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Prospective Validation of The Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7, a Novel Geriatric Screening Tool, in Older Patients with Advanced Cancer Undergoing First-line Palliative Chemotherapy
Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(3):1249-1256
Cancer Res TreatJournal ArchiveCancer Res Treat. 2019;51(3)
Publication date (electronic) : 2019 January 2
doi : https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.451
Jin Won Kim, MD1, Se Hyun Kim, MD1, Yun-Gyoo Lee, MD2, In Gyu Hwang, MD3, Jin Young Kim, MD4, Su-Jin Koh, MD5, Yoon Ho Ko, MD6, Seong Hoon Shin, MD7, In Sook Woo, MD8, Soojung Hong, MD9, Tae-Yong Kim, MD10, Ji Yeon Baek, MD11, Hyun Jung Kim, MD12, Hyo Jung Kim, MD13, Myung Ah Lee, MD14, Jung Hye Kwon, MD15, Yong Sang Hong, MD16, Hun-Mo Ryoo, MD17, Kyung Hee Lee, MD18, Jee Hyun Kim, MD1
1Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
2Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
5Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
6Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
7Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
8Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
9Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
10Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
11Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
12Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
13Department of Internal Medicine, Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
14Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
15Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
16Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
17Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu Catholic University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
18Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
Correspondence: Jee Hyun Kim, MD Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea Tel: 82-31-787-7022 Fax: 82-31-787-4052 E-mail: jhkimmd@snu.ac.kr
Received 2018 August 8; Accepted 2018 December 30.
The purpose of this study was to prospectively validate the Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7, a novel geriatric screening tool, in older patients with advanced cancer planned to undergo first-line palliative chemotherapy.
Participants answered the KG-7 questionnaire before undergoing geriatric assessment (GA) and first-line palliative chemotherapy. The performance of KG-7 was evaluated by calculating the sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV), balanced accuracy (BA), and area under the curve (AUC).
The baseline GA and KG-7 results were collected from 301 patients. The median age was 75 years (range, 70 to 93 years). Abnormal GA was documented in 222 patients (73.8%). Based on the ≤ 5 cut-off value of KG-7 for abnormal GA, abnormal KG-7 score was shown in 200 patients (66.4%). KG-7 showed SE, SP, PPV, NPV, and BA of 75.7%, 59.7%, 84.4%, 46.0%, and 67.7%, respectively; AUC was 0.745 (95% confidence interval, 0.687 to 0.803). Furthermore, patients with higher KG-7 scores showed significantly longer survival (p=0.006).
KG-7 appears to be adequate in identifying patients with abnormal GA prospectively. Hence, KG-7 can be a useful screening tool for Asian countries with limited resources and high patient volume.
Keywords: Geriatric assessment; KG-7; Screening tools; Prospective; Validation
Geriatric assessment (GA) can identify various problems necessary to determine the appropriate geriatric intervention and follow-up strategies for older patients, otherwise not possible by conventional physical examination and/or history taking [1,2]. It is considered useful due to its ability to differentiate between older patients with good and diminished physiological reserves. In older patients with cancer, GA has been used to predict tolerability of cancer treatment [3,4], toxicity of chemotherapy [5,6], and survival [7,8]. However, the full GA consists of many domains with items, including medical, functional, neuropsychiatric, nutritional, and social assessments [9], which can be highly time consuming and labor intensive. Therefore, it can be ineffective in routine practice, especially in institutions with limited resources and high patient volume, especially in high-burden oncology clinics. To remedy this, a screening method that differentiates older patients who need the full GA from those who do not need such extensive approach may be highly beneficial [10].
To date, there are several geriatric screening tools available, including Geriatric 8 (G-8), Abbreviated Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (aCGA), Groningen Frailty Index (GFI), Vulnerable Elders Survey-13 (VES-13), and Triage Risk Screening Tool (TRST) [11-13]. However, these methods provide insufficient information to precisely identify patients that need the full GA [9]. Moreover, they do not represent all domains evenly [9,14]. VES-13 was developed to identify vulnerable older individuals in a community, and TRST was developed to predict repeat emergency department visits [15,16]. Hence, the applicability of these methods in cancer patients may be limiting. In addition, domain of GA could be various based on cultural backgrounds and clinical practice patterns. Given these considerations, we have developed a novel screening tool: the Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7 with objective, easy-to-answer questions that have been selected from a large dataset to represent each domain of GA with high sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) in the previous study [17].
In this study, we aimed to prospectively validate the clinical utility of KG-7 from an independent cohort of older patients with advanced cancer planned to undergo first-line palliative chemotherapy. We also assessed the prognostic value of KG-7 in terms of overall survival (OS).
This prospective study to validate KG-7 was conducted as a substudy of another prospective, longitudinal, and multicenter cohort study to develop a prediction tool for adverse events ≥ grade 3 due to chemotherapy [18]. Inclusion criteria of this study were as follows: patient age ≥ 70 years; candidate for first-line palliative chemotherapy; and patients with histologically confirmed solid tumor. The exclusion criteria were hematologic malignancy, such as lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma; patient with a treatment plan of monotherapy with biologic agent or targeted agent, concurrent chemoradiotherapy, combination chemotherapy with investigational agents, or monotherapy with oral agents; and recurrent cases during adjuvant chemotherapy.
1. KG-7 and GA
KG-7 questionnaire was answered before full GA. KG-7 consisted of seven questions evenly distributed to represent each domain of GA (Table 1). KG-7 scores ranged from 0 to 7, and higher scores indicated better conditions. In a previous study, the cut-off value of KG-7 was defined as 5.5 [17]. As in our previous studies, GA consisted of an evaluation of medical problems, social support, functional status, cognitive status, emotional status, nutritional status, and mobility [3,17,19]. To measure comorbidity, Charlson comorbidity index was used, which was divided into low (0 points), medium (1-2 points), high (3-4 points), and very high (≥ 5 points) groups in accordance with the original weighting system [20]. The functional status was tested using the activities of daily living (ADL) and Korean instrument activities of daily living (K-IADL) scores [21,22]. At least one item with dependency in ADL or K-IADL was categorized as ADLdependent or IADL-dependent, respectively. Timed get-upand-go test (TGUG) of greater than 20 seconds was defined as impaired mobility [23]. Cognitive function was tested using Mini-Mental Status Examination in the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease Assessment Packet (MMSE-KC), which was categorized into severe cognitive impairment (scores ≤ 16) and mild cognitive impairment (scores 17-24) [24]. For depression, shortform geriatric depression scale (SGDS) scores of 5 to 9 and of 10 or more showed mild depression and severe depression, respectively [25]. In terms of nutritional status, the mini nutritional assessment (MNA) score of less than 17.0 and between 17.0 and 23.5 indicated malnutrition and risk of malnutrition, respectively [26]. GA was evaluated by clinical research coordinators who underwent appropriate education – and were certified by the Korean Cancer Study Group (KCSG) for the standardization of GA. Abnormal GA was defined as deficits in at least two out of six domains (ADL, K-IADL, MMSE-KC, SGDS, MNA, and TGUG).
The Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7
SE, SP, positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV), balanced accuracy [BA=(SE+SP)/2], as well as the area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. The performance of KG-7 was numerically compared with that of G-8. The G-8 was obtained from MNA and age. OS was calculated from the date of GA to the last follow-up or any cause of death. The event for OS was defined as any cause of death. The probability of OS was calculated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with log-rank significance tests. All analyses were performed using PASW Statistics ver. 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).
3. Ethical statement
This study was approved by the institutional review boards and independent ethics committee of each hospital and KCSG (KCSG PC13-09). This study was registered with the Clinical Research Information Service (CRiS, WHO ICTRP number: KCT0001071). All participating patients provided written informed consent.
1. Baseline characteristics and GA
Between February 2014 and December 2015, 301 patients undergoing palliative chemotherapy were enrolled in 17 hospitals affiliated with KCSG. The baseline patient characteristics and results of GA are shown in Table 2. The median age was 75 years (range, 70 to 93 years). Forty-two patients (14.0%) were 80 years of age or older. Males were more than females (69.1% and 30.9%, respectively). The most common cancer types were colorectal cancer (28.9%), lung cancer (24.6%), and hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancer (22.3%). In terms of GA, Charlson comorbidity index showed low or medium risk of comorbidity (52.2% and 37.9%, respectively) in most patients. Dependency in ADL and IADL was identified in 28.6% and 41.2% of patients, respectively. MMSE indicated mild and severe impairment of cognitive function in 45.5% and 10.0% of patients, respectively. Mild and severe depression were detected in 30.6% and 13.3% of patients, respectively. The risk of malnutrition and having malnutrition by MNA were seen in 56.8% and 19.6% of patients, respectively. There were 47 patients (15.6%) who had impaired mobility by TGUG > 20 seconds or were unable to complete the test. In two patients, abnormality of GA could not be determined in accordance with the definition of abnormality defined above due to missing values of GA. Abnormal GA was identified in 222 patients (73.8%).
