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In Memory of Liselotte ("Lisa") Gumpel
Obituaries; College teachers; Women--Societies and clubs
Born in Berlin, January 31, 1926, Lisa's comfortable childhood was disrupted by the Nazis coming to power in Germany. In June, 1939, shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War, her mother was able to send her and her two sisters from Nazi-occupied Europe to London, by way of one of the Kindertransport trains organized by Sir Nicholas Winton. Sadly, this was the last time the girls saw their mother, who perished in the Holocaust during deportation to the Lodz Ghetto. Their father had escaped to London and the girls were re-united with him there. Although they were not able to live with him, they remained close until his death in 1946. In England Lisa lived with foster parents and was fortunate to be sent to a good boarding school, Stoatley Rough School in Haslemere, England. As Lisa achieved excellent exam results, she was encouraged to train as an x-ray technician at the Birmingham Children's Hospital. Her sister Laura married and settled in London, but Lisa and her other sister, Rosemarie, who was a school teacher, decided to seek a new life in the US in the early 1950s. Lisa found positions as an x-ray technician, first in New York and then in San Francisco, before deciding to attend university in another field. After obtaining a bachelor's at San Francisco State University, she earned a master's degree and then earned a doctorate in German at Stanford University. Her chosen focus on German language and linguistics provided the basis for her academic career. Appointed assistant professor of German language and literature at the University of Minnesota, Morris in 1968, Lisa became a full professor in 1980, where she remained until she retired as professor emerita in 1997. During her distinguished career, Lisa published many academic papers and two books, Concrete Poetry from East and West Germany in 1976, and Metaphor re-examined: a non-Aristotelian Perspective in 1984. The latter was nominated for the James Russell Lowell Prize in 1986. Participation in academic conferences and invitations to lecture took her too many places around the world, including South Africa, Australia and various parts of Asia and Europe. During 1977-78 she spent a year at Girton College, University of Cambridge, as the Helen Cam fellow. During her stay she was privileged to meet The Queen Mother. Lisa Gumpel influenced generations of University of Minnesota, Morris students and was never happier than when teaching or writing. A 1987 tribute to her achievements reads: "Professor Gumpel's students are strongly motivated by her enthusiastic embrace of life and work. They appreciate her interest in their personal fulfilment." Lisa established a University of Minnesota, Morris scholarship in her name for students interested in foreign languages or classical studies. A reception honoring her career and her donation of six watercolours by the 20th century artist Katerina Wilczynski was held at the Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis in 2008. Lisa Gumpel died peacefully after a lingering illness on October 22, 2015 at Parkshore Senior Campus in St. Louis Park. She was preceded in death by her parents, Karl and Margarete (Philipps) Gumpel; brother, Rolf; sister, Hannelore (Walter) "Laura" Selo. She is survived by her sister, Rosemarie Gumpel; her nephew, David (Ruth) Selo; two grandnephews and one grandniece.
Obituary from Hodroff Epstein Memorial Chapels
https://www.hodroffepsteinmemorialchapels.com/obituaries/Liselotte-Gumpel/#!/Obituary
Wiggies in Memoriam
"In Memory of Liselotte ("Lisa") Gumpel," Women in German Herstory Project, accessed January 21, 2020, http://wig-herstory.com/items/show/203.


Japanese culture may be thought of as timid but when the day transforms into night; the ties get loose, the bars become packed and they sure know how to party.
In a city as big as Tokyo, Japan, you're guaranteed to never run out of choices but deciding where to go is as effective as choosing a movie on Netflix.
Below, we've narrowed down our beloved drinking spots around the city and what you must drink while stumbling happily through the streets. Here are some of the best bars in Tokyo.
If you love to dance, head to the following clubs to dance all night long!
On Saturday nights, Womb is the place to be. Top DJ's will keep you dancing all night long and is renowned as one of the best underground nightclubs in Tokyo.
If you want to see a side of Tokyo where the woman dress in cosplay and the crowd is what you've only seen on Google images, this is a funky Goth club that's worth wandering into.
Although our advice veers away from trotting down the touristic path – when it comes to Tokyo's tiny local bars, the atmosphere varies depending on the neighborhood so do yourself a favor and have an empty stomach and fill up on a snack and drink as you mini-bar hop your way through Tokyo's alleyways.
Note: There is a seating charge at some bars so ask before taking a seat.
This touristic yet authentic strip is comprised of 6 alleyways with over 200 quaint watering holes and is famous amongst locals and travellers.
One of our favorite alleyways beautifully decorated and lined with red lanterns hosts many great tiny bars.
Close to Shibuya station, walk over to Drunkards Ally before midnight and enjoy the array of tiny bars with alleyways lined with graffiti. One of the tiniest bars here only seats 4 people!
If you're looking to get a little off the tourist track of Shinjuku and Shibuya, head to Ebisu. The bars and eateries are open until the morning and the atmosphere has a completely different vibe.
If you're looking for a budget friendly and authentic experience, head to Yurakucho train station and under the bridge . Here your yen will go much further and most travellers don't tend to know about this area. It's as local as it gets, a popular drinking hole for businessmen and prices are far more reasonable than the above.
Lucky for you, drinking in the streets of Tokyo is completely acceptable so if your budget doesn't allow for overpriced bars and cover charges, you can still enjoy wandering through the alleyways and people watching for pennies in comparison.
Head to the closest supermarket, 711, Lawson's or Family Mart and check for deals – one of the above will typically have a special where drinks are discounted.
In Japan, you always eat when you drink and dotted around most metro stations, you can find a budget-friendly izakaya's serving alcohol and a variety of small Japanese dishes for 270¥" to keep you from a raging hangover the next morning.
Keep an eye out for a bright yellow sign reading "all items 270¥" – you can't miss it.
Buy your tickets when you enter before getting your drink on and proceed to rub elbows with plenty of locals without spending a fortune. The atmosphere is relaxed, the beer is cheap and there's no cover charge. What more could you ask for?
Who doesn't love free beer? Head to Suntory Brewery and enjoy a fresh pint during the free 1hr tour.
Nomihodai is one of our favorite words because it means "all-you-can-drink". Head to KIN no KURA for the most budget friendly drinking escapade in Shibuya. Prices vary depending on how fast you'd like to drink but we recommend the 120min at 1200¥. Other options include 90min @ 900¥ or 180m @1900¥. There is a large assortment of drinks to choose from such as cocktails, spirits, wine, Japanese plum wine and sake and a free bowl of edamame to snack on.
Note: There is typically a 200¥ table charge as well as a minimum order of 2 small dishes per person. Sounds steep but for all-you-can-drink, it's worth it.
Our favorite bars tend to be those that are a mix of quality and quantity – why have one when you can have both?
If you've only got time for a few, besides the tiny alleyway bars, be sure to head to these two rad bars while in Tokyo.
Vinyl lovers rejoice! JBS is one of the coolest jazz bars in Tokyo with an owner who really knows and appreciates 60's music. With over 50k records to chose from, prepare to stand in awe from his floor to ceiling collection while sipping on a drink and feeling that rush of nostalgia.
When you can't handle the water flavored beer and want to treat yourself to quality Japanese and American craft beer; Goodbeer Faucets has 40+ beers to chose from and damn they're good.
The best part? From 5pm, its 200¥ off each beer during happy hour!
Rad Season is providing you with hotels and Airbnbs at the lowest prices available online. Book your stay near Tokyo using the map below!
Born in Toronto, Canada, Shannon Wolf has lived and worked around the globe as a freelance writer and photographer. Over the years her work has been featured and published both in print and online in various publications. Shannon has travelled over 40+ countries on 4 continents in the last 3 years and is an avid food lover and adventurer with an open itinerary and no intent of stopping.


