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The women's liberation movement (WLM) was a political alignment of women and feminist intellectualism that emerged in the late 1960s and continued into the 1980s primarily in the industrialized nations of the Western world, which effected great change (political, intellectual, cultural) throughout the world. The WLM branch of radical feminism, based in contemporary philosophy, comprised women of racially and culturally diverse backgrounds who proposed that economic, psychological, and social freedom were necessary for women to progress from being second-class citizens in their societies.

Towards achieving the equality of women, the WLM questioned the cultural and legal validity of patriarchy and the practical validity of the social and sexual hierarchies used to control and limit the legal and physical independence of women in society. Women's liberationists proposed that sexism—legalized formal and informal sex-based discrimination predicated on the existence of the social construction of gender—was the principal political problem with the power dynamics of their societies.

In general, the WLM proposed socio-economic change from the political left, rejected the idea that piecemeal equality, within and according to social class, would eliminate sexual discrimination against women, and fostered the tenets of humanism, especially the respect for human rights of all people. In the decades during which the women's liberation movement flourished, liberationists successfully changed how women were perceived in their cultures, redefined the socio-economic and the political roles of women in society, and transformed mainstream society.

Background
The wave theory of social development holds that intense periods of social activity are followed by periods of remission, in which the activists involved intensely in mobilization are systematically marginalized and isolated. After the intense period fighting for women's suffrage, the common interest which had united international feminists left the women's movement without a single focus upon which all could agree. Ideological differences between radicals and moderates, led to a split and a period of deradicalization, with the largest group of women's activists spearheading movements to educate women on their new responsibilities as voters. Organizations like the African National Congress Women's League, the Irish Housewives Association, the League of Women Voters, the Townswomen's Guilds and the Women's Institutes supported women and tried to educate them on how to use their new rights to incorporate themselves into the established political system. Still other organizations, involved in the mass movement of women into the workforce during World War I and World War II and their subsequent exit at the end of the war with concerted official efforts to return to family life, turned their efforts to labor issues. The World YWCA and Zonta International, were leaders in these efforts, mobilizing women to gather information on the situation of working women and organize assistance programs. Increasingly, radical organizations, like the American National Women's Party, were marginalized by media which denounced feminism and its proponents as "severe neurotics responsible for the problems of" society. Those who were still attached to the radical themes of equality were typically unmarried, employed, socially and economically advantaged and seemed to the larger society to be deviant.

In countries throughout Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, the Middle East and South America, efforts to decolonize and replace authoritarian regimes, which largely began in the 1950s and stretched through the 1980s, initially saw the state overtaking the role of radical feminists. For example, in Egypt, the 1956 Constitution eliminated gender barriers to labor, political access, and education through provisions for gender equality. Women in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Nicaragua and other Latin American countries had worked for an end to dictatorships in their countries. As those governments turned to socialist policies, the state aimed to eliminate gender inequality through state action. As ideology in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean shifted left, women in newly independent and still colonized countries saw a common goal in opposing imperialism. They focused their efforts to address gendered power imbalances in their quest for respect of human rights and nationalist goals. This worldwide movement towards decolonization and the realignment of international politics into Cold War camps after the end of World War II, usurped the drive for women's enfranchisement, as universal suffrage and nationhood became the goal for activists. A Pan-African awareness and global recognition of blackness as a unifying point for struggle, led to a recognition by numerous marginalized groups that there was potential to politicize their oppression.

In their attempt to influence these newly independent countries to align with the United States, in the polarized Cold War climate, racism in U.S. policy became a stumbling block to the foreign policy objective to become the dominant superpower. Black leaders were aware of the favorable climate for securing change and pushed forward the Civil Rights Movement to address racial inequalities. They sought to eliminate the damage of oppression, using liberation theory and a movement which sought to create societal transformation in the way people thought about others by infusing the disenfranchised with political power to change the power structures. The Black Power movement and global student movements protested the apparent double standards of the age and the authoritarian nature of social institutions. From Czechoslovakia to Mexico, in diverse locations like Germany, France, Italy, and Japan, among others, students protested the civil, economic and political inequalities, as well as involvement in the Vietnam War. Many of the activists participating in these causes would go on to participate in the feminist movement.

Socially, the baby boom experienced after the Second World War, the relative worldwide economic growth in the post-war years, the expansion of the television industry sparking improved communications, as well as access to higher education for both women and men led to an awareness of the social problems women faced and the need for a cultural change. At the time, women were economically dependent on men and neither the concept of patriarchy nor a coherent theory about the power relationships between men and women in society existed. If they worked, positions available to women were typically in light manufacturing or agricultural work and a limited segment of positions in the service industries, such as bookkeeping, domestic labor, nursing, secretarial and clerical work, retail sales, or school teaching. They were expected to work for lower wages than men and upon marriage, terminate their employment. Women were unable to obtain bank accounts or credit, making renting housing impossible, without a man's consent. In many countries they were not allowed to go into public spaces without a male chaperone.

Married women from Commonwealth countries and thus with a common law legal code were legally bound to have sex with their husbands upon demand. At the time, marital rape was not a concept in common law, as it was legally considered that women had given consent to regular intercourse upon marrying. The state and church placed enormous pressure on young women to retain their virginity. Introduction of the birth control pill gave many men a sense that as women could not get pregnant, they could not say no to intercourse. Though by the 1960s the pill was widely available, prescription was tightly controlled and in many countries, dissemination of information about birth control was illegal. Even after the pill was legalized, contraception remained banned in numerous countries, like Ireland where condoms were banned and the pill could only be prescribed to control menstrual cycles. The Catholic Church issued the encyclical Humanae vitae in 1968, reiterating the ban on artificial contraception. Abortion often required the consent of a spouse, or approval by a board, as in Canada, wherein the decisions often revolved around whether pregnancy posed a threat to the woman's health or life.

As women became more educated and joined the workforce, their home responsibilities remained largely unchanged. Though families increasingly depended on dual incomes, women carried most of the responsibility for domestic work and care of children. There had long been recognized by society in general of the inequalities in civil, socio-economic, and political agency between women and men. However, the women's liberation movement was the first time that the idea of challenging sexism gained wide acceptance. Literature on sex, such as the Kinsey Reports, and the development and distribution of the birth control pill, created a climate wherein women began to question the authority others wielded over their decisions regarding their bodies and their morality. Many of the women who participated in the movement, were aligned with leftist politics and after 1960, with the development of Cold War polarization, took their inspiration from Maoist theory. Slogans such as "workers of the world unite" turned into "women of the world unite" and key features like consciousness-raising and egalitarian consensus-based policies "were inspired by similar techniques used in China".

Into this backdrop of world events, Simone de Beauvoir published The Second Sex in 1949, which was translated into English in 1952. In the book, de Beauvoir put forward the idea that equality did not require women be masculine to become empowered. With her famous statement, "One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman", she laid the groundwork for the concept of gender as a social construct, as opposed to a biological trait. The same year, Margaret Mead published Male and Female, which though it analyzed primitive societies of New Guinea, showed that gendered activities varied between cultures and that biology had no role in defining which tasks were performed by men or women. By 1965, de Beauvoir and Mead's works had been translated into Danish and became widely influential with feminists.  Kurahashi Yumiko published her debut Partei in 1960, which critically examined the student movement. The work started a trend in Japan of feminist works which challenged the opportunities available to women and mocked conventional power dynamics in Japanese society. In 1963, Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique, voicing the discontent felt by American women.

Aims
As the women's suffrage movement emerged from the abolition movement, the women's liberation movement grew out of the struggle for civil rights. Though challenging patriarchy and the anti-patriarchal message of the women's liberation movement was considered radical, it was not the only, nor the first, radical movement in the early period of second-wave feminism. Rather than simply desiring legal equality, those participating in the movement believed that the moral and social climate which perceived women as second-class citizens needed to change. Though most groups operated independently—there were no national umbrella organizations—there were unifying philosophies of women participating in the movement. Challenging patriarchy and the hierarchical organization of society which defined women as subordinate in both public and private spheres, liberationists believed that women should be free to define their own individual identity as part of human society.

One of the reasons that women who supported the movement chose not to create a single approach to addressing the problem of women being treated as second-class citizens was that they did not want to foster an idea that anyone was an expert or that any one group or idea could address all of the societal problems women faced. They also wanted women, whose voices had been silenced to be able to express their own views on solutions. Rejecting authority and espousing participatory democracy as well as direct action, they promoted a wide agenda including civil rights, eliminating objectification of women, ethnic empowerment, granting women reproductive rights, increasing opportunities for women in the workplace, peace, and redefining familial roles, as well as gay and lesbian liberation. A dilemma faced by movement members was how they could challenge the definition of femininity without compromising the principles of feminism.

Women's historical participation in the world was virtually unknown, even to trained historians. Women's roles in historic events were not covered in academic texts and not taught in schools. Even the fact that women had been denied the vote was something few university students were aware of in the era. To understand the wider implications of women's experiences, WLM groups launched women's studies programs introducing feminist history, sociology and psychology to higher education and adult education curricula to counter gender biases in teaching these subjects. Writing women back into history became extremely important in the period with attention to the differences of experiences based on class, ethnic background, race and sexual orientation. The courses became widespread by the end of the decade in Britain, Canada, and the United States, and were also introduced in such places as Italy and Norway.

Thousands of adherents joined the movement which began in the United States and spread to Canada and Mexico. In Europe, movements developed in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Wales. The liberationist movement also was active in Australia, Fiji, Guam, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan.