Baseline characteristics including geriatric assessment
2. KG-7
The KG-7 score was collected in all patients. The distribution of KG-7 score is shown in Fig. 1. SE and SP using different cutoffs were presented as a S1 Table. Based on the ≤ 5 cut-off value of KG-7 for abnormal GA, as suggested by a previous study [17], abnormal KG-7 score was shown in 200 patients (66.4%). The SE, SP, PPV, NPV, and BA were 75.7%, 59.7%, 84.4%, 46.0%, and 67.7%, respectively. According to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, AUC was 0.745 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.687 to 0.803; p < 0.001) (Fig. 2A).
Distribution of Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7 score according to status of geriatric assessment (GA). Values shown in Table are presented as number (%).
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve comparing Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7 (A) with Geriatric 8 (G-8) (B). CI, confidence interval.
3. The performance of KG-7 compared with that of G-8
The G-8 score was calculated using MNA and age. In one patient, G-8 score could not be calculated due to missing values. There was the positive correlation between KG-7 and G-8 scores (Pearson correlation, 0.517; p < 0.001). With the G-8 cut-off value of ≤ 14 for abnormal GA, as suggested by a reference study [27], abnormal G-8 score was shown in 263 patients (87.4%). SE, SP, PPV, NPV, and BA were 94.1%, 28.6%, 79.0%, 61.1%, and 61.4%, respectively. According to ROC, AUC was 0.772 (95% CI, 0.710 to 0.834; p < 0.001) (Fig. 2B). The SE and NPV of G-8 were higher than those of KG-7. However, SP and PPV of G-8 were lower than those of KG-7. Furthermore, BA was higher in KG-7 than in G-8 (67.7% and 61.4%, respectively). Normal G-8 score (> 14 points) was shown in only 12.3% of all patients. Hence, G-8 showed a lower number of patients without the need of full GA than KG-7 (33.6%).
4. OS according to KG-7 score
The KG-7 scores showed a prognostic value for OS. Patients with a higher KG-7 score showed longer OS (p=0.006). The median OS was longer in patients with normal KG-7 scores than those with abnormal KG-7 scores (19 months vs. 10 months, p=0.003) (Fig. 3A). When patients were categorized into four groups according to KG-7 score (0, 1 vs. 2, 3 vs. 4, 5 vs. 6, 7), groups with higher scores also showed longer OS (median OS, 4 vs. 5 vs. 12 vs. 19 months, respectively; p=0.002) (Fig. 3B).
Overall survival according to normal Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7 vs. abnormal KG-7 score (A), overall survival based on subgroups of KG-7 scores (B).
In this study, we prospectively validated the performance of KG-7, which is a novel screening tool suitable for an outpatient oncology clinic setting with low resources and high patient burden to identify patients in need of full GA [17]. KG-7 could identify patients with abnormal GA with comparable performance with G-8. Furthermore, KG-7 showed a prognostic value for OS.
KG-7 consists of seven easy-to-answer questions. In the previous development study, several characteristics of KG-7 have been reported to be noteworthy when compared with the characteristics of other screening tools [17]. First, KG-7 was based on a large GA dataset, which included the standard method in evaluating older patients. Second, the items in each domain of KG-7 were rearranged to encompass the entire GA and distributed evenly across each essential domain. Third, KG-7 was developed with the consideration of its applicability to cancer patients. Finally, KG-7 showed the prognostic value.
In a previous systematic review, SE and SP of each screening tool for predicting frailty on GA was various, ranging from 25% to 92% and 39% to 100%, respectively, depending on the definition of abnormal GA, prevalence of abnormal GA, enrolled population, and applied tools [9]. They did not show enough of a discriminative value to be applicable in routine practice. Recently, it has been reported that modifying or adding relevant items enhanced the SE and SP of the current tools [28,29]. Based on these findings, KG-7 showed affordable accuracy in this validation study (SE, SP, PPV, NPV, BA, and AUC were 75.7%, 59.7%, 84.4%, 46.0%, 67.7%, and 0.745, respectively). This value was somewhat attenuated compared to those reported in development cohort and retrospective cohort receiving first-line palliative chemotherapy [17]. This could be explained by lower incidence of abnormal GA (66.4% vs. 79.5%). However, in comparison with G-8, our study showed similar AUC value, although SE and NPV of KG-7 were slightly lower than those of G-8. SP and PPV were higher than those of G-8. Furthermore, BA was higher in KG-7 than in G-8.
GA should reflect various social and cultural aspects. Body mass index selected in G-8 is not acceptable for older Asian patients with cancer due to relatively smaller body mass indexes compared with older Western patients with cancer. Therefore, a modified or novel tool was necessary to meet the characteristics of Asian clinical setting and population. KG-7 is the first validated screening tool in older Asian patients with cancer.
The percentage of patients with a normal score of KG-7 was higher in this validation study than that in the previous development cohort study (33.6% vs. 20.5%) [17]. The percentage of patients with a normal score of G-8 was also higher in this study population than in the previous study (12.3% vs. 9.2%). This can be attributed to the characteristics of patients enrolled. In this validation study, candidates for first-line palliative chemotherapy were included prospectively, and all patients were fit to receive chemotherapy on physician's decisions and were able to provide informed consent. This result suggests that KG-7 may be a good, functional screening tool, of which results could be different according to characteristics of patients.
In this validation study, prognostic factors of enrolled patients were homogeneous. Most patients had good performance status of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-1 and less comorbidity of low/medium Charlson risk index. All patients were candidates for firstline palliative chemotherapy. Nevertheless, according to the KG-7 score, OS was significantly discriminated, similar to a previous study [17]. The findings of this study indicate that KG-7 is a good tool for routine practice as it provides not only screening but also prognosis.
There are some limitations in this study. First, KG-7 was obtained by face-to-face interview before full GA; however, the scores of G-8 were retrieved using MNA and age. Hence, our study is not a head-to-head comparison between KG-7 and G-8. However, because items of G-8 are identical to corresponding items of MNA and it was collected prospectively, the results of G-8 should be reliable. Although indirect, the comparison performed in this study between KG-7 and G-8 should provide the reader with the relative performance of KG-7. Second, this study was conducted as a substudy of another prospective, longitudinal, and multicenter cohort study. The validation of KG-7 was the secondary outcome of another study. However, GA was the essential data in the primary study and KG-7 was collected in all patients. Timing of obtaining KG-7 before GA was followed with great attention. Further studies are necessary to determine whether a two-step approach using KG-7 screening followed by full GA impacts patient outcome, including toxicity, chemotherapy completion rate, and ultimate survival of older cancer patients. Finally, abnormal GA was defined as two or more deficits of GA domains in our study, which have been used in many studies related with geriatric screening tools. Older patients with cancer who have only one deficit of GA domain should be identified to provide a proper geriatric intervention to correct the deficit.
In this study, we have validated the usefulness of KG-7 as a screening tool in older patients with cancer planned to receive first-line palliative chemotherapy. We showed that KG-7 was comparable to G-8. Moreover, OS was discriminated according to KG-7 scores. KG-7 could be used effectively in countries with high patient burden and low resources to select patients in need of full GA.
Supplementary materials are available at Cancer Research and Treatment website (http://www.e-crt.org).
Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.
All authors would like to express our deepest respect and gratitude to late Prof. Hong Suk Song, a valued member of Korean Cancer Study Group, who participated as principal investigator and contributed greatly from initial stage of the study.
This study was supported by grants from the National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry for Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (study no: 1320370). The funding source did not play any role in the study except for funding.
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1. Can you take a shower or bath without help? Yes (1), No (0)
2. Can you ascend the stairs without help? Yes (1), No (0)
3. Can you take care of all shopping needs independently? Yes (1), No (0)
4. How is the self-view of your nutritional status? Good (1), Bad (0)
5. Do you take more than 3 prescription drugs per day? Yes (0), No (1)
6. What year, month and day is this? Correct answer (1), Incorrect answer (0)
7. Have you dropped many of your activities and interests? Yes (0), No (1)
Total points ( )/7 points
No. (%) (n=301)
Age, median (range, yr) 75 (70-93)
70-79 259 (86.0)
≥ 80 42 (14.0)
Male 208 (69.1)
Female 93 (30.9)
ECOG PS
0 39 (13.0)
1 206 (68.4)
3/4 4 (1.3)
Colorectal cancer 87 (28.9)
Lung 74 (24.6)
Hepato-biliary-pancreatic 67 (22.3)
Stomach 32 (10.6)
Urinary tract cancer (including prostate) 15 (5.0)
Head and neck 10 (3.3)
Othersa) 16 (5.3)
Comorbidity (Charlson risk index)
Low (0) 157 (52.2)
Medium (1-2) 114 (37.9)
High (3-4) 28 (9.3)
Very high (≥ 5) 2 (0.7)
Activity of daily living
Independent 215 (71.4)
Dependent 86 (28.6)
Instrumental activity daily of living
Dependent 124 (41.2)
Cognitive function (MMSE-KC)
Intact (25-30) 134 (44.5)
Mild impairment (17-24) 137 (45.5)
Severe impairment (≤ 16) 30 (10.0)
Depression (SGDS)
Intact (< 5) 167 (55.5)
Mild depression (≥ 5 and < 10) 92 (30.6)
Severe depression) (≥ 10) 40 (13.3)
Unknown 2 (0.7)
Nutritional status (MNA)
Normal (≥ 24) 70 (23.3)
Risk of malnutrition (≥ 17 and < 24) 171 (56.8)
Malnutrition (< 17) 59 (19.6)
Mobility (TGUG)
Intact 235 (78.1)
Impaired or incapable 47 (15.6)
Unknown 19 (6.3)
Abnormal 222 (73.8)
Normal 77 (25.6)
Undetermined 2 (0.7)
ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Scale of Performance Status; MMSE-KC, Mini-Mental Status Examination in the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease Assessment Packet; SGDS, Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale; MNA, Mini Nutritional Assessment; TGUG, Timed Get Up and Go test. a)Others: breast (4), gynecological (4), esophageal cancer (3), sarcoma (2), melanoma (2), thymoma (1).