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10 Questions About Trump, Big Tech, and Free Speech
Alec Stapp
Jan 17, 2021 • 16 min read
Twitter permanently banned Trump. Facebook suspended his account for at least two weeks. Apple and Google pulled the Parler app from their app stores. Amazon booted Parler off AWS. Stripe stopped processing payments for the Trump campaign's website.
These decisions, among others, have sparked a renewed debate over the power that Big Tech companies have in society, and whether we need to revisit Section 230, net neutrality, or the Fairness Doctrine. Currently, the public discussion is dominated by loud voices making extreme, and often incorrect, claims. In my opinion, these voices are only grappling with the surface-level issues related to tech platforms and speech, which I address in the first seven questions. The final three questions are much harder to answer and require thinking on the margin about what our society values and what tradeoffs we are willing to make. If we focus our time and attention on these latter questions, we can hope to make real progress over time.
7 Easy Questions
1. Is Big Tech more powerful than the government?
Austen Allred, the founder and CEO of Lambda School, tweeted, "Twitter, Facebook, Apple and Google, especially when acting in concert, are much more powerful than the government." This claim doesn't hold up to any level of scrutiny. The government has the power to tax you, imprison you, and kill you; the tech companies can delete your free account. Some conservatives have even argued the government should "nationalize Facebook and Twitter to preserve free speech," the mere possibility of which should tell you who's more powerful.
You cannot create an "alternative" to Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, and Twitter at this point, they are collectively more powerful than most if not all nation states
— Michael Tracey (@mtracey) January 10, 2021
Journalist Michael Tracey said that Big Tech is "more powerful than most if not all nation states", which seems absurd considering nine nation states have nuclear weapons. He also claimed that you "cannot create an 'alternative' … at this point" which is directly contradicted by the fact that TikTok went from zero to nearly a billion users in just the last few years.
2. Has President Trump been silenced by Twitter and Facebook?
Trump has been permanently banned from Twitter and suspended from Facebook for at least two weeks. Obviously, his ability to speak directly to his audiences on those platforms has been greatly diminished. But that doesn't mean he has been silenced or censored. A recent Reuters article asked "How will Trump get his message out without social media?" In short: The same way that every president did prior to 2008. What communications and media networks existed back then? Newspapers, magazines, broadcast TV, cable TV, radio, podcasts, email, text messages, and the open web.
Twitter is not real life. As economist Adam Ozimek said, "Only 22% of adults use Twitter. In contrast almost every house has a TV. The idea that there is some monopoly over access to the public here is really not compelling. Maybe you spend too much time on Twitter if you think that." Furthermore, only about 10% of Americans are daily active users of Twitter. So that means if you check Twitter at least once a day, then you're more "online" than 90% of Americans. Active Twitter users likely overrate its importance in the average person's life relative to newspapers, talk radio, broadcast TV, and cable TV.
It's also important to remember that Trump's words haven't been banned from the platform, only his personal accounts. If the president gives a public speech, or if the White House issues a press release, thousands of journalists will still cover and broadcast his words, in tweets and Facebook posts of their own. For example, on Wednesday, the White House released a statement from Trump urging "NO violence, NO lawbreaking, and NO vandalism of any kind." The statement was immediately shared on Twitter by reporters and sent out via text message to the Trump Campaign's subscribers.
Twitter and Facebook suspending Trump's account is significant, there is no denying that. But the president of the United States can still communicate with the public.
3. Is deplatforming extremists a civil rights issue?
Some conservatives have tried to argue that if liberals think a baker should be required to bake a cake for a gay wedding, then Amazon should be required to provide cloud hosting for Parler and Twitter shouldn't be allowed to ban Trump. However, these cases are not similar. The case of the baker and the gay wedding was controversial because it involved the collision of two protected characteristics: religious beliefs (of the baker) and sexual orientation (the gay couple).
The conservative movement is about to face a level of collective discrimination by the institutions of our society not seen since Jim Crow
— Will Chamberlain (@willchamberlain) January 8, 2021
In the cases of Parler and Trump, they were not deplatformed for belonging to a protected class or because of an immutable characteristic — they were deplatformed for inciting violence and insurrection. Repeated antisocial behavior is a perfectly legitimate basis for a platform to remove a user (or for a company to cease doing business with a counterparty). The question is not "should Amazon be allowed to discriminate against conservatives" but actually "should Amazon be required to do business with groups hell-bent on breaking the law."
No one believes that every user should be allowed on every platform. Not even Parler allows users to post whatever they want:
[Parler's] community guidelines warn users to avoid spam, blackmail, bribery, plagiarism, support for terrorist organizations, spreading false rumors, suggesting people should die, describing "sexual organs or activity," showing "female nipples," and using language or visuals "that are offensive and offer no literary, artistic, political, or scientific value." Parler also advises users against "any other speech federally illegal in USA," which the platform incorrectly claims includes doxing and "content glorifying violence against animals."
That's why appeals to slippery slope-type arguments are so unpersuasive in this debate. Every platform draws the line somewhere, and that line might move over time as public opinion shifts and as new information arises about what is and isn't working under the prevailing content moderation policy. We don't need to protest Facebook's decision to ban Paul Joseph Watson, Laura Loomer, Alex Jones, and Milo Yiannopoulos by comparing it to what African Americans experienced in the Deep South during Jim Crow, as Will Chamberlain did in this 2019 article for Human Events. These are not civil rights issues — these are questions about what kinds of behavior particular platforms are willing to allow in their communities.
4. Would repealing Section 230 prevent Big Tech from deplatforming users they disagree with?
There continues to be lots of misinformation regarding Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. Many Republican elected officials and conservative activists argue that recent events show why we need to repeal Section 230, which provides platforms and other interactive computer services immunity for the content users post. This argument relies on an intentional misrepresentation of the statute and the relevant case law. Here is the key part of Section 230 — "the 26 words that created the internet", as Jeff Kosseff put it:
No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider.
Prior to Section 230, if a platform tried to moderate content (say by taking down hate speech or incitements to violence), then the platform owner became liable for all the content that remained on the platform. This created perverse incentives. Platform owners basically faced two choices: (1) Engage in zero moderation to retain immunity — and watch the platform get overrun by Nazis or (2) Engage in maximum moderation to avoid getting sued for libel or other harmful content. Section 230 fixed this incentive problem by granting immunity to platform providers for users' speech, thus enabling the platforms to engage in reasonable levels of content moderation.
I'm more determined than ever to strip Section 230 protections from Big Tech (Twitter) that let them be immune from lawsuits.
— Lindsey Graham (@LindseyGrahamSC) January 9, 2021
Repealing Section 230 would do nothing to alleviate concerns about bias or censorship. As Senator Ron Wyden, one of the authors of Section 230, said, "I remind my colleagues that it is the First Amendment, not Section 230, that protects hate speech, and misinformation and lies, on- and offline. Pretending that repealing one law will solve our country's problems is a fantasy." All repealing Section 230 would do is force platforms back into the "all or nothing" choice on moderation. And because advertisers will not advertise on a platform filled with Nazis and pornography, it wouldn't really be a choice at all. It's likely the platforms would become much more aggressive in how they moderate content (if they continue to allow users to post at all). In other words, without Section 230, Trump would have been banned from Twitter years ago.
5. Is Twitter consistently enforcing its terms of service?
Whenever Twitter deplatforms a prominent right-wing figure, conservatives and others concerned with censorship accuse the platform of being biased because it leaves up similarly violent or misleading information from authoritarian rulers in Iran and China. FCC Chairman Ajit Pai called out a few tweets from Ayatollah Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of Iran, last May:
Serious question for @Twitter: Do these tweets from Supreme Leader of Iran @khamenei_ir violate "Twitter Rules about glorifying violence"? pic.twitter.com/oEkCC8UzFV
— Ajit Pai (@AjitPaiFCC) May 29, 2020
More recently, a tweet from the Chinese Embassy in the US tried to paint the ongoing Uyghur genocide in a positive light by saying it was furthering women's empowerment: "Study shows that in the process of eradicating extremism, the minds of Uygur women in Xinjiang were emancipated and gender equality and reproductive health were promoted, making them no longer baby-making machines. They are more confident and independent." Twitter initially refused to take down the tweet after Ars Technica reporter Tim Lee reached out to ask why it didn't violate Twitter's policies. Only after many others publicly shamed Twitter for its decision did the company finally relent and remove the tweet.
Those who say Twitter has enforced its policies inconsistently are right. But that doesn't mean Twitter should leave Trump and other extremists alone. Arguing "worse people have gotten away with it" is like saying we shouldn't arrest a murderer because some serial killers are still roaming free. Twitter should also ban dictators from using its platform and more quickly remove content that promotes or condones violence against anyone or any group of people.
