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Church Sketch by local artist
Situated in the centre of one of Halton Region's most picturesque pioneer villages, Kilbride United Church will be celebrating its 150th anniversary in 2010. This attractive frame building, once known as Zion Methodist Church, New Connection, was built in 1860 on Eighth Sideroad, east of Panton Street. The land was donated by George and Rhoda Harbottle Senior and deeded to the church for five dollars.
The residents of Kilbride felt that the church was not close enough to the centre of the village and in 1881 it was decided to move the church. Hall Gunby and Mr. Curliss, with the help of local farmers like James McNiven and their oxen, formed 'bees' and rolled the church through the village to the present location donated by Charles Harris. The vestry was torn down and the "Old Sunday School Room" was later erected.
A reopening ceremony was held, with Rev. John Turner officiating. The speaker, Rev. James McAlister, was the grandfather of Rev. Alfred McAlister, minister of the church from 1978 to 1986. Donations given that night were sufficient to completely retire the church debt.
Kilbride United Cemetery – former location of Kilbride United Church
The cemetery remained where the church was originally built, marking the graves of the forefathers who laboured so earnestly to establish their place of worship.
When electricity was installed in 1927 the old coal oil lamps were stored under the choir loft. Years later they were rediscovered, restored and now hang in the sanctuary.
In 1960 to commemorate the church's 100 year anniversary Laura Dixon published this booklet detailing the history of Kilbride Church and the community.
Over the years several additional rooms were added and the "Old Sunday School Room" was renovated with new furnaces and kitchen, but the sanctuary remains much the same as it was over a hundred years ago.


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NBCUniversal Unveils Peacock to Media Prior to April Debut
By Debra Kaufman
NBCUniversal presented its Peacock streaming service to journalists, ahead of the planned April 15th launch. The service, which relies on ads not subscriptions, will offer news, sports and other live broadcasts in addition to 15,000 hours of TV shows and movies. NBCUniversal chairman Stephen Burke described Peacock as "the equivalent of a 21st century broadcast business, delivered on the Internet." Tina Fey, Seth Meyers and Jimmy Fallon were on hand as well as NBC News anchors Rachel Maddow, Lester Holt and Savannah Guthrie. Continue reading NBCUniversal Unveils Peacock to Media Prior to April Debut
Wi-Fi 6-Enabled Routers, Phones and Laptops Come to CES
At CES 2020, Wi-Fi 6 — which promises more efficient and speedy data delivery — finally made an appearance in affordable routers and devices. Last year's CES showed such routers for sale, but were too expensive to create widespread adoption. Further, the routers shown this year are significantly better than less expensive ones they replace. Netgear unveiled the Nighthawk Mesh, the first mesh router from any trusted manufacturer, at $230 for a two-pack and built to work well with Internet connections up to 400 Mbps. Continue reading Wi-Fi 6-Enabled Routers, Phones and Laptops Come to CES
Verizon to Drop Cable Bundles in Favor of Customer Choice
To prevent further cord-cutting, Verizon Communications is abandoning traditional cable bundles. Fios customers will be able to select Internet speeds and TV packets separately, at preset rates, and can change their services on a monthly basis. Verizon senior vice president Frank Boulben stated that customers can then avoid promotional pricing that expires — and then skyrockets. Altice USA, Comcast and Charter Communications are offering lower cost wireless plans for Internet/TV customers. Continue reading Verizon to Drop Cable Bundles in Favor of Customer Choice
CES 2020: TiVo Joins Streaming Wars With HDMI Dongle
At CES this week, TiVo announced a new device described by CEO Dave Shull as a "tiny little HDMI puck" that will bring the company "full on into the streaming wars." The $50 TiVo Stream 4K, hitting shelves in April as a competitor to Roku and Amazon devices, is designed to expand the company's current user base by offering streaming and live television for today's cord cutters and cord shavers. While TiVo plans to continue offering its signature cable-ready DVRs, the new 4K dongle could be a glimpse into the company's future. In December, TiVo announced its $3 billion merger with licensing firm Xperi. "This transformation for TiVo enabled the merger," said Shull. Continue reading CES 2020: TiVo Joins Streaming Wars With HDMI Dongle
Comcast to Invest $2 Billion in Peacock Streaming Service
Comcast chief financial officer Mike Cavanagh announced that the Philadelphia-based telecom giant plans to invest $2 billion in NBCUniversal's streaming service Peacock during 2020 and 2021, with the expectation that it won't be profitable for five years. Cavanagh, who spoke at the UBS Global TMT Conference in New York City, added that the spending will represent, at its height, only about 1 percent of Comcast's annual revenue. Comcast pay-TV subscribers will have free access to Peacock, scheduled to debut in April 2020. Continue reading Comcast to Invest $2 Billion in Peacock Streaming Service
Pay TV and Cable Companies Aim To Limit Password Sharing
HBO, Netflix and major cable companies have joined forces to crack down on password sharing. The group is discussing ways to close that loophole, which, with piracy, is costing them a projected $6.6 billion in lost revenue this year. According to sources, among the potential measures are to require customers to periodically change their passwords, or to text codes to subscribers' phones that they'd need to enter. Another option would be to make rules on devices that can be used to access a subscription outside the home. Continue reading Pay TV and Cable Companies Aim To Limit Password Sharing
Holoride, Ford, Universal Partner for In-Car VR Experience
Tech startup holoride has teamed with Ford Motor Company and Universal Pictures to create an immersive VR experience called "Universal Monsters Presents Bride of Frankenstein holoride." The complimentary ride is being offered during select dates from October 14 to November 9 at Universal CityWalk Hollywood. "They are rolling it out at the theme park, but it could be featured anywhere because it is GPS-based," explained ETC's Phil Lelyveld, who recently previewed the ride with colleague George Gerba. "It adjusts to the location and the route. So it could be a touring experience, could be offered at store openings, etc." Continue reading Holoride, Ford, Universal Partner for In-Car VR Experience
Federal Appeals Court Offers Mixed Ruling on Net Neutrality
By Ken Williams
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit yesterday upheld the federal government's repeal of net neutrality in the latest ruling that impacts how companies connect people to the Internet. However, the appeals court also ruled that the FCC had overstepped in its decision to prevent state and local governments from establishing their own related rules. The mixed ruling will likely lead to continued debate over net neutrality regulation, especially on the state level. It is also seen as a victory for the Trump administration, which has supported deregulation, and FCC chair Ajit Pai, who believes the repeal is good for the economy and fosters innovation. Continue reading Federal Appeals Court Offers Mixed Ruling on Net Neutrality
NBCUniversal to Launch Peacock Streaming Service in April
In April, NBCUniversal will introduce its streaming service, dubbed Peacock, and join the ranks of other streaming services to debut in the next few months. Apple TV+ will unveil November 1; Disney+ on November 12, and HBO Max from WarnerMedia, also in April. Peacock will have 15,000 hours of content on both its ad-supported and subscription-based services, including complete seasons of some of its most popular shows. In June, said a source, the company paid $500 million to regain rights to "The Office." Continue reading NBCUniversal to Launch Peacock Streaming Service in April
Phone Companies Adopt New Plan to Combat Robocallers
A dozen major phone companies — including mobile and broadband service providers such as AT&T, Comcast, Sprint, T-Mobile and Verizon — are teaming with 51 attorneys general from across the U.S. to introduce call-blocking tech and additional measures designed to help regulators take on scammers by preventing robocalls. According to Irvine, CA-based call-blocking service YouMail, robocalls reached 4.7 billion consumers in July alone. "Robocalls are a scourge — at best, annoying, at worst, scamming people out of their hard-earned money," said North Carolina attorney general Josh Stein. Continue reading Phone Companies Adopt New Plan to Combat Robocallers
Consumers Top Cable Data Limits by Streaming 4K Video
Some consumers who binge on Netflix shows and other streaming programs in Ultra HD are beginning to feel the financial pinch. The 4K content quickly eats up users' data caps — and costs them extra money for more high-speed Internet access. The number of such "power users" has reportedly doubled in the past year, and shows no sign of decreasing as more companies are unveiling new streaming video services. Consumers who watch a lot of video content may have few options except to upgrade to an unlimited data plan. Continue reading Consumers Top Cable Data Limits by Streaming 4K Video
Comcast Expands Eligibility For Low-Cost Broadband Plan
Comcast has expanded its Internet Essentials program to make inexpensive broadband Internet available to any eligible low-income customer. Currently, according to U.S. Census data, in cities with the highest poverty rates, households are ten times more likely not to have broadband compared to households in wealthier cities. With Internet Essentials, the nation's largest cable provider will help close the so-called digital divide, offering 15Mbps download speeds for $9.95 per month, which is $40 less than its typical service. Continue reading Comcast Expands Eligibility For Low-Cost Broadband Plan
Broadcasters File Federal Suit to Stop TV Streamer Locast
CBS, Disney's ABC, Comcast's NBCUniversal and Fox are suing non-profit streaming service Locast in U.S. District Court in the Southern District of New York. Locast, funded in part by AT&T, retransmits local television stations without permission, free to consumers. The Supreme Court shut down Aereo, which streamed content without permission in 2014. Locast says its status is legal under the Copyright Act of 1976, because, unlike Aereo, it is a non-profit operating "booster" and "translator stations" that strengthen a TV station's signal. Continue reading Broadcasters File Federal Suit to Stop TV Streamer Locast
Dish Purchase Opens Door to Merger of T-Mobile and Sprint
Following weeks of negotiation, Dish Network has agreed to pay about $1.5 billion for T-Mobile and Sprint's prepaid mobile businesses and about $3.5 billion for their spectrum. The deal's terms prevent Dish from selling the assets or transferring control of them to a third party for a period of three years. The Justice Department is set now to approve the $26.5 billion merger of the two mobile phone carriers, said sources, which would position Dish to become the No. 4 wireless carrier in the U.S., replacing Sprint. Continue reading Dish Purchase Opens Door to Merger of T-Mobile and Sprint
FCC Proposal Restricts Local Regulation of Cable Networks
FCC chair Ajit Pai has put forth a plan to prevent cities and towns from regulating Internet access via their authority over cable TV networks and limit how much cities can charge cable companies. The cable industry has long lobbied for these changes; Pai's proposal will come to a vote at the FCC on August 1. Pai's proposal states that "some states and localities" are collecting fees and imposing requirements not "explicitly allowed" by Title VI, the cable regulation section Congress added to the Cable Act of 1984. Continue reading FCC Proposal Restricts Local Regulation of Cable Networks
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Google Bypasses Cloud to Offer AI to Enterprise Customers
FBI and Law Enforcement Use New Facial Recognition Tool
As Sales Shift to E-Commerce, Bose Shutters Retail Stores
Spotify Plans to Run Targeted Ads in its Exclusive Podcasts
IBM Expands Partnerships to Advance Quantum Computing
NSA Discovers Windows Vulnerability — and Tells Microsoft
Mojo Vision Demonstrates Prototype of Smart Contact Lens
Universal, Warner Bros. Plan DVD Distribution Joint Venture
Bipartisan Law Regulating Facial Recognition Being Planned
CES: Samsung Engineers Sero TV to Display Vertical Video
CES: Daimler, Cameron Unveil Avatar-Inspired Concept Car
USC Students Respond to Media Questions at ETC Meeting
Disney+ Service Has Strong Start With 41 Million Downloads
CES: Bluetooth SIG's Low Energy Audio Slows Battery Drain
The Entertainment Technology Center at the University of Southern California (ETC@USC) is a think tank and research center that brings together senior executives, innovators, thought leaders, and catalysts from the entertainment, consumer electronics, technology, and services industries along with the academic resources of the University of Southern California to explore and to act upon topics and issues related to the creation, distribution, and consumption of entertainment content. As an organization within the USC School of Cinematic Arts, ETC helps drive collaborative projects among its member companies and engages with next generation consumers to understand the impact of emerging technology on all aspects of the entertainment industry, especially technology development and implementation, the creative process, business models, and future trends. ETC acts as a convener and accelerator for entertainment technology and commerce through: Research, Publications, Events, Collaborative Projects and Shared Exploratory Labs and Demonstrations.
