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Q: Is Cassandra a column oriented or columnar database Columnar database should store group of columns together.  But Cassandra stores data row-wise.
SS Table will hold multiple rows of data mapped to their corresponding partition key. So I feel like Cassandra is a row wise data store like MySQL but has other benefits like "wide rows" and every columns are not necessarily to be present for all the rows and of course it's in memory . Please correct me if I'm wrong.

A: If you go to the Apache Cassandra project on GitHub, and scroll down to the "Executive Summary," you will get your answer:

Cassandra is a partitioned row store. Rows are organized into tables
  with a required primary key.
Partitioning means that Cassandra can distribute your data across
  multiple machines in an application-transparent matter. Cassandra will
  automatically repartition as machines are added and removed from the
  cluster.
Row store means that like relational databases, Cassandra organizes
  data by rows and columns.

"So I feel like Cassandra is a row wise data store"
And that would be correct.

A: *

*In a Column oriented  or a columnar database data are stored on disk in a column wise manner.
e.g: Table Bonuses table
   ID         Last    First   Bonus
   1          Doe     John    8000
   2          Smith   Jane    4000
   3          Beck    Sam     1000

*In a row-oriented database management system, the data would be stored like this:  1,Doe,John,8000;2,Smith,Jane,4000;3,Beck,Sam,1000;

*In a column-oriented database management system, the data would be stored like this:
1,2,3;Doe,Smith,Beck;John,Jane,Sam;8000,4000,1000;

*Cassandra is basically a column-family store

*Cassandra would store the above data as:
Bonuses: { row1: { "ID":1, "Last":"Doe", "First":"John", "Bonus":8000}, row2: { "ID":2, "Last":"Smith", "Jane":"John", "Bonus":4000} ... }

*Vertica, VectorWise, MonetDB are some column oriented databases that I've heard of.

*Read this for more details.
Hope this helps.

A: A good way of thinking about cassandra is as a map of maps, where the inner maps are sorted by key. A partition has many columns, and they are always stored together. They are sorted by clustering keys - first by the first key, then the next, then next...and so on. Partitions are then replicated amongst replicas. It's not necessarily stored as "rows" as different rows are stored on different nodes based on replication strategy and active hashing algorithm. In other words, a partition for ProductId 1 is likely not stored next to ProductId 2 if ProductId is the partition key. However the coloumns for Product Id 1, are always stored together.
As for definitions, most NoSQL stores are blurring the lines one way or the other. They usually span multiple categories. I'll leave it up to you to decide whether this qualifies as a columnar database or not :)

A: It is a wide column database and is also known as column family databases.
The definition from Wikipedia also helps further:

Wide-column stores such as Bigtable and Apache Cassandra are not column stores in the original sense of the term, since their two-level structures do not use a columnar data layout. In genuine column stores, a columnar data layout is adopted such that each column is stored separately on disk. Wide-column stores do often support the notion of column families that are stored separately. However, each such column family typically contains multiple columns that are used together, similar to traditional relational database tables. Within a given column family, all data is stored in a row-by-row fashion, such that the columns for a given row are stored together, rather than each column being stored separately. Wide-column stores that support column families are also known as column family databases.