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This articwe is about de municipawity in Maharashtra, India. For its namesake district, see Hazur Sahib Nanded district. For its namesake tawuka, see Nanded tawuka.
"City of Sanskrit poets", "City of Gurdwaras"
Nanded is a city in Maharashtra state, India. It is de eighf wargest urban aggwomeration of de state and de seventy-ninf most popuwous city in India. It is de second wargest city in Maradwada subdivision, uh-hah-hah-hah. Nanded is de centre of governance of Nanded district. Nanded is a major destination for Sikh piwgrims, because de 10f Sikh Guru (Guru Gobind Singh) made Nanded his permanent abode and passed his guruship to de Guru Granf Sahib before his deaf in 1708.
Nanded is wocated on de banks of Godavari river in centraw west India. It is cwoser (approximatewy 275 kiwometres (171 mi)) to Hyderabad in de state of Tewangana dan it is to de capitaw of Maharashtra state, Mumbai. Nanded district borders Latur district and Parbhani district to de west and Yavatmaw district to de norf. The district is bounded by de Nizamabad, Medak and Adiwabad districts of Tewangana state to de east.
Nanded has two parts: Owd Nanded 20.62 sqware kiwometres (7.96 sq mi) occupies de norf bank of de Godavari river; New Nanded, to de souf of de river, 31.14 sqware kiwometres (12.02 sq mi) encompasses Waghawa and six oder viwwages.
From a copper pwate inscription found at Washim, a town approximatewy 150 kiwometres (93 mi) norf of Nanded, archaeowogists deduce de city was formerwy known as Nanditaṭa (Maradi: नंदितट). Anoder name was Nandigrāma. Fowkwore suggests dat de name "Nanded" devewoped from Nandi de Vahana of Shiva. Shiva was said to have performed penance on de banks (Taṭa) of de Godavari river. This "Nandi-taṭa" water became "Nanded".
Nanded is an owd and historic centre. Locaw irrigation practices and Nanded itsewf are recorded in de treatise, Leewa Charitra (wate 1200s CE).
In de 5f and 4f centuries BCE, Nanded was ruwed by de Nanda dynasty. In de 3rd century BCE (about 272 to 231 BCE), it was part of de Maurya Empire under Ashoka.
In de 1st century CE, power in de area way wif de Andhrabhrtyas and Satvahanas.
From 1636, Nanded was de centre of governance of Nizam State now Tewangana, Karnataka, an imperiaw province of de Mughaw Badshah (emperor) Shah Jahan. In 1657, Nanded merged into Bidah Subah.
In 1725, Nanded became part of Hyderabad State. It continued to be part of de Nizam of Hyderabad's dominions untiw 1948. After India gained independence in 1947, de Indian Armed Forces annexed Hyderabad and ended de ruwe of de Nizam in Operation Powo, making Nanded part of de new Hyderabad State.
Nanded remained part of de annexed Hyderabad state untiw 1956 when it was incwuded in de Bombay Presidency. On 1 May 1960, Maharashtra state was created on a winguistic basis and de Maradi dominant Nanded district became part of Maharashtra.
Nanded is associated wif some important Sikh gurus. For exampwe, Guru Nanak (1469 – 1539 CE) passed drough Nanded on his way to Sri Lanka.
Guru Gobind Singh (1666 – 1708 CE) arrived in Nanded wif de mughaw emperor Bahadur Shah I (1643 – 1712 CE) near de end of August in 1707 CE. When Bahadur moved on to Gowconda Singh remained in Nanded. Singh procwaimed he was de wast (tenf) wiving guru and estabwished de sacred text, de Guru Granf Sahib as an eternaw "wiving" weader. Guru Gobind Singh died widout a wineaw descendant due to de martyrdom of his four sons.
In about 1835, Maharaja Ranjit Singh commissioned de construction of a gurdwara at Nanded. It was buiwt on de site of Guru Gobind Singh's cremation. The gurdwara is part of de Hazur Sahib.
In 2008, de tercentenary of de passing of de guruship to Guru Granf Sahib, Guru-ta-Gaddi cewebrations were hewd in Nanded.
Nanded is de second wargest city in Maradawada after Aurangabad. Its area is 63.22 sqware kiwometres (24.41 sq mi). Regarding cities in Maharashtra state, Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Nasik, Aurangabad, Sowapur and Amravati are warger.
Nanded is buiwt on de Deccan Traps wava fwows of de upper cretaceous to wower eocene eras. The wava fwows are overwain by din awwuviaw deposits. The wava fwows are horizontaw and each fwow has two distinct units. The highwy weadered vesicuwar trap and underwying weadered jointed and fractured massive trap constitutes de main water-yiewding zones. The soiw is mostwy formed from igneous rocks and are bwack, medium bwack, shawwow and cawcareous types having different depds and profiwes.
The city of Nanded is managed by de Nanded-Waghawa Municipaw Corporation (NWCMC). The corporation consists of 81 democraticawwy ewected members. The Municipaw Commissioner is de Chief Executive of de Corporation, uh-hah-hah-hah.
As of de[update] 2011 census, Nanded had a popuwation of 550,564. The municipawity had a gender ratio of 924 femawes per 1,000 mawes. 12.4 percent of de popuwation were under six years owd. Effective witeracy was 87.40 percent. 81.74 percent of women were witerate. Mawe witeracy was 92.68 percent.
Nanded is a centre for governance and a market town for its surrounding agricuwturaw region, uh-hah-hah-hah. Tourism is supported by 10 miwwion visitors and rewigious piwgrims. There is awso some industriaw devewopment.
Crops grown around Nanded incwude cotton, bananas, sugarcane, mangoes, soya beans, sweet wimes, and sorghum (jawar). Nanded has a regionaw cotton research center to support de cotton-growing industry. There is an agricuwturaw schoow operationaw under de aegis of Krishi Vidyapeef of Parbhani.
On 17 September 1994, de Swami Ramanand Teerf Maradwada University was estabwished in Nanded after a restructuring of de Maradwada University in Aurangabad. The university supervises de educationaw activities in senior cowweges in four districts of Maradwada division, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Nanded is an historicaw city in de Maradwada region of Maharashtra state. Vedic rituaws are performed on de banks of Godavari River These incwude Urvashi Ghat, Ram Ghat, and Govardhan Ghat.
Tempwes in Trikut viwwage form de Nabhishdan (centre point) of de River Godavari, which is bewieved to be very sacred for Hindus.
Siddheshwar Tempwe, Hottaw – buiwt during de Chawukya era, an exampwe of Hemadpanti tempwe architecture.
Lord Shiva Tempwe, Tadkhew Viwwage (Degwoor Tawuka) – buiwt wif warge stones dispwaying scripture by de Hindu king, Senapati.
Hazur Sahib was buiwt by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. It is one of de Panj Takht, de five seats of higher audority for Sikhs. It is buiwt at de site of cremation of Guru Gobind Singh. His remains and weapons are preserved at de site.
Nanded fort is found 4 kiwometres (2.5 mi) from Nanded Raiwway Station, uh-hah-hah-hah. The Godavari river encwoses de fort on dree sides. There is a garden and water works.
Mahur fort – an important point on a major route from de Norf to de Deccan, uh-hah-hah-hah.
The fawws, wocated at Iswapur viwwage, are a favourite destination for tourists during de monsoon and are accessibwe by train, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Unkeshwar viwwage in Kinwat tawuka has a famous Shiva tempwe. Hot water springs wif containing suwphur and phosphate are bewieved to have medicinaw properties.
Nationaw highway 61 (Kawyan-Ahmednagar-Parbhani-Nanded-Nirmaw), Nationaw highway 361 (Nagpur-Wardha-Yavatmaw-Nanded-Latur-Sowapur-Sangwi-Kowhapur-Ratnagiri) and Nationaw highway 161 (Akowa-Washim-Hingowi-Nanded-Degwoor-Sangareddy) pass drough de city. The State Road Transport Bus service operates to Nanded.
Nanded raiwway station is wocated on de Secunderabad – Manmad section of Nanded raiwway division of de Souf Centraw Raiwway Zone (SCR). Nanded station is de biggest station in Maradwada region, uh-hah-hah-hah. Forty-eight trains arrive each day. Mawtekdi Raiwway Station is anoder raiwway station for Nanded.
The Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport is served by daiwy Trujet Airwines fwights to Hyderabad and Mumbai. Recentwy, Air India started its own operations from de city, connecting Nanded to Amritsar wif fwights on Saturday and Sunday. Air India awso started direct fwights to Dewhi twice a week beginning 19 November 2018.Awso de first direct fwight between Chandigarh to Nanded started in January 2019. Wif dis wong standing demand of Sikh piwgrims has been fuwfiwwed.
Guru Gobind Singh, de wast Sikh Guru who died in Nanded.
Banda Singh Bahadur, de Sikh miwitary commander.
Pachwegaonkar Maharaj, a Rashtra sant, founder of de Mukteshvar Daw, Hindu Rashtra Sena; a sociaw activist and weader of de Hyderabad wiberation struggwe.
Shankarrao Chavan, de former home minister and former chief minister of Maharashtra state.
Ashok Chavan, de president of de Maharashtra Congress, a former chief minister of Maharashtra state and an MP of de Nanded Loksabha.
Narhar Ambadas Kurundkar, de schowar, critic and audor.
Kamawkishor Kadam, a former minister of education, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Nagnaf Lawujirao Kottapawwe, an educationawist and audor.
Wikimedia Commons has media rewated to Nanded.
Wikivoyage has a travew guide for Nanded.
^ "Nanded Waghawa City Census 2011 data". Indian Census 2011. Retrieved 13 Apriw 2015.
^ "Nanded District - Historicaw Importance". India.gov.in. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
^ "Nanded". maharashtra government. Retrieved 18 Juwy 2015.
^ Nanded City Nanded airport Corporation website.
^ a b c Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Nanded. Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Pubwications, Maharashtra State. 1971. pp. 4, 576.
^ Proceedings – Indian History Congress. Indian History Congress. 2007. p. 331.
^ Guruswamy, Mohan, uh-hah-hah-hah. "Powice Action". Hyderabad on de Net. Retrieved 31 Juwy 2012.
^ "Gazetteers Department – Bhir". maharashtra.gov.in (Government of Maharashtra). Archived from de originaw on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2007.
^ "New Page 4". beed.nic.in, uh-hah-hah-hah. Archived from de originaw on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
^ Journaw of de United Service Institution of India, Vowumes 1-2. United Service Institution of India. 1871. p. 58.
^ "The Sikh Review". Sikh Cuwturaw Centre. 20 (218–229): 28. 1972.
^ "Provisionaw Popuwation Totaws, Census of India 2011; Cities having popuwation 1 wakh and above" (PDF). Office of de Registrar Generaw & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
^ Tourism Nationaw Informatics Centre, India.
^ a b Nanded guruwara Maharashtra tourism, Government of India.
^ Siddheshwar Hottaw Government of India.
^ Mahurghat Government of India.
^ "NED/Hazur Sahib Nanded (4 PFs) Raiwway Station - Today's Train Arrivaw Timings - India Raiw Info - A Busy Junction for Travewwers & Raiw Endusiasts". India Raiw Info.
This page was wast edited on 20 Apriw 2019, at 06:02 (UTC).


