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New Zealand Dietetic Association and TVWorks Ltd - 2008-134
New Zealand Dietetic Association (NZDA)
Downsize Me!
TVWorks Ltd
Free-to-air TV Code: Accuracy
Downsize Me! – recommendations on weight loss and nutrition – allegedly inaccurate and misleading
Standard 5 (accuracy) – "factual programme" in the sense that it reported actual events and offered general information – advice and "scare tactics" presented in personable way – general messages were to eat better, exercise regularly and improve health – viewers would have understood that most of the advice was tailored to the particular participants – no misleading statements – not upheld
[1] Downsize Me! was a health, diet and exercise programme where overweight people worked for eight weeks to lose weight and reduce health risks. The Tuesday 16 September 2008 episode, broadcast at 7.30pm on TV3, featured a couple named James and Jo. The team consisted of "Downsize Me!'s Damian Kristof" and a personal trainer.
[2] Throughout the episode, the team gave advice about James and Jo's current health and designed an exercise and diet programme for them. At the end of the programme before the closing credits, the following words were briefly displayed in the bottom third of the screen:
The diet and exercise regime in this programme was designed and supervised by health professionals and tailored to our participant's medical status and their specific needs. Consult with your doctor before embarking on any diet or exercise programme.
[3] The New Zealand Dietetic Association (NZDA) made a formal complaint to TVWorks Ltd, the broadcaster, alleging that the programme contained a number of specific inaccuracies and misleading statements. It nominated guidelines 5b and 5d to the accuracy standard.
[4] The complainant noted that the participants had health assessments as part of being on the programme, so the experts had their full history and were able to make statements specific to their health needs. However, NZDA considered there was insufficient mention of that fact, and so viewers might misinterpret advice for the individual as population-wide recommendations. The complainant argued there was no distinction between fact and opinion, which could lead to viewers receiving misleading and inaccurate nutritional information.
[5] NZDA then considered a number of specific aspects of the programme that it believed were inaccurate or misleading.
"Wheatgrass has all the nutrients to maintain a healthy pregnancy: folic acid, B12, iron."
[6] NZDA maintained that there was no single food which could provide all the nutrients in adequate quantities to maintain a healthy pregnancy, so it was extremely misleading to say that wheatgrass had all the necessary nutrients. It also noted that in order for a woman to meet the recommended dietary intake of folic acid, B12 and iron, she would have to consume approximately three cups of dried wheatgrass, which was unrealistic.
[7] NZDA said that regardless of daily intakes of folate, it was recommended that all women planning a pregnancy or in the early stages of pregnancy should take folic acid tablets for four weeks before and 12 weeks after conception to reduce the risk of Neural Tube Defects such as spina bifida.
[8] The complainant agreed that folate, vitamin B12 and iron were important nutrients needed for a healthy pregnancy, but said requirements for other nutrients such as iodine, magnesium, vitamin A and most of the B vitamins also increase during pregnancy, and these were not mentioned in the programme.
Talking about sugar: "We're talking heart disease, talking about nerve damage, we're talking about kidney damage, we're talking about diabetes complications, PMS, low libido..."
[9] NZDA argued that there were many dietary and lifestyle factors that could contribute to Type 2 diabetes, one being obesity. Sugar was a source of energy, it said, and excess energy consumption from any source, not just sugar, will lead to weight gain. NZDA noted that credible scientific research had found that the total amount of sugar consumed by an individual was not independently associated with the development of Type 2 diabetes.
[10] While it agreed that Type 2 diabetes could lead to an increased risk of heart disease, nerve damage, kidney damage and other complications, NZDA maintained that these were not caused solely by an individual's sugar intake. It noted the statement in The Evidence Based Best Practice Guidelines of New Zealand that "intakes up to 45g per day (3 tablespoons) of added sugars in energy-controlled diets do not lead to the deterioration of glycaemic, insulin or lipid indices when substituted for equivalent carbohydrate [such] as starch from high GI or low fibre sources". It also pointed out that diabetic renal disease or nerve damage depended on a number of factors, not just blood sugar control.
When discussing James's blood tests, presenter stated, "Your heart disease-promoting cholesterol LDL was up, which means both too much sugar, too much stress."
[11] NZDA stated there were a number of factors that caused an individual's LDL cholesterol levels to be elevated, including genetics, diabetes, liver disorders, renal disorders, or diet. Dietary factors shown to have a strong relationship with LDL were increased intakes of saturated fatty acids, trans-unsaturated fats, and dietary cholesterol. However, sugar intakes did not directly affect the heart, NZDA said, and had not been directly related to risk for cardiovascular disease.