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-column_store

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Integrity Homeopathy
Verlag Peter Irl
Author(s) Sheilagh Creasy
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The Integrity of Homoeopathy is a textbook and reference work for both students and practitioners who wish to follow classical principles in their homoeopathic prescribing. It is a continuation of Hahnemann's pure homoeopathy into the modern era, extending the teachings of 'how to adapt according to clearly defined principles' and the 'sphere of activity'. Based on Sheilagh Creasy's extensive experience as a classical Homoeopath spanning over half a century and most of the globe, this book presents philosophy, case histories and miasms in a focused and readable style which can be readily accessed for desktop reference. In particular, Sheilagh Creasy's explanation of the Relationships of Remedies is laid out in clear diagrams, creating an invaluable tool for working out today's cases. Sheilagh Creasy embodies an era of homoeopaths before the current confusion of eclecticism, experimentation, innovation and revolutionary new ideas. Under her guidance, homoeopathy returns to its simple, clear and effective origins and is then applied to today's cases. Her declared ethos is, 'I will be ready to learn from new teachers when I have learned everything the old masters have to offer.' And on this basis, graduates travel from all over the UK to her workshops in London, students and patients alike contact her daily from around the world, for pure and effective homoeopathy. The Integrity of Homoeopathy is this sought after teaching. 'Sheilagh's passion and dedication to nurture the next generation of classical homoeopaths always leaves me feeling energised and inspired.' Workshop student, London.
Sheilagh Creasy
This book review is reprinted from The Homeopath with the permission from Autumn 2007, Volume 26:2 of The Society of Homoeopaths.
Reviewed by Elaine Weatherley- Jones
There are nor enough books in the homeopathic literature that deal clearly and accurately with the concept of miasms and the application of this concept in contemporary clinical practice. So works on this complex subject are very welcome and I looked forward to reviewing this recent contribution to the field from such a celebrated and experienced practitioner and teacher.
The book begins with an introduction to the origins of Hahnemann's concept of miasms in terms of both his clinical experience and the philosophical context. The author presents the ideas in a way that is grounded in her personal reflections of decades of clinical practice and study of homeopathic literature. Some of these reflections were rather surprising and I was not persuaded on the basis of the information that was presented that, for example, Hahnemann may have been a Jew (p2) or that the "original changing state in mankind was...of a moral and spiritual disorder" (p3). The whole section had the judgemental tone of an Old Testament text. I wondered what relevance these ideas had to the theory and practice of miasms. Overall I did not feel I learned much about the basic principles of miasms from this chapter and felt rather disappointed and alienated by the style and content.
The subsequent chapters are a series of descriptions of each of the miasms in turn and finally, a surprisingly short conclusion. Four miasms are covered - psoric, syphilitic, sycotic and tubercular. For each miasm, a list of characteristics is given followed by some illustrative cases. I found these rather confusing - a wealth of information was present in each of the lists of characteristics but there was no means of gathering it together into a meaningful whole. It felt like reading the lists of symptoms in Clarke's Dictionary of Materia Medica. I am aware of the problem of resolving long lists of symptoms into a meaningful understanding of a remedy or a miasm. I feel that there is a need for more analysis and interpretation of symptoms that can be understood by those of us who wish to deepen our understanding of the theory of miasms and its application.
I feel that there is probably vast knowledge in this book, but it is not laid out in a way that is accessible to students and practitioners, like me, with only a relatively superficial knowledge of the miasms. It quite possibly is a valuable reference tool for those with a great deal of clinical practice with the miasms. The knowledge, skills and experience of the author are hidden in the depths of this book, but have not been brought out in' production. That the author has been immersed in the theory and practice of miasms and has a deep understanding of homeopathy is clear. I feel this could have been a completely different book if there had been some sober and sound editorial advice which seems to have been lacking so that the information is presented in an indigestible form. It is as if we are in the kitchen of a Michelin star chef with exquisite ingredients laid out, yet the sublime meal fails to appear because the kitchen assistant is unsuccessful to ensure we have a working oven or hob.
This book review is reprinted from Homeopathy, Volume 97, Number 4, October 2008, with permission from Peter Fisher, Editor.
Reviewed by David Owen, Winchester, UK
This book starts with Sheilagh Creasy presenting her 'beliefs in Hahnemann's concepts of miasms'. Using her many years of clinical experience and of teaching homeopathy she present her experience of using miasmatic approaches in the treatment of chronic disease. Using a series of case reports, in depth studies of miasms (Psora, Syphilis, Sycosis and Tubercular) and their associated remedies. She starts from the premise that miasms (these 4) have been 'maligned and ignored' and her book does a good job of explaining the thrust of the 4 miasms covered and the associated remedies.
Behind this miasmatic and materia medica information there are many useful pointers in the clinical management of chronic disease, although some of them, such as the idea of latent and active miasms could benefit from further explanation. This book would be a useful companion for the more serious student of homeopathy or for any practitioner revisiting the way they work miasmatically, particularly for those who want to broaden the remedies that they think of in associated with different miasms. In practice I suspect this will be a book for those who have experienced Sheilagh Creasy's teaching and want to have a book to refresh them of some of the concepts and teaching she has covered.
Although I enjoyed some of her more personal diversions into different ideas and concepts, it is sometimes difficult to separate out hypotheses from information that is verified. It is perhaps unfortunate that her first chapter, while accurately talking about Hahnemann's Swedenborgian influences, presents her opinion that Hahnemann may have been a Jew as if it were well established.
On the positive side however, there are numerous insights into materia medica that her clinical experience brings, such as the comparison of different calcium and potassium salts, the idea that remedies that fit on one level reveal deeper acting (and often miasmatic) remedies as deeper aspects of the case. The book is a reminder of her wide range of clinical experience including, for example a discussion on the treatment of an AIDS patient who had also suffered Syphilis and the treatment of the early stages of Tuberculosis. This is a reminder to all those who have worked in homeopathy for a long time that they have valuable insights for our profession and we are indebted to all those that take the time to record them.
The book, like many things worthwhile, is not immediately accessible or easy to dip into, but students and practitioners who are prepared to look below the surface and who are not put off by a lack of structure will get a lot from it.
This book review is reprinted from Volume 101, Number 1 Spring 2008 edition, with permission from American Journal of Homeopathic Medicine.
Reviewed by George Guess, MD, DHt
This reviewer is grateful for the many books that have been published recently about miasms, especially since my earlier homeopathic education was deficient in that area. I can now increasingly see the utility of analyzing cases miasmatically and establishing a blueprint for initial and subsequent treatment.
Ms. Creasy's contribution to this body of literature is equally appreciated. Terse is the first adjective that comes to mind as I think of this book; the bulk of the information is provided in somewhat of an outlined form, with few complete sentences. This economy of words contains a wealth of in formation, however, as it details very succinctly the symptomatic characteristics of the psoric, sycotic, syphilitic and tubercular miasms. After each introduction to a miasm, materia medica highlights of many of the principle remedies in each miasm are provided, complete with a miasmatic analysis (called a "miasmatic reading" - example below) of the remedy (i.e., which symptoms of the remedy correspond to which miasm). Illustrative cases follow, demonstrating miasmatic treatment. Remedy relationships are also emphasized.
Here is an example of a Miasmatic Reading of Dulcamara:
Dulcamara Miasmatic Reading
Psoric; Sycotic; Syphilitic; Tubercular _
Sycotic
Rages
Catarrhal discharges. Snuffles. < Cold, damp.
< cold, damp conditions = diarrhea.
Rheumatic pains and aches < cold, damp> MOTION
Neuralgic pains. Suppressed catarrhs.
Warts on hands, fingers, face.
Coryza > MOTION.
Loquacity (extreme).
Tubercular
Hayfever in autumn - 3 miasms
Tubercular -- Ringworm of scalp
Bright's Disease
Respiratory tendencies
Taking cold easily.
Psoric
Various herpetic eruptions
< cold. > Warm, dry weather
Tendency for colds and coughs
Coryza < cold air
Moaning. Groaning Loquacity
Eczema of infants
Syphilitic
Skin ulcerations
Necrosis, especially tibia
Phagedenic ulcers
"According to Allen and Kent, Dulc. is a deeper tri-miasmatic remedy than was originally thought. It belongs to the same family SOLANUM (NIGRUM - Dulcamara) as Stram. And Hyos.
Kent states first attack looks like Bell.; Bry.; Ferr-p. Treat the underlying constitution, the change which takes place in this patient. Sensitive to cold, damp.
We must observe the time of year hayfever comes on: < Spring or < Autumn."
The book offers a level of detail of miasmatic characteristics that many will have forgotten or, perhaps, not even been exposed to, since the current trend is to focus solely on apparent central trends of the psyche or highly generalized disease themes; eg, deficiency, overproduction or excess, destructiveness.
The most impressive section of the book is that covering the tubercular miasm, the contents of which are basically Creasy's accumulated notes gleaned from her study of the subject. The content is extensive and incredibly thorough and replete with detailed guidelines for the treatment of actual tuberculosis (something few of us in the western world will be faced with, but interesting nonetheless). I wonder how many of us know the distinguishing characteristics of Tuberculinum bovinum versus Bacillinum, or of Tuberculinum residium or Tuberculinum aviare or Tuberculinum Koch?
I had the good fortune quite a while back to review some of this information from Ms. Creasy, courtesy of Catherine Coulter. It helped me on an asthma case once when, after Tuberculinum bovinum proved incomplete to the case, Tuberculinum aviare finished the cure.
The book, minimally indexed at present, would benefit from an expansion of the index. Certainly, a bit less condensed expression in this book would have been appreciated; greater exposition would have added to the readability of the text and enhanced the reader's enjoyment and interest. Yet, it is enough as it is - a comprehensive and highly practical handbook of miasmatic prescribing. It should serve well as a study and reference source. I recommend it!
About the Reviewer: George Guess, MD, DHt, practices homeopathy in Charlottesville, Virginia. His is editor of the American Journal of Homeopathic Medicine and Vice-President of the American Board of Homeotherapeutics.
This book review is reprinted from Volume 20, Winter 2007 Edition, with permission from Homeopathic Links.
Reviewed by Annette Gamblin, UK
This book has been penned by Sheilagh Creasy, lecturer and unwavering classical homoeopath of 48 years experience. The promising title does not immediately reveal its subject matter - a study of Hahnemann's theory of miasms according to 'classical' sources. What materialises is a collage of so-called 'classical' authorities on the much misunderstood subject of miasms, glued together by Sheilagh's own clinical experience and philosophical understanding. Fifteen years after its initial conception, the finished creation emerges as a picture rich in information and philosophy, guiding towards application in practice.
The book is divided into five sections, the first being a short introduction to the philosophy by Sheilagh herself, entitled Miasms, Philosophy and Practice. The remaining four are dedicated to Psora, Syphilis, Sycosis and the Tubercular miasm respectively. Each section contains the main characteristics of each miasm, some cases, materia medica and remedy relationships, interspersed with Sheilagh's discussion of the philosophy, which she supports with many carefully chosen quotes from the classical archives. However, one has to go to the contents page at the beginning to understand this structure, as in the body of text one page simply follows the other. There are some inconsistencies between the sections too, for example Tuberculinum is discussed in great depth, yet the other nosodes belonging to each miasm aren't (apart from Psorinum, which gets a mention in the tubercular section).
The cases are brief and reduced to their characteristic components. Not embellished by mental/emotional distractions, they simply serve as illustrations of philosophyand miasm correspondingly. Sheilagh is one of the few practitioners who work authentically with the concept of relationship-of-remedies. Her graphs are interesting, although she does not state her sources for these. Knowing of her wealth of knowledge and experience in this area,
I am sure there would have been much appreciation of her expanding further on this subject.
But now to a point which I find actually quite controversial. Sheilagh writes: "Through my own investigations and study and through discussions with numerous Jewish scholars, I am of the opinion that Hahnemann may have been a Jew. Homoeopathic principles are elucidated in their entirety in the book Likutei Amarim - Tanya..." This to me is a fantastic claim, especially since she does not elaborate on this any further!
The Tanya, first published in 1797, was written by Rabbi Schneur Zlaman of Liadi, who founded the Chabad-Lubavitch Hassidic movement. This incredibly deep and complex philosophy belonging to a branch of Jewish mysticism, based on the Kabbalah was meant to help the individual to deepen their understanding of spiritual issues and to apply them to daily life. I don't think it is likely that Hahnemann had studied this text (the complete work was published in parts over many years), but to claim that the source of Hahnemann's homeopathic principles are specifically explained by this book and that he may therefore have been a Jew is simply outrageous. Of course our philosophy is mirrored in the Kabbalah, but we could refer to many other traditions, for example the perennial philosophy of the hermetic principles, an idea which has already been suggested by some of our authors, including Peter Gienow [1], Misha Norland [2] and others.
I do find that Sheilagh does not clearly differentiate between Hahnemann's and Kent's philosophy in her introduction generally. In my opinion it is more appropriate to refer to the Kabbalah when discussing Swedenborg and Kent. Hahnemann did not share the same vocabulary in terms of hierarchy, degrees, intelligence, simple substance etc. In my mind this topic should have been left to another book entirely! (I would also like to refer to Robert jutte's biography of Hahnemann, quoting Hahnemann's entry into the register of the Freemasons of Hermannstadt on October 16th, 1777 as "religion: protestant") [3].
In the end, Sheilagh's undeniable experience stands out and there are many gems to value, especially her philosophical comments. The book takes you back to philosophic basics, exemplified by key charac teristics of a number of remedies. Therefore, it should be of interest to both serious student and practitioner of traditional classical homeopathy alike.
1 Gienow P. Miasmatische Schriftenreihe Nr 1. Die hermetischen Gesetze als Grundlagen der Homoopathie. Buchendorf: Verlag Peter Irl, 2005
2 Norland M. Signatures, Miasms, Aids. Uffculme, Devon: Yondercott Press, 2003
3 Jiitte R. Samuel Hahnemann. Begriinder der Homoopathie. Miinchen: dtv, 2005

