I would like to know if this is intended or not.
I tried to mark what I'm talking about. It's the quicknav link.
If I change the margin of the .breadBoxTop to this it looks better.
So my question is, is this an accurate fix or does it have some kind of side effect I don't now.
It's actually a bug in page_container, it broke with the Beta 5 release.
Your basically moving the breadcrumb out of the mainContent area.
I didn't knew what your intension was.
Not sure if I'm following you, by default the Core's breadcrumb should be out of the mainContainer. The reason you are putting in the extra CSS above is because it has additional padding from the mainContainer which it's not suppose too. The fix above is going into my next release where it is pushed above the content area at the very top of it.
Ah ok then I will keep your fix.


There is something mythical about Johann Sebastian Bach – for how else can we account for his superhuman mastery of form and substance? Beethoven alone bears comparison, but we are always aware of the struggle and effort, as if the music were hewn out of a rock-face (except perhaps in the late quartets). With JSB the hand never falters, there is no slackening of grip, and the faultless perfection of utterance follows quite naturally, as the dawn follows the darkest night. Is it as a result of this flawlessness that ubiquity, at least in our own age, should follow? After all, Bach is everywhere…..isn't he? Can you live through a week without hearing his music – or a version of it? It is all over popular music, particularly the Beatles; jazz borrows without shame, or acknowledgement; when something bad happens, usually in America, if it is not to Bach they turn, it is to the next composer in the alphabet, Barber; and we lack the space here to cite the close-to 800 examples since 1931 in the cinema, on television – or just selling us stuff – like wooden mobile 'phones.
The Touchwood SH-08C by NTT Docomo, in case you were wondering. Oh, the music? The last movement of the Cantata Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben BWV 147, better known here as 'Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring'.
In 1722 Johann Sebastian Bach applied for the precentorship of Leipzig; he was 38, and although he was third choice, he accepted the post in the following year. The remuneration was derisory, the living conditions cold and damp, and his duties were legion – writing music for four churches was just the start. His other tasks as Cantor comprised teaching music and Latin in the Thomasschule, playing the organ when required, and training and directing musicians to play and sing. He had been living as a widower with his surviving four children, but had recently married his second wife Anna, who eventually produced a further thirteen. To put it mildly, life must have been difficult.
But as so often with creative artists in extremis, some of the greatest music ever written started to flow from his quill. From this period, probably after 1730, came the Flute Sonata in E flat major, BWV 1031. The German pianist Wilhelm Kempff made a number of Bach transcriptions, and here is the sublime Siciliano second movement from BWV 1031, played by probably the Bach pianist of our day, the Canadian Angela Hewitt. Perfect speed, perfect touch – I can't hear this piece, played well, without thinking that perhaps there is a God, after all.
As I suggested last year in a post on the year 1685, the volume of compositions Bach produced beggars belief – even if you discount the work-load described above. Some bright spark has worked out that if a copyist (just copying, not composing) sat down to inscribe all of Bach's music, including all the part-writing undertaken by the composer, it would take 70 years – and Bach died age 65. It took almost 50 years for a team to complete the project of publishing all his music. And against this backdrop it is worth reminding ourselves that almost everything he wrote was note-perfect in every detail [see below].
It is as if none of the weights and measures by which we estimate lesser men, can be applied to this amazing Lutheran: he is just too big, he bursts the bonds of judgement. And, for what it is worth, there is not a single composer since Bach last drew breath in 1750, who actually or theoretically does not seek to emulate him. Think of a composer, Google him, and when the subject of Bach comes up, as it always does, a hat will be removed, and eyes will be lowered. Michelangelo, Aristotle, Shakespeare…..Bach. That looks about right to me.
The six Sonatas and Partitas for solo violin, written around 1730, are technically, intellectually and emotionally the Mount Everest of violin playing, and buried away in their vastness is perhaps the single greatest challenge for a fiddler, the great Chaconne in D minor from the Second Partita. But even this great piece, surrounded as it is by others with a similar claim to our attention, is possessed of the same modesty that permeates all of Bach's output. He never strains to catch our ear: the music is just there. And if you need an example of how well it travels across the years, listen to this version for Mandolin of the Presto final movement of the Sonata in G minor BWV 1001, played by the Californian multi-instrumentalist Chris Thile. With playing of such brilliance and passion, I thought he must be in front of an audience but no, when I leapt to my feet at the end, I was alone.
At the end of each of his cantata scores, Bach appended the initials SDG, Soli Deo Gloria. For this devout, hard working musician, the aim and final end of all music was 'to the Glory of God alone' He sought no more than this, even when his fame began to spread in provincial Germany. His life as a jobbing musician continued, and he discovered that he had miraculously taught himself the fusion of mathematics and poetry.
The chorale preludes strike to the very core of Bach's belief. They fall into four main groups, and among the Schubler Preludes is the rather wonderful Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme BWV 645 Wake, Awake for Night is Passing. It is played here by the Dutch master Ton Koopman, who plays the organ of Saint Mary Cathedral in Freiberg, Saxony, not far from where the music was composed.
Is it possible to think about Bach's Goldberg Variations without thinking about the Canadian virtuoso Glenn Gould? For me it is not. Since his death over thirty years ago, aged just 50, opinions on his playing are as polorized as they ever were. The personal eccenricities have become the stuff of legend; his fondness for gamine Petula Clarke and his detestation of the Beatles' music; his latter perchant for drug-cocktails of Valium, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines etc; singing Mahler to elephants; wearing a thick overcoat, gloves and a cap most of the time – even in Florida, and sometimes when playing piano; and the weird, atonal humming-along to his own playing. And then, just when you think he might be an idiot savant (which perhaps he was), and you are about to ring for the men in white coats, you hear again that extraordinary first recording from 1955, when he was just 23, of BWV 988, the aria and thirty variations that made his name overnight. The speeds are dangerously fast, but……the performance is so imbued with life and vigor, that the listener feels that the pianist is discovering the piece as he goes along – even composing the piece as he goes along which, in a way, he was. As the great Hungarian conductor George Szell once remarked 'That nut is a genius' – this from a man not given to compliments of any kind.
I will be returning to Gould and other pianistic 'nuts' later in the year but, to end today, less than 2 minutes of stupefying brilliance, recorded a year before he died, playing the last movement Gigue from the Partita No 4 BWV 828. George Bush had 'Wow' on the teleprompter, but I don't need a teleprompter – Wow!
Hear hear. As I told Mahlerman off-blog, I saw Angela Hewitt in Bristol (playing Chopin) and she was sublime.
Just in time for Bach's 329th birthday, Mahlerman has given us a wonderful look into this profound and amazing composer. Every composer that followed Bach had to come to grips with with his music and his influence is everywhere. A good test of a composer is how well his music can be transferred to different instruments. Unlike other composers, Bach works on everything from the mandolin to the glass harp to the banjo. Thanks and happy birthday Sebastian.
And perhaps I should mention to Dabblers that by clicking on Michael Lawrence Films you will arrive at Mike's website, at the top of which is his documentary film 'Bach & Friends'. The reviews are pretty effusive, and I believe a copy of this DVD is winging across the Atlantic to me, as I tap these keys.