©2020 Entertainment Technology Center (ETC). All Rights Reserved.


CECA offers the wide range of Siliporite® molecular sieves with optimized formulations and technical services to improve natural gas treatments.
Natural gas is produced in very wet conditions and must be dried to protect the compression equipment. When liquefied the moisture requirements are even more stringent. CECA's Siliporite® molecular sieves are widely used to dry natural gas to very low dew points.
CECA has developed a wide range of molecular sieves to address the diversity of issues encountered in drying natural gas.
All commercial pore sizes (3A, 4A, 5A and 13X) will address the different types of impurities, such as H2S, mercaptans, hydrocarbons, methanol, mercury, chlorine, acids, etc.
packaged offers with other adsorbents: alumina, silica gel and supports such as ceramic balls and grids.
CECA has developed a very strong expertise in dehydration and sweetening solutions for the natural gas industry. This expertise is backed by a number of major references throughout the globe.
Our team of experts is dedicated to helping our customers to solve their processing issues, supporting existing units in troubleshooting operating issues, but also optimizing the way the unit is run to maximize performance and minimize costs.
Design Based on your inputs, our experts will recommend adsorber design, operating conditions, product package.
Siliporite® SRA belongs to the 4A type family, and was developed and patented by CECA for the drying of natural and associated gases under difficult operating conditions. It was especially developed for amine resistance and COS minimization.
This grade has higher adsorption capacity and kinetics than a standard 4A sieve. It has a high bulk density enabling a higher adsorption capacity by volume.
With this grade, very low dew points can be achieved to meet the specification for LNG production.
Siliporite® NK30 COS is a 3A type molecular sieve grade for NG and NGL drying with COS minimization. This grade maximizes water adsorption, while minimizing co-adsorption of H2S and mercaptans. It offers good resistance and low catalytic activity (minimizing coke formation).
Siliporite® SRC is also a 3A type molecular sieve. It is a high density product for NG/NGL drying with COS minimization. SRC outperforms the other 3A products for unsaturated natural gas drying when methanol is present.
Sour gas fields, due to their high content of H2S, CO2 and other sulfur compounds, are difficult to treat with conventional molecular sieves, which are destroyed by the acidity of the field.
CECA has developed Siliporite® RA to address this issue. Siliporite® RA provides excellent longevity compared to 3A and 4A, which do not perform well under thermal regeneration with acid gas due to their degradation. An additional benefit of Siliporite® RA is its COS minimization properties.


Sales market has long gone online. And every year more and more people have a need to create website that can sell products online. So, if you have a need for eCommerce site – this guide is what you need. Step by step we will tell you about two the most effective ways of creating eCommerce website. Actually there are plenty methods of how to make eCommerce sites but we will stop on the following two ones since they're the most effective by quality-price ratio.
1. Using of Online E-Commerce Website Builders.
Over the past few years online web builders and in particular – eCommerce website builders – made a huge step forward in improving the technology of websites developing with the help of online drag and drop editors. We've been talking about it in our previous post about the best free web builders and in the newest one – Top 10 Best eCommerce Website Builders for Creating Online Stores. And at the moment the best E-Commerce Website Builders allow to customize website as maximum detailed as you want. You can add/delete products for sale, make discounts, upload photo galleries and video, change the colors scheme and even change the structure of website layout. The main advantage of this way is simplicity. It's really very simple. So if you need to make an eCommerce website but you don't have web design, HTML/CSS and programming skills – then this is the most suitable way for you.
It's the most popular and the most famous website builder. Alongside with opportunity to get free website Wix.com offers paid eCommerce package and there are lots of features they can offer for a very reasonable price. For example, over 100 creative ready-to-use mobile optimized website templates that are already divided to many business categories. So you won't need to exert a lot of design efforts to get online store of proper topic. Another one pros is their price policy – comparing to other eCommerce website builder Wix.com offers very interesting eCommerce package with the best quality-price ratio.
Shopify is a website builder that offer only ecommerce solutions for your business. Since they're fully focused on creating online stores you can be sure that you will find everything you need to crate an online store. These are collection of proffesionally designed online store templates, opprotunity of complete control over your website's design, multiple language, taxes and currencies, opportunity to create discount code for your products etc. And the most interesting is that you'll have 14 days to try all these features – Shopify.com offers 14-days free trial to test their eCommerce website builder.
In other words you put together your eCommerce site as a car in a auto salon, but order all the parts in different places. It would be ideally to buy everything at one company but the quality will be mediocre because one companies specialize in eCommerce website themes, other are leaders in domain name niche and the others sell quality hosting. Therefore, it is wise to choose these services in different companies. After spending such efforts you get maximum functional eCommerce website that depends only on you. You will still have to pay monthly fee for web hosting and annually fee for domain name, but these amounts are lower that subscriptions fees of eCommerce website builders.
There are plenty different CMS with open code for eCommerce website that allow to get multifunctional online shops. The most popular eCommerce CMS are: WordPress, osCommerce, Joomla VirtueMart, PrestaShop, Magento, Zen Cart, OpenCart. WordPress eCommerce themes are indisputable leaders from all CMS themes because they're easy to understand and easy to use. If it's your first experience in creating a website then WP CMS would be more preferably for you – there are many freely available eCommerce plugins and guides for WordPress.
There are many websites offering quality eCommrce website themes but we would like to feature only two of them that, by our opinion, stand out from the rest of competitors because of their obvious advantages.
Website of Australian designer Nick Roach. All WordPress themes featured on this website were personally created by Nick and differ by elegant design and great quality. The most interesting feature of this website is its plans. For a basic $39 you will get access to all WordPress themes, as well as all new themes created while you are a member, and all their updates. So for $39 you will get access to 86 elegant WordPress theme, 5 of them are eCommerce WordsPress themes. It will allow you to make a redesign of your online store without spending extra cash.
ThemeForest is the biggest marketplace for website templates, WordPress themes, Joomla and other themes and much more. Here world-class developers sell their eCommerce WordPress themes (and not only eCommerce, and not only WordPress). All themes available on ThemeForest undergo strict quality control before being publish on the site. So if you need excellent eCommerce WordPress theme with great functionality and quality support then this website is for you. There is no annual fees as ElegantThemes has and you pay once for one theme.
So we chose and purchased a suitable eCommerce website theme. Next we need to determine a web hosting to install this theme. Usually for beginner online stores the sufficient solution will be Shared Hosting. Shared Hosting prices varies from $ 3 to 10 depending on hosting capabilities and reputation of hosting provider. Shared Hosting allows to withstand up to 1000 visitors a day for your eCommerce shop. With more visitors you should pay attention to the VPS hosting – it can withstand more traffic and has a powerful technical servers parameters: processing power, CPU, RAM, bandwidth, number of databases and the number of domains hosted. Among the variety of hosting providers we recommend a few one tested by us personally.
FatCow.com offers a reliable hosting solutions for small to medium-sized business. It could be a great hosting for you online store because for reasonable price you will get lots of additional features. This hosting offers cheap prices and at the same time it's very reliable and functional.