Key components of the movement were consciousness-raising sessions aimed at politicizing personal issues, small group and limited organizational structure and a focus on changing societal perception rather than reforming legislation. For example, liberationists did not support reforming family codes to allow abortion, instead, they believed that neither medical professionals nor the state should have the power to limit women's complete control of their own bodies. They favored abolishing laws which limited women's rights over their reproduction, believing such control was an individual right, not subject to moralistic majority views. Most liberationists banned the participation of men in their organizations. Though often depicted in media as a sign of "man-hating", the separation was a focused attempt to eliminate defining women via their relationship to men. Since women's inequality within their employment, family and society were commonly experienced by all women, separation meant unity of purpose to evaluate their second-class status.

Development

North America

In Canada and the United States, the movement developed out of the Civil Rights Movement, Anti-War sentiment toward the Vietnam War, the Native Rights Movement and the New Left student movement of the 1960s. Between 1965 and 1966, papers presented at meetings of the Students for a Democratic Society and articles published in journals, such as the Canadian Random began advocating for women to embark on a path of self-discovery free from male scrutiny. In 1967, the first Women's Liberation organizations formed in major cities like Berkeley, Boston, Chicago, New York City and Toronto. Quickly organizations spread across both countries. In Mexico, the first group of liberationists formed in 1970, inspired by the student movement and US women's liberationists.

Organizations were loosely organized, without a hierarchical power structure and favored all-women participation to eliminate defining women or their autonomy by their association with men. Groups featured consciousness-raising discussions on a wide variety of issues, the importance of having freedom to make choices, and the importance of changing societal attitudes and perceptions of women's roles. Canadian women's lib groups typically incorporated a class-based component into their theory of oppression which was mostly missing from US liberation theory,  which focused almost exclusively on sexism and a belief that women's oppression stemmed from their gender and not as a result of their economic or social class. In Quebec, women's and Quebec's autonomy were entwined issues with women struggling for the right to serve as jurors.

Advocating public self-expression by participating in protests and sit-ins, liberationists demonstrated against discriminatory hiring and wage practices in Canada, while in the US liberationists protested the Miss America Beauty Pageant for objectifying women. In both countries women's liberation groups were involved protesting their legislators for abortion rights for women. In Mexico liberationists protested at the Monument to the Mother on Mother's Day to challenge the idea that all women were destined to be mothers. Challenging gender definitions and the sexual relationship to power drew lesbians into the movement in both the United States and Canada. Because liberationists believed that sisterhood was a uniting component to women's oppression, lesbians were not seen as a threat to other women. Another important aspect for North American women was developing spaces for women to meet with other women, offer counseling and referral services, provide access to feminist materials, and establish women's shelters for women who were in abusive relationships.

Increasingly mainstream media portrayed liberationists as man-haters or deranged outcasts. To gain legitimacy for the recognition of sexual discrimination, the media discourse on women's issues was increasingly shaped by the liberal feminist's reformist aims. As liberationists were marginalized, they increasingly became involved in single focus issues, such as violence against women. By the mid-1970s, the women's liberation movement had been effective in changing the worldwide perception of women, bringing sexism to light and moving reformists far to the left in their policy aims for women, but in the haste to distance themselves from the more radical elements, liberal feminists attempted to erase their success and rebrand the movement as the Women's Movement.

Asia

By the 1970s, the movement had spread to Asia with women's liberation organizations forming in Japan in 1970. The Yom Kippur War raised awareness of the subordinate status of Israeli women, fostering the growth of the WLM. In India, 1974 was a pivotal year when activists from the Navnirman Movement against corruption and the economic crisis, encouraged women to organize direct actions to challenge traditional leadership. In 1975, liberationist ideas in South Korea were introduced by Lee Hyo-jae a professor at Ewha Woman's University after she had read western texts on the movement which were first translated into Korean in 1973. Similarly, Hsiu-lien Annette Lu, who had completed her graduate courses in the United States, brought liberationist ideas to Taiwan, when she returned and began publishing in the mid-1970s.

In Singapore and other Asian countries, conscious effort was made to distinguish their movement from decadent, "free sex" Western feminist ideals, while simultaneously addressing issues that were experienced worldwide by women. In India, the struggle for women's autonomy was rarely separated from the struggle against the caste system and in Israel, though their movement more closely resembled the WLM in the US and Europe, the oppression of Palestinian women was a focal area. In Japan, the movement focused on freeing women from societal perceptions of limitations because of their sex, rather than on a stand for equality. In South Korea, women workers' concerns merged with liberationist ideas within the broader fight against dictatorship, whereas in Taiwan, theories of respect for women and eliminating double standards were promoted by weaving in Confucianist philosophy.

Europe

In Europe, the women's liberation movement started in the late 1960s and continued through the 1980s. Inspired by events in North America and triggered by the growing presence of women in the labor market, the movement soon gained momentum in Britain and the Scandinavian countries. Though influenced by leftist politics, liberationists in general were resistant to any political order which ignored women entirely or relegated their issues to the sidelines. Women's liberation groups in Europe were distinguished from other feminist activists by their focus on women's rights to control their own bodies and sexuality, as well as their direct actions aimed at provoking the public and making society aware of the issues faced by women.

There were robust women's liberation movements in Western European countries, including developments in Greece, Portugal and Spain, which in the period  were emerging from dictatorships. Many different types of actions were held throughout Europe. To increase public awareness of the problems of equal pay, liberationists in Denmark staged a bus sit-in, where they demanded lower fares than male passengers to demonstrate their wage gap. Swedish members of Grupp 8 heckled politicians at campaign rallies, demanding to know why women were only allowed part-time jobs and thus were ineligible for pensions. To address the objectification of women, Belgian liberationists protested at beauty pageants, Dolle Minas in the Netherlands and Nyfeministene of Norway invaded male-only bars, Irish Women United demonstrated against male-only bathing at Forty Foot promontory and Portuguese women dressed as a bride, a housewife and a sex symbol, marching in Eduardo VII Park.

Reacting on two killings of women in the streets, on the 1st of March 1977 women in West Berlin started demonstrating at night - later to be repeated as Walpurgis Night every year on May Day eve.  Women in England, Scotland and Wales took up the idea of Reclaim the Night marches to challenge the notion that women's behavior caused the violence perpetrated against them. Spanish liberationists from the Colectivo Feminista Pelvis (Pelvis Feminist Collective), Grup per l'Alliberament de la Dona (Group for Women's Liberation) and Mujeres Independientes (Independent Women) carried funeral wreaths through the streets of Mallorca calling for an end to sexual abuse and a judicial system which allowed men to use alcohol or passion as mitigating factors for sexual violence. In Iceland, women virtually shut down the country; when spurred by liberationists, 90% of them took Women's Day Off and refused to participate in household duties or work, instead of attending a protest rally.

In almost all Western European countries liberationists fought for elimination of barriers to free and unrestricted access to contraception and abortion. In Austria, to advocate for the abolition of section 144 of their criminal code, activists used street theater performance. Prominent French activists declared their criminal actions signing the Manifesto of the 343, admitting to having had abortions, as did German activists who signed the Manifesto of the 374. Irish activists took the train and crossed into Northern Ireland to secure prohibited contraception devices and upon their return flouted authorities bypassing the contraband to the public. In the UK, an uneasy alliance formed between liberationists, the National Abortion Campaign and trade unionists to fight a series of bills designed to restrict abortion rights. In Italy, 50,000 women marched through the streets of Rome demanding their right to control their own bodies, but as was typically the result throughout Europe, compromise reform to existing law was passed by the government, limiting the decision by gestation or requiring preliminary medical authorization.

Throughout the period, publishing was crucial for disseminating the theory and ideas of liberation and other feminist schools of thought. Initially many activists relied on translations of material from the US, but increasingly the focus was on producing country-specific editions, or local journals to allow activists to adapt the movement slogan the "personal is political" to reflect their own experiences. Journals and newspapers founded by liberationists included Belgium's Le Petit livre rouge des femmes (The Little Red Book of Women), France's  (Waging the Battle), Greece's Gia tin Apeleftherosi ton Gynaikon (For the Liberation of Women), Italy's Sottosopra (Upside Down), the Scottish The Tayside Women's Liberation Newsletter or the British Spare Rib, among many others. In the UK, a news service called the Women's Information and Referral Service (WIRES) distributed news of WLM groups throughout the nation.

In West Germany a book distribution run by lesbians snowballed feminist knowledge from 1974 on. Two feminist monthlies - Courage and EMMA - spread the new ideas. The women's camp on Femø organized by the Red Stocking Movement (Denmark) facilitated international exchange too. 1974 this gathering in the sun gave birth to the first International Tribunal on Crimes against Women held in Brussels 1976.

Books like Die Klosterschule (The Convent School, 1968) by Barbara Frischmuth, which evaluated patriarchy in the parochial schools of Austria, The Female Eunuch (Paladin, 1970) by Germaine Greer and The Descent of Woman (1972) by Welsh author and feminist Elaine Morgan, brought women into the movement who thought that their lives differed from those of women in large urban settings where the movement originated. Other influential publications included the British edition of Our Bodies, Ourselves (1971) edited by Angela Phillips and Jill Rakusen; Frauenhandbuch Nr. 1: Abtreibung und Verhütungsmittel (Women's Guide # 1: Abortion and Contraceptives, 1971) produced in Germany by Helke Sander and Verena Stefan and Skylla sig själv (Self-blame, 1976) by Swede Maria-Pia Boëthius, which evaluated rape culture applied analysis and solutions to local areas. In some cases, books themselves became the focus of liberationists' protests over censorship, as in the case of the Norwegian demonstration at the publishing house Aschehoug, which was forced to publish a translation of the Swedish text  (Freedom, Equality and Sisterhood, 1970), or the international outcry which resulted from the ban and arrest of Portuguese authors Maria Teresa Horta, Maria Isabel Barreno and Maria Velho da Costa over their book Novas Cartas Portuguesas (New Portuguese Letters, 1972).