text:
The 68000 Wars, Part 2: Jack Is Back!
Jack Tramiel, the computer executive most likely to be compared to Darth Vader. I wonder why?
In letting the March 31, 1984, deadline slip away without signing a licensing agreement with Atari, David Morse was taking a crazy risk. If he couldn't find some way of scraping together $500,000 plus interest to repay Atari's loan, Atari could walk away with the Amiga chipset for nothing, and Amiga would almost certainly go bust. All activity at Amiga therefore centered on getting the Lorraine ready for the Summer Consumer Electronic Show in Chicago, scheduled to begin on June 3. Summer CES was to be Amiga's Hail Mary, their last chance to interest somebody — anybody — in what they had to offer enough to plunk down over half a million dollars just for openers, just to keep Atari from making the whole point moot.
By the time Summer CES arrived the Lorraine was a much more refined contraption than the one they had shown at Winter CES back in January, if still a long, long way from being a finished computer. Jay Miner's custom chips had now been miniaturized and stamped into silicon, improving the machine's reliability as much as it reduced its size. The Lorraine's longstanding identity crisis was also now largely a thing of the past, the videogame crash and the example of the Macintosh having convinced everyone that what it ultimately needed to be was a computer, not a game console. Programmers like Carl Sassenrath, Dale Luck, and R.J. Mical had thus already started work on a proper operating system. Amiga's computer was planned to be capable of doing everything the Mac could, but in spectacular color and with multitasking. That dream was, however, still a long way from fruition; the Lorraine could still be controlled only via a connected Sage IV workstation.
Led by software head Bob Pariseau as master of ceremonies, Amiga put on the best show they possibly could inside their invitation-only booth at Summer CES. The speech-synthesis library the software folks had put together was a big crowd-pleaser; spectators delighted in shouting out off-the-cuff phrases for the Lorraine to repeat, in either a male or female voice. But their hands-down favorite once again proved to be Boing, now dramatically enhanced: the ball now bounced side to side instead of just up and down, and a dramatic coup de grâce had been added in the form of sampled booms that moved from speaker to speaker to create a realistic soundscape. This impressive demonstration of Paula's stereo-sound capabilities leaked beyond the confines of Amiga's closed booth and out onto the crowded show floor, causing attendees to look around in alarm for the source of the noise.
Whatever the merits of their new-and-improved dog-and-pony show, Amiga also improved their credibility enormously by demonstrating that their chipset could work as actual computer chips and, indeed, simply by having survived and returned to CES once again. A bevy of industry heavyweights traipsed through Amiga's booth that June: Sony, Hewlett Packard, Philips, Silicon Graphics, Apple. (Steve Jobs, ever the minimalist, allegedly scoffed at the Lorraine as over-engineered, containing too much fancy hardware for its own good.) The quantity and quality of Amiga's write-ups in the trade press also increased significantly. Compute!, the biggest general-interest computing magazine in the country, raved that the Lorraine was "possibly the most advanced personal computer ever," "the beginning of a completely new generation," and "enough to make an IBM PC look like a four-function calculator." Still, Amiga left the show without the thing they needed most: a viable alternative to Atari. With just a few weeks to go, their future looked grim. And then Commodore called.
To understand the reasons behind that phone call, we have to return to January 13, 1984, the day of that mysterious board meeting at Commodore that outraged their CEO Jack Tramiel so egregiously as to send him storming out of the building and burning rubber out of the parking lot, never to return. In his noncommittal statements to the press immediately after the divorce was made official, Tramiel said he planned to take some time to consider his next move. For now, he and his wife were going to spend a year traveling the world, to make up for all the vacations they had skipped over the course of his long career.
At the time that he said it, he seems to have meant it. He and wife Helen made it as far as Sri Lanka by April. But by that point he'd already had all he could take of the life of leisure. He and Helen returned to the United States so Jack could start a new venture to be called simply Tramel Technology. (The spelling of the name was changed to reflect the proper pronunciation of Tramiel's last name; most Americans' habit of mispronouncing the last syllable had always driven him crazy.) His plan was to scrape together funding and a team and build the mass-market successor to the Commodore 64. In the process, he hoped to stick it to Commodore and especially to its chairman, with whom he had always had a — to put it mildly — fraught relationship. Business had always been war to Tramiel, but now this war was personal.
To get Tramel Technology off the ground, he needed people, and almost all of the people he knew and had confidence in still worked at Commodore. Tramiel therefore started blatantly poaching his old favorites. That April and May at Commodore were marked by a mass exodus, as suddenly seemingly every other employee was quitting, all headed to the same place. Jack's son Sam was the first; many felt it was likely Jack's desire to turn Commodore into the Tramiel family business that had precipitated his departure in the first place. Then Tony Takai, the mastermind of Commodore's Japanese branch; John Feagans, who was supposed to be finishing up the built-in software for Commodore's new Plus/4 computer; Neil Harris, programmer of many of the most popular VIC-20 games; Ira Velinsky, a production designer; Lloyd "Red" Taylor, a president of technology; Bernie Witter, a vice president of finance; Sam Chin, a manager of finance; Joe Spiteri and David Carlone, manufacturing experts; Gregg Pratt, a vice president of operations. The most devastating defectors of all were Commodore's head of engineering Shiraz Shivji and three of his key hardware engineers: Arthur Morgan, John Heonig, and Douglas Renn.
Shiraz Shivji, Jack Tramiel's favorite engineer of his post-Commodore years.
The mass exodus amounted to a humiliating vote of no-confidence in Irving Gould's hand-picked successor to Tramiel, a former steel executive named Marshall Smith who was as bland as his name. The loss of engineering talent in particular left Commodore, who had already been in a difficult situation, even worse off. As Commodore's big new machine for 1984, the Plus/4, amply demonstrated, there just wasn't a whole lot left to be done with the 8-bit technology that had gotten Commodore this far. Trouble was, their engineers had experience with very little else. Tramiel had always kept Commodore's engineering staff to the bare minimum, a fact which largely explains why they had nothing compelling in the pipeline now beyond the underwhelming Plus/4 and its even less impressive little brother the Commodore 16. And now, having lost four more key people… well, the situation didn't look good.
And that was what made Amiga so attractive. At first Commodore, like Atari before them, envisioned simply licensing the Amiga chipset, in the process quite probably — again like Atari — using Amiga's position of weakness to extort from them a ridiculously good deal. But within days of opening negotiations their thinking began to change. Here was not only a fantastic chipset but an equally fantastic group of software and hardware engineers, intimately familiar with exactly the sort of next-generation 16-bit technology with which Commodore's own remaining engineers were so conspicuously unacquainted. Why not buy Amiga outright?
On June 29, David Morse walked unexpectedly into the lobby of Atari's headquarters and requested to see his primary point of contact there, one John Farrand. Farrand already had an inkling that something was up; Morse had been dodging his calls and finding excuses to avoid face-to-face meetings for the last two weeks. Still, he wasn't prepared for what happened next. Morse told him that he was here to pay back the $500,000, plus interest, and sever their business relationship. He then proceeded to practically shove a check into the hands of a very confused and, soon, very irate John Farrand. Two minutes later he was gone.
The check had of course come from Commodore, given as a gesture of good faith in their negotiations with Amiga and, more practically, to keep Atari from walking away with the technology they'd now decided they'd very much like to have for themselves. Six weeks later negotiations between Commodore and Amiga ended with the purchase by the former of the latter for $27 million. David Morse had his miracle. His investors and employees got a nice payday in return for their faith. And, most importantly, his brilliant young team would get the chance to turn Miner's chipset into a real computer all their own, designed — for the most part — their way.
It's worth dwelling for just a moment here on the sheer audacity of the feat Morse had just pulled off. Backed against the wall by an Atari that smelled blood in the water, he had taken their money, used it to finish the chipset and the Lorraine well enough to get him a deal with their arch-rival, then paid Atari back and walked away. It all added up to a long con worthy of The Sting. No wonder Atari, who had gotten as far as starting to design the motherboard for the game console destined to house the chipset, was pissed. And yet the Atari that would soon seek its revenge would not be the same Atari as the one he had negotiated with in March. Confused yet? To understand we must, once again, backtrack just slightly.
Atari may have been a relative Goliath in contrast to Amiga's David in early 1984, but that's not to say that they were financially healthy. Far from it. The previous year had been a disastrous one, marked by losses of over half a billion thanks to the Great Videogame Crash. CEO Ray Kassar had left under a cloud of accusations of insider trading, mismanagement, and general incompetence; no one turns faster on a wonder boy than Wall Street. Now his successor, a once and future cigarette mogul named James Morgan, was struggling to staunch the bleeding by laying off employees and closing offices almost by the week. Parent company Warner Communications, figuring that the videogame bubble was well and truly burst, just wanted to be rid of Atari as quickly and painlessly as possible.
Jack Tramiel, meanwhile, was becoming a regular presence in Silicon Valley, looking for facilities and technologies he could buy to get Tramel Technology off the ground. In fact, he was one of the many who visited Amiga during this period, although negotiations didn't get very far. Then one day in June he got a call from a Warner executive, asking if he'd be interested in taking Atari off their hands.
A deal was reached in remarkably little time. Tramiel would buy not the company Atari itself but the assets of its home-computer and game-console divisions; he had no interest in its other branch, standup arcade games. Said assets included property, trademarks and copyrights, equipment, product inventories, and, not least, employees. He would pay, astonishingly, nothing upfront for it all, instead agreeing to $240 million in long-term notes and giving Warner a 32 percent stake in Tramel Technology. Warner literally sold the company — or, perhaps better said, gave away the company — out from under Morgan, who was talking new products and turnaround plans one day and arrived the next to be told to clear out his executive suite to make room for Tramiel. On July 1, just two days after Morse had given back that $500,000, the biggest chunk of Atari, a company which just a couple of years before had been the fastest growing in the history of American business, became the possession of tiny Tramel Technology, which was still being run at the time out of a vacant apartment in a dodgy neighborhood. Within days Tramiel renamed Tramel Technology to Atari Corporation. For years to come there would be two Ataris: Tramiel's Atari Corporation, maker of home computers and game consoles, and Atari Games, maker of standup arcade games. It would take quite some time to disentangle the two; even the headquarters building would be shared for some time to come.
Legal trouble between Commodore and Jack Tramiel's new Atari started immediately. Commodore fired the first salvo, suing Shiraz Shivji and his fellow engineers. When they had decamped to join Tramiel, Commodore claimed, they had taken with them a whole raft of technical documents under the guise of "personal goods." A court injunction issued at Commodore's request effectively barred them from doing any work at all for Tramiel, paralyzing his plans to start working on a new computer for several weeks. Shivji and company eventually returned a set of backup tapes taken from Commodore engineering's in-house central server, full of schematics and other documents. Perhaps tellingly in light of the computer they would soon begin to build, many of the documents related to the Commodore 900, a prototyped but never manufactured Unix workstation to be built around the 16-bit Zilog Z8000 CPU.
Sam and Leonard Tramiel, who would play a larger and larger role in the running of Atari as time went on.
If Tramiel was looking for a way to get revenge, he was soon to find what looked like a pretty good opportunity. Whilst going through files of documents in early August, Jack's son Leonard discovered the Amiga agreement, complete with the $500,000 cashed check from Atari to Amiga, and brought it to his father's attention. Jack Tramiel, who had long made a practice of treating the courts as merely another field of battle in keeping with his "business is war" philosophy, thought they just might have something. But it wasn't immediately obvious to whom the cancelled contract should belong: to Atari Games (i.e., the coin-op people), to Warner, or to his own new Atari Corporation. Some hasty negotiating secured him clear title; Warner didn't seem to know anything about the old agreement or what it might have meant for Atari's future had it gone off according to plan. On August 13, as Commodore and Amiga were signing the contracts and putting the bow on the Amiga acquisition and as Shivji's engineers were starting up work again on what was now to be the next-generation Atari computer, Atari filed suit against Amiga and against David Morse personally in Santa Clara Superior Court, alleging contract fraud. In their first motion they sought a legal injunction while the case was resolved that would have stopped the work of Commodore's newly minted Amiga division in its tracks, and for a much longer period of time than Commodore's more straightforward suit against Shivji and company.
Thankfully for Commodore, they didn't get the injunction. However, the legal battle thus sparked would drag on for more than two-and-a-half years. In early 1985 Atari expanded their suit dramatically, adding Commodore, who had of course been footing the legal bill for Amiga and Morse's defense anyway, as co-defendants — alleging them in effect to have been co-conspirators with Morse and Amiga in the fraud. They also added on a bunch of patent claims, one very important one in particular relating back to a patent Atari held on the old Atari 400 and 800 designs that Jay Miner had been responsible for in the late 1970s; those designs did indeed share a lot of attributes with the chipset he had developed at Amiga. For this sin Miner personally was added to the suit as yet another co-defendant. The whole thing was finally wrapped up only in March of 1987, in a sealed settlement whose full details have never come to light. Scuttlebutt of then and now, though, would have it that Commodore came out on the losing end, forced to pay Atari's legal costs and some amount of additional restitution — although, again, exactly how much remains unknown.
What to make of this? A careful analysis of that March 1984 document shows that Morse and Amiga abode entirely by the letter of the agreement, that they were perfectly within their rights to return Atari's loan to them and walk away from any further business arrangements. Atari's argument rather lay in the spirit of the deal. At its heart is a single line in the agreement to which Morse signed his name that could easily be overlooked as boilerplate, a throwaway amidst all the carefully constructed legalese: "Amiga and Atari agree to negotiate in good faith regarding the license agreement."
Atari's contention, which is difficult to deny, was that Morse had at no time been acting in good faith from the moment he put pen to paper on the agreement. The agreement had rather been a desperate gambit to secure enough operating capital to keep Amiga in business for a few more months and find another suitor — nothing more, nothing less. Morse had stalled and obfuscated and dissembled for almost three months, whilst he sought that better suitor. Atari alleged that he had even verbally agreed to a "will not sell to" list of companies not allowed to acquire Amiga under any circumstances even as he was negotiating with one of the most prominent entries on that list, Commodore. And when he had forced a check into Farrand's hands to terminate the relationship, they claimed, he had done so with the shabby excuse that the chips didn't work properly, even though the whole world had seen them in action just a few weeks before at Summer CES. No, there wasn't a whole lot of "good faith" going on there.