Without a doubt HostGator.com is one of the most reliable shared hosting providers. It has the highest possible claimed uptime and it's really so. But we can not say that their prices are low. HostGator has user-friendly interface, convenient control panel, excellent tech support and many other additional services you possible may need.
MediaTemple made a name for itself by selling high quality VPS hosting. They also sell shared hosting but it's famous for its VPS hosting. So if you expect a large number of visitors to your eCommerce website you may need VPS hosting. And MediaTemple is the company that can adequately cope with this task. Besides powerful servers one of their obvious advantages is Mobile and Desctop Control Panel. Thus you will be able to manage your hosting via a smart phone.
The final step in the developing of eCommerce website is a choice of domain registrar. In our guide it's the last step but by the importance it's one of the first because it will be much harder to change domain name in future than change a theme or hosting. Therefore you should carefully select domain registrar, the same carefully as to select domain name itself. Domain name is a visiting card of your eCommerce website. In future many customers of your online store will find your website just for the domain name. Choose unique, sonorous and well-remember domain name. Ideally domain should be as short as possible and without hyphens. Short domains are easy to remember and they can be easily read on the products, transportations, t-shirts and wherever you want to advertise your online shop. Almost all hosting providers alongside with hosting sell domain names, but it's a common thing that hosting is quality and conditions of domain names sale aren't very attractive. We've selected three tested by us domain name registrars.
The largest and the most popular domain name registrar in the world. GoDaddy.com is the registrar for more than 35 million domains. Among the advantages of this domain name registrar are: reliability, very rich functionality (privacy WHOIS, auto renew, premium registration, etc.), discounts when buying multiple domains.
This domain name registrar pleasantly differ from other registrars by cheap prices on domains and additional services. Besides Name.com has a very convenient and easy interface, it's not so difficult to understand it, even for novice user. Additionally want to note responsive tech support.
Another good domain name registrar is Namecheap.com. As it goes from its name they offer domain name by cheap prices. From their advantages we can note good suggestion engine, so you will easily find alternative domain name for your online store if desired one was taken, super-fasе chat support and very straightforward checkout process.
WooCommerce is another great option for WordPress users. It's one of the most popular and easiest to use plugins on the market today.
This is exactly what my younger sister needed as part of her studies.
Thanks! Just though you would probably like to know.
Thanks for sharing your thoughts about Website Builders.
bookmarked!!, I rewlly like your site!
And what about freelancers? You can entrust the developing of ecommerce site to freelancers. I think that it's more effective way than understanding how website builders work or trying to adjust ecommerce plugin by yourself. Of course it will be more expensive – but you'll get ready online shop without any hassle.
Good review. Want to add that a great ecommerce platforms are BigCommerce and Americommerce. They are similar to Shopify but in my opinion simpler.


The name "VAX" originated as an acronym for virtual address extension, both because the VAX was seen as a 32-bit extension of the older 16-bit PDP-11 and because it was (after Prime Computer) an early adopter of virtual memory to manage this larger address space. Early versions of the VAX processor implement a "compatibility mode" that emulates many of the PDP-11's instructions, and are in fact called VAX-11 to highlight this compatibility and that VAX-11 was an outgrowth of the PDP-11 family. Later versions offloaded the compatibility mode and some of the less used CISC instructions to emulation in the operating system software.
The VAX went through many different implementations. The original VAX 11/780 was implemented in TTL and filled a four-by-five-foot cabinet with a single CPU. CPU implementations that consisted of multiple ECL gate array or macrocell array chips included the VAX 8600 and 8800 superminis and finally the VAX 9000 mainframe class machines. CPU implementations that consisted of multiple MOSFET custom chips included the 8100 and 8200 class machines. The VAX 11-730 and 725 low-end machines were built using bit-slice components.
Cancelled systems include the "BVAX", a high-end ECL-based VAX, and two other ECL-based VAX models: "Argonaut" and "Raven". Raven was cancelled in 1990. A VAX known as "Gemini" was also cancelled, which was a fall-back in case the LSI-based Scorpio failed. It never shipped.
The East German VEB Robotron K 1840 (SM 1710) is a clone of the VAX-11/780 and Robotron K 1820 (SM 1720) is a copy of the MicroVAX II.
The SM-1700 is a Soviet clone of the VAX-11/730, SM-1702 was a clone of MicroVAX II and SM-1705 was a clone of VAX-11/785.
The NCI-2780 Super-mini, also sold as Taiji-2780, is a clone of the VAX-11/780 developed by North China Institute of Computing Technology in Beijing.
^ Payne, Mary; Bhandarkar, Dileep (1980). "VAX floating point: a solid foundation for numerical computation". SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News. ACM. 8 (4): pp 22–33. doi:10.1145/641845.641849. ISSN 0163-5964.
^ a b Levy, Henry; Eckhouse, Richard (2014-06-28). Computer Programming and Architecture: The Vax. Digital Press. ISBN 9781483299372.
^ "VAX MACRO and Instruction Set Reference Manual". www.itec.suny.edu. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
^ Clinton F. Goss (August 2013) [First published June 1986]. "Machine Code Optimization — Improving Executable Object Code" (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). Computer Science Department Technical Report #246. Courant Institute, New York University. arXiv:1308.4815. Bibcode:2013arXiv1308.4815G. Retrieved 22 Aug 2013. Lay summary.
^ a b Rainville, Jim; Howard, Karen, eds. (1997). "VAX/VMS at 20". Digital Equipment Corporation. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
^ "Porting Linux to the VAX".
^ "OpenBSD 6.0". 2016. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
^ "VAX 11/780, The First VAX System (October 1977)".
^ Slater, Robert (1987). Portraits in Silicon. MIT Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-262-69131-4.
^ "VAX 11/780 Computer – CPU". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
^ "VAX Systems: A letter from Jesse Lipcon". Archived from the original on 2000-08-15.
^ "If It Ain't Broke, Don't Fix It: Ancient Computers in Use Today". PCWorld. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
^ "VAX MACRO and Instruction Set Reference Manual". OpenVMS documentation. April 2001.
^ VAX Architecture & Assembly Reference (PDF). Department of Computer Science, Rochester Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2012-09-14.
^ Mark Smotherman (2008-07-19). "Who are the Computer Architects?". Retrieved 2008-09-30.
^ Supnik, Bob (2007). "Raven". Retrieved 1 March 2019.
^ "RAL Informatics Report 1984-85". Retrieved 2007-10-15.
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^ Dujnic, J.; Fristacky, N.; Molnar, L.; Plander, I.; Rovan, B. (1999). "On the history of computer science, computer engineering, and computer technology development in Slovakia". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 21 (3): 38–48. doi:10.1109/85.778981.
^ Laimutis Telksnys; Antanas Zilinskas (July 1999). "Computers in Lithuania" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 21 (3): 31–37. doi:10.1109/85.778980.
^ U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (July 1987). Technology transfer to China. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 96. OTA-USC-340.
^ Xia Nanyin; Chan Laixing. "Satellite Launch and TT&C Systems of China and Their Roles in International Cooperation". In F. Sharokhi; J. S. Greenberg; T. Al-Saud (eds.). Space Commercialization: Launch Vehicles and Programs. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 244. ISBN 0-930403-75-4.


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Home Arts & Culture Orange County School of the Arts comes to the San Gabriel Valley
Orange County School of the Arts comes to the San Gabriel Valley
By Cuyler Gibbons Images: Courtesy of OCSA
"The future belongs to young people with an education and the imagination to create."—Barack Obama
The idea that the arts should be more than an after-school thought, but instead a vital piece of every child's curriculum, is still far from universally accepted. Numerous national studies from institutions as diverse as Johns Hopkins University, the Guggenheim Foundation, RAND Corp., and the University of Missouri have all produced results strongly suggesting a positive link between arts education and improved cognitive performance and resulting general achievement levels. Nevertheless, funding for arts education remains under assault in American public schools.
In the Duarte Unified School District, an innovative partnership entering its second year with the Orange County School for the Arts (OCSA) has begun to change that.
OCSA, now in its 40th decade, began as an after-school choir program in Los Alamitos, founded and directed by visionary educator Ralph Opacic. By 2000, with more than 300 kids in his program at Los Alamitos High, Opacic landed a grant and opened Orange County High School of the Arts ("High" has since been dropped from the name). From those modest beginnings, full enrollment is now 2,200 on the Santa Ana campus with about 3,000 incoming applications per year for the approximately 300 available spots. Keen to meet the obvious demand, about three years ago OCSA began looking for an additional campus.
Abbe Levine, dean of Arts Conservatories at California School of the Arts-San Gabriel Valley and herself a graduate of OCSA, describes the resulting symbiosis. "The (Duarte) area was in declining enrollment, so they came to us. … They were interested in how a partnership with a charter school could work to increase enrollment. So that's how we came up with this collaboration with their seventh and eighth grades." Middle schoolers take their standard curriculum classes at their home school, then attend the School of the Arts in the afternoon. In this way, high schoolers enrolled at the School for the Arts and middle schoolers throughout the district have access to top-flight arts education.
While the curriculum is aligned to the California Common Core State Standards and provides a rigorous college-prep academic program, five schools—akin to colleges within a university, each teaching a number of related specialties—make up the art curriculum: the School of Applied Arts, School of Dance, School of Fine & Media Arts, School of Music, and School of Theatre.
Levine cites recent stats that boast 45 percent of graduates from OCSA going to work in the arts or into graduate studies in the arts. Perhaps more impressive is OCSA's overall 99 percent graduation rate. "Our theory is that a rigorous academic curriculum paired with a preprofessional arts curriculum, whether or not they go into the arts, (creates) a whole student who is well informed about the world around them and who thinks creatively and out of the box," Levine says. "You know if you have a background in acting, you're going be a much better lawyer."