6. Does Europe repress speech less than the US now?
There is also renewed debate about whether there should be one unified internet, or whether a splinternet is a better approach, with each nation governing its own internet.
Time to start a debate in Europe on whether we want to stay tightly connected to a US internet where repression of speech will keep growing
— Bruno Maçães (@MacaesBruno) January 10, 2021
While a further splintering of the internet seems almost inevitable at this point, it would be strange if Europe splits apart over concerns about repression of speech in the US, as Bruno Maçães speculated. The EU has many current (or proposed) laws that repress speech much more than in the US, including:
Privacy laws (Art. 17 GDPR)
Hate speech laws (Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA)
Copyright laws (Directive 2019/790)
Data localization requirements (Schrems II)
Proposed anti-terrorism laws ("Preventing the dissemination of terrorist content online")
Proposed platform gatekeeper regulation (Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act)
That's to say nothing of how the US compares to authoritarian countries such as Russia or China. As Garry Kasparov said, censorship in the USSR is "when the state attacks a company for offending an official … not the other way around." Or as Jameel Jaffer put it, "forcing publishers to publish the government's speech is what happens in China."
7. Can private companies violate your First Amendment rights?
Any debate over a high-profile user getting banned from a social media platform quickly devolves into the two sides talking past each other. Those critical of the decision to ban a user say that it's a violation of that person's free speech or First Amendment rights. The other side immediately latches on to the First Amendment part of that claim, pointing out (correctly) that the First Amendment restrains the government from infringing on ability to speak, not private companies or individuals. Since it's so short, let's just look directly at the text to make sure we're all on the same page (emphasis added):
Clearly, the First Amendment was not meant to abridge the rights of private entities and citizens. But "free speech" is a much broader concept than what's written in the Bill of Rights. That's one of the harder questions.
3 Hard Questions
8. How much should private companies restrict free speech and free expression?
In everyday use, "freedom of speech" means the ability for someone to express their views or opinions without fear of retaliation (beyond verbal criticism). In other words, it means that people can speak their mind without fear of a disproportionate response. That doesn't mean those restraints on speech are bad! As a society we make tradeoffs all the time between different values depending on the context. It just means that "free speech" as a concept is not limited to the First Amendment.
Some conservatives and libertarians think that by pointing out that private companies have First Amendment rights too, that's the end of the conversation, when in reality it's only the beginning of the conversation. We must admit that these tech platforms are powerful and the decisions they make affect billions of people worldwide. It is legitimate to raise concerns about who gets to be on and off the platform (even while recognizing the companies themselves are under cross-pressures, with conservatives arguing for a more hands-off approach and liberals arguing for more aggressive moderation).
To start answering the tougher questions, we first need to move past the false dichotomy of the individual and the state. As Noah Smith wrote in his own post about Big Tech and free speech, "Between the government and individual citizens lie a variety of mezzanine authorities who have real power, and whose actions can lead to a real loss of liberty." Noah continued by citing one his previous pieces (emphasis added):
An ideal libertarian society would leave the vast majority of people feeling profoundly constrained in many ways. This is because the freedom of the individual can be curtailed not only by the government, but by a large variety of intermediate powers like work bosses, neighborhood associations, self-organized ethnic movements, organized religions, tough violent men, or social conventions…whom I call "local bullies."…
In a perfect libertarian world, it is therefore possible for rich people to buy all the beaches and charge admission fees to whomever they want (or simply ban anyone they choose). In a libertarian world, a self-organized cartel of white people can, under certain conditions, get together and effectively prohibit black people from being able to go out to dinner in their own city. In a libertarian world, a corporate boss can use the threat of unemployment to force you into accepting unsafe working conditions. In other words, the local bullies are free to revoke the freedoms of individuals, using methods more subtle than overt violent coercion.
Such a world wouldn't feel incredibly free to the people in it.
That's why merely citing the First Amendment rights of private companies in these cases can leave people feeling hollow. And it's why we need to thoroughly examine the market power in each layer of the tech stack to decide which layers should have both the responsibility and the ability to moderate content.
The answer here is that there is no clear answer: The decision to ban or not ban accounts or types of speech is inherently political and it's wrapped up in the profit-maximization desires of the relevant companies. There is no clear rule you can write that will cover every case and there will be backlash no matter what decision these companies make. The existence of the public debate is what constrains platforms. On one side, groups concerned with freedom of expression will limit the platforms' willingness to moderate. On the other side, those concerned with the negative externalities of certain speech will push platforms to be more heavy handed with their moderation. It is in these debates that societies can determine the level of moderation that is appropriate.
9. Which layer of the tech stack should have the responsibility for moderating content?
Here's a framework for thinking about these issues: How much capital investment and time does it take to construct or find an alternative vendor, especially given government regulation? How close to the end users on social media platforms are these services? You can think of the tech stack in roughly three layers:
The top layer is the social media apps and websites themselves (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Parler, etc.);
The middle layer is intermediaries or aggregators of apps and websites (e.g., app stores, browsers, search engines, etc.);
The bottom layer is infrastructure providers (e.g., cloud providers, content delivery networks, the Domain Name System, internet service providers, utilities, payments, etc.).
On the top layer, it is relatively easy for a company to create its own app or website. Scaling these platforms to take advantage of network effects can be difficult, but it's by no means impossible (see TikTok, Discord, Telegram, Signal, Snapchat, etc.).
In the middle layer, Google and Apple have a virtual duopoly (99% market share) in the smartphone operating system market, which makes their decisions regarding the default app stores on Android and iOS devices very important. But while securing distribution in the two major app stores can be hugely beneficial, it's not necessary for adoption. Users can navigate directly to a website in a browser and Progressive Web Apps are bringing more and more functionality to web apps that was previously limited to only native apps. Companies can also have their users sideload another app store on Android devices, like Epic Games did for Fortnite. Hypothetically, if Chrome were to block users from accessing websites like Parler at the browser level, then that would be worrisome, as Chrome controls 63% of the browser market (while still noting that users can download alternative browsers such as Firefox or Brave).
On the bottom layer, one troubling story is what an internet service provider did in rural Idaho: YourT1Wifi.com, an internet service provider based in Priest River, Idaho, decided to block access to Twitter and Facebook after some of its customers complained about the platforms banning President Trump. That's why large ISPs have committed themselves to net neutrality principles that would require no blocking, and why we need net neutrality legislation that would require no blocking without going through Title II at the FCC. It's also why it's good news that Elon Musk's Starlink, a satellite broadband service, is already in public beta.
The bottom layer includes services that would be harder for social media platforms to replicate on their own: utilities (e.g., electricity, natural gas, water, sewage, telephone), internet service providers (ISPs), content delivery networks (CDNs), the Domain Name System (DNS), credit card companies (Visa and MasterCard), cloud providers (e.g., AWS, Azure, Google Cloud) and other payment systems (e.g., Stripe, PayPal, etc.). It would be very hard for a business to lay its own internet fiber, build its own electrical grid, or create an alternative to the Domain Name System. Utilities are especially powerful because they have a lot of local market power (often they're a de facto monopoly in a community). By contrast, payment processors and cloud providers compete in global markets that are highly competitive, giving companies alternative options if they're banned by one service provider. Generally speaking, we should be more wary of imposing liability on this layer of the tech stack for what users post on social media. Instead, policy should hew towards neutrality (with exceptions for illegal activity).
10. When should we require neutrality?
Following the framework detailed above, Apple and Google banning Parler from their app stores is a bigger deal than Facebook and Twitter banning Trump from their platforms. And what occurred in the infrastructure layer (i.e., AWS banning Parler and Stripe banning the Trump Campaign) is a bigger deal than what the app stores did. That means we should closely examine the AWS and Stripe cases to make sure these are indeed competitive markets.
First, AWS does not have a monopoly on cloud services (it has a 32% market share). Gab, a free speech social media platform with zero censorship and lots of Nazis, and PornHub, a website that needs no explanation, both operate without relying on the Google and Apple app stores or AWS for cloud services. Parler put itself in this situation by relying on a risk-averse mainstream cloud provider when there were numerous other options for hosting (including self-hosting). (The latest news is the Parler is now switching over to Epik, the cloud provider that hosts Gab). The same is true for Stripe, which only has an 18% market share. While the payment processor is part of the infrastructure layer, there are dozens of other competitors in the market that are available to the Trump Campaign. If these companies in the infrastructure layer had been monopolies, policymakers should have stepped in to enforce a neutrality standard.