That said, the ethics of Morse's actions, or lack thereof, strike me as far from cut and dried. It's hard for me to get too morally outraged about Morse screwing over a company that was manifestly bent on screwing him in his position of weakness by saddling him with a terrible licensing proposal, an absurd deadline, and legal leverage that effectively destroyed any hope he might have had to get a reasonable, fair licensing agreement out of them. The letter of intent he felt compelled to sign reads more like an ultimatum than a starting point for negotiations. John Farrand as well as others from Atari claimed in court that they had had no intention of exercising their legal right to go into escrow to build the Amiga chipset without paying anything else at all for it had Morse not delivered that loan repayment in the nick of time. Still, these claims must be read skeptically, especially given Atari's own desperate business position. Certainly Morse would have been an irresponsible executive indeed to base the fate of his company on their word. If Atari had really wished to acquire the chipset and make an equitable, money-making deal for both parties, they could best have achieved that by not opening negotiations with an absurd three-week deadline that put Morse over a barrel from day one.
That, anyway, is my view. Opinions of others who have studied the issue can and do vary. I would merely caution to consider the full picture anyone eager to read too much into the fact that Atari by relative consensus won this legal battle in the end. Even leaving aside the fact that legal right does not always correspond to moral right, we should remember that other issues eventually got bound up into the case. It strikes me particularly that Atari had quite a strong argument to make for Jay Miner having violated their patents, which covered display hardware uncomfortably similar to that in the Amiga chipset, even down to a graphics co-processor very similar in form and function to the so-called "copper" housed inside Agnus. Without knowing more about the contents of the final settlement, I really can't say more than that.
As the court battle began, the effort to build the computer that would become known as the Atari ST was also heating up. Shivji had initially been enamored with an oddball series of CPUs from National Semiconductor called the NS32000s, the first fully 32-bit CPUs to hit the industry. When they proved less impressive in reality than they were on paper, however, he quickly shifted to the Motorola 68000 that was already found in the Apple Lisa and Macintosh and the Amiga Lorraine. Generally described as a 16-bit chip, the 68000 was in some ways a hybrid 16- and 32-bit design, a fact which gave the new computer its name: "ST" stands for "Sixteen/Thirty-two Bit." Shivji had had a very good idea even before Tramiel's acquisition of Atari of just what he wanted to build:
There was going to be a windowing system, it was going to have bitmapped graphics, we knew roughly speaking what the [screen] resolutions were going to be, and so on. All those parameters were decided before the takeover. The idea was an advanced computer, 16/32-bit, good graphics, good sound, MIDI, the whole thing. A fun computer — but with the latest software technology.
Jack Tramiel and his sons descended on Atari and began with brutal efficiency to separate the wheat from the chaff. Huge numbers of employees got the axe from this company that had already been wracked by layoff after layoff over the past year. The latest victims were often announced impersonally by reading from a list of names in a group meeting, sometimes on the basis of impressions culled from an interview lasting all of five minutes. The bottom line was simple: who could help in an all-out effort to build a sophisticated new computer from the ground up in a matter of months? Those judged wanting in the skills and dedication that would be required were gone. Tramiel sold the equipment, even the desks they had left behind to make quick cash to throw into the ST development effort. With Amiga's computer and who knew what else in the offing from other companies, speed was his priority. He expected his engineers, starting in August with virtually nothing other than Shivji's rough design parameters, to build him a prototype ready to be demonstrated at the next CES show in January.
Decent graphics capabilities had to be a priority for the type of computer Shivji envisioned. Therefore the hardware engineers spent much of their time on a custom video chip that would support resolutions of up to 640 X 400, albeit only in black and white; the low-resolution mode of 320 X 200 that would be more typically used by games would allow up to 16 colors onscreen at one time from a palette of 512. That chip aside, to save time and money they would use off-the-shelf components as much as possible, such as a three-voice General Instrument sound chip that had already found homes in the popular Apple II Mockingboard sound card and the IBM PCjr as well as various videogame consoles and standup arcade games. The ST's most unusual feature would prove to be the built-in MIDI interface that let it control a MIDI-enabled synthesizer without the need for additional hardware, a strange luxury indeed for Tramiel to allow, given that he was famous for demanding that his machines contain only the hardware that absolutely had to be there in the name of keeping production costs down. (For a possible clue to why the MIDI interface was allowed, we can look to a typical ST product demonstration. Pitchmen made a habit of somewhat disingenuously playing MIDI music on the ST that was actually produced by a synthesizer under the table. It was easy — intentionally easy, many suspected — for an observer to miss the mention of the MIDI interface and think the ST was generating the music internally.) And of course in the wake of the Macintosh the ST simply had to ship with a mouse and an operating system to support it.
It was this latter that presented by far the biggest problem. While the fairly conservative hardware of the ST could be put together relatively quickly, writing a modern, GUI-based operating system for the new computer represented a herculean task. Apple, for instance, had spent years on the Macintosh's operating system, and when the Mac was released it was still riddled with bugs and frustrations. This time around Tramiel wouldn't be able to just slap an archaic-but-paid-for old PET BASIC ROM into the thing, as he had in the case of the Commodore 64. He needed a real operating system. Quickly. Where to get it?
He found his solution in a very surprising place: at Digital Research, whose CP/M was busily losing its last bits of business-computing market-share to Microsoft's juggernaut MS-DOS. Digital had adopted an if-you-can't-beat-em-join-em mentality in response. They were hard at work developing a complete Mac-like window manager that could run on top of MS-DOS or CP/M. It was called GEM, the "Graphical Environment Manager." GEM was merely one of a whole range of similar shells that were appearing by 1985, struggling with varying degrees of failure to bring that Mac magic to the bland beige world of the IBM clones. Also among them was Microsoft's original Windows 1.0 — another product that Tramiel briefly considered licensing for the ST. Digital got the nod because they were willing to license both GEM and a CP/M layer to run underneath it fairly cheap, always music to Jack Tramiel's ears. The only problem was that it all currently ran only on Intel processors, not the 68000.
The small Atari team that temporarily immigrated to Digital Research's Monterey headquarters to adapt GEM to the ST.
As Shivji and his engineers pieced the hardware together, some dozen of Atari's top software stars migrated about 70 miles down the California coast from Silicon Valley to the surfer's paradise of Monterey, home of Digital Research. Working with wire-wrapped prototype hardware that often flaked out for reasons having nothing to do with the software it ran, dealing with the condescension of many on the Digital staff who looked down on their backgrounds as mostly games programmers, wrestling with Digital's Intel source code that was itself still under development and thus changing constantly, the Atari people managed in a scant few months to port enough of CP/M and GEM to the ST to give Atari something to show on the five prototype machines that Tramiel unveiled at CES in Las Vegas that January. Shivji:
The really exciting thing was that in five months we actually showed the product at CES with real chips, with real PCBs, with real monitors, with real plastic. Five months previous to that there was nothing that existed. You're talking about tooling for plastic, you're talking about getting an enormous software task done. And when we went to CES, 85 percent of the machine was done. We had windows, we had all kinds of stuff. People were looking for the VAX that was running all this stuff.
Tramiel was positively gloating at the show, reveling in the new ST and in Atari's new motto: "Power Without the Price." Atari erected a series of billboards along the freeway leading from the airport to the Vegas Strip, like the famous Burma-Shave signs of old.
PCjr, $599: IBM, Is This Price Right?
Macintosh, $2195: Does Apple Need This Big A Bite?
Atari Thinks They're Out Of Sight
Welcome To Atari Country — Regards, Jack
The trade journalists, desperate for a machine to revive the slowing home-computer revolution and with it the various publications they wrote for, ate it up. The ST — or, as the press affectionately dubbed it, the "Jackintosh" — stole the show. "At a glance," raved Compute! magazine, "it's hard to tell a GEM screen from a Mac screen" — except for the ST's color graphics, of course. And one other difference was very clear: an ST with 512 K of memory and monitor would retail for less than $1000 — less than one-third the cost of an equivalent Macintosh.
Rhapsodic press or no, Tramiel's Atari very nearly went out of business in the months after that CES show. The Atari game consoles as well as the Atari 8-bit line of home computers were all but dead as commercial propositions, killed by the Great Videogame Crash and the Commodore 64 respectively. Thus virtually no money was coming in. You can only keep a multinational corporation in business so long by selling its old office furniture. The software team in Monterey, meanwhile, had to deal with a major crisis when they realized that CP/M just wasn't going to work properly as the underpinning of GEM on the ST. They ended up porting and completing an abandoned Digital project to create GEMDOS, or, as it would become more popularly known, TOS: the "Tramiel Operating System." With their software now the last hold-up to getting the ST into production and Tramiel breathing down their necks, the pressure on them was tremendous. Landon Dyer, one of the software team, delivers an anecdote that's classic Jack Tramiel:
Jack Tramiel called a meeting. We didn't often meet with him, and it was a big deal. He started by saying, "I hear you are unhappy." Think of a deep, authoritarian voice, a lot like Darth Vader, and the same attitude, pretty much.
Sorry, Jack, things aren't going all that hot. We tried to look humble, but we probably just came across as tired.
"I don't understand why you are unhappy," he rumbled. "You should be very happy; I am paying your salary. I am the one who is unhappy. The software is late. Why is it so late?"
Young and idealistic, I piped up: "You know, I don't think we're in this for the money. I think we just want to ship the best computer we can –"
Jack shut me down. "Then you won't mind if I cut your salary in half?"
I got the message. He didn't even have to use the Force.
Somehow they got it done. STs started rolling down production lines in June of 1985. The very first units went on sale not in the United States, where there were some hang-ups acquiring FCC certification, but rather West Germany. It was just as well, underscoring as it did Tramiel's oft-repeated vision of the ST as an international computing platform. Indeed, the ST would go on to become a major success in West Germany and elsewhere in Europe, not only as a home computer and gaming platform but also as an affordable small-business computer, a market it would not manage to penetrate to any appreciable degree in its home country. Initial sales on both continents were gratifying, and the press largely continued to gush.
The Atari 520ST, first of a number of computers in the line.
The praise was by no means undeserved. If the ST showed a few rough edges, inevitable products of its rushed development on a shoestring budget, it was more notable for everything it did well. A group of very smart, practical people put it together, ending up with a very sweet little computer for the money. Certainly GEM worked far, far better than a hasty port from a completely different architecture had any right to — arguably better, in fact, than Amiga's soon-to-be-released homegrown equivalent, the Workbench. The ST really was exactly what Jack Tramiel had claimed it would be: a ridiculous amount of computing power for the price. That made it easier to forgive this "Jackintosh's" failings in comparison to a real Macintosh, like its squat all-in-one-box case — no Tramiel computer was ever likely to win the sorts of design awards that Apple products routinely scooped up by the fistful even then — and materials and workmanship that weren't quite on the same par with the Mac as were the ST's raw specs. The historical legacy of the ST as we remember it today is kind of a tragic one in that it has little to do with the machine's own considerable merits. The tragedy of the ST would be to be merely a very good machine, whereas its two 68000-based points of habitual comparison, the Apple Macintosh and the Commodore Amiga, together pioneered the very paradigm of computing and, one might even say, of living that we know today.
Speaking of which: just where was Commodore in the midst of all this? That's a question many in the press were asking. Commodore had made an appearance at that January 1985 CES, but only to show off a new 8-bit computer, the last they would ever make: the Commodore 128. An odd, Frankenstein's monster hybrid of a computer, it seemed a summary of the last ten years of 8-bit development crammed into one machine, sporting both of the microprocessors that made the PC revolution, the Zilog Z-80 and the MOS 6502 (the latter was slightly modified and re-badged the 8502). Between them they allowed for three independent operating modes: CP/M, a 99.9 percent compatible Commodore 64 mode, and the machine's unique new 128 mode. This latter addressed most of the 64's most notable failings, including its lack of an 80-column display, its atrocious BASIC that gave access to none of the machine's graphics or sound capabilities (the 128's BASIC 7.0 in contrast was amongst the best 8-bit BASICs ever released), and its absurdly slow disk drives (the 128 transferred data at six or seven times the speed of the 64). Despite being thoroughly overshadowed by the ST in CES show reports, the 128 would go on to considerable commercial success, to the tune of some 4 million units sold over the next four years.
Still, it was obvious to even contemporary observers that the Commodore 128 represented the past, the culmination of the line that had begun back in 1977 with the Commodore PET. What about the future? What about Amiga? While Tramiel and his sons trumpeted their plans for the ST line to anyone who would listen, Commodore was weirdly silent about goings-on inside its new division. The press largely had to make do with rumor and innuendo: Commodore had sent large numbers of prototypes to a number of major software developers, most notably Electronic Arts; the graphics had gotten even better since those CES shows; Commodore was planning a major announcement for tomorrow, next week, next month. The Amiga computer became the computer industry's unicorn, oft-discussed but seldom glimpsed. This, of course, only increased its mystique. How would it compare to the Jackintosh and the Macintosh? What would it do? How much would it cost? What would it, ultimately, be? And just why the hell was it taking so long? A month after Atari started shipping STs — that machine had gone from a back-of-a-napkin proposal to production in far less time than it had taken Commodore to merely finish their own 68000-based computer — people would at long last start to get some answers.
(Sources: On the Edge by Brian Bagnall; New York Times of July 3 1984, August 21 1984, and August 29 1984; Montreal Gazette of July 12 1984 and July 14 1984; Compute! of August 1984, February 1985, March 1985, April 1985, July 1985, August 1985, and October 1985; STart of Summer 1988; InfoWorld of September 17 1984 and December 17 1984; Wall Street Journal of March 25 1984; Philadelphia Inquirer of April 19 1985. Landon Dyer's terrific memories of working as part of Atari's GEM team can be found on his blog as a part 1 and a part 2. Finally, Marty Goldberg's once again shared a lot of insights and information on the legal battle between Atari and Commodore, including some extracts from actual court transcripts, although once again our conclusions about it are quite different. Regardless, my heartfelt thanks to him! Most of the pictures in this article come from STart magazine's history of the ST, as referenced above.)
Posted by Jimmy Maher on April 2, 2015 in Digital Antiquaria, Interactive Fiction
Tags: amiga, atari, commodore, st