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Volume 16 | Issue 5 (Supplement)
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Embelin from Embelia ribes ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammation in high-fat diet-fed obese C57BL/6 mice p. 443
DOI:10.4103/pm.pm_77_20
Background: A safe, efficacious, and economical drug for the treatment of obesity is the need of the time. Literature published in previous years referred to embelin as a potential investigational therapeutic agent to manage obesity. Objectives: This study was designed to isolate and characterize embelin from Embelia ribes and further to assess its role in alleviating oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in the high-fat diet (HFD) fed obese C57BL/6 mice. Materials and Methods: Embelin extracted from berries of E. ribes with n-hexane by soxhlet extraction was characterized using high-performance thin-layer chromatography, infrared and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. The obesity was induced by feeding of HFD for 8 weeks. Embelin (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was administered from 5th to 8th weeks along with HFD. After 8 weeks, the body weight gain and body mass index were calculated. Then, animals were sacrificed; serum and tissues were collected to further assess the various biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Results: The presence of embelin was confirmed using the above-mentioned analytical techniques. Treatment with Embelin showed amelioration of obesity biomarkers along with the substantial decline in levels of protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor and nuclear factor kappa-B in liver tissue. Treatment with embelin also normalizes the liver tissue levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. The histopathological analysis of liver tissue showed significant prevention of necrotic and inflammatory changes in embelin treated HFD fed mice. Conclusion: The results of the study clearly indicated the potential of embelin in ameliorating obesity by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation induced by HFD in C57BL/6 mice.
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Enhancement of chlorogenic content of the eggplant fruit with eggplant hydroxycinnamoyl CoA-quinate transferase gene via novel agroinfiltration protocol p. 450
Prashant Kaushik, Pankaj Kumar, Shashi Kumar
DOI:10.4103/pm.pm_537_19
Background: Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is rich in health-promoting phenolic acids, primarily in the chlorogenic acid. For the production of chlorogenic acid in the eggplant hydroxycinnamoyl CoA-quinate transferase (SmHQT), is a central enzyme that catalyzes the reaction to the chlorogenic acid production. Objective: The function of SmHQT is not well determined in the eggplant fruit, and the fruit agroinfiltration procedure is not standardized for eggplant. Materials and Methods: Here, the overexpression of SmHQT in the eggplant fruit´s flesh was studied using the agroinfiltration technique. In our gene construct, we also co-expressed the P19 protein for overexpression, and the results were validated with real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Due to the overexpression of the SmHQT gene, higher chlorogenic content was exhibited by the eggplant fruits, which was further validated by HPLC. The chlorogenic acid content after following the agroinfiltration procedure was more two times in the agroinfiltrated fruit. To identify the optimal target for increasing chlorogenic pathway flux post-SmHQT activity, expression patterns were analyzed with qRT-PCR, and the results showed the changes in the expression level of the other chlorogenic acid pathway genes. Furthermore, the cis regulating elements and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses supported the HPLC results. Conclusion: Overall, here, insights into the eggplant chlorogenic content increment at the molecular level and the opportunities for the improvement of chlorogenic content as nutrition in crops are provided.
Effect of plant part, extraction method, and harvest time over antioxidant yield of rubus coreanus p. 455
Min Ju Lee, Ju Hee Nam, Jeong Ho Jeong, Il Rae Rho
Background: Immature fruit of Rubus coreanus, also known as "Bokbunja" in Korea, have been used as traditional medicinal plant in East-Asia. Although several studies have been conducted to the fruit composition of R. coreanus, research on the antioxidant composition of branch and leaves are limited. Objectives: We aimed to analyze the contents of five antioxidants in leaves and branches of R. coreanus using different extraction method. Materials and Methods: R. coreanus were cultivated at the research farm of the Gyeongsang National University. R. coreanus plants were harvested in May and July, and leaf and branch extracts were prepared using the ultrasonic bath and reflux extraction methods and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: The ultrasonic bath extraction method extracted 7.1 and 1.5 mg/100 g gallic acid from leaves and branches, respectively, whereas the reflux extraction method yielded 12.4 and 16.5 mg/100 g, respectively. Thus, reflux extraction was superior to ultrasonic bath for both leaf and branch parts. In the extracts prepared by reflux extraction, contents of all five compounds were higher in leaves than in branches. In leaves extracted with the reflux extraction method, ellagic acid was the most abundant, followed by quercetin-3-O-glucoside (24.7 mg/100 g), gallic acid (12.4 mg/100 g), quercetin (7.3 mg/100 g), and kaempferol (1.5 mg/100 g). Contents of all compounds were higher in May (1.1 mg/g) than in July (0.7 mg/g). Conclusion: R. coreanus plant was identified to show antioxidant activity and to present abundantly five antioxidants not only in fruit but also in leaves and branches in May. Specially, quercetin was three-fold higher in leaves than in fruit juice.
Chromatographic investigation of phytoconstituents in milk yam (Ipomoea digitata L.) tubers p. 462
Background: Milk yam commonly called Ksheervidhari is a perennial climber; its tubers are an integral crude drug in different Ayurvedic formulations as well as folkloric medicine. It is used as antidiabetic, restorative, carminative, expectorant, galactagogue, stomachic, and appetizer. Objective: The present study is done with the aim of identifying the maturity stage of milk yam tuber containing maximum concentration of umbelliferone – a coumarin present in the tubers. Materials and Methods: Umbelliferone present in immature tubers (6 months after planting), overmature tubers (36 months after planting), and tubers at optimum maturity (21 months after planting) was assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis. Results: HPLC and HPTLC techniques revealed the presence of umbelliferone and it was quantified to be higher in over mature tubers (0.44 and 0.42 μg/g, respectively), followed by optimally mature (0.31 and 0.22 μg/g, respectively) and immature tubers (0.20 and <0.11 μg/g, respectively). Conclusion: The study reveales that developmental stages affect umbelliferone concentration in milk yam tubers and it increased as the plant ages.
Rasam (South Indian Spice Soup) - Attenuates the Mammary Tumor Induction Magnitude of 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a] anthracene in Sprague–Dawley Rats p. 467
Background: Recently, we have reported rasam (South Indian spice soup) for antiproliferative activity against Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cell lines. Objectives: Breast cancer seems to be more common in the younger age group. Considering the deviation of the younger group from the traditional food habits as one of the many reasons of breast cancer incidence, rasam was investigated for its chemopreventive effect on mammary carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Rasam at 3 and 4 mL/kg dose was administered to female Spraque–Dawley rats for 30 days before 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA) induction of mammary carcinoma. Tamoxifen was used as the standard drug. Body weight, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs), phase I enzymes, hexokinase (HK), aldolase (AD), glucose 6-phosphatase (G6P), fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (F16P), citric acid cycle (CAC) enzymes, histopathology, tumor weight, tumor latency, and tumor incidence were studied. Results: In all the studied parameters such as body weight, TBARS, phase I enzymes, HK, AD, G6P, F16P, and CAC enzymes, rasam-pretreated groups showed better prevention than tamoxifen-treated groups. Histochemical findings also clearly confirm the chemopreventive effect of rasam. Particularly at the dose of 4 mL/kg, rasam was efficient in reducing the percentage of incidence of tumor, number of tumor, and tumor weight. Conclusion: The present study reveals that rasam attenuates the mammary tumor induction magnitude of DMBA in female rats.
Herniarin, a natural coumarin loaded novel targeted plasmonic silver nanoparticles for light activated chemo-photothermal therapy in preclinical model of breast cancer p. 474
Background: The conventional chemotherapeutic approach for breast cancer involves use of free drug substances that succumb into considerable systemic toxicity. For the past few decades biologically active phytochemicals like coumarins have gained much interest against breast cancer. However, there are lacunas in direct use of these potent biomolecules that impede their pharmacological functions. On the other hand, recent years have also witnessed great advancements in stimuli actuated nanotherapeutics as combined treatment strategies in critical breast cancer cases. Objectives: In this study we formulated novel pentagonal plasmonic silver nanoparticles as folate receptor targeted light responsive nano-delivery platform for a potent coumarin derivative, Herniarin to improve its therapeutic proficiency. Materials and Methods: Primarily, we synthesized plasmonic silver based nanoscopic carrier for herniarin to facilitate its tumor targeted delivery via folate receptors. These formulated nanoparticles (Herniarin quenched, folic acid furnished, HER-FA-AgNPs) were subjected to series of physicochemical tests, followed by detailed in-vitro and in-vivo testing in breast cancer cell lines and DMBA induced breast cancer model in rats, respectively. Results: The pentagonal nanoparticles observed in transmission electron microscopy demonstrated strong plasmonic tunability in the NIR region while its key feature of transforming light into heat energy when exposed to laser (800 nm) allowed photothermal therapy to supplement the chemotherapeutic potential of Herniarin as illustrated in various in-vitro studies. The in-vivo studies including detailed cellular investigations of breast tissues through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope and histopathology reflected the improved outcome of combined therapeutic modalities (hyperthermia + chemotherapy) achieved by HER-FA-AgNPs. Conclusion: Thus, these novel nanoparticles may serve as an efficient as well as safe drug-disposing vehicle for combined and strategic therapy of breast cancer.
Method development on reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for the improvement of routine analysis of flavonoids on agricultural and food products p. 486
Paranthaman Ramakrishnan, Chakkaravarthi Kamalanathan, Vidyalakshmi Rajagopal
Objectives: The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography conditions for the determination of flavonoids in the plant extract. Methods: The analytical conditions (total flow rate, mobile phase, colum temperature, and detection wavelength) optimized for gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin. The optimized method was compared with the control method and evaluated with the use of reference compounds. Results: The result shows that the maximum flavonoids recovery was in observed on modified chromatographic conditions, Colum: Octadecyl-silica C18column (250 mm × 4 mm, 5 μm) Mobile Phase solution water-acetic acid (25:1) and methanol. Mobile Phase solution B was a Mobile phase – 4th min - 20%, 10th min - 80%, and a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Colum temperature 35°C and detection wavelength was 260 nm. Conclusion: In this work, the proposed method will increase the analysis time but minimize the mobile solvents and have the potential of being useful for the routine analysis of flavonoids.
Effect of Vitex pinnata L. leaf extract on estrogenic activity and lipid profile in ovariectomized rats p. 492