Twitter & FB ban accounts. "It's not censorship, you can create your own app."
Then Google & Apple ban apps. "It's not censorship, create your own website."
Then Amazon bans web hosting. "It's not censorship, create your own..."
What? Your own internet? Just so you can tweet?
— David Sacks (@DavidSacks) January 10, 2021
David Sacks, an entrepreneur and venture capitalist, expressed a common sentiment among those displeased with the recent bans by Big Tech: If individuals or apps get banned at every layer of the tech stack — from consumer-facing apps down to infrastructure services — then there is no recourse for those who have been deplatformed. But that's not actually true. If a user gets banned from Facebook or Twitter, there are numerous alt-tech social media platforms they can join. And after Parler was banned from the Google Play Store and the Apple App Store, it could still be accessed directly from a browser on the open web (or downloaded from a sideloaded app store on Android devices).
As David Ulevitch, a venture capitalist at Andreessen Horowitz, pointed out, even AWS doesn't "hold the keys to the internet." There are dozens of other cloud providers, and many companies still self-host using their own servers on-premise (traditional on-prem spending exceeded cloud spending until just last year). While it might be preferable for infrastructure companies to remain neutral (and they might welcome a law taking the decision off their hands), in competitive segments of the infrastructure layer we shouldn't be too worried about companies exercising their right to not do business with reckless social media platforms.
Somewhat overlooked in this whole debate is that it's not just Big Tech that's turned on Trump and his supporters. Virtually all of corporate America has decided enough is enough. The Wall Street Journal is collecting an ongoing list of corporations that have paused PAC donations to politicians. It's up to more than 50 corporations and includes every household name you can think of, from AT&T to Boeing to Walmart. The most common targets of corporate ire are Trump and the Republican members of Congress that objected to the certification of the Electoral College. The House of Representatives just voted to impeach the president for a second time. Maybe this whole debate is missing the forest for the trees — maybe it's about way more than Big Tech?
It's also worth caveating that much of the foregoing analysis will look very different depending on whether law enforcement and national security agencies have been in direct contact with the tech companies regarding imminent threats of violence. If that's the case, then I think many of the tech platforms decisions look different (save for the decisions to ban Trump). In that context, they wouldn't be exercising their own discretion over what speech should or should not be allowed on their platforms so much as responding to an implicit or explicit government order. Given the lack of publicly available information right now, we can't know for sure what the government did or did not tell the tech companies.
At the end of the day, these are complicated issues. Here are the bottom-line takeaways:
Social media apps and websites can survive without depending on Big Tech (many alt-tech sites already do).
Trump may be banned from Facebook and Twitter, but he's still the president of the United States and he has not been silenced.
Banning right-wing extremists or those who incite violence is not a slippery slope toward an Orwellian dystopia, and it's certainly not a civil rights issue.
No, Big Tech is not more powerful than the government; the government can tax you, imprison you, and kill you.
A private company can't violate your First Amendment rights, but it can restrict your ability to speak freely.
Repealing Section 230 would not solve any of these issues; nationalizing the companies in question would cause even more problems.
Twitter should ban both Trump and the Supreme Leader of Iran from its platform (and CCP propaganda).
This is not about just Big Tech — most large corporations no longer want to be associated with Trump, Parler, or the Republicans who objected to the certification of the Electoral College.
Despite all this, the US still values free speech more than any other country in the world.
How the US can solve the global vaccine shortfall
We need to rapidly expand vaccine manufacturing around the world — are IP suspensions the best way to do it?
Caleb Watney Apr 7, 2021 • 17 min read
The Tradeoff Between Openness and Trust in Digital Marketplaces
On Wednesday, the Arizona House of Representatives passed a bill that would require Google and Apple to allow Arizona-based app developers to choose their own alternate payment systems — and thus avoid the 15 to 30% commissions the app stores typically charge. This legislation follows on the heels of antitrust lawsuits
Alec Stapp Mar 5, 2021 • 7 min read
Cracks in the Great Stagnation
For the last 60 years, we've seen consistently low productivity growth rates in the US and across the Western world. Meanwhile, recent scientific discoveries seem to be less fundamental to our understanding of the world than previous breakthroughs have been. While the growth of digital technology has been tremendous
Caleb Watney Nov 23, 2020 • 8 min read
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Home / Guest Hollow's High School Biology Online Textbook / 16.2 Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves
16.2 Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves
Outline the structure, function, and growth of roots.
Give an overview of stem diversity and how stems function and grow.
Describe leaf variation, and explain how leaves make food and change seasonally.
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tissue that provides a rough, woody external covering on the stems of trees
deciduous plant
type of plant that seasonally loses its leaves to reduce water loss during the cold or dry season each year and grows new leaves later in the year
evergreen plant
type of plant that keeps its leaves and stays green year-round
fibrous root
threadlike root that makes up part of the fibrous root system of some plants
mesophyll
specialized tissue inside plant leaves where photosynthesis takes place
root hair
tiny hairlike structure that extends from an epidermal cell of a plant root and increases the surface area for absorption
root system
all the roots of a plant, including primary roots and secondary roots
stomata (singular, stoma)
tiny pore in the epidermis of a plant leaf that controls transpiration and gas exchange with the air
single, thick primary root that characterizes the root system of some plants
Plants have specialized organs that help them survive and reproduce in a great diversity of habitats. Major organs of most plants include roots, stems, and leaves.
Roots are important organs in all vascular plants. Most vascular plants have two types of roots: primary roots that grow downward and secondary roots that branch out to the side. Together, all the roots of a plant make up a root system.
Root Systems
There are two basic types of root systems in plants: taproot systems and fibrous root systems. Both are illustrated in Figure below.
Taproot systems feature a single, thick primary root, called the taproot, with smaller secondary roots growing out from the sides. The taproot may penetrate as many as 60 meters (almost 200 feet) below the ground surface. It can plumb very deep water sources and store a lot of food to help the plant survive drought and other environmental extremes. The taproot also anchors the plant very securely in the ground.
Fibrous root systems have many small branching roots, called fibrous roots, but no large primary root. The huge number of threadlike roots increases the surface area for absorption of water and minerals, but fibrous roots anchor the plant less securely.
Dandelions have taproot systems; grasses have fibrous root systems.
Root Structures and Functions
As shown in Figure below, the tip of a root is called the root cap. It consists of specialized cells that help regulate primary growth of the root at the tip. Above the root cap is primary meristem, where growth in length occurs.
A root is a complex organ consisting of several types of tissue. What is the function of each tissue type?
Above the meristem, the rest of the root is covered with a single layer of epidermal cells. These cells may have root hairs that increase the surface area for the absorption of water and minerals from the soil. Beneath the epidermis is ground tissue, which may be filled with stored starch. Bundles of vascular tissues form the center of the root. Waxy layers waterproof the vascular tissues so they don't leak, making them more efficient at carrying fluids. Secondary meristem is located within and around the vascular tissues. This is where growth in thickness occurs.
The structure of roots helps them perform their primary functions. What do roots do? They have three major jobs: absorbing water and minerals, anchoring and supporting the plant, and storing food.
Absorbing water and minerals: Thin-walled epidermal cells and root hairs are well suited to absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The roots of many plants also have a mycorrhizal relationship with fungi for greater absorption.
Anchoring and supporting the plant: Root systems help anchor plants to the ground, allowing plants to grow tall without toppling over. A tough covering may replace the epidermis in older roots, making them ropelike and even stronger. As shown in Figure below, some roots have unusual specializations for anchoring plants.
Storing food: In many plants, ground tissues in roots store food produced by the leaves during photosynthesis. The bloodroot shown in Figure below stores food in its roots over the winter.
Mangrove roots are like stilts, allowing mangrove trees to rise high above the water. The trunk and leaves are above water even at high tide. A bloodroot plant uses food stored over the winter to grow flowers in the early spring.
Root Growth
Roots have primary and secondary meristems for growth in length and width. As roots grow longer, they always grow down into the ground. Even if you turn a plant upside down, its roots will try to grow downward. How do roots "know" which way to grow? How can they tell down from up? Specialized cells in root caps are able to detect gravity. The cells direct meristem in the tips of roots to grow downward toward the center of Earth. This is generally adaptive for land plants. Can you explain why?
As roots grow thicker, they can't absorb water and minerals as well. However, they may be even better at transporting fluids, anchoring the plant, and storing food (see Figure below).