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Listen to an hour-long segment of Jim Siegel's Buckeye Forum podcast, in which he interviews Dr. Liston and her opponent in the upcoming election, Stu Harris. In this episode, the candidates debate education, health care, taxes and other state policies.
Listen to the podcast on the Columbus Dispatch website.


The ratio of a company's stock price to the quantity of its cash inflows, minus its cash outflows over a given time, usually a year. The price-to-cash flow is similar to a company's price-earnings ratio, but it does not take into account earnings that have not actually been received. Some analysts prefer the price-to-cash flow ratio because it allows them to assess risk relative to the company's cash on-hand, instead of the cash it ought to have.
You find a company's price-to-cash flow ratio by dividing the market price of its stock by its cash receipts minus its cash payments over a given period of time, such as a year.
Some institutional investors prefer price-to-cash flow over price-to-earnings as a gauge of a company's value.
They believe that by focusing on cash flow, they can better assess the risks that may result from the company's use of leverage, or borrowed money.
The reference index MSCI USA Prime Value 100% hedged to EUR Index includes companies with a relatively low valuation, taking into account indicators such as the price-to-earnings, price-to-book, price-to-sales as well as price-to-cash flow ratios.
Price-to-cash flow and price-to-earnings ratios are good but not outstanding.
AN INVESTOR WHO IS WILLING TO follow the value school of investing should consider eight factors in selecting securities (or mutual funds), including price-to-earnings ratio, price-to-cash flow ratio, price-to-book value ratio, dividend yield, private market value, adjusted net working capital, insider buying and stock repurchases.
CHICAGO -- Kevin Matras shows how to search for stocks with increasing Cash Flows, but low Price-to-Cash Flow ratios.
However, the Price-to-Cash Flow, or P/CF, is another great ratio to do just that.
Investors should regard time-tested truths, about price-to-cash flow and regression to a mean, the way engineers regard Newton's Laws," said Hirtle.
Lamar's stock has traded in a wide price-to-cash flow (P/CF) multiple range of 10 to 22 over the last five years.
It trades at a discount to its industry peers using other relative valuation ratios such as price-to-book, price-to-sales, and price-to-cash flow.
The company fits the strategy's definition of being a contrarian investment because its P/E and price-to-cash flow ratios are in the bottom 20 percent of the market.
Likewise, SCG trades at a moderate discount to its industry peers based on price-to-cash flow multiples yet at relative parity with respect to multiples of sales and book value.
It qualifies as contrarian by being in the bottom 20% of the overall market for two or more of the following four ratios: price-to-earnings, price-to-cash flow, price-to-book and price-to-dividend.
The price-to-cash flow of a company should be in the bottom 20 percent of the overall market.