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⇑ back to "Culture"
Bible.com Relaunches as Interactive Community Hub
2:56PM EST 1/17/2011	 Jennifer LeClaire
Thanks, in part, to its traffic-generating domain name, Bible.com is one of the most visible Bible resources online. Now, Bible.com has a fresh new look with a redesign of its Web site.
"This effort is all about putting the Bible into the hands and hearts of a global audience," says Stacy Fornara, CEO of Bible.com, "Our Christian Web site has grown from 172,000 unique visitors per month in 1997 to over 1.5 million today without much promotion. We have invested significant resources to continuously gift the Bible and provide cutting-edge online resources; our overall goal is to positively impact worldwide exposure of the Bible."
What's new and improved? Interactive content communities are at the heart of the new design. The communities aim to attract and retain all age groups, diverse peoples and a broad range of cultures.
Some of the new sections include a children's corner with interactive games, video and audio, including content from VeggieTales and ZonderKidz. Then there's the section for configuring Interactive Prayer Postcards via U.S. mail, the Daily Bible Reading, Prayer Rooms, Daily Devotional Calendar, Bible Passage Lookup, and Bible Basics.
If you read the January issue of Charisma magazine, then you know Charisma Media is celebrating the "Year of the Bible." As the year unfolds, we'll continue to explore new translations, new mediums""and new delivery models.
What are your favorite online Bible resources?
To contact us or to submit an article, click here.
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The 2016 POSTECH Commencement Ceremony took place on Feb. 10. A total of 741 students graduated including 297 B.S., 193 M.S., and 251 Ph.D. Oh Kyung-hun (PHYS 13) was honored as the valedictorian for the graduating class of 2016 for both engineering and natural sciences with a GPA of 4.20/4.30, and Kim Min-hee (IME 12) was honored as the valedictorian in the field of engineering with the GPA of 4.19/4.30. The "Sung-Kee Chung Thesis Paper Award" for natural science was given to Kim Min-su (PHYS, Ph.D. integrated) for his "Quantum Interface and One-Dimensional Transport Properties in Graphene Devices". The "Chang Kun Soo Thesis Paper Award" for engineering was given to Hong Seung-hun (CSE, Ph.D. integrated) for his "Semantic Video Segmentation of Low Level Map based on Deep Learning". Lastly, the Hogil Kim Medal (Mueunjae Award) was given to Woo Sung-hyun (CHEM 12). He did various volunteer jobs helping with events and educational activities. He also started a book club 'Myochaek' to raise member's understandings in the field of science.


Allah's Good Pleasure was on the Believers when they gave their bay'at (misaaq) to you (Rasulullah) under the Tree: He knew what was in their hearts, and He sent down Tranquility (sakeenat) to them; and He rewarded them with a speedy Victory (fathe-mubeen).
The Quran Majeed refers to Misaaq – including synonyms such as 'ahd and bay'at – more than seventy times. These references include the misaaq of Anbiya' AS, even Adam Nabi AS.
Misaaq is an oath or covenant with Allah Ta'ala at the hands of his waliyy. Addressing Rasulullah SA, the Quran Majeed asserts, "those who give bay'at (Misaaq) to you are in truth giving bay'at (Misaaq) to Allah. It is Allah's hand that is [placed] on their hands" (Surat al-Fath: 10).
The first part of the commitment pertains to belief and ma'rifat. Specifically, the belief in the Oneness of Allah Ta'ala, and that Muhammad is his messenger (Rasul), Ali Amirul Mumineen is his successor (wasiyy) and that in every age an Imam in the lineage of Muhammad and Ali must be present whom we must recognize. The succession of Imams, father to son, by Nass will continue till the Day of Judgment. In the time of the Imam's seclusion, the Imam's Dawat will continue through the three maratib: Dai, Mazoon and Mukasir. During seclusion the recognition of the Dai is equivalent to the recognition of the Imam. The succession of Dais by Nass will continue until the Imam's zuhoor or the Day of Judgment. The crux of this belief system is that in every day and age, an Imam, a representative of Allah Ta'ala, a successor of the knowledge and authority of Rasulullah and living guide, must be present whom we must recognize for guidance and our salvation. In the Imam's seclusion that role is fulfilled by Dai as the representative of the Imam.
The second commitment pertains to action ('amal). Each Mumin who takes the Misaaq pledges to act upon the stipulations of the Shari'at and the seven pillars: walaayat, tahaarat, salaat, zakat, sawm, hajj and jihad. The actionable part of walaayat is ta'at and obedience to Imamuz-zaman and, in his seclusion, his Dai. We specifically also pledge to pray the five farizat namaaz, do the roza of Shehrullah, submit the obligatory zakaat, perform Hajj if able, and physically and monetarily aid the Imam and his Dai in any struggle.
The Misaaq is a covenant that every Mumin gives to Allah Ta'ala and his waliyy. The Quran Majeed asserts that each individual will be answerable for the pledges of his Misaaq (Surat al-Isra': 34). When a Mumin gives Misaaq, that is when he is spiritually connected to the Imam and receives a spark of his divine noor (nuqtatut-noor). The more knowledge a Mumin attains and the more 'amal he performs, his noor increases.
In the ayat quoted above, the Quran Majeed expresses Allah Ta'ala's pleasure with those who pledged their allegiance and gave Misaaq to Rasulullah, under the shade of a tree in Hudaybiyyah, outside Makka Mukarramah. After the hijrat to Madina Munawwara, Rasulullah returned to Makka six years later to perform Umrah. He was stopped at Hudaiybiyyah where he negotiated with the representative of the Quresh tribe of Makka to give him safe passage for Umrah. As the negotiators left to confer with others in Makka, the possibility that they may be returning not by themselves with an answer but instead with an army could not be ruled out. In that tense and uncertain time, the relatively small group of people with Rasulullah – 1400 to 1500 according to most reports – renewed their allegiance and Misaaq to him. Allah Ta'ala was pleased by the resolve of these Mumineen and expressed his pleasure and for this reason this Misaaqbecame known also as bay'at al-ridwan (the Misaaq that garnered Allah's pleasure). Allah Ta'ala bestowed them with tranquility (sakeenat)and promised them a clear victory in the near future (wa asaabahum fathan qareeba).
As recorded in the kitaabs of Dawat, every Imam and every Dai has taken Mumineen's Misaaq. Every Imam and every Dai has renewed the Misaaq after the wafaat of his predecessor.
After the wafaat of 53rd Dai al-Mutlaq Syedna Khuzaima Qutbuddin RA, his successor the 54th Dai al-Mutlaq Syedna Taher Fakhruddin TUS renewed the Misaaqof mumineen on the auspicious day of Mab'as, the day Rasulullah was commanded to call people to Islam. It was also an auspicious coincidence that Rasulullah's Dai took Misaaqunder the shade of trees, reminiscent of Rasulullah's bay'at al-ridwan. Sitting in Darus Sakina, Mumineen felt the sakeenat that Allah Ta'ala bestowed in their hearts and were assured of Allah Ta'ala's promise of victory.
We offer hamd and shukur to Allah Ta'ala that 1400 years after bay'at al-ridwan we gave Misaaq and bay'at to Rasulullah's Dai, sitting under the shade of a tree in Darus Sakina. By doing so, we garnered the same pleasure (rida) from Allah Ta'ala as those who gave bay'at to Rasulullah. With our sincere commitment to Allah Ta'ala we were bestowed with the same tranquility (sakeenat) in Darus Sakina that the muhajireen and Ansaar were bestowed with. Having given Misaaq to the Dai al-Haqq, we are as assured of Allah Ta'ala's promised victory as they were.
May Allah Ta'ala grant us the inspiration and strength to remain faithful to our Misaaq and to act upon the commitments that we have pledged to Him. May Allah Ta'ala give longest life and Fath-e mubeen to Rasulullah's Dai – through him we have pledged our Misaaqto Imamuz-zaman SA and Allah Ta'ala. May Allah grant tawfeeq to those who had given their Misaaqto the 52nd Dai Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin RA, to give Misaaqto the successor of his successor, Syedna Taher Fakhruddin.


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Stars Turn Out For LA Free Clinic Anniversary
By Charles Harder on November 21, 2006
Mick Jagger, Claire Danes, Zach Braff, Martin Scorsese, Bob Saget and Don Rickles took the stage at the Beverly Hilton Hotel on Monday night to honor Paramount Pictures CEO Brad Grey at a gala dinner celebrating the 40th Anniversary of the Los Angeles Free Clinic.
Marc Anthony performed a lively three-song set backed by his powerhouse salsa band. Also in attendance were Anthony's superstar spouse, Jennifer Lopez, actor Mark Wahlberg and former California Governor Gray Davis.
The event raised $4 million for the Clinic, which provides free health care services throughout Los Angeles County.
Saban Community Clinic
Taylor Swift And Janet Mock To Be Honored At 31st GLAAD Media Awards Jan 8, 2020
GLAAD, the world's largest lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) media advocacy organization, today announced that it will honor global superstar Taylor Swift and award-winning director, producer, writer, and advocate Janet Mock at the 31st Annual GLAAD Media Awards in Los Angeles at the Beverly Hilton on Thursday, April 16, 2020. More →
5th Annual LAPMF Heroes for Heroes Celebrity Poker Tournament Nov 12, 2019
Marc Anthony and The Maestro Cares Foundation Announce 4 projects Serving Disadvantaged Children Sep 18, 2019
"Hands" - A Song for Orlando
2016 Veterans Charity Ride - Indian Motorcycle
Jennifer Lopez: Give Kids Every Chance to Live Better
Mick Jagger Meets with Children at 1GOAL Camp in South Africa


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Hong Kong is a region where modern skyscrapers are surrounded by natural trails and wonderful parks. It is a city where you can stay in either a luxury hotel or enjoy a full-fledged wilderness camping experience. Everything depends on you! Build your itinerary to create the most memorable time possible doing the things you want in Hong Kong!