Secondary growth of sweet potato roots provides more space to store food. Roots store sugar from photosynthesis as starch. What other starchy roots do people eat?
In vascular plants, stems are the organs that hold plants upright so they can get the sunlight and air they need. Stems also bear leaves, flowers, cones, and secondary stems. These structures grow at points called nodes (shown in Figure below). At each node, there is a bud of meristem tissue that can divide and specialize to form a particular structure.
The stem of a vascular plant has nodes where leaves and other structures may grow.
Another vital function of stems is transporting water and minerals from roots to leaves and carrying food from leaves to the rest of the plant. Without this connection between roots and leaves, plants could not survive high above ground in the air. In many plants, stems also store food or water during cold or dry seasons.
Stems show variation because many stems are specialized. Figure below shows examples of stem specialization. With specialized stems, plants can exploit a diversity of niches in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems.
Stem specializations such as these let plants grow in many different habitats.
Stem Tissues and Functions
Like roots, the stems of vascular plants are made of dermal, vascular, and ground tissues.
A single-celled layer of epidermis protects and waterproofs the stem and controls gas exchange.
In trees, some of the epidermal tissue is replaced by bark. Bark is a combination of tissues that provides a tough, woody external covering on the stems of trees. The inner part of bark is alive and growing; the outer part is dead and provides strength, support, and protection.
Ground tissue forms the interior of the stem. The large central vacuoles of ground tissue cells fill with water to support the plant. The cells may also store food.
Bundles of vascular tissue run through the ground tissue of a stem and transport fluids. Plants may vary in how these bundles are arranged.
Stem Growth
The stems of all vascular plants get longer through primary growth. This occurs in primary meristem at the tips and nodes of the stems. Most stems also grow in thickness through secondary growth. This occurs in secondary meristem, which is located in and around the vascular tissues. Secondary growth forms secondary vascular tissues and bark. In many trees, the yearly growth of new vascular tissues results in an annual growth ring like the one in Figure below. When a tree is cut down, the rings in the trunk can be counted to estimate the tree's age.
The number of rings in this cross-section of tree trunk show how many years the tree lived. What does each ring represent?
Leaves are the keys not only to plant life but to all terrestrial life. The primary role of leaves is to collect sunlight and make food by photosynthesis. Despite the fundamental importance of the work they do, there is great diversity in the leaves of plants. However, given the diversity of habitats in which plants live, it's not surprising that there is no single best way to collect solar energy for photosynthesis.
Leaf Variation
Leaves may vary in size, shape, and their arrangement on stems. Nonflowering vascular plants have three basic types of leaves: microphylls ("tiny leaves"), fronds, and needles. Figure below describes each type.
Leaf variation in nonflowering plants reflects their evolutionary origins. Can you explain how?
Flowering vascular plants also have diverse leaves. However, the leaves of all flowering plants have two basic parts in common: the blade and petiole (see Figure above). The blade of the leaf is the relatively wide, flat part of the leaf that gathers sunlight and undergoes photosynthesis. The petiole is the part that attaches the leaf to a stem of the plant. This occurs at a node.
Flowering plant leaves vary in how the leaves are arranged on the stem and how the blade is divided. This is illustrated in Figure below. Generally, the form and arrangement of leaves maximizes light exposure while conserving water, reducing wind resistance, or benefiting the plant in some other way in its particular habitat.
Leaves arranged in whorls encircle upright stems at intervals. They collect sunlight from all directions.
Leaves arranged in basal rosettes take advantage of warm temperatures near the ground.
Leaves arranged in alternate or opposing pairs collect light from above. They are typically found on plants with a single, upright stem.
The blades of simple leaves are not divided. This provides the maximum surface area for collecting sunlight.
The blades of compound leaves are divided into many smaller leaflets. This reduces wind resistance and water loss.
Leaf variation in flowering plants may include variations in the arrangement of leaves and the divisions of the blade.
Factories for Photosynthesis
You can think of a single leaf as a photosynthesis factory. A factory has specialized machines to produce a product. It's also connected to a transportation system that supplies it with raw materials and carries away the finished product. In all these ways, a leaf resembles a factory. The cross section of a leaf in Figure below lets you look inside a leaf "factory."
There's more to a leaf than meets the eye. Can you identify the functions of each of the labeled structures in the diagram?
A leaf consists of several different kinds of specialized tissues that work together to make food by photosynthesis. The major tissues are mesophyll, veins, and epidermis.
Mesophyll makes up most of the leaf's interior. This is where photosynthesis occurs. Mesophyll consists mainly of parenchymal cells with chloroplasts.
Veins are made primarily of xylem and phloem. They transport water and minerals to the cells of leaves and carry away dissolved sugar.
The epidermis of the leaf consists of a single layer of tightly-packed dermal cells. They secrete waxy cuticle to prevent evaporation of water from the leaf. The epidermis has tiny pores called stomata (singular, stoma) that control transpiration and gas exchange with the air. Figure below explains how stomata carry out this vital function.
For photosynthesis, stomata must control the transpiration of water vapor and the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Stomata are flanked by guard cells that swell or shrink by taking in or losing water through osmosis. When they do, they open or close the stomata.
Seasonal Changes in Leaves
Even if you don't live in a place where leaves turn color in the fall, no doubt you've seen photos of their "fall colors" (see Figure below). The leaves of many plants turn from green to other, glorious colors during autumn each year. The change is triggered by shorter days and cooler temperatures. Leaves respond to these environmental stimuli by producing less chlorophyll. This allows other leaf pigments—such as oranges and yellows—to be seen.
A deciduous tree goes through dramatic seasonal changes each year. Can you identify the seasons in the photo? If you can't, then you need to go back to kindergarten, lol. Seriously, who writes that type of question in a high school biology book? 😉
Tree – 4 Seasons | Aerial
A Forest Year
After leaves turn color in the fall, they may all fall off the plant for the winter. Plants that shed their leaves seasonally each year are called deciduous plants. Shedding leaves is a strategy for reducing water loss during seasons of extreme dryness. On the downside, the plant must grow new leaves in the spring, and that takes a lot of energy and matter. Some plants may "bank" energy over the winter by storing food. That way, they are ready to grow new leaves as soon as spring arrives.
Evergreen plants have a different strategy for adapting to seasonal dryness. They don't waste energy and matter growing new leaves each year. Instead, they keep their leaves and stay green year-round. However, to reduce water loss, they have needle-like leaves with very thick cuticle. On the downside, needle-like leaves reduce the surface area for collecting sunlight. This is one reason that needles may be especially rich in chlorophyll, as you can see from the dark green pine needles in Figure below. This is also an important adaptation for low levels of sunlight, allowing evergreens to live far from the equator.
Compare the color of the evergreen needles and the deciduous leaf. Why is the darker color of the needles adaptive?
Roots absorb water and minerals and transport them to stems. They also anchor and support a plant, and store food. A root system consists of primary and secondary roots. Each root is made of dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Roots grow in length and width from primary and secondary meristem.
Stems hold plants upright, bear leaves and other structures, and transport fluids between roots and leaves. Like roots, stems contain dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Trees have woody stems covered with bark.
The primary function of leaves is to collect sunlight and make food by photosynthesis. Specialized tissues in leaves work together to perform this function. In a deciduous plant, leaves seasonally turn color and fall off the plant. They are replaced with new leaves later in the year. An evergreen plant keeps its green leaves year-round. It may have needle-like leaves to reduce water loss.
Lesson Review Questions
1. What are root hairs? What is their role?
2. Identify three major functions of roots.
3. Describe two types of specialized stems. What is each type of stem specialized for?
4. What is bark? What purposes does it serve?
5. Name the two main parts of an angiosperm leaf. What is the function of each part?
6. Identify strategies used by deciduous and evergreen plants to adapt to seasonal dryness.
Apply Concepts
7. Apply lesson concepts to predict how the stem of a desert plant might be specialized for its environment.
8. Devise a model to demonstrate the concept that simple and compound leaves differ in the amount of light they absorb.
Think Critically
9. Contrast a taproot system with a fibrous root system.
10. Explain how roots "know" which way to grow.
11. Relate leaf variation to environmental variation.
12. Explain how a leaf is like a factory.
In this lesson you read about the diversity of roots, stems, and leaves. The life cycles of plants are also diverse.
What do you already know about the life cycle of plants? What type of life cycle do plants have?
Predict how the life cycles of different plants might vary. For example, how might the life cycle of seed plants differ from the life cycle of seedless vascular plants?
Previous: Plant Tissue and Growth
Next: Variation in Plant Life Cycles
Licensed under
CK-12 Foundation is licensed under Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0)"
• Terms of Use • Attribution
Changes/edits were made to the original ck12 biology text by Guest Hollow. Changes are not endorsed by ck12 in any way.
3 thoughts on "16.2 Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and Leaves"
WhizPartyDoge
Y there no videos??
I'll have to see if I can find a good video for this chapter. 🙂 Let me know if you come across a good one I can post!