Background: The genus Vitex contains about 300 species distributed around the world. These genuses are used in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. However, their estrogenic activity is not well understood. Objectives: To compare the estrogenic activity and lipid profile of ethanol extracts of leaves of Vitex pinnata L. with 17 β-estradiol in bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods: Ethanol extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Bilaterally OVX rats were divided into five groups,(n = 6) receiving different treatments, consisting of a vehicle (1% Tween), ethanol extract of V. pinnata at three different doses (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and standard drug, 17 β-estradiol at a dose of 1 mg/kg. All groups were administered orally, daily for 14 days. Results: GC-MS data revealed that the major chemical constituents of the extract were 3, 7, 11, 15-Tetramethylhexadecen-2-en-1-ol, Gamma-Stigmasterol, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid and n-hexadecanoic acid. V. pinnata extracts at 1000 mg/kg slightly increased uterine and vaginal weight and endometrial thickness. Doses of extract at 500 and 1000 mg/kg induced a significant (P < 0.05) decrease of triglycerides and total cholesterol in serum of OVX rats. Conclusion: V. pinnata leaf extract exhibits estrogenic activity and reduces levels of serum triglycerides and cholesterol. The understanding of such activity of V. pinnata leaf extract has benefits for postmenopausal women.
In vitro evaluation of Hydrilla verticillata for anti-adipogenesis activity on 3T3 L1 cell lines p. 498
Background: Obesity is a metabolic disorder that has reached pandemic proportions worldwide. Phytol, a diterpene isoprenoid alcohol found as an integral part of chlorophyll of plants, algae, and guts of ruminant animals, is proven for its lipid-lowering activity. This compound is largely present in the Indian aquatic medicinal plant, Hydrilla verticillata. The research is focused to screen the anti-adipogenesis activity of H. verticillata extract on 3T3 L1 cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of H. verticillata was prepared and characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. In vitro cytotoxic effect of H. verticillata extract on 3T3 L1 cell line was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test. The ethanolic solvent extract of this plant is screened for anti-adipogenesis activity by performing in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibition and Oil Red O staining assay. Results: Phytochemical analysis and characterization of the extract showed the presence of a large amount of phytol in H. verticillata. In vitro pancreatic assay of the crude extract showed maximum lipase inhibition activity at a minimal concentration of 125 μg/mL, similar to the standard anti-obesity drug, orlistat. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the extract on 3T3 L1 cell line was 840.91 μg/mL. Cells treated with one-third IC50showed minimal lipid accumulation, which is determined by Oil Red O staining. Conclusion: This study confirms that the ethanolic extract of H. verticillata possesses anti-adipogenesis activity, which can be used to control obesity-related treatments.
Pueraria candollei var. mirifica-Induced CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 expression in human choriocarcinoma bewo cells p. 506
Background: The human placenta metabolizes many endogenous substances, drugs, and xenobiotics. Cytochrome P450 family 1 (CYP1) is expressed in both early- and full-term placenta. The Thai medicinal plant Pueraria candollei var. mirifica (PM) is traditionally consumed for rejuvenation and has neuroprotective, anti-osteoporotic, and antioxidant activities. Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of PM and the CYP1A inducer β-naphthoflavone (BNF) on the expression of CYP1, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT), and the transporter ABCG2. Materials and Methods: Human choriocarcinoma BeWo cells were treated with BNF (10 μM), ethanolic extract of PM (PM-EtOH), or column chromatographic fractions of PM-EtOH (F2, F4, and F6) at 1, 10, and 100 μg/mL for 24 h. The mRNA expression of target genes was determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The activity of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), a marker for CYP1, was measured at the RNA harvesting time point. Results and Discussion: PM-EtOH, F2, and F4 significantly induced EROD activity and expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 while CYP1B1 and AHR were slightly suppressed and ARNT was unchanged. ABCG2 was slightly induced by F2. Therefore, the expression of CYP1 in BeWo cells appears to be independent of the AHR/ARNT regulatory pathway. Conclusion: The use of PM-containing products at high quantities or for long periods during pregnancy is of concern due to likely herb–drug interactions and toxicological risks through activation of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 transcription.
A pentacyclic triterpene from Lippia origanoides H.B.K and its cytotoxic activity p. 513
Background: Lippia origanoides H. B. K. (Verbenaceae) is an aromatic small shrub appreciated in the traditional systems of medicine. L. origanoides essential oil is an ingredient of commercial poultry feed products and its postdistillation residual biomass is an interesting source of bioactive compounds. During our search for the valorization of this residual biomass, supercritical-CO2(SC-CO2)extraction afforded a mixture that was subjected to an investigation of phytochemicals and of cytotoxicity, which was not reported previously. Objectives: The current study was designed to investigate the phytochemicals from the steam-distilled residual biomass of thymol- and carvacrol-rich L. origanoides chemotypes and to evaluate their in vitro cytotoxic activity. Materials and Methods: Steam-distilled aerial parts of L. origanoides chemotypes were extracted with SC-CO2to obtain a greenish-yellow extract with a strong aromatic odor. The SC-CO2extract was subjected to column chromatography, and the isolate obtained was screened in vitro for cytotoxicity against human normal embryonic kidney 293, MRC-5, THP-1, and XP4PA cell lines, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: A pentacyclic triterpene, friedelan-3-one (1) was isolated for the first time from L. origanoides chemotypes. The structure of the isolate was elucidated with spectroscopic (ultraviolet, infrared, mass spectra, and nuclear magnetic resonance) techniques. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the isolated compound was determined. The results showed no significant results against the selected cell lines using the MTT assay. Conclusion: The main significance of the present study was to develop promising routes to utilize the residual biomass for value-addition. This is the first report of friedelan-3-one isolation from the genus Lippia.
Extraction and volatile compounds profiling of the bioactive fraction of Monochoria hastata (L.) solms p. 517
Background: An aquatic macrophyte Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms has ethnomedicinal application in various ailments and experimentally is proved to have antibacterial property. Objectives: To evaluate the optimized extraction methods and solvents for antibacterial activity and their characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Materials and Methods: Extractions from the aerial parts of the plant in solvents with different polarities and various techniques, viz., microwave, infusion, Soxhlet, and maceration, were used to evaluate the best antibacterial efficacy by agar well diffusion method. The phytochemical constituents present in the bioactive extract were analyzed using standard phytochemical screening methods and characterized by GC-MS analysis. Results: Ethyl acetate extract derived by the Soxhlet method showed the highest antibacterial activity against all the test bacterial strains, and Gram-positive strains were more susceptible than Gram-negative strains. The crude extracts showed antibacterial activity which ranged from 7.0 ± 0.3 to 16.5 ± 0.8 mm at 100 mg/ml. Fifty percent of methanol had the highest extractive value (21.3%) in the Soxhlet method. Phytochemical tests showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, and fats in the bioactive ethyl acetate extract. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of different fatty acids and their saturated esters as the principal components. The major compounds were tridecanoic acid, methyl ester, 2-hexyldecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, and diethyl phthalate. Conclusion: The results suggest that the ethyl acetate extract of M. hastata (L.) Solms possesses some bioactive volatile compounds including fatty acids and their esters, which have antibacterial potentiality. This is the first report of such antibacterial assessment from M. hastata (L.) Solms.
Effect of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya Leaves and their cytotoxicity and apoptotic potential in human ovarian cancer cell lines- PA-1 p. 524
Priyadurairaj , Palagati Rohith Kumar Reddy, Palaniyandi Thiruvanavukkarasu, Sindhu Rajesh, Suganya Karunakaran, Rajeswary Hari
Introduction: The aim of the present study is to investigate the efficacy of Carica papaya ethanolic extract for antiproliferative, cytotoxicity, apoptotic, cell cycle blockade and wound healing in the ovarian cancer PA-1 cell lines. Materials and Methods: PA-1 cells were treated without the sample (act as a control) and with the sample for the above assay as per the described protocol. Results: The end result antiproliferative showed that PA-1 cell viability decreases in a concentration dependent manner and the growth inhibitory effect (IC50) values are obtained at a concentration of 100 μg. The increase in number of apoptotic cell was observed and after treating with PA-1 cells the sample with double staining methods. G2/M phase of the cell cycle was significantly blocked by the test sample followed by the S phase in a negligible manner. And in vitro cell wound closure or contracture was not significant when compared the sample against control group. Conclusion: C. papaya ethanolic extract showed to possess excellent cytotoxic effect through inducing apoptosis especially causing arrest at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle.
Germinated seeds of Hordeum vulgare target extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells p. 531
Background: The absence of receptors, lack of specific treatment regimen, and emergence of resistance against various currently available anticancer drugs have led to the development of lead molecules from botanicals for the mainstay treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Hordeum vulgare, commonly known as barley, has been reported to have many traditional uses, and the main alkaloid in its germinated seeds, hordenine, has been evaluated for many pharmacological properties. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the anticancer activity of methanol extract of germinated seeds of H. vulgare (MGHV) against MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells, quantify hordenine in MGHV, and derive the probable target of action of the extract and hordenine. Materials and Methods: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, morphological evaluation, acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, Hoechst 33258 staining, JC-1 staining, comet assay, and Western blot were conducted to evaluate the anticancer effect. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was conducted to detect and quantify the presence of hordenine in the extract. Stimulation of extrinsic pathway of apoptosis was evaluated by studying the interaction of hordenine with Caspase-8 using in silico methods. Results: MTT assay revealed significant concentration-dependent cytotoxicity. AO/EB staining exhibited yellow-green fluorescence indicative of early apoptosis. Hoechst 33258 staining showed nuclear marginalization and fragmentation. The results of JC-1 staining showed a combination of red and green fluorescence indicative of partial reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential. Comet assay revealed that the extract did not produce deoxyribo nucleic acid damage. Western blotting analysis did not show any change in the expression of Bcl-2, whereas significant upregulation of Caspase-8 by 2.8 folds was noticed indicative of extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. HPLC analysis detected the presence of hordenine as the major constituent in the extract. Morphological assessment of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with hordenine showed cytotoxic changes similar to that of the extract. In silico studies with hordenine also substantiated the results of Western blot. Conclusion: Thus, it was concluded that MGHV targeted extrinsic pathway of apoptosis due to the presence of hordenine and hence hordenine could evolve as a potent anticancer molecule against TNBC.