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text:
assembling of men-at-arms and quartering tlicm in tlio villages round Paris, to be ready to defend the king and his government against the ill-intentioned. By the advice of his brothers and the king of Navarre, he resolved to defend himself by force against his adversaries, and caused it to be proclaimed throughout tho kingdom, in the king's name, that no one should dare to assemble armed in company of the dukes of Berry and Orleans, and their allies, under pain of corporal punishment and confiscation of goods.
The Orleans faction, however, continued their meetings in spite of this proclamation, and even forced their vassals to serve under and accompany them: I mean, such of them as were dilatory in obeying their summons. There were, therefore, at this time, great and frequent assemblies of armed men in different parts of France, to the prejudice of the poor people. Those lords that were well inclined to the king came to Paris, and their men were quartered in the flat country of the island of France. The Orleans party fixed their quarters at Chartres and the adjacent parts; and their forces might amount, according to tho estimate of well-informed persons, to full six thousand men in armour, four thousand cross-bows, and sixteen hundred archers, without counting the unarmed infantry, of which there were great numbers. In regard to the army which the duke of Bungundy had assembled by orders from the king, it was estimated to consist of upward of sixteen thousand combatants, all men of tried courage. During this time, the king of Navarre and his brother, the count de Mortain, at the request of the duke of Burgundy, negotiated a peace between the duke of Brittany, their nephew, and the count de Penthievre, son-in-law to the duke of Burgundy.
This was done in the hope that the duke of Brittany would be induced to assist the king with his Bretons, and give up the Orleans party, to whom he had engaged himself. On tho conclusion of this peace between the two parties, twenty thousand golden crowns were sent the duke, to defray the expenses he had been at in raising men-at-arms. Large sums of money were also sent to the lord d'Albreth, constable of France, that he might collect a numerous body of men-at-arms, and march them to Paris, to servo the king. He had not any great desire to perform this, for he was wholly inclined to the duke of Orleans and his allies, as was perfectly notorious shortly afterward.
CHAPTER LXV. THE DEATn OP THE DUKE OF BOCRRON. THE PROCLAMATION OP THE
KING OF FRANCE.— TI1E DUKE OF ORLEANS AND HIS ALLIES SEND LETTERS TO THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN FRANCE.
Dvrixo this troublesome time, Louis duke of Bourbon, uncle to the king of Franco by the mother's side, being full sixty years of age, feeling himself oppresssd with years and sickness, caused himself to be conveyed to his residence at Moulins * in the Bourbonnois, where he departed this life, and was buried in the church of the Canons, which he had founded. He was succeeded by his only son, the count de Clermont, who, after some days of lamentation, had the funeral obsequies of his father performed, and, having arranged bis affairs, returned to the duke of Orleans and the other lords at Chartres, and firmly united himself with them, treading in the steps of his late father. The duke of Bourbon had long held tho office of great chamberlain of France, from the friendship of the king, and was in possession of it even at the time of his death; but at the entreaty of the king of Navarre and the duke of Burgundy, the king now gave it to the count de Nevers, to exercise the duties of it in the usual manner.
At this time, the duchess of Brittany, daughter to the king of France, was brought to bed of a son; and she sent to request the duke of Aquitaine, her brother, to stand godfather. He sent, as his proxy, sir David de Brimeu knight, lord of ITumbercourt, with a handsome present of jewels, which sir David gave her on the part of the duke of Aquitaine. The king again issued his summons to the different bailiwicks and seneschalships in the realm, for all persons to arm without delay, who were bounden so to do from the tenure of their fiefs or arriere-fiefs, and to march instantly to Paris to serve the king against the dukes of Orleans, Berry, Bourbon, the counts d'Armagnac, d'Alencjon, and others their allies, who, notwithstanding the king's positive orders to the contrary, continued daily to assemble large bodies of men-at-arms, to the destruction of his country and subjects. The above dukes wrote letters to the king, to the university of Paris, and to many of the principal towns, to explain the causes why tliey had thus confederated and collected men-at-arms; one of which, signed with their signs-manual, they sent to the town of Amiens, and the contents were as follows:
* Moreri »va, that the good duke Louis died at Mon- children, Louis and two daughters, died without issue and
bucan, on the 19th of August, 1410. By his wife Anne, unmarried. He left also a natural son, named Hector, who
dauphirieM of Aitvergne and countess of Forez, he left was killed at the siege of Soissons in 1414. John count of Clermont, his son and successor : his other
VOL. I. M
"To our well-beloved and very dear citizens, burgesses, and inhabitants of the town of Amiens, health and affection. We have written to our most redoubted and sovereign lord the king of France, in manner following :—We dukes of Berry, of Orleans, and of Bourbon, counts of Alencon and of Armagnac, your humble uncles, relations and subjects, for ourselves and all others our adherents, wellwishers to your person,—as the rights of your domination, your crown and royal majesty, have been so nobly instituted, and founded on justice, power, and the true obedience of your subjects,—and as your glory and authority are resplendent through all parts of the world, you having been worthily consecrated and anointed by the holy roman see, and considered by all Christendom as sovereign monarch and equal distributor of justice, as well to the poor as to the rich, without owing obedience to any other lord, but God and his Divine Majesty, who has been pleased most worthily to have gifted you, —may all those who are connected with you by blood, by their frank and loyal affections, guard and defend your sacred person as your relations and subjects. And may we, in particular, as your near relations, and for that cause more obliged to it, set an example of due obedience to your other subjects, and exert ourselves in preserving to you free liberty of action in every part of your government, insomuch that you may have power to reward the good and punish the wicked, and to preserve every one in his just rights, and likewise that you may execute justice in such wise that your kingdom may remain in peace, first to the honour of God, and then to your own honour, and to the example of your good friends and subjects, by following the paths of your predecessors, the kings of France, who, by this noble way of governing their great kingdom, have ever preserved tranquillity and peace, insomuch that all Christian nations, far and near, and even infidels, have had recourse to them in their disputes, and have been perfectly contented with their decisions on the cases referred to them, as the fountains of justice and loyalty. And, most sovereign lord, that your power, justice, and the state of your government may not suffer at present any wound or diminution, and that public affairs may be managed according to the principles of reason, in such wise as may be apparent to all men of sound understanding ;—
"For this effect, most redoubted sovereign, we, the above-written, have confederated and assembled, that we may most humbly lay before you the real state of your situation, in regard to your royal person, and also that of my lord of Aquitaine, your eldest son. We have likewise to lay before you the manner in which you arc enthralled, and the government carried on, that justice may be restored, and the public weal no longer suffer, as we can more fully explain. Should any persons deny this, let your majesty, by the advice of your council, appoint some of the princes of your blood, and other impartial and unprejudiced persons, to inquire into it, in whatever number you in your wisdom may select. But we advise that you speedily and effectually provide for the safety of your own person, and for that of my lord of Aquitaine, your eldest son, so that your state may enjoy justice and a good government, to the advancement of the public welfare, and that the power and authority may be exercised by you alone, freely and uncontrolled by any other person whatever; and that such a desirable object may be obtained, we, the above-named, offer our earnest prayers, and, at the same time, our lives and fortunes, whatever they may be, which God has graciously granted us in this world, for the just defence of your rights, and in opposing all who may attempt to infringe on them, if any such there be.
"Most redoubted lord, we also inform you, that we shall not break up our confederation until you shall have listened to us, and until we shall see that you have properly provided against the. inconveniences we have mentioned, and until you be fully and wholly reinstated in that power which is your right. To this, most redoubted lord, are we bound, as well in regard to what we have already said, as from fear, honour, and reverence to our Creator, from whom originates your royal authority, and also to satisfy justice, and then yourself, who are sovereign king on earth, and our sole lord. To your support we are urged by our kindred and by our love to your person; for in truth, most redoubted sovereign, there is nothing we dread so much as having offended God, yourself, »nd wounded our own honour, by leaving for so long time unnoticed the aforesaid grievances, which are notorious to every one. In like manner as we signify the above to you, we shall do the same to all prelates, lords, universities, cities, and principal towns of your realm, and in general to all your wellwishers. Most redoubted lord, we humbly supplicate that yon will deign to hear us, and consider of what we have written,—for the sole object we aim at personally affects yourself and your government; and we earnestly beg that you will speedily idopt the most effectual measures for the enjoyment of your own freedom of action, and that your government may be carried on to the praise of God first, and your own glory, and to the advantage of all your good subjects who are anxious for your welfare.
"We have written this, that you may know our intentions, and the cause of our assembling, which is solely for the preservation of the personal liberty of our lord and king, and the affranchisement of his government from any hands but his own. For this object we have sought the advice of the most prudent men, and shall follow their counsels, with all the means God has put in our power, to obtain so desirable an end, for the general welfare of the realm; aid we intend so to act toward our lord the king that God and the world shall be satisfied with us. And we most earnestly entreat, that for so praiseworthy an object you will join ns, and exert yourselves in the same cause; for it is not properly us but the king your lord that you will serve, whom by your oaths you are bounden to assist,—and know that for so doing you will be commended by all men of understanding and prudence. Given at Chartres, the 2d day of December, 1410."
This letter, when received by the council of the town of Amiens, produced very little sensation,—for all, or the greater part of the inhabitants, were inclined to the duke of Burgundy. When a similar one was read in the council of state, it did not make any impression on the king, nor did it seem advisable that the dukes should have an audience; hut, on the contrary, orders were sent to them to disband their forces without delay, on pain of incurring the royal indignation. They refused to obey this order, and bade the messenger tell the king, that they would not cease assembling until he should grant them an audience, and hear their complaints. At this period, the dukes of Aquitaine and Burgundy paid a visit to the queen of France at her residence in the castle of Melun, and left there a garrison, having brought back with them the queen and her children to the castle of Vincennes. The duke of Brabant at this time left Paris, to go to his country, and assemble his Brabanters to serve the king. Many able ambassadors were sent, in the king's name, to the lords assembled at Chartres; and among them was the grand-master of Rhodes, to signify to them that they must disband their army, and that, if they pleased to wait on the king in their private capacity, he would see them. This they refused; and as they continued disobedient, the king took possession of the counties of Boulogne*, Estampes, Valois, Beaumont, Clermont, and other lands belonging to the said dukes, counts, and their adherents, of whatever rank they might be. The king's officers appointed governors to the castles and fortresses within these countries, whom they ordered to govern them at the expense of the aforesaid lords. So very numerous were the forces that assembled near Paris, in obedience to the summons from the king and the duke of Burgundy, that the oldest persons had not for a long time seen so many men-at-arms together.
Among the number was the duke of Brabant, with a great force. He was quartered in the town of St. Denis, where he lived at the expense of the greater part of the inhabitants, as if he had been in the open country. The count de Penthievre, son-in-law to the duke of Burgundy, was there with him, accompanied by a large body of Bretons. Two thousand men belonging to the count Waleran do St. Pol were quartered at Menil-Aubry, and the adjacent villages.—Because the count himself resided in Paris, he one day ordered his troops to be assembled under the lord de Uhin, for him to march them to Paris to be mustered and enrolled for pay; but it happened, as they were marching through St. Denis to obey the order, that a dispute arose between them and the Brabanters, on account of some enterprise which the last had made against the lord dc Carlian, a native of the Boulonois, so that the two parties armed and drew up in battle array to decide matters by combat. The duke of Brabant was soon informed of this tumult, and hastened from Paris to check bis own men, and acted so prudently with both parties that an end was put to it; but he was very wroth with the first promoters of it, for he was married to the daughter and heiress of the count de St. Pol.
* Boulogne, the property of the duke of Berry, by mar- I believe, to the count d'Alenyon ; Beaumont to the duke riage with Jane, heiress of Auvergne and Boulogne. The of Orleans;—.and Clermont to the duke of Bourbon. raunty of Estampes belonged to the duke of Berry ; Valois,
When they had marched through Saint Denis, they came before their lord, the count de St. Pol, in Paris, who having reviewed them, and paid many compliments to their captains, dismissed them to the quarters whence they had come. In order to pay these troops which had been levied, as has been said, by orders from the king and the duke of Burgundy, and which amounted, by the muster-rolls, to fifteen thousand men with helmets, seventeen thousand cross-bows and archers, very heavy taxes were levied throughout the realm, and particularly on the city of Paris. It will be impossible to relate one half of the mischiefs the armies of both parties committed: suffice it to say, that churches, churchmen, and the poor people were very great sufferers.
The Orleans party, shortly after this, marched from Chartres to Montleherv, seven leagues from Palis, and there, .and in the neighbouring villages, quartered their army, ruining the whole country on their line of march. The lords and adherents of this faction, as well clergy as seculars, wore, as their badge, a narrow band of white linen on their shoulders, hanging over their left arm, like to a deacon when celebrating divine service. When the king of France and his council learnt that they had approached so near the capital, they hastily despatched to the leaders the count de la Marche, the archbishop of Rheims, the bishop of Beauvais, and the grand master of Rhodes, with some others, to persuade them to disband their army, and come before him at Paris, in consequence of his former orders, without arms, in the manner in which vassals should wait on their lords, and that he would do them justice in regard to their demands; but that, should they refuse, he would instantly march his forces against them.—The princes made answer, that they would not act otherwise than they had said in their letter to the king; and the ambassadors, seeing they could not gain .anything, returned to Paris. In like manner, the university sent to them an embassy of learned men, headed by Noeetz, abbot of Povegny and doctor in divinity, who harangued them very ably and gravely. They wore very handsomely received by the princes, especially by the duke of Berry, who, among other grievances, complained much that his nephew, the king, should be counselled by such fellows as the provost of Paris, and others of the same sort, who now ruled the realm, which was most miserably governed, as ho was ready to explain, article by article, when they should be admitted to an audience. They could obtain no other reply than that, with God's pleasure, they would accomplish, to the utmost of their power, the matters contained in their circular letters to the university and principal towns.
On this repeated ill success, the king, by the advice of his council, sent another embassy, composed of the queen, the cardinal de Bar, the count de St. Pol, and others. The count de St. Pol had lately accepted, with the king's approbation, the office of grand butler of France which the provost of Paris had held, through the interest of the count de Tancarville, by a gift from the king. Notwithstanding the queen and her companions were received with every honour, she did not remain with their army, but went to the castle of Marcoussi, which is not far distant from Montlehery, with her attendants, and remained there some time negotiating with them, and some of the princes daily visited her. Although she acted with much perseverance, she failed in her object,—for the princes were firm in their resolution of marching with their army to the king, and requiring that he would execute justice and attend to the affairs of government, and choose another set of ministers than those now in power. Finding she was labouring in vain, she returned with her companions to Paris, and related to the king all that had passed. He was very indignant, and much troubled thereat; and on the morrow, the 23d September, he ordered all the men-at-arms that were come to serve him to be drawn out, and the baggage and artillery waggons to be made ready instantly to march against the Orleans party, to give them battle.
When all were ready, and he was going to attend mass and afterward to mount his horse, he was met by the rector of the university, magnificently accompanied by all the members »nd supporters of it, who remonstrated with him, that his daughter, the university of Paris, ■was preparing to leave that city, from the great want of provisions, which the men-at-arms of the two parties prevented coming to Paris,—for no one could venture on the high roads without being robbed and insulted; and, likewise that all the low countries round Paris were despoiled by these men-at-arms. They most humbly requested, that lie would provide a remedy, and give them such answer as might seem to him good. The chancellor, namely, muster Arnauld de Corbie, instantly replied, "The king will assemble his council after dinner, and you shall have an answer." The king of Navarre, being present, entreated the king that he would fix an hour for hearing them again after dinner; and the king, complying with his request, appointed an hour for the rector to return. When the king had dined, he entered the ehamhre verte, attended by the following princes: the dukes of Aquitaine, Burgundy, and Brabant, the Marquis du Pont, the duke of Lorrain, the counts de Mortain, de Xevers, and de Vaudemont, with many other great lords, as well ecclesiastical as secular. The king of Navarre made four requests to the king: first, that all the princes of the blood, as well on the one side as on the other, should retire to their principalities, and never more interfere in the king's government; and likewise that henceforth they should not receive any profits or pensions, as well from the subsidies arising from their lands as from other exactions, but live on their own proper revenues until the public treasury should be in a better state than it was at that moment: however, should the king be inclined to make them presents of anything, or call them near his person, they should be always ready to obey him. His second request was, that some diminution should take place in those taxes that most aggrieved the people. The third, that as some of the citizens of Paris had lent different sums of money to the king, of which repayment had been promised, but not made, sufficient assignments on the treasury should be given to them. The fourth, that the affairs of the king and realm should be governed by prudent men, taken from the three estates of the kingdom. When the king of Navarre had ended, the king himself replied, and said he would take advice on what he had proposed, and then give him such answers as ought to satisfy him and every one else.
When this was over, the king showed the same determination as before to march, on the morrow morning, against the rebellious lords; but he was overruled, and the queen, with the former ambassadors, were again sent to negotiate a peace. On their arrival at the army of the princes, she exerted herself, as it was said, very much and loyally; for it was commonly reported that she was in her heart inclined to the Orleans faction. During the time of this embassy, the count Ame de Savoye, who had been sent for by the king, arrived at Paris with five hundred men-at-atms. His brothers-in-law the dukes of Burgundy and Brabant, and the count de Nevers, attended by many other lords, went out to meet him beyond the gate of St. Anthony, and thence conducted him to the palace to the king, who very kindly received him. Some days after, the queen, not having more success than before, returned to the king, and told him that she could not any way bring them to terms, for they were obstinate in their original intentions. She then hastened to the castle of Vincennes as speedily as she could.
On the ensuing morning, the aforesaid lords quitted Montlehery; and the duke of Berry came to his hotel of Vinchestre *, which he had rebuilt, and was there lodged. The duke of Orleans fixed his quarters at Gentilly, in the palace of the bishop, and the count d'Armagnac at Vitry; the rest as near to each other as they could; and at vespers, they had advanced as far as the suburb of St. Marcel and the gate de Bordelles. The king, the duke of Burgundy, and the other princes, were greatly surprised at this boldness; and the
* Vinrhc»tre, or rather Winchester,— now called For further particulars, see "Sauval, Aiitiquitcs de Pari*," IWtrc. was a palace built by a bishop of Winchester, 121/0. vol. ii. book vii.


