text:
CHARLES CORDELL
God's Vindictive Wrath
To Cleanse Judah
Notes & Maps
The General Crisis
The English Revolution
17th Century Military Theory
Battle of Edgehill 1642
Edgehill to London 1642
Battle of Aylesbury 1642
Brentford and Turnham 1642
Storming of Winchester 1642
Talks & Walks
Writers' Page
The Battle of Edgehill 1642
The Battle of Edgehill, contemporary woodcut image from Parliamentary Account
The battle of Edgehill was fought on the 23rd of October 1642. It was the first major battle of the English Civil War. Many had anticipated a single show of force or token battle – a letting of blood to 'purge the nation'. But Edgehill left many in shock. Descending into a brutal drawn-out slog, with no conclusive ending, there was no doubt that war had arrived in Britain.
This page aims to provide historical notes to accompany God's Vindictive Wrath by Charles Cordell. The notes are listed in order matching the text and cover the battle of Edgehill. This website includes more notes to later sections of the novel.
The Battlefield and Weather in 1642
Edgehill marks the boundary between the high rolling Oxfordshire plateau and the lower lying plain of Warwickshire. On a clear day, you can see as far as the Malvern Hills, on the border of Herefordshire. You can see Bredon Hill and the towers of Worcester Cathedral. The spires of Stratford upon Avon, St Mary's Warwick and Coventry Cathedral are also visible.
In 1642, the parishes to the north and south of Radway and Kineton (including Burton Dassett and Tysoe) had begun the process of enclosure. This formed the network of smaller fields and hedges we see today. However, Radway and Kineton retained their large open medieval fields and commons.
We also know that Edgehill itself had far fewer trees on its slopes in 1642. The woods we see today were planted out in the 18th Century. Almost certainly, the battle was fought across the open fields of Radway and Kineton. The initial skirmishes on the flanks would have been to clear the early enclosures on the fringes of Burton Dassett and Tysoe.
Clarendon described the weather on the day of the battle of Edgehill in his account of the Civil War, The Great Rebellion. 'It was as fair a day as that season of the year could yield, the sun clear, no wind or cloud appearing.' Parliamentarian accounts agree, but state that the King had the advantage of the wind. This suggests a slight easterly or north easterly breeze.
Hugh Peters and the Vale of the Red Horse
Before the battle of Edgehill, Chaplain Hugh Peters (1598-1660) rode 'from rank to rank with a bible in one hand, and a pistol in the other, exhorting men to do their duty'. This 'worthy divine' had recently returned from New England where he was the preacher at Salem. He was later one of the regicides that signed the death warrant for King Charles I.
The battlefield of Edgehill lies within the Vale of the Red Horse. The significance of this fact and its link to the Biblical Red Horse of Revelations was not missed in 1642. Its image of War and the End of Times was clear. Chapter 17 gave added resonance to those opposing the King. It included 'the whore of Babylon' "with whom the kings of the earth have committed fornication, and the inhibiters of the earth have been drunk with the wine of her fornication."
The sermon in God's Vindictive Wrath is based on John Vicars, Jehovah Jireh, God on the Mount, (Vol 1 of England's Parliamentary Chronicle, 1643). It was preached in London shortly after Edgehill. However, it provides a good example of the puritanical zeal and reference to scripture fundamental to so many. Similar words, or an earlier version, may well have been spoken on the morning of the battle.
The Red Horse of Tysoe
The Red Horse of Tysoe is no longer visible. However, it is known to have been cut into the red earth on the slope above the Sun Rising Inn. It is described in at least one 19th Century account as being of 'colossal dimensions'. It was visible from Lower Tysoe village.
William Dugdale described the Red Horse in 1656. Celia Fiennes also described it in 1698 in Through England on a Side Saddle in the Time of William and Mary. It was still visible in 1841, described by Alfred Beesley in his The History of Banbury.
Almost certainly cut as a Celtic horse, we know that it was recut in 1461, after the battle of Towton. Tradition has it that the Earl of Warwick killed his own horse during the slaughter at Towton. He vowed to share the danger with his foot soldiers.
The people of Tysoe cleaned the Red Horse every Palm Sunday. This essential regular scouring ceased with enclosure of the common land on which it was cut in 1798.
The Two Armies at Edgehill
Clarendon gives a clear comparison of the state of the two armies at Edgehill. He says of the King's Army,
"The greatest difficulty was to provide arms – of which indeed there was a wonderful scarcity. … But in all places the noblemen and gentlemen of quality sent the king such supplies of arms out of their own armouries (which were very mean) that by all these means together, the foot (all but three or four hundred who marched without any weapon but a cudgel) were armed with muskets, and bags for their powder, and pikes; but in the whole body there was no one pikeman had a corselet, and very few musketeers who had swords. Amongst the horse, the officers had their full desire if they were able to procure old backplates and breastplates and pots [helmets] with pistols and carbines for their two or three first ranks, and swords for the rest."
We know that Parliament had secured most of the arms and armour held by the county trained bands. It had also prepared a number of regiments under the pretext of sending them to quell the rebellion in Ireland. As a result, Essex's foot was better equipped and uniformed. The King's foot had to rely on personal armouries donated by individuals. Clarendon tells us that,
"Within two days after the king marched from Shrewsbury, the Earl of Essex moved from Worcester to attend him, with an army far superior in number to the king's; the horse and foot being completely armed, and the men very well exercised, and the whole equipage (being supplied out of the king's magazines) suitable to an army set forth at the charge of a kingdom."
Many of the parliamentary foot were religiously or politicaly motivation. However, Sergeant Nehemiah Wharton of Holles' Regiment describes others.
"The ruder sort of soldiers, whose society, blessed be God, I hate and avoide … many of them discovered their base end in undertaking this design, and demanded five shillings a man, which they say was promised them monthly by the Committee".
No doubt, both armies at Edgehill included of the mix of choir boys and rogues that has characterised every British army since.
The Parliamentary Foot Deployment
The exact disposition of each army at Edgehill remains a point of debate. However, we can draw on the contemporary accounts and de Gomme's map of the royalist order of battle. We can also apply realistic battalion and brigade frontages. Finally, we should apply these to the parish boundaries, archaeological evidence and a military appreciation of the ground itself.
It is clear that Essex marched out from Kineton on the morning of 23rd October. He deployed his army in line along the low ridge feature that runs north east from the Oakes. We know that the Parliamentary foot was drawn up in three tertias (brigades).
On the right stood the 'Vanguard', under Sir John Meldrum. This included the regiments of Lord Robartes ('redcoats' from Bucks), Lord Saye (Oxon 'bluecoats'), Sir William Constable (Yorks blue) and Sir William Fairfax (Yorks).
The 'Battle' or centre was commanded by Charles Essex. The official Parliamentary account clearly places his tertia "in the middle". It contained the regiments of Lord Wharton (black colours), Lord Mandeville (green), Sir Henry Cholmley (London blue) and Charles Essex's own (tawny yellow).
On the left stood the 'Rearguard' under Thomas Ballard. This included the Earl of Essex's (from Essex in orange), Lord Brooke's (London and Warwickshire in purple), Ballard's (Bucks grey) and Denzil Holles' (London red) regiments.
The term 'rearguard' in no way suggested that this formation fought in a second line. It simply referred to its position in the line of march. It is likely that Essex' foot marched out of Kineton on the road towards Knowle End and swung south onto its battle line. This placed the three tertias in line abreast.
The line of Parliamentary foot probably extended along the low rise from the spot height south of King John's lane. (This is centred on OSGB Grid References SP 351490.) It almost certainly extended to the Knowle End road (SP 358503), with Holles' Regiment beyond that.
The Parliamentary Horse
The Parliamentary right wing of horse was probably stationed on the high ground that is now the Oakes (SP 345488). A skirmish line of dragoons deployed forward and right in the "briars". This rough ground almost certainly marked the Kineton and Tysoe parish boundary.
The Parliamentary account describes Ramsay's horse being on a small hill, "advanced a little", forward and left of the foot. Essex left wing of horse probably occupied the rise north of the Kineton to Knowle End road (centred on SP 363506). Musketeers plotoons were deployed between the horse troops. They were also stationed in the enclosures along the parish boundary between Radway and Barton Dassett.
The King's Horse
Rupert's horse probably faced Ramsay from a position that was also north of the Kineton to Knowle End road. This would be around Arnold's Farm (SP 378497). Recent surveys, archaeological finds and re-examination of the battlefield suggest that the battlefield extended further north than previously thought.
Lord Henry Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, Commissary General of Horse commanded the left wing of the King's horse at Edgehill. He had been wounded, in the arm, at Powick Bridge. His brigade was probably a little over 1,000 strong. It consisting of his own regiment with those of Lord Grandison, the Earl of Carnarvon, Sir Thomas Ashton and Lord Digby.
The day before Edgehill, Lord Digby had been ordered to find the enemy. He reported that there were none. However, that evening, quartermaster parties of Essex and Prince Rupert clashed in the village of Wormleighton. Each was scouting for accommodation for their troops. Those of Essex were taken prisoner.
On the morning of 23rd October, Lt Clement Martin (with 24 men of Prince Rupert's Regiment of Horse) confirmed that Essex was at Kineton. Lord Digby's regiment was placed in the least dignified position in the order of battle, in reserve at rear left. This was almost certainly a mark of his failure the day before.
Captain John Smith (a brother of Lord Carrington) already had a reputation as a man of honour and action. Walsingham described his fierce appearance as "Rather formed to command Armies than allure Ladies". Smith was not a stereotype cavalier. He was no gallant. Short in stature and charm, and even shorter in words. Generous to his troopers, he was as a perfect knight. He could not stand bullies and thrashed a soldier who had abused prisoners taken at Hull. A billeting officer extorting money from the citizens of Leicester was flung on a dung heap. He was fatally wounded at Alresford (Winchester). Edward Walsingham later praised him as, "Of one whose fame can never rust That noble, gallant knight Renowned Smith …"
In contrast, Smith's commander, Lord John Stuart was a gentleman of 'wonderful sweet and noble disposition'. He was a cousin of Charles I and brother to the Duke of Richmond and Lennox. His second brother, Lord Bernard Stuart, commanded the King's Lifeguard of Horse. Van Dyke's painting of these cavalier brothers hangs in the National Gallery. Both were to be killed in the Civil War, in 1643 and 1644.
The King's Foot
De Gomme (the King's Engineer) provides a clear diagram of the King's deployment at the start of Edgehill. We also know the constitution of his five foot brigades.
The right was commanded by Charles Gerard. With him were Sir Lewis Dyve's, Sir Ralph Dutton's (Gloucestershire 'whitecoats') and his own (Lancs 'bluecoats', Cheshire & North Wales). John Belasyse stood with Sir William Pennyman's (Yorks), Thomas Blagge's (Suffolk) and his own (Yorks & Notts).
In the centre Richard Fielding lead the largest brigade. This included Sir Thomas Lunsford's (Somerset), Sir Edward Fitton's (Cheshire) and Sir Edward Stradling's (South Wales). With them were Richard Bolle's (Staffs) and Fielding's own (Hereford).
Sir Nicholas Byron marched with the King's Lifeguard of Foot (Lincs, Derby & Cheshire). With him were the Lord General's (Lincs) and Sir John Beaumont's (Staffs). Henry Wentworth commanded the left. This included Lord Molineux' (Lancs), Sir Gilbert Gerard's (Lancs) and Sir Thomas Salusbury's (North Wales).
Almost certainly, Graveground Coppice (SP 353492) marks a point close to the most intense fighting. It is close to the greatest concentration of casualties. These were centred on the fight for the Royal Standard, between the King's Lifeguard and Constable's. It is unlikely that the dead were moved far.
Assuming this is true, it would make sense that Byron's brigade advanced with King John's lane as its left boundary. Their start point would have been forward of the old (1642) church of Radway (at SP 369478).
This would place Wentworth's brigade south of the lane. Wilmot's left wing of horse were beyond them. Again, this would seem to make sense. Their charge met broken ground and the briars along the parish boundary.
Charles I and his Lifeguard of Foot at Edgehill
Sir Richard Bulstrode's account of the battle provides a description of Charles I at Edgehill. 'The King was that Day in a black Velvet Coat lin'd with Ermin, and a Steel Cap covered with Velvet. He rode to every Brigade of Horse, and to all the Tertia's of Foot, to encourage them to their Duty, being accompanied by the great Officers of the Army; His Majesty spoke to them with great Courage and Chearfulness, which caused Huzza's thro' the whole Army.'
The King's speech in God's Vindictive Wrath is based on that recorded in, Three Speeches made by the King, 'The King's Majestie's Speech to his Whole Armie immediately before Battell', London, 1642, Thomason Tract, E200 (67). The King's words to his principal officers are also taken from this source and based on his address to them that morning.
In the summer of 1642, Charles I accepted the offer of a delegation of free-miners from the Derbyshire High Peaks to form a lifeguard. This was in exchange for the abolition of the hated lead tithe. By early September, 400 miners had mustered at Derby. They formed the nucleus of the King's Lifeguard of Foot. We know the names of many of those that mustered, some from the village of Castleton.
The King's Lifeguard of Foot were to go on to fight throughout the first Civil War. One remnant of the regiment finally surrendered at Tresillian Bridge outside Truro in Cornwall in 1646. Although not a direct descendant, the Grenadier Guards trace their lineage to the King's Lifeguard of Foot reformed under Charles II at Bruges in 1656.
The Parliamentary Bombardment and King's Speech
The best of Essex's artillery was near his right centre. According to Edmund Ludlow, Essex ordered them to fire. "Our general having commanded to fire upon the enemy, it was done twice upon that part of the army wherein, as it was reported, the King was. The great shot was exchanged on both sides for the space of an hour or thereabouts. By this time the foot began to engage."
The first casualty at Edgehill was Lieutenant Francis Bowles of Fielding's Regiment. We know that his arm and shoulder were shattered in the bombardment that opened the battle. Although he lost the use of his arm, he went on to serve at Bristol and Naseby.
The King's generals refused to march until the King had withdrawn to a place of safety. We do not know exactly where this incident took place or exactly what was said. However, it is likely that Sir Jacob Astley, as Sergeant-Major General, took a place close to the King's Banner Royal. This was with the Lifeguard of Foot, on the right of Sir Nicholas Byron's Brigade. It was a position close to the centre of the line and well-marked. The King almost certainly wished to march with his Lifeguard. It is, therefore, likely that this incident took place in front of that regiment.
We do not know what was said. However, we do know from Bulstrode that the King had already addressed his principal officers in his tent on top of Edgehill. It seems probable that he expressed similar sentiment with them before they forced him to withdraw.
"If this day shine prosperous unto us, we shall be happy in a glorious victory. Your King is both your cause, your quarrel, and your captain. The foe is in sight. You shew yourselves no "malignant party", but with your swords declare what courage and fidelity is within you. I have written and declared, that I intend always to maintain and defend the Protestant religion, the rights and privileges of Parliament, and the liberty of the subject, and now I must prove my words by the convincing argument of the sword. Let Heaven shew his power by this day's victory, to declare me just; and, as a lawful, so a loving King to my subjects. The best encouragement I can give you is this; that come life or death, your King will bear you company, and ever keep this field, this place, and this day's service in his grateful remembrance."
John Lilburne, Lord Brooke's Levellers and Psalm 149
John Lilburne was already a well-known political hero. In the summer 1642 he sold his brewery business to become a captain in Lord Brooke's Regiment. "As ready and willing to adventure my life as any man I marched along with." He later described his actions. "I scorned to be so base as to sit down in a whole skin … while the liberties and freedoms of the kingdom was in danger." He was accompanied by his wife during much of his campaigning.
Lord Brooke's Regiment was brigaded with those of the Earl of Essex, Thomas Ballard and Denzil Holles. Together, they formed Thomas Ballard's 'Rear Guard' Tertia. As the second senior colonel, Lord Brooke's regiment was likely to take its place the left of the brigade. This would put it just south of the Kineton to Knowle End road (SP 358503).
Richard Elton, in his The Compleat Body of the Art Military, clearly shows the positions of dignity of each battalion of a brigade. The senior takes the right, second left, third centre and fourth in rear. Denzil Holles, as junior was almost certainly in brigade reserve. His battalion was probably drawn out to the left flank, behind Ramsey's wing of horse.
The singing of psalms was repeatedly used to steel the nerve of Parliamentary regiments. Psalm 149 was a favourite with Lord Brooke's Regiment. We know they sang it as they stormed Lichfield Cathedral Close in March 1643. Its sentiment must have appealed to John Lilburne and the levellers who "marched along with" him. They would have delighted in its call "To bind their Kings with chains. And their nobles with fetters of iron."
The King's Battery at Edgehill
The King's battery at Edgehill included: two demi-cannon (27lb ball), two culverins (15lb ball) and two demi culverins (9lb ball). Two to three smaller guns were placed with each foot brigade.
A Gentleman of the Ordinance was responsible for each pair of guns. Those detailed for Banbury were: Mr Henry Speed and Mr William Snedall (two demi cannon and two culverins), Mr William Stone and Mr Merritt (two demi-culverins and two falcons). Conductor Cuthbert Cartington was present at Edgehill. He died of his wounds at Yarnton on 31 Jan 1644. We also know the name of at least one gunner, Mr Nicholas Busy.
The 'Cold Gun Effect' tends to throw the first few projectiles of an artillery piece long. The cold barrel is slightly shrunk and reduces the 'windage' between barrel wall and projectile. As a result, the propellant gasses act more forcefully upon the projectile imparting greater muzzle velocity. Edmund Ludlow (with the Earl of Essex) states that the King's cannon "did no harm".
"For being so much upon the descent his cannon either shot over, or if short it would not graze by reason of the ploughed lands: whereas their cannon did some hurt having a mark they could not miss. Prince Rupert did not let them long dally with great shot".
Rupert's Charge and Nehemiah Wharton
The official Parliamentary account of Edgehill describes Rupert's charge. "Our Left Wing of Horse, advanced a little forward to the Top of a Hill, where they stood in a Battalia, lined with commanded Musketeers, 400 out of Col. Holles's Regiment, and 300 out of Col. Ballard's; but upon the first Charge of the Enemy, they wheeled about, abandoned their Musketeers, and came running down with the Enemies Horse at their Heels, and amongst them pell-mell,
"Just upon Col. Holles himself, when he saw them come running towards him, went and planted himself just in the way, and did what possibly he could do to make them stand; and at last prevailed with three Troops to wheel a little about, and rally; but the rest of our Horse of that Wing, and the Enemies Horse with them, brake through and ran to Kineton, where most of the Enemy left pursuing them, and fell to plundering our Wagons."
We know of Nehemiah Wharton, a London apprentice, through his letters. He wrote regularly to his master care of the Golden Lion on St Swithin's Lane. His letters stopped abruptly just before the battle of Edgehill. As a sergeant in Denzil Holles' Regiment, his place was with a plotoon of musketeers. He may well have been with one of the commanded plotoons with Ramsay's horse, ridden down by Rupert.
Wilmot's Charge and Digby's Pursuit
The King's left wing of horse, under Wilmot, also swept away its opposite wing. Like Rupert, most of this wing fell to plundering Essex's baggage train in Kineton.
Critically, however, they were followed by the King's reserve of horse under Lord Digby. This reserve should have exploited the situation by falling on Essex's foot. More importantly, it left the King's foot without support.
There are references to John Smith persuading senior officers to rally in support of the King's foot after Digby charged. These included his colonel, Lord Grandison as well as Colonel Lucas. See Edward Walsingham's Account of the Doings of Sir John Smith.