DNA barcoding markers to identify intraspecies genetic variations in three ecotypes of Abrus Precatorius L. p. 540
Background: Abrus precatorius is also called as Gunja in Ayurveda. It is a commonly grown plant belonging to the family of Fabaceae. It is characterized under the Upavisha (semi-poisonous drugs) and used widely in various Ayurvedic formulations with great beneficial significance. It is used in the treatment of various diseases such as alopecia, edema, helminthiasis, skin diseases, itching, and urinary disorders after being passed through specific purification procedures. Objectives: The present study aims to compare three different varieties of A. precatorius which includes the species of white, black, and red which are used to study DNA barcoding marker and phylogenetic analysis. Materials and Methods: Whole genomic isolated DNA from three varieties (white, black, and red) of A. precatorius leaves and subjected to analysis of the polymerase chain reaction of rbcL, maturase K, and internal transcribed spacer 4,5 using 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: The DNA barcoding markers and next-generation sequencing can identify the intraspecies genetic variations among these closely related plant varieties of A. precatorius of white, black, and red. Conclusion: The intraspecies genetic variations among these three varieties of A. precatorius white, black, and red are closely related with A. precatorius isolate TMP 144 Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit gene 99.81%.
Anti-cancer activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Salvia officinalis against oral squamous carcinoma cells in vitro via caspase mediated mitochondrial apoptosis p. 546
Prasanna Rajagopalan, Shadma Wahab, Ayed A Dera, Harish C Chandramoorthy, Safia Irfan, Ayyub Ali Patel, Shahabe Saquib Abullias, Gaffar Sarwar Zaman, Irfan Ahmad
Aim: Need for novel agents that fight oral squamous cancer is on constant demand. The current study aims in the identification of active phytochemical ingredients from Salvia officinalis leaf extract (SOLE) and evaluation for anticancer properties in oral squamous carcinoma cells. Materials and Methods: Soxhlet method was used for SOLE extraction. Phytochemical tests and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were performed for active compounds identification. Oral squamous cancer cells (SSC-15 and SSC-25) were used to assess anticancer efficacy. MTT analysis was utilized for the viability of cells. The utilization of flow cytometry was done to assess the changes in cell cycle and apoptosis induction. Western Blotting method was used to analyze the expressions of apoptotic protein. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, flavonoids, and tannins. TLC study revealed the presence of rutin in SOLE. The extract inhibited cell proliferation of SSC-15 and SSC-25 cells with GI50values of 340.7 μg/ml and 287.7 μg/ml, respectively. SOLE inhibited the migration of these cells across the endothelial membrane and induced nuclear fragmentation in cancer cells. Analysis of the cell cycle revealed SOLE to increase the sub G0/G1population in SSC-15 and SSC-25 cells. SOLE increased both early and late phase apoptosis in both oral squamous cancer cell lines. Apoptotic markers such as caspase-3, Bax and P-53 were found to be dose-dependently increased with SOLE treatment in both the tested cell lines, while the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein was decreased. Conclusion: In summary, SOLE demonstrated excellent anticancer and anti-migration efficacy in oral squamous cancer cells through caspase-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. More than one compound might be responsible for the activity, which deserves further research.
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Binding of metronidazole to Enterococcus faecalis homoserine kinase: Binding studies, docking studies, and molecular dynamics simulation studies p. 553
Harpreet Singh, Satyajeet Das, Pramodkumar P Gupta, Sagar Batra, Richa Prakash, Vijay Kumar Srivastava, Anupam Jyoti, Vikas Gupta, SL Kothari, Sanket Kaushik
Background: Enterococcus faecalis (Ef) is an opportunistic virulent bacterial pathogen resistant to a diverse class of antibiotics by possession of a wide range of resistance mechanisms. Aim and Objective: Looking at the increasing number of infections caused by Ef, it is essential to develop alternative strategies to fight against Ef. In this regard, homoserine kinase (HSK) is an important enzyme of threonine biosynthesis pathway in Ef. Threonine is an essential amino acid, and HSK catalyzes the formation of O-phospho-L-homoserine production, which is an important step in threonine metabolism. Therefore, Enterococcus faecalis homoserine kinase (EfHSK) becomes an ideal target for antimicrobial drug development. Methodology: We report binding studies, docking studies, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies of EfHSK. Fluorescence spectroscopy studies indicated the binding of metronidazole with EfHSK. Result: Docking studies further showed that amino acid residues such as Asn124 and Gly83 in the phosphate-binding loop of EfHSK play a vital role in the formation of H-bonds with the ligand metronidazole. The site where ligand was bound is a deep groove, which is regarded as the binding cavity of the protein. Docking studies were further confirmed by MD simulation studies. Conclusion: Metronidazole might be considered as a potential inhibitor of EfHSK, as this occupies the binding pocket and eventually can reduce the kinase activity of this enzyme.
Effects of Artemisia judaica essential oil and ethanolic extract on experimentally-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia p. 561
Bahaa Al-Trad, Mazhar Al Zoubi, Mu'ath Migdady, Jamil Lahham, Alaa A A Aljabali, Malek Shehab, Sahar Alomari, Mahmoud A Al-Qudah, Janti Qar, Riyadh Muhaidat, Ahmad El-Oqlah, Murtaza M Tambuwala
Background: Recent studies have shown that the essential oil (EO) and the ethanolic extract (EE) from Artemisia judaica L., a Jordanian medicinal plant, exhibit a potent anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Angiogenesis and inflammation processes are known to play a role in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a disease associated with aging in men. Objectives: The present study aimed to address the effects of EO and EE on experimentally-induced BPH in rats. Materials and Methods: Four experimental groups were assigned with six rats in each group, including the corn oil vehicle as a control. The three other groups were induced to develop BPH by testosterone injection. The BPH rats were randomized into the BPH-untreated group, BPH-EO treated group (200 mg/kg/subcutaneously) and BPH-EE treated group (500 mg/kg/orally). Results: The prostate weight/body ratio and epithelial thickness showed a significant reduction in the EO and EE treated groups compared to the BPH untreated. In addition, mRNA expression levels of the proliferating marker (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), the angiogenesis marker (vascular endothelial growth factor-A) and interleukin-6; an inflammatory cytokine, were significantly down-regulated in the BPH groups that were treated with EE or EO. Conclusion: Our results indicated that in experimentally-induced BPH, EO and EE from A. judaica ameliorate BPH development by inhibiting prostatic cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and inflammation.
Protective effect of Viburnum grandiflorum against ultraviolet-B radiation-induced cellular and molecular changes in human epidermal keratinocytes p. 566
Hanjun Liu, Haixiu Zhang, Minyan Dang, Yukiat Lin, Hui Yan
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the photoprotective potential of Viburnum grandiflorum (VG) against ultraviolet-B radiation-induced responses in HaCaT cells. The HaCaT cells were pretreated with VG prior ultraviolet-B (UVB)-radiation exposure and were further examined for lipid peroxidation, enzymatic antioxidant activity, % reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, mitochondrial membrane potential and for inflammatory, and apoptotic signaling markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nuclear factor kappa B, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, p53, caspase-3/9, cytochrome-c, Bax, and Bcl-2. The VG pretreatment in UVB exposed cells shows significantly regulated both inflammatory as well as apoptotic signaling cascades. Our findings suggest that VG may be functional against UVB-induced photo-damages.
Antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production of rang chuet (Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl.) leaf extracts in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells p. 573
Nootchanat Mairuae, Poonlarp Cheepsunthorn, Benjaporn Buranrat
Background: Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation mediated by microglial activation play a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, negative regulators of microglial activation have been identified as potential therapeutic candidates for the treatment of such diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. or Rang Chuet (RC) extracts on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglia cells. Materials and Methods: BV2 cells were treated with LPS in the presence or absence of RC extract, and the levels of ROS and NO were measured using CM-H2DCFDA and Griess reagent assay, respectively. The nuclear levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) p65 and the activation of Akt and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) were detected using immunofluorescence and western blotting assay, respectively. Results: The treatment of BV2 cells with RC concentration-dependently suppressed the LPS-induced ROS production compared to the control group. RC treatment also significantly decreased LPS-induced NO production in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, RC treatment also suppressed NF-kB p65 translocation and the activation of Akt and the ERK1/2 pathway in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Conclusion: Taken together, these results demonstrate that RC exerts anti-oxidative activity by suppressing ROS production and that it exerts antioxidative activity by suppressing NO in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. The mechanisms by which RC suppresses NO and ROS production may occur through inhibition of Akt and the ERK1/2-mediated NF-κB pathway. The results suggest that RC may be useful in treating neurodegenerative diseases mediated by microglial cells.
An integrated approach of network based system pharmacology approach and molecular docking to explore multiscale role of Pinus roxburghii and investigation into its mechanism p. 578
Ankur Omer, Poonam Singh
DOI:10.4103/0973-1296.301874
Background: Pinus roxburghii extract is a multi composed mixture of constituent compounds known to be used as an alternative medicine to treat various diseases. However, due to complex nature the knowledge about its therapeutic range and mechanism of action is still in its infant state. By interpreting the behaviour pattern of complex regulatory networks during various states such as healthy, diseased etc the chances are increased for new target identification, and disease prediction. Objective: Therefore, it is necessary to exploit the regulatory network of Pinus plant to elucidate its mechanism of action and prospective roles. Materials and Methods: In the present work, chemical prediction, target prediction, network biology, virtual screening, binding affinity and molecular docking approaches have been integrated to unravel the multiple potentials of the Pinus plant. Results: The dataset contained constituent molecules and 121 targets that are mapped to drug-target and drug-target-pathway networks to elucidate the relationships amongst the constituent molecules and the targets. The HSD17B1 target with the central role in Pinus regulatory network was screened as the aspiring target; the predicted association between the target and the molecules was validated with the help of molecular docking to obtain Pinus plant constituents (Rutin, Cedeodarin and Isorhamnetin) to treat Cancer and Epilepsy. Conclusion: The Pinus plant shows potential to show anti-cancer activity although the experimental validation will definitely be required but the study shows the path to work in the similar area