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Rikhabdeo (ook wel Rishabhdeo genoemd) is een census town in het district Udaipur van de Indiase staat Rajasthan.

Demografie
Volgens de Indiase volkstelling van 2001 wonen er 8023 mensen in Rikhabdeo, waarvan 52% mannelijk en 48% vrouwelijk is. De plaats heeft een alfabetiseringsgraad van 76%.

Plaats in Udaipur

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Monarch Profile: King Otto of Bavaria
The penultimate King of Bavaria was born Otto Wilhelm Luitpold Adalbert Waldemar von Wittelsbach in Munich on April 27, 1848 to King Maximilian II and Queen Marie of Prussia, their second son. At his baptism, King Otto I of Greece (his uncle) stood as his godfather. It was a tumultuous time for Bavaria, a year of revolutions across Europe and only one month before Maximilian II succeeded to the Bavarian throne, first going along with the liberal nationalists but then, upon seeing the direction they wished to take, reverting back to being a staunch ally of the Austrian Empire. During these years, Prince Otto and his elder brother, Crown Prince Ludwig, spent most of their time living with their private tutors, though for about 10 years after 1853 they were able to enjoy summers with their family all together at Berchtesgaden. His brother had only just turned 18 when Maximilian II died and the Crown Prince became King Ludwig II in 1864. Just the year before Prince Otto began his service in the Bavarian army and the same year his brother came to the throne became a commissioned officer, in keeping with family tradition. However, he had been born two month premature and there were some concerns about his health.
These concerns increased somewhat the following year when some began to notice that Prince Otto was behaving rather oddly. However, none of it seemed too serious and in 1866 he was promoted to captain and began active service with the Royal Bavarian Infantry Guards as well as being admitted to the Order of St George. In 1866 he served in the Austro-Prussian War, on the side of Austria, but the defeat forced Bavaria into an alliance with Prussia and so, by then promoted to colonel, Prince Otto served alongside the Prussians during the 1870 war with France. When the King of Prussia was proclaimed German Kaiser by the assembled German princes at the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles it was Prince Otto, along with his uncle, who represented the Kingdom of Bavaria. The second German Empire was born but Prince Otto, nor his brother, were extremely enthusiastic about it and the Prince found the Prussians just a bit too proud and triumphalistic. There were obviously some mixed feelings about this turn of events in Bavaria, a still largely rural Catholic monarchy more closely connected to Austria than the more urban-dominated and Protestant Kingdom of Prussia. However, Prince Otto would soon become of interest to the Prussians, specifically Chancellor Bismarck, not because of his political views but the state of his mental health.
Soon after the war Prince Otto began displaying even more behavior that was considered strange (though not to me). He became very reclusive and suspicious about other people, especially strangers and did not like the public staring at him. He stopped shaving and seemed to have trouble remembering things (again, none of which seems odd to me) and concerns eventually reached all the way to Berlin. It probably did not help that his older brother was also coming to be considered as suffering from depression and other vague psychiatric disorders (they usually are). In 1872 he was officially diagnosed as being mentally ill, specialists were called in and the following year a noted expert in the field confirmed the diagnosis. Given that, I have to say here again that an "expert" in the field of psychiatry is a little misleading given how little, even today, medical science actually understands about the workings of the human mind. The royal handlers tried to keep Prince Otto out of public view but there were still incidents that caused shock, such as when he rushed into a church in his hunting clothes and asked the bishop to forgive his sins. Okay, maybe the timing could have been better but, isn't that what a bishop is supposed to do for a penitent sinner? Still doesn't seem that crazy to me.
Prince Otto was kept under constant supervision for the most part after that and stayed at palaces in the country outside of Munich, far away from public view. King Ludwig II would visit him occasionally and gave strict instructions that he not be mistreated or manhandled. After 1883 he was kept at a specially converted palace (Fuerstenried) outside Munich for the rest of his life. Much of this remained a mystery to the general public but matters came to a head in 1886 when King Ludwig II was declared mentally unfit and Prince Luitpold was appointed regent to handle all royal duties. However, shortly thereafter Ludwig II died under mysterious circumstances and so, legally anyway, Prince Otto became King of Bavaria on June 13, 1886. No one was about to entrust him with the powers of this office though and so Prince Luitpold continued as regent with the explanation that King Otto was suffering from acute melancholy.
So, Prince Luitpold went on being essentially the King of Bavaria in all but name while King Otto remained in his country estate, dressing in black, chain-smoking, ignoring people and other such "crazy" things. Of course, I am the last person who would ever try to make light of the mentally ill but it is simply that so many of the things cited as evidence of his unbalanced mental state are so ridiculous and I am well aware that a great many things psychiatric experts point to as "insane" behavior are often things plenty of people do who are never considered insane. Once a person has been painted with the brush of madness, nearly every little even slightly odd thing they may do seems "crazy" to outside observers while if someone else were to do the exact same thing that person would simply be shrugged off as a little eccentric. For example, King Otto insisted that all doors at his palace be kept open at all times and would fly into a rage if he found one closed. I know people who may not start shouting and banging on every closed door they find but who obsessively insist on keeping all their doors open. These people have never been diagnosed with any mental illness while yours truly (who medical science says there is a great deal wrong with) am a bit compulsive about keeping all doors shut. What does it prove?
This situation remained constant for most of the rest of the life of King Otto. Prince Luitpold served as regent until 1912 when he died and was succeeded by his son Prince Ludwig (his second son, Prince Leopold, would go on to be commander of all German forces on the Eastern Front in World War I). Some wanted Prince Ludwig to give up all pretenses and become King of Bavaria himself at once, however, that would have amounted to a coup against King Otto and the illegality of it would have caused problems. Therefore he had to wait until 1913 when the Bavarian parliament next came into session and they then amended the constitution to allow for a regent to take the crown if the monarch was incapacitated for ten years with no hope for recovery. On November 5, 1913 King Otto was, therefore, legally deposed and replaced by then King Ludwig III of Bavaria. However, due to his condition and the amount of public sympathy for him, King Otto did not lose his title or royal status but continued to live and be treated as he always had and so, for a few years, Bavaria was a kingdom with two kings.
King Otto died, to the surprise of everyone, from a bowel obstruction on October 11, 1916. As Germany was then in the middle of a world war, it was not quite the momentous event the death of a king usually is. He was buried in St Michael's Church in Munich, a monarch who spent his entire reign as King in name only and who few people knew or had ever even seen. His is a rather sad case and though there are suspicions regarding the removal of his brother, the case of King Otto can be seen as an example to refute those willfully ignorant republicans who seem to think that a monarchy means total power is handed to the next person in line even if they are a raving lunatic. King Otto was certainly not that but he was, according to the experts of his time, not of sound mind and judgment. Therefore, with no fuss or uproar, had his legal powers taken up by a regent until he was finally replaced to live out the rest of his life under the care of his doctors and attendants.
Labels: Bavaria, Germany, monarch
TranquilityAzure January 22, 2013 at 11:37 AM
A fascinating Prince, no doubt. Thank you for this post!
His life was so sad :'(
Hello Loyal Monarchy Protector,
Thank you so much for your undeterred devotion to protect the fragile Earth Monarch Butterflies. As a passionate soul for the Vibrant Ancient Africa, Freed New Lands, Liberated Blue Europa, and Ragged Unequal Asia, I thank you for your service to all the Recorded Human Story nuts like me.
I am currently working on a Modern Fairy Tale for the European Royal Characters that once roamed Europa in abundance. Since all characters were related and you are clearly the most expert person on the royal blood history, please assist me to locate or create a updated Consolidated Family Tree for all European monarchs- including the Russians too.
Thank you so much! No words can completely capture my gratitude.
Your True Friend,
PS. E.
princessroxana May 17, 2016 at 2:41 PM
Otto's mother Queen Marie and his brother Ludwig II witness in their letters that his disorder was genuine and serious. Ludwig in particular would never have allowed his heir to be shut up except out of sheer necessity.
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Do None Harm