Areas of Hong Kong
Hong Kong Island ( 香港島)
Kowloon Peninsula
Lan Kwai Fong and Hollywood Road
Chi Lin Nunnery and Nan Lian Garden
Aberdeen and Stanley
Ngong Ping Village (Ngong Ping 360)
Historical/Religious Landmarks
Hong Kong Museum of History
Hong Kong Science Museum
Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre
Wong Tai Sin Temple (Sik Sik Yuen Temple)
Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery (Man Fat Sze)
Tian Tan Buddha (Big Buddha) and Po Lin (Precious Lotus) Monastery
Tsing Ma Bridge
Parks and Markets
Kowloon Park
Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens
Victoria Peak (The Peak)
Temple Street Night Market
Dragon's Back
Other Amazing Places
Hong Kong Skyline
Bank of China Tower and Lippo Centre Tower
Hong Kong Tramways
Central-Mid-Levels Escalator
Happy Valley Racecourse
Hong Kong Island is located in the southern part of the eponymous region. The history of the island is closely connected to Great Britain, as it became a territory ceded by China to the British Empire as a result of the First Opium War.
It is said that Hong Kong Island is the heart of the Hong Kong region. It is the administrative, business and shopping center. It is also famous among hikers for its beautiful mountain ranges that are around the inhabited part of the island, with its highest point reaching 573m. Hong Kong Island is a place where natural beauty is perfectly combined with the urban area. It is very different because it is the fourth largest place in the world in terms of its population density.
Hong Kong Island is full of tourist attractions, and there are a lot of historical sites along with observation decks.
Photo by: Sergii Bilynskyi
The Kowloon Peninsula is located in the south of the main landmass, but to the north of Hong Kong Island. More than half of Hong Kong's land makes up the Kowloon Peninsula, which is known as the industrial center of Hong Kong. Victoria Harbour surrounds the peninsula on three sides.
The Kowloon Peninsula used to be an area to escape from China during the dynastic times.
The peninsula is encircled by a mountain range from the north, including the 602m high Kowloon Peak. It is a very popular destination for hiking, as there are a lot of comfortable campsites in several country parks. The most popular parks are the Lion Rock Park, Jordan Valley Park Community Garden, Shing Mun Country Park, Tai Mo Shan Park and many others. Enjoy!
It is easy to go to the Kowloon Peninsula from Hong Kong Island by boat. Similar to the central part of Hong Kong, there are a lot of skyscrapers on the peninsula.
Photo by: aramidus44
Photo by: Doug Farr
New Territories (新界;)
The New Territories is an important region of Hong Kong and makes up 86.2% of the whole area.
It is exciting to visit the New Territories of Hong Kong in order to see natural attractions and experience the different culture. Attractions include several walled villages, such as Fan Ling, Sheung Shui and Yuen Long. It is interesting to see ancient temples and other historical sites in these villages, while the town of Sha Tin is especially known for the 1000 Buddhas Monastery and a particularly intriguing museum.
For those who like hiking activities, it would be perfect to visit Sai Kung Peninsula in the Global Geopark, protected by UNESCO. There are a lot of natural trails, delicious seafood and swimming at quaint beaches.
The area of the New Territories is worth spending several days in, but in case if your time is limited, you may travel around the territory by the aboveground metro, which allows you to still see everything as you zoom by.
Lantau Island is the largest island of Hong Kong. It is located in the southeast, at the mouth of the river Zhujiang, which is also called the Pearl River. Part of Lantau Island belongs to the Island district of Hong Kong.
Lantau Island used to be a simple fishing village, but is a very developed area nowadays. It is sometimes called "the lungs of Hong Kong" because of dense forests on it.
Most tourists in Hong Kong begin their acquaintance with it on Lantau Island, since the Hong Kong International Airport is located there. It is easy to reach Hong Kong Island and some other islands, since the 3.5km long Lantau Island had been constructed in 1997 in order to make movement between islands easier.
Children adore Lantau Island for the Hong Kong Disneyland located on it, while adults prefer to visit the aerial tramway, Ngong Ping 360.
Lamma Island (南丫島)
The third largest island in the Hong Kong region is Lamma Island. It is considered to be part of the Island District.
The previous name of Lamma Island was Pok Liu Chau, which came from Chinese. It is funny to know that the current name of the island appeared at the end of the 18th century by mistake. Originaly, it was spelled with one "m" only but there had been a spelling mistake on some official documents, resulting in its current name.
If you like history, you would appreciate the fact that there are archaeological findings on the island that date back to more than 5,000 years ago.
Lamma Island would be an especially interesting to visit for people who have an alternative way of thinking because it is known as a place for hippies and other types of people who enjoy life despite everything. It is a very peaceful location.
Lamma Island is also, however, a festive place. Moreover, fishing is a very popular activity on the island and there is even a fishing festival that takes place there. The celebration of Chinese New Year takes place on the island every February.
If you want to visit Lamma Island thoroughly, make time to visit Kamikaze Cave, Hung Shing Yeh Beach and Yung Shue Wan Main Street for shopping.
Lamma Island Jun
Photo by: Wei Fan
Photo by: Roger Wong
Repulse Bay is located on the Southern side of Hong Kong Island.
According to legend, the bay used to be a base for pirates. The Royal Navy repulsed the Bay of pirates, giving it its name. Repulse Bay only became a tourist destination in the beginning of the 20th century, when the beach was discovered there. Ten years later, the luxurious Repulse Bay Hotel was built in colonial style in the area. It has since hosted many celebrities and representatives of royalty. The hotel still exists at the same site today. The route to the bay from the central part of the Hong Kong Island has become one of the oldest roads in Hong Kong, and it was only recently that an established metro line was constructed to the bay. Repulse Bay was a strategic location during the World War II and remains very important nowadays but for very different reasons. Most luxury hotels of Hong Kong are located in its territory.
Photo by: Lisa Lim
Hollywood Road
Lan Kwai Fong and Hollywood Roads
Lan Kwai Fong and Hollywood roads are two famous roads in the center of the Hong Kong region.
Lan Kwai Fong is widely known as LKF. Undoubtedly, it is one of the most crowded, loud and colorful streets in the city. If you want to fully saturate your day, you should visit Lan Kwai Fong Street during the evening. You will never be bored or hungry in this street, as it is full of street hawkers. It is a great place for having dinner, shopping and clubbing. Lan Kwai Fong is connected to D'Aguilar Street on both sides.
Hollywood Street runs between two districts located on Hong Kong Island – Central and Sheung Wan. It was the second road built in Hong Kong after the region became a British colony in the middle of the 19th century. It is said that the street was named after the holy shrubs growing in Hong Kong. Hollywood Street is full of Buddha statues and antique shops. You should at least visit Man Mo Temple and the Union Church in the street. It is interesting that the American movie, The World of Suzie Wong, was partly recorded on Hollywood Street in Hong Kong.
If you like to visit religious attractions, you should definitely visit the Chi Lin Nunnery together with the Nan Lian Garden that surrounds it.
Although the Chi Lin Nunnery was founded in the 1930s, it was decorated with wood in the typical style of the Tang dynasty, which ruled the Chinese territories in the 1st century AD.
There are ponds around the nunnery, which are decorated with lotus flowers according to the Buddhist tradition. If you have time, you should definitely visit the Chi Lin Temple in order to enjoy incredible halls with statues made of wood. There are a lot of divine statues of Buddha in the temple, who is considered to be its protector and inspiration.
Nan Lian Garden around the temple is one of the most harmonious natural attractions in Hong Kong. The garden covers 3.5 hectares of various plants, rocky hills, water landmarks and other relaxing attractions. Some amazing festivals and exhibitions take place in the garden from time to time.
Photo by: Joyce Pinsker
Aberdeen and Stanley Areas
Aberdeen is an area on Hong Kong Island that is popular amongst both tourists and local fishermen. When you see the quantity of boats in the Aberdeen Harbour, you won't doubt that this town is the fisherman capital of Hong Kong. The economy of this place is connected with fishing industry. The town is adored for its floating villages with bobbing restaurants where you may try any number of different seafood dishes.
Stanley is another beautiful area in the southern part of Hong Kong Island. It is located on the beautiful peninsula of Tai Tam Bay. There are a lot of wonderful beaches in the area where you can go windsurfing. The Stanley Main Beach deserves special attention, as it is especially beautiful. The first thing that tourists see in the Stanley area is the market, but if you go farther inside, you will find Stanley Square, a cozy spot to hangout. There are also the Old Stanley Police Station, Tin Hau Temple of the Southern District and Murray House on the square.
The Ngong Ping Village has one of the most notable attractions in Hong Kong – the Ngong Ping 360. The attraction is the observation point itself, which is located on the eponymous plateau, and provides a stunning view of the beautiful Lantau Island and surrounding areas.
The Ngong Ping Cable Car makes it easy to ascend the hill. The trip takes 25 minutes, and you will have one of the most amazing views in your life, as the cable car is among 10 of the most attractive cable cars in the world. You are able to choose a cable car cabin to suit your preferences: the normal one, the crystal or even the private one.