and select YPbPr on the setup menu again.
sound or to change sound mode repeatedly.
[VIRTUAL] mode: A patent pending downmix technology converts 5.1 channel to 2 channel sound having directional information of audio.


text:
Young M.A Net Worth, Career, Early And Personal Life
Here we will talk about the Young M.A., whose original name is Katorah Marrero. She is one of the big-fame rappers who has rocked various concerts in different parts of the world. The artist is mainly known for her aggressive rapping style, which is the leading cause of his popularity. Many rappers come and go on a regular basis, but she is really unique due to her incredible talent, which is beyond the expectations of first-time listeners. After listening to your rap music, you will undoubtedly get obsessed with her style. The 'Ooouuu' and 'Hot sauce' are some of the adult content raps, which give her immediate recognition among the youngsters.
The young M.A. was born on April 3, 1992, in Brooklyn, USA. She got to know about her interest in rapping when she was only nine years old. Her father belongs to Puerto Rico, and her mother was from Jamaica. If we talk about childhood, she was only raised by her mother because her father spent a couple of years in jail. For offering a better living environment, her mother decided to move to Virginia. Her mother has been very supportive of dedicating her towards the rapper professional. Her mother gifted her a karaoke gadget when she heard some lyrics of her daughter. She moved to Brooklyn with her family when she was 16 years old.
racheal cook
safiya nygaard
peewee longway
Career beginnings
The career start of M.A. was exciting as she launched the first of her song named "Brooklyn," which was liked by the audience but was in lots of controversies. Some of the people claimed that the song encourages a sense of violation and killing. But she ignored this event and enjoyed the fame and popularity that was the only result of this song. From this time, it was cleared that she will earn a good spot in the world of the rapper, surely with no doubt.
On March 16 of 2015, she came up with the first album, which included amazing songs such as 'Girlfriend' and ' Body Bag.' It was a record-breaking step as it was the first album that was downloaded more than 48000 times and listened to over 140000 times. Another album by her launched within a month, and it got a mark of silver rank from the popular DarPiff platform.
As discussed earlier, the "Ooouuu" was a life-changing track that resulted in a boom on YouTube. She got record-breaking 70 million visits on her personal YouTube channel. This single was also listed on number 19th among 100 tracks on the U.S. Billboard chart.
In the various interviews, Young claimed her about lesbian nature. She has openly mentioned her relationship with Tori Borax. At the present time, she is a single lady. She is a very kind woman who, along with her mother, introduced a charity named "kweens foundation." The foundation basically aims at supporting poor families and help dependent mothers to raise their children in an effective manner.
The net worth of Young MA is estimated at $ 2million, through which she spends a good amount on charity associations owned by her.