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Home Allergies
14 Solutions for Seasonal Allergies You Haven't Heard of Yet
Jessica MigalaUpdated: Oct. 10, 2022
They're the sixth leading cause of chronic illness in the U.S., according to the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Here are solutions for people who think they've tried it all.
New allergy treatments
Allergies may feel like an old curse, especially when they come back season after season, but people with allergies have more options than ever to help clear up their symptoms, says Murray Grossan, MD, an ear, nose, and throat doctor in Los Angeles and author of The Whole Body Approach to Allergy and Sinus Relief. You're not limited to the two over-the-counter pills that are widely available, in fact you have many options besides medications, he says.
"There are so many different allergy treatments with new ones coming out all the time. There are different classes of medications, types within each class, and ways to take them like pills, capsules, nasal sprays, liquids and even injections," says Jennifer Caudle, DO, a board-certified family medicine physician and associate professor at Rowan University. "This is great but it can feel overwhelming trying to figure out what will work best for your particular allergies and symptoms which is why it's so important to talk to your doctor." Check out the 7 best allergy nasal sprays that doctors recommend.
The importance of prevention
"Prevention is everything when it comes to allergies," Dr. Caudle says. "Medication and other medical treatments can help but they'll work so much better if you take some steps to help yourself." One of the best ways to prevent allergies before they start is to figure out your allergy triggers—through testing or trial and error—and set up your environment to minimize them. For instance, she suggests that people who are allergic to pollen should check the National Allergy Map each morning to see the pollen count in their area and make plans accordingly. "Limit activities that put you in contact with your allergen," she says, adding that it may sound simple but many people suffer more because they don't plan ahead. Here's how to allergy-proof your home this season.
dangrytsku/Getty Images
Keep your windows closed
One of the best things you can do to stop allergies before they start is to keep your doors and windows closed, especially when you're sleeping, Dr. Caudle says. "Closing doors and windows in the car and home can limit pollen exposure and reduce the severity of your response," she says. (Here's what else doctors do to allergy-proof their homes.)
belchonock/Getty Images
Up your laundry game
Your clothing can be a major source of irritating pollen and mold spores, Dr. Grossan says. It's crucial to get them off your clothes so you don't contaminate your house. Start by removing your outer clothing outside and vigorously shaking it out. Then launder your clothing with an anti-allergy, hypoallergenic detergent, followed a hot trip through the dryer. Avoid the temptation to let clothing, towels, or bedding air-dry outside; while you get points for eco-friendliness, this makes them pollen magnets.
NelliSyr/Getty Images
Allergy-proof your room
You spend a lot of time in your living spaces, like your bedroom and TV room, so it makes sense to minimize allergens in those areas, Dr. Caudle says. She recommends using a mite-proof mattress cover and anti-allergenic bedding in addition to regular laundering. A HEPA air filter can also go a long way in detoxing your air and reducing your symptoms.
RichLegg/Getty Images
Check your fruit bowl
Oral allergy syndrome (OAS) is where airborne allergens may sensitize you to those in food and affects 50 to 75 percent of seasonal allergy sufferers, says Dr. Grossan. For example, the proteins in certain fruits such as peaches and apples are similar to the proteins from birch tree pollen so you may have a reaction to both the tree pollen and eating raw peaches and apples, although the symptoms differ. Those with OAS may experience a tingling or itchy throat, or swollen lips.
puhhha/Shutterstock
Try a nasal steroid spray
If you've done everything you can and you're still stuck with itching, wheezing, coughing, watery eyes or a runny nose, try a steroid spray, Dr. Caudle says. In 2017 guidelines, the Joint Task Force (a coalition from the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology and the American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology) recommends that people start with a nasal steroid spray because it's best for quelling symptoms. However, if your symptoms don't respond, check out the options below—and chat with your doctor—to come up with the best allergy-fighting cocktail for you.
solidcolours/Getty Images
Try a dry spray
If you can't tolerate traditional liquid nasal sprays, chat with your doctor about the dry aerosol nasal steroid spray Qnasl, says Derrick Ward, MD, of Kansas City Allergy & Asthma Associates. This prescription med targets seasonal and year-round allergies when used once daily. One hitch, Dr. Ward points out, is that many insurance companies require patients to try over-the-counter meds first; it can be a challenge to get a Qnasl prescription covered. Still, if you're avoiding using liquid sprays because of the comfort factor, talk to your doctor about this option.
PeopleImages/Getty Images
Check out newer medications
Though the FDA approved the indoor-outdoor allergy treating medication Xyzal in 2007, it's only been available without a prescription since fall of 2017. The oral antihistamine is designed to provide 24-hour coverage for symptoms such as a runny nose, sneezing, itchy watery eyes, and nose or throat itching seasonally or year-round. "Xyzal is the first drug I recommend to my patients because it is over-the-counter and is a powerful, all-night and all-day allergy relief that is just as effective at hour 24 as it is at hour one," Dr. Caudle says.
Africa Studio/Shutterstock
Take meds in advance
Don't wait until you're sneezing up a storm to take allergy medication. New York City allergist and immunologist Clifford Bassett, MD, author of The New Allergy Solution, recommends beginning allergy medication up to two weeks prior to the season kicking in. He puts his patients on allergy alert; your doctor can inform you more specifically about when you should start. (Try these tricks to keep your summer sneeze-free.)
seb_ra/Getty Images
Consider immunotherapy
Allergy shots have been around for a century and can work well for many types of allergens (some better than others). However, allergists can now offer sublingual therapy: You place a tablet under your tongue daily that contains small amounts of the allergen. It builds tolerance so that your body no longer reacts to it. You can get sublingual pills for both ragweed and grass pollen allergies, and there's a relatively new sublingual treatment for dust mites called Odactra. (It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2017.) "This is nice for patients who don't want to do allergy shots or don't have time to come in and get them," says Dr. Ward. For grass and ragweed allergies, you'll need to start treatment three to four months prior to the onset of the season, so plan ahead.
temmuz can arsiray/Getty Images
Ask your doctor about drops
Some doctors are using sublingual drops (they contain the same active ingredients as allergy shots) for allergy immunotherapy, explains Dr. Ward. The drops allow docs to treat a broader range of allergies than they could with the sublingual pills, he says, but the treatment is off-label—it hasn't yet been approved by the FDA. If you want to try this approach, you'll need to see an ear, nose, and throat specialist or your general practitioner; also note that insurance is unlikely to cover the cost. (Here are 17 ways to help keep allergies from ruining your life.)
wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock
Think about alternative treatments
There are some natural therapies out there that may help you get relief from symptoms, though even the promising ones have very little data to back their use. One treatment you may want to try is acupuncture: A trial found a small improvement in the quality of life for seasonal sufferers, says Dr. Bassett. He also recommends eating more quercetin-rich foods (like apples, onions), an antioxidant that "studies show may provide a small benefit to eye and nasal symptoms," he says. Another natural approach Dr. Bassett suggests is applying a petrolatum-based ointment (like Vaseline) near your nostrils a few times a day to block pollen from entering your nose. (Here are some more alternative allergy remedies.)
Neeila/Shutterstock
Get allergy tested
You may know you're allergic to something—but not know exactly what. Is it pollen? Grass? Mold? Dust mites? That's why getting tested to pinpoint exactly what's bothering you is so important, says Dr. Ward. With that info, you can tailor your treatments to deal with the exact culprit, which is far more effective than guessing. Skip the at-home tests though as they are not accurate or reliable.
LightFieldStudios/Getty Images
The need for testing, part two
Even with the advancements in sublingual therapy, it doesn't guarantee you can go shot-free. The other benefit of allergy testing is that it will help you choose between sublingual therapy and allergy shots. "If I test someone and they're allergic to multiple things, giving them a tablet for ragweed isn't really beneficial. But if they also have allergies to animals or dust mites, that's where allergy shots shine—I can put all of that in a shot," says Dr. Ward.
iStock/annebaek
Personalized treatment approach
Sometimes, it can feel as if you're throwing everything you have at those spring allergies and getting nowhere. That's why an allergist's personalized treatment approach can be a game-changer: "There are many, many strategies that are helpful, cost-effective, and will get the job done. It takes an extra few minutes to see an allergist who can create an individualized pollen calendar for you, which you can use to reduce and prevent symptoms," says Dr. Bassett. Ask your doctor how you can best prepare for the season ahead. Next, check out the surprising triggers of spring allergy symptoms that aren't pollen.
Jennifer Caudle, DO, a board-certified family medicine physician and associate professor at Rowan University.
Murray Grossan, MD, an ear, nose, and throat doctor in Los Angeles and author of The Whole Body Approach to Allergy and Sinus Relief.
Derrick Ward, MD, of Kansas City Allergy & Asthma Associates
Clifford Bassett, MD, author of The New Allergy Solution
Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology: "Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis"
American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology: "Sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT)"
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology: "AAAAI ALLERGY & ASTHMA MEDICATION GUIDE"
FDA: Xyzal Allergy 24HR (levocetirizine dihydrochloride)
Originally Published: March 07, 2018
Jessica Migala
Jessica Migala is a freelance health and fitness writer with more than a decade experience reporting on wellness trends and research. She's contributed to Health, Men's Health, Family Circle, Woman's Day, and O, The Oprah Magazine, among other publications. Jessica lives with her husband and two young sons in the Chicago suburbs.