text:
Q: Make only a specific part to cause scroll movement in scrollview To summarize what I am trying to accomplish I sketched this diagram:

I am trying to build a custom navigation. In this navigation, I have a main page. Above this main page there sits another page, not visible to the user yet (as the main page fills the whole screen). The main page has scrollable content on it.
There is one component at the top of the main page, that the user can drag to swipe the other/upper page down.
What I have tried so far to accomplish this
I already have an implementation, that works but has some drawbacks.

*

*The most outer ScrollView has scrollEnabled=false

*The draggable component is an Animated.View to which I applied a PanResponder to

*Once the user clicks and drags the draggable component down, the PanResponder captures this movement

*I use the captured movement and do outerScrollView.scrollTo(...)
--> on iOS this works fine but on android I see some small jittering during the scroll movement.

The code:
interface Props extends ScrollViewProps {
  draggableHeader: ReactNode;
}

const { width, height } = Dimensions.get("window");

export const SwipingNavigator: React.FC<Props> = (props) => {
  const scrollView = useRef<ScrollView>();

  const scrollToMainPage = (animated = true): void =>
    scrollView.current.scrollTo({ x: 0, y: height, animated });

  const scrollToUpperPage = (): void =>
    scrollView.current.scrollTo({
      y: 0,
      x: 0,
      animated: true,
    });

 //when component mounts, scroll to main page
  useEffect(() => {
    scrollToMainPage(false);
  }, []);

  const panResponder = useRef(
    PanResponder.create({
      onMoveShouldSetPanResponder: (e, gestureState) => gestureState.dy > 3,
      //move the content as the user drags the header
      onPanResponderMove: ({ nativeEvent }) => {
        scrollView.current.scrollTo({
          y: height - nativeEvent.pageY + 40,
          x: 0,
          animated: false,
        });
      },
      onPanResponderEnd: ({ nativeEvent }) => {
        //detect to which page the user wants to scroll -> snap effect
        if (nativeEvent.pageY < height / 3) {
          scrollToMainPage();
        } else {
          scrollToUpperPage();
        }
      },
    })
  ).current;

  //assuming child 1 is the main page, child 0 the upper page
  return (
    <ScrollView
      ref={scrollView}
      scrollEnabled={false}
      bounces={false}
      pagingEnabled={true}
      disableScrollViewPanResponder={true}
      showsVerticalScrollIndicator={false}
      {...props}
      style={globalStyles.flex1}>
      {props.children[0]}
      <View style={styles.fs}>
        <Animated.View {...panResponder.panHandlers}>
          {props.draggableHeader}
        </Animated.View>
        {props.children[1]}
      </View>
    </ScrollView>
  );
};

const styles = StyleSheet.create({
  fs: {
    flex: 1,
    width,
    height,
  },
});

As already said: the main issue is that it doesn't look that great on android performance-wise + this is probably not the best solution.
Scrolling down from the other page isn't a concern, as it will have a "close"-button.
Other ideas I had
I thought about using the Pan/Gesture-Handler of the draggable component and "inject" this to the ScrollView. So that the scroll view will only detect movements from this panhandler.
I am currently just stuck and I appreciate every new input you can give to me.
Thanks in advance for your help :)
// Edit:
here is the snack: https://snack.expo.io/@hannojg/surprised-bacon
Unfortunately, on expo, it looks butter smooth on android. However, rendering the main page on a real device with RN make the scrolling look different on android.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In all cases where custody or parenting time/visitation is an issue, the court may, on the application of either party or the child or children in a custody or parenting time/visitation dispute, or on its own motion, appoint counsel on behalf of the child or children. Counsel shall be an attorney licensed to practice in the courts of the State of New Jersey and shall serve as the child's lawyer. The appointment of counsel should occur when the trial court concludes that a child's best interest is not being sufficiently protected by the attorneys for the parties. Counsel may, on an interim basis or at the conclusion of the litigation, apply for an award of fees and costs with an appropriate affidavit of services, and the trial court shall award fees and costs, assessing same against either or both of the parties.


text:
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Accueil > Philippines > Palawan > El Nido Beach SPA & Resort
El Nido Beach SPA & Resort Palawan
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Can You Do Business NetWorking On The Net?
Can you do business NetWorking on the Internet? If your definition of NetWorking is obtaining business for yourself or others, the answer is yes!
I found myself in the unfortunate position of fighting with my Insurance company on whether or not my Saab was totaled, and the value of it.
And more... I posted my request for help to the assorted bulletin boards. I got some good advice etc.... I was directed to a book called the "Old Car Price Guide"... In short I proved my point to the insurance company.
Also one reader to the bulletin boards asked me for my mechanic's name. She lived in my area and had been going from Saab Dealer to Saab Dealer... Pouring money into the car, and not getting the problem fixed. I gave her the info on my mechanic. She went over to the shop, and in less then an hour was a happy Saab owner with a car working as it should.
So lets recap. I used the bulletin boards to get advice and assistance. I got it. I was also able to give out a referral. Sounds a lot like NetWorking to me.
Next time you're looking to NetWork, don't over look the biggest NetWork of them all. The Internet!


text:
The Failed Portrayal of General Grievous: A Critique of the Star Wars: The Clone Wars Animated Series
Ross Ortiz
Star Wars General Grievous
HessianForHire
It is clear that General Grievous, the cyborg commander of the Separatist army in the Star Wars saga, holds a special place in the hearts of fans. However, the portrayal of this beloved character in the Star Wars: The Clone Wars animated series, particularly in its early seasons, is a disappointment.
Dave Filoni - Creator
Series creator, Dave Filoni, is an adept storyteller, but his depiction of General Grievous falls short of expectations. The issue with Filoni's portrayal is that while he mentions the character's supposed brilliance and cleverness off-screen, he fails to depict these traits on-screen.
The battles of Saleucami and Kamino are prime examples of this misstep. In action, we see the General make questionable decisions instead of the strategic prowess promised.
robertschoenholz via Pixabay
Certain elements must be incorporated to capture the character's essence and make him a compelling villain. Firstly, Grievous must be portrayed as a formidable and intimidating figure, capable of defeating Jedi and bringing the Republic to its knees.
His battles with Obi-Wan Kenobi should be depicted as a game of advanced chess, with both characters utilizing clever tactics. The rivalry between the two should be well-established and credible. Anakin Skywalker and Grievous should not meet until Episode III: Revenge of the Sith.
Additionally, Grievous should be portrayed as multifaceted, possessing strengths and weaknesses. He should be shown as a brilliant military strategist and feared Jedi hunter, but also as cruel, aggressive, and ruthless, with a reputation for mercilessness during the Clone Wars.
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These negative traits should be highlighted as his flaws. He should also be depicted as a capable commander, not just talked about as one. Lastly, the Republic should not be portrayed as weak, as it would detract from the story's intrigue.
Furthermore, the character design in the series is also a disappointment, failing to capture the intimidating and imposing appearance integral to the character. Additionally, General Grievous is not depicted as a skilled duelist, a crucial aspect of the character as established in the movies.
What About the Fans?
It is a disservice to fans and the Star Wars franchise to present such a subpar portrayal of such an iconic character. As an author with a reputation for excellence and attention to detail, I demand that future depictions of General Grievous do justice to the rich potential of this beloved character.
The creators and writers must take the time to accurately and respectfully portray this iconic character and not rush or neglect the development of such an important figure in the Star Wars universe. The fans deserve nothing less than a fully fleshed-out and compelling portrayal of General Grievous, which is true to the character's established backstory and motivations.
As a lover of the Star Wars franchise, it is difficult to stand by and watch as this beloved character is reduced to a mere shadow of his potential. The fans deserve better, and I hope that the creators of The Clone Wars will take note of these criticisms and work to improve the portrayal of General Grievous in future seasons.
I believe that with the incorporation of these elements, General Grievous will once again become the iconic and compelling villain that fans have come to know and love.
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Environment>Innovation
Vegan Saudi Prince Khaled Alwaleed Invests to Protect Jordan's Service Animals, Introducing Electric Cars
Vegan Saudi Arabian Prince Khaled Alwaleed signed a memo earlier this week in support of improved conditions for service animals used to pull carriages in the historical city of Petra, Jordan. In addition to ensuring improved conditions for animals, the prince hopes to introduce electric vehicles to carry visitors, reports local news source Jordan Times.
Alwaleed, representing his venture capital firm KBW Investments, along with Falah Omous, Chief Commissioner of The Petra Development and Tourism Region Authority (PDTRA), aim to put in place measures that would raise awareness of animal welfare in the community. The programs would help to ensure the proper treatment of animals such as horses, donkeys, and camels.
The programs would draw from Islamic teachings regarding compassion towards animals. Tourism Minister Lina Annab added that the measures would bolster the ministry's efforts to strengthen protections and noted that animal mistreatment is also a crime under Jordanian law. Representatives of the local authority and community have also pledged to do their part in bettering the lives of service animals as civilian inspectors.
"I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to His Royal Highness Prince Khalid bin Al Waleed Bin Talal Al Saud and to all those who worked for his illustrious organization KBW in Jordan, who gave us a great deal of generosity and kindness, stressing their keenness to address this problem radically," said Issa Gammoh, secretary general of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities.
Under the programs, Alwaleed would support the city of Petra in developing shelters and clinics for the city's service animals as well as aid in ensuring that all staff members receive proper training. Clinics will all be equipped with the necessary technology, a medical record system, and all animals will receive periodic check-ups.
??? PDTRA and #KBW_Ventures sign proposal to contribute to Petra site restoration and protect working animals with the aim of supporting the Jordanian tourism sector. More details in the link then the bio ??? . PDTRA و KBW Ventures يوقعان اتفاقية لترميم موقع البتراء ، وحماية الحيوانات العاملة؛و دعم قطاع السياحة الأردني مزيد من المعلوماندت في الرابط على البايو. . #crueltyfree
A post shared by Khaled Alwaleed (@khaledalwaleed) on Jul 15, 2018 at 2:44pm PDT
Other improvements include prohibiting carriage drivers from forcing service animals to walk on dangerous paths or carry heavy loads, as well as campaigns to raise awareness of animal welfare and stronger efforts to enforce current laws. Water stations will also be built, to provide fresh water to carriage animals throughout the city. Omoush expressed appreciation for the vegan prince's efforts in helping the ancient city of Petra strengthen its animal rights protections.
Earlier this year, international animal rights group PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) launched a campaign that revealed the ongoing mistreatment of service animals in Petra. Video footage and photographs showed that horses, donkeys, and camels were subjected to routine abuse and were left with untreated wounds caused by tight saddles and harnesses. Animals were forced to carry visitors without access to shade or water in spite of the city's high temperatures.
Alwaleed has been a strong proponent of animal rights and has spearheaded several welfare-related efforts through his venture capital firm, KBW Ventures. Last April, the vegan prince announced that the Saudi Arabian capital, Riyadh, would be home to an animated fishless aquarium as soon as 2020. Alwaleed is also leading an effort to open 10 vegan restaurants across the Middle East. Through KBW Ventures, Alwaleed invests in a variety of new technologies, including construction, automation, and clean meat in an effort to modernize the Middle East, reduce animal suffering, and to help build a sustainable future.
The memo did not note whether Petra's new electric vehicle program will eventually replace carriage animals entirely.
Image Credit: Khaled bin Alwaleed


Come with me to the hills outside San Francisco, where the sunset light casts rainbows and the air smells like smoked wood and the valley glows at dusk.
When Whitney asked me to come to shoot her wedding in California, I was just as excited at the prospect of working for her as I was about traveling to San Francisco (one of my favorite places). She's a professional event planner (a total dream come true for a wedding photographer!), and I knew everything would be perfectly planned and go off without a hitch.
What I didn't bank on was how much fun I would have at this wedding! With a history in the theater, Whitney and Colin chose the California Shakespeare Theater as their venue, which was surreal and beautiful place to shoot. The family dog was there in a tux, grandma was cracking jokes, and somebody cracked open some Japanese Whiskey. As expected, their friends were super fun, everyone danced, and the convergence of two big families was obviously a really special thing for both of them. It was a neat thing to be a part of.