As the idea of women's freedom gained mainstream approval, governments and more reformist minded women's groups adopted liberationists' ideas and began incorporating them into compromise solutions. By the early 1980s, most activists in the Women's Liberation Movements in Europe moved on to other single focus causes or transitioned into organizations which were political.

Oceania

Spreading from the United States and Britain, the women's liberation movement reached Oceania in 1969. The first organizations were formed in Sydney in 1969, and by 1970 had reached Adelaide and Melbourne, as well as Wellington and Auckland. The following year, organizations were formed at the University of the South Pacific in Fiji and in Guam. As in the US and other places where the movement flourished, small consciousness-raising groups with a limited organizational structure were the norm and the focus was on changing societal perception rather than legislation.

Involved in public protests, liberationists demonstrated at beauty pageants to protest women's objectification, and invaded male-only pubs. In Australia they ran petition drives and protests in favor of legalizing abortion and in Auckland led a funeral procession through Albert Park to demonstrate lack of progress on issues which were of concern to women. Liberationists developed multiple publications such as Broadsheet, Liberaction, MeJane, The Circle and Women's Liberation Newsletter to address issues and concerns;. They founded women's shelters and women's centers for meetings and child care services, which were open to all women, be they socialists, lesbians, indigenous women, students, workers or homemakers. The diversity of adherents fractured the movement by the early 1980s, as groups began focusing on specific interests rather than solely on sexism.

Surveillance
The FBI kept records on numerous participants in the WLM as well as spying on them and infiltrating their organizations. Roberta Sapler, a participant in the movement between 1968 and 1973 in Pittsburgh, wrote an article regarding her attempts to obtain the FBI file kept on her during the period. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police spied upon liberationists in Canada, as did the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation surveil WLM groups and participants in Australia. In Germany, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution () kept tabs on activists participating in women's center activities. Having lived in a communal housing project or been affiliated with youth movements made liberationists targets and their meeting places were searched and materials were confiscated.

Legacy
The women's liberation movement created a global awareness of patriarchy and sexism. By bringing matters that had long been considered private issues into the public view and linking those issues to deepen understanding about how systemic suppression of women's rights in society are interrelated, liberationists made innovative contributions to feminist theory. Desiring to know about women's historic contributions but often being thwarted in their search due to centuries of censoring and blocking of women's intellectual work, liberationists brought the study of power relationships, including those of sex and diversity, into the social sciences. They launched women's studies programs and publishing houses to ensure that a more culturally comprehensive history of the complex nature of society was developed.

In an effort to distance themselves from the politics and ideas of women in the liberation movement, as well as the personal politics which emerged, many second-wave feminists distanced themselves from the early movement. Meaghan Morris, an Australian scholar of popular culture stated that later feminists could not associate themselves with the ideas and politics of the period and maintain their respect. And yet, liberationists succeeded in pushing the dominant liberal feminists far to the left of their original aims and forced them to include goals that address sexual discrimination. Jean Curthoys argued that in the rush to distance themselves from liberationists, unconscious amnesia rewrote the history of their movement, and failed to grasp the achievement that, without a religious connotation, the movement created an "ethic of the irreducible value of human beings." Phrases that were used in the movement, like "consciousness-raising" and "male chauvinism," became keywords associated with the movement.

Influential publications

Criticism
The philosophy practiced by liberationists assumed a global sisterhood of support working to eliminate inequality without acknowledging that women were not united; other factors, such as age, class, ethnicity, and opportunity (or lack thereof) created spheres wherein women's interests diverged, and some women felt underrepresented by the WLM. While many women gained an awareness of how sexism permeated their lives, they did not become radicalized and were uninterested in overthrowing society. They made changes in their lives to address their individual needs and social arrangements, but were unwilling to take action on issues that might threaten their socio-economic status. Liberationist theory also failed to recognize a fundamental difference in fighting oppression. Combating sexism had an internal component, whereby one could change the basic power structures within family units and personal spheres to eliminate the inequality. Class struggle and the fight against racism are solely external challenges, requiring public action to eradicate inequality.

There was criticism of the movement not only from factions within the movement itself, but from outsiders, like Hugh Hefner, Playboy founder, who launched a campaign to expose all the "highly irrational, emotional, kookie trends" of feminism in an effort to tear apart feminist ideas that were "unalterably opposed to the romantic boy-girl society" promoted by his magazine. "Women's libbers" were widely characterized as "man-haters" who viewed men as enemies, advocated for all-women societies, and encouraged women to leave their families behind. Semanticist Nat Kolodney argued that while women were oppressed by social structures and rarely served in tyrannical roles over the male population as a whole, men, in general, were not oppressors of women either. Instead, social constructs and the difficulty of removing systems which had long served their purpose exploited both men and women. Women's liberationists acknowledged that patriarchy affects both men and women, with the former receiving many privileges from it, but focused on the impact of systemic sexism and misogyny on women throughout the world.

To many women activists in the American Indian Movement, black Civil Rights Movement, Chicana Movement, as well as Asians and other minorities, the activities of the primarily white, middle-class women in the women's liberation movement were focused specifically on sex-based violence and the social construction of gender as a tool of sex-based oppression. By evaluating all economic, socio-cultural, and political issues through the lens of sexism without pairing it with racism and classism, liberationists often poorly represented women of color in their analyses. While women of color recognized that sexism was an issue, some did not see how it could be separated from the issue of race or class, which compounds to impact their access to education, health care, housing, jobs, legal justice, and the poverty and violence which permeates their lives. For women who did not speak English, or spoke it as a second language, sexism had little to do with the ability to protect herself or utilize existing systems. The focus on personal freedom was another divergence between white women and women of color. Some did not see the intrinsic connection between the liberation of women and the liberation of men that was advocated for by the Women's Liberation Movement and felt that feminists did not care about the inequalities suffered by men; they felt that the liberation of women without the liberation of men from policies that keep men of color from obtaining jobs and limit their civil rights, further preventing them from being able to protect their families, neither improved humanity as a whole nor improved the plight experienced by families. Dorothy Height, president of the National Council of Negro Women, expressed that the best way black women could help themselves was to help their men gain equality.

Regarding the "sex-positive" sect that broke away from the women's liberation movement, extending personal freedom to sexual freedom, the meaning of being free to have relations with whoever one wanted, was lost on black women who had been sexually assaulted and raped with impunity for centuries or Native Women who were routinely sterilized. Their issues were not about limiting their families but having the freedom to form families. It had very little meaning in the traditional Chicana culture wherein women were required to be virgins until marriage and remain naïve in her marriage. Though invited to participate within the Women's Liberation Movement, many women of color cautioned against the single focus on sexism, finding it to be an incomplete analysis without the consideration of racism. Likewise, though many lesbians saw commonalities with Women's Liberation through the goals of eponymous liberation from sex-based oppression, which included fighting against homophobia, others believed that the focus was too narrow to confront the issues they faced. Differences in the understanding of gender and how it relates to and informs sex-based oppression and systemic sexism called attention to differences in issues. For example, many liberationists rejected the performance of femininity as positive behavior, which meant that white lesbians who actively chose to perform femininity had to decide between their desire to be feminine-presenting and their rejection of sexual objectification. Jackie Anderson, an activist, and philosopher observed that in the black lesbian community being able to dress up made them feel confident because, during the workweek, black women had to conform to dress codes imposed upon them. This was and continues to be a sentiment held by most women, who tend to believe that the feeling of confidence derived from performing femininity as dictated by the sexist status quo is the same as empowerment.

See also
 Feminism
 Lesbian feminism
 Radical feminism
 Men's liberation movement
Riot Grrrl

References

Parenthetical sources

  English translation of

External links

 Redstockings of the Women's Liberation Movement
 National Women's Liberation
 Archives on Women's Liberation

Feminism
Feminist movements and ideologies
Radical feminism
1960s establishments

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text:
Q: Rails: how to tell if Spring is loaded In recent versions of Rails they've set config.cache_classes = true in config/environments/test.rb. This makes sense to me, as we won't typically be dynamically reloading classes. However, when we run with Spring, it complains that this should be set to false. I would love it if there was a way to thread the needle and accommodate both, something like:
config.cache_classes = !Spring.enabled?

I'm not seeing a way to accomplish this, though. Is there some way to tell if spring is active when the application is booting?