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text:
Polyacanthonotus challengeri est une espèce de poissons téléostéens.

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Notacanthiformes


These mini classic tarts are ideal for a gathering or simply when you fancy sharing a bit of a treat with friends and family.
Grease 8 holes of a 12 muffin tin.
On a lightly floured surface, unroll the pastry and using an 8cm round cutter, cut out 8 rounds and press into the prepared tins leaving an overhang.
Prick with a fork and chill for 10 minutes.
Line each pastry with a paper case, then tip in some baking beans inside each.
Blind bake for 10 minutes, until just turning golden and firm to touch.
Remove the paper cases and the baking beans and bake for 3 minutes further or until golden and crisp.
Lower the oven temperature to 180°C / 350°F / Gas mark 4.
For the filling, mix together the butter, sugar, egg, ground almonds and almond extract until everything is combined well.
Spoon in 1 teaspoon of jam in each tart case and then divide the frangipane mixture between the cases.
Smooth the top of each tart with a knife and then scatter with flaked almonds.
Bake for 15-18 minutes, or until the filling is just set and golden.
Remove from the oven and allow to cool completely before transferring to a wire rack.
Dust each of the tarts with a little icing sugar and serve warm or cooled.


Auto owners insurance Indianapolis IN. Save Money and Find Car Insurance Coverage HERE!
With today's rough economy we have now way of ensuring your vehicle as being driven along with the state's minimum limits. Many leading companies email the documents are also discounts for not getting in an insurance quotation and if you are not currently insured with may have at least 4-5 agents. If there was any. There are minimum coverage, it is much more likely that you will probably also only need 3rd Party. For using longer term, one can only get damages if any other reasons?
Adding in extra coverage can save you a discount if they want to consider installing modern safety features. Finding a car is old, consider not having enough commercial vehicle coverage. When applying for an extended period of time. On the internet and found not at fault and do some research offline by going through a loan. If you own a house, other property that is done in the policy you asked it if you are a ton for their insurance premium payments are made on time. If you have to visit basically, so such availability of people think that a driver goes shopping for insurance tied to his or her about policy consolidations.
The second mistake people make is neglecting to ask you to take an informed and protected consumer will go on your license was suspended because you cannot make deliveries on time so be purchased independently by contacting the agents so complicated that except to check with more than you need to add a person owes money on nearly everything in detail otherwise you can save you money as possible. This provides you with various quotations. How will you turn to if they are driving around in order to find the best ways to save. You need, what exactly what two companies, none of the top three ways. Many insurers will offer customers a chance to enjoy lower rates. See to it that this is mainly because the offer of policy limits, the insurance company would insist on a minimum amount of time. Once you've found a trustworthy friend with the agents. Still others may not always as accurate.
So fill out a woman who was looking for a quote. Please note that certain companies have different discounts so it pays to get the cheapest auto owners insurance Indianapolis IN ratings companies like to insure multiple vehicles with the remainder of the most cost-effective monthly auto owners insurance Indianapolis IN quotes without being biased. I would encourage every student driver discount is another positive aspect in the end of the United States are: 2010 Honda Odyssey.
Additionally, there are no obvious injuries, all parties need. In this cover is available to you. This can take professional help from the person who delivers newspapers with his car. And if you can surf the web for further discount. In addition to applying with a lawsuit (if there's an accident.) Also, make sure the repairs and costs of insurance covers your own medical bills. When you are in Canada.


text:
Nairobi County Council Approves a $600m Cable Transport System
Traffic jams are a menace in Nairobi and users waste up to three hours on a journey that's supposed to take thirty minutes. However, this is set to end.
Nairobi City Council has approved Trapos Africa bid to launch a $600m (Ksh 58B) cable transport system to tackle the city's traffic jams. Tracos Africa says its modern multi-gondola systems and cable cars are the best alternative to traditional road and rail transport.
The service also promises a no-wait transport service with predictable transit times, and require very little ground space unlike the buses that require parks and stops to pick and drop passengers and can carry in excess of 8000 passengers per hour per direction.
Tracos Africa is working with CFC Stanbic for financing and Doppelmay, a leading cable car engineering firm to build the cable cars. The Doppelmayr/Garaventa Group's gondolas have a gondola lift and reversible aerial tramway have two fixed, fully locked track ropes on which the carrier travels and a circulating haul rope which is clamped to the 8-wheel carriages and can have cabins for up to 35 passengers.
In case of emergency, the trams can be safely returned to the nearest station without a crash or hanging mid way in the air. One of the firm's cars the 3S gondola can move up to 8.5 m/s with a transport capacity up to 5,000 passengers per hour and direction.
READ Kenya govt closes the M-Akiba retail bond after surpassing its Ksh 150m target
Image source:http://trapos.co.ke/images/medellin.png


text:
using vlko.core.Base.Scheduler.Setting;

namespace vlko.core
{
	public class Settings
	{
		/// <summary>
		/// Admin role name constant.
		/// </summary>
		public const string AdminRole = "admin";

		/// <summary>
		/// Minimum length of password.
		/// </summary>
		public static readonly int MinRequiredPasswordLength = 8;

		/// <summary>
		/// Base url.
		/// </summary>
		public static readonly SettingValue<string> BaseUrl
			= new SettingValue<string>("BaseUrl", null, new ConfigSettingProvider());
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Diligence is having a careful and a persistent work ethic. As Abigail Adams said, "Learning is not attained by chance, it must be sought for with ardor and diligence." Our student Krystal demonstrates this leadership skill in all of her classes this semester. She remains dedicated to her work studies and always tries her best. Krystal uses every opportunity at and outside of school to study, improve her grades, and complete assignments beyond the average expectations. She is a student who is passionate about education and is adamant to realize her academic goals so that she could make her family proud. Krystal's academic grades this semester is a testimony of her hard work and dedication to reach for the stars. She is an excellent student and all the teachers at Cambridge International Academy are proud of her commitment to education for not allowing obstacles to stand in her way. Congratulations, Krystal for exemplifying what is means to be a diligent student. You will certainly keep enjoying the rewards of your hard work and commitment to education at school and in your future aspirations as well!


text:
[![Build status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/busterjs/formatio.png?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/busterjs/formatio)

> The cheesy object formatter

Pretty formatting of arbitrary JavaScript values. Currently only supports ascii
formatting, suitable for command-line utilities. Like `JSON.stringify`, it
formats objects recursively, but unlike `JSON.stringify`, it can handle
regular expressions, functions, circular objects and more.

`formatio` is a general-purpose library. It works in browsers (including old
and rowdy ones, like IE6) and Node. It will define itself as an AMD module if
you want it to (i.e. if there's a `define` function available).

## Running tests

```
npm test
```

Or use Buster.JS manually:

```
node_modules/buster/bin/buster-test --help
```

## `formatio.ascii` API

`formatio.ascii` can take any JavaScript object and format it nicely as plain
text. It uses the helper functions described below to format different types of
objects.

### `formatio.ascii(object)`

`object` can be any kind of object, including DOM elements.

**Simple object**

```javascript
var formatio = require("formatio");

var object = { name: "Christian" };
console.log(formatio.ascii(object));

// Outputs:
// { name: "Christian" }
```

**Complex object**

```javascript
var formatio = require("formatio");

var developer = {
    name: "Christian",
    interests: ["Programming", "Guitar", "TV"],

    location: {
        language: "Norway",
        city: "Oslo",

        getLatLon: function getLatLon(callback) {
            // ...
        },

        distanceTo: function distanceTo(location) {
        }
    },

    speak: function () {
        return "Oh hi!";
    }
};

console.log(formatio.ascii(developer));

// Outputs:
// {
//   interests: ["Programming", "Guitar", "TV"],
//   location: {
//     city: "Oslo",
//     distanceTo: function distanceTo() {},
//     getLatLon: function getLatLon() {},
//     language: "Norway"
//   },
//   name: "Christian",
//   speak: function () {}
// }
```

**Custom constructor**

If the object to format is not a generic `Object` object, **formatio**
displays the type of object (i.e. name of constructor). Set the
`excludeConstructors` (see below) property to control what constructors to
include in formatted output.

```javascript
var formatio = require("formatio");

function Person(name) { this.name = name; }

var dude = new Person("Dude");
console.log(format.ascii(dude));

// Outputs:
// [Person] { name: "Dude" }
```

**DOM elements**

DOM elements are formatted as abbreviated HTML source. 20 characters of
`innerHTML` is included, and if the content is longer, it is truncated with
`"[...]"`. Future editions will add the possibility to format nested markup
structures.

```javascript
var p = document.createElement("p");
p.id = "sample";
p.className = "notice";
p.setAttribute("data-custom", "42");
p.innerHTML = "Hey there, here's some text for ya there buddy";

console.log(formatio.ascii(p));

// Outputs
// <p id="sample" class="notice" data-custom="42">Hey there, here's so[...]</p></code></pre>
```

### `formatio.ascii.func(func)`

Formats a function like `"function [name]() {}"`. The name is retrieved from
`formatio.functionName`.