Just outside Kineton, the Tysoe road passes the Dene River. Bodies and pieces of armour were discovered here around 1750. These were on the site of the old ford, immediately south of the 19th Century bridge. Sanderson Miller (who planted the 'hanging woods' on Edgehill) gives an account of their discovery.
Panic Fear – the Collapse of Essex's Centre
The spread of fear and consequent collapse of cohesion within an armed force was known in the 17th century as "a panic fear". The official Parliamentary account of the battle describes Charles Essex's centre tertia as collapsing without firing a shot. Some recent works on the battle have tried to place Essex's Tertia in the way of Rupert's charge. However, it is often troops that are not directly in the line of an assault that break first. They simply break from fear, rather than the actuality of combat. The Parliamentary account is clear that Charles Essex's tertia broke without being charged.
"At the very first wholly disbanded and ran away, without ever striking a stroke, or so much as being Charged by the Enemy, though Col. Essex himself, and others, who Commanded these Regiments in Chief, did as much as Men could do the stay them; but Col. Essexbeing forsaken by his whole Brigade, went himself into the Van, where both by Direction and his own Execution, he did most gallant service, till he received a shot in the Thigh, of which he is since dead."
The official Parliamentary account goes on to explain that after the collapse of Essex's centre, Ballard's left-hand tertia "marched up the Hill, and so made all the haste they could to come to the fight". This is almost certainly the slight rise south along the Parliamentary line to Graveground Coppice. The account describes how they "came on … most gallantly, and Charged the Enemy, who were then in fight with our Van, and the Right Wing of our Horse".
The account specifically mentions Lord Brooke's Regiment. It moved along the Parliamentary line, to its right. "When our Rear came up … especially that part of our Rear which was placed upon the Right hand, and so next unto them [the Van] which was the Lord General's Regiment, and the Lord Brook's, led on by Col. Ballard".
The Advance of the King's Foot
Sir Jacob Astley's short soldier's prayer and brief order are recorded. They seem typical of this experienced old soldier. Drums in every company would relay his orders for the King's foot to advance.
Richard Elton writes of musket shot passing through an advancing stand of pikes. His The Compleat Body of the Art Military describes the sound. "The bullets would make such a chattering amongst the Pikes, that what with breaking of them, and the shivers flying from them, may much endanger the Soldiers which shall carry them".
The shouting of insults between units was commonplace. Unless soldiers have changed dramatically, much of this would have been sexual in nature. Royalists, and Catholics in particularly, were accused of sexual licence. The term 'bugger' referred to both heretical thought and sodomy. A "shitten lobcock" is a misshapen penis that is covered in shit.
James II gives us a good account of the fighting. "When the royall army was advanced within musket shot of the enemy, the foot on both sides began to fire, the king's still coming on and the rebell's continuing only to keep their ground, so that they came so near to one another that some of the batalions were at push of pike, particularly the regiment of Guards commanded by the Lord Willoughby and the general's regiment [Lindsay's], with some others; insomuch that the Lord Willoughby with his pike killed an officer of the Earl of Essex his regiment, and hurt another.
"The foot being thus engaged in such warm and close service, it were reasonable to imagine that one side should run and be disordered; but it happened otherwise, for each as if by mutuall consent retired some paces, and then stuck down their colours, continuing to fire at each other even till night, a thing so very extraordinary as nothing less than so many witnesses as were there present could make it credible."
Sudden, uncontrolled vomiting is not an uncommon reaction to the first act of killing, even amongst experienced soldiers. This will normally occur once the immediate danger and adrenalin has passed.
The Charge of the Parliamentary Reserve of Horse
Sir William Balfour commanded the two reserve regiments of horse, his own and Stapleton's. The latter included a number of troops of cuirassier, including Essex' Lifeguard of Horse. The two regiments appear to have been launched through the gap left by Charles Essex' Tertia. Stapleton attacked the Sir Nicholas Byron's (left centre) brigade and was initially repulsed. Balfour broke Fielding's (centre) brigade and rode on to the King's battery. He is described as breaking a Regiment of Foot with green colours.
Once broken, fleeing foot soldiers were vulnerable to appalling injury from pursuing horse. The royalist surgeon Richard Wiseman (in his Severall Chirurgicall Treatises, London, 1676) provides a vivid account of the wounds inflicted on fleeing foot during the Civil War: 'when the Horse-men fall in among the Infantry, and cruelly hack them; the poor soldiers the while sheltering their heads with their arms, sometime with the one, sometime with the other, until they both most cruelly mangeled; and yet the head fareth little the better for their defence, many of them not escaping with less than two or three wounds through the skull to the membrane, and often into the Brain.'
We know from contemporary accounts that a charge by Stapleton's regiment of horse forced the musketeers of the Lifeguard and the Earl of Lindsey's Foot to "shrowd themselves within their pikes, not daring to shoot a shot". The Royalist musketeers had almost certainly expended their ready supply of shot and powder. Essex's Lifeguard of Horse (equipped as cuirassier under Sir Philip Stapleton and including one Edmund Ludlow) charged the King's Lifeguard of Foot. They received some loss from pike but few from shot. However, they could not break the Lifeguard and withdrew to their former station on the ridge.
Essex Turns on the King's Lifeguard
Exploiting the gap in the King's centre, Essex ordered Ballard to attack Sir Nicholas Byron's Brigade. He did this with Lord Brooke's and the Lord General's regiments. The King's Lifeguard was already locked in combat with Constables. It is likely that Ballard attacked their exposed right flank. To do this, they would need to wheel their frontage through 90 degrees. This manoeuvre would have pivoted about the right-hand marker. It would have been conducted at the order, 3 feet between rank and file.
The King's Horse Destroy Essex's Centre – Lucas' Charge
As they moved towards the rear of Essex's Army, Lucas and Grandison's force met with Charles Essex's brigade in rout. Edward Walsingham describes the encounter in his 'Doing's of Sir John Smith'.
"In their passage they met with a great part of the Rebels of Charles Essex his Regiment [brigade], running confusedly towards Kineton Towne with their colours: those they presently charged, slew some, routed the rest and took all their Colours."
Balfour's Charge Against the King's Battery
Having broken a regiment of foot with green colours, almost certainly Fielding's, Balfour's Horse overran the King's battery. His horsemen cut down many of the King's gunners. Carlton states that this was done from hatred of gunners. Many saw them as fiends and the guns as devilish machinations.
Balfour called for nails, to spike the guns, but could find none. He then cut the ropes, the 'traces' that formed part of the horse harness of the gun teams. The only sensible reason to do this would be to prevent the guns' removal from the battlefield. It may well be that gun teams were brought forward and an attempt made to remove some of the guns from the battlefield. It probably seemed that the battle was lost.
Brigadier Young's analysis of the Ordnance Papers concludes that the King's battery fired 16 rounds of case-shot at Edgehill. He suggests that this short-range ammunition was fired in the closing moments of the battle, against the Parliamentary foot. However, it would seem equally, if not more plausible that it was used against Balfour's charge. It is what it was designed for.
Those gunners who escaped Balfour's troopers probably sheltered amongst the baggage train. Captain William Legge's Company of Firelocks guarded it. These were men armed with an early form of flintlock musket. They guarded the baggage train as they did not carry lighted matches.
The Last Stand of the Lifeguard
Essex ordered Ballard to attack Sir Nicholas Byron's Brigade with Lord Brooke's Regiment and the Lord General's Regt. The Lifeguard was already locked in combat with Constables. However, they could not break them until Essex's horse added their weight.
Balfour charged Byron's brigade in the rear, almost certainly on his return from overrunning the King's battery. Stapleton attacked Byron's flank (presumably the left flank). According to the Parliamentary account, the action broke both the Lifeguard and Lord General's (Lindsey's) regiments. Balfour captured a number of Lifeguard company colours and left the Lifeguard mauled.
At this point, the King's Banner Royal was also captured. This was the standard that had called loyal subjects to the King earlier that summer. It was the embodiment of his cause.
Sir Edmund Verney, the King's Knight Marshal
Sir Edmund Verney was the King's Knight Marshal. He carried the Banner Royal within the ranks of the King's Lifeguard of Foot. Sir Edmund had served Charles I since their farcical trip to Madrid in 1623 (to woo the Infanta). He fought for the King out of a sense of duty. However, his writing suggests that his belief in the cause may not have been so strong.
"My conscience is only concerned with honour and gratitude for to follow my master. I have eaten his bread and served him near thirty years, and will not do so base a thing as to forsake him, and choose rather to give my life – which I am sure I shall do."
Sir Edmund Verney was a proud man, but one ridden with gout. He was deeply in debt, with five unmarried daughters (Pen, Peg, Molly, Cary and ten year-old Betty). His eldest son (Ralph) had sided with Parliament, his second son (Tom) was a wastrel, while his third (Edmund) served in Ireland. His portrait is of a deeply lined and troubled face. Three years before, Sir Edmund had written to Ralph, on his way to the disastrous Bishops' War against Scots Covenanters.
"For my own part I have lived till pain and trouble has made me weary to do so; and the worst that can come shall not be unwelcome to me; but it is a pity to see what men are like to be slaughtered here. … I am infinitely afraid of the gout, for I feel cruel twinges, …"
His son described Sir Edmund in his letters. "Has the vain hope of a little fading honour swallowed up all your good nature?" "I know his courage will be his destruction; no man did ever so wilfully ruin himself and his posterity."
Sir Edmund wore neither armour nor buff-coat. He seems to have had a premonition of death. He was killed by Ensign Arthur Young. "[He] killed two with his own hands, whereof one had killed poor Jason, and broke the point of his standard at push of pike before he fell."
Verney's hand was hacked off, still holding the standard. On the hand was a small ring with a miniature portrait of his sovereign. By the end 60 bodies lay within a radius of 60 yards from King's standard. Almost certainly they lie buried close to where they fell, in Graveyard Copes.
The Return of the King's Horse
Having cut their way through most of Essex's fleeing centre, some of the King's horse returned to the battle. They encountered and charged three troops of parliamentary horse. This must have been Balfour's Horse as they retook some of the Lifeguard's lost colours.
Soon after, Smith "could rally but fourteen men together to prosecute his return: with which as he passed up still towards the rear of the Rebel's Army, he met with a great part of the Lord Wharton's Regiment". This was probably the last remnant of Charles Essex's centre tertia trying to reform.
"With his fourteen horse he valiantly charged and routed them took their Colours. The Major's Colours were taken by himself, which he delivered to one Chichley a groom of the Duke of Richmond's, who had taken a Colours of Charles Essex his Regiment."
The Retaking of the Banner Royal – John Smith
Edward Walsingham's Account of the Doings of Sir John Smith describes the route of Charles Essex' tertia and Balfour's Horse. It also covers the breaking of Wharton's Regiment with 'but fourteene men' and the retaking of the Banner Royal. How 'a boy on horsebacke' pointed out the Standard to Smith and Chichley. It describes Smith's response, fight with the escort and wounding.
An alternative version is given in Edmund Ludlow's Parliamentary account of the battle. Ludlow suggests that the Standard was handed over after a deception to "Captain Smith, who, with two more, disguising themselves with orange-coloured scarfs".
Accounts also vary as to how long the standard was in parliamentary hands. Captain Edward Kightley stated that the banner was in parliamentary hands for an hour and a half. Others suggest just six minutes. It was probably somewhere in between. Either way the significance of its loss and recapture cannot be mistaken.
The End of Battle – John Benion and the Powder Keg
Local oral tradition provided an account of the battle, recorded in 1833, worth relating. 'The King was on the hill here; the others came Kineton way. They fought in tow companies; one along the hill at Bullet Hill, where the road comes up; but the main in the vale at Battleton and Thistleton [farms]. They on the hill drove the others down into Kineton; whilst they at Battleton and Thistleton made head, and forced the King back to the hill.' This is taken from Alfred Beesley, The History of Banbury, London, 1841.
Sir Richard Bulstrode tells us that, 'The night came soon upon us … And, to add to our misfortune, a careless Soldier, in fetching Powder (where a magazine was) clapt his Hand carelessly into a Barrel of Powder, with his Match lighted betwixt his Fingers, whereby much Powder was blown up, and many kill'd.' It is not known who was responsible. But it was almost certainly a hurried, careless or frightened soldier.
Richard Gough's The History of Myddle tells us that John Benion, a tailor from the village of Newtown in Shropshire, left to join the King's army. He never returned. He is assumed to have been killed at Edgehill. His wife, Elizabeth, died shortly after.
Many rural tradesmen suffered from the downturn of the woollen cloth industry. At the same time, enclosure removed rights to grazing and foraging on common lands. Pay of 14 groats a week must have been attractive to these men. There is no evidence to suggest that John Benion was not a model soldier. However, men enlist for a multitude of reasons and some never overcome their fear.
The Night After – Aftermath
The night of 23rd October 1642 was almost certainly clear, following a cloudless day. We know that there was a harsh frost. Many commentators spoke of it. It is likely that this was accompanied by mist or fog a few hours later.
We also know that there was near full moon that night. It would have provided almost continuous light from sunset. A 'Hunter's Moon' would be full on 27th October 1642. In England (at a latitude of 40o north) the narrow ecliptic orbit provides bright moonlight in October and November, from sunset until midnight. Harvest and Hunter's moons traditionally allowed farmers and hunters to work late into the night in preparation for the winter.
Dread Night – The Dead and the Dying
However, at Edgehill the night was marked by a terrible groaning of wounded. "A great deal of fear and misery" wrote one trooper of the night. How a man died was considered important. His state at death was an indication of whether he was bound for heaven or hell. Dying well was considered important. Moaning and wailing were not signs of a good death.
Essex had probably lost approximately 1,000 dead and many more deserted. The King lost around 500, with only 50 from his horse. Many troops were probably mixed up and still trying to get back after their charge.
The parliamentarian Edmund Ludlow recounted, "It was observed that the greatest slaughter on our side was of such that ran away, and on the enemy's side of those that stood; of whom I saw about threescore lie within the compass of threescore yards upon the ground whereon that brigade fought in which the King's standard was." It is very likely that these bodies were buried close to where they fell. Almost certainly this is now Graveground Coppice Wood.
Essex foot spent the night of 23rd October on the field of Edgehill. They were drawn up in formation in the positions they occupied. In the early morning they realised that the King's Army had all withdrawn up the hill and so they withdrew to Kineton.
The old church of Radway became a Royalist field hospital. There is a tradition that a local woman, Elizabeth Heritage, acted as a nurse. Radway Church was originally near the village pond. It was moved to its new site a century after the battle. The monument to Captain Henry Kingsmill, killed serving the King, was also moved. Radway Grange was owned by the Washington family, linked to the first President of the USA.
The Burton Dasset Beacon
At least one account tells that the Parliamentary army lit a beacon on the night of Sunday 23rd October 1642. This was a pre-arranged signal to London that they had met and fought the King. The signal was sent from the stone Beacon House at the north western tip of the Dassett Hills.
Tradition has it that shepherds at Ivinghoe, 40 miles distant on the Buckinghamshire and Hertfordshire border, saw the light. They reported it to their local minister who fired a similar beacon. Watchers at Harrow on the Hill saw it and conveyed a message to Parliament. The Beacon House at Burton Dassett is still standing and is visible from the M40. Its 5 foot diameter iron fire cresset was kept in the church for many years. For more, see Alfred Beesley, 'The History of Banbury', London, 1841.
The Clenching of Teeth and Comenius' Lullaby
The clenching of teeth in combat is a natural phenomenon. It is particular amongst those facing battle for the first time. After battle, the muscles relax. Jaws often fall open in what has been mistaken for an idiot's grin. Both reactions were widely recorded during WW2, in Normandy and Burma. Edmund Ludlow recalled that, after Edgehill, he struggled to eat a piece of bread. "I could scarce eat it, my jaws for want of use having lost their natural faculty". Almost certainly he had clenched his teeth throughout the battle.
The Bohemian folk lullaby repeated by Francis Reeve was recorded by Cormenius. Jan Amos Komenskŷ, or Cormenius, was a protestant Czech scholar and the father of modern education. He recorded the lullaby in his Nursery School Handbook Informatorium Školy mateřské compiled in exile in approximately 1632. The language is archaic Czech. But the first two lines roughly translates as, "Sleep my little bud, sleep my little bird."
Comenius spent time in England advising on education reform in 1641 at the request of Parliament. He departed in 1642 when the programme was cancelled due to the outbreak of civil war. He declined an offer to be President of the fledgling Harvard University. Instead, he went to work for the Queen of Sweden.
I hope you found these historical notes on the battle of Edgehill 1642 useful. You can read more to accompany God's Vindictive Wrath within the Notes and Maps pages of this website. These include notes on the battles of Aylesbury and Brentford.
You may also wish to read the article about 17th Century Military Theory. This explains the clash between Dutch and Swedish military doctrines at Edgehill in 1642. This website also includes articles about the General Crisis and the backdrop of The Thirty Years War. Finally, you can also read about the English Revolution and the Great Rebellion of 1642.
If you would like more, you might enjoy the Divided Kingdom Readers' Club. You will receive a monthly email direct from me in which I share more notes from my research. If you think this is for you, please do join the Clubmen.
Alternatively, return to the site Home Page for information about Charles Cordell, latest posts and links to books.
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On 18 February 2019, the Commonwealth parliament passed amendments to the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) (CCA) intended to facilitate individuals, small businesses and family enterprises bringing claims against better-resourced respondents for damages for conduct that allegedly contravenes Part IV of the CCA.
The amendments (awaiting royal assent) are likely to make it easier for smaller entities to bring claims for loss allegedly suffered as a result of conduct such as exclusive dealing, misuse of market power or cartel conduct which previously might have been cost prohibitive.
Section 82 of the CCA allows a person who suffers loss or damage by the conduct of another person that was done in contravention of the competition law provisions in the CCA to make a claim for damages against the persons involved.
The amendments allow an applicant (making a claim under section 82 in respect of an alleged contravention of Part IV) to seek an order from the court that they are not liable for the respondent's legal costs regardless of the outcome of the proceedings. This is commonly referred to as a 'no adverse costs' order.
the disparity between the financial position of the applicant and the respondent is such that the possibility of a costs order that does not favour the applicant might deter the applicant from pursuing the action.
It is proposed that a 'no adverse costs' order may be sought at any time during the proceedings, for actions brought on or after 1 July 2019.
The practical impact of the amendments is likely to be dictated by the Court's willingness to grant applications for 'no adverse costs' orders, the circumstances in which it is willing to do so and the standard of evidence it requires in support of such applications.
The amendments also extend the powers of the Australian Small Business and Family Enterprise Ombudsman to assisting applicants to apply for no adverse costs orders, including by advising applicants as to the arguments which might be made and the evidence which might be adduced in support of such an application.