In a large bowl, cream butter and sugar until light and fluffy. Add eggs, one at a time, beating well after each addition. Beat in vanilla. Combine dry ingredients; gradually add to the creamed mixture alternately with water, beating well after each addition. Pour into two greased and floured 9-in. round baking pans.
Bake at 350° for 25-30 minutes or until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean. Cool in pans for 10 minutes before removing to wire racks to cool completely.
Freeze one layer for future use. Set aside 1 tablespoon frosting. Frost top and sides of remaining cake.
Place cake in the center of a large round tray (about 18 in.) Arrange chocolate chips on top of cake. Place sponge cakes around cake. Mix reserved frosting with milk; drizzle over sponge cakes. Decorate with bees if desired.
1 each: 415 calories, 17g fat (7g saturated fat), 53mg cholesterol, 441mg sodium, 65g carbohydrate (51g sugars, 1g fiber), 4g protein.
I have made this cake for potluck dinners at church and family reunions.Kids and adults alike just love it. I never come home with any.
I made this cake today for a new family that just moved into the neighborhood. It's a step up from a regular cake. The twinkies are perfect for the kids or for those hungry moving guys who don't have time to slice a piece of cake. It was so easy to make too!


A day in the life with Spencer the American Pit Bull Terrier puppy. Spencer's first week—10 weeks old, 17 pounds, 12 inches from the ground to the highest point of the shoulders (the withers).
Before I left to get Spencer I prepared my pack at home (Bruno the boxer, Tundra and Tacoma the Great Pyrenees) by taking them for a long walk. The walk drains their energy and calms their minds.
The kids and I had pin-pointed Spencer from looking at pictures over email, however I also knew I wanted the most submissive puppy in the litter and the breeder was willing to let me pick. When we walked in and looked at the puppies they all became very excited, jumping at the side of the cage and whining. All but one pup that calmly remained in the back, not caring to push his way past his siblings. His tail was not between his legs. He looked relaxed. He did not look afraid, nor did he look shy. I would not have wanted to choose a pup that had any of those traits either. I asked the breeder which puppy was the one we were eyeing up over the emails and he said it was the one in the back. I took that pup out of the crate and placed him on the floor for a bit to see what he would do. His tail started to wag and he started to explore. When the breeder stated he had always been like that I knew he was the one. PERFECT! It could not have worked out any better. The fact that Spencer was not bothering to get in front of his littermates, and remained calm through all of the excitement told me that he was the pick of the litter for me. The most calm, submissive puppy in the bunch! Oftentimes people choose the pup that is the most forward, the one that jumps off the chair first, the one that explores first, the one pushing in front to see them. They take it as the dog being smart and loving them. Yes the pup may be smart, but it is also the most dominant. The leader. Follower dogs are much easier to handle and do better with children, challenging humans less. The puppy who calmly hangs back with his tail relaxed is the more submissive one of the bunch.
When bringing Spencer home I do not just carry him into the car, I allow him to walk in by himself when he feels ready. It takes time, however it is the best way to make a dog secure about riding in a car. Spencer is too small to just jump in, so I help him up by placing his front paws on the car entranceway. I then support his back legs and wait for him to decide to walk into the car. I could have used a treat, but Spencer took the steps into the car on his own. I then waited until he relaxed before I got in and closed the door.
On the way home had Spencer been anxious, whining or unsure I would not have been able to pet or hold him. Giving him affection when he was unsure or upset would have intensified his feelings, as the affection would have been like saying "Good boy for feeling that way." However Spencer was relaxed and calm and did very well on the way home.
When it is time to get out of the car for the first time we take it slow. I help Spencer move through the motions of jumping out of the car, careful not to really allow him to jump, as he is still too small to jump that high a distance.
Bruno meets Spencer for the first time. I quickly unsnapped Spencer's leash, as dogs often do better at an introduction if they are free to move around.
Bruno the Boxer allows Spencer to smell his rear, a ritual dogs use to get to know one another. By smelling another dog like this is like reading a book about the other dog. They can tell what they ate, where they have been, how or what they have been around and touched and if they are male or female, among other things.
Spencer quickly decides that he really likes Bruno the Boxer. Over and over again when Spencer starts to feel not so sure about something he turns to Bruno, follows him and quickly gets over his insecurity.
Pumpkin (aka Lumpy) has his eye on this new pup. Spencer, on the other hand, does not see the cat, yet.
Spencer and Lumpy meet face to face for the first time. Lumpy puts Spencer in his place and lets him know cats are nothing to be messing around with. Spencer gets a swat in the face. Several other cats swat him in the face and Spencer backs away.
"Look little buddy, the best piece of advice I can give you is to leave those cats alone. They're nothing you want to be messing with. They can get evil, ya see."
"See that cat there, Spence, I don't recommend you go messing with her. She's one of the tougher ones."
Spencer spots Oreo under the car.
Spencer meets Sylvester, one of the more mellow cats who is much more tolerant of newcomers. Sylvester is gracious enough to allow Spencer to really get to know him by smelling his back end.
…but quickly decides he does not want to challenge the cat. Score for the kitty.
Spencer spots Oreo the cat in the bushes.
He decides to leave her alone.
Later Spencer spots Oreo under the car.
Once again he decides to leave the cat alone, focusing his attention on his new buddy Bruno the Boxer.
The cats decide that this new pup is a piece of cake.
Bruno and I heard a funny noise. I was not sure what it was, but Bruno took off toward the sound and I followed him. We found Spencer whining, wanting to come up the porch steps. He was trying his hardest. Bruno stood there watching him. I knew if he tried hard enough he could do it and I also knew that if I just helped him up it would block him from gaining confidence. Mother dogs do not help their pups with every little obstacle; they allow them to venture on their own, learning and exploring.
Sure enough, Spencer did it on his own!
What a handsome Pit puppy.
Spencer finds the water bowl on the porch and starts to take a drink. Bruno the Boxer steps back and watches, giving the pup respect. Right after Spencer is finished Bruno steps forward to have his turn at a drink and Spencer steps back and watches. The respect goes both ways. What a great pack this is going to be.
We want Spencer to be a very secure dog. Therefore we are allowing him to explore at his own slow pace. We do not rush him. We wait until he is good and ready to take that step inside the house.
We call Bruno inside the house so Spencer sees Bruno. Spencer has really taken to Bruno and watches him for direction, following him around. We quietly wait it out and after a bit Spencer decides to step inside.
Once Spencer was inside and appeared relaxed we closed the door, however he then decided he wanted back outside. Once again we quietly waited it out. Waited for him to relax on his own and realize that being inside was a safe place. Spencer soon turns back to us and walks in some more.
The way the crate is introduced will play a big role in how secure Spencer is being in it. The more secure he is the more he will like it.
Spencer is already not sure about being inside the house. To help him along I get a bully stick and let him chew on it. After he gets a taste of it he decides he likes it.
...and toss the stick inside.
Spencer walks into the crate on his own. Had I just put him in there myself, his first experience would not have been as pleasant. Allowing him to explore it on his own gives him the confidence he needs to really feel safe inside of the crate.
As soon as he relaxes I close the door. Bruno's presence helps Spencer relax.
A few hours later, after having Spencer outside playing and exploring, he comes inside the house and walks right into his crate. Success! He decides the crate is his safety place. After all, there is a bully stick in there just waiting for him.
Spencer is not so sure about coming out of his crate and walking on the kitchen floor.
Simply yanking him out will not help to build his confidence and could actually cause him to become insecure. Therefore we give him time. We use Bruno to help lure him out. As soon as he builds up his nerve he starts to come out.
…plops him down with Bruno. Instantly Spencer is calm and relaxed. It's just amazing how one well-balanced dog can help another. If we had not had Bruno we would have put him down all wrapped up in a towel and let time calm him.
We make sure Spencer is calm before cutting his nails. He does a great job.
Spencer pooped and peed in his crate and then slept in it. Oh boy. I didn't hear him yip to go outside. I don't know if he did or not. Bruno was sleeping in a dog bed right next to his crate. He was content. The pen the breeder kept him in had a wire bottom where the waste would fall to a bottom tray. Spence was most likely not used to the waste staying right where he went, not to mention that I should have gotten up to let him out during the night. Time to start setting the alarm. I'll start with every two hours and extend it as I see some kind of pattern. Puppies at this age cannot physically hold it in beyond a certain point of time. I bleached his blanket and the bottom of his crate to get the smell entirely out. I better invest in a lot of spray cleaner and paper towels!