A: Try this:
require 'spring/env'
Spring::Env.new.server_running?
=> true

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الرئيسية » English Articles » Kurdish: A different language
Kurdish: A different language
By Joost Lagendijk
Zaman –
Without a doubt, the Kurdish issue is one of the most important political problems in Turkey.
The problem is not only a bloody political issue involving the deaths of more than 30,000 people, but at the same time a crisis felt at all the layers of the system from local governments to the Parliament. Although the former policy of the republic, which was founded on the practice of denying Kurds, is about to completely rot, the "Kurdish reality" as articulated by politicians such as Demirel, Özal, Erdoğan and others cannot be said to have been appreciated well enough.
The most recent example of this is a decision reached by the Eighth Chamber of the Council of the State on June 14, 2007 to remove the mayor of the Sur district of Diyarbakır, Abdullah Demirbaş, and the members of the municipal council. Endorsing the decision made by the interior minister, the high court ruled in October 2006 that giving information on various municipal services such as culture, art, environment, city cleaning and health in languages other than Turkish is against the Constitution, removing the people in question from office. However, the above-mentioned municipality conducted research and discovered that 24 percent of people spoke Turkish in their daily lives, 72 percent Kurdish, 1 percent Arabic and 3 percent Syrian and Armenian, resulting in the decision to give services in these languages to reach all the people benefiting from them. As a matter of fact, even though one wouldn't need to conduct a study to find out that the majority of people in Diyarbakır speak Kurdish — not Turkish — it turned out a useful one in terms of revealing the exact figures.
The Interior Ministry described this decision as a political one and determined that Article 222 of the Turkish Penal Code (TCK) was violated. The high court agreed with the ministry's view and also came to the opinion that "a quality has formed that exceeds the exercising of the fundamental rights and liberties defined and secured by the Constitution and international conventions and that is against the purpose and implications of these rules" and decided to remove the mayor from office and depose the municipal council. This decision of the Council of the State indubitably reflects the laws in Turkey and the constitutional realities and also clearly defines the boundaries of Kurdish. While it is a necessity to be respectful toward the decisions of the high court, doing so is giving rise to dismaying results. The mayor and the members of the municipal council will not be able to stand for the elections to be renewed in two months' time and, what's more, they will stand trial because they committed a "crime."
The mayor of the Diyarbakır Metropolitan Municipality, Osman Baydemir, is being subjected to a similar set of interrogations and judicial process. Most of these issues taken to court relate to using Kurdish, as was the case with the problematic celebration cards used in 2006 and 2007. These cards, containing nothing more than good wishes for the new year in Turkish, English and Kurdish, were taken by the prosecutor as enough evidence to launch an investigation. The prosecutor, who seems to have spent little time on the indictment, cut it very short and wrote: "It was determined that the suspect used a Kurdish sentence in the celebration card, 'Sersela We Piroz Be' (Happy New Year). I, on behalf of the public, demand that he be punished under Article 222/1 of the Turkish Penal Code." So, it will benefit us to look at this article of the penal code a bit closer.
Law on protection of the Turkish alphabet
Article 222 of the TCK was put into effect in the 1920s. The young republic, which decided to stop using Arabic letters and write Turkish with the Latin alphabet, made a very radical move in regard to written communication. The scholars who oversaw judicial and religious matters in the society — and whose command of Arabic was perfect — were not only divested of their positions in the state with this move, but were also thrust outside the chain of communication between people and the state. Through crash courses on the new alphabet, the founders tried to generate new "elites" and made it an obligation to use the Latin alphabet. This article, as well as the law that obliged the wearing of the felt hat by every male citizen and the ban on wearing the fez and similar "old" clothes outside mosques, bluntly illustrates the purpose of the lawmaker. With this article, the scholars all over Turkey were reduced to invisibility in society.
However legally surprising it may be to see this article used against communication in Kurdish, the practice fits with the article's history and purpose. The Latin alphabet is also used to write Kurdish in Turkey, but it has letters like "î" and "w," which are not used in Turkish. Legally speaking, the penal code's article in question should have been directed against using these extra letters, which are not used in Turkish. The prosecutor did not even take the trouble to find a link between this article and the "crime." According to him, Mayor Baydemir used a Kurdish sentence to celebrate the new year and therefore committed a "crime." Maybe the prosecutor did not want to delve into details as the English version of the celebration, Happy New Year, also contains the letter "w." In fact the letter "w" constituting a crime in Kurdish but not in English would be pushing it a little in the legal and political sense.
Kurdish still a forbidden language
Similar things happened and are still happening to Kurdish names. These letters used to write Kurdish names are still not accepted in Turkey, and families are forced to write such names using the Turkish alphabet. The increasingly widespread execution of laws against speaking Kurdish similar to Article 222 in recent years makes the issue politically significant. Human rights defenders perceive this development as a new means of pressure against Kurdish people. In election campaigns, the investigations launched into the use of Kurdish did not produce any results and, to reach voters, the courts that settled the matters defined the use of local tongues as a fundamental right to be exercised and did not see any element of guilt. The newly launched investigations and lawsuits filed give the impression that a political will has come into the play to prevent Kurdish from being spoken as a language of communication. The purpose appears to be the prevention of using Kurdish in communication between institutions and associations. What is feared, perhaps, is that Kurdish may gradually become a normal means of daily communication in provinces like Diyarbakır where the majority of people speak Kurdish.
Looking at the matter from a broader perspective tells us that the decisions made by the local government of the Sur district and similar places to use Kurdish as a means of social communication also has a political dimension to it, thus it would be naïve to overlook the fact that the issue goes beyond being merely linguistics. However, the base of the problem is still whether the Kurdish language should be used for communication or not. After issuing a press release, the mayors went into details in their statements and stressed that they would continue using Kurdish whether or not it constituted a crime. The high-tension line in Turkey related to the Kurdish issue is thus laid down. This line is dividing people into two parties based on a question of whether using a simple Kurdish sentence like "Sersela We Piroz Be" means separatism — therefore constituting a "crime" — and the opinion that Kurdish is a very normal means of communication in a city comprising predominantly Kurds.
There are strong legal grounds supporting our view. As part of reforms made in harmonization with the EU, it has become possible to use "languages other than Turkish," thanks to a change in Article 26 of the Constitution. These reforms include the right to learn Kurdish and broadcast and publish in this language. If these reforms have any meaning at all, Kurdish should allowed use in Diyarbakır. We see that the mayors, who must be listened to, also put forward strong arguments.
The Turkish Law on Municipalities, just as with all democratic countries, charges municipal administrations with being the first to give various information and services, envisaging that people will participate in the decision-making process when it comes to cultural, environmental, health and other local issues. The mayors in return state that to be able to give those services, they must use Kurdish as it is spoken by the majority. They also point out that a certain segment of the population either doesn't know Turkish at a necessary level or can't speak it at all. It will probably be beneficial to allow the use of Kurdish in order to reach as much of society as possible for important issues such as, say, cleanliness. We deem it unnecessary to stress once again that the language is indispensable to cultural matters. Moreover, the European Human Rights Bill — very applicable considering Turkey is a founding member of the European Council — declares it a fundamental right of individuals to use their mother language and receive information in that language, making it compulsory to respect to this right.
As a consequence, we believe it is high time that Turkey starts implementing a truly modern democracy and leave behind the practice of finding an element of guilt in every Kurdish sentence written on a simple celebration card. Unless a line can be drawn between violence and terrorism and the exercising of fundamental rights such as communicating in one's native tongue, people's rights and the law will continue being vague concepts. Finding a lasting solution to the Kurdish issue is only possible with the supremacy of rights and law.
Joost Lagendijk – Cochairman of the Turkey-EU Joint Parliamentary Commission
السابق Culture in Post-Saddam Iraq
التالي Baghdad Christians Find New Life in Kurdish North
Median civilization
Kurdish civilization
UK duplicity exposed on Kurdish genocide