Here are some of the suits i have painted in the last few years.
Hot damn - very cool work!
P2 Resin head cast and dreads by Casey and painted by me.
Thanks guys. here are a couple more random shots of paint ups I did.
sooooo nasty brother,....the patience to do perfect pattern dots is that little extra that sells it ,...doesn't look man made so adds to the whole " realness " ,....superb painting brother !!


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The role of ACE2 receptor in Covid-19
Infectious / May 23, 2020 / 4362
Anu Acharya
Founder and CEO of Mapmygenome
A very long time ago, my bicycle was named ACE by me for obvious reasons- to ace at various activities. ACE is back in my life with ACE2, which is actually nothing like the ACE I was familiar with.
We know that ACE2 is a receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. What is this ACE2?
It is an enzyme whose full name is Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This is found on the surface of cells in the lungs, arteries, heart, kidney and intestines. So a lot of very important organs can be entry points for the virus. Can this be an important part to look at during drug development?
This enzyme is known to be a key player in RAAS-lila, I mean RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System) . This is a key hormone system that regulates our blood pressure. The only thing we need to remember is that ACE2 negatively regulates RAAS and shows a positive function in the cardiovascular system.
Also Read: The science behind Covid for the avid reader
Can ACE2 receptors be an interesting area to look at COVID drugs?
As discussed earlier, when the Sars-CoV-2 tries to enter, its S protein has to be split at 2 sites by a protease called furin. The protease TMPRSS2 is used for S protein priming and is thus an important protease inhibitor to look at. This complex sounding protease which sounds like temp RSS 2 (no politics, please!) is necessary for the virus to infect our host cells and spread.
There have been some therapies like camostat mesylate which is an approved drug already and is a TMPRSS2 protease inhibitor that can block SARS-CoV-2 from infecting and spreading. Similarly ACE2 antibodies can be used to block the virus from binding to this receptor in the first place.
RAS blockade has been proposed as a potential treatment for COVID-19.
What about anti-hypertensive drugs ?
Given how closely ACE2 interacts with blood pressure, a lot of research and clinical studies have been done on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) inhibitors as opposed to other drugs for blood pressure.
Also Read: COVID-19: Basics of Drugs in progress
Based on the study done by Mayo clinic and others, it was recommended to continue these drugs.
The possibility of using recombinant ACE2, Ang 1-7 peptides, ang II receptor inhibitors, and, potentially, aldosterone synthase inhibitors, for preventing or mitigating acute lung injury caused by viruses is unknown. Some studies have been reported using recombinant ACE2 to counter the virus. However much more validation needs to be done.
https://journals.lww.com/jhypertension/Fulltext/2020/05000/Can_angiotensin_receptor_blocking_drugs_perhaps_be.2.aspx
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30153-3/fulltext
https://www.kidneyinternational-online.org/article/S0085-2538(20)30401-4/pdf
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Anu Acharya is a serial entrepreneur, columnist, poet, and a charismatic speaker. As the Founder & CEO of Mapmygenome, she introduced the concept of personal genomics in India with the launch of Genomepatri in 2013. She co-founded and pioneered her first venture Ocimum Biosolutions from 2000 to 2013 She has won several awards and serves on several boards.
© 2021 Mapmygenome® - Know Yourself