The Po Lin Monastery and the Tian Tan Buddha are the most notable attractions in the area of the Ngong Ping Village. It is possible to have a rest, dinner or even to spend several days in the village, where you will have a chance to travel around the outstanding attractions, mostly dedicated to Buddha. You should also attend one of many festivals, which periodically take place in the Ngong Ping Village.
Overall, you should visit the village in order to feel the spirit of a new culture. Also, you should go up to the Ngong Ping 360 in order to see the amazing natural views of the neighbourhood.
Photo by: Tommy Wong
Photo by: Viroj Supornpradit
The Hong Kong Museum of History was founded along with the Hong Kong Museum of Art as a result of a merger between the City Museum of Hong Kong and the Art Gallery in 1975.
The museum changed its location several times, and it is currently located on Chatham Road South since 1998.
It is good to know that you do not have to pay anything for the permanent exhibition of the museum, "The Hong Kong Story," as it is free of charge. You are also allowed to take photos there. There are several temporary exhibitions in the museum at all times, which you can attend for a fee, and visitors are not allowed to bring cameras inside.
The main exhibition of the museum is amazing. It covers a massive period of history, tracing back over 400 million years.
The Hong Kong Museum of History has five branches: Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum at Mid-levels in Central, the Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence at Shau Kei Wan, Law Uk Folk Museum at Chai Wan, the Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb Museum at Sham Shui Po and Fireboat Alexander Grantham Exhibition Gallery inside Quarry Bay Park.
Photo by: JC 製造
Victoria Harbour (維多利亞港)
The name of the harbour came from the first city of Victoria built in the Hong Kong territory when the island became part of the British colony. The harbour is located between Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula and also has four islands within the territory.
The Victoria Harbour became popular in the 19th century, when it turned into a common place for storage vessels and sports activities.
Today, the Victoria Harbour is one of the most important harbours in the world. It is also very beautiful and therefore attracts a lot of tourists to Hong Kong. This place is especially awesome at night. You should climb either the Victoria Peak or the Peak Tower in order to have the best view of the stunning Victoria Harbour and the other shores of the South China Sea.
Moreover, the Victoria Harbour is a popular place for setting off fireworks during big holidays.
Even though ecologists are not happy with the harmful influence of Victoria Harbour to the environment of the region, it remains to be a must-see attraction in Hong Kong.
Although the Hong Kong Science Museum has amazing exhibitions intended for kids only, they are also very interesting for adults, as the museum is very informative.
The museum is very educational and children can try different things and learn through hands-on experiences. All the exhibits have explanations, making it easier to understand their meaning while playing. It helps kids to start to think practically and might inspire them to invent something new.
The museum is pretty large, and it is divided into different parts. One section is dedicated to natural history, another is about animals and their particular roles in nature and yet another is about scientific inventions. You will find dangling airplanes, descriptions of physics laws and biological inventions in the Hong Kong Science Museum.
Keep in mind that the entrance to the museum on Wednesdays is free, but it may be pretty crowded on that day. The museum is also busy on weekends.
Photo by: Jackie Fan
Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre (香港會議展覽中心)
The Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Center is mostly known by its abbreviation HKCEC. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, together with the Hong Kong Trade Development Council (TDC), are the owners of the convention and exhibition centre. However, a different company manages it.
Together with the Asia World-Expo, the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre is the main venue in the region. You will easily find the center, since it is located in the same area as the infamous Victoria Harbour on Hong Kong Island.
It is a comfortable venue for different kinds of events, and it has already housed more than 44,000 events and accommodated more than 92 million people since 1988 when the venue was opened to the public.
There are two theatres open for actors and audiences, five exhibition halls suitable for various expositions, seven restaurants for having delicious lunches and a lot of rooms for business needs.
It is interesting to go to the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Center in order to learn more about the Chinese way of business and to enjoy some amazing exhibits.
Photo by: Annette Fallin
Photo by: capcomkai
Photo by: T.30
Photo by: Forgemind ArchiMedia
The Wong Tai Sin Temple is a famous shrine in Hong Kong dedicated to Wong Tai Sin – the divine deity of Taoism. He lived in the territory of China in the 1st century AD. In direct translation from Chinese, the name of the deity means "Great Immortal Wong". Wong Tai Sin is respected in the Chinese world for his extraordinary healing abilities.
When Wong Tai Sin understood he could help people, everyone was invited to visit him and ask for healing advice. All Chinese people knew him, but Doctor Leung played an important role in constructing the temple. He opened a pharmacy and placed an altar with the face of Wong Tai Sin at its doors. The altar became popular, but an enormous fire burnt down his medicine shop in 1918. Three years after, Leung, who had recently arrived to Hong Kong, received a message from Wong Tai Sin, asking him to build a new shrine.
The Wong Tai Sin Temple is located on Lion Rock in the northern part of the Kowloon Peninsula. The beautiful Good Wish Garden is located around the temple.
The shrine is known for its wise monks, who practice Kau Cim constantly. The main point of the practice is to always be aware of the affirmation, "You receive exactly what you request".
Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery (萬佛寺)
The other name of the monastery is Man Fat Sze. The Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery is the main attraction of Pai Tau Village in the New Territories of Hong Kong. It is located on Po Fook Hill and has stunning surroundings.
Devoted Buddhist, Yuet Kai, founded the temple in 1951 and you can still see his body there today. Despite its monastery status, no monks actually reside in the temple.
The monastery is one of the most popular Buddhist temples in the world, due to the 12,800-or-so Buddha figures inside. Even en route, you will come across a number of golden Buddha statues.
This place is a peaceful and even tranquil area in the center of the busy city.
Tian Tan Buddha
The Tian Tan Buddha Statue and Po Lin Monastery are the most remarkable attractions of Lantau Island.
The Tian Tan Buddha is mostly known as the Big Buddha because it is huge with a height of 34m and weight of 250 metric tons. The statue consists of 202 small pieces of bronze.
The Big Buddha Statue was created in 1993 in order to highlight harmonious relations between people and the environment, as well as the dedicated faith of the people.
The statue of the Big Buddha is surrounded by six small Buddhas, which are called "The Offering of the Six Devas". This ensemble symbolizes wisdom, patience, generosity, morality, zeal and meditation.
The Tian Tan Buddha is located very close to the Po Lin Monastery. It is not surprising that the monastery is a Buddhist one. Two faithful monks founded the temple in 1906. The shrine was originally named "The Big Hut", but changed its name to the current one 18 years later.
Che Kung Temple (車公廟)
The Che Kung Temple is widely known as Che Kung Miu. It is actually two temples, created in honor of the military commander, Che Kung, who commanded during the 12-13th centuries of ancient China. The temples are fully dedicated to the outstanding personality of "Lord Che", who is now considered a god of protection. That is why all the other temples in Hong Kong are partially dedicated to Che Kung.
One of the temples is located in Ho Chung and the other is in Sha Tin.
The Che Kung Temple in the Sha Tin district of the New Territories was built at the end of the 20th century in Japanese style, but the original temple was built during medieval times. It is located behind the walls now. The modern temple becomes very popular during the celebration of Chinese Lunar New Year. Many local people and even officials go to the temple for worship during this period. You can also meet Fortune-tellers in the temple all year round.
The other temple is located at the Ho Chung River in the Sai Kung District. This Che Kung Temple, built in the middle of the 16th century, is one of the oldest in Hong Kong.
The Tsing Ma Bridge is one of the parts of the Lantau Link, which connects the Hong Kong International Airport with Hong Kong Island. The Tsing Ma Bridge is notable as one of the longest spanning suspension bridges in the world. It has the ninth rank now, but when it was constructed in 1997, it claimed second place. It took 2.5 years to build it in accordance to the design created by the Mott MacDonald Group in 1989. The length of the main bridge spans 1377m and so, the Tsing Ma Bridge is the largest bridge considering those with vehicle and rail crossings. With a width of 41m, it has six lanes of traffic.
The name of the bridge comes from two islands, Tsing Yi and Ma Wan, which are linked with the Tsing Ma Bridge.
The bridge provides opportunities for both highway and railway at different levels. There is also the supplementary road of two lanes downwards to the main deck, which is in use for maintenance and emergency.
The Tsing Ma Bridge has become a notable symbol of Hong Kong and you may have a full view of the bridge from the observation deck on Tsing Yi Island at the eastern end of the bridge. Moreover, the bridge can be seen from the Airport Core Programme Exhibition Centre, which is just two kilometers away from the bridge.
Photo by: Aaron Gao
Photo by: Samuel Woo
Photo by: TungShing Tse
Avenue of Stars (星光大道)
The idea of the Avenue of Stars in Hong Kong was taken from the Hollywood Walk of Fame in California, USA. It is full of stars dedicated to honoured celebrities of the Hong Kong film industry along the way.
The idea of the Avenue of Stars started in 1982, when the New World Group built an attractive promenade along the Tsim Sha Tsui waterfront. Thanks to investments, the project was implemented and the official opening of the avenue was held in April 2004. There were names of 73 celebrities, chosen by the Hong Kong Film Award Association, but the list has increased up to more than 100 people immortalized in the Avenue of Stars.
It is impossible to miss the Avenue of Stars if you decide to visit the Victoria Harbour, as it is located in the same place. Besides the famous Avenue of Stars, there are also other attractions along the seafront, such as the Clock Tower, the Cultural Centre, the Space Museum and the Museum of Art. The statue of the famous actor, Bruce Lee, especially deserves some special attention.
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Ocean Park is a large amusement complex with marine animals. The theme park inside is the largest in Asia and is one of the most visited in the world. The big roller coaster, the large aquarium and a giant panda bear are among the main attractions of Ocean Park.
There is a mountain in the center of the park, which divides Ocean Park into two parts: the Waterfront and the Summit. There is 1.5km between these parts, and you can reach a both with the help of the Ocean Express funicular or cable car system.