A goal of 15kg weight loss over eight weeks was suggested for Jo and more than 20kg endorsed for James.
An attempted weight loss of 5kg in two weeks at the six-week weigh-in was endorsed.
[12] NZDA said this equated to 1.8-2.5kg per week weight loss, which was unrealistic and unhealthy to endorse. Steady weight loss over longer periods favours reduction of fat stores and limits the loss of vital protein tissues, also avoiding the sharp decline in resting metabolic rate (RMR) that accompanies rapid weight reduction. To minimise the decrease in RMR, a loss of 1% body weight per week was recommended for obese individuals, NZDA said.
[13] The complainant argued the programme could have led viewers to believe they needed to lose a large amount of weight every week to be successful with their weight loss efforts, which could lead to nutritional deficiencies if not medically supervised. Similarly, it could have led people who were losing 0.5-1kg of weight per week to believe they were not losing enough to be successful, when in fact they were doing well.
Statement that "bucket-loads of carbohydrates and fats are going to congeal in the heart and make you feel bad".
[14] NZDA contended that carbohydrates were broken down in the gut and absorbed into the blood stream as sugars, which were used in many body processes. Sugar was not stored, nor does it congeal, in the heart, NZDA said.
[15] The complainant noted that fats could be separated into two types, saturated and unsaturated. While saturated fat intakes were related to blood cholesterol levels, unsaturated fats could lower bad LDL cholesterol, increase good HDL cholesterol, or both. NZDA therefore considered it was misleading to say that "fats" in general would congeal in the heart.
"The only sort of nutrition that's in toast for breakfast is the stuff they've added to it – it's highly processed."
[16] NZDA maintained that bread provided carbohydrate for energy, fibre for digestive health, some protein, and a range of vitamins and minerals. Including wholegrain bread in the diet helped protect against heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, and some cancers, as well as being linked to better weight control. While the participants were eating white bread, the statement made was inclusive of all bread and therefore incorrect, with potentially detrimental effects on the health of viewers. As toast was a popular breakfast food, advising people not to eat it could have decreased the number of people eating breakfast, NZDA argued. Eating breakfast was positively associated with increased intake of vitamins and minerals, and improved weight control.
Statement that HDL to total cholesterol ratio should always be 4.5 or less; participant's had fallen from 5.1 to 4.1.
[17] NZDA agreed that the ratio should be 4.5 or less as recommended by the New Zealand National Heart Foundation. However, that ratio was calculated as total cholesterol to HDL, not the other way around.
Programme's disclaimer
[18] The complainant was concerned that the disclaimer shown at the end of the programme, stating that no weight loss or diet should be attempted without medical advice, was shown so fast that a viewer would have to pause the programme to read it. They considered it should be made clear at the start of the programme that medical advice should be sought before embarking on any weight loss or diet regime.
[19] The complainant nominated Standard 5 and guidelines 5b and 5d of the Free-to-Air Television Code of Broadcasting Practice in its complaint. These provide:
Standard 5 Accuracy
News, current affairs and other factual programmes must be truthful and accurate on points of fact, and be impartial and objective at all times.
5b Broadcasters should refrain from broadcasting material which is misleading or unnecessarily alarms viewers.
5d Factual reports on the one hand, and opinion, analysis and comment on the other, should be clearly distinguishable.
[20] TVWorks considered that the disclaimer played at the end of the programme was relevant to the complainant's concerns that viewers would accept the advice given as targeted at the general population, and also to many of its complaints about accuracy. It said that the billboard was played over the concluding story of the featured contestant and the producer considered this was the most ideal time for screening that information. TVWorks emphasised that it was on air for "five full seconds", and was satisfied it could be read in its entirety.
[21] As a general comment, TVWorks stated that the programme was not required to include the entire range of medical and nutritional facts and opinions about specific conditions. To do so, it said, "would take what is essentially an uplifting, health-promoting, socially responsible show and make it inaccessible and unwatchable to most viewers". It said the production team took great care to ensure that all material facts and opinions in the show were taken into consideration when making editorial choices. TVWorks was of the view that the programme did not contain any inaccurate or misleading material.
[22] The broadcaster then dealt with each of the complainant's accuracy concerns
[23] TVWorks maintained that the full statement made in the programme included additional information:
...wheatgrass has all the nutrients to maintain a healthy pregnancy: folic acid, B12, iron. Lentils, chickpeas, nuts and seeds, we're talking about eggs, B12, folic acid – include all these things and cook up fantastic meals.
[24] The broadcaster disagreed the statement was misleading; certainly it did not suggest that a person could only eat wheatgrass to gain all the required nutrients, as other foods were encouraged as well as cooking full meals. Further, it considered viewers would have realised that the programme was not advocating eating only wheatgrass.
[25] TVWorks stated it had asked the programme's producer to provide the factual basis of the statements complained about. The producer considered that:
...other factors also contribute to Type 2 diabetes, and throughout the series... the programme has continually highlighted the various factors involved in promotion and development of the disease, including high animal based saturated fat consumption, insulin resistance, stress and trans fatty acids etc. It is widely known that excessive consumption of carbohydrates (sugar) increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
[26] The broadcaster emphasised that it was appropriate to talk about the implication of sugar in the development of diabetes because it was pertinent to James's case.
[27] The programme's producer acknowledged that there were many factors involved in the development of LDL cholesterol elevation. However, for the particular participants in this episode, processed sugar was their biggest problem, and stress and carbohydrate mismanagement were major concerns for James. It was therefore appropriate to focus on sugar and stress in James's case, and to highlight that his condition could worsen.
[28] TVWorks maintained that based on the information it had, there was no research that suggested it was unsafe for humans to lose weight rapidly. The producer agreed that if someone lowered their energy intake too dramatically the BMR was affected negatively. The combination of nutritious food, exercise, and water consumption likely enabled James to lose weight in significant amounts, and his blood tests showed that his health significantly improved. The producer had never had cause to re-evaluate the programme.
[29] If an individual has put on weight fast, it is appropriate to halt this and assist the body to lose weight equally as rapidly, the producer said. Literature more often states that it is probably more dangerous to put on weight than to lose weight. Repeatedly on the programme participants reported feeling better, and their tests showed improvements in their BMR, lipid profile, glycaemic control and so on.
[30] The producer maintained that this statement was highlighting to the participants that cardiovascular disease, diabetes and various cancers were directly associated with poor quality carbohydrate consumption and poor quality fat consumption. Given that both saturated fat and sugar were involved in LDL and triglyceride formation, the producer considered it was fair to use the expression "congeal around the heart" in an attempt to illustrate that fat and sugar would contribute to heart disease, without explaining in depth the pathophysiology of heart disease, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidaemia and diabetes.
[31] TVWorks said it was specifically said in the programme that white bread had little nutritional value and added fibre. Throughout the series wholegrain bread was recommended. The producer agreed that breakfast was very important, but issues could arise when people relied on bread as a staple food source. The programme highlighted that compared to alternative breakfasts recommended on the show, bread and toast were low in nutrition. The processing of white bread meant a significant loss of vitamins as compared to wholegrain wheat, and Downsize Me! did not support white bread as a beneficial breakfast option, the producer said.
[32] TVWorks accepted that the complainant was correct in pointing out that the ratio was total cholesterol to HDL, not HDL to total cholesterol. The producer told the broadcaster it was a mistake. However, TVWorks considered that the mistake was not material as in terms of delivery of information it did not affect or endanger any member of the public. It also gave the general message about the ratio and its importance.
[33] TVWorks concluded the programme was not inaccurate or misleading, and declined to uphold the Standard 5 complaint.
[34] Dissatisfied with the broadcaster's response, NZDA referred its
[35] NZDA pointed out that its members were the only nutrition experts liable under the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003, and as such were legally bound to ensure consistency and accuracy of key messages, and help reduce misinformation. NZDA was concerned that public health and safety was at stake both in respect of viewers and participants on the show. The complainant disagreed with TVWorks that the disclaimer was adequately displayed so that viewers were aware the advice given in the programme was not for the general public. It pointed out that it was prominently displayed at the beginning of the 4 November episode. It noted a letter to the editor of The Dominion Post on 1 December 2008 from a member of the public which confirmed that the disclaimer was not clear, and said NZDA clinics had had visits from the public who were applying potentially harmful advice from the programme.
[36] The complainant accepted that viewers had sufficient commonsense to understand that the show was not advocating eating only wheatgrass. However, it considered part of the reason for the popularity of the programme and other weight loss, healthy eating, and cooking shows, was "the level of confusion and lack of knowledge surrounding healthy balanced eating". It argued that the programme was undermining the government's Healthy Eating Healthy Action Strategy.
[37] NZDA challenged TVWorks' contention that the programme was socially responsible, pointing out that it was using poor quality or out of date research. It considered using articles from 1970, 1993 and 1998 was not appropriate given the number of more recent studies available. NZDA stated that it was misleading and potentially alarming for viewers to be presented with information that was at odds with evidence-based guidelines which had been peer-reviewed, or recent well-designed clinical trials. It asked the Authority to review the references provided and the science behind the complaints.
[38] The complainant expressed concern that TVWorks had used other episodes of Downsize Me! as justifications for the inaccurate statements in the 16 September episode. This assumed that viewers had watched other episodes and forgotten or somehow knew the new information was correct and the other information was incorrect, it said.
[39] NZDA noted that TVWorks seemed to be using the terms "carbohydrates" and "sugars" interchangeably, which was, by definition, not correct.
[40] NZDA was still concerned that bread as a breakfast food was a significant source of nutrients, especially for children. It said it knows that people apply the information demonstrated in the programme and "the danger lies in it being applied to the vulnerable groups within our communities". NZDA considered that "this statement about bread could not be supported by evidence and that the registered food and nutrition health professionals in New Zealand would not make this statement".
[41] With regard to the mistake accepted by TVWorks, NZDA maintained this type of error could alarm a viewer.
Broadcaster's Response to the Authority
[42] The broadcaster attached a response from the programme's producer. It maintained that the programme carefully and clearly restricted its information to the particular participant in each episode and "never purported to be a code for all people irrespective of their history or condition". Naturally there would always be a difference of opinion among experts, it said, but the advice given was firmly based on appropriate research.
[43] The producer emphasised that the programme had never given "ONE" key message to the public; 20 dietitians had been interviewed for the programme and none shared the same views or methods of weight loss control. The broadcaster pointed out that another dietitian on another programme, The Fat Chance, had given advice contrary to some of the complainant's arguments, such as, "if you're going to eat all of this sugar you will get diabetes", with regard to sugary lollies.
[44] With regard to the complainant's contention that they had used out of date research, the producer stressed that unless research is dismissed, it is still considered credible especially if published in peer-reviewed studies, regardless of the date it was conducted. They noted that the food pyramid model was developed in 1910, had undergone changes recently, and had come under much scrutiny.
[45] The producer stated that pathology results for participants had always been good unless they had strayed from their plan; this was evidence that the programme worked.
[46] Finally, the broadcaster believed that the Authority was not the appropriate forum for these discussions, as there had always been discourse and discussion within the health industry so that experts could learn from and help each other for the benefit of the public.
Complainant's Final Comment
[47] NZDA reiterated its main concerns that the disclaimer did not adequately convey to viewers that the advice given was tailored to the participant, and that the advice went against evidence-based guidelines for the conditions being treated. It maintained dietitians had encountered patients with Type 2 diabetes who had been misled by the programme and were now following unsafe practices for the management of their condition.
[48] The complainant offered some comments on the latest response from the show's producer. With regard to key messages, it considered the crucial point was that they must be accurate at the time they were broadcast. It noted that the presenter referred to in The Fat Chance was a nutritionist and not a registered dietitian, and that dietitians are not influenced by any company or brand in accordance with their code of ethics. NZDA accepted that old research is valid until proven otherwise, but said that the research used by TVWorks had been replaced by a newer body of research that showed an alternative course of action was more effective. It emphasised that there were many teaching aids for conveying healthy eating principles; the food pyramid was not widely used as there were better models available.
[49] NZDA pointed out that it had made a sincere effort to discuss its concerns with the programme makers in 2006 and 2007 prior to the earlier seasons being aired, and an undertaking was made to alter the content in line with its concerns. However, that did not happen and a complaint was made during the 2007 series. The complainant had since met with the programme's presenter and offered information about how to submit case studies to a peer-reviewed journal.
[50] Finally, NZDA recommended that "the director of the programme seek professional review of the content of the programme prior to screening to avoid misinformation and harm in the future".
Broadcaster's Final Comment
[51] TVWorks attached further responses from the executive producer of Downsize Me!, and Damian Kristof in association with the Head of the Charter for Natural Health Practitioners.