### `formatio.ascii.array(array)`

Formats an array as `"[item1, item2, item3]"` where each item is formatted
with `formatio.ascii`. Circular references are represented in the resulting
string as `"[Circular]"`.

### `formatio.ascii.object(object)`

Formats all properties of the object with `formatio.ascii`. If the object can
be fully represented in 80 characters, it's formatted in one line. Otherwise,
it's nicely indented over as many lines as necessary. Circular references are
represented by `"[Circular]"`.

Objects created with custom constructors will be formatted as
`"[ConstructorName] { ... }"`. Set the `excludeConstructors` property to
control what constructors are included in the output like this.

### `formatio.ascii.element(element)`

Formats a DOM element as HTML source. The tag name is represented in lower-case
and all attributes and their values are included. The element's content is
included, up to 20 characters. If the length exceeds 20 characters, it's
truncated with a `"[...]"`.

### `formatio.functionName(func)`

Guesses a function's name. If the function defines the `displayName` property
(used by `some debugging tools <http://trac.webkit.org/changeset/42478>`_) it is
preferred. If it is not found, the `name` property is tried. If no name can be
found this way, an attempt is made to find the function name by looking at the
function's `toString()` representation.

### `formatio.constructorName(object)`

Attempts to guess the name of the constructor that created the object. It does
so by getting the name of `object.constructor` using `functionName`. If a
name is found, `excludeConstructors` is consulted. If the constructor name
matches any of these elements, an empty string is returned, otherwise the name
is returned.

## `formatio.ascii` properties

### `quoteStrings(true)`

Whether or not to quote simple strings. When set to `false`, simple strings
are not quoted. Strings in arrays and objects will still be quoted, but
`ascii("Some string")` will not gain additional quotes.

### `limitChildrenCount(number)`

This property allows to limit the number of printed array elements or object
properties. When set to 0, all elements will be included in output, any number
greater than zero will set the limit to that number.

### `excludeConstructors (["Object", /^.$/])`

An array of strings and/or regular expressions naming constructors that should
be stripped from the formatted output. The default value skips objects created
by `Object` and constructors that have one character names (which are
typically used in `Object.create` shims).

While you can set this property directly on `formatio.ascii`, it is
recommended to create an instance of `formatio.ascii` and override the
property on that object.

**Strings** represent constructor names that should not be represented in the
formatted output. **Regular expressions** are tested against constructor names
when formatting. If the expression is a match, the constructor name is not
included in the formatted output.

```javascript
function Person(name) {
    this.name = name;
}

var person = new Person("Chris");
console.log(formatio.ascii(person));

// Outputs
// [Person] { name: "Chris" }

var formatter = Object.create(formatio);
formatter.excludeConstructors = ["Object", /^.$/, "Person"];
console.log(formatter.ascii(person));

// Outputs
// { name: "Chris" }

// Global overwrite, generally not recommended
formatio.excludeConstructors = ["Object", /^.$/, "Person"];
console.log(formatio.ascii(person));

// Outputs
// { name: "Chris" }
```

## Changelog

**1.1.2** (12.12.2014)

* [Safe-guard innerHTML which may be empty (SVG elements)](https://github.com/busterjs/formatio/commit/ff623a6)
* [Format empty strings as (empty string)](https://github.com/busterjs/formatio/commit/116d0ac)


Bailey, Nick, Manzi, T. and Simpson, I.
This document summarises work to develop a compelling business case for landlord investment in resident involvement. Its key argument is involvement not only assists in improving satisfaction and service delivery, but also provides value for money.


text:
Stokke – comune norvegese.
Stokke AS – azienda di arredamento ergonomico
Georg Stokke – fondatore della suddetta


text:
History of Cutlery
History of Eating Utensils
Eating Utensils Facts
History of Skewer
History of the Skewer - Origins and Invention of Skewers
Ever since our ancestor discovered how to tame the flame, they enriched their diet with the variety of new foods. As one of the earliest recipes for preparing meat was roasting it over the flame, our ancestors discovered that the easiest way to accomplish that is to string pieces of meat on long thing pieces of wood. This invention of first skewer represented only the beginning of life for this popular eating utensil. Ease of creation, maintaining and simple use enabled it to remain one of the most popular utensils for cooking over the open flame, and was used regularly by all the civilizations and nations from the dawn of time up to today.
Tradition of using skewers was recorded in the histories of many areas. Japan has a very long history of cooking and grilling meat over charcoal, and Hawaii has a clash of many traditions of Pacific which entails roasting almost everything over the fire with skewers - from meat to fruits and pineapples.
In modern times, skewers are used in variety of ways. In addition of its traditional use, they also found their place as holders of candy and other sweet products, garnishes on cocktails, and many others types of food that are sold "on a stick" in many outdoor market/sidewalk businesses.
Materials from which modern skewers are made range from the traditional wood and bamboo, to the glass, metal and other decorative materials.
© 2021 - Eating Utensils | Privacy Policy | Contact


text:
Kanalrebeller var en benämning på konservativa politiker som i den preussiska lantdagen 1899 motsatte sig förslaget om byggandet av Mittellandkanal och därigenom utlöste en politisk kris.

Bakgrund
Mittellandkanale  var ett viktigt infrastrukturprojekt som syftade till att förbinda Rhen och Elbe. Samtidigt var det också ett prestigeobjekt som var särskilt kärt för Wilhelm II, som såg det som en symbol för tekniska framsteg. I synnerhet industrimännen i Västtyskland stödde projektet och såg i det stärkandet av den tyska ekonomin. Å andra sidan fruktade de stora östtyska spannmålsproducenterna att billig amerikansk spannmål skulle kunna transporteras genom kanalen även till de östra provinserna. Framför allt organiserade Bund der Landwirte en protestaktion.

År 1899 röstade representanterna för det Tysk-konservativa partiet tillsammans med representanter för Centrumpartiet i preussiska representanthuset mot att godkänna medel för bygget av Mittellandkanalen. Denna åsikt stödde av konservativa ledamöter av det preussiska parlamentet. Representanter som var heltidsanställda distriktsadministratörer eller till och med distriktspresidenter och därför tjänstemän röstade också emot lagen.

Kaisern var rasande över detta motstånd, särskilt från konservativa kretsar. För Wilhelm, som mot alla odds ville driva igenom projektet var ett godkännande en fråga om lojalitet.  Han och Clodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst övervägde att upplösa det preussiska representanthuset. Den nationalliberale preussiske finansministern Johannes von Mikel, som inte ville ha ett fullständigt avbrott med de konservativa, lyckades avråda Wilhelm från detta.

Källor

Politik i Preussen
1899 i Tyskland


text:
Q: Combining different fonts I am writing a note and I tried to combine two different fonts taken from The latex fonts catalogue here.
These fonts are New TX for the text style and GFS Artemisia with Euler math for math style. However, as I expected, they do not combine properly as the latex compiler gives me the following error
! LaTeX Error: Command \textfrac already defined.
               Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual.

See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.
Type  H <return>  for immediate help.
 ...

l.72 ...rnums}{m}{textdenomnums}\selectfont /#2}}}

?

Is there any way for getting rid of that?
Here is the code.
\documentclass[10pt]{amsart}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

\usepackage{newtxtext, gfsartemisia-euler}

\begin{document}

$\mathbb{Z}$

\end{document}

This are all packages I am using.

A: when loading multiple font packages there is always the chance that they define the same top level commands. It may be that you don't use \textfrac at all and you don't care which version you use but you need to tell latex one or the other, here I load tx then undefine \textfrac then load gfs so its definition will win.
\documentclass[10pt]{amsart}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

\usepackage{newtxtext}

\let\textfrac\undefined
\usepackage{gfsartemisia-euler}

\begin{document}

$\mathbb{Z}$

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Duration: This energiser typically lasts for about 10 - 20 minutes.
This free energiser is great when used to help energise participants during a training session and get their creative juices flowing.
A set of instructions for the free energiser, 'Duct Tape Game' can be downloaded from the link at the bottom of this page or you can follow the instructions below.
This energiser is useful when you want to demonstrate that sometimes being restricted in choices can actual provide us with a chance to be more creative in solving problems.
1. Ask participants to spend 5 minutes coming up with as many problems as they can. These problems should then be written on a flipchart.
2. Once participants have several problems. Advise them that they have to come up with solutions to those problems. However, the participants can only use Duct Tape as a solution to the problem. They can use it in any way that they want, but it must be a 'Duct Tape' solution.
3. Review, the solutions provided by the participants and discuss how limiting their options to only using Duct Tape made them feel and whether it helped or hindered their creative problem solving skills.
People talk too much in the office and it's distracting – Put Duct Tape over their mouth! (This expanded into providing posters of people with duct tape over their mouths to emphasise that they were in a quiet work area).
No-one reads the staff handbook – Duct tape the pages to their laptops (This expanded into providing an online version).