Even though Ocean Park is considered to be a popular tourist attraction, its administration also aims to teach about wildlife and to protect it.
Ocean Park is located in Nam Long Shan and Wong Chuk Hang in the Southern District of Hong Kong.
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Hong Kong Park is a large public park in the central district of Hong Kong. It is located near Pacific Place.
The park was founded in 1991 at the site of Cantonment Hill by the initiative of the Governor of Hong Kong. It is a place where modern facilities meet wonderful landscape.
Hong Kong Park is notable for some historical buildings there including: the houses of the Victoria Barracks, which were built in the beginning of the 20th century, and the Flagstaff House built at the end of the 19th century, which is now the Museum of Teaware.
Hong Kong Park is a large area full of different small gardens, greenhouses and natural exhibitions. There is also a modern sports center in the park, which is dominated by the squash center.
Thanks to its stunning design, the American Institute of Architects awarded Hong Kong Park first place for Urban Design in 1998. It was also considered one of the Top Ten Buildings in 2000.
Kowloon Park is a huge public park managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department. You will find it in Tsim Sha Tsui on the Kowloon Peninsula.
Kowloon Park was founded in the area of the former British Whitfield Barracks in 1970 and is open all year round. The park appeared naturally in an area where more than 70 buildings were demolished.
The park offers a lot interesting attractions for its visitors, such as a swimming pool complex, sports centre, walking trails, and a lake for bird watching. If you are attentive enough, you may see up to 100 different species of birds in the park. The flora of the park is also wonderful. The centerpiece of the flora is the Rose Garden and the stone wall trees along the path in the Kowloon park.
Local people liked the idea of the Avenue of Stars in Hong Kong, and they decided to arrange another avenue dedicated to celebrities. That is the reason why the Avenue of Comic Stars appeared in Kowloon Park in 2012. There are 24 famous comedian stars along with 10 handprints in the alley.
There is also a historical site in Kowloon Park, the Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre, which replaced the former Whitfield Barracks. It is especially popular among children as a playground.
Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens (香港動植物公園)
The Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens are pretty old. It is said, that they were once a private house of the Governor of Hong Kong called the "Bing Tau". At first, it was only a Botanical Garden, which was opened for visitors in 1871, but, in 1975, administration changed the name to the Zoological and Botanical Gardens due to the growing number of animals in the garden.
The gardens were divided into two parts: The western is mostly zoological, where reptiles and mammals are located, while the eastern part is a botanical garden with playgrounds for children. It is known as the Old Garden.
There is a monument to King George VI that was erected as as a memorial of the 100th anniversary of British colonial rule on Hong Kong island.
If you go to the gardens in the evening, do not miss seeing the illuminated Garden Fountain.
You will find the Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens on the northern slope of the Victoria Peak, which is the highest mountain on Hong Kong Island.
Hong Kong Zoological
If you are in the New Territories, go to the north of Tin Shui Wai in order to visit the Hong Kong Wetland Park.
The wetland park was opened to the public in 2006. Hong Kong Wetland Park is a recreational place, but it also has an educational context; it shows the rich diversity of the wetland ecosystem in Hong Kong and explains why people should conserve them.
The natural diversity of the Wetland Park is very large and includes pleasurable lotus flowers, which are evergreen flourishing flowers. In addition, you can go bird watching and relax amongst the flowers.
In case it starts to rain, there are also indoor exhibits, which are no less informative.
Hong Kong Wetland Park is a perfect place for a family rest. Keep in mind that there is humid microclimate in the park, so you should bring mosquito repellent, an umbrella and a sunscreen. Do not forget your binoculars if you want to watch small birds and insects.
Photo by: Ivan Chan
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Victoria Peak (太平山)
Victoria Peak is ranked as the highest point of Hong Kong Island, although its height is only 552m above the sea level. The highest point of the whole region is 957m. Locals also know the peak as Mount Austin from when it was named after a Governor's house built on the hill.
TV and radio antennas occupy the highest platform of Victoria Peak, and it is forbidden to go there despite the attractive view from the very top.
There is a beautiful observation point on Victoria Peak from where you may have a perfect view of the Victoria Harbour, the Central District and even of Lamma Island. You can view the cityscape with special telescopes on the observation deck.
Unlike the other areas of Hong Kong, Victoria Peak boasts a temperate climate, a refreshing change from the heat and humidity of the city.
As you will have noticed, this is very touristy place where everything refers to "The Peak." You may take the Peak Tram funicular at St. John's Cathedral or Peak Road in order to reach the Peak Tower and the Peak Gallery.
Victoria Peak has rich flora and fauna. There are many special species of birds and butterflies in the area.
The Ladies Market is one of the most picturesque places in Hong Kong. You may buy a lot of original souvenirs there. There are also good options for choosing an additional bag for all the new items you buy! Moreover, there are a lot of fashionable things in the market that are influenced by trends in China, Japan and Korea.
Be ready for speaking and bargaining a lot in a form of fast, expressive bartering.
This is also one of the busiest areas in the city, so if you aren't in the mood for large crowds of people, you should not go to the Ladies Market. Of course, beware of pickpockets.
The Ladies Market is much more attractive during the evening when it becomes brightly illuminated. You may choose one of the enjoyable restaurants and taste traditional Hong Kong delicacies while basking in the market's glow.
The market is located in a very interesting area not far from popular historical attractions such as the All Saints' Church, Shui Yuet Temple, Tong-Lau and many others.
Temple Street Night Market (庙街)
The Temple Street Night Market is the most popular trade area during the evening. The best time to visit is from 7pm to 10pm.
The market is named for the Tin Hau Temple located on the main drag.
Products of the street market are various and range from souvenirs, electronics and kitchenware, to clothes, and even rice with seafood. All goods are very attractive, so beware of spending a lot of money there. You should bargain a lot in order to obtain a realistic price. Even you are not going to spend money there, you go to the market for the overwhelming smells and festive atmosphere.
The Temple Street Market is so bright and memorable that it has become an area where a lot of films were shot. It is very vibrant and musical. Visiting Temple Street Night Market means visiting an outdoor theatre where you will find herbalists, fortune-tellers and plenty of other extraordinary market people.
Temple Street Night Market Hong Kong
Photo by: Bryan Leung
Photo by: RaulHudson1986
Victoria Park (維多利亞公園)
Victoria Park is a large park located in Causeway Bay. It is a major attraction in the north of Hong Kong Island. The park was named for Queen Victoria after Hong Kong became a British colony, and there is a nice statue of the Queen inside the park.
People come here from all over the city in order to have some time to relax in nature. This place is peaceful and tranquil.
Victoria Park was opened in 1957 on the site of a typhoon shelter, but it has been increasingly renovated since the beginning of the current century. The renovations allowed the park to become a popular destination for athletic people as well. There are tennis and basketball courts, a swimming pool and bowling facilities in the park. There are also several playgrounds for children.
The Victoria Park has become a venue for celebrating the Chinese Lunar New Year and other exhibitions and festivals.
Dragon's Back
If you associate Hong Kong with high skyscrapers and saturated urban areas, you will be surprised when you go to the Dragon's Back Nature Trail. It is one of the most amazing paths on Hong Kong Island.
The Dragon's Back Trail traverses along the Dragon's Back Ridge in an undulating shape similar to dragon's spine. The path reaches a height of about 200m above sea level along the Shek O Country Park in the D'Aguilar Peninsula from Shek O Peak to Wan Cham Shan.
You will have outstanding picturesque views from the trail of the coastal area and offshore islands. Its length is 8.5 kilometers, but it goes by fast thanks to the fantastic scenery around you. Do not hide your camera far!
If you go uphill, you will have not only an amazing panorama, but also the opportunity to go paragliding or simply fly a kite.
There is a good possibility to end your trip swimming and resting in a cafe in the Big Wave Bay (or Tai Long Wan in Chinese).
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Photo by: mahesh.narayanan
Hong Kong is the tallest urban agglomeration in the world. It is full of skyscrapers, making the skyline of the city very beautiful.
You may view the skyline of Hong Kong from the water, which is the best point of observation of the two sides of the skyline: Hong Kong Island on one side and the Kowloon Peninsula on the other. The Victoria Harbour on the Hong Kong side is stunning. If you are able to see the Symphony of Lights, which is a musical, illuminated show of colours, fireworks and lasers in the harbor, it would be that much better.
The skyline is wonderful all the times, but it is recommended to observe the Hong Kong skyline at night. All the skyscrapers are lit, and you may see them perfectly.
If it is possible, boo a helicopter tour in order to see city from above. Bring your camera on the boat or helicopter trip with you and you will have beautiful photos to keep as a memory.
The Hong Kong Observation Wheel is a nice attraction for enjoying the city from a height of 60m above the Earth.
Sit in one of 42, 8-person gondolas and you will have a spectacular view of Victoria Harbour – the number one attraction in Hong Kong. They are comfortable and equipped with wi-fi inside. You might even feel like you're getting on a spacecraft.
It is totally different to visit the observation wheel during day and night. In the daytime, you will see the other side of Hong Kong; skyscrapers taller than the wheel and small figures of people, but the skyscrapers are also wonderfully lit at night.
There is a comfortable area around the observation wheel, which is suitable for leisure and events. There is also a cozy cafe at the entrance of the wheel where you may sit and remember your view of the city from the gondola. You will definitely be full of impressions after three rounds for 15 minutes on this attraction.
Photo by: AlLasphoto
Photo by: Ateens Chen
Hong Kong Disneyland (香港迪士尼樂園)
The Hong Kong Disneyland is the biggest attraction on Lantau Island and in the Hong Kong region in general. Disneyland parks have become the number one attraction for children all over the world, making it the must see children's attraction in Hong Kong.