Puppies have to go to the bathroom within five minutes after eating, so I take Spence outside right after he eats every time. Sure enough, he always goes.
Spencer had a long day (see pack walk video) and was exhausted by the end of the night. He was sleeping in the dog bed next to me. I woke him up and took him outside to eliminate and brought him back in. A half-hour later I took him out again and this time let him walk into his crate. I was confident that he no longer had to go to the bathroom. Bruno was in the dog bed in the living room and Spencer's crate is in the kitchen. Spence started to put up a fuss. It was a weekend and it was late, 2:00 a.m. I went up to bed and could hear Spencer having a temper tantrum. There was a bully stick in his crate, but he apparently didn't want to be in there. I waited it out and in about ten minutes all was quiet.
I set my alarm for 5:00 a.m. (three hours from when he last peed) and went to sleep. At 5:00 a.m. I came down and Bruno was in the second dog bed located next to Spencer's crate, Spence was sleeping, his crate was dry. I opened the crate and encouraged him to come out. He carefully stepped out of his crate with his tail going a mile a minute and walked from the kitchen into the living room and out the front door! He followed me to the grass, peed and followed me back to the porch. WOW!
Only having three hours of sleep myself, I decided I didn't want to spend the time to encourage him to walk back to the kitchen so I carried him to the kitchen and set him in front of his crate. He walked in. He loves the crate. The hard part for him is walking inside the house to get to it. This we will be working on in time. (Update: Sara got Spence over his insecurity this same day. See Spencer the Pit Bull getting over his apprehension of indoor hard flooring). He made great progress when he walked from the crate to the front door. I went back to bed until 8:00 a.m., three hours later I took him out to pee again the exact same way. The crate is clean and dry and he walked from the crate to the front door! I may be able to push this time to every four hours. Not sure yet. I'll be testing it out.
Amie just told me that twice in the middle of the night she heard Spencer fuss in his crate and she opened the crate and he ran like the house was on fire from the crate to the front door, over to the grass and peed and pooped. I just might need a baby monitor. The pup wants to go outside. Someone just has to hear him. Way to go Amie and Spencer!
Spencer made it through another night with a dry crate! Instead of setting my alarm I bought a baby monitor so I could hear if he woke up. When it was time for bed I walked Spence out to go to the bathroom. After the pup went I walked back inside the house and to the kitchen with him following me. I used his bully stick to lure him into the crate. When he lay down to chew it I closed the door. As soon as I walked away Spence started fussing, and boy is he loud when he fusses. I knew he did not have to go to the bathroom because he just went.
I didn't want him to think fussing resulted in affection or the crate door opening, so I went to the living room where Bruno was sleeping and told Bruno to come with me in the kitchen. I had Bruno sleep in the dog crate next to Spence's kennel. Spence saw Bruno and calmed down considerably but started to fuss one more time and I sternly "shhhhed" him. Spence stopped fussing and was content with being in his crate next to Bruno, although I know he would have preferred to be in the same dog bed. Had I not had Bruno I would have had to ignore him and wait it out.
At 4:00 a.m. I realized I had not heard a peep from Spencer. I decided to go and let him out anyway. He followed me all the way from the kitchen to the living room front door and to the grass to pee and back inside to the kitchen. He plopped down with Bruno in the dog bed. I had to guide him inside his crate with the bully stick that was next to Bruno. I gave him his bully stick and went back to bed.
At 7:00 a.m. I heard him squeak and I got up to let him out. I notice when I open the front door he does not step outside unless I step outside first. I have seen Amie tell him to wait until she passed through the door first a few times. Since Bruno does this automatically Spencer seems to have picked up on this concept already.
We had a little accident the evening of the third day. Spencer went to the front door and we didn't notice in time, so he peed right in front of the door. I cleaned it up very well with pet deodorizer spray to get the smell out so it does not attract him to do it again.
Spencer's crate was dry once again. I got up in the middle of the night and took him out to potty once. Crate training is going well.
Spencer is a good eater. We feed him three times a day, as much as he can eat in ten minutes. He is always finished before the ten minutes are up. Spencer and Bruno are eating different types of food and Spencer eats more often than Bruno, however when Spencer eats Bruno ignores him. Good boy, Bruno. Respecting the puppy.
It is amazing to watch just how much Bruno helps Spence adjust to all of this new excitement. For example, one of the first times Spencer was in the car he started to shake. He was not sure about being in there. He looked up at Bruno and suddenly his tail started wagging and all was better again.
On the first day home when I would take Spence out to go to the bathroom he seemed unsure about following me down into the yard. However when I took Bruno with me he followed Bruno with confidence, very happily I might add.
Spencer's instinct to follow is strong, stronger than Bruno's was at this age. Bruno had the instinct, but Spence's is stronger. He follows me everywhere and he does not try to pass me. I walk, he comes, I stop, he stops. When I stop walking he sits down right next to my feet and waits. I look down at him and he looks up into my eyes waiting for the next move. I walked him and Bruno to the pond and back off-leash and Spencer followed. That super strong instinct to follow and the attachment to humans is a Pit Bull trait. We are showing him strong leadership and in return he is paying close attention to us to see what we want of him. Pit Bulls will do anything for their owners if they can understand what it is the owners want of them. Owners need to channel that desire to please into something positive.
I wanted to introduce Spencer the Pit Bull to a crate that we were going to use in the car. He had never been in this crate before. I had just cleaned the crate out and the pup got a hold of the paper towels that had cleaner on them. Simply yanking them out of his mouth would have not only not taught him a thing, but he would most likely have thought it was just a game. I had to act and think fast however because of the cleaner to get him to drop it himself. After taking care of the paper towel issue I use this bully stick to lure him into the new crate. Notice how he is focused on the smell of the cleaner and I use this bully stick to redirect his attention to that smell. Then I use the bully stick to associate the crate with something positive. Simply shoving him into the crate may have caused him apprehension about being in the crate.
It was midnight and time for Spence to go to his crate. I took him out for a short walk and a potty break and headed back inside the house. Just like the last two nights I led Spencer to his dog crate in the kitchen. When we got in sight of the crate the little bugger stopped in his tracks and it was as if I could see the wheels spinning in his head; he didn't want to go in the crate. He made a beeline for the living room dog bed, running as fast as he could. He skidded into the bed and lay down really fast, as if he was now safe at home base.
Spence, you little sucker. You may be a smart pup, but I am a little smarter. I body blocked him toward his crate and this time I was ready. When he got to the same spot he tried to do the same beeline back to the dog bed in the living room. Just as he started to run I poked him in the neck with my finger and blocked him. I pointed and told him to get in the crate. He lowered his head and walked into his crate. I passed the leadership test. I am sure there will be many more of these tests to come.
He is just a little guy, 17 pounds and I could have easily just picked him up and put him in his crate. However it was important that I made HIM walk back to his crate on his own, otherwise it was not him giving it up. The difference between leadership and overbearing pushiness on an owner's part is making the dog do what you want on their own, and not physically forcing the dog with your muscle strength. You use your mind, feeling confident and strong inside. If you feel stronger than the dog does, and match his intensity without going too far over, the dog is more likely to listen to you.


text:
Wilminstone is a village in the civil parish of Mary Tavy in the West Devon district of Devon, England. Its nearest town is Tavistock, which lies approximately  south-west of the hamlet. Wilminstone is situated on the C157 a few hundred yards north of the A386; this is also part of National Cycle Route No.27. The River Wallabrooke flows alongside. Just to the north was Wilminstone Quarry, which once provided more than 1,200 tonnes of roadstone per week; it is now abandoned and flooded. Wilminstone stood on the Plymouth, Devonport and South Western Junction Railway line from Bere Alston to Lydford; the line and the station closed in 1968.  The large railway viaduct (Bridge No.652) where the line crossed the Wallabrooke still exists today.

References

External links
Photograph of former Wilminstone Quarry at geograph.org
Wilminstone Railway Viaduct (Bridge No.652) at geograph.org
Wilminstone at Explore Britain

Hamlets in Devon

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia