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The Unimog ([ˈʊnɪmɔk], listen (help·info)) is a range of multi-purpose tractors, trucks and lorries that has been produced by Boehringer from 1948 until 1951, and by Daimler Truck (formerly Daimler-Benz, DaimlerChrysler and Daimler AG) since 1951. In the United States and Canada, the Unimog was sold as the Freightliner Unimog.
1948 Boehringer Unimog 70200
2018 Unimog 437.4
Unimog production started in 1948 at Boehringer [de] in Göppingen. Daimler-Benz took over manufacture of the Unimog in 1951, and first produced it in their Gaggenau plant. From 1951, the Unimog was sold under the Mercedes-Benz brand. However, the first Unimog to feature the three-pointed Mercedes-Benz star was only introduced in 1953. Since 2002, the Unimog has been built in the Mercedes-Benz truck plant in Wörth am Rhein in Germany.[1] The Mercedes-Benz Türk A.Ş. plant assembles Unimogs in Aksaray, Turkey.[2] Unimogs were also built in Argentina (first ever country to do so outside Germany) by Mercedes-Benz Argentina S.A. under licence from 1968 until 1983 (with some extra units built until 1991 off the assembly line from parts in stock) in the González Catán factory near the city of Buenos Aires.[3]: 141 [4]: 122
The first model was designed by Albert Friedrich and Heinrich Rößler shortly after World War II to be used in agriculture as a self-propelled machine providing a power take-off to operate saws in forests or harvesting machines on fields. It was designed with rear-wheel drive and switchable front-wheel drive, with equal-size wheels, in order to be driven on roads at higher speeds than standard farm tractors. With their very high ground clearance and a flexible frame that is essentially a part of the suspension, Unimogs are not designed to carry as much load as regular trucks.[5]: 7
Due to their off-road capabilities, Unimogs can be found in jungles, mountains and deserts as military vehicles, fire fighters, expedition campers, and even in competitions like truck trials and Dakar Rally rally raids. In Western Europe, they are commonly used as snowploughs, municipal equipment carriers, agricultural implements, forest ranger vehicles, construction equipment or road–rail vehicles and as army personnel or equipment carriers (in its armoured military version). New Unimogs can be purchased in one of two series: medium series 405, also known as the UGN ("Geräteträger" or equipment carrier),[6]: 4 and heavy series 437, also known as the UHN ("Hochgeländegängig" or highly mobile cross country).[7]
1 Etymology
2 Features
2.1 Design
2.3 Variants
3 Technical description
3.1 Chassis
3.2 Suspension
3.3 Drivetrain
3.4 Gearbox
3.6 Cab
3.7 Pneumatics and hydraulics
4.1 Military
4.2 Civilian
4.4 Motorsport
5 Derivatives
5.1 MB Trac
5.2 Military derivatives
6.1 1940s
6.1.1 1945 – First prototype
6.1.2 1947 – Production
6.2.1 1951 – Daimler-Benz – Gaggenau manufacturing plant
6.2.2 1953 – The 401, 402 and the closed cab
6.2.3 1955 – The 404 S
6.4.1 1972 – MB Trac
6.4.2 1974 – Heavy series
6.4.3 1975 – Series 435
6.4.4 1976 – Unimog models renamed
6.4.5 1977 – 200,000th Unimog
6.6.1 1992 – New light models
6.6.2 1994 – The "Funmog"
6.6.3 1995 – U 2450 L 6×6
6.6.4 1996 – UX 100
7 Series names and identification notes
The name Unimog is pronounced [ˈʊnɪmɔk] (
listen (help·info)), and an acronym for the German "UNIversal-MOtor-Gerät", Gerät being the German word for a piece of equipment (also in the sense of device, machine, instrument, gear, apparatus). It was created by German engineer Hans Zabel, who made the note Universal-Motor-Gerät on one of the technical drawings for the Unimog. Later, the Universal-Motor-Gerät was shortened to the acronym Unimog. On 20 November 1946, the name Unimog was officially unveiled.[5]: 8 Since 1952, Unimog has been a brand of Daimler Truck.[8]
FeaturesEdit
Unimog 411 with beet lifter
Unimog 401, 406 and 411
The Unimog's characteristic design element is its chassis : a flexible ladder frame with short overhangs, and coil sprung beam portal axles with a central torque tube and transverse links. Having portal axles, the wheels' centres are below the axle centre, which gives the Unimog a high ground clearance without the need for big tyres. The coil sprung axles with torque tubes allow an axle angle offset of up to 30°, giving the wheels a wide range of vertical movement to allow the truck to drive over extremely uneven terrain, even boulders of one metre in height.[4]: 23
Unimogs are equipped with high visibility driving cabs to enable the operator to see the terrain and more easily manipulate mounted tools. The newest implement carrier Unimog models can be changed from left-hand drive to right-hand drive in the field to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck. The ability to operate on highways enables the Unimog to be returned to a home garage or yard to thwart vandalism.
EquipmentEdit
Unimog equipped with a snow blower
Unimogs can be equipped with front and rear tool mounting brackets and hydraulic connections to allow bucket loaders and hydraulic arms to be used. Most units have a power takeoff (PTO) connection to operate rotary equipment such as snow brooms, snow blowers, brush mowers, loaders or stationary conveyor belts.
VariantsEdit
Unimogs are available with short wheelbases for implement carrier operations or long wheelbases for all-terrain cargo carrying operations. Currently (2022), Daimler Trucks offers the 437.4 heavy series and the 405 implement carrier series. Starting in 1951 having purchased the traditional Unimog from Boehringer, Daimler-Benz started making the Unimog S series in the mid-1950s and added light, medium and heavy series to the model lineup in the 1960s and 1970s, before they successively reduced the available models during the 1990s to end up with the modern implement carrier and the heavy series today.
Originally, the traditional Unimog 70200 was a rather small agricultural tractor, measuring just 3,520 mm in length. It was only offered as a Cabrio with a canvas roof. The engine power output of 25 DIN-PS (18.5 kW) proved to be insufficient for many applications. To accommodate customer needs, a longer wheelbase version, a proper cab and more powerful engines (up to 34 DIN-PS (25 kW)) were introduced soon after Daimler-Benz took over Unimog manufacture; the traditional Unimog evolved into its final stage, the 411-series. Yet, Daimler-Benz decided that an entirely new, more powerful version of the Unimog would be required to meet future customer expectations. This Unimog version would later be known as 406-series.[4]: 12–14
The military Unimog S series is the first Unimog designed to be an offroad truck rather than a tractor, and it is the only series production Unimog that has an Otto engine.[N 1] Daimler-Benz designed a new frame for it, but it still shares its drivetrain with the 411-series.
With the introduction of the 406-series in 1962, Daimler-Benz laid the foundation for a completely new Unimog model family, the 406-based medium series (in the 1960s known as heavy series). It was produced until 1994. Unimogs belonging to the medium series are the series 403, 413, 406, 416, 426, and 419. These models were offered with three different wheelbases (2,380 mm, 2,900 mm, 3,400 mm) and two engines, the straight-four and straight-six direct injected Diesel engines OM 314 and OM 352, ranging from 54 DIN-PS to 110 DIN-PS (40 kW – 81 kW). The light series 421 and 431 share their frame design with the 411-series, but borrow their drivetrain and cab design from the 406-series, which is why they also count as 406-related Unimogs.[4]: 11
The heavy series Unimogs were introduced in 1974, and first featured the edgy cab, which is still a design feature of the Unimog today. The first heavy series Unimog was the 425-series, which was available from 1976.[N 2] Soon after, the 435-series and 424-series followed, which caused a decline in Unimog 406 sales.[4]: 85 The 425 was available with a wheelbase of 2,810 mm, the 424 with 2,650 mm and 3,250 mm, and the 435 with 3,250 mm, 3,700 mm and 3,850 mm.[9] The introduction of new engines starting in 1986 caused a shift in the series numbers, but leaving the vehicles mostly unchanged otherwise. The 424 became 427 and both 425 and 435 were joined together and became 437. A derivative of the 437-series, the 437.4-series is still in production today.[10]
In 1988, after declining Unimog sales, Daimler-Benz launched a new strategy that was supposed to increase sales and make the Unimog more profitable, called "Unimog-Programm 1988". New models introduced with this programme were the new light series 407 and medium series 417, which ought to replace all Unimog 406-related series.[11]: 119 407- and 417-series were replaced after just four years, in 1992, with the 408- and 418-series.[11]: 134 in 2000, these two models were replaced with the current 405 implement carrier series, making the 437.4 and the 405 the only remaining Unimog series.
Technical descriptionEdit
Scrapped Unimog 411 with plane frame
Cutaway drivetrain model of an Unimog 401 with well-visible torque tubes
Chassis of an Unimog 404, showing the extreme axle angle offset
Mercedes-Benz OM 636, the original Unimog Diesel engine
Unimog 404: Despite having small tyres, the ground clearance is high. The short bonnet allows good visibility
ChassisEdit
Like other trucks, but unlike agricultural tractors, the Unimog is a body-on-frame vehicle with short overhangs. The original Unimog was made with a plane ladder frame[12]: 82 and a wheelbase of 1720 mm. Later, the wheelbase was extended several times to accommodate customer needs. Starting in the mid-1950s, with the introduction of the Unimog 404, the frame received a drop. Originally, this was done to make space for a spare tyre, but soon engineers found out that the new frame would improve the torsion performance, which is why all following Unimog series also received a frame with a drop.[4]: 45 Several mounting brackets, additional cross members and tool boards were offered as factory options for the frame.[12]: 79
SuspensionEdit
The Unimog has live front and rear axles that have portal gears (portal axles). Such axles have a lifted axle centre, but the wheels' centre remains unchanged, meaning that a high ground clearance can be achieved with small wheels and tyres. Unlike "regular" trucks, the Unimog has coil springs with hydraulic shock absorbers rather than leaf springs, as coil springs provide more spring travel. The axles themselves have only one longitudinal pivot point each, the so-called torque tubes. The torque tubes contain the drive shafts and connect the axles' differential gearboxes to the Unimog gearbox, but being also parts of the suspension system, the torque tubes prevent longitudinal movement of the axles, whilst still allowing limited vertical movement. Lateral axle movement is prevented by panhard rods and transverse links. This design results in extreme axle angle offsets of up to 30° possible.[4]: 36–40
A wide variety of wheels and tyres were available for the Unimog. Originally, the first Unimog was equipped with 6.5–18 in tyres designed for both on- and offroad use.[12]: 48–49 Later, bigger wheels and tyres with different tread patterns were available, reaching from agricultural tractor tread patterns to massive bar tyre treads to low pressure ballon tyre treads. Until 1973, drum brakes were standard for all Unimogs, until they were replaced by disc brakes, however, until 1989, drum brakes remained an option for Unimogs of the 406-family.[4]: 78 The steering system used to be a screw-and-nut system until 1970. Then it was replaced by a power assisted ball-and-nut system for the 406-series.[4]: 77
DrivetrainEdit
The classical Unimog is rear-wheel drive vehicle, meaning that the rear axle is directly connected to the gearbox. Turning on front wheel drive automatically locks both axles, without torque compensation. The mechanical lever that turns on all wheel drive has a third position that locks front- and rear differentials. As of 1963, a pneumatic power switch was used instead of a lever. Due to the reduction gears inside the portal axles, the rotational frequency of the driveshafts inside the torque tubes is relatively high, meaning that the amount of torque they have to withstand is fairly low.[4]: 23
GearboxEdit
Traditionally, the Unimog has a splitter gearbox. Over the years, three different base gearbox designs have been used, all following the same principle, and having four gears and two ranges (called groups) and an additional direction gear. Those designs were UG-1/xx, UG-2/xx, and UG-3/xx. UG is an abbreviation for Unimog-Getriebe (Unimog-Gearbox), the number after the slash resembles the input torque in kp·m (=9.80665 N·m).[N 3] Until 1955, the Unimog base gearbox UG-1 was a constant-mesh countershaft gearbox, it was then upgraded with synchroniser rings to a synchromesh gearbox. However, the synchromesh-version was only used for the 404-series, and the constant-mesh version remained the standard gearbox for the 411-series. In 1957, the synchromesh-version became an option for the 411-series, before it became the standard gearbox for all Unimogs in 1959.[12]: 38–39 The following gearbox versions UG-2 and UG-3 were made as synchromesh versions only.
There are different layouts of the gearbox, namely F-layout and G-layout as well as their upgraded layouts, not having particular names. The F-layout is the original gearbox layout and is limited to the first two gears in the first range as it does not have selector sleeves, meaning that in total there are six forward gears. Instead of a reverse gear, the gearbox has its direction gear, which, in theory, can be used to reverse any gear. Due to the lacking shifting sleeves however, the reverse direction can only be used in the first range, which itself is limited to the first two gears, resulting in only two reverse gears (resulting in six forward and two reverse gears). To operate the gearbox, there is only one shift lever with a six-speed H-layout, the gearbox shifts its ranges automatically. An additional shift lever is used for shifting into reverse. The G-layout has an additional reduction gearbox, which can be used in all gears. This effectively doubles the number of gears (twelve forward and four reverse gears). This reduction gearbox was also available with an additional crawler gear, which can only be used in the first range (twenty forward and eight reverse gears). As of 1976, shifting sleeves were added and a four-speed-H-layout replaced the six-speed-H-layout, which allows using all gears in all ranges.[13] With the introduction of the UG-3-gearbox, the standard gearbox-shifter-layout was changed to an eight-speed-H-H-layout, with eight gears on one lever, without any additional switches. When shifting from "4th" into "5th" gear, the gearbox automatically shifts into range 2 and back into gear 1. Crawler gearboxes were offered as a factory option for the UG-3 gearbox as well, resulting in 24 gears. The design with the additional direction gear was kept, which means that all 24 gears can also be used in reverse mode. Since the highest final gear ratio allows top speeds of up to 110 km/h, and the reverse gear only comes with a small reduction of 1:1.03, the top speed in reverse mode is more than 100 km/h. To prevent such high reverse speeds, a lock for the second range was available as a factory option, allowing only the first range (gears "1" to "4") in reverse mode.[14]
EngineEdit
The initial Unimogs were equipped with passenger car engines, the first Unimog series to receive a truck engine was the 406-series in 1963.[15] All engines use the Diesel principle, except for engines used for the Unimog 404-series and the first four Unimog prototypes, which use the Otto principle. The following engines were used as of 1947, with M being Otto and OM being Diesel engines (the list is incomplete):
M 136[11]: 13
OM 636[12]: 49
OM 312[4]: 37
OM 314[4]: 107–108
OM 352[4]
CabEdit
Traditionally, three different cab options were available for the Unimog: An open roof cab (Cabrio), single cab and double cab, with the single cab being the most popular. Because the Unimog was designed to be a better agricultural tractor, its original design did not include a closed cab (as agricultural tractors in Germany usually did not have a closed cab in the 1940s). The first Unimog series to be officially offered with a cab was the 401-series. However, the first cabs were made by Westfalia in Rheda-Wiedenbrück and then shipped to the Unimog plant in Gaggenau for assembly. These cabs are known as Westfalia type B or simply Froschauge ('frog's eye'). Starting in 1957, a new cab with 30% more volume, called Westfalia type DvF, Typ D, verbreitertes Fahrerhaus (Type D, widened cab), was used. Both Westfalia cabs were fairly narrow and came with the problem of engine heat causing high cabin temperatures.[12]: 44–47 The first Unimog that was designed with a cab was the series 406. Just for the purpose of manufacturing cabs, Daimler-Benz built a new 1000-Megapond-sheet-panel-press in the Unimog plant.[4]: 60 It was planned that the double cab parts would also be produced with this press, instead, the double cabs were manufactured by Wackenhut in Nagold.[4]: 89 In 1974, the current heavy-duty-series' cab was introduced. Its basic design has not been changed since.[16] The equipment carrier versions' cab on the other hand has received several modifications since its introduction in the late 1980s, with the current version being introduced in 2000.
1948 Unimog U6, second oldest Unimog that still exists to this day, it is a Cabrio version without doors.
1954 Unimog 401 with Westfalia B cab
1954 Unimog 402 with Westfalia B crew cab
Unimog 406 with Daimler-Benz cab
1959 Unimog 411 with Westfalia DvF cab
1966 Unimog 411c with a self-made cab
1970s Unimog 416 with Wackenhut crew cab
1975 Unimog 435 with single cab
2018 Unimog 437.4 with the same cab as the 1975 model
Pneumatics and hydraulicsEdit
The original Unimog was offered with a pneumatic system. This system was used for powering all auxiliary devices as well as the three-point linkages.[12]: 77 As of October 1961, a hydraulics system became an option,[12]: 76 and as of 1963, the hydraulics system became standard, but unlike the pneumatics system, the hydraulics system was made by Westinghouse Air Brake Company in Hannover. With the introduction of the hydraulics system, the pneumatics system was solely used for operating the brakes.[4]: 27–28
UsersEdit
MilitaryEdit
Officially, the Unimog was never meant to be a military vehicle; in fact, Allied permission to develop the Unimog was granted only because Albert Friedrich, inventor of the Unimog, ensured that the Unimog would not have any military purpose.[11]: 6 However, the Unimog has always been a military vehicle. 44 Unimogs of the first model, the Unimog 70200, served as combat engineer tractors in the Swiss army. They proved successful, and the Swiss army purchased 540 units of the 70200's successor, the Unimog 2010. These early Swiss military vehicles were known as ″Dieseli″. The Dieseli-Unimogs remained in service until 1989.[11]: 32 Officers of the French army, then occupying forces in Germany, noted the Unimog testing at the Sauberg in the early 1950s and considered the Unimog useful for patrolling purposes. Soon after, the French army purchased Unimogs of the series 2010 and 401. The Unimog proved to be so successful that Daimler-Benz was ordered to develop an entirely new Unimog just for military purposes. This new model was supposed to be a small 1.5-tonne truck, capable of carrying 10 to 12 soldiers on its bed, at a speed of up to 90 km/h, rather than being an agricultural tractor. Being a NATO member state, France demanded that the military Unimog would have an engine running on petrol.[11]: 41 Daimler-Benz decided to use an Otto cycle engine, the M 180, displacing 2.2 litres, and producing 85 PS (63 kW).[11]: 47 The military Unimog would later be known as Unimog 404 or Unimog S.
In total, 64,242 units of the Unimog 404 were produced, which makes it the Unimog with the highest production figure. 36,638 Unimog 404 were purchased by the German Bundeswehr.[11]: 43 Apart from the Bundeswehr, many different military forces have either used the Unimog in the past or still make use of it today. In addition to the military series 404, several civilian models have been adapted for military use. In Argentina, the series 426, actually a version of the civilian series 416 produced under licence, was made for the Argentinian, Chilean, Peruvian and Bolivian military. In total, 2643 units of the series 426 were made. The Argentinian made Unimog 431, which was a licensed version of the civilian series 421, was also used as a military vehicle, mainly as a self-propelled howitzer. Another civilian Unimog that was mainly used a military vehicle, is the series 418.[4]: 122
The military Unimogs are used as troop transportation vehicles, ambulances, and mobile command centers equipped with military communications equipment. The United States Marine Corps and United States Army uses the Unimog 419 as an engineer tractor, while the United States Army also uses Unimog vehicles to access remote installations. In total, 2416 Unimog 419 were made, and only used by United States Forces.[17]: 81 Modern Unimogs also serve as military vehicles, and the current Unimog 437.4 chassis is used for the ATF Dingo. More than 5,500 Unimogs are in active service in the Turkish Armed Forces. They were produced by Mercedes-Benz Türk.
Swiss army ″Dieseli″ Unimog 2010
The first Unimog solely designed for military purposes, the Unimog 404 from 1955
Argentine Army Unimog 426
ATF Dingo
Mercedes Benz Unimog locally produced in Turkey and still widely used by Turkish Land Forces
CivilianEdit
Unimogs are used by the German emergency management agency Technisches Hilfswerk (THW),[18][19](literally Technical Relief Organization), by fire departments[20] and municipalities as utility vehicles. They can be used as material handlers, auxiliary power providers (generators), and equipment carriers.[21] Their ability to operate off-road, in high water, or mud, makes it easier to access remote areas in emergency situations.[22] They are commonly used in snow removal where other vehicles might not be able to operate. Most European Alpine towns and districts are equipped with one or more Unimog snow blowers to clear narrow mountain roads that have drifted closed.[23]
In construction, Unimogs are used as carriers of equipment and, with the optional extended cabin,[24][25] also of workers. They can be equipped with a backhoe, front loader, or other contracting equipment. On railroads, Unimogs are used as rail car movers and road-rail vehicles. They have also been used in mining areas, like seen in Gold Bridge, BC, Canada.
In agriculture, Unimogs are used to operate farm equipment. While most farm field implement operations are now performed by a tractor, Unimogs are used to haul produce, machinery and animals. They are also used around the farmyard to run chippers, grain augers, and conveyors.
Unimogs are also used as a prime mover, to pull heavy trailers, large wheeled conveyances[26] and jet airliners.[27][28] Often, only the front half, (an OEM part), is combined with a tailor-made rear.[4]: 68 [12]: 94–95
Unimogs are used as tourist transport[29] for jungle ecotourism or safaris.
The modular design offers attachment capabilities for various different implements. Here shown with a flail hedge and verge trimmer implement used in agroforestry.
Unimog mowing in Germany.
Unimog 405/UGN road-rail vehicle used as a rail car mover.
Unimog 405/UGN with HIAB crane used at a construction site.
Unimog 406 "front half" OEM part made vehicle for moving 20' containers.
Unimog 435.115 (U 1300 L) based technical rescue fire engine RW1, a common Unimog based fire engine in Germany.
Unimog 437 (U 4000) based crew lorry MLW 2 of the THW
Unimog S404 used as mobile home in the Dunes of Erg Chebbi in Morocco. Note the high ground clearance due to portal gear axles
North AmericaEdit
Unimog pickup in Baltimore, Maryland
Unimogs have been uncommon in North America because of differing vehicle regulations and requirements from those in Germany and Europe, and due to the lack of a North American sales and support network. Most Unimog models found in North America have been imported by individual dealers or independent enthusiasts.
Between 1975 and 1980 the Case Corporation (now merged into CNH Global) imported the U-900 model into the United States and sold it through Case tractor dealerships as the MB4/94.