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The BEST Episodes of Barbarians Rising
Last Updated: Dec 3, 2020
Network: History
It is inevitable that empires will fall, but not that they will rise. Rome is ambitious, wealthy and ruthless as it grows into the most powerful empire the world had ever known. But to achieve total domination, it blankets the ancient world in blood and tyranny, igniting the barbarian rebellions that will ultimately lead to its downfall. This is not a story about the glory of Rome. It's the story of the people who rise to fight for freedom against a cruel and violent force bent on their destruction. As Rome grows stronger, the barbarians are taxed, enslaved, slaughtered, displaced and robbed of their cultures. But set against seemingly overwhelming odds, they never surrender; evolving and innovating new ways to fight against an organized and determined enemy. This is a clash of titans fought over centuries. Barbarians Rising tells the epic saga of the rise and fall of the Roman Empire from the perspective of the barbarian leaders who brought it down; a high-impact, visceral journey into the heart of their rebellions against absolute power. The Roman Empire called them "barbarians" – tribes beyond the fringe of civilization that live a primitive, savage existence. But they are also some of the fiercest warriors in history – men and women who rose up to resist so that they might live free, or die. The four-part docu-drama reveals the true story of the 700-year battle for supremacy, a fight for freedom that would shape the world to come. Featuring fully dramatized portrayals of icons including Hannibal, Spartacus, Arminius, Boudica and Attila alongside an eclectic group of experts and contributors, Barbarians Rising reveals the true history behind the legends. The Series has been broadcasted as 4 or 8 episodes. Use Season 1 for 4 episodes, and Season 2016 for 8 episodes.
#1 - Revenge
Season 1 - Episode 6 - Aired Jun 20, 2016
Boudica tries to crush Rome with his own wild game in one of the bloodiest rebellions in history. Centuries of costly barbarian wars have their consequences on the Empire and end the era of expansion. Meanwhile, a dark threat emerging from the east plunges the Roman border into chaos. The Goths seek refuge in the arms of their enemy, Rome, but find only treason. Wrong decisions by the Empire trigger the catastrophe in Adrianople.
#2 - Ruin
The Huns emerge in the east and bring chaos to the world: Attila seizes power and begins a reign of bewilderment and destruction, as wave after wave of barbaric avengers attack a Roman Empire fighting on too many fronts. In the midst of confusion, the last great barbarian leader, Generic "cunning and calculating king of the vandals" becomes the architect of the destruction of Rome.
#3 - Rebellion
Rome, which already dominates the Mediterranean with an iron hand, sets out to conquer new lands and takes the barbarians who inhabit them as slaves. But, the more it grows, the more enemies it gains within its borders: a vast barbarian army waits, in a dormant state, for its leader to emerge. Spartacus, a barbarian slave forced to fight as a gladiator, becomes the tenacious commander of an uprising that poses the greatest threat to Rome in a century.
#4 - Counterattack
The Roman Empire is the world's first superpower, but it has grown so large that its size is more of a weakness than an advantage. Furthermore, the high cost of keeping barbarians under control, both in gold and in human resources, weakens the once powerful Army. Rome is divided into two empires with two emperors: that of the East and that of the West, and when the leaders of both sides attack each other, the Goths are again caught in the crossfire. Alaric leads his own to the gates of Rome and delivers the first in a series of deadly blows to imperial power.
#5 - Ancestry
The Republic becomes an empire and continues its policy of romanization aimed at civilizing the barbarians. However, not even the first emperor, Caesar Augustus, is aware of the rebellion that is hatching within his own ranks. Arminius, the son of a German barbarian chief, is sent as a hostage to Rome as a boy and later becomes one of the highest ranking barbarian officers in the Imperial Army. But, when he is sent to his homeland to put down an uprising, he has to make the decision of who to be loyal to. The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest places the Empire on the brink of the precipice.
Watch on Hulu Buy on Vudu
#6 - Battlefront
In Hispania, Rome seeks revenge on the barbarians who fought alongside Hannibal in his failed campaign to end the Republic. Governor Galba almost annihilated the Lusitanians, a Celtic tribe from the west of the Iberian Peninsula. The survivors, who live as refugees in their own land, unite around the former pastor and leader Viriato and organize a resistance guerrilla against the Roman occupation. The barbarians take advantage of their knowledge of the terrain to continue the fight, while Vetilio launches a large-scale operation with the aim of hunting down the elusive rebel leader. The two sides meet in the Tribola forest for a fatal clash.
#7 - Resistance
The battle for supremacy begins as the ancient world splits into two: Roman vs. Barbarian. Hannibal of Carthage builds the first great alliance to defeat Rome before it becomes an unstoppable machine. The general launched a bold and unprecedented campaign to strike at the heart of the Republic: he conquered the Alps and entered Italy in the direction of the capital, leaving a trail of destruction in his wake. But, although Hannibal wins the battles, at the same time he is losing the war. Rome, with no adversary to stop its advance, traverses barbarian territory by plundering it and executing bloody revenge against the tribes who were fighting alongside Hannibal. Thus emerges the first wave of resistance in a 700-year fight for freedom.
#8 - Birthright
Barbaric resistance becomes a life and death fight against the Empire. The Germanic tribes are united for the first time around a single leader, Arminius, who organizes a masterful ambush to expel Rome from his native land. The Empire needs expansion to survive, and it targets the barbarian fortress of Britain, where the Celts fight the invasion with unprecedented ferocity. Boudica becomes leader of the Iceni, and when she and her daughters are brutally humiliated by the Empire, she vows to take merciless revenge with the help of various Celtic clans on the island.
Dark Tourist
Vietnam in HD
I Shouldn't Be Alive
Days of Honor


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TUNNEL WASHING ARM BLT 8000
The hydraulic articulated tunnel washer arm is completely made of steel with high mechanical properties in order to provide and guarantee a good strength balance. The BLT 8000 arm is equipped with a 76060 A/B coupling plate, being completely articulated in all its functions and movements. It is controlled hydraulically by means of a control panel equipped with a joystick to be installed in the driver's cab. The BLT 8000 washer arm is completely articulated in all its movements allowing to work both on the right and on the left side without restrictions. Thanks to the lateral hydraulic translation left-right the arm ensures efficient, thorough cleaning even in areas difficult to be reached, always maintaining its high operability. The BLT 8000 arm is made up of a fix part (backplate to be installed on the vehicle), a slide (left/right translation) on which are connected the articulated arms hydraulically driven. On the last arm a hydraulic rotary fifth wheel is installed in order to rotate the brush cleaning spray bar. The BLT 8000 can be supplied with a cleaning brush width 1800 mm or with high pressure cleaning bar/s with special swivel heads.
Uses of the BLT 8000 road tunnel washer
The BLT 8000 equipment is mainly designed to clean tunnels, sound-absorbing walls, vertical walls and windows, road signs.
Municipal Tech can boast a considerable experience in the design of special customized equipment and machinery and not only and that is why we are ready to take on new and difficult challenges.
For further information on the BLT 8000 tunnel washer arm and for custom-made offers please do not hesitate to directly contact us or fill in the attached form!
All the range of tunnel washer systems and tunnel washer arms are equipped with special rotary nozzles: it is about a new system employed to obtain a cleaning service comparable to the mechanical action of the brushes and that allows to carry out nay type of vertical cleaning.
Register and you will receive the catalog in your e-mail address
I give my consent (required to continue)


text:
Kathleen Sloan HoF IFD
Pegasus Award
Award Year Category Song
2016 Best Classic Filk Song Take It Back
Year Category Song
2015 Best Adapted Song Meat
2013 Best Alien Song Meat
2010 Best Filk Song Take It Back
Kathleen "Catalogue Queen" Sloan has been a filker since she attended her first filk during a tornado watch at Marcon in 1976 (the stairwell acoustics were great!) She is originally from Ohio and was able to attend the first OVFF in Cincinnati. After spending years as a listener and singing the occasional harmony, Kathleen started performing more after she moved to Denver, Colorado in 1989. Since then she has been a fixture at many North American Filkcons (and gotten to Germany twice too!) and since 1994 has been known for her role as an Interfilk director and auction wench. In 2007 she was inducted into the Filk Hall of Fame.
Though not a prolific songwriter, Kathleen has written a few notable songs including Magic to Me, Take It Back, and of course Meat, which is why you are reading this bio now. Meat is very heavily derived from the Terry Bisson story of the a similar title. When asked permission for that song to be on the Concertino convention CD he reportedly replied " I am honored to be so honored".


If you want to see Steve's "farewell" interview at the tournament, just Google: "Steve Gee, World Series of Poker." There is a "live" interview posted on this website. The interviewer forgot to ask him about his favorite author (would you like to guess who that might be??) but it is still worth watching.
NOW ON TO ELVIS……. My beautiful and brilliant cousin, Susan Wilson, the woman who single-handedly runs JRS Investments in Nashville, sent me a most interesting article about the King. For those of you in Tennessee (Five Tennessee Fan Clubs are on my blog) please note that the Tennessee State Museum is offering an exhibit (starting on November 8th.) called……. "ELVIS AT 21: Photographs by Alfred Wertheimer." The exhibit will include 56 images of the King, most of them captured before Col. Parker took over and limited the number of photos that could be taken. I have seen a few of these photographs, and I can honesty say that they are quite fascinating. If you're interested, the exhibit will be at the museum until January 8th.
You will be notified by the Pentagon if you win the trivia contest. Please note that if you do enter the contest you will immediately be subject to being drafted. If you are chosen for military service in a country with many goats, please do not despair. The contest sponsors are offering free air fare to and from Islamabad.


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Nanhu Place Jiaxing
The Fusion of Cultural Heritage and Avant-Garde Art
Client | Jia Cheng Group, CR Land
Service | Interior
Sector | Retail
size | 69,000㎡
In 1921, the Jiaxing Yujia Branch of Weicheng Company, the earliest modern silk factory in China, was established on the east bank of South Lake. After experiencing the tortuous and arduous entrepreneurship process of the national capital, Japanese puppet management, bureaucratic capital and the founding of the People's Republic of China, the silk factory gradually developed into one of the five state-owned enterprises in Jiaxing after the founding of the People's Republic of China. How to continue the city's memory of the local silk spinning industry and how to base the century-old factory on the existing commercial pattern with a brand-new look became the biggest challenge of this project.
The architectural design combined contemporary styles with the restoration of historical preservation buildings. The interior design aimed to create a unique urban destination based on the continuation of this methodology through the infusion of local culture, the integration of modern styles, and the collision of humanistic heritage and pioneering art. In space planning, the stage was placed at the center of atrium wtih two sides in symmetrical layout. The stage ceiling was featured with metal drapes projected by colorful multimedia lights, this "weaving" device is floated in the main atrium in tribute to the history and culture of the silk industry. The lights in the shape of silk spindles were arranged like raindrops in the metal drapes to create a light and airy scene of emotional memories. The interior design retained the original structural columns and floor slabs to restore the building elements and materials of the original silk factory. The "wedge-shaped roof" as the representation of engineering creativity has also been retained. The design methods of repetition and superposition were used to reinforce the original wood truss with a steel structure. Our design innovation was based on the inheritage of original architecture. We used cement paint and white paint to highlight the aesthetics of original architectural space with modern materials. The main atrium was transformed into a social interaction place with senses of historical exploration and cultural experience.
The unique open-air lifestyle space redefines the local commercial trend and meets the ever-changing consumer needs. Since its debut on June 19, 2021, the project has become Jiaxing's new landmark and the most popular retail destination, with over 50% of brands' first store appearance in the city. By the end of December 2021, Nanhu Place had a sales volume of RMB 420 million, with customer flow of 7.85 million and registered members accounting for 10% of Jiaxing's population. The daily average customer flow is nearly 40,000 people.
Jiaxing China
Peet's Coffee Yu Yuan Rd. Store
Capitaland Ascendas Plaza Interior Renovation
Xintian Greenland New Metropolis• 360 Shopping Plaza
Zhengzhou China
Parkside Joy City Interior Renovation


What would happen if you lost your keys today?
It's the moment everyone dreads. You can't find your keys... they're not in your jacket pocket, wallet, purse, bag, briefcase... aarghhh... they're... gone!
You can't access your car, start your motorcycle, perhaps even get into your house. Total disaster.
What would happen if you had the security of KeyFinder?
Because the finder receives a £10 reward, 90% of keys lost while attached to a KeyFinder fob are reunited with their owner.
- 24 hour, 365 days a year Emergency helpline.
- No Key owner details are given to the finder or any third party, guaranteeing maximum confidentiality and security.
To find out more about KeyFinder, please have a look at the backing card you received with your key fob.