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Extraordinary playground ideas bring out the creativity in children. That is the opinion of Adelina Benson. In this article, she gives a brief overview of the different types of playgrounds and the benefits they provide.
Children have always had the ability to produce fun and creative ways to play with items that are simple. They use their imagination to take everyday items and turn them into things that can keep them occupied for hours.
Cardboard boxes are turned into time machines or castles, blankets are formed together to make dens and hideaways, while sticks turn in into magic wands or lightsabers.
These spaces were the brainchild of architects David Rockwell and Frank Gehry. These are haute-design structures that are dynamic and interesting. The designs are futuristic and abstract and encourage children to be creative and interactive.
A product called 'The Maze' is simply a blue box structure with many holes to climb, crawl and peek through. The 'Ant Farm' is comprised of a series of suspended tubes that can be crawled through, over or under. Everything that is equipped on these playgrounds is designed so children can use their own decision making in how to play with them, which means they are not only exercising their bodies but also their minds.
Another unusual outdoor playground concept in the US allows kids aged 6-years-old and over to escape from parents and pick up a hammer and nails and build a fort. One such example was opened in New York in 2016 and features a 50,000 square foot outdoor site called The Yard. It bears little resemblance to a typical playground. It is an expansive patch of dirt and grass piled with junkyard detritus such as tires, crates and traffic cones. "There is also an array of child-friendly tools in the springtime with the children able to use saws, hammers, and other small hand tools to build whatever they like. This helps to improve children's creativity while also giving them the freedom that a lot of children are deprived of these days", – says Isabel Johnson, a Personal development writer at Origin Writings.
The wave that is hitting the US from this concept has been huge and will continue to grow year by year.
This concept comes from Europe and began in 1931 when a Danish landscaper noticed that the children were not interested in playing on a regular playground and instead would rather make their own fun by playing with rocks, sticks, and dirt.
This idea was expanded by Lady Marjorie Allen in 1946, when she adopted this idea and added hills, puddles, and grass, with absolutely no asphalt. The main features included enough pipes, ropes, and lumber so that minimal child supervision was needed. Children were also encouraged to express themselves by building and painting tree houses and forts. It was also important that there was a central pavilion for meetings and to allow children to get out the rain should that happen.
This has been a massively successful concept and to date, around 1,000 adventure playgrounds exist in Europe with the majority being in England, Denmark, and France.
"Interestingly, the problem that stops many schools from adopting these modern creative playgrounds is the risk that there may be safety issues and that staff would not be responding quickly enough. However, the facts simply do not back this up and actually offer a different view. The accident rate is significantly lower at these creative playgrounds than it is at the more conventional playgrounds", – explains Annabelle Flores, an Educator at Writemyx and 1Day2write.
These playgrounds will undoubtedly give a sense of freedom for children that they haven't experienced and this, in turn, will see their creativity bubbling up to the forefront. It will have a great effect on school performance and allow them the chance to interact with peers. It will set them up for a better education and accustom them to taking chances.
Adelina is passionate about parenting and open-air activities.