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The 26th of January, 2019, will mark India's 70th Republic Day celebrations. The momentous occasion will be one of many firsts as well.
I wanted South Africa to win against New Zealand, not only because I love the game, but also because it was an emotional desire.


Image Title: Furniture Corvette Comforter Set Unique Tar Forter Sets Full Size With Regard To Ideas 16. Filename: furniture-corvette-comforter-set-unique-tar-forter-sets-full-size-with-regard-to-ideas-16.jpg. Image Dimension: 970 x 728 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Curt Daugherty. Uploaded Date: Thursday - April 26th. 2018 00:30:57 AM. Category: Bedroom. Image Source: hgtv.com.
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text:
Profile: Gretchen Schmidt
No Comments on Profile: Gretchen Schmidt
Gretchen Schmidt
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, 1979
President and CEO, Franklin Savings and Loan, Cincinnati
Family Funds | Schmidt is carrying on the family business that began in the German immigrant neighborhoods of Over-the-Rhine and East Walnut Hills with simple transactions to help neighbors buy homes. A loosely organized association of business owners collected savings from residents and offered it to the highest bidder one night a week.
Father of Thrift | Schmidt's grandfather, 1929 alumnus Henry Siemers, had a hand in selecting the new name, after the father of thrift Ben Franklin, shortly after World War II. Franklin's origins date back to 1883 with the founding of the Green Street No. 2 Loan and Building Co., which consolidated with the Bremen Street Loan and Building to form Franklin.
Banking on the Future | Henry Siemers entered the building and loan business in 1923 when he was 17. By the time Schmidt was a young girl, he was the company president. She remembers him driving a convertible and smoking cigars. During his tenure, the company became a daytime operation in 1952.
In the Bank | Her father, Thomas Siemers, a 1953 and 1961 Xavier graduate, took over from his dad in 1968. Thomas led the company through its biggest growth period with mergers and buyouts of other building and loans. He remains chairman.
In the Money | Though Schmidt thought about becoming a teacher, she knew her future was pretty much sealed. After all, she'd worked in the family business every summer since she was a sophomore in high school.
Small Change | "We want to be a bank for the community. It's better for the consumer because we're smaller, and we pride ourselves on customer service and knowing their names."
Smart Investment | Schmidt has been involved with Franklin for more than 30 years. She's worked in every department—as a teller, and in accounting, lending, human resources and benefits—and was the chief operations officer.
Overdrawn | Franklin weathered Ohio's S&L crisis in the mid-1980s when many S&Ls had to close. It's always been insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. and is one of about 25 remaining local savings and loans.
New Interest | This summer, Schmidt was promoted to president and CEO and is now responsible for a business with $300 million in assets, 65 employees and seven branch locations. "It's just something I'm familiar and comfortable with and now there are new opportunities."
Seeing Blue | Schmidt has seen to it that the family's Xavier legacy continues: Her oldest son is an assistant baseball coach at Xavier, another son is a senior and her youngest son is a freshman baseball recruit. The family's bread and butter may be green, but, she says, "We bleed blue."
Tags Alumni, Alumni Profiles, Winter 2007, Xavier Magazine
← Schott in the Arm → Profile: Suzanne Abel Burke


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I revamped the Jewband's website and added a bunch of sound files of us backing up Steven Greenman and David Krakauer. As soon as I can find them in my messy office, I'll be adding a live set with Michael Alpert as well.
Take a look at the webpage and you'll find a host of very nifty MP3s.


text:
Vrouw Als Eva, Een
An unhappy Dutch housewife decides to abandon her husband and two children in order to share her life with a young French woman.
Nouchka Van Brakel
Monique Van De Ven
Marijke Merckens
Peter Faber
Nurith Aviv
Vrouw Als Eva, Woman Like Eve, A
Hans Kemna
Inger Kolff
Ine Schenkkan
Matthijs Van Heijningen
Laurens Van Rooyen
Released in United States June 1981
Released in United States March 1980
Released in United States March 20, 1992
Released in United States March 20, 1992 (Shown at the Gay & Lesbian Media Coalition's "Out on the Screen" festival March 20, 1992.)
Shown at the Gay & Lesbian Media Coalition's "Out on the Screen" festival March 20, 1992.
Shown at San Francisco International Gay Film Festival June 22-27, 1981.
Released in United States June 1981 (Shown at San Francisco International Gay Film Festival June 22-27, 1981.)
Released in United States March 1980 (Shown at FILMEX: Los Angeles International Film Exposition (Contemporary Cinema) March 4-21, 1980.)


years' service and the longest serving treasurer in the district.
The six are: DC Mark Webb, ASL Reggie Brett, GSL Adrian Kedge, Media Manager Gerald Law, Group Treasurer Mike Waller and ADC Cubs Alan Burnham.
Mark Webb: Mark really got his Scouting career started in Kenya where he ran a Cub Pack with hikes in dangerous country areas where wild animals ranged. His most fearsome experience was with water buffalo. When he returned, he joined Lea Valley as ADC Cubs and later took on a role as ACC Cub for the county. He helped to organise the county centenary camp in 2007 and handled the communications that helped to make the event such a success. He was appointed District Commissioner just in time to manage the merger of two Luton Districts (Someries and Lea Valley) and gave it the name Falkes.
Reggie Brett: Reggie has been involved with local Scouts for an astounding 58 years. He has supported the 24th Scout Group with time out to be a Venture Scout Leader. In his time he has run five marathons and taken part in numerous running events for charity. Despite suffering from cancer which is now in remission he still turned up at meetings to support his section. He ran in a 24-hour Survivor cancer charity and still turns out to support them at the age of 79.
Adrian Kedge: AJ to his friends, Adrian is the youngest of the six with 22 years' service. He has been a Scout Leader and a Cub Scout Leader with the 16th Someries Scout Group before joining the 24th Someries Scout Group where he is now Acting Group Scout Leader. He has taken part in various expeditions including one ascent of the Jungfrau in Switzerland.
Gerald Law: Gerald is currently Media Manager for Luton's two Districts. He started his Scouting in St Albans before moving to Luton in 1988 and a role as District Commissioner for Lea Valley. He has had various training roles for the county as well as being ADC Communications for Icknield before taking on his present role. His award is a Bar to the Silver Acorn for continuing distinguished service.
Michael Waller: Mike has served as Treasurer for Leagrave Scout Group for an extraordinary 30 years. He joined them in the summer of 1989 and is still keeping their books, He is also a member of the Falkes Appointments Committee where his decades of Scouting experience are a great help.
Alan Burnham: Alan has served Luton and the county for 27 years. He began with a small Group (All Saints) in what is now Lea Valley District as a GSL. Later he took on various training roles with the county while still serving at Group level. He is now giving the Falkes District the benefit of his valuable experience as ADC Cubs.
In the citation the Chief Scout says they have all provided specially distinguished services to Scouting. Well done to all six. We are proud of you.


Instagram is a photo/video social media site. Individuals can capture a photo or video, add a filter, and share the results on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, etc.
Instagram is intended to be used from a mobile device, e.g., smartphone, iPad, phone with a Web browser, etc. However, you can also check into Instagram with a computer.
A mobile device capable of installing an Instagram application.
Software for Instagram can be found at Instagram.com. This link will provide you with links to download applications for your mobile devices.
To use Instagram from a Web browser, go to Instagram.
Here are a number of great guides to help you better understand Instagram and its capabilities.
Here are a number of great ideas for using Instagram in an educational environment.
Insta-what? Pin it where? Why should arts and cultural organizations use Instagram and Pinterest?
How nonprofits can benefit from Instagram.
Instaport – A simple way to save all your Instagram photos to your local hard drive.


Thousand Oaks, CA – Officebites, Inc. competed in the 805 Startups Demo Competition on July 26th, 2017. The event was held at the Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza. Officebites and their co-founders, Jesse Shapiro and Evan Milnor, were selected to compete against four other start-up ventures in the event. Officebites had previously won the Union Bank award for the most outstanding new venture to come out of UCLA Anderson School of Management in 2017, and a fellowship from the West Los Angeles YPO earlier this year.
The five startups were selected to compete from a pool of more than 65 applicants. They presented to an audience of 400 Southern Californians, including many entrepreneurs, investors, and vendors as well as a four-judge panel from the Angel Investor and Venture Capital community.
805 Startups is the premier startup organization in Ventura County, Santa Barbara, and Conejo Valley. 805 Startups members take advantage of a large and rapidly growing network comprised of startups, investors, corporations, politicians, universities, and talent.
This annual event put on by the 805 Startups provides entrepreneurs the opportunity to learn better how to pitch, to help investors assess their ventures, and to network among the throng of investors, government officials, educators, students, professionals, entrepreneurs, and corporate leaders all searching for the right ventures to support.
Officebites has now officially entered in its final pre-launch stage on its mission to provide high-protein, portion-controlled snacks (with habit-stamps) to help regulate blood sugar, physical energy and mental acuity throughout the work day.
Big Surf Communications co-founders Mark Tennenbaum and Jill Evans coached Officebites along their journey through UCLA Anderson School of Management's 2017 Business Creation Option thesis program. The Big Surf program provided Officebites tools and techniques that accelerated their business trajectory while reducing business risk through Big Surf's proprietary, collaborative coaching program.


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Studies on Industrially Significant Haloalkaline Protease from Bacillus sp. JSGT Isolated from Decaying Skin of Tannery
Jaya Sudha Department of Biotechnology, CLRI, Adyar, Chennai-600020, India.
V. Ramakrishnan Genetics Division, Central Research Laboratory, Chettinad University, Kelambakkam, Chennai -603103, India.
N. Madhusudhanan Department of Pharmacology, Chettinad University, Kelambakkam, Chennai -603103, India.
Asit Baran Mandal Chemical Laboratory, CLRI, Chennai-600 020, Tamilnadu, India.
Thiyagarajan Gurunathan Department of Biotechnology, CLRI, Adyar, Chennai-600020, India.
Alkaliphiles Bacillus species, Alkaline protease, Decaying organic matter
Eight bacterial strains were isolated from collagen layer of decaying skin sample. Three isolates exhibited the prominent zones of clearance on skim milk agar medium at pH 9.5. These isolates were then characterized and identified. One of the haloalkalophilic isolates belonged to the genus Bacillus. Maximum enzyme activity (228.29 ± 1.89 PU/ ml) was found at pH 9 and temperature 37°C in the strain which is designated as Bacillus sp. JSGT. Basic properties such as effects of different temperature, pH, metal ions and inhibitors on protease activity were also studied. Maximum activity was obtained at pH 9 at 55°C. Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions were found to enhance the relative enzyme activity up to 158 and 136% respectively. However, the activity of protease was completely inhibited by phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) that showed its serine nature. The results indicated that enzyme produced by Bacillus sp. JSGT is active within broad ranges of temperature and pH. These characteristics render its potential use in leather and detergent industries.
Horikoshi, K. (1999). Alkaliphiles: some applications of their products for biotechnology. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 63(4): 735–750. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.63.4.735-750.1999.
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Kanekar, P.P., Nilegaonkar, S.S., Sarnaik, S.S. & Kelkar, A.S. (2002). Optimization of protease activity of alkaliphilic bacteria isolated from an alkaline lake in India. Bioresour. Technol., 85(1): 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(02)00018-4.
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Sudha, J., Ramakrishnan, V., Madhusudhanan, N., Mandal, A. B., & Gurunathan, T. (2010). Studies on Industrially Significant Haloalkaline Protease from Bacillus sp. JSGT Isolated from Decaying Skin of Tannery. Advances in BioScience, 1(1), 46–51. Retrieved from https://e-journal.sospublication.co.in/index.php/ab/article/view/13
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V. Ramakrishnan, V. Jaikumar, S. Gowtham Kumar, G. Thiyagarajan, S. Vincent, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease , Advances in BioScience: Vol. 1 No. 1 (2010): July
S. Pulavendran, G. Thiyagarajan, V. Ramakrishnan, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Action of Stem Cells in Cardiac Disease , Advances in BioScience: Vol. 1 No. 2 (2010): October
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Suganthi Karunanithi, Lakshmanan Venkatachalapathy, Yamini Sudhalakshmi, A. G. Murugesan, G. Thiyagarajan, Comparative In silico Analysis of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Heart in Human and Normal Chicken Heart , Advances in BioScience: Vol. 1 No. 1 (2010): July


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Overview Buzz Synopsis Cast & Creative
The Prince of Providence
By George Brant
Based on the book The Prince of Providence by Mike Stanton
A REVIVAL OF THE 2019 WORLD PREMIERE
PLEASE NOTE: All in-person productions at Trinity Rep have been delayed, with an anticipated return to production in fall 2021. More information about upcoming shows will be announced at a later date. Read the full announcement about the pause in production here.
One of the most tragicomic figures in modern politics – and the city he transformed.
The nation knows him from Crimetown and Operation Plunder Dome, but Providence has a deeper and more complicated relationship with Buddy Cianci. A charismatic visionary who was also a corrupt philanderer, the long-time mayor defied the odds time after time – from his very first election to winning again after being arrested on assault charges. Surrounded by a colorful carousel of characters, Buddy gave Providence many things: some are more visible – businesses, tourism, and relocated rivers – while others are less tangible, but no less real – pride, notoriety, and now, a great story to tell.
See more from the 2019 world premiere production.
"The Prince of Providence"...opened to critical acclaim and feverish box-office demand. It has become the Passion Play of Providence.
"Not surprisingly, the show has broken all box office records save for holiday offerings...And it's worth it...Bottom line, 'The Prince of Providence' has all the story you love to hear, but a twist that will leave you stunned."
"…as quick-witted, sharp-edged, unpredictable, unstoppable, unsettling, and generally complicated as Cianci himself."
"Capturing the life, times and personality …Buddy Cianci Jr. is a high bar…Trinity Rep more than clears it. In fact, it soars above it."
Sun Chronicle
Below is a synopsis of the show. You've been warned.
The year is 1972 and a young Vincent "Buddy" Cianci is trying to decide whether or not he should run for mayor, or buy a boat.
When current and longtime Mayor Joe Doorley starts to lose the democratic vote, Buddy decides to run as an "anti-corruption" candidate, and a Republican, to take on the seat of mayor in Providence, Rhode Island. It's going to be a challenge since he's Italian and Providence politics has long been in the realm of the Irish. One thing he has going for him, though, is that he's an up-and-coming prosecutor in the city who took on the mob. Soon after, Buddy and his new wife, Sheila, with their baby girl Nicole, are on the campaign circuit, trying to meet everyone in the city before the polls close. With the help of some well-known people of the city's underbelly, Cianci wins, defeating Doorley.
Being mayor is no walk in the park. With so many people calling in favors, and a strike on his hands, Buddy is dealing with a lot. One night, while out with one of his mistresses, Buddy's wife Sheila catches him in the act. He begs her to stay – to think of his political career – and she agrees that they will divorce after his reelection campaign as mayor. After another four years, and another campaign, the two call it quits. It's then that Buddy finds out that while the two were getting divorced, Sheila had an affair of her own. Furious, Buddy invites the man – Ray DeLeo – over to his home for a little chat. The results of that meeting cost Buddy his job, but not his career.
Time jumps and the year is 1990. Buddy, now a popular radio talk show host, is on the air discussing the mayor of Providence, who he wants out of office –Mayor Joseph Paolino. He's then visited by his daughter, Nicole, his girlfriend Wendy, and his friend and campaign manager, Mickey, who all are trying to convince Buddy to run for mayor again. After some prodding, Buddy agrees, runs, and wins the seat of Mayor for a second time.
During this time, Buddy's love of his city brings about many changes for Providence. He opens WaterPlace Park, brings the Providence Bruins to town, and catches a show or two at Trinity Rep. However; it's during this time that Buddy is once again brought to trial – this time for corruption. A conviction would once again kick him out of office and potentially land him in federal prison.
George Brant
Approximately 2 hours, 45 minutes


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Gregory Ratoff Carries a Vitaphone Reel
For Sale (1929) Is Six Minutes Under High Pressure
Gregory Ratoff well-cast as the world's most obnoxious salesman. He just won't leave Guy Kibbee (who knew from obnoxious himself) alone. Audiences then found funny the idea of a never-say-die, or never-take-no, peddler. Enough of them were still knocking on doors for all to know the approach. Today we get it from Amazon's suggestive selling. Ratoff doesn't look like the eventual director of Intermezzo, Lancer Spy, and numerous Fox musicals, and yet, he made the jump, going back/forth from sets to behind camera (his best parts? Probably All About Eve's Max Fabian and seldom-seen Once In A Lifetime). I get the impression that Ratoff was very well-connected socially, particularly in Darryl Zanuck's circle. Not that he lacked talent, provided you like accents cut thick, and in-face shtick. For Sale tenders a routine I'd assume fed Ratoff in vaudeville. Maybe that's what recommended him to Vitaphone's Bryan Foy, himself a lifetime member of the performing fraternity. Foy strikes me as a man who'd fall asleep on the set, wake up, and discover he's just finished another one-reeler. How else to explain such prolific output? For Sale was done when fast talk itself was enough to dazzle, Ratoff being without peer at least at that. The short is part of Warner Archives' Vitaphone: Volume Two, from which I've dug many a treasure, and now await further servings of wonderful same.
posted by John McElwee at 10:30 AM
Lou Lumenick said...
Two favorite moments from films directed by Ratoff: Fred MacMurray, Fortunio Buonanova and Carlos Ramirez singing the 10-minute Weill/Gershwin operetta number "The Nina, The Pinta and the Santa Maria'' from "Where Do We Go From Here'' (1945); and musician-turned-guerilla fighter Susan Peters teaching schoolchildren how to make Molotov cocktails to welcome the Nazis in "Song of Russia'' (1944). The former available from the Fox Cinema Archive, the latter streaming at Warner Archive Instant.
John McElwee said...
That IS a great operetta number from "Where Do We Go From Here," the highlight of the feature for me. "Song Of Russia" is another very interesting title. Ratoff is a director well worth another look, based on these and more good ones he did. Thanks for the reminder of that, Lou.
Ratoff gives a marvelous comedy performance in "Let's Fall in Love",a 1933 gem about backstage Hollywood. The whole picture's good, with smooth work from Edmund Lowe and a star-making turn by Ann Sothern (in her first lead). But Ratoff still manages to steal most of his scenes - delivering that trademark fractured English of his at breakneck speed. And guess what? He's playing a producer named Max - not Fabian this time out - but Hopper. If you haven't already seen the film, you've got a treat in store.