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Anna Slavonik
Anna Slavonik of Riverhead died Sept. 11, 2013, in Manhattan. She was 79 years old.
She was born Nov. 18, 1933, in Speonk to Basil and Frances (Little) Dominguez. Anna had been a head cook at Riverhead High School and was a 45-year resident of the North Fork, having lived previously in Aquebogue.
She is survived by five children, Terry Miller, Ann Garcia, Laura Slavonik-Garcia, Ruth Ruzicka and Mike Ruzicka, and five grandchildren.
The family received friends Sept. 15 at DeFriest-Grattan Funeral Home in Mattituck, where funeral services took place Sept. 16. Pastor Rick Saladon of Living Water Full Gospel Church in Aquebogue officiated. Interment was at Eastport Cemetery.
Memorial donations may be made to the Riverhead Senior Center, where Anna was active, and mailed, in care of Judy, to 200 Howell Ave., Riverhead, NY 11901.
Muriel Emilie Fowler
Muriel Emilie Fowler of Aquebogue died Jan. 18, 2021. She was 84. The family has chosen to remember Muriel's...
Giuseppe Moretti
Giuseppe Moretti of Riverhead, formerly of Queens, died Jan. 17, 2021, at Peconic Bay Medical Center. He was 84.
Carla Florence Dietrichson
Carla Florence Dietrichson, 94, of Hauppauge and Greenport passed away Jan. 12, 202, from COVID-19.
Clare Rose Consiglio
Clare Rose Consiglio of Southold, a former 35-year resident of Sloatsburg, N.Y., in Rockland County, died at home Monday,...
John W. Ludemann
Longtime Mattituck resident John William Ludemann, formerly of Smithtown, died Jan. 13, 2021. He was 88 years old.
John R. Lynch
Riverhead resident John R. Lynch, formerly of Southold and Rockville Centre, died Jan. 16, 2021, at Kanas Center for...


Toronto Hydro will be conducting work on Queen Street West between Lisgar Street to Dovercourt Road. To accommodate this work, streetcars on the 501 Queen route will be temporarily diverted on Saturday, December 19, 2015 between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m.
A bus service will operate on Queen Street West between Roncesvalles Avenue and Bathurst Street.
501 Queen streetcars will divert both ways via; Queen Street, Shaw Street, King Street and The Queensway to regular routing.
501 Queen buses will operate both ways between Sunnyside Loop (near Queen/Roncesvalles) and the Queen/Bathurst area. Buses will turn back to westbound routing via; Queen Street, Ryerson Avenue, Wolseley Street, Denison Street and Queen Street.
Thank you for your patience as Toronto Hydro undertakes this work.
Download the TTC Notice here.


The Casting Society of America has announced its callbacks on the films for its 31st annual Artios Awards. Among the nominees in the Big Budget Drama category is Star Wars: The Force Awakens, which cast a pair of virtual unknowns — Daisy Ridley and John Boyega — in the lead roles alongside franchise veterans including Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher and Mark Hamill.
Mad Max: Fury Road, with Tom Hardy and Charlize Theron; Spotlight, whose ensemble includes Mark Ruffalo, Michael Keaton, Rachel McAdams, Liev Schreiber and John Slattery; and Straight Outta Compton, the N.W.A biopic that also features many relative newcomers. The Big Budget Comedy race has The Big Short (Christian Bale, Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling and Brad Pitt), The Intern (Robert DeNiro and Anne Hathaway), Joy (Jennifer Lawrence, Bradley Cooper, Diane Ladd and De Niro), Sisters (Tina Fey and Amy Poehler) and Tomorrowland (George Clooney and Britt Robertson).
Among the smaller-budget nominees are Oscar contenders Carol, Brooklyn, The Danish Girl and Trumbo. Pixar's Inside Out will vie in the toon category against The Good Dinosaur, Legend Of The Neverbeast and Pixels.
Final ballots are being distributed today for the 31st Artios Awards, and voting closes January 8. Winners will be announced January 21 during dual ceremonies at the Beverly Hilton and New York's Hard Rock Cafe. Steve Jobs and Slumdog Millionaire director Danny Boyle will receive the Career Achievement Award; The Good Wife's Michelle and Robert King will be given the New York Apple Award; and casting director Bernard Telsey (Into The Woods) will get the Hoyt Bowers Award.


text:
Q: Sorting an element of class and finding different elements in class #include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Lek{
    private:
        int sifra;
        string ime;
        string proizvoditel;
        int cena;
        int kolicina;
    public:
        Lek(){

        }
        void postavuvanje(int s, string i, string p, int c, int k){
            sifra = s;
            ime = i;
            proizvoditel = p;
            cena = c;
            kolicina = k;
        }

        int vratiSifra(){
            return sifra;
        }

        string vratiIme(){
            return ime;
        }

        string vratiProizvoditel(){
            return proizvoditel;
        }

        int vratiCena(){
            return cena;
        }

        int vratiKolicina(){
            return kolicina;
        }

        void pecati(){
            cout << sifra << " " << ime << " " << proizvoditel << " " << cena << " " << kolicina << endl;
        }
};

int main(){
    Lek Apteka[100];
    int n;
    cout << "Vnesi go brojot na lekovi" << endl;
    cin >> n;
    int sifra;
    string ime;
    string proizvoditel;
    int cena;
    int kolicina;

    // here we are inputting the values for the array of objects.
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
        cin >> sifra;
        cin >> ime;
        cin >> proizvoditel;
        cin >> cena;
        cin >> kolicina;
        Apteka[i].postavuvanje(sifra, ime, proizvoditel, cena, kolicina);
    }

    // this is part to find the name of the element with the lowest price.
    int najmala_cena = Apteka[0].vratiCena();
    int index = 0;
    for(int i = 1; i < n; i++){
        if(Apteka[i].vratiCena() < najmala_cena){
            najmala_cena = Apteka[i].vratiCena();
            index = i;
        }
    }

    cout << Apteka[index].vratiIme() << endl;

    return 0;
}

I have managed to solve the problem of finding the element with lowest price. However, I am having trouble sorting the elements by price (cena). Also, I have to find all elements who have 'proizvoditel' "X" and find how many different names (ime) does it have.
For sorting the elements by price (cena) I think it's self-explanatory. But since my English isn't that good with the second problem, here is basically a quick example.
Let's say we have the following input by user:
1
PillX
HospitalY
125
2

2
PillY
HospitalY
225
4

3
PillZ
HospitalY
590
1

4
PillX
HospitalY
125
8

So, basically, those are the attributes of 4 objects of the class and we have the same 'proizvoditel' for all the pills, called "HospitalY" and we have to find how many different pills does it have, so it has 3, since PillX already exists and is not counted the second time.

A: The easiest way would be overloading your own custom sort operator and using std::sort in #include <algorithm>:
bool cena_comp(const Lek &a, const Lek &b) { return a.vratiCena() < b.vratiCena(); }

Using it:
bool (*cena_comp_ptr)(const Lek &a, const Lek &b) = cena_comp;
Lek *beg = &Apteka[0], *end = &Apteka[n];
sort(beg, end, cena_comp_ptr);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Topiaries are tastefully shaped trees and shrubs that work great year-round to enhance the beauty of any season's decor. Faux topiaries can be placed indoors or out, look absolutely charming in pairs, and are a smart investment for your home and wallet too. Whether you find you prefer floral topiary, fruit, or even the more whimsical bushes shaped like animals, here are the top benefits of using faux topiary.
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A flower topiary is the perfect type of artificial topiary plant to dress up any occasion. We offer several different looks so you're sure to find a beautiful option in any size for a celebration, a gift, or a fresh addition to your decor.
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The more delicate topiary like a rose topiary tree can be severely affected by changing weather and seasons. This is especially true with the winter months. With artificial plants, the browning of leaves and dormancy does not affect the beauty of your flowering topiary. In addition, in dry arid regions the browning would start at the beginning of the hot weather and continue throughout the fall and winter seasons. This is a small window that the topiary has to be in its most glorious form. The actual flowers last for an even shorter time than the greenery and this is with optimum care. If these requirements cannot be kept by the client, then an artificial flowering topiary is probably the best method. We even carry artificial lemon tree topiary. It, as well as other topiary does not have to be trimmed to offset the growth that occurs in the spring or the demanding water schedule in the summer months.
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Flowerng topiaries will keep the same size and shape, but the height is also important. It is important to remember that these trees will get taller every year. This means that eventually the trees will not fit the space and purpose for which they were originally intended. This is a problem in the garden, and for decorators and planners that require that the plant is a constant size, shape and vibrancy.
Rose topiary tree is very popular year around. These look real and require no water or maintenace and allergy free.
A topiary plant introduces a beautiful natural element to interior design spaces, because their organic color palette and ability to freshen the air revitalize the stuffy offices and rooms in many buildings. There are many different kinds of topiary to choose from, but the flowering topiary is always a great choice. This is because it offers a bountiful color assortment depending on exactly which flower topiary you use. They do require more care than a woody plant, however, so keep that in mind when you are considering both which kind to buy and where to place it. You can use wall holders and ceiling mounts to place plants in interesting places. That provides you with a lot of flexibility for location. If you are unhappy with the design of a room or office, try bringing in a fresh plant with vibrant and colorful flowers. The few minutes a day you need to spend on caring for it will be nothing compared to how much enjoyment the plant will bring you. Find one whose colors go well with the room in question and you will feel much better about how the space looks as soon as the plant is in place.


Don't be fooled by the name – the character of this thick, wholesome soup is more North African than Italian. It has a lot in common with the European version though, with the pasta playing a similar role to the vermicelli noodles found in many recipes.
Add the chopped vegetables and cook over a low-medium heat for 10-15 minutes until tender but not coloured.
Add the crushed garlic and chilli powder and cook for a further minute.
Pour the tomatoes into the pan, add the stock and bring to the boil.
Reduce the heat to a gentle simmer, cover and cook the soup for 25 minutes until the vegetables are tender and the pasta is cooked.
Add the kidney beans and cook for a further 2-3 minutes. You may need to add extra stock if the soup is too thick.
Add the curly kale and cook for 3-4 minutes until tender.
Serving suggestion: Serve in bowls with a drizzle of olive oil and slices of toasted sourdough bread.
Recipe by Stella McCartney. Taken and adapted from The Meat Free Monday Cookbook, published by Kyle Books. Photo by Tara Fisher.


Over the course of my career of more than 40 years, 29 of those in the credit union industry, I cannot recall any speaker or any of my peers debating the differences between integrity and ethics. It may have been that we were all afraid of opening Pandora's Box or perhaps, it hit too close to home. I was no angel. With the advantage of 20/20 hindsight, neither were many of my peers, especially in the regulatory agencies.
Integrity is defined as adherence to moral and ethical principles; soundness of moral character; honesty. Ethics are the moral principles by which an individual determines his or her actions. Seems like semantics, doesn't it? In practice, if you possess a clearly defined set of personal values, or "core personal beliefs", which are non-negotiable, that serve as guides to your choices and actions, you're operating with integrity, based on the ethics you hold dear. Your ethical standards contain do's and don'ts. Whether you adhere to them or not is the challenge.
In other words, we all have the obligation to try to do the right thing; however, it's often the case that leaders struggle and fail to act at all so as not to do the wrong thing. Sometimes, acting with integrity simply means having the guts to make a decision, even if it turns out to be the wrong one. If your intentions were pure when you made the decision, your co-workers and customers will be more likely to forgive your mistake than if the mistake happened because you failed to make any decision to try to prevent it.
James Thomas of www.allianceforintegrity.com speaks and writes on this subject and makes the distinctions that upright conduct, exemplary reputation, trustworthiness, adherence to standards, values, rules and principles, plus purpose, are all included in integrity. Without integrity, he says, all else turns to sand; and with it, comes fundamental benefits and higher performance. I completely agree. I will take it a step further, though. My view is that ethics and integrity are equal.
There are, without a doubt, a few organization leaders who have enjoyed success, despite a lack of integrity and ethics. However, from my experience, it usually catches up with them, at some point. Think the 2008 Banking Collapse. It was only a matter of time before the unscrupulous behavior of many of the financial systems' leaders caused the system as a whole to self-destruct.
When I work with a coaching client, we discuss ethics and beliefs and how both affect them, personally and professionally. I have never accepted a client who does not model ethical behavior in all aspects of their life and work.
Your family, friends, co-workers, associates, customers and followers endow you with their trust and confidence because you demonstrate ethics and integrity. That you possess and demonstrate both guides your actions and shapes you as an ethical, successful organization leader and an example to others. It gives you the ability to inspire others to achieve their greatness.
So, where do you stand when it comes to your actions being in line with your ethics and integrity?
Take a sheet of paper and begin to write your personal narrative in response to the question: "Where do I stand now?" And be honest. Doing so will help you determine not only where you are, but also where you want to go.
Has your behavior been consistent with your values?
Do your values extend to your family and your business?
Do you take full responsibility for your personal conduct?
The honor code at almost all universities and military academies is "I will not lie, cheat or steal, or tolerate those who do." What is your honor code?
Have you relinquished honesty and accountability in the name of expediency?
Does our organization have clearly defined values?


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Mr. Abu Saed bin Mohamad
Mr. Abu Saed Bin Mohamad is the president and chief executive officer of the Buck Institute for Research on Aging. A native of Belgium, Mr Abu Saed received his Doctorate of Medicine (MD) from the University of Liege and completed additional clinical and research training at Harvard Medical School. He has held faculty positions at the University of Brussels, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Picower Institute for Medical Research. Mr Abu Saed is also a professor of medicine at University of California, San Francisco. Mr Abu Saed joined the Buck in 2016 after spending the previous 20 years as a senior investigator at the Gladstone Institutes, where he served as associate director from 2004 to 2016.
Mr Abu Saed's laboratory focuses on the role of epigenetic regulators in the aging process. His laboratory was the first to clone a family of enzymes called HDACs, which regulate histone acetylation. Mr Abu Saed studies how metabolism, diet, and small molecules regulate the activity of HDACs and sirtuins, and thereby the aging process itself and its associated diseases, including Alzheimer's. He has published more than 210 scientific papers and holds more than 15 patents. He is a highly cited scientist and has been recognized for his research with a Glenn Award for Research in Biological Mechanisms of Aging and a senior scholarship from the Ellison Medical Foundation.
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