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Whistleblower losing his battle with the IRS
Court says fired state employee owes $3.2 million
CLAY ROBISON, Copyright 2007 Houston Chronicle Austin Bureau
AUSTIN — George Green, a fired whistleblower who butted heads with state officials for years before collecting a highly publicized $13.7 million settlement in 1995, has more recently been fighting the Internal Revenue Service — and losing.
A federal appeals court ruled this month that Green owed the federal government $3.2 million in taxes and penalties stemming from the agreement. Green said the IRS already has taken $3.5 million of his assets, but he vowed to continue to fight.
Green, 59, who is unemployed and lives with his parents at Horseshoe Bay in the Hill Country near Austin, said most of his money is gone. Some $4.6 million of his settlement, the most money ever paid by the state to a whistleblower, went to his trial attorney. Another $1 million went to an investor who helped him during his ordeal, and much of the remainder has been spent on legal fees fighting the IRS, he said.
"The reality of life is brutal. I have to accept the hard, cold, cruel truth. People like me have little or no chance for any justice in this country," he said.
$300,000 difference
Green said he will seek a rehearing of the appellate court decision. Failing that, he will continue to press for the government to return the difference between the court judgment and the amount of assets seized — about $300,000.
While an architect for the Texas Department of Human Services in 1989, Green complained of shoddy construction on agency facilities and claimed contractors were offering kickbacks. He later was fired for allegedly abusing sick-leave time and making unauthorized calls on his state phone, including a 13-cent call to his father.
He also was prosecuted, although the charges eventually were dropped.
Green sued the state under the whistleblower law and won a $13.6 million judgment from a Travis County jury in 1991. Most of the verdict, $10 million, was in punitive damages to punish the state for the way Green had been treated.
The judgment was upheld by the Texas Supreme Court in 1994, but the Legislature refused to pay it, partly because many lawmakers opposed the punitive damages. Green, meanwhile, remained unemployed, supported by family and friends and a loan from the investor who eventually claimed $1 million of the settlement.
By 1995, the judgment, with interest, had grown to almost $20 million.
Finally, then-Lt. Gov. Bob Bullock took the lead in forging the settlement with Green, which the Legislative Budget Board and then-Gov.George W. Bush approved.
The settlement was paid to Green in a series of payments from November 1995 through January 1999.
According to the court record, Green reported no income tax due for any year except 1997, when he paid $8,066. In an amended return filed later, he requested a refund of $7,654 for 1997.
Arguing with IRS
Green contended his settlement proceeds weren't taxable because the money was to compensate him for physical and other actual damages he had suffered during his ordeal. He also claimed as business deductions certain expenses he had incurred in lobbying state officials for payment.
The IRS disagreed. Green appealed but lost before a tax court in San Antonio last year and, this month, before a panel of the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. The courts agreed with Green that $3.4 million of his settlement was to compensate him for "loss of earning capacity, mental anguish and suffering" and wasn't taxable.
But the courts upheld the federal government's contention that much of the settlement was for punitive damages, which are taxable, although they were labeled in the settlement as "additional damages."
The courts also disallowed the claimed business deductions.
In his appeal to the 5th Circuit, Green, represented by attorney Ryan G. Anderson of San Antonio, argued that Bullock, who died in 1999, had been "very clear that no punitive damages or interest would be paid due to the staunch political opposition (in the Legislature)."
Instead, they argued, Bullock wanted to "pay Green for the considerable anguish and pain that incurred right up to the time of the settlement."
'Not seeking sympathy'
Green said his argument was supported by tax court testimony from Richard Fogg , the foreman of his whistleblower jury who had lobbied Bullock on his behalf, and Harry Potter , an assistant attorney general who drafted the settlement language.
Potter, now in private practice in Houston, said in an interview that he didn't know how much compensation Green's injuries were worth. He said Bullock handled the negotiations for the state. But he noted: "As a general policy, he (Green) is correct. We (the state) did not want to pay punitive damages."
Green said the courts denied the truth of his argument, that Bullock, in agreeing to the $13.7 million settlement, was trying to compensate him for his losses. That money, he said, shouldn't be taxable.
"I'm not seeking sympathy or pity. I want an acknowledgment that this should not happen in the administration of justice," he said.
clay.robison@chron.com
CLAY ROBISON


Sports brand Nike Lab has opened two new stores in Tokyo and Chicago, with both featuring immersive elements.
The Tokyo store opened on 1 December, and has a thematic focus on technology and nature. It aims to engage guests' senses by using interior and exterior directional sound systems, as well as a scent exclusive to the store itself.
Soft track flooring material is also a feature, and is made using Nike Grind - a palette of premium recycled and regenerated materials.
Nike designers worked with Arthur Huang, founder of design firm Miniwiz, to incorporate elements of Japanese culture into the store design. These elements include tatami mat floors paired with locally sourced wood walls in the digitally-powered fitting rooms.
The Chicago store opened on 2 December and features a design inspired by the new Nike ACG outerwear collection. The design aims to showcase sport style in the 'Windy City'. Guests are greeted by hanging display racks which represent the strap systems of the NikeLab ACG Alpine Jacket, System Blazer and Funnel Hoody.
The stores are the seventh and eighth Nike Lab stores to open globally.
Last month, Nike staged an activation at the inaugural ComplexCon. Over summer, the sports brand launched a three-day series of workout sessions in East London.


It's summer, it's hot, you're outside showing more skin, and some of you might be a little worried about that because of cellulite. Today Autumn is going to bust some myths about cellulite, so you can stop focusing on the things you can't change and focus on the things you can. Push play on the video to hear her tips for dealing with cellulite.


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Sergej Protopopov (5. července 1895 Valujki, Rusko – 13. července 1976 Banská Štiavnica, Československo) byl slovenský avantgardní fotograf a akademický malíř původem z Ruska.

Životopis
Tvořil hlavně reportážní a dokumentární fotografie. Stál u zrodu fotografické reportáže na Slovensku. Publikoval v ilustrovaném tisku. V letech 1957-1967 byl metodikem pro fotografii a film v osvětových střediscích v Banské Bystrici. Později vedl filmové studio při Krajském osvětovém středisku v Banské Bystrici. Je nositelem mnohých ocenění a vyznamenání.

Výstavy
 Neúprosné světlo. Sociální fotografie v meziválečném Československu. 14. září — 28. října 2012. Autoři: Karol Aufricht / Irena Blühová / Karel Hájek / Ján Halász / Tibor Honty / Josef Kubín / Ilja Jozef Marko / Sergej Protopopov / Oldřich Straka / Viliam Tóth / Josef Zeman, Galerie Leica, Praha.

Odkazy

Související články
 Avantgarda

Reference

Literatura
 Kto bol kto v histórii Banskej Bystrice 1255-2000

Narození v roce 1895
Úmrtí v roce 1976
Slovenští fotografové
Muži
Narození 5. července
Narození v Rusku
Úmrtí 13. července
Úmrtí v Banské Štiavnici


Broadview, IL — Bosch has added braking, rotating machine and engine management coverage for more than 30 million vehicles in operation in the month of March. The new replacement parts offer OE fit, form and function for vehicles from Ford, BMW, Chevrolet, Toyota, Dodge, Honda and more.
Bosch has added nine new Bosch QuietCast Disc Pad Set SKUs to its braking component portfolio. The new Bosch QuietCast Brake Pad Sets cover late-model Asian, Domestic and European vehicles.
Bosch has added nineteen new Bosch Blue Disc Pad Set SKUs to its braking component portfolio. The new releases cover late-model Asian, Domestic and European vehicles.
Bosch has added two new Bosch Severe Duty Disc Brake Pads Set SKUs to its braking portfolio. Severe Duty brake pads utilize OE-style multi-layer shims and OE slots and chamfers to create optimum fit for your application.
Bosch has released thirteen additions to the Bosch Rotating Machine line covering 4.7 million vehicles in the US and Canada. These part numbers cover Domestic, Asian and European vehicles that may no longer be serviced under warranty, but are prime candidates for serviceability in the IAM (Independent Aftermarket). The new coverage includes Acura, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Ford, GMC, Honda, Hyundai, Mercedes Benz, and Infiniti.
Bosch has added one new fuel pressure sensor to the Bosch engine management portfolio. Bosch Fuel Pressure Sensors are OE fit, form and function. This new fuel pressure sensor from Bosch will cover many late-model General Motors (GM) vehicle platforms.


Calendars are all about time management. As for making a timetable for studies, you need a calendar, for managing your personal and professional life you need a calendar.
Microsoft Office or Word Templates Calendar are kinds of the sample that can use for work environments and individual to usage, so here we have something for them.
Copyright © 2017 Free Monthly Calendar.


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Q: Set size of a Jframe in the Jpanel program? In the JPanel program, I wrote this:
String size = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("What frame length?");
int s = Integer.parseInt(size);

and I use the s variable in the body of the code.
The problem is, I need to use the variable to also set the size of JFrame, and I don't know how to transfer the variable to that program.. Could I set the size inside the JPanel program?
EDIT: For JPanel, I created a Buffered Image and put a bunch of graphics on it.
For the Jframe, all I did was I set the location and open the content pane for JPanel.

A: use SwingUtilities.getWindowAncestor
javax.swing.SwingUtilities.getWindowAncestor(yourpanel).setSize(
  new Dimension(size,size)
);


Ambassador to Latvia: Who Is Mark Pekala?
The Baltic nation of Latvia, which has been independent for two decades after being part of the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1990, has a new U.S. ambassador in residence who has previously served in neighboring Estonia. President Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Mark A. Pekala to serve his first ambassadorship in Riga on February 17, 2012. He was confirmed by the Senate on March 29.
Born in Michigan on August 21, 1959, to Anne and Henry Pekala, Mark Pekala earned an A.B. in Political Science at the University of Michigan in 1981, a Master's in International Affairs at the Columbia University School of International Affairs in 1983, and an M.Phil. in Political Science at Columbia University in 1988.
A career member of the Senior Foreign Service since 1989, Pekala's early overseas postings included service as consular officer at the embassy in Warsaw, Poland, from March 1990 to September 1991, and as political officer in Baku, Azerbaijan, from May to June 1992. In Washington, junior assignments included service in the Office of Weapons Proliferation Policy, from September 1991 to July 1993, and as Russia Desk Officer from July 1993 to July 1995.
Pekala served as first secretary to the U.S. Mission to NATO in Brussels, Belgium, from August 1995 to July 1998, where he worked on the negotiation of the NATO-Russia Founding Act. He was then a Rusk Fellow at Georgetown University from August 1998 to July 1999, where he taught undergraduate and graduate seminars on U.S.-Russia relations, U.S. security policy in Europe, and the U.S. policymaking process. Back at the State Department, he served as special assistant to the ambassador-at-large for the Newly Independent States from July 1999 to July 2000, and as senior watch officer in the Operations Center from July 2000 to February 2001.
Pekala was director for Russian Affairs for the National Security Council from March to August 2001, where he briefed President George W. Bush for his first three summits with Russian President Vladimir Putin. Pekala served in the Baltic region for the first time as deputy chief of mission at the embassy in Tallinn, Estonia, from July 2002 to July 2005, returning to Washington to serve as deputy assistant secretary of state in the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs from July 2005 to June 2007. Back in Europe, Pekala served as deputy chief of mission at the embassy in Paris, France, from June 2007 to July 2010. Most recently, he has been director of the Entry-Level Division in the Bureau of Human Resources since August 2010.
Mark Pekala has been married since January 2000 to Maria Rosaria (Alongi) Pekala; the couple met in 1996 while working at the United States Mission to NATO in Brussels, she as the special assistant to the United States defense adviser and he as the special assistant to the United States ambassador to NATO. They have two daughters, Julia and Nora. He speaks French, Estonian, Polish and Russian.


Pro climber Heather Weidner, the instructor for Climbing Magazine's Intro to Sport Climbing course, spent over a year projecting the Dream Canyon crack climb China Doll (5.14a R) on gear. On June 15, 2016, she finally redpointed this 40-meter right-leaning crack in a single pitch, becoming the first female to climb the route entirely on gear. After getting through the crux, Weidner explains in her blog, she had to stop herself from involuntarily shaking to finish the 5.11 topout.
When you've fallen for the thirtieth time on the same move, it's easy to get frustrated. You start to think you're not strong enough or good enough to send. Once that starts to happen, it's important to recognize it and try to go back to step one—focus on the learning, not the failure.
To tie it all together, be attentive to your breath and to the climbing at hand, not to any fears or anxieties about falling or failure. When you're not distracted, you'll be surprised at how hard you can climb.
Want to start sport climbing? Learn from pro climber Heather Weidner in Climbing Magazine's Intro to Sport Climbing online course.


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Trophy Lungs Set to Debut-Full Length 'Day Jobs' this September
Pre-order Trophy Lungs' debut LP via Antique Records (limit to 300 copies).
For anyone has lost a friend or family member, this song is for you. In anticipation for their debut full-length record 'Day Jobs' (out September 18th via Antique Records), staple Boston punk band Trophy Lungs has released the first single "Bathroom Graffiti".
Writing "Bathroom Graffiti" was incredibly important to me because I feel like it finally gave me a chance to say goodbye."
"Music has always been an outlet for me to deal with the struggles and anxiety that come with growing up," guitarist/singer Kevin Bogart tells Bishop & Rook. "Whenever I was dealing with something difficult I could put a record on or start playing guitar and it would calm me down. When I was younger two of my good friends Callin and Mike took their own lives. Later on another one of my good friends Chompy dumped his bike and later passed away. When someone dies you think about the last thing you said to them and constantly wonder if things could have been different if you were around. Writing "Bathroom Graffiti" was incredibly important to me because I feel like it finally gave me a chance to say goodbye. Hopefully if somebody is struggling with the loss of a friend or family they can put that song on and get a little bit of relief the way I did."
To compliment the single, the band recently wrapped up a music video shoot for "Bathroom Graffiti" with Jonas Em (Emvisions Productions) who directed 2013's "Dad's Away On Business". "I'm crazy excited for this video to come out. We had the chance to invite some of our friends out and pay tribute to people in their lives who've passed away", Bogart explains. "I'm super thankful for everyone who was a part of it."
'Day Jobs' is the follow up to the 2013 EP 'No Judgement', was recorded with Jay Maas at Getaway Recording in Haverhill, MA and is available for pre-order via Antique Records. The vinyl record is limited to 300 copies in clear (150) and black (150). Digital download and bundle options are also available. Trophy Lungs will be playing their record release show on Sunday, September 13th with Timeshares (NY), Choke Up and The New Warden at Great Scott, presented by RTT Presents.
Follow the band on Facebook and Twitter for additional information.
Labels: Antique Records, Choke Up, out and about, punk, RTT Presents, shows, The New Warden, Trophy Lungs, vinyl


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Settlements/Verdicts
Gregory J. Abbott, Attorney at Law
Personal Injury | Wrongful Death | Auto Accidents
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Downers Grove Truck Accident Attorney
DuPage County Truck Accident Attorney
Truck accidents occur every day in a metropolis like Chicago. While most truck drivers are safety-conscious, we have all known the terror of being on a highway with a truck right on our back bumper. Truck drivers, like all drivers, sometimes fail to be safe and act in a negligent way, causing injuries.
What Must I Prove?
To win your case, you must show that the truck driver was negligent. Did you know that truck drivers must follow many federal regulations? Did you know that drivers are required by law to rest occasionally? If you suffer personal injury caused by a truck accident, you need an attorney like Gregory J. Abbott, who knows all the rules and regulations that apply to truck drivers to prove liability.
Truck accidents in Downers Grove and its surrounding areas often involve broken bones, herniated disks and nerve damage. Often, the injured person has a broken bone or may feel numbness or tingling in the arms, legs and feet. Some wind up with a limp or long-term back pain due to injury. Unfortunately, some die. It is important to pick the right attorney.
Contact an 18-Wheeler Accident Lawyer in Illinois Today
Whether you live in Downers Grove, Woodridge, Lombard, Darien, DuPage County or any other area of Chicagoland, if you have suffered personal injury from a truck accident, you need to speak to Gregory J. Abbott, Attorney at Law, and let his 25-plus years of experience work for you to get you the maximum compensation allowed by law.
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Gregory J. Abbott, Attorney at Law, represents clients throughout Downers Grove, Illinois, and surrounding communities, including Woodridge, Darien, Westmont, Warrenville, Winfield, Naperville, Hinsdale, Lemont, Burr Ridge, Clarendon Hills, Bolingbrook, Lombard, Oak Brook, Lisle, Western Springs, La Grange, Willowbrook, Willow Springs, Villa Park and the following counties: DuPage County, Will County and Cook County.
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Articles from The Herald & HeraldOnline.com
heraldonline.com
The New York Times Company Announces Nominations for Board of Directors
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com Feb 19 2015 BoardMoves
NEW YORK — The New York Times Company announced today that Dara Khosrowshahi and Rebecca Van Dyck will stand as nominees for election to the company's Board of Directors at the 2015 annual meeting of stockholders on May 6. David Liddle, a ...
Mentions: Board of Directors
Autoliv Elects New Directors and Declares Increased Dividend
Autoliv, Inc. (STO:ALIVSDB) (NYSE:ALV) (NYSE: ALV, and SSE: ALIV sdb), the worldwide leader in automotive safety systems, has elected Ms. Aicha Evans and Mr. David E. Kepler as new members of its board of directors . The Board of Directors further ...
Mentions: Dividend Board of Directors
AmerisourceBergen Elects Ornella Barra to Its Board of Directors
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com Jan 16 2015 BoardMoves
"We are very pleased to have Ornella join the AmerisourceBergen Board of Directors ," said Richard C. Gozon, Chairman of the Board of AmerisourceBergen. "Her extensive experience in wholesale pharmaceutical distribution and international health and ...
Mentions: Board of Directors Board of Directors
Northern Trust Elects Dean M. Harrison to Board
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com Dec 22 2014 BoardMoves
CHICAGO — Northern Trust (Nasdaq: NTRS) announced today that Dean M. Harrison, president and chief executive officer of Northwestern Memorial HealthCare, has been elected to its board of directors , effective January 1, 2015. Additionally, the board ...
Acceleron Pharma Appoints Dr. Francois Nader to its Board of Directors
Dr. Nader has been President, Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors of NPS Pharma since 2008. During his tenure, Dr. Nader transformed NPS Pharma into a leading global rare disease company. Dr. Nader is a 30-year veteran of ...
HanesBrands Appoints David V. Singer to Board of Directors
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com Oct 20 2014 BoardMoves
WINSTON-SALEM, N.C. — HanesBrands (NYSE: HBI), a leading global maker and marketer of everyday basic apparel under world-class brands, today announced that David V. Singer, former chief executive officer of snack food leader Snyder's-Lance, Inc., ...
The Board of Directors of The Coca-Cola Company Elects Timothy K. Leveridge
ATLANTA — The Board of Directors of The Coca-Cola Company today elected Timothy K. Leveridge a Vice President of the Company, effective immediately. Leveridge, 44, was named Director of Investor Relations in July. He began his career with the ...
Mentions: Investor Relations Board of Directors
Charles Dockendorff to Join Keysight Technologies Board of Directors
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com Sep 19 2014 BoardMoves
SANTA ROSA, Calif. — Keysight Technologies, Inc., the spinoff electronic measurement company of Agilent Technologies, today announced plans to appoint Charles J. Dockendorff to its board of directors . Dockendorff, 60, is executive vice president and chief ...
Inland Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. Announces Board of Directors' Appointments
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com Sep 12 2014 BoardMoves , BoardNews , In the News
OAK BROOK, Ill. — Inland Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. ("Inland Income Trust") announced today the appointment of two new members to its Board of Directors , expanding the board to seven members. Mitchell Sabshon, chief executive officer of Inland ...
Vitesse Adds William C. Martin to Board of Directors
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com Aug 26 2014 BoardMoves
CAMARILLO, Calif. — Vitesse Semiconductor Corporation (Nasdaq: VTSS), a leading provider of advanced IC solutions for Carrier, Enterprise and Internet of Things (IoT) networks, announced the appointment of William C. Martin to its board of directors...
New Pearl Meyer & Partners' Survey Reveals Complexity of Internal Executive
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com Aug 18 2014 BoardNews
However, something nearly all survey respondents (99%) agreed about is that it's more important for executives to understand the aspects of executive pay than for shareholders. "Effective communication to executives about the design and rationale of their ...
Mentions: Executive Compensation stock options MDC Partners
Olympia Snowe Joins Aetna Board of Directors
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com Jul 24 2014 BoardMoves
HARTFORD, Conn. — Aetna (NYSE:AET) announced today that former United States Senator Olympia J. Snowe has been appointed to Aetna's Board of Directors , effective immediately. With the addition of Snowe, 67, the company's Board increases to 13 ...
Wausau Paper and Starboard Reach Agreement
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com Jul 2 2014 BoardNews
MOSINEE, Wis. — Wausau Paper's (NYSE:WPP) today announced that it has reached an agreement with Starboard Value LP and its affiliates regarding the composition of the Company's Board of Directors . Under the terms of the agreement, Wausau has ...
Mentions: Board of Directors Shareholders SEC
Gentiva Board Unanimously Rejects Unsolicited Tender Offer from Kindred
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com Jun 30 2014 BoardNews
ATLANTA — Gentiva Health Services, Inc. (the "Company or "Gentiva") (NASDAQ:GTIV) announced today that its Board of Directors (the "Board"), after careful consideration and consultation with its financial and legal advisors, unanimously determined to ...
Mentions: Board of Directors Management SEC
Jeffrey Katz Joins Digital River's Board of Directors
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com May 23 2014 BoardMoves
MINNEAPOLIS — Digital River, Inc. (NASDAQ: DRIV), a leading global provider of Commerce-as-a-Service solutions, today announced the appointment of Jeffrey Katz to its board of directors . A technology and travel industry veteran, Mr. Katz recently served ...
Mentions: technology MDC Partners Board of Directors
Barnes Group Inc. Elects JoAnna Sohovich to Board of Directors
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com May 9 2014 BoardMoves
BRISTOL, Conn. — Barnes Group Inc. (NYSE: B), an international industrial and aerospace manufacturer and service provider, today announced that JoAnna Sohovich has been elected to the Company's Board of Directors , effective immediately...
James Rohr Joins GE Board of Directors
The Board of Directors of General Electric Company [NYSE: GE] has elected James E. Rohr, Chairman and former CEO of The PNC Financial Services Group, as a GE director. He was elected by the GE Board at its meeting today...
Mentions: Board of Directors MDC Partners Board of Directors
Salesforce.com Appoints two new Members to its Board of Directors
Salesforce.com (NYSE: CRM), the world's #1 CRM platform (http://www.salesforce.com/), announced today the appointments of John V. Roos, former U.S. Ambassador to Japan, and Robin Washington, CFO of Gilead Sciences, to its Board of Directors. Salesforce.com also announced that Stratton Sclavos, former president and CEO of VeriSign, and Shirley Young, former corporate VP of General Motors, have departed from the company's Board of Directors. All changes to salesforce.com's board were effective as of September 10, 2013...
Mentions: MDC Partners Board of Directors
Rebecca Ranich Appointed to Questar Board of Directors
Questar Corp. (NYSE:STR) announced today that the company's board of directors appointed Rebecca Ranich to serve as a company director. Ms. Ranich's appointment, effective Oct. 1, 2013, will expire at the 2014 annual meeting of shareholders, at which time her continued service will be subject to shareholder approval. With Ms. Ranich's appointment, Questar's board approved increasing its membership to nine...
Mentions: Board of Directors Sustainability Shareholders
Institutional Shareholder Services Releases 2013 Proxy Voting Policies
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com Nov 16 2012 BoardNews
— Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. (ISS), a leading provider of corporate governance solutions to the global financial community, today released its 2013 policy updates for the U.S., Canada, Europe and Asia and other international markets. Each year, ISS' Global Policy Board engages in a robust and transparent global policy formulation process which culminates in benchmark ("House view") guidelines to be used in its proxy voting research for the upcoming year. To ensure its voting policie
Dr. David M. Barrett Joins ProUroCare Board of Directors
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com Nov 5 2012 BoardMoves
MINNEAPOLIS — ProUroCare Medical Inc. (OCTQB: PUMD), a provider of proprietary medical imaging products, today announced that Dr. David M. Barrett, MD, was elected to ProUroCare's Board of Directors at their quarterly board meeting.
Mentions: Board of Trustees Board of Directors
American Spectrum Realty Announces Three New Board Members
Explore The Herald & HeraldOnline.com Oct 2 2012 BoardMoves
— American Spectrum Realty, Inc. (AMEX: AQQ) ("the Company"), a real estate investment, management and leasing company headquartered in Houston, Texas, is pleased to announce that it has appointed three new members to its Board of Directors effective October 1, 2012. American Spectrum takes great responsibility in the recruitment of new Board Members and strives for a diverse range of professional expertise and leadership. The Company is proud to welcome Mr. Patrick D. Barrett, Mr. Stacey F. Spe


Nerja's Christmas lights were switched on this year on December the 6th, with displays on the Balcon de Europa, the town hall building, Plaza Cavana, Calle Pintada and on different roundabouts on the approaches to town.
The lights will stay on until Three Kings Day on January the 6th, after which the Christmas season is officially over.
For more information on Christmas in Nerja have a look at our Guide To Christmas In Nerja.


Planning Your Beach Wedding in Stanton?
Thank you for considering ZCater to assist you with your upcoming Stanton Catering event.
ZCater is the premier event production and catering company for Stanton based in Orange County. ZCater has been a reliable partner to many Stanton businesses since 1985, delivering delectable food and outstanding services consistently. ZCater has become well known around the community as a Premier Stanton Caterer in the corporate sector. Our goal at ZCater is to impress you & your guests & exceed your expectations.
We are driven to create inspired events in Stanton with unmatched structure and individual character. We can also provide many types of entertainment for your special event.
Stanton is a city located in western Orange County, California. The population was 37,403 at the 2000 census, making it the 24th most populous of 34 in Orange County. Like most of Orange County, it is more politically conservative compared to the rest of the state. The City was incorporated in 1956 and operates under the Council-Manager form of government, providing a full range of municipal services. Stanton is bounded by Cypress on the west, Anaheim on the north, and east, and Garden Grove on the east and south.
Stanton is located at 33°48′9″N 117°59′40″W / 33.8025°N 117.99444°W / 33.8025; -117.99444 (33.802365, -117.994555).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.1 km² (3.1 mi²), all land.


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Account with Permanent package of service Created on 14 May 2001 (#133929) Last updated on 22 February 2012
Four Thirty Five
Beaverton, Oregon, United States
Wilson Elementary School - Corvallis, OR (1985 - 1990)
Cheldelin Middle School - Corvallis, OR (1990 - 1993)
Crescent Valley High School - Corvallis, OR (1993 - 1997)
Evergreen State College - Olympia, WA (1997 - 1999)
Art Institute of Portland - Portland, OR (2007 present)
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ViPeel™ from Vitality Institute is The Perfect Peel™ for all skin types. ViPeels represent the next generation of chemical peels are unlike any other. Every treatment includes a specially formulated post peel kit to ensure superior results to improve the skin.
Reverse the effects of damage due to sun, environmental factors and time, enhances the skin's natural beauty and luminosity.
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Dramatically improve Melasma, PIH and UV induced hyper-pigmentation.
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CMC's FACTS (Fingerprint Analysis and Criminal Tracing System) is an advanced implementation of AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System), incorporating evolved techniques of Image Processing on contemporary, general purpose hardware platforms running open, non-proprietary operating systems.
Group that opposes all government sanctioned biometrics and social security number identification schemes.
FingerPrint USA provides expert unbiased consulting and technical services in current fingerprint and other biometric technologies, products and systems; in traditional law enforcement applications and new applications including welfare and driver's licensing; in the process of specifying, acquiring and implementing complex automated systems for positive identification.
A site that will tell you all about the science of fingerprinting.
MORPHO AFIS is an automated fingerprint identification product developed and marketed by SAGEM SA, a European high-technology company.