[52] The executive producer said that the programme makers found it "incredible that the NZDA continually disregard the information we have provided and evidence-based results consistently achieved on the show". She emphasised that:
We have never once said that Damian is a dietitian and are proud that he is a naturopath having chosen to go in this direction and achieve the results we have been able to and the phenomenally positive public response.
[53] With regard to NZDA's argument that the programme's advice went against evidence-based best practice guidelines, Damian noted that diabetes was recognised as the second leading cause of death in New Zealand. He was of the view that the guidelines referenced by the complainant "have proven to be a complete and total failure in regards to the correction of this endemic problem and have not resulted in a desired and positive outcome". He emphasised that as a natural healthcare practitioner he had achieved positive health outcomes by incorporating a healthy diet and positive lifestyle changes.
[54] In response to NZDA's argument that TVWorks was using "carbohydrates" and "sugars" interchangeably, Damian maintained that for centuries it had been recognised that carbohydrates are the main source of metabolic energy. Sugars and starches which convert to sugar in the body represent 50 to 70 percent of the energy intake, he said, largely from starch and sucrose. Basically, Damian argued, "carbohydrates are the monosaccharide sugars".
[55] Looking at NZDA's argument that bread was a necessary part of a healthy diet, Damian agreed that bread was a significant source of nutrients. However, he maintained that individuals predisposed to obesity and diabetes or trying to lose weight or control cholesterol should avoid all forms of ground grains, including bread.
[56] With regard to the programme's disclaimer, Damian emphasised that a disclaimer was published, for a short period of time, similar to all disclaimers, medical advertisements and programmes.
[57] Finally, in response to NZDA's argument that advice given on Downsize Me! was misleading the public, he stated that:
Every day of the week the general public is exposed to misleading and potentially alarming information in the media. However, the general public is sophisticated to a degree to be able to be discerning and sort the wheat from the chaff.
I have never taken it upon myself to provide misleading information to clients or the general public. My guiding principle is and always has been to assist my fellow man and woman to obtain and maintain a balanced healthy lifestyle, by promoting a wellness programme.
Nature of the Programme
[59] In Decision No. 2007-078, the Authority found that Downsize Me! was a "factual programme" to which the accuracy standard applied. It commented that viewers were reasonably entitled to expect that the information given in the programme was truthful and authoritative. However, while the programme was informative at a general level, the Authority considers that its overarching purpose was to entertain viewers and convey an uplifting social message. The programme's presenters employed shock tactics, and presented advice in a personable and sometimes dramatic way, in an attempt to impress upon the participants the importance of eating well and exercising.
[60] The Authority acknowledges that discussions which challenge orthodox or mainstream medical opinion are important parts of the right to freedom of expression provided by the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. It would therefore be hesitant to limit the expression of genuine opinion on matters of health, provided that it was clearly distinguishable as opinion. Further, the perspective and qualifications of the person giving the advice should be disclosed so that viewers can make an informed decision about the validity of their opinions. This is particularly important where a programme is discussing specific health conditions such as diabetes, because the potential consequences of a viewer adopting incorrect or controversial advice could be life-threatening.
[61] TVWorks argued that the disclaimer at the end of each episode of Downsize Me! was sufficient to make it clear that the advice in the programme was tailored to the particular participants, so that viewers would not adopt it themselves. The Authority disagrees. The disclaimer was small, difficult to read and was not displayed for sufficient time for an ordinary viewer to read and understand it. Furthermore, Damian Kristof's qualification as a naturopath was never disclosed to viewers; he was simply described as "Downsize Me!'s Damian Kristof" and the disclaimer referred to "health professionals".
[62] In order for a disclaimer to operate in the manner suggested by the broadcaster – effectively as a "cure-all" - the Authority considers that it would need to specify the qualifications of the person giving advice and, ideally, be presented verbally and visually at the beginning of the programme
[63] Having determined that the disclaimer was not sufficient to frame the programme so as to avoid breaching the accuracy standard, the Authority now proceeds to consider each of the statements claimed to be inaccurate by NZDA.
[64] NZDA maintained that there was no single food which could provide all the nutrients in adequate quantities to maintain a healthy pregnancy, so it was extremely misleading to say that wheatgrass had all the necessary nutrients. TVWorks considered viewers would have realised that the programme was not advocating eating only wheatgrass.
[65] The Authority notes that the reference to wheatgrass was made in the context of listing a range of foods containing a range of nutrients which would enhance the participants' fertility and libido. It considers the reasonable viewer would have had sufficient commonsense to take from Damian's statement that wheatgrass contains many beneficial nutrients for pregnant women – not that they should only eat wheatgrass throughout pregnancy.