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Jain's take on players' role as WC experts too restrictive: BCCI CoA
by Shubham Shah Jun 21, 2019 • 12:32 PM
June 21 (CRICKETNMORE) The Board of Control for Cricket in India's (BCCI) Ethics Officer D.K. Jain questioning the role of former players like Sachin Tendulkar, Sourav Ganguly and V.V.S. Laxman's as commentators in the ongoing World Cup while they are already a part of Indian Premier League (IPL) franchises, has put the Indian board and the Committee of Administrators (CoA) in a fix.
A member of the Supreme Court-appointed CoA said that the committee was looking into the question raised by Jain and would seek to find a solution as it was too restrictive.
Also Read: Cricket is a great teacher, says Virat Kohli
"Yes, we will discuss the issue and come to a solution as it is too restrictive. We are working on it and will let you know soon," the member said.
Jain has not only questioned the position of former players who are commentating in the World Cup while holding positions in either the IPL or the Indian board, but has also said that players who haven't retired cannot take up the role of being experts on television.
The likes of Harbhajan Singh and Parthiv Patel have been commentating while they are still active players and was seen plying their trade for Chennai Super Kings and Royal Challengers Bangalore in the 12th edition of the IPL.
Jain has explained that as experts, they were flouting the Lodha Panel's recommendations on conflict of interest as they were holding multiple positions and the proposal says "one person, one position".
TAGS VVS Laxman Sourav Ganguly Sachin Tendulkar


"The real secret of his (R. M M'Cheyne) soul's prosperity lay in the daily enlargement of his heart in fellowship with his God.... His morning hours were set apart for the nourishment of his own soul; not, however, with the view of laying up a stock of grace for the rest of the day—for manna will corrupt if laid by,—but upward all the day, and drawing down gleams from the reconciled countenance.... Often he sang a psalm of praise, as soon as he arose to stir up his soul. Three chapters of the word was his usual morning portion."—Andrew Bonar, Memoirs & Remains of R. M. M'Cheyne, pp. 54, 55.
"Our best work for God cannot be done unless we have learned to be quiet; still, that God may mold us; tranquil, that the tremor of our nerves may not interfere with the thrill of his energy; calm that we may drop the silt and mud, which make our hearts so dull and so inapt to mirror the deep blue of the heavens above.... The restful heart lives above the storm and strife, with Christ; sensitive to human sorrow and to its own, but able to discern the purposes of divine wisdom; to await the unfolding of the divine plan; and to trust the love of the divine heart. It keeps silence for his word. Its daily task is holy. It is not disturbed by emotional change. Such is its acquiescence in the divine will that it is content with whatever comes. Its winters are always going, its springs always coming; the turtles call softly within its woods, the flowers deck its soil. 'I felt,' said Fletcher, 'the will of my God like unto a soft pillow, upon which I could lie down and find rest and safety in all circumstances....' There is not unnatural quietism in this life—rather the most intense earnestness and activity. When the nature is yielded up completely to the Holy Ghost, it attains to a speed of movement and a strength of endeavor, which can only be accounted for by remembering that when once a man has surrendered himself to the current of the divine nature, he will acquire something of its velocity and force. But in the midst of the most rapid and vehement movement there is rest—deep, sweet rest."—F B Meyer, Joshua, p. 145.
"What is the chief thing, the greatest and most glorious, that man can see or find upon earth? Nothing less than God Himself.... Have you learned what is the first and the greatest thing you have to do every day? Nothing less and nothing greater than to seek this God, to meet Him, to worship Him, to live for Him and for His glory. It is a great step forward in the life of a Christian when he truly sees this and yields himself to consider fellowship with God every day as the chief end of his life."—Andrew Murray, The Secret of Adoration, p. 18.
"You have heard of Brother Lawrence. He had a great longing to know God, and for this purpose went into a monastery. His spiritual advisers gave him prayer books to use, but he put them aside. 'It helps little to pray,' he said, 'if I do not know the God to whom I pray.' And he believed that God would reveal Himself. He remained a long time in silent adoration, in order to come under the full impression of the presence of this great and holy Being. He continued in this practice, until later he lived consciously and constantly in God's presence and experienced His blessed nearness and keeping power."—Andrew Murray, The Secret of Adoration, p. 31.
"Waiting upon God. Just think—that He may reveal Himself in us; that He may teach us all His will; that He may do to us what He has promised; that in all things He may be the Infinite God.... This is the attitude of soul with which each day should begin. On awaking in the morning, in the inner chamber, in quiet meditation, in the expression in prayer of our ardent longings and desires, in the course of our daily work, in all our striving after obedience and holiness, in all our struggles against sin and self-will—in everything there should be a waiting upon God to receive what He will bestow, to see what He will do, to allow Him to be the Almighty God."—Andrew Murray, The Secret of Adoration, p. 70.
"All who are under the training of God need the quiet hour for communion with their own hearts, with nature, and with God. . . . We must individually hear Him speaking to the heart. When every other voice is hushed, and in quietness we wait before Him, the silence of the soul makes more distinct the voice of God. He bids us, 'Be still, and know that I am God.' Ps. 46:10. This is the effectual preparation for all labor for God. Amidst the hurrying throng, and the strain of life's intense activities, he who is thus refreshed will be surrounded with an atmosphere of light and peace. He will receive a new endowment of both physical and mental strength. His life will breathe out a fragrance, and will reveal a divine power that will reach men's hearts..... Many, even in their seasons of devotion, fail of receiving the blessing of real communion with God. They are in too great haste. With hurried steps they press through the circle of Christ's loving presence, pausing perhaps a moment within the sacred precincts, but not waiting for counsel. They have no time to remain with the divine Teacher. With their burdens they return to their work.... These workers can never attain the highest success until they learn the secret of strength. They must give themselves time to think, to pray, to wait upon God for a renewal of physical, mental, and spiritual power. They need the uplifting influence of His Spirit. Receiving this, they will be quickened by fresh life."—Ellen White, Maranatha, p. 125.
"From the time when the parents of Jesus found Him in the temple, His course of action was a mystery to them. He would not enter into controversy, yet His example was a constant lesson. He seemed as one who was set apart. His hours of happiness were found when alone with nature and with God. Whenever it was His privilege, He turned aside from the scene of His labor, to go into the fields, to meditate in the green valleys, to hold communion with God on the mountainside or amid the trees of the forest. The early morning often found Him in some secluded place, meditating, searching the Scriptures, or in prayer. From these quiet hours He would return to His home to take up His duties again."—Ellen White, Desire of Ages, pp. 89, 90.
"How many burdens we might lay off if we would do as the disciples did,—take all our troubles, large and small, to Jesus. He has invited us to do this. Let us encourage the habit of intimate communion with Jesus. Thus we shall learn to know Him better, and His divine presence will bring us relief and assurance. We shall be drawn to Him as to a loving friend. As we tell Him our sorrows and perplexities, our mistakes and errors, He will speak peace and comfort to our hearts. He says: 'Let him take hold of My strength, that he may make peace with Me; and he shall make peace with Me.' 'Come unto Me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Take My yoke upon you, and learn of Me; for I am meek and lowly in heart; and ye shall find rest unto your souls.'"—Ellen White, Signs of the Times, August 1, 1900.


The daring Dambusters raid was one of the most audacious in World War II. But can a team of engineers recreate it 70 years on?
The daring 'Dambusters' night-time raid when the RAF bombed three heavily defended dams deep in Nazi Germany is the stuff of legend.
The attack in the country's industrial heartland was immortalised in the 1955 film and starred Michael Redgrave as Barnes Wallis the inventor of the 'bouncing bomb' which was used to such devastating effect.
The bravery of the 19 Lancaster bomber crews that fateful night on May 16, 1943, is well documented but the science behind the mission has never been fully understood as research papers were for decades shrouded in secrecy.
But now Dr Hugh Hunt, an engineer from Cambridge, has for a Channel 4 documentary attempted to show just how skilled Barnes Wallis was to engineer such a devastating device by bouncing a bomb across water in Canada in an attempt to blow up a make-shift dam.
The RAF's attack destroyed the Mohne, Eder and Sorpe dams in one of the most audacious bombing raids of World War II.
The bombardment led the great armament factories of the Ruhr Valley to flood and the mission was seen as 'an engineer's way of stopping the war'.
The idea for the 1943 raid originated in 1940 when it was realised that no bomber could carry a bomb large enough to breach the Ruhr dams.
Wallis, however, realised that smaller bombs precisely positioned at the foot of the dam could work just as well.
His bouncing bomb took four years to develop and was designed to skip across water and smash into the dam, but only if it was dropped at the right speed, distance and height above the water.
The precise science behind the bomb's construction is highly complex, and many of Wallis' vital calculations have been lost.
In the programme Dr Hunt is assisted in his task by dam engineers - who work out out all the calculations to make sure the bomb bounces - explosives experts, mechanics and pilots who specialise in low-altitude flying.
They built up a 32ft-high dam, a third of the size of the Mohne dam, with the bomb half the diameter of the one used by the RAF, about the size of an oil drum.
The Mohne and Eder Dams in the industrial heart of Germany were attacked and breached by mines dropped from specially modified Lancasters of No. 617 Sqn.
An estimated 1,294 people were killed by floodwaters and 8 of the 19 aircraft dispatched failed to return with the loss of 53 aircrew and 3 taken prisoner of war.
For the Channel 4 documentary, the pilots fly perilously low over a Canadian lake before releasing the bomb at the perfect point so that it bounces across the water onto the specially-constructed concrete 130ft-wide 32ft-high dam.
Producer Tom Cook said: 'It was a massive challenge. The aim really was to explore Wallis's achievement by repeating it.
Canadian pilots from Buffalo Airways took on the role of the original 617 Squadron who pulled off the raid, by also flying at just 60ft above the water at 200mph to drop the bombs.
The 'attack' was carried out in a Douglas DC4 aircraft which was made in in 1940s to make the experiment as authentic as possible. The aircraft has the same speed, payload and wingspan as one of the Lancaster bombers that flew that night in 1943.
Dr Hunt said the biggest concern was that splash would come back and hit the plane and water would get into the engine causing it to crash.
Fortunately no one was injured in the Channel 4 film. The raid in World War II led to the lives of 53 airmen being lost and eight Lancaster bombers.
Mr Cook said the team suffered numerous setbacks in the making of the documentary which increased their admiration for Barnes Wallis.
Viewers will have to watch the programme to see if the mission is successful.


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HomeLGBTITQQ2SWhen We Rise
When We Rise
March 7, 2017 LGBTITQQ2S
This is an imperfect television docudrama that presents an overview of LGBT (but mostly G, with some L and a dusting of T, but no real B) history from the early 1970s through 2013 based around three people who's paths cross in San Francisco, and who also play some part in national events this century. If you think that sentence is long, imagine how much history was crammed in (or left out) in condensing those decades into less than six hours of actual show time. Hulu lists the four episodes' total run time as 5:40 without commercials, but with titles, credits and brief recaps.
This does not mean we can't critique the contents; outline what we consider important mistakes or missing material. We can. We must. This is but one piece of proclaiming our history, herstory, sistory. I hope we can do so in a way that encourages more such projects rather than scare them away.
For those who want to know my connexion to that history. I came out to my family and the readership of a small city newspaper in south-western Ontario in the Spring of 1978. Soon after that, but still before my 20th birthday, I returned to Toronto- city of my birth, always and forever my hometown. I was active socially, sexually and politically in Toronto's 'gay scene' even before the 1981 bathhouse raids. I was a peer counselor on the GYT (Gay Youth Toronto) phoneline. And then in 1982, well 1982 equals G.R.I.D. Before it was called HIV/AIDS. But I'm not going to repeat the show's contents. As Canada's largest city, Toronto had a vibrant gay and lesbian community. I don't say "LGBTQ" because most of us then did not fully appreciate the full diversity of non-heteronormative sexuality and gender. Times change and we, hopefully, learn and grow.
So, back to "When We Rise". I did not live in or visit NYC or San Francisco during that period. But even without current high-tech 'social media' the news spread. Our community shared many similar tragedies, fought similar battles against fear, ignorance and shame, and governmental inertia as other cities. How the mini-series portrayed those battles and tragedies played out in San Francisco is based on contemporary sources and recollections of survivors; they should certainly dispute or correct details they feel are inaccurate.
There are some things I noticed, which I hope are based on time constraints rather than conscious or subconscious prejudice or privilege-blindness.
The 1966 riot at Compton's Cafeteria in San Francisco gets as brief a mention as the 1969 Stonewall Riots in NYC. Does that casual mention of the local event indicates the screen writer's bias or an accurate portrayal of how many gay men of the time felt about trans folk? The show's unflinching handling of the racism of that period suggests the latter. Sadly many gays and lesbians were not, are not, supportive of trans and gender-queer folk.
Likewise with "Bi invisibility". An accurate portrayal would've have a gay man dismissing someone's claim of bi-sexuality as it being "a waystop on the road to full gayness." Not that the opinion was necessarily accurate, but it was a very common reaction. Based, in my own case, on so many such men later embracing "full-on gayness." The lack of any such character or judgement most likely reflects the practicality of editing down too much material, too many issues.
Someone on-line made a comment about the absence of sex scenes. Aside from being premiered on ABC- a Disney company- the series doesn't waste valuable time with what would clearly be a distraction.
Also under 'tv practises' is the question of why there were so many commercial breaks. Not the number of commercials but the frequency of the breaks. Was this done to give us respite from the material? Did the producers know or suspect it would be well-sponsored? Were ad spots added shortly before broadcast? I would have preferred fewer breaks, so that it was more of a movie-like experience. However I can imagine that if that led to 8 minute breaks there's a risk of channel-surfers not returning.
The selection of individuals to include, and which ones to act as lead characters, may be as much a reflection of who is available to be interviewed or editorial choices designed for balance or representation. Perhaps with more time, the series would have included so much more about Bobbi Campbell. He is portrayed in the show, but very quickly. He is the person who posted pictures of his KS lesions in a shop window. He talked and wrote about living with the virus, and was on the cover of Newsweek's 08/08/83 edition as the self-proclaimed "AIDS Poster Boy".
Last and most definitely not least. The total absence of the San Francisco Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence. Not because I'm a Sister, not because anyone who lived or partied in the Castro since 1979 has seen the Sisters, and not even because they get lots of press. The absence of The Sisters from this docu-drama is noteworthy because:
* In 1981 the Sisters presented the first known fundraiser for people with aids;
* in 1982 the Sisters prepared and distributed the first safe(r) sex pamphlet for the community;
* Sister Boom Boom's 1982 campaign for Supervisor (and Mayor Feinstein's reactions) touch on government/community tensions shown in the series;
* In 1983 the Sisters organized the first candlelight vigil for our lost souls;
* Bobbi Campbell (see previous paragraph) as Sister Florence Nightmare RN co-authored the pamphlet mentioned above;
* Other named characters in the show are, or were, active members of the Sisters.
There are still plenty of stories from then that can be told; no one series could cover it all. Perhaps no one person should be burdened with trying to present the history of a group as diverse as LGBTQ. Much less the variety of queer tribes found in cities and rural areas across this continent and others.
This series did a great job of presenting the slice that it did. It was well-written and balanced contemporary clips with well-done performances that both delighted and devastated. It took me most of a week to watch the entire series because it was as heart-wrenching as my memories.
The script was based, in part on Cleve Jones' book When We Rise: My Life in the Movement.
Pride, Protest, Party
The Temperamentals
Out Of The Closet Players.
* Federal Trade Commission rules require bloggers to clearly identify when they have or will receive compensation. I will receive a small affiliate commission should you make a purchase after following any of the Amazon links in this post or on this blog.
Dora: A Headcase- A Review of Sorts
New Online Shop
Electricity at Evolution Theatre | Deep Within I Know I'm Free
Elders | Deep Within I Know I'm Free


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Villagers angry, Odisha to return 'Man-eater' tigress to Madhya Pradeshhttps://indianexpress.com/article/india/odisha-satkosia-man-eater-tigress-return-madhya-pradesh-anugul-district-administration-5355229/
Villagers angry, Odisha to return 'Man-eater' tigress to Madhya Pradesh
The death of a woman in Angul district had caused a law and order situation in Hatibari and surrounding villages, up to Thursday afternoon, with hundreds of locals blocking all routes to Satkosia Reserve.
Written by Sampad Patnaik | Bhubaneswar | Updated: September 14, 2018 9:10:13 am
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A local search party discovered the body, which allegedly had injuries made by the tigress. (Representational)
The tigress released into Odisha's Satkosia Reserve from Madhya Pradesh, which allegedly killed a woman in Anugul district a day earlier, will be sent back to her home state, high-level sources in Anugul district administration told The Indian Express on Thursday. The deceased, identified as Kailashi Garnayak of Hatibari village in Tikarpara range under Anugul district, went missing when she went to bathe in a pond on Wednesday. A local search party discovered the body, which allegedly had injuries made by the tigress.
On Thursday evening, the woman's body was released by the agitated locals for a postmortem. Pictures of the body reveal a chunk of flesh missing from the pelvis. The death caused a law and order situation in Hatibari and surrounding villages, up to Thursday afternoon, with hundreds of locals blocking all routes to Satkosia. They also thrashed forest officials, set fire to a property owned by the forest department and five boats in the area.
READ | Woman killed 'by tigress', villagers thrash forest officials
The locals demanded immediate removal of the tigers and compensation of Rs 50 lakhs for the family of the deceased. "We are not leaving this place till all demands are met", said a local woman, accompanying the hundreds of agitators at the entrance of the reserve.
Requesting anonymity, a senior employee in Anugul district administration told The Indian Express that "forest department will make arrangements to take back the tigress (to Bandhavgarh Reserve) at the earliest opportunity". He said that the locals removed the blockade after eight hours of discussion and assurances.
Odisha's forest officials did not respond to requests for comment on the fate of the tigress.
The tigress was brought to Satkosia days after a male tiger from Kanha Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh was introduced to the area in June. The introduction of the tigers is part of a pilot project by the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests and the National Tiger Conservation Authority to boost the big cat population in Odisha through inter-state transfers.
"The whole project is likely to be cancelled", the source said, referring to the proposal for four more tigers to be brought to Odisha.
Meanwhile, the deceased's family, which includes her husband and 21-year-old son, has been handed Rs 20,000 as compensation from the local Red Cross funds. "The total compensation to be awarded by the forest department will be Rs 4 lakh", said another source in the district administration.
An Indian Express investigation earlier this month found the tiger transfer project may have violated NTCA protocol and poses a risk to the genetically unique melanistic tigers in Simlipal Reserve, which is connected to the Satkosia Reserve. A melanistic or black tiger is a genetic variant within the species, with stripes broader and blacker than usual that sometimes completely covers the tawny hide.
Last month, hundreds of people living in the villages surrounding the 900 square kms Satkosia Reserve had protested the presence of the tigers, citing threat to humans and cattle. Some villagers had threatened to kill the big cats if the government did not heed their demands for removal.
Villagers angry, Odisha to return 'Man-eater' tigress to Madhya Pradesh
1 Kerala High Court on nun rape case: Prima facie, probe has been fair
2 Vadra-DLF land deal: Commercial licence not renewed, deemed lapsed, says CM Manohar Lal Khattar
3 Two Pakistani militants dead, Aadhaar cards found: Jammu and Kashmir Police


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Volleyball: Epoloto confident ahead of qualifiers
By Rodgers Eshitemi:
Saturday, May 11th 2019 at 00:15 GMT +3 | Volleyball and Handball
Kelvin Kipkosgei of Kenya Prison reacts during the Nakuru county Volleyball championship against General Service Unite (GSU) at Afraha Stadium in Nakuru [Standard]
Kenya men's volleyball team head coach Moses Epoloto is pleased with the confidence and progress of his new call ups in training ahead of June 5-10 CAVB Zone V All Africa Games qualifiers at Kasarani Gymnasium.
The quartet of KPA left attacker Enock Mogeni, Administration Police's Nick Kimutai, Kelvin Omuse and James Mutero (both Equity Bank) have been impressive in training that kicked off at Kasarani on Wednesday.
The six-day qualifying tournament is expected to bring together eight teams with the overall winners securing a ticket to the upcoming All African Games in Morocco in August.
Kenya, who finished third in their last 2011 AAG in Maputo, Mozambique, will face stiff competition from the likes of Egypt, Rwanda and Uganda as they seek to defend their regional title they lifted in Kigali two years ago.
But with the emergence of the new faces in the team and Epoloto keen to return to the continental showpiece, the former General Service Unit coach has warned the regulars that no one is guaranteed a place in the team.
"We have just started our training, but so far I'm pleased with the players' attitude. They are adapting well and the impressive thing is that you can't differentiate between the regulars and newcomers," said Epoloto.
"The new players are coping up well and from their performance in training, they are ready to challenge the regulars.
"That is the type of competition I want to see in the team. As we speak, no player is guaranteed a place in the team, they have to earn it."
Epoloto is expected to have a full-house in training on Monday after the doctors gave the recovering GSU trio of Abiud Kipkirui, Noah Bett and Cornelius Kiplagat a clean bill of health.
"I am pleased to confirm that all the injured players will back to training on Monday. That's a big boost to the team as we aim to defend our title," said Epoloto.
"Expectations are high and we don't want to let down our fans at home. It's been long since we last participated in the All Africa Games, but I believe this is our chance."
Related Topics: Kenya men's volleyball team Moses Epoloto CAVB Zone V All Africa Games qualifiers Kasarani Gymnasium Enock Mogeni Nick Kimutai Kelvin Omuse James Mutero


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Home Service news
Netflix Rolls Out External Sign-Up Page For iOS Users
Netflix has started sending users on its iOS devices (the iPhone and iPad) to an external website where they can sign up for the service, according to a report by 9to5Mac. The modification comes shortly after Apple began enabling links to account registration pages on third-party websites from "reader" apps that give users access to digital content, such as Netflix and Spotify.
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In its iPhone and iPad apps, Netflix did not offer an external signup link or even let customers know where they could sign up until as recently as 2018. Instead, users have to access Netflix's website through a web or mobile browser to register for the service before using the app. This was carried out in accordance with Apple's policies, which made it challenging for apps to avoid it is up to 30% commission on in-app sales and prohibited developers from providing a link to an external sign-up page. The structure made it difficult for new customers who (logically) believed they could register for Netflix via the app.
Anyways, it appears that's about to change. According to a 9to5Mac report, Netflix users on the iOS platform may now access an external sign-up link from within the app. A warning alerting users that they are "about to leave the app" and visit an external website appears when they click the link. Additionally, it states that Apple is not involved in any transactions made on the linked page: Any accounts or purchases made outside of this app will be managed by the developer "Netflix." Your App Store account stored payment methods, and related features, such as subscription management and refund requests, will not be available. Apple is not responsible for the privacy or security of transactions made with this developer, says Apple.
Users who opt to ignore the warning are redirected to Netflix's website's account sign-up page, where they may enter their payment details and select a subscription plan. For now, Netflix is still yet to make comments, and it is unclear when it began offering this additional option. Users still cannot access Netflix's signup page from the iPhone or iPad app, according to the company's help page.
Although Apple still has a tight set of policies apps developers must adhere to, such as not including any cost information with a link to external sign-up pages, even if it has started to loosen some of its standards for reader apps. The "entitlement" that developers must provide in order to obtain approval to include the external link in their app.
Apple has come under fire for its policies requiring the majority of developers to use the App Store billing system, for which Apple charges a percentage. Apple began enabling developers to employ third-party payment processors in apps released in South Korea as a result of a new law that was enacted there. It also made certain adjustments for dating applications issued in the Netherlands as a result of a protracted legal dispute with the nation's regulator.
However, if the EU's Digital Markets Act (DMA) bill is enacted, Apple will have far more adjusting to do because it would be required to permit the use of third-party payment systems, side-loading, and third-party app stores. By providing developers with the option to utilize an alternate billing structure for apps distributed in Europe, Google has already begun preparing for the new legislation.
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Tags: appApplebusinessdevelopersExternalgoogleinternetiosiphoneLinknetflixPagestreamingusersvideoswebsite