The Hong Kong Disneyland was founded in 2005 and attracts up to 10 million people annually. It looks like a fortress where you may explore seven different worlds: Adventureland, Grizzly Gulch, Mystic Point, Toy Story Land, Fantasyland, Tomorrowland and Main Street, U.S.A. It is a compulsory feature of park to be full of fairytale characters invented by Walt Disney.
The Hong Kong Disneyland is provides great entertainment for the whole family because it is full of different activities. There are a lot of extreme attractions for brave children who want to go to outer space, visit exotic jungles or sail around the world. Moreover, all visitors may attend a cheerful parade of the Disney cartoon characters, where they can walk beside their beloved heroes. You always can sit in a cafe to relax and try out some Asian food once you're tired of exploring the park.
Disneyland is even open during the holidays when it has a themed programme.
Photo by: Abhishek Gupta
Photo by: David Hui
Bank of China Tower (中銀大廈) and Lippo Centre (力寶中心)
The Bank of China Tower is one of the most remarkable buildings in Hong Kong. It was named after the Bank of China Limited, which has its headquarters inside.
The tower is located in the busiest district of Hong Kong Island – the Central. The Bank of China Tower was the tallest building in Asia until 1992.
The Lippo Centre is a skyscraper that has become a recognisable symbol of the Admiralty District on Hong Kong Island. It is a modern skyscraper with two twin towers: Tower I is 172m tall, and Tower II is 186m tall.
The Bank of China Tower and Lippo Centre have become notable landmarks of Hong Kong thanks to both their beauty and height. Both buildings serve as commercial centres. These buildings are amazing and should be added to your trip list. It is possible to see the skyscrapers along the Hong Kong skyline during your boat tour.
Lippo Centre Tower
The International Finance Centre is one of the most notable constructions in Hong Kong. It is located on Hong Kong Island and has become one of its most recognisable landmarks. The International Finance Centre is a 55-storey building, which is able to accommodate up to 15,000 people. It is the second highest building in the entire city, after the International Commerce Centre in the Kowloon side.
This building is also notable as one that had the largest advertisement on a skyscraper for 50-storeys, ordered by the Cathay Pacific.
This is an important business centre located on the waterfront of the South Chinese sea.
The building of the International Finance Centre became even more popular after being mentioned in Hollywood films "The Dark Knight" and "Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life".
Apart from being a finance centre, the building also houses the Four Seasons Hotel Hong Kong, the IFC Mall, the headquarters of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, various shops and even a fashion show. Do not hesitate to visit the International Finance Centre when walking around the island.
Hong Kong Tramways (香港電車)
The Hong Kong tramway is the cheapest and most convenient means of transportation in the city. Ecologists add that it is also the most environmentally friendly mode of transportation in Hong Kong. These tramways have been operating since 1904, becoming one of the first kinds of transportation available in Hong Kong. It might be surprising, but the Hong Kong tramways have been electric trams since the very beginning. These tramways are also unique due to their double-decker cars.
The tramway system on Hong Kong Island is 13km long with 120 stations along the way. It runs from Kennedy Town in the west of the island to Shau Kei Wan in the east, having looped by the Happy Valley Horse Race Course.
Because of their long history, the Hong Kong Tramways have become symbols of the city. They are still in use by locals, as they are very cheap and spacious. The Hong Kong tramways are widely known as "Ding Ding" for their distinct noise.
Star Ferry (天星小輪)
The Star Ferry is a passenger ferry boat for transporting people from Victoria Harbour on Hong Kong Island to the Kowloon side. It is a convenient mode of transportation and a tourist attraction at the same time.
The name of the boat comes from its company, "Star". The first Star Ferry was launched in 1888. It has become a popular way of transportation, carrying more than 26 million people a year. There are nine comfortable boats of the "Star" company that carry people from one side of Hong Kong to the other.
It is your chance to observe the entire Hong Kong skyline from the water and visit Victoria Harbour, which is a major landmark of the region.
Trips in the Star Ferry are so enjoyable, that it was ranked number 1 for "Top 10 Most Exciting Ferry Rides".
The Star Ferry received its world recognition after it appeared in the British-American romantic film, "The World of Suzie Wong".
Central Mid Levels Escalator and Walkway System (中環至半山自動扶梯)
The Central-Mid-Levels Escalator is the longest system of covered escalators in the world. The escalator is 800m long and 135m high.
One might say that lazy people invented escalators, but this invention made humans' lives much easier. The Central-Mid-Levels escalator was built in 1993 in order to decrease busy traffic in that area in a completely new way. It is able to transport up to 85,000 people every day. It takes around 20 minutes for the full trip on the Central-Mid Levels Escalator.
The escalator is located in the Central and Western districts on Hong Kong Island. It is a very interesting attraction. In addition, it is absolutely free of charge. You may go upwards with the Central-Mid-Levels escalator and then return back through an amazing zoo. Moreover, there are a lot of shops and restaurants on the way.
Central Mid Levels Escalator
Photo by: pony
The Happy Valley is mostly known as Wong Nai Chung Valley among locals. It is one of the most popular areas to visit on Hong Kong Island. Happy Valley is a modern place with the newest skyscrapers in the city. "Highcliff" and "The Summit" are the highest edifices in Hong Kong, and they are located here, in Happy Valley. It is also one of the educational centers in the city.
The most notable attraction of the valley is the Happy Valley Racecourse, which has existed since the end of the 19th century and it is still able to accommodate up to 55,000 people. The other attraction of the valley is the Hong Kong Racing Museum.
Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital is located in Happy Valley as well. For those who like unusual things, there is the famous Hong Kong Cemetery.
With an average temperature of almost 38 degrees, Happy Valley has become the warmest spot in the whole region.
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Photo by: Jonathan Stubbs
The Sky100 Hong Kong Observation Deck is one of the best observation points in all of Hong Kong. You will ride an elevator to a height of 393m in just 60 seconds. Get off the elevator on the highest floor and enjoy the pleasurable view of its surroundings. You can also go to the restaurant on the 121st floor, which is the highest restaurant in the world. There is a view of Hong Kong Island in its entirety, including Victoria Harbour and Kowloon Peninsula. This observation deck is higher than Victoria Peak!
You definitely should bring your camera with you, because you will be able to take some great pictures, even on a foggy day. The panorama of the city is wonderful during daytime, but it becomes even more attractive at sunset. It is recommended to go to the observation deck before sunset in order to enjoy both the day and night view.
There is also a souvenir shop and children's playground in the area. You may book an interactive tour if you want.
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The Kenyan Parliament has been tying itself in constitutional knots after passing a motion – which risks being in conflict with the new constitution – to repeal the International Criminal Act. The motion by Isaac Ruto, a member of parliament from the Orange Democratic Movement, to repeal the ICA replaced an earlier motion. This called for Kenya to leave the International Criminal Court and was passed overwhelmingly but the Speaker ruled it unconstitutional. None of this, however, will have any effect on the ICC's Pre-Trial Chamber in the Hague.
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Megalotocepheus hainanensis är en kvalsterart som beskrevs av Wen och Zhao 1993. Megalotocepheus hainanensis ingår i släktet Megalotocepheus och familjen Otocepheidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Judith of Hungary
Hungarian princess
Birth 001 (Esztergom, Esztergom District, Komárom-Esztergom County, Hungary)
Death 001 (Kraków, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland)
Mother: Sarolt
Father: GézaGrand Prince of the Hungarians
Spouse: Bolesław I Chrobry
Children: Bezprym
Judith of Hungary (Polish: Judyta węgierska; b. Esztergom, ca. 969 - d. Kraków?, ca. 988) was a Hungarian princess and member of the House of Arpad. She was briefly married to Bolesław Chrobry, member of the House of Piast, who ruled Poland at that time.
According to some sources, she was the eldest child of Géza of Hungary by his first wife Sarolt, a daughter of Gyula of Transylvania.
However, modern historians have now discarded her parentage, and state that she was an unknown Hungarian princess. Though opinions vary about the identity of Bolesław I's second wife, there are a number of researchers who still support the hypothesis of her being the daughter of Géza.
At the end of 985, Judith became in the second wife of Bolesław, heir of the Polish throne, after he repudiated his first wife Hunilda, daughter of Rikdag, Margrave of Meissen. The union (probably instigated by Duke Boleslav II of Bohemia, maternal uncle of the Polish prince) produced a son, Bezprym.
Perhaps because of the deterioration in political relations between Poland and Hungary, around 987 Judith was repudiated and sent away. She probably remained in Poland and died shortly after her divorce; she never became Duchess of Poland because her father-in-law was still alive at the time of her dismissal.
Bolesław soon re-married, this time with Emnilda, a Slavic princess, who bore him five children, including the future Mieszko II Lambert. Despite Bezprym being the first-born son, he was deprived of the throne of Poland by his father, who largely favored the children born from his union with Emnilda. Around 1003 Bolesław I sent Bezprym to Italy, where he became a monk in one of Saint Romuald's hermitages. In 1031, in alliance with Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor and the Grand Prince Yaroslav I the Wise, he finally gained the throne to his half-brother Mieszko II. His reign didn't last long and was murdered one year later.
Judith was survived by her father, and when he died in 997, one of his distant cousins Koppány, declared his claim to the leadership of the Magyars against Judith's brother, Vajk. Koppány wanted to marry Judith's stepmother, referring to the Hungarian tradition. Koppány, nevertheless, was defeated, and shortly afterwards Vajk was crowned as the first King of Hungary as Stephen I.