In 2002 DaimlerChrysler tried to re-enter the North American market with the Unimog and engaged in four years of aggressive marketing, which included activities such as; truck and trade shows, exposure on the television show Modern Marvels, numerous magazine articles and extensive demonstrations (both touring and on an individual basis). They were generally sold through Freightliner truck dealerships.[30] Freightliner is a Daimler AG subsidiary. The UGN series was specifically manufactured for the North American market and was significantly different mechanically from its European counterpart.[31] The UGN faced stiff competition in North America by manufacturers whose truck or equipment lines performed some of the same duties as the Unimog. Some of them are Caterpillar, John Deere, AM General, Sterling Trucks (also a Daimler AG subsidiary), and General Motors. After five years and selling only 184 Unimogs, Freightliner LLC exited the market. Daimler AG cited non-compliance with EPA07 emission requirements as the main reason for ceasing North American Sales.[32]
MotorsportEdit
Unimog in the 2006 Dakar Rally.
Mud bogging Unimog 427
Unimogs have been used in three kinds of competition: Dakar Rally and other desert rally competitions, mud bogging, and slow-moving Truck Trials over obstacles.
Unimogs have won the truck class of the Dakar in 1982 and 1986, the latter an unexpected victory as the vehicle participated for Honda, primarily to provide support for the motorcycles of the team.[33][34] High-powered factory-sponsored entries of truck companies aiming for the overall win have since taken the laurels, with Unimogs used mainly for service purposes.
DerivativesEdit
MB TracEdit
In 1973 the Unimog department in Gaggenau also designed the MB Trac, a more tractor-like version. It was produced by Daimler-Benz until 1991, when the product line was sold to Werner Forst- und Industrietechnik, who continues to produce it as the WF trac. It is sold and maintained by Mercedes Unimog dealers.
Military derivativesEdit
UR-416, a police vehicle based on an Unimog 416 chassis.
The Unimog also serves as a technical platform for armoured vehicles like the ATF Dingo, a mine-protected utility and reconnaissance vehicle used by the German and other European Armed Forces (e.g. Belgium) for territorial defence purposes as well as in international missions.
In late Autumn 1956, Daimler-Benz started developing a new military version of the Unimog, the Unimog SH. It was based on the Unimog S and had a rear engine (German: Heckmotor), hence the name Unimog SH.[11]: 56 Until 1960, Daimler-Benz completed 24 Unimog SH and sent them to AB Landsverk for final assembly. Initially, the Belgian Army intended to purchase these vehicle for their police forces in the Belgian Congo, but only 9 vehicles were actually sold to the Belgian forces; the 15 remaining vehicles were purchased by the Irish Army in 1972.[11]: 57 They were intended as a stop-gap vehicle for use until the first Panhard M3 VTT APCs entered service in 1972. The type had excellent off-road capability but poor on-road handling due to a high centre of gravity and several accidents occurred as a result. A four-man dismountable squad was carried, but space was cramped, and in any case a four-man detachment was far too small for any sort of realistic military purpose. Other considerations were that the FN MAG gunner's position was too exposed. Eventually the Unimog Scout Cars arrived in Ireland in February 1972, their departure having been delayed by a local peace group who thought they were destined for the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). By mid-1978 all had been transferred to the Irish Army Reserve, the FCA. All were withdrawn by 1984, and two are preserved; one in the transport museum in Howth Co Dublin and one in the Muckleburgh Collection, England.
An updated version of the Unimog SH, the Unimog T was made for the German Bundeswehr in 1962. The German defence ministry decided not to purchase the Unimog T, which is why it was never put into series production.[11]: 59 Further armoured vehicles developed in Germany using Unimog chassis are the UR-416, the Sonderwagen 4 and Condor 1 in Police service, and the ATF Dingo used by the Bundeswehr in Afghanistan. The French Aravis mine-protected vehicle, like the Dingo, based on the Special Chassis FGA 12.5. The Buffel, Mamba, RG-31, and RG-33 armoured personnel carriers from South Africa are based upon the Unimog driveline. The AV-VBL developed by Brazil's Tectran is also an AFV family based on the Unimog.
1940sEdit
1945 – First prototypeEdit
Original logo from the 1940's
Originally, the Unimog was developed in post-war Germany to be used as agricultural equipment. It was designed with equal-sized wheels, a mounting bracket in front, a hitch in the rear, and loading space in the center. This was to make it a multi-purpose vehicle that farmers could use in the field and on the highway.[5]: 7 Albert Friedrich was granted permission to develop the Unimog in November 1945,[11]: 6 and entered a production agreement with Erhard und Söhne (Erhard and Sons) in Schwäbisch Gmünd on 1 December 1945.[5]: 7 Development began on 1 January 1946. Soon after, Heinrich Rößler, the Unimog lead designer, joined the development team. The first prototype was ready by the end of 1946. The early prototypes were equipped with the M 136 Otto engine, because the development of the OM 636 Diesel engine had not been finished.[11]: 13 The prototypes were similar to the later series production models. The original track width of 1.270 m (4 ft 2 in) was equivalent to two potato rows.[5]: 8
1947 – ProductionEdit
The 25-PS (18 kW) OM 636 Mercedes-Benz Diesel engine became standard equipment in the first production Unimogs at the end of 1947. The original emblem for the Unimog was a pair of ox horns in the shape of the letter U. The first 600 units of the 70200 series Unimogs[35] were built by Boehringer. This was done mainly for two reasons: Erhard und Söhne did not have the capacity to build the Unimogs and Boehringer (a former tool manufacturer) could evade dismantling.[5]: 8
Unimog 401 with snow blower, c. 1955
In late 1950, Mercedes-Benz entered into a contract with Boeringer to take over production of the Unimog.[36]
1951 – Daimler-Benz – Gaggenau manufacturing plantEdit
Main article: Unimog 2010
Daimler-Benz modified the Unimog for mass production to create the series 2010 and in 1951, started its manufacture in their Gaggenau plant in Baden-Württemberg, where production continued until 2002.[37]
1953 – The 401, 402 and the closed cabEdit
Unimog 401 with a Westfalia Typ B cab, 1954
Main article: Unimog 401
In 1953, the Unimog was updated and the three-pointed Mercedes star began to appear on the bonnet, replacing the Unimog ox horn emblem. The new model became known as the series 401.[11]: 25 A new series 402 with a long wheelbase chassis (2,120 mm (83 in) instead of 1,720 mm (68 in)) also became available.
An enclosed driver's cab was available as an option from 1953, making the Unimog a true all-weather vehicle.[38]
1955 – The 404 SEdit
In 1955, the first Unimog 404 S series were produced. The primary customer of the 404 S was the Bundeswehr (literally Federal Defence, i.e. the West German Armed Forces), which was created in the mid-1950s in the era of the Cold War.[11]: 43
The 404 was intended to be a mobile cross-country truck, instead of an agricultural implement. The 404 S is the most popularly produced variant. 64,242 units were produced between 1955 and 1980. The oldest 404 known to exist is the first 1953 prototype, located in an East German museum.[11]: 55
Starting in 1957, the Unimog 411 was offered with a synchromesh gearbox as an option, and in 1959, the synchromesh gearbox became standard.[12]
1971 model Unimog 406, as a Road–rail vehicle used for shunting (Rail car mover)
The 406/416 middle series were produced beginning in 1963. They were equipped with the six-cylinder pre-combustion chamber Diesel engine OM 312 producing 65 PS (48 kW; 64 hp). The 406 and 416 are similar, The 416 having a longer 2,900 mm (114 in) wheelbase compared to 2,380 mm (94 in) for the 406. Starting in 1964, the 406-series was equipped with the direct injected OM 352 Diesel engine starting with 65 PS (48 kW; 64 hp) and going up to 84 PS (62 kW; 83 hp) (110 PS (81 kW) for the Unimog 416).[4]: 104
Between the original Unimog and the middle series, Daimler-Benz developed a light series. The light series consisted of two separate Unimog series, the 421 and the 403. The 403, which basically is a 406-series with a 54 PS (40 kW; 53 hp) 3.8-litre four-cylinder engine, has a 2,380 mm (94 in) wheelbase and was later supplemented by the 413-series, which is a four-cylinder-version of the 416-series (long wheelbase (2,900 mm (114 in)) model). The 421 is the successor of the 411-series and has a 2,250 mm (89 in) wheelbase. It is powered by a 40 PS (29 kW; 39 hp) 2.2-litre passenger car Diesel engine.[4]: 107
The 100,000th Unimog (a 421) was built in 1966 in Gaggenau.[11]: 8
Argentina was the first country to manufacture the Unimog outside Germany. The first Unimog produced in the Mercedes-Benz Argentina S.A. factory in Gonzalez Catán, in the outskirts of Buenos Aires city, rolled off the assembly line on 1 September 1968.[3]: 232
The two models made in Argentina, are the 426 and 431. They are versions of the 416 respectively 431 produced under licence.[4]: 122
1972 – MB TracEdit
Main article: MB Trac
MB Trac farm tractor with equal sized wheels
Despite originally being designed as an agricultural vehicle, the Unimog had more success as a multi-purpose tool carrier. To actually serve the agricultural market, Daimler-Benz designed a completely new agricultural tractor in 1972, the MB Trac. It is a body-on-frame design trac-tractor, has four big wheels of the same size, and all-wheel-drive, a slim bonnet, and an angular driver cab. In contrast to conventional tractors the cab is situated between the axles, similar to comparable four-wheel-drive tractors. There is no articulation between the front and rear sections, instead, the MB Trac has conventional steering.
A wide range of MB Trac tractors were offered, ranging from the entry model MB-trac 65 to the top model MB Trac 1800 intercooler. Daimler-Benz later merged the MB-trac with the agricultural machinery activities of Deutz AG. The manufacturing of the MB Trac series ceased in 1991.
1974 – Heavy seriesEdit
In 1974, Mercedes-Benz presented the new Unimog U 120. It was the first model of the "heavy duty" Unimog series 425. The heavy duty series, or simply "heavy" series, extended the Unimog model lineup. The characteristic "edgy" bonnet introduced with the heavy Unimog series remains am Unimog style element to this day.
The series 425 have a 2,810 mm (111 in) wheelbase, 9 t permissible maximum mass and an OM 352 Diesel engine producing 120 PS (88 kW; 120 hp) (shortly thereafter 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) as U 125).
1975 – Series 435Edit
Manufacture of the series 435 for the Bundeswehr began in 1975, as a successor of the Unimog S 404. The 435 was characterized by a long wheelbase of 3,250 mm (128 in), 3,700 mm (146 in) or 3,850 mm (152 in) and shares its cab with the series 425.
1976 – Unimog models renamedEdit
Unimog U 1300 municipal truck in Rēzekne, Latvia
The new 424 "middle" series of Unimogs was produced starting from 1976. They share the cab with the series-425 and are designated U 1000, U 1300/L, U 1500, and U 1700/L with 124 kW (166 hp; 169 PS) engine performance.
In the same period Daimler-Benz re-ordered the type designations for the older series. The classical round form series of the Unimog were now designated U 600/L, U 800/L, U 900 and U 1100/L. (The letter L stands for a long wheelbase, because most models were available in two wheelbase variants.)
The Unimog with the rounded driving cab became known as the light series. The new series with angular cab was divided by payload into a middle and heavy series. Some engines overlap – the Unimog nomenclature is not simple to understand (see below for notes on series names).
The long-proven Unimog-S (404), although with clearly decreasing production figures, was the only Unimog with an Otto cycle engine in the lineup.
With the exception of the entry-level model, all Unimogs for 1976 were equipped with four wheel disc brakes.
1977 – 200,000th UnimogEdit
The 200,000th Unimog, a 424.121, was produced in 1977.[9]
Unimog 427 short-wheelbase (2650 mm) tractor – the Unimog 427 was among the first Unimogs to be fitted with the 6-litre OM 366 Diesel engine
In 1980, production of the U 404 (Unimog S) ended.
The light and medium series 407 and 427 were introduced in 1985.
Production of the 406 and 416 ceased in 1988 and the 437-series was introduced the same year.
1992 – New light modelsEdit
Unimog 408 dump truck
In the early 1990s, the new light models 408 (U 90) and 418 (U 110-U 140) with newly designed cabins were introduced to replace the predecessor models. The new very diagonal front portion gives the operator a good overview forward. The 408 features an asymmetric front bonnet, which is lower on the driver's side. This is supposed to permit the driver a good overview. A new ladder frame and progressively working coil springs to improve the Unimog's handling were implemented. In addition to that, the Unimog received a new tyre pressure adjustment system that can be operated whilst driving, an anti-skid system, new engines, and a "Servolock" mechanism for the hydraulic connection of implements.
1994 – The "Funmog"Edit
In March 1994, Mercedes-Benz presented the design concept "Funmog", a luxury version of the Unimog, on the International Off-Road-Exhibition in Köln, Germany. It was based on the 408-series[39] and only built for customers who special-ordered it. Until 1997, Daimler-Benz made exactly 12 units of the Funmog,[40] out of which most were exported to Japan.[5]: 23 The Funmog features chrome bull bars, and air horns, but lacks hydraulics and is limited to a total mass of 5,000 kg.[41] Mercedes-Benz offered luxury options such as leather seats, fine carpeting and other interior modifications for the Funmog. Starting price was DM 140,000.[40]
1995 – U 2450 L 6×6Edit
Unimog U 2450 L 6×6
In 1995, the Unimog U 2450 L 6×6 (437.156), an all-wheel-drive, 3-axle Unimog version, was presented.[42]
1996 – UX 100Edit
Mercedes-Benz presented the Unimog 409 (officially called UX 100) in 1996.[43] It is the smallest Unimog model ever made and designed to slip speedily over sidewalks and around plants. Within a few years, production of the UX 100 was transferred to the Multicar subsidiary of Hako GmbH, who specialize in vehicles of this kind and size.
Unimog 437.4 U 5000 (UHN) fire engine with rollover protection structures
Unimog U 20
Unimog U 500 Black Edition at the Mercedes-Benz World
The all-new range of UGN models (405 series U 300, U 400, U 500) was introduced in 2000.
In August 2002 production ended in the Gaggenau plant after 51 years and more than 320,000 Unimogs being made, and started up in Mercedes-Benz's truck manufacturing plant in Wörth am Rhein. The U 3000, U 4000 and U 5000 models (UHN 437.4 series) were introduced at the same time.[37]
At the Dubai Motor Show in December 2005, the "Unimog U 500 Black Edition" premiered as an offering to wealthy desert-dwellers. It is a similar luxury offering comparable to the Funmog.
Starting from June 2006 the UGN series was produced with BlueTec technology so that the Euro IV emission requirements would be met. The design designations changed from 405.100 to 405.101.
At the IAA 2006 commercial vehicle show in Hanover a new Unimog U 20 was presented, which was to be available at the end of 2007. The most striking feature is the cab over design with no vestigial front bonnet characteristic of the traditional Unimog. It has a total mass of 7,500 kg up to 8,500 kg. The underlying technology comes from the U 300. The driving cab is from the new Brazilian Accelo light truck (Caminhões Leves) series. The wheelbase is shortened to 2,700 mm (106 in).
Redesigned Unimog 405
In August 2013, production of the next generation models commenced at the Wörth plant. The new models feature redesigned cabins and new engines that were claimed to meet the Euro VI emission standards. [44]
Series names and identification notesEdit
Unimog series numbers like 401, 406, or 425 in this article are the factory numerical designation (in German "Baumuster", literally Construction Pattern). Unimogs also have a sales model number like U 80, U 120, or U 1350. Each series can have several model numbers, as they are equipped with different engines.
The "U" model numbers were roughly equivalent to the horsepower of the engine (in German: PS). A 424.121 with a 2,630 mm (103+1⁄2 in) wheelbase equipped with the 100 PS (74 kW; 99 hp) OM 352 engine is a U 1000. A 427.100 with a 2,650 mm (104+3⁄8 in) wheelbase and the 100-PS 366 engines is also a U 1000. Starting in 1976, model numbers have an extra 0 at the end. More recent models like the U 5000 are rated at 218 PS (160 kW; 215 hp).
Bremach – similar vehicles built in Italy
Railcar mover
SCAM – similar vehicles built in Italy
Silant – similar vehicles built in Russia
Pinzgauer – similar vehicles built in Austria
Mercedes-Benz Zetros
^ In this article, the terms Otto cycle engine and Diesel cycle engine are used to differentiate between a traditional petrol engine and a traditional Diesel engine. This is because the original Unimog does not only have a Diesel engine that can burn petrol (precombustion chamber design), but also used to require petrol as a fuel additive in winter to prevent the fuel from gelling. Furthermore, many German military vehicles (such as the Unimog S) have petrol engines, but several military petrol engines use the Diesel principle.
^ Mercedes-Benz presented the 425 in 1974, and the 435 in 1975. Series production started in January 1976.
^ The kilopondmetre (kp·m) is the traditional technical unit of torque used in many European countries until the early 1980s. It equals the force that a mass of 1 kilogram applies. If the acceleration is exactly 9.80665 m·s−2 (default gravitational acceleration), this equals 9.80665 N·m.
^ "Wörth, Mercedes-Benz Werk". Daimler. Archived from the original on 2010-03-29. Retrieved 2011-05-16. Produktion: Actros, Atego, Axor, Econic, Produktbereich Unimog / Sonderfahrzeuge, Zetros, Produktentwicklung
^ "Aksaray, Werk (Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S.)". Daimler. 2009-12-31. Archived from the original on 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2011-01-02. Produktion: Atego, Axor und Unimog, Produktentwicklung
^ a b Loperena, García; Javier, Gastón (2015). El Unimog en el Ejército Argentino (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: 1884 Editorial. ISBN 9789509822993.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Vogler, Carl-Heinz (2016). Unimog 406 – Typengeschichte und Technik (in German). München: Geramond. ISBN 978-3-86245-576-8.
^ a b c d e f g Nellinger, Lutz (2016). Der Unimog: Arbeitstier und Kultmobil [The Unimog: Workhorse and cult vehicle] (in German). Cologne, Germany: Komet. ISBN 978-3-86941-581-9.
^ "Unimog Implement Carrier BlueTec 6 Technical Manual" (PDF). Daimler AG. February 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
^ "Technical Information U 4023 / U 5023" (PDF). Daimler AG. 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
^ DPMA: Registernummer: 624275, retrieved 23 September 2019
^ a b "Unimog 1976 bis 1985" (in German). Unimog-Club Gaggenau. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
^ Unimog-Club Gaggenau: Unimog 1986 bis 1991, retrieved 30 December 2018
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Vogler, Carl-Heinz (2015). Typenatlas Unimog. Alle Unimog-Klassiker seit 1946 bis 1993 (in German). München: GeraMond. ISBN 978-3-86245-026-8.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Vogler, Carl-Heinz (2014). Unimog 411: Typengeschichte und Technik (in German). München: GeraMond-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86245-605-5.
^ Helmut Schmitz: Getriebevarianten U 406/U 421. August 20th, 2012. Retrieved May 19th, 2017 (in German)
^ Oldtimer Traktor Heft 11-12/2012
^ "The present state of development of the Unimog". A.T.Z. Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift. Springer-Verlag. 74 (2): 69–76. 1972. ISSN 0001-2785.
^ "Von 1963 bis 1992: Der Unimog wächst zum Komplettprogramm" (in German). Daimler AG. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
^ Vogler, Carl-Heinz (2009). Das Unimog-Typenbuch: Die komplette Modellgeschichte (in German). München: GeraMond. ISBN 978-3-7654-7699-0.
^ [1] Archived October 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Photographic image" (JPG). Thw-worms.de. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
^ "Photographic image" (JPG). Unimogfreunde.de. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
^ Weinand, Georg - Hochwasser in Bosnien Unimog erweist sich als katastrophenfest (High Water in Bosnian Unimog proves catastrophe-proof) Eurotransport.de, July 1, 2014. Translation: According to Mercedes-Benz, the Unimogs were able to demonstrate their characteristic properties during their mission in Bosnia. This included the high off-road mobility, traction, twisting and climbing ability as well as the fording depth of up to 1.20 meters. In addition, the large ground clearance and the short frame overhang with a slope angle of up to 44 degrees were an advantage.
^ "Henne-Unimog Winterdienst-Leistungsschau in Inzell Oberbayerische Unimogfreunde". Unimogfreunde.de. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
^ [2] Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ "6 x 6 Doppelkabine". Unimog-forever.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
^ "Photographic image" (JPG). Medicont.de. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
^ Cawthon, Bill (2001). "Freightliner and the Unimog". allpar.com. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Freightliner LLC expects to sell about 300 Unimogs in the U.S. in 2002
^ "DaimlerChrysler Unimog: all-Parker connectors for braking system". Parker.waaps.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
^ "All Things German: UNIMOG in USA no more". Allthingsgerman.blogspot.com. 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
^ "Dakar Retrospective 1979-2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-15. Vismara-Minelli, on their Mercedes Unimog, are the unexpected winners in the truck class.
^ "Minelli, passion to the nth degree". No matter how hard that edition or how late they reached the bivouacs in Africa, Giacomo and Giulio, then in their prime, started their night shift after sunset: "We provided support for the Italian factory Honda bikers, Orioli, Balestrieri and De Petri, so we used to maintain and repair their bikes at the end of each stage".
^ "Feature: Daimler-Benz Launches The Unimog At The German Agricultural Show In Frankfurt | eMercedesBenz - The Unofficial Mercedes-Benz Weblog". eMercedesBenz. 2008-07-02. Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
^ Ramey, James (27 October 2020). "70 Years Ago Today Daimler-Benz Took over Unimog Production". Autoweek. Hearst Autos, Inc. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ a b "2000 to the present day: New Unimog generations". Daimler AG. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ Oswald, Werner (2008). Mercedes-Benz Lastwagen und Omnibusse 1886–1986 (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. p. 321. ISBN 978-3-613-02943-9.
^ Daimler-Benz AG (ed): Unimog Studie "Funmog" präsentiert. 15 March 1994. Retrieved 30 December 2018
^ a b Rhein Zeitung: Vom Unimog zum Funmog. 6 August 1997. Retrieved 30 December 2018
^ Burgdorf, Jan (24 December 2015). "Mercedes Funmog: Die Suche nach dem Sinn" (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2018.
^ "Mercedes-Benz Unimog UX100". TrucksPlanet.com. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
^ "World Premiere Unimog and Econic". Daimler AG. 19 April 2013. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
Schneider, Peter (2012). Unimog: seit 1974 [Unimog: since 1974]. Typenkompass series (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 9783613034518.
Ward, Rod (2019). Mercedes-Benz Part Three: Unimog & MB-Trac. Auto Review series, no. 149. Leeds, UK: Zeteo Publishing. OCLC 1137103185.
Unimog Official Site
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unimog vehicles.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unimog&oldid=1133991894"


text:
Maple syrup industry booming in New York State
July 11, 2018 6:39 pm adwpadmin News
WHITNEY POINT (WBNG) — Gary Coles has been producing maple syrup at his tree farm since 1995 and the growth since then has been enormous, but he's not the only one.
A farm that started out with 500 tree taps, now has 2,400 just 23 years later, nearly five times what he started with.
"I'm at a size I can manage and produce quality, so that's where I'm at," said Coles.
In the last five years, New York state's maple syrup industry has increased by nearly 50 percent, we now produce nearly 20 percent of the entire nation's maple syrup.
Production of the tasty topping is no easy task, however.
The process starts at the maple trees. Sap is drawn out of trees, into a tap and from there it's led through plastic tubing into large metal tanks.
Next, it goes through a reverse osmosis process to take out water.
From there, the sap is boiled in an evaporator until it reaches 65% sugar or what's considered pure maple syrup.
This all happens in the spring time, which is peak maple syrup season.
With such an in-depth process, technology has helped the industry grow.
"Basically years ago it used to be a bucket operation, we had to go pick it up in a bucket. Today I'm 100% plastic tubing and food grade tubing," Coles explained.
Ways of selling the syrup have also changed. Gary sells most of his syrup from his home, but said others have moved to selling over the internet.
But expansion isn't all sweet in the maple syrup industry.
"Sometimes the bigger you get, sometimes, you're making syrup, maybe a little inconsistent," said Coles.
It's a classic battle of quantity versus quality.
"Everybody wants a piece of the pie," Coles said.
A Bronx Tale ticket and Amici gift card giveaway

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A DNS Server is a computer registered for joining a Domain Name Method. The benefits of DNS Servers include Community IP Deal with and possibility to use unique purpose networking software. Nevertheless, it has been mentioned that users complain about DNS server not responding on Windows 7.
Enter your incoming mail server, your outgoing mail server, and your community info. For much more info, get in touch with your POP or IMAP e-mail service provider.
You don't require to spend a great deal of money on your clothes. If you're going to spent cash, do it on your shoes. Two hundred dollars' worth of fabric gained't assist you get more match, but one hundred dollars' really worth of footwear can keep away shin splints and increase your comfort aspect significantly.
O'Connor described the gadget as able of putting in on your Mac/PC (see slide 19). Or it might be installed to your iPad. Software program should be accessible on iTunes and Google Play. Even better is that the software is anticipated to be accessible as open up source (Github and CPAN). He described the CreepyDOL components as being mostly sensors that route to your (or any) WiFi link. However, he has conveniently supplied an image of the board (is it a modified Raspberry Pi?) and a components checklist (slides 10 and thirteen). Some DIYers might be in a position to build their own box?
Some of the most well-liked service are HideMyAss, Expressvpn, IPVanish VPN, Strong VPN, and Vypr expressvpn. Of program, there are numerous others and they are also outlined and compared on the website. Big or little, vpn has them all. VPNGround gives ratings based on a five star system, compares services, costs, writes critiques and weblogs, and even provides criteria to assist you make your selection. You might be shocked by some of the new, smaller VPN services companies.
Camera and Entertainment- The Nokia E7 deals is capturing the higher resolution photos and the High definition video clip recording with its 8MP digital camera. You can also upload them directly to Youtube. The video clip contacting with the front dealing with digital camera is also a plus stage of the device.
I have as much a sense of humor as the next getting older techie, but it was sobering to see that the term 'PDA' was gone. PDA stood for 'personal digital assistant' back in 1992 and referred to a handheld pc. The article explained that "Today, the favored generic term for a handheld like a Blackberry or an Apple iphone is a 'Smartphone'. Uh Oh! I broke the plastic situation for my beloved PDA yesterday and sent my spouse to Workplace Depot to pick up a new one.
The ringers on the Vonage VOIP Phone System leave a little bit to be preferred nevertheless. The conserving grace there is that you have 3 handsets. Of course if I don't listen to the telephone ringing, there is the voice mail which works great.


text:
Local Visits of Interest
Birdwatching Hot Spots
Add Your Group
North Sunderland & Seahouses Gardening Association
North Sunderland & Seahouses Women's Institute
Seahouses Girls' Brigade Company
Seahouses Seaside Amateur Drama Club
Seahouses Village Voices
Hub -Cinema, Sports & Community Centre
St Aiden's Catholic Church
St Paul's Church, North Sunderland
Seahouses Primary School
St. Cuthbert's United Reformed Church, North Sunderland
TRAIN SERVICES pass close to us on the main east coast, London to Edinburgh line. Unfortunately, the vast majority do just that – they pass! A very few do stop at CHATHILL. Failing that, there are the bus service connections from BERWICK-UPON-TWEED and from ALNMOUTH FOR ALNWICK stations.
LONG DISTANCE COACHES serve both ALNWICK and BERWICK-UPON-TWEED. Some leave the A1 to come a little closer to us, at BELFORD.
LOCAL BUS timetables are displayed at most bus stops, though they may be affected by season and by school terms.
MOTORING routes are shown on the map, particularly the A1 (dark green) and recommended lesser routes (in red). Some visitors are attracted by the signposted Northumberland Coastal Route which passes through Seahouses as well as Beadnell and Bamburgh.
Designated CYCLEWAYS make use mainly of the minor roads, old railway lines, and purpose-built cycle tracks throughout the area, including the centres of Seahouses and other local villages.
LONG-DISTANCE WALKS passing through Seahouses include the Northumberland Coast Path and St. Oswald's Way. LOCAL COAST WALKS to and from Seahouses have their own page.
Being about half-way between Edinburgh and Newcastle airports there is a choice but no tailor-made route BY AIR.
Anyone able to come to Seahouses BY SEA in their own craft finds a ready welcome in the harbour: the entrance is at 55° 35′ 02″ N, 001° 38′ 55″ W, south-going. Having tied up, a visit is made to the Harbourmaster's office on the quayside, to check on such matters as water depths and facilities available to visiting craft.
SOME LINKS THAT YOU MAY FIND USEFUL
CrossCountry Trains.
Northern Rail.
National Express coaches.
Local bus services.
Arrivabus.
Newcastle International airport
You can enter NU2232 or NE68 7SJ into Google Maps or the AA to make use of their routing facilities.
Sustrans local cycle routes.
Sustrans "Coast and Castles" long-distance cycle route.
Regional guides to Northumbria
Northumberland Coast Path
St. Oswald's Way
"Colour Supplement"
Further information, photos and video, village maps, news archive, Grace Darling, walks, Geology and more...
Send us your feedback. We'd like to know what we can do to improve the site or if there are any corrections or additions we can make.
· © 2020 The Seahouses Community Website · Powered by · Designed with the Customizr theme ·


What a cool looking shirt! We love the wavy guitar design on this navy short sleeve tee. This t-shirt is really lightweight and soft. All you guitar lovers definitely need this shirt in your life!
-Male model is 5'11" and wearing a medium.
-Female model is 5'2" and wearing a medium.


Surviving on a deep space mining expedition on Titan is hard enough without Nathan always trying to kill you. Sure he's infected, but he doesn't have to be such a jerk about it. Join Meeple Nation as we dissect another hidden role gem like Shadows over Camelot and Battle Star Galactica. In fact, Dark Moon originated from a homebrew game called BSG Express, based on the game, Battle Star Galactica . So how does Dark Moon hold up? Well, the shields are damaged, life support is failing, and Nathan has a stupid grin on his face. Listen to find out what happens next.


text:
Q: rsync between two windows server in different vlan via an ubuntu I was asked to sync two folders in two windows servers which are in two  different vlans . and for the sake of security these servers should not ping each other but an ubuntu machine can be in both vlans . I want to know is there a way to sync a those two folders with rsync ? or any other possible solution ?

A: Yes there is a way.
But it's not clear to me exactly what are you asking for?
For different ways to do this ?
Can you clarify in your question:

*

*Can each windows server rsync to the linux machine?

*Can the linux machine rsync from/to each windows server?

Simplest solution I think: in a cron job on linux server

*

*rsync from windows server 1 to local folder

*rsync from local folder to windows server 2

*rsync from windows server 2 to local folder

*rsync from local folder to windows server 1

Note on rsync args to use.
Good default:
rsync -avz # -a archive mode, -v verbosity, -z compression
RTFM is good also ;) https://linux.die.net/man/1/rsync

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Do you set aside time regularly to plan what you want to do in your business?
If it's not something you currently do, I strongly encourage you to embrace it for the remainder of this year and watch the transformations. Setting aside time at the beginning of each quarter, to plan out what I want to achieve in the coming 90 days has been crucial to my own success. During this 7 day challenge, I want to share some of what I've learned and what I've found helpful with you (so do subscribe if you want to follow along).
Let's start off by taking a look at why business planning is "the secret" to success. There are a few different factors that come into play here. The first is efficiency. When you go in with a clear plan, you can focus on what's most important. Instead of spending time trying to figure out what you should be working on, what pieces of the puzzle are missing from your product funnel, or what you need to do to break through to the next income level, you know exactly what needs to come next.
As we'll explore in a future blog post, with a clear goal in mind and a plan for the year, it becomes easy to walk backwards to create effective and efficient daily to-do lists. Work on what needs to get done each day and you will reach your goals. Don't have a plan for keeping track of your goals? Make sure you grab our 90-Day Business Planner to help you plan your goals.
Next, setting a big goal for yourself helps you think outside the box. As your planning your next 90 days, decide on a big income goal for the coming month. Write it down. Keep it in front of you. Then get to work and start to notice what happens next. You start to think of things that didn't occur to you before. You come up with creative ways to get more traffic. You decide to run a fun promo that adds dollars to your bank account. The same happens when an important deadline comes up unexpectedly. Think back on that client event that you knocked out of the park, or the last time you had 4 months to plan an event that you should have had a year. You got very creative about your event management and project management skills respectively.
A well-drawn up plan is probably the best tool I know of to allow you to tie everything in your business together. Make sure you grab your journal to get you started!
In short, planning and setting goals is important because it helps you grow faster. That means you end up with more money for yourself and your loved ones while spending less time tied to your desk.


"Good morning, Lowry and Winslow," Ashley answered the office phone.
Good morning my beautiful angel," Jean replied.
"Well, it won't be us," Ashley assured her.
"I didn't think so. You want to hear my other good news?" Jean asked.
"Yeah, the secretary denied the rumors, and it went away," Ashley recalled.
"Well, the secretary denied it because she was having an affair with another woman, another Kentucky House of Representatives member," Jean explained.
"You're kidding," Ashley replied, astonished.
"How about you meet me for lunch and talk about it in person?" Jean asked.
"Can you go at noon? I have cases to hear starting at one," Jean requested.
"Sure, I can go at noon. I guess I'll see you at Alberto's then," Ashley answered.
"I can't wait," Jean told her and hung up.
"Yes. Can you believe she wants to have lunch with me in broad daylight?" Ashley bubbled as she turned in her chair to look at Mary.
"No. I can't," Mary responded.
"Just sweet tea for me," Ashley replied.
"The shrimp mezzaluna is my favorite," Ashley responded, looking over the menu.
"And I'm going to have the shrimp scampi," Jean added.
"Please," Jean and Ashley answered in unison and then grinned at each other.
"Would you like a dressing other than vinegar and oil?" he asked.
"No," both Jean and Ashley responded.
The young man ground some fresh parmesan for Ashley, drizzled olive oil and vinegar over their salads, gathered his tools, and then left with promise that their food would be out soon.
"I'm glad to see we have Italian food in common," Jean observed.
"Me, too. And shrimp apparently," Ashley agreed.
"I love all kinds of seafood," Jean explained taking a bite of her salad.
"And guess who her wife is," Jean's grin widened.
"I knew that, but at the time I was too terrified that I was going to be fired to think clearly," Jean added taking another bite of her salad.
"That is awesome," Ashley beamed, reaching over to squeeze Jean's hand.
"Well, I'm not planning on coming out to them anytime soon," Ashley replied, letting go of Jean's hand.
"Wow, that's a big difference in career choices," Jean observed.
Jean and Ashley answered, "No," in unison.
"Not right now," Jean told him.
"Enjoy your meal. I'll be back in a little while to see how you are doing," He turned and quickly walked away.
Ashley was almost late getting back from lunch. When she walked in the door, Mary was waiting with her purse. She looked at the two take out boxes and gave Ashley a raised eyebrow in question.
"We talked more than we ate. I'm sure I'll be starving later," Ashley told her.
Ashley nodded with a smile that faded as soon as she saw the partners approaching the door. She turned and hurried to the break room to put her food away.
Both partners came into the break room with their leftover food from Alberto's. Ashley turned from the refrigerator to look at them.
Returning a few seconds later, she labeled each box.
"Thank you," Mr. Lowry said before turning and walking into his office.
Mr. Winslow fixed himself a cup of hot tea and went into his office. Neither said a word about seeing Ashley at the restaurant with Jean. Ashley let out a sigh and went to her desk to start working.
"Sure we did," Mary blushed.
The image of Mary and Jackie making out in Mary's car made Ashley blush too, and she looked away. She had to admit that she was a little jealous. She would love for Jean and her to have a little making out time.
"Seriously?" Mary looked back in the direction of the partners' offices, too.
One of the partner's clients came in, and Mary went back to her desk. They didn't talk about anything but work the rest of the afternoon. Ashley was still feeling a bit apprehensive about her relationship with Jean. She still wondered if they would be able to have a real relationship without a lot of complications. Only time would tell.


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Many of us discover great content in our Facebook feeds every day, and Pocket is the perfect place to save it to view when you're ready. This article explains the easiest methods for saving links from Facebook to your Pocket account.
If you have the Pocket browser extension installed, you can save links by simply right-clicking on them. If you don't see the Pocket button in your browser's toolbar, click here to install it.
The easiest way to save links from Facebook to Pocket is to copy the link, and then open Pocket where you'll be offered to save it.
Open the Pocket app. You'll see a teal banner at the bottom of the screen prompting you to add the copied link to Pocket.
I want to share directly from Facebook!
We agree! It would be amazing to save all those great posts from Facebook in one click or tap. We would love for you to let Facebook's team know that you'd like to see better Pocket integration by requesting it here.


15/08/2018�� The logo, reportedly hand drawn by guitarist Slash, has stuck around for the past two decades on the band�s merchandise and t-shirts. How To Draw Guns N Roses Symbol, Step By Step�... How to Draw the Lamborghini Logo lamborghini lamborghini logo lamborghini emblem lamborghini symbol lamborghini drawing draw the lamborghini lamborghini bull How to Draw the Lamborghini Emblem What you'll need for the Lamborghini Logo: Pencil Eraser Black Marker Yellow Marker Light Brown Marker Brown Marker Ruler Compass Good luck on the Lamborghini Logo!
Using the two curved lines from the previous step, we outline the letters of the Lamborghini logo. Now move to the bull, sketching the outlines of the horns, eyes, nose, and hooves. Now move to the bull, sketching the outlines of the horns, eyes, nose, and hooves.
The first thing you will do is draw the windshield for your Bugatti, then at the same time draw in some of the car's roof. Step 2. When you tackle this step you will work around the window and begin drawing the body or frame of the car.


The Founder and leader of God's Crown Chapel, Eagle Prophet seems not to be ending his 2019 prophecies anytime as he frequently prophesies in the lives of prominent Ghanaians.
Eagle prophet during his 31st-night prophecies, revealed that Ghanaian rapper,Sarkodie will be a great personality in Ghana someday.
Sarkodie later in an interview on Hitz FM warmly embraced the prophecy claiming he as a person accepts anything positive that comes to his life.
Well, the man of God has again made another charming prophecy on the "Boza" hitmaker and we are yet to know how Sarkodie will at this time embrace his prophecy of becoming a true man of God.
Speaking in an interview on Peace FM with Akwesi Aboagye on his 'Peace Entertainment Review' show on Saturday, Eagle prophet prophesied that Sarkodie will soon leave his work as a hip-life and hip-hop artiste and take up the work of God.
"Sarkodie is poised for greatness according to what God has shown me…he will be great by becoming a man of God…" Eagle Prophet stated.
He further emphasized that the CEO of SarkCess Music is already aware of what he is saying since he does hear the voice of God on that particular calling.


text:
Winichen ist der Ortsname von

 Winichen (Reut), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Reut, Landkreis Rottal-Inn, Bayern
 Winichen (Unterdietfurt), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Unterdietfurt, Landkreis Rottal-Inn, Bayern

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Student walkouts lead to concern over punishment
Megan Walker, Staff Writer • April 16, 2018
After the events that transpired at Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida on Feb. 14, public high school students have staged walkouts in protest of current political situations in regards...
Noelle Amiry
Megan Walker, Staff Writer • December 11, 2017
"I have family who lives in Egypt, my grandma and my aunt on my dad's side, so I've been there a few times before. It's pretty cool because I've been inside of a pyramid, and at the top you would think...
Petition on a mission
Megan Walker, Staff Writer • December 9, 2017
As the Black & White reported in Oct., the tradition of the handprint wall will not be continuing this year. Since that news broke, students Josie Barsness, 18' and Abby Watkins, 19' came together...
Project Silence No More
Megan Walker and Sarah Nelson • October 23, 2017
Most students are aware of the school's history of students committing suicide, and how the deaths of these individuals affect the whole community. Despite the experiences formed from these losses, many...
Brianna Johnson
Megan Walker, Staff Writer • September 25, 2017
"Venturing is a part of Boy Scouts of America, and its for youth ages 14-21. Its kind of like Boy Scouts, but its co ed and you get to do a lot more high adventure activities. My family is heavily involved...
Veronika (Nika) Silkin
"Classes at Drake are a lot easier to transfer over for college credit, so when I get to college regardless of where I am, its going to be a lot easier to finish it sooner, which means paying for less...


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I've recently been experimenting a bit with singing and playing harmony, so for a fun project, I took "Angels We Have Heard on High" from a hymnbook and arranged it so I could play three of the parts on my pennywhistle and sing one. Here's my final performance (if you want to call it that!) of the piece, made by playing/singing each part separately and combining them with Audacity.
The soprano, alto and tenor parts are pennywhistle; the bass part is me. I would have preferred to sing the melody and let the pennywhistles take care of the rest, but the bass part doesn't fit very well into the pennywhistle's rather limited range, so I did it that way instead. If you're curious, my pennywhistle is a Susato, not tunable, in the key of D. I really love how it sounds, but then, the only other wind instrument I've played is a very cheap recorder, so pretty much anything would sound beautiful compared to that.
This entry was posted in Music, Other. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Marvell Embraces Earth Day: Driving Greener, Eco-Friendly Embedded Enterprise Applications
New Gigahertz-Class ARMADA 310 Processor, Sub-One Watt Combines High Performance, Extensive Feature Set with Markedly Lower Power
Santa Clara, California (April 22, 2010) – Marvell (Nasdaq: MRVL), a worldwide leader in integrated silicon solutions, today announced a new addition to the ARMADA™ family of application processors in honor of Earth Day 2010 – the Marvell® ARMADA 310. The new System-on-a-Chip (SoC) is designed to deliver scalable performance of up to 1GHz while consuming less than 1 Watt – a striking industry benchmark for the enterprise application developer community. The ARMADA 310 opens doors to new greener embedded enterprise applications with gigahertz-class performance to muscle computing horsepower for digital homes and small and remote office applications, as well as for new intelligent solutions for Plug Computing, medical, financial and point-of-sale (POS) markets. The advanced ARMADA 310 offers designers the opportunity to develop high performance, power-efficient green systems with smaller form factors for a variety of peripherals such as routers, microservers, dongles, PC cards, industrial and medical systems.
"With the ongoing demand for sustainable enterprise developments and Marvell's commitment to advocate and advance the development of energy efficient green technology, the groundbreaking ARMADA 310 sets itself apart from competitors with its enterprise performance features and lower power capabilities," said Dr. Simon Milner, vice president and general manager of the Enterprise Business Unit at Marvell Semiconductor Inc. "Embedded application developers need smarter processors capable of delivering high levels of performance while consuming lower power, the new ARMADA 310 is designed to do just that - the solutions offers a variety of performance features while meeting the community's demand to lower carbon footprint."
The ARMADA 310 offers scalable performance from 600MHz to 1GHz and the ability to power down as low as 700mW. To help maximize bandwidth, reduce power consumption and drive down system cost, the new SoC features an on-chip 16-bit DDR2/3 interface. The highly integrated IC also drives down bill of material (BOM) costs by adding a wide variety of communications options including two PCI-express bus interfaces, two Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) MACs, a USB 2.0 compliant port with an integrated PHY that can serve as a peripheral or host, and an embedded 16-bit LCD controller.
"Marvell is recognized as a leading developer of CPUs running the ARM instruction set that reach a broad array of markets and applications," said Tony Massimini, Chief of Technology at Semico Research Corp. "By integrating extensive connectivity capabilities into a highly scalable ARM-based SoC, the ARMADA 310 offers designers the opportunity to create small-form factor, high-performance, devices that easily link to other systems and outside networks."
The CPU core on the ARMADA 310 was developed by Marvell and is ARMv5TE compliant. It features a four-way, set-associative L1 16 KB I-cache /16-KB D-cache and a 256-KB, unified four-way, set-associative L2 cache. To maximize throughput the chip uses an innovative on-chip crossbar architecture that enables concurrent transactions among multiple units.
Besides the features mentioned above, the new Armada 310 offers:
Two SATA 2.0 ports with integrated PHYs
Variety of boot options (NAND Flash, DDR2/3, etc)
Audio support with two TDM Channels
Network security engine capable of supporting various encryption algorithms
Variety of interfaces including, SDIO/MMC, NAND flash, SPI, two TWSI, and two UARTs
DMA/XOR engine with four channels
RTC and thermal sensor
Packaging and availability
To help minimize end product footprint, the new green SoC comes in a highly compact 15 x 15-mm Flip-Chip Ball Grid Array (FCBGA). The ARMADA 310 is available immediately and sells for under $15 in 10Ku quantities.
ARMADA Family
The ARMADA family of application processors sets a new standard by offering PC-class performance enabled by Marvell's patented CPU technology. Designed from the ground-up, Marvell's best-in-class CPUs for the ARM instruction set are at the heart of each chip. Unlike other comparable, commercially available products in the industry, Marvell CPUs deliver higher performance and lower power dissipation while providing full software compatibility to all ARM-based applications. The ARMADA 300 series offers more than 2.0 GHz processing horsepower in a sub 2W power envelope for the entire System on Chip – a level of performance never before seen with this class of processor – and the flexibility, interfaces and price points that fit the needs of today's digital economy.
Marvell (NASDAQ: MRVL) is a world leader in the development of storage, communications, and consumer silicon solutions. The company's diverse product portfolio includes switching, transceiver, communications controller, wireless, and storage solutions that power the entire communications infrastructure including enterprise, metro, home, and storage networking. As used in this release, the terms "company" and "Marvell" refer to Marvell Technology Group Ltd. and its subsidiaries. For more information, visit http://www.marvell.com.
Marvell and the M logo are registered trademarks of Marvell and/or its affiliates. ARMADA is a trademark of Marvell and/or its affiliates. Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.


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Things to Do in Quantico
Things to Do in Quantico, VA
Our list of the best things to do in Quantico, Virginia, features the top 235 nearby activities — including 77 great attractions with user approval ratings of 90% or more!
Quantico, VA has a variety of great sights and experiences nearby. Top categories include: Outdoor Places, Sights & Landmarks, Entertainment & Shows, and Museums & Galleries.
The results below include the top 1 thing to do within the city of Quantico, VA , followed by 234 popular activities in nearby cities, including Fredericksburg, Alexandria, Fairfax, Woodbridge, Springfield, Manassas, Annandale, Fort Washington, Centreville, Lorton, Oxon Hill, Stafford, Waldorf, Falls Church, Chantilly, Arlington, Mount Vernon, Burke, Brandywine, Port Tobacco and Clinton
Sights & Landmarks (126)
Entertainment & Shows (102)
Water Activities (51)
Winery/Vineyard (45)
History Museums (28)
Historic Sites (23)
Recreation Centers (19)
Skating Rinks (16)
Dog Park (16)
Marinas (11)
Specialty Museums (10)
Arts Centers (8)
Nature & Wildlife Areas (6)
Visitor Centers (6)
Boat Rentals (5)
Aviation Museums (5)
Bus Tours (4)
Skate Parks (4)
Piers & Boardwalks (3)
Ziplines (3)
Sports Stadiums (Amateur) (3)
Sports Teams (Amateur) (3)
Adventure Tour (3)
Gun Ranges (2)
Running/Jogging (2)
Soccer Field (2)
Boat Cruise (2)
Amusement Parks (Kids) (2)
Convention Centers (2)
Scenic Walks (2)
Dance Studios (2)
Sculpture Parks (1)
Gyms (1)
City Tours (1)
Food Tours (1)
Ballets (1)
Sailboat Tours (1)
Mysterious Sites (1)
Children's Entertainment (1)
Airfields (1)
Horse Races (1)
Religious Buildings (1)
Modern Art Museums (1)
Airplane Tours (1)
Date Ideas (648)
Fredericksburg (30)
Fairfax (21)
Warrenton (20)
Edgewater (14)
Falls Church (14)
Solomons (13)
Chesapeake Beach (12)
Prince Frederick (10)
Colonial Beach (10)
Crofton (8)
Glen Echo (2)
Port Tobacco (1)
Sandy Spring (1)
Quantico (1)
638 things to do
Quantico National Cemetery
Cemeteries Quantico, VA MoreLess Info
Quantico National Cemetery, located in Triangle, Virginia, is reserved for veterans of the United States Armed Forces. Established in 1983, it houses seven memorials over 725 acres. Among the notable burials is Captain Frederick C. Branch, the first African-American officer of the Marine Corps.
The Air Ground Museum
Military Museums Manassas, VA MoreLess Info
With a focus on the US Marine Corps, The Air Ground Museum has on display items related to the history of the US military. The museum offers guided tours and houses tanks, guns, trucks, and other items related to the military.
Leesylvania State Park
National & State Parks 2001 Daniel K Ludwig Drive, Woodbridge, VA 22191 MoreLess Info
The Leesylvania State Park is considered to be a historic site in the region as it was visited by Captain John Smith and serves as the ancestral home area for Virginia's legendary Fairfax and Lee families. There are also many outdoor activities for visitors, including picnicking, hiking, fishing, and boating.
Potomac Point Winery
Winery/Vineyard 275 Decatur Road, Stafford, VA 22554 MoreLess Info
Potomac Point Winery, first opened in 2007, offers a variety of award-winning wines. The on-site bistro serves lunch and dinner, and guests can enjoy tastings, facility tours and activities and events. There's even a space adjacent to the Tasting Room for little ones, complete with books, toys and bean bags.
Woodbridge Sailing School Captained Charters
Sailboat Tours 2001 Daniel K Ludwig Drive, Woodbridge, VA MoreLess Info
Woodbridge Sailing School Captained Charters is owned and operated by experienced sailors that provide a full range of sailing instructions. The offering includes captained sail, achieving an ASA certificate, or just rent well-maintained sailboats.
Penguin Paddling
Boat Tours 16205 Neabsco Road, Woodbridge, VA 22191 MoreLess Info
With Penguin Paddling, visitors can go on a paddling adventure with an experienced guide on the Potamac River and Neabsco Creek. During the excursion, visitors will kayak under bridges and next to national monuments.
Rippon Lodge Historic Site
Historic Homes 15520 Blackburn Rd., Woodbridge, VA 22191 MoreLess Info
The oldest house remaining in Prince William County, Woodbridge's' Rippon Lodge Historic Site is a popular tourist destination. The lodge was originally a tobacco plantation and is now a home museum open to the public for tours of the house and grounds.
Smith Lake Park
Parks 370 Doc Stone Road, Stafford, VA 22556 MoreLess Info
Situated on 17 acres, Smith Lake Park sits on the edge of Smith Lake facing the Aquia Creek Dam. The park provides a walking trail, horseshoe pits, picnic areas, a playground and facilities for baseball, football and soccer.
Rc Theatres
Theaters 2850 Jefferson Davis Highway, Stafford, VA 22554 MoreLess Info
At Regal Cinemas Aquia 10, visitors can see the latest movies and blockbuster hits in its auditoriums. The concession stand serves refreshments and snacks like popcorn, nachos, candy, and more.
Regal Cinemas 10
Movie Theaters 2850 Jefferson Davis Highway, Stafford, VA 22554 MoreLess Info
A cinema multiplex with ten auditoriums, the Stafford Regal Cinemas 10 screens primarily first-run, new release Hollywood films. The theater offers a variety of combo packages and discounts, and serves an array of refreshments.
HAVE SUGGESTIONS FOR COOL AND INTERESTING THINGS TO DO IN THE Quantico AREA?


How many towns in South Africa can boast two former film sets that have become tourist attractions? Hartbeespoort in the North West province is probably unique in this regard and bills itself, tongue-in-cheek, as 'Hartiwood' – South Africa's answer to Hollywood.
French Toast, which styles itself as a 'coffee café', is the better-known of the two and is teeming with visitors at weekends. Pretville has a lower profile but is certainly worth a visit. Film-maker Paul Kruger owns both venues and used them as sets for his 2012 rock 'n roll movie Pretville – a kind of Afrikaans Grease – and the 2014 feature film French Toast.
Colourful and over the top. Pretville was the location for the filming of an Afrikaans rock 'n roll movie of the same name.
"Pretville came about because we couldn't find anywhere in SA that looked like a 50s-style town with a diner, so we decided to build our own town to be a movie set with a rock 'n roll theme," says Paul. "After the movie was produced, we realised that there was no official film set in South Africa that you could visit as a tourist. So we opened the venue at the time of the movie release in November 2012.
Pretville is colourful, over-the-top and somewhat kitsch, but it is fun. And you shouldn't miss the authentic-looking, 50s-style hair salon or the great milkshakes in the diner.
The Pretville 50s-style diner is a must-visit for a burger and milkshake.
The movie French Toast tells the story of a pastry chef and was filmed in both Paris and in Hartbeespoort. "So the restaurant, as it is now, was part of the film and we shot the cooking scenes, dining scenes and café scenes there," Paul explains.
The café embraces the Parisian theme wholeheartedly. There are buskers dressed in character who play French-themed music, a replica Eiffel Tower and a mock-up of the Pont des Arts – the famous Parisian 'bridge of love locks'. You can even buy locks and have them engraved with your own message of love before you attach them to the bridge.
In one corner there's a replica of the Wall of Love, which is found in the trendy Parisian neighbourhood of Montmartre, on which the phrase 'I love you' is featured 311 times in 250 languages. This one has a South African twist, though. Look carefully and on one tile you'll see 'kom ons braai'.
Owner Paul Kruger at a replica of Paris' famous Wall of Love, located in a corner of the garden at French Toast.
There's also an open-air theatre where free movies are shown, and a take-away area (called a 'bake away') for those who don't want to brave the hour-long wait for a table during peak periods.


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There are two main ways of developing icons - converting them from graphics and designing them by hand in an graphic editor. Both ways have acknowledged solutions, represented by grade A tools from Aha-Soft. They are: Any to Icon, a convenient image-to-icon converter and ArtIcons Pro, a compelling icongraphic editing program with many options. These applications provide you with the most favorable drawing experience as well as exceptional results. If you need software for developing beautiful pictures of any size and format you have just found it!
Any to Icon was made to make image design extremely easy. Why waste time on hand-crafted design if you already have an image collection well suited for icons? In that case, Any to Icon will get the task done in a few seconds. All you need to do is select a image, select image parameters and start the transformation process. That's it! You've just made a sleek icon! Such an approach allows you to reach high efficiency and still fascinate users with image quality.
Due to the obvious interface, working with the software is a piece of cake. You can add files using drag and drop as well as insert images from the clipboard by copy-and-paste actions. Also the built-in wizard and command line support will be of help in transforming numerous documents at once. As well as processing a great range of common formats, the software can also unpack images from libraries stored in .exe, .dll, .scr, etc. Any to Icon has a set of predefined icon sizes and colors from single color to 32-bit. You can also leave the color 'as is' and select the custom graphic size that suits your project.
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