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Review: The Phoenix Bursary Project, Glasgow School of Art
By Alan Morrison
Picture Nick Ponty 22/7/15 All the artists who were affected by the fire in the Mackintosh Building last summer were able to have up to 15 weeks studio time, a bursary to live on and a materials budget to help develop their practice and make new work thro
When fire broke out in the basement exhibition space of Glasgow School of Art's iconic Mackintosh Building last year, it quickly became apparent that the result could have been far more sobering had not the Fire Services done such an impeccable job. Yet even with 90% of the structure of Charles Rennie Mackintosh's first major architectural commission – and his masterpiece – saved, the Glasgow School of Art Library was gutted beyond any hope of repair, the famous 'hen run' (the glazed corridor at the top of the building) gone, along with an irreplaceable historic archive. In the immediate short term, lost too was much of the work of the final year students, who had been painstakingly finishing off their installations, racing against the clock, as the first flames took hold on the Mackintosh walls.
But a year is a long time, not least when it comes to the restoration of a well-loved architectural masterpiece. The School of Art is covered now in scaffolding, behind which can be seen the odd figure in a hard hat, scrubbing and scraping, before work begins on the multi-million pound renovation project which Page Park Architects, appointed earlier this year, will begin next year. Opposite the burnt-out library hull, however, is the Art School's glossy Reid Building – clean, fresh, its polished concrete interior the backdrop to an exhibition which has its roots in the destruction of the building over the road.
The Phoenix Bursary Project exhibition is the culmination of the rather wonderful GSA Phoenix bursaries, funded by the Scottish Government to support those students who had lost work in the fire. The 100 students who took up the Phoenix Bursaries were offered a choice – stay in Glasgow and spend five months working alongside other artists in a studio at The Whisky Bond, or take up the offer of a 15-week 'residency' at one of many institutions around the world, from the Bergen Academy of Art and Design in Norway to the Mongolian State University of Arts and Culture in Ulan Bator. Over half decided to stay in Glasgow and benefit from a studio and the chance to work as an artist in their first year 'outside' art school.
This exhibition is the result, an all-important chance to show work to the public and the art world that the students were denied a year ago. And it all largely looks very good indeed, stacked up over the four floors of the Reid Building. There are a few references to the fire – not least a veneered table, burnt through to reveal the cheap particleboard construction beneath, a nod to the cheaper materials that were found under the rich veneer in the Mackintosh building – but they are rare. Collectively, this group of students has moved on.
There is a huge amount to take in. Textiles, wall drawings – not least Frank McElhinney's 990 pencil grids – sculptural installation, a preoccupation with the 'other'. A room of video works opens with Caitlin Alexandra Robinson's performance video, a humorous but pointed critique on sexism and the polarisation of the sexes as restaged through the prism of 1950s food and drink commercials. Further on, Lydia Levett's rather more sober installation has, as its lynchpin, a film in which three people steadily support a fragile paper cage, a loosely geodesic dome, held up from the inside with sticks and the palms of hands amidst the graffitied wasteland of St Peter's Seminary. There is a strong sense of fragility, perhaps the fragility of the worlds we construct around ourselves. One gust, and it could all be blown away.
Upstairs, for anyone overcome by the immensity of the exhibition, Aberdonian student Marklesparkles (who spent his residency in Buenos Aires) has built a waiting room, although this sensorily-overloaded space may have you running for the nearest hill – and in this particular corner of Glasgow, you won't have far to go. On a wall nearby, in spare contrast, there is a live video feed of what turns out to be a piece of fluorescent strip lighting in another room.
There is sculpture (not least Reginald MacDonald's fine classically-inspired torsos and allegories), installation, some humour. On the wall, Kate Gallagher's disturbed drawings explore image, social pressure and self-disgust, while her mini-comics take the form of somewhat more humorous 'autobiographical' diaries. There's a preoccupation with framing the mundane and the everyday, and I particularly liked Nicola Massie's trash museum, a collection of tiny scraps of plastic bags, receipts and newspaper, sealed in resin and carefully lined up, like paperweights, on a shelf.
Further on, Rachel Hendry's box installation takes stop-motion animated objects – a paper square, an inquisitive dot, an elongated yellow shape – and shifts them around a grid. Ostensibly it's about painting, but as these re-jigging shapes continually try to find their space and work their way around each other, one can't help but find a curiously hypnotic parallel in work of the artists surrounding her. Here is a group of young artists trying to joggle their way into place in the art – and wider – world. And one can't deny that the Phoenix Bursaries have been a fantastic way to cushion the landing.
The Phoenix Bursary Project, Reid Building, Glasgow School of Art, 164 Renfrew Street, Glasgow (0141 353 4500, www.gsa.ac.uk) until August 2, Mon–Thu, 10am-9pm; Fri 10am-7pm; Sat-Sun, 10am-5pm
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Decades: The best visual arts of the last 10 years, by Jan Patience and Sarah Urwin Jones
Galleries: Turner in January at the National Gallery of Scotland
Peter Howson on channelling the pain and horror of the Bosnian war into a new artwork


Bowl for Our Kids! - Sonoma Family Life Magazine - Helping local families find the best ideas, opportunities, and resources!
Home Bowl for Our Kids!
A fundraiser for Love in a Shoebox, which provides supplies to foster kids. Check-in: 10 a.m. Bowling: 11 a.m. Double Decker Lanes. 300 Golf Course Dr., Rohnert Park. Register: 228-0264.


The United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression David Kaye has released a new report, which gives an overview of the problems for freedom of expression and opinion in the Telecommunications and Internet Access Sector. The report also provides general recommendations for states and private actors on topics such as digital access, net neutrality, government access to user data, and freedom of expression.
Having access to the internet is the precondition for enjoying human rights online. Unfortunately, this condition is often not met. Firstly, in collaboration with private actors, states conduct or order internet shutdowns, thereby violating human rights law. In his report, the Rapporteur makes it clear that shutdowns represent a restriction that has to be "provided by law".
Secondly, once access is granted, it is important to ensure that internet data is treated equally, without undue interference. This is called "net neutrality". In the European Union, the European Commission attempted to legislate against this principle. However, with few exceptions, the current legal framework creates solid protection for net neutrality and the freedom to seek, receive and impart information, as long as it is provided with good enforcement by the telecoms regulators. The report highlights that states have a positive obligation to deliver net neutrality in order to promote non-discriminatory access to information. Apart from that, the report presents concerns on topics like price discrimination ("zero-rating"), paid prioritisation, and the deployment of 5G.
With regard to access to users' data, the report focuses on requests for data, undermining encryption, and direct access by states. On these issues, the Rapporteur makes it clear that providers should only be compelled to release user data to the government when ordered by judicial authorities after a proper assessment of proportionality and necessity.
Further, the Rapporteur analyses the obligations to be imposed on private actors with regard to access to users' data, and introduces a set of rules to be considered by all digital access providers in order to preserve users' human rights.
While state obligations to protect freedom of expression are clear, this is not the case for private actors. In the report, important points are made on censorship and surveillance and recommendations are given to companies to take measures not to contribute or to take part in human rights abuses. In addition, the report gives details on how encryption and anonymity tools provide the security necessary for the exercise of freedom of expression.
Kaye's report asks the telecommunications and internet companies to go beyond mere "high-level policy commitments to human rights". Companies should allocate more resources on due diligence, rights-oriented design and engineering choices, strategies to prevent or mitigate human rights risks, transparency and effective remedies. Ultimately, when faced with state pressure, "companies should seek to prevent or mitigate the adverse human rights impacts of their involvement to the maximum extent allowed by law", the report recommends.
Kaye warns against excessive and abusive "requests for user data and third party retention of such data" by the states. He believes that states must develop "national action plans on business and human rights" to ensure that the digital access industry respects and positively impacts human rights.
The report does an excellent job highlighting the most pressing problems for freedom of expression online, in line with EDRi's comments submitted in a response to the UN Special Rapporteur's consultation. In times of corporate and state surveillance and censorship, it is important that protection of human rights in the digital environment is actively protected.


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Technology Other News 10 Feb 2017 Kyocera create semic ...
Technology, In Other News
Kyocera create semiconductors for advanced communication technology
Published Feb 10, 2017, 4:04 pm IST
Updated Feb 10, 2017, 4:12 pm IST
In order to send and receive large volume contents at a high speed, technology innovation in communication infrastructure is in progress
Ceramic manufacturer Kyocera is making ceramic packages that are imperative for communication infrastructure.
While television broadcasting resolution expands from high definition to 4K than 8K, virtual reality 3D content, live videos, more high-resolution videos are posting to the web, modern information communication has been changed dramatically and annual global IP traffic is estimated to triple by 2020
In Japan, with the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics in mind, the start of 5G (5th Generation Mobile Communications) service has been targeted.
In order to send and receive large volume contents at a high speed, technology innovation in communication infrastructure is in progress.
Ceramic packages protect semiconductors from outside environment, dissipate heat from semiconductors, and transfer electrical signals to and from semiconductors.
Its existence has become more and more important for transferring large quantities of data at a fast speed.
This plant was established in 1963 and was the very first production location, also called the Mother Plant.
For more than five decades, Kyocera has been contributing to technology innovation along with the advancement of semiconductors.
By accumulating the technique and know-how of sending and receiving high speed signals and being more advanced than others, Kyocera has the largest market share in the world.
Mitsuo Yanagisawa, an official of the Kyocera Corporation, said, "Kyocera's ceramic packages are contributing to the advancement of communication infrastructure. Kyocera takes the world share No.1 position. With the development of the ceramic package for the next generation of communication infrastructure, Kyocera will continue to support the communication infrastructure of the world."
People are attracted to leather goods such as shoes or bags. It's full of Japanese craftsmanship and creative spirits.
At the Kabankobo Yamamoto in Nara Prefecture, they are making school bags that are made for elementary school students.
Including cutting, sewing, the entire process involves a few hundred steps which has to be maintained by hand within the factory.
Kazuhiko Yamamato, Managing Director of Kabankobo Yamamoto, said, "This style of making products from one piece of leather all inside the factory has not been changed since my father's time. Once the job is divided into sections, there will be parts that are overlooked, so conducting all the tasks in the factory is connected to high quality production."
First of all, the shape is taken from the leather.
The next step is using CAD to cut it. The cut leather's thickness is adjusted based on the parts that will be used on.
Like attaching metal accessories on to the shoulder strap, the process of the bag making is in progress.
The fractured surface is painted several times with Varnishes and finished beautifully.
Each section is sewed together carefully with sewing machine.
The corners of a school bag are created by pushing the leather to make ruffles. The beautiful fan shape is called Kizami, which is a traditional technique for Japanese craftspeople.
Finally, each section sewed together with thick threads. The bag is now complete.
Yamamato further said, "We look forward to practicing our creative spirit and techniques that are fostered by school bag making into other areas."
Leather goods can be used for longer time if it's taken care of.
Located in Chiba prefecture, COLUMBUS CO. LTD. makes cream that maintains the shoes.
Koji Kodaka of The Columbus Co Ltd said, "Including black, we have about 70 color variations of the shoe cream products. Leather goods are similar to human skin because people are also animals. By alimentation, leather goods are kept in good shape and will be long-lasting."
Dirty shoes can become very clean just by taking good care of them.
First of all, use a brush to clean off the dust carefully. Then use a cleaning sponge to remove the dirt.
After it becomes clean, apply the cream. The important point is to spread a thin layer of cream evenly on the leather.
After the cream dries polish with a soft cloth. The brightness of the leather can be restored this way.
Chika Kobayashi of The Columbus Co Ltd said, "Wax can polish shoes and protect the surface of the leather. We are confident that the wax emulsifying technology is unique to our firm."
Crafted with labor and time, depending on how they are maintained, the leather goods can be used for a long time.
Tags: ceramic, kyocera, tokyo olympics
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package main.domain.activity.creating;

import main.domain.event.creating.CreateEventRequest;

public class CreateActivityRequest extends CreateEventRequest{
	public String eventId;
	public String spots;
	public String duration;
	public String points;
	public String groupDiscount;
	public String voucher;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub