, wild branches will form at the roots, which will only weaken the plant, but will not bring flowering. However, moderation and caution should be observed during pruning: at most one third of the total number of branches can be removed at a time.
Lilac rejuvenation
The main difference between anti-aging pruning and other species is that it implies a strong thinning of the bush. At first glance, such a procedure may seem dangerous, but in fact it will allow a few more years to enjoy the flowering of the old lilac.
After such a procedure, only hemp remains from a previously magnificent bush. But do not be afraid that the plant will die: gradually, in place of old branches, young flowering shoots are formed.
Note: There is a certain difference between the rejuvenation of grafted and own-rooted varieties. In no case can graft plants be cut below the grafting site. This will lead to the fact that instead of a beautiful ornamental shrub, you will grow an ordinary wild shrub.
Rejuvenating plant, do not regret that this year will not bloom. In early spring, before the movement of the juice in the branches began, all old shoots are removed, leaving no more than 40 cm from them. Old shoots with cracked bark can be cut to the ground. Naturally, after such a procedure, it does not make sense to expect flowering. But after 2-3 years the plant will fully recover, and will delight you with its bloom for several more years.
Lilac pruning in autumn
Despite the fact that the crown formation is most often carried out immediately after the completion of flowering, that is, in the summer, in the fall, it is also necessary to conduct such events. Their main goal is to slightly rejuvenate the shrub, to prepare it for wintering and to strengthen it before the future growing season.
Since the autumn pruning lilac brings much better spring, during this period, you can not only thin out and rejuvenate the shrub, but also more carefully form its crown.
Lilac pruning before flowering
In early spring, that is, before the start of flowering, it is not recommended to strongly thin out the shrub. This may lead to the fact that in the current year the lilac does not bloom.
Activities that are carried out in this period include sanitary cleaning and easy thinning. The first step is to remove all dry, broken or blackened branches. You also need to cut the oldest shoots covered with lichen or cracked bark. Such branches only thicken the crown and consume juices, but do not form buds. In addition, it is necessary to cut off too young and weak shoots, leaving only a few of the strongest for annual growth. It should be carefully observed to remove only those shoots that grow in width and disrupt the shape of the crown.
Lilac pruning during flowering
Keep from moderate pruning of lilac during the flowering period is difficult, because you want to decorate your house with lush inflorescences. Do not be afraid to do this, because such a procedure will only strengthen the plant and preserve its vitality.
Note: A similar procedure is not carried out for young plants: they are not strong enough and will not tolerate pruning.
Cutting the buds, in passing, they carry out a light thinning: they remove young twigs that grow inside the crown, or interfere with the formation of stronger shoots. In the process, in no case can not break the branches. For cutting, use only a sharp shears or garden shears. If you just break a branch, an ugly trace will remain in its place, which can later lead to diseases or the death of the entire bush, especially in wet weather, when damaged branches quickly rot.
How to cut the lilac after flowering: schemes and methods
Immediately after completion of flowering, it is necessary to equip with garden tools and prune lilacs. This is necessary if you plan to enjoy blooming for several more years.
Note: There is a certain order of pruning: first, care for simple varieties, then for semi-double, and then for terry.
The main goal is to remove all wilted buds. The cut should be done directly above the first pair of leaves or buds, but if you want to slightly correct the shape of the crown, you can back down from this rule.
There are several rules that will help preserve the health of the shrub and provide abundant flowering next year. (Figure 4):
Pruning is carried out immediately after the flowering period. Otherwise, the strength of the plant will be spent on the formation of fruits and seeds, not buds.
If you grow a non-fruiting shrub, thinning can be done year-round: flower buds will form anyway.
Do not be afraid of autumn pruning: lilac quickly recovers and hibernates well after such care.
Figure 4. Care after flowering
The only condition that must be observed is the proper care of the planting after trimming. Sections must be treated with oil paint, linseed oil or ordinary brilliant green. Without this, the branches will quickly begin to rot, especially in wet weather.
Old lilac: pruning
Any old lilac bush is not a very attractive cluster and interlacing of branches. At the same time, it does not bloom too much, and can quickly die without appropriate care. To prevent this, rejuvenating procedures are performed (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Rejuvenation of the old plant
Similar pruning can be done in spring and autumn. In any case, it will be possible to wait for flowering only in 2-3 years, since in the process of rejuvenation all old and young branches are cut out, leaving only small hemp no more than 40 cm long. Root own lilacs with a lot of old branches can be cut off altogether. But such a procedure will be detrimental to the grafted seedling: if you cut off the grafting site, instead of a varietal shrub, you will have wild growth.
Since rejuvenation is considered to be a very traumatic procedure, it is better to spend it in dry weather. Dampness can cause rapid rotting of the branches, especially if the cut points have not been properly treated with oil paint.
Chamomile perennial garden: description of varieties, photos, planting and care
Varietal features and care for perennial aster
Zamioculcas home care transplant reproduction
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We live in a time and place ripe for bold leaders. At Xische Academy, global practitioners help future leaders discover, pursue, and scale their bold vision into moon shots. We operate four programmes: Design Thinking, Happiness, Future Tech and Storytelling in 1, 3, and 10 day courses.
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During a type design workshop, I brought one of Yellowstone National Park's signage typefaces into the digital world.
I fell in love with the warmth and honesty of hand-made type found on trail signs in Yellowstone and decided it deserves a digital companion. It was the perfect starting point for a type design workshop at our university.


Downtown development thrives as Michael Keith works on new housing projects.
Developer Michael Keith: "The demand for something with character is so strong that downtown is really thriving and it's just going to get better."
What other area in Tucson has millionaires, street walkers, blue- and white-collar workers and retirees all living side-by-side?
This is a question that home builder Michael Keith asks about his downtown barrio neighborhood.
"All weekend long here, you see BMWs driving up and down looking for 'For Sale' signs," he says.
While attending Rincon High in the 1960s, Keith snuck into some abandoned historic mansions near City Hall one day. They were slated to be torn down to make room for a parking lot. "They were beautiful, with a sense of elegant lifestyle," he says. "It was crushing to think they were going to be demolished."
Keith later enrolled at the UA and took two decades to get a degree in political science. Along the way, he left town and spent five years in Saudi Arabia as a procurement agent for a general contracting firm.
After returning to the university, Keith used some of his savings to build a speculative house in Oro Valley. At the end of the project, he got a surprise.
"I learned to my astonishment that there were still outstanding invoices the contractor hadn't told me about, so my profit was less than anticipated," he says.
Based on that tough lesson, Keith decided to become a general contractor himself. He obtained his license in 1985, purchased two rundown adobe structures in the barrio south of downtown and worked with the city of Tucson's rental rehabilitation program to restore them.
"They say (in building), you learn 90 percent of what you know on your first project, and mine allowed me to separate truth from fiction on historic preservation work," Keith says.
He lists three fallacies that his initial rehab project taught him: Buildings that are dilapidated can't be restored; people wouldn't rent properties located that far south; and barrio owners couldn't charge market-rate rents.
"Its cheaper to restore than take a building down and rebuild because there is always a market for character," he says.
Next, Keith rehabilitated two nearby properties, then he continued to work on other barrio projects until 1992, when he got his first chance to build a new home in the historic El Presidio neighborhood on downtown's north side.
After that, Keith constructed more new homes downtown, and three years ago he was selected by Jerry and Emma Talen to restore the Cheyney House in El Presidio.
Built in 1905, the 4,000-plus-square-foot former mansion had been deserted for years. Many people thought that what little remained should just be demolished. But the Talens believed otherwise.
"For 18 months I spent every second of my life devoted to that project," he says.
Although there were no photos readily available that revealed what the house originally looked like, Keith found a 1910 picture at the Arizona Historical Society. Combining that with an early aerial photograph that showed the roof of the house, he started on the restoration. It resulted in an award-winning project costing $800,000.
"He was diligent and he put in a lot of hours," Jerry Talen says. "After the job was done, we're still friends."
Returning to the barrio, Keith recently completed four courtyard homes on narrow lots and sold two of them quickly for more than $200,000. The interest in the units indicated to him there's a strong market for downtown housing.
"There is a broad demographic looking for convenience and community that cuts across racial and age groups," he says. "It is growing in size constantly and is huge."
Thanks to the publicity from his work on the Cheyney house, Keith was able to purchase a small vacant lot at the corner of Franklin Street and Court Avenue in the El Presidio neighborhood. The first phase of this infill effort, which begins construction shortly, will be seven homes, four of which have been pre-sold for more than $300,000 each.
Margaret Hardy, the president of the El Presidio Neighborhood Association, worked with Keith on two earlier projects.
"He got a lot of input about the design and he cares about the details that makes a quality project," she said. "We were thrilled when he decided to do the development and couldn't be happier about it."
After that, Keith will be tackling a considerably larger undertaking. As part of a team, he was selected by the city of Tucson to build homes on 13 acres along west Congress Street in the Rio Nuevo district. While the total plan calls for 200 housing units and 16,000 square feet of retail space, Keith's initial involvement will be 24 houses, each priced less than $160,000.
To develop designs which are attractive, yet not too expensive, Keith is holding workshops for potential buyers.
"You have to trade square footage or amenities for affordability," he says.
While it will probably be at least a year until the Congress Street units are under construction, Keith says eventually he would be interested in getting involved with a downtown adaptive reuse effort, similar to the Ice House project (See "Lofty Developments," Oct. 16).
Having spent almost two decades building and restoring homes in the central city, Keith is excited about its future.
"The demand for something with character is so strong that downtown is really thriving and it's just going to get better," he says. "I'm really up on downtown."


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The time is long gone to call online volunteering, also known as virtual volunteering, a new or upcoming practice. In fact, the practice is more than 30 years old: Project Gutenberg (www.gutenberg.org) is probably the oldest example. This endeavor, now a nonprofit, was established in 1971, decades before public access to the digital highway became the norm. Through the contributions of online volunteers like transcribers, editors, researchers, and tech support, it provides electronic versions of many classic works such as Les Miserables, Dracula, and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, as well as textbooks and other published materials with expired copyrights.
Online volunteering became more common among nonprofit organizations in the late 1990s, with widespread use of the Internet. Impact Online, now VolunteerMatch, began soliciting "virtual volunteers" to help with its new volunteer recruitment site in 1994. CompassPoint Nonprofit Services in San Francisco, formerly the Nonprofit Support Center, hosted one of the first presentations about online volunteering in 1995. Organizations' early efforts with online volunteering were chronicled at the Virtual Volunteering Project (www.serviceleader.org/old/vv), a research endeavor at the University of Texas at Austin that spent more than four years identifying and studying organizations with online volunteers and documenting practices that other organizations could adopt. By the end of 1999, the project had to abandon its comprehensive listing of organizations with online volunteers, as the list had grown into the many hundreds and was no longer possible to accurately maintain.
There are now thousands of nonprofits that involve volunteers through the Internet in some way. For instance, organizations are sending newsletters via e-mail to volunteers who provide service onsite, sponsoring online communities for volunteers to talk about their service activities, providing Web-based platforms for volunteers to log in their service hours, and, of course, volunteering online.
Online volunteering means volunteer activities that are completed, in whole or in part, via the Internet, usually in support of or through a nonprofit organization. Examples of online volunteering include: translation, research, Web design, data analyses, database construction, online discussion facilitation or moderation, proposal writing, issue advocacy, production of articles, online mentoring/coaching/tutoring, professional advice, curriculum development, publication design, video editing, podcast development—the list of online volunteering activities is as long as a listing of onsite service possibilities. As can be seen from even this partial list, most online volunteer activities are not directly tech-related. Also, traditional onsite volunteers who engage online with organizations they support, such as through an online discussion group, can also be considered online volunteers, since some of their service is happening online.
Involving volunteers online is a flourishing and growing practice. The organizations that do so vary tremendously in terms of agency staff size, agency age, and mission focus, ranging from large and long-established nonprofits such as Greenpeace, the World Food Program, and the American Cancer Society to relatively new, smaller organizations such as Perverted-Justice (which works to catch online pedophiles), Blogher (a new nonprofit that promotes blogging by women), and Knowbility (a nonprofit that promotes education and employment access to people with disabilities). To see examples of the hundreds of organizations involving online volunteers, visit the virtual volunteering section of VolunteerMatch (www.volunteermatch.org) and the UN's Online Volunteering service (www.onlinevolunteering.org), as well as the archives of the Virtual Volunteering Project (www.serviceleader.org/old/vv). Online volunteering is also a frequent topic among practitioners on the CYBERVPM discussion group.
Many who are new to online volunteering have the impression that it will replace onsite volunteering, that those who contribute online are new to community service, and that the majority of online volunteers are in their 20s. But according to research by the Virtual Volunteering Project in the late 1990s, as well as further research and anecdotal evidence since then from various organizations (see sidebar), the overwhelming majority of online volunteers also volunteer in onsite settings, often for the same organization they are helping online. Online volunteers also come from all age groups (usually starting over age 13), from various educational and work backgrounds, and from various geographies and ethnicities. There is some evidence that there are slightly more women who volunteer online than men. Of course, each organization will have a different breakdown as far as online volunteer demographics, but it's important to keep in mind that one cannot make sweeping generalizations about who online volunteers are, or will be.
• it can allow people to help others in a geographic region that they cannot travel to or do not live in.
• online volunteers don't require physical accommodations (no desk, no chair, no parking place).
Online interactions with volunteers can often feel quite personal. This is because many people are more willing to share information, feelings, and criticisms online than they are face-to-face. Also, volunteers can more easily share information about their interests and background (such as family and work photos) over the Internet than, say, at an onsite volunteer luncheon.
In addition, involving volunteers through the Internet is done most successfully by organizations focused on making volunteers collaborative partners in how the organization operates. This often means actually giving volunteers more to do and requiring a greater volunteer commitment. These organizations' successful volunteer involvement is focused on acknowledging and listening to the feedback from volunteers. They are making volunteers feel included and energized—not with pins or mugs or luncheons, but through greater and more meaningful involvement and ongoing, interactive support.
Therefore, in learning to work with volunteers online, nonprofit staff must learn how to interact with people on a more transparent, personal level than they may be used to with traditional onsite volunteers.
• Ensure that all staff, particularly those who currently engage with volunteers, have reliable access to the Internet and are supported to use the Internet regularly to research information and engage in online communities relating to their work. If staff aren't experienced using the Internet as part of their work already, it's going to be quite difficult for them to feel comfortable working with volunteers online.
• Ensure that staff master the basics of traditional volunteer management and are involving onsite volunteers successfully. Research shows that most of the challenges in involving online volunteers relate to traditional management practice.
• Encourage staff to regularly communicate with current volunteers using e-mail and to commit to responding to e-mails from volunteers quickly.
• Encourage the staff person primarily responsible for managing volunteers to create an online community for current volunteers to talk about their service. This gets both the staff person and current volunteers used to interacting with one another online.
• Support your volunteer manager in creating a robust volunteer-related section on your organization's Web site, featuring complete information on how volunteers are recruited, screened, trained, and supported at your organization; details on how community members can express interest in volunteering; and a listing of what volunteers do at your organization. This may be a challenge, not because of a lack of technical know-how, but because the manager has not had to provide this information in writing before. This task is essential, however, to get a volunteer manager used to thinking of online activities as part of his or her job responsibilities—it will make the transition into involving online volunteers much more natural down the road.
You may find, as your organization engages in these activities, that online volunteering is already happening at your organization—for instance, a volunteer who is designing a new brochure for your organization may be undertaking some of this assignment from his or her home or work computer, and interacting with a staff person by e-mail as the project progresses. Because the volunteer is seen onsite, no one may ever have thought of the person as also an online volunteer.
Staff may express reluctance to involve volunteers online out of a misplaced fear of the Internet as being inherently dangerous. However, the Internet is no more dangerous than the offline, face-to-face world. Just as there are any number of things that can be done to protect people in face-to-face interactions, there are many things an organization can do to ensure everyone's safety, as well as the safety of its information, online. The Virtual Volunteering Project details various safety measures that can be undertaken.
It must also be noted that a volunteer, online or onsite, is no more likely to share confidential information inappropriately than a paid staff member if the volunteer undergoes the same training and experiences the same management as a paid staff member regarding confidentiality. In short, confidentiality is a training issue; all staff, whether paid or volunteer, whether onsite or online, needs to have training on what can and cannot be shared with the public.
• ensuring online volunteers feel as recognized as onsite, face-to-face volunteers and long-term volunteers.
Research and practice show that the keys to success in involving online volunteers have little to do with technology and everything to do with people skills, management style, and transparency. Organizations that successfully involve online volunteers do not think of volunteers in two different groups; they are all volunteers, often the same volunteers, and the management of all these volunteers is fully integrated, responsive, and transparent, fueling volunteers' enthusiasm for further service. Organizations successfully involving online volunteers represent innovation through their management, not their technology.
• www.coyotecommunications.com/volunteer/ovresearch.html. Links are provided on this Web page to all publications or ordering information.
• "Involving International Online Volunteers: Factors for Success, Organizational Benefits, and New Views of Community," by Jayne Cravens, MSc. In conjunction with the Institute for Volunteering Research's November 2005 conference, "Volunteering Research: Frontiers and Horizons," research was undertaken to assess current common practices among organizations successfully involving international online volunteers, to explore the role online volunteering may play in building a more cohesive global community, and to assess the relationship between involving online volunteers and building organizational capacities. Published in The International Journal of Volunteer Administration (IJOVA) in July 2006.
• "Power to the Edges: Trends and Opportunities in Online Civic Engagement," Final Edition 1.0, by Jillaine Smith, Martin Kearns, and Allison Fine. This paper explores trends and strategies related to the current (as of May 2005) and future state of online activism, fundraising, and democracy. The report concludes with a series of findings and recommendations for the ways that organizations, individuals, and philanthropic groups can help build such cultures. Commissioned by the USA-based Philanthropy for Active Civic Engagement (PACE).
• Vic Murray and Yvonne Harrison of the University of Victoria produced "Virtual Volunteering: Current Status and Future Prospects" regarding online volunteering in Canada, with findings applicable for online volunteering in other countries.
• The Virtual Volunteering Project, based at the University of Texas at Austin, the first extensive research project regarding online volunteering, 1996–2001.
Jayne Cravens, MSc, is a consultant based in Bonn, Germany.


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Student news: MCVTS dancers offer their take on sustainability
Student achiever news from:Bishop George Ahr High School, Linden Schools No. 1 and No.5, Misericordia University, Union County College, Kent State University, Raritan Valley Community College
@MyCentralJersey
The upcoming performance is in keeping with a campus effort toward sustainability that resulted in its recognition as a National Green Ribbon School
Bishop George Ahr Operation Christmas Child 2016
Linden Schools No.1 & No.5 celebrate American Education Week
Union County College studen chosen as 2016 Coca-Cola leaders of promise scholar
"Trash" is the theme of the fall dance program of the School of the Arts on the East Brunswick Campus of the Middlesex County Vocational and Technical Schools.
The upcoming performance is in keeping with a campus effort toward sustainability that resulted in its recognition as a National Green Ribbon School, the first vocational school in New Jersey to be so designated.
"The set is going to be a 16-foot mound of garbage – clean garbage," said dance instructor Cleo Mack. "It's not going to smell."
There also will be a 6-foot-high, 16-foot-long "wave" of plastic bottles.
The 75-minute program is being created by Mack and 58 dance students with the assistance of 20 students in the new MCVTS theater technology program, as well as the building trades and digital film shops.
The piece will open with a solo dancer and a digital bee, Mack said, and in the middle will be a fashion show of gowns made of recycled materials.
The program will be presented Thursday and Friday, Dec. 15 and 16, at 7 p.m. in the auditorium on the East Brunswick Campus, 112 Rues Lane.
"The big goal for us design-wise was how to make something with a really clear message that would be entertaining," Mack said. "It was important for the students to understand that art can be impactful without being heavy handed."
The program is being aided by a grant from the Middlesex County Cultural and Heritage Commission.
More information on the Middlesex County Vocational and Technical Schools is available at www.mcvts.net.
READ: The good things students are doing in Central Jersey and beyond
READ: Education news from around the region
COLLEGE CONNECTION: Advice from local expert columnist
Bishop George Ahr High School
The Bishop Ahr family has just wrapped up its annual Operation Christmas Child project, shipping more than 150 shoeboxes filled with a variety of gifts such as toys, school supplies, hygiene items, socks, hair clips, mints, gum, and other items that will be delivered to poor children in Third World Countries.
Operation Christmas child is a unique worldwide outreach of Samaritan's Purse. Each year, this organization shares God's love with millions of poor, sick, and suffering children by hand-delivering these shoeboxes.
According to a news release from the Edison-based school, these Christmas presents not only bring great joy to precious girls and boys, they also open the hearts of millions of hurting children and their families to the Good News of God's love. The shoeboxes are a personal expression of the person who packs them, each one being filled with uniques gifts. Most of the children receiving the gifts come from families that are not able to give them Christmas presents. For most of them, these are the first gifts they have ever received.
The organizers thank the the Bishop Ahr families who participated in the CSAC Club's Operation Christmas Child activity.
Greater Princeton Youth Orchestra
GPYO Symphonic and Concert Orchestras are presenting works by Meyer, Mendelssohn, Mussorgsky, Marquez, Rossini and Saint-Saens during a concert beginning at 3 p.m. Sunday, Dec. 11 at Montgomery High School
The young musicians will be playing under the direction of the batons of Kawika Kahalehoe and Dr. Arvin Gopal. This concert will also feature Dallas Noble performing Mendellson Concerto in e Minor.
There is no charge to hear the musicians play. For more information, visit www.gpyo.org or call 609-306-9830.
John P. Stevens High School holiday concert
The John P. Stevens Band Program will present its holiday concert on Wednesday, Dec. 14, starting at 7 p.m. at the school, at 855 Grove Ave. in Edison.
Under the direction of Andrew DeNicola and John Zazzali, the program's Symphonic Band, Freshman Band, and nationally-recognized Wind Ensemble will be performing.
This free event is open to the community; all are invited to attend.
Nia Wadlington of Somerset has joined the newly enrolled honors college freshman class of more than 500 at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio.
Linden School No. 1 and No. 5
Nov. 14-18 was American Education Week and schools throughout the Linden public school district invited the community in to honor those who are helping to make the public schools work, according to a district news release.
Linden School No. 5 and Linden School No. 1 invited the community to a Parent's Day Breakfast, as a way to celebrate their child's education and to show appreciation to School No. 5 and School No. 1 employees, staff, volunteers and students who are making a difference in education.
Families enjoyed a traditional breakfast hosted by the district food service, Pomptonian, consisting of French toast, sausage, bacon, eggs and a variety of pastries. The families were able to share breakfast with the School No. 5 Principal Laura Scamardella and Dona Preston, School No. 1 principal, along with the faculty and staff.
Linden School No. 5
School No. 5 rolled out the red carpet for its recent Fall Festival, with more than 100 families enjoying crafts and games.
The event was sponsored by the Linden Education Association and was open to the School Five community.
The Fall Festival is a feast of crafts and carnival games, and included candy corn bowling, pumpkin tic tac toe, an estimation station, stamping and tattoo and corn hole. In the cafeteria there were crafts galore, mini pumpkins to look like turkeys, stain glass acorns, scarecrow plates, face painting, and lots of snacks.
The event is designed to be a representation of what School No. 5 and Linden Public Schools are all about, according to a district news release: Strengthening the neighborhood spirit and enhancing community partnerships. This event also provided School No. 5 families the opportunity to come out and get to know one another, and to get know the people who work to keep them safe every day, the release noted.
Family-friendly activities, and the time, effort and partnerships from the faculty, staff and community makes this event a success, along with the support from the Linden Education Association and the community, according to the release..
Kim Bachmann, a teacher at School No. 1, invited parents into her second-grade classroom on Nov. 18 for American Education Week. Each parent brought in either their favorite childhood book or a book their child was currently enjoying. The class was grouped into three small groups where the parents read the book and the students completed a Story Structure Worksheet focusing on the characters, setting, problem, solution, and plot.
Misericordia University
Students in the Misericordia University Student Occupational Therapy Association recently participated in a Backpack Awareness Day educational program at the Wyoming Valley West School District's Chester Street Elementary School.
Students from the university in Misericordia students provided students in third through fifth grades with information about how to properly pack and carry backpacks to reduce cumulative back and neck injuries, according to Kathleen Hughes Butcher, M.S., O.T.R./L, assistant professor and academic fieldwork coordinator. Occupational therapy students also weighed the students and their backpacks in order to provide them with information needed to encourage good health and injury prevention.
In addition, Misericordia students engaged the Chester Street Elementary School students in a skit to teach them about backpack awareness. The elementary school students also watched an educational video produced by the American Occupational Therapy Association.
For more information about the occupational therapy program at Misericordia University, call 570-674-6400 or log on to www.misericordia.edu/ot.
Raritan Valley Community College
Local high school seniors interested in learning more about Raritan Valley Community College's Honors College are invited to attend an information session at 6 p.m. Wednesday, Dec. 14. The program will be conducted in the Atrium (lower level, College Center) at RVCC's Branchburg campus.
The session will include information about admission to RVCC's Honors College and transfer opportunities after graduating from the program. Current Honors College students will be on hand to talk about their own experiences at RVCC, according to a news release.
Students in the top 20 percent of their high school class, with an unweighted grade point average of 3.5 or higher, are encouraged to attend. Students who only meet one of these two criteria should have a cumulative SAT score of 1100 or greater.
Launched in 2011, RVCC's Honors College serves highly qualified high school graduates who are entering college for the first time. Honors College students benefit from being in small classes with similarly academically motivated students who are taught by a select group of faculty. The Honors College features a cohort-based program with smaller, seminar-style courses that have an interdisciplinary focus, giving students the opportunity to develop a close-working relationship with their professors.
Students who are admitted to the Honors College have various opportunities for academic, social and personal growth, according to the college's news release. Their college experience is further enhanced through leadership and volunteer activities as well as through service learning. Honors College students enjoy several benefits, including opportunities to transfer to highly selective four-year colleges and universities. RVCC Honors College graduates have been accepted to such schools as Columbia University, Cornell University, Georgetown University, Smith College, University of Michigan, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, and the University of Pennsylvania.
For additional information about the Honors College, visit www.raritanval.edu/honors. To register for the Information Session, email honors@raritanval.edu.
RWJ Sports Physical Therapy& Performance Center
David Diehl, former offensive lineman for the New York Giants, hosted a roundtable session, "Let's Talk About Teamwork and Leadership," at the RWJ Sports Physical Therapy & Performance Center located at TD Bank Ballpark in Bridgewater, on Nov.15. Coaches and junior and senior football players from Bridgewater-Raritan, Somerville and Manville high schools in Somerset County were invited to attend the talk.
Diehl is a two‐time Super Bowl champion, winning with the New York Giants in 2008 and 2012. On Jan. 24, 2014, he hung up his cleats after an 11-year NFL career in which he was selected to the Pro Bowl in 2009. In 2012, he received the Wellington Mara NFL Man of The Year Award for his outstanding community service contributions.
Diehl played college football at the University of Illinois and was selected by the New York Giants in the fifth round of the 2003 NFL draft, and had a successful career as an offensive linemen . Today, he is a NFL broadcaster and analyst for FOX.
The Wardlaw-Hartridge School
ALSO: There are 47 Upper School students at The Wardlaw-Hartridge School in Edison involved in the Global Scholars Program. As part of the program, the students are beginning to build an e-portfolio that is organized along three essential themes: Community, Culture and Agency.
The E-Portfolio is where Global Scholars will synthesize and reflect on their coursework, community action, service learning, and cross-cultural experience. Global Scholars will also infuse their E-Portfolio with their interpretation and reflections on current events and personal growth.
The students shared their e-portfolios with the members of the GSP committee, members of their grade-level GSP cohort and their advisors. There was lively discussion among the students, advisors and GSP committee members at two sessions held during lunch earlier this month. GSP committee members consulted with the students to assess how the students are addressing the essential themes.
ALSO: Eight Middle School students from The Wardlaw-Hartridge School in Edison joined their parents and participated in a trail maintenance and habitat restoration project at the Watchung Reservation on Nov. 5. They learned how to use a variety of special tools, including pick axes, iron rakes, and brush clippers in order to prune invasive plant species, build up storm-damaged hiking trails, and clear fallen tree sections and debris from a large area of the Geology Trail. While working, the group had great fun and lively conversation with each other and made new friends during the project.
ALSO: Seventh-grade students at The Wardlaw-Hartridge School spent a busy week in Colonial Williamsburg from Nov. 8 to 11, participating in a variety of activities to enhance their understanding of life in Colonial times.
After strolling through the historic stores, which line the Duke of Gloucester Street in Williamsburg, students watched a military inspection led by fife and drums. They also went to the Governor's Palace. A visit to the Great Hopes Plantation gave the students a glimpse into the lives of slaves on a plantation.
"I learned a lot from going to the plantation and small farms," Shiv Tickoo of Scotch Plains said. "It was nice to see how people lived and to compare their lifestyles."
"Everyone believed they were living in the 1800s instead of the 21st century," Esha Nalla of Edison added. "It was really cool because the trip made the visitors feel like they were back in the 1800s."
The students also visited several traders in Williamsburg including the wig maker, shoemaker, blacksmith and cabinetmaker. Evening activities included programs covering African-American music and Colonial dance.
The Wardlaw-Hartridge Lower School
For more than 60 years, Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF has served as a "Kids Helping Kids" campaign. Fourth grade students at The Wardlaw-Hartridge School in Edison recently learned about the realities that countless children in the developing world must endure every day as they struggle to survive in the face of disease, disasters, and other hardships such as poor nutrition.
The classes were amazed to hear that only 25 cents provides 10 children with clean drinking water for a day, and only $50 can vaccinate 85 children against polio for life, according to a school news release. In 2015 alone, 15 million of the world's children received educational supplies from UNICEF. In Syria, by the end of 2016, UNICEF is on target to provide 4.6 million people with safe drinking water, 2.9 million polio vaccinations to children under 5 years old, and 4.2 million children with education programs.
The presentation motivated many of the fourth-graders along with many of the fifth-graders to volunteer to ask for UNICEF donations instead of candy as they were trick-or-treating for Halloween. The total collected from the classes was $1,100.75.
Union Catholic Regional High School
Raymond Hernandez of Linden. Class of 18, Edward Ruela of Linden, Class of 2020, Thomas Monahan of Clark, Class of 2018, and Cianna Brown of Rahway, Class of 2019, were recently awarded Navin Bros. Memorial Scholarships at Union Catholic High School in Scotch Plains.
The scholarship was established in memory of Mary Ellen Swinden, a Navin Bros. employee who worked at Union Catholic and passed away in the fall of 2008. The scholarship recipients were selected based on their academic standing at Union Catholic as well as their involvement in extra-curricular activities. Navin Bros oversees all food service operations at Union Catholic as well as at schools throughout the New York tri-state area.
For information, visit unioncatholic.org.
Union County College
Union County College student and Phi Theta Kappa member, Jason Stefanik of Union, has been selected as a 2016 Coca-Cola Leaders of Promise Scholar.
The Coca-Cola Leaders of Promise scholarship program provides new Phi Theta Kappa members with financial resources to help defray educational expenses while enrolled in a two-year college to develop leadership potential through participation in Phi Theta Kappa programs. Phi Theta Kappa is the international honor society for two-year colleges.
This year's recipients were selected by a panel of independent judges from more than 1,100 applicants. Coca-Cola Leaders of Promise Scholars are selected based on outstanding academic achievement and demonstrated leadership.
The Leaders of Promise Scholarship is sponsored by the Coca-Cola Scholars Foundation. This program awards 200 scholars with scholarships of $1,000 each, totaling $200,000. Twenty-five of the additional scholarships, a total of $25,000, are earmarked for society members who are active personnel or veterans of the U.S. military.
J. Mark Davis, president of the Coca-Cola Scholars Foundation, said in a news release that the organization feels strongly about supporting engaged community college students, and active-duty service members and veterans in their educational quest.
The Leaders of Promise Scholarship Program was launched by Phi Theta Kappa International Officers in 2001, according to a news release. The program is part of the society's long-range plan, The Alpha Project, to provide scholarships to new Phi Theta Kappa members to assist in their obtaining an associate degree, and encourage participation in Society programs. This is the first scholarship program available to members to be used during the time they are enrolled in their community colleges.
University of the Sciences
Piscataway resident Aimee Estrellado, a student at the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was inducted into Pennsylvania Kappa Chapter of the Alpha Chi National Honor Society.
Student and School news appears Fridays. Email:hntmetro@mycentraljersey.com