[66] Accordingly, the Authority declines to uphold the complaint that the statement was misleading.
[67] In the Authority's view, viewers would have understood that this statement was pertinent to James and Jo and the amount of sugar they were consuming. Referring to a range of health effects associated with excessive sugar consumption was a "scare tactic" used to encourage them to eat better and lead a healthier lifestyle.
[68] The Authority notes that NZDA stated that excess consumption of any energy source, including sugar, led to weight gain and obesity which was one of the contributing factors for diabetes.
[69] In these circumstances, the Authority concludes that the statement was not misleading or inaccurate, and considers that upholding the complaint would unreasonably restrict the broadcaster's right to freedom of expression.
[70] The Authority considers that viewers would have appreciated that this advice was tailored to the participants and their biggest risk factors. It has no reason to dispute the broadcaster's claim that for the particular participants in this episode, processed sugar was their biggest problem, and stress and carbohydrate mismanagement were major concerns for James. It was therefore appropriate to focus on sugar and stress in James's case.
[71] Accordingly, the Authority declines to uphold this aspect of the complaint.
[72] The complainant was concerned this was an unrealistic and unhealthy weight loss goal, which would lead viewers to think they were unsuccessful if not losing that much weight. TVWorks maintained that based on the information it had, there was no research that suggested it was unsafe for humans to lose weight rapidly.
[73] The Authority is of the view that these were weight loss goals used primarily as motivators for the particular participants. At the end of the eight-week programme, the participants felt good about what they had achieved, their health improved, and they were praised by Damian and their trainer even if they did not reach their initial target.
[74] Having reviewed the supporting material provided by TVWorks, the Authority considers the programme had sufficient justification for pushing the participants to lose as much weight as they could. It notes that the end result was an overall improvement in their health, which was not "unhealthy" as argued by NZDA. Nor could it be considered "unrealistic" when the participants managed to lose close to the amount initially set for themselves.
[75] In these circumstances, the Authority considers upholding this aspect of the complaint would be an unreasonable restriction on TVWorks' right to freedom of expression.
[76] In the Authority's view, this was an example of a generalised, hyperbolic statement used to demonstrate what the participants' eating was doing to their health, and to scare and shock them into wanting to improve their diet. It was not intended to be a scientifically accurate point of fact, and would not have been interpreted by viewers as such. Accordingly, the Authority declines to uphold the complaint that the statement was misleading or inaccurate.
"The only sort of nutrition that's in toast for breakfast is the stuff they've added to it - it's highly processed."
[77] The Authority notes that, while the above statement was generalised, just previously Damian had commented, ."Have a look at your breakfast, guys. White bread for breakfast - processed carbohydrates, you like that, don't you?." Therefore it was clear that his statement was about white bread only. He went on to say that he wanted the participants to be ."eating something that's high in fibre, but high in nutrition.", and recommended cereal and fruit.
[78] Therefore, the Authority disagrees with NZDA that the statement was inclusive of all bread, and that it would have led viewers to stop eating breakfast. Damian expressly recommended a healthier alternative that contained fibre and other nutrients.
[79] The Authority concludes it was not misleading or alarming for Damian to discourage the couple from eating white toast and encourage what he believed to be healthier breakfast choices. It declines to uphold this aspect of the complaint.
[80] TVWorks accepted that the complainant was correct in pointing out that the ratio was total cholesterol to HDL, not HDL to total cholesterol. However, TVWorks considered that the mistake was not material as in terms of delivery of information it did not affect or endanger any member of the public. It said it also gave the general message about the ratio and its importance.
[81] The Authority agrees. While the statement may have been inaccurate, it considers the information was too technical to have misled most viewers. Further, anyone who did understand what Damian was referring to would have realised that he had simply slipped up and made a mistake. The important point was that the participants' cholesterol had been reduced due to their new diet and exercise regime.
[82] In these circumstances, where TVWorks has accepted the inaccuracy, viewers would not have been misled and the point was minor in the context of the whole programme, the Authority considers that upholding this aspect of the complaint would unreasonably limit the broadcaster's right to freedom of expression.
1. New Zealand Dietetics Association's formal complaint – 13 October 2008
2. TVWorks' response to the complaint – 13 November 2008
3. NZDA's referral to the Authority – 4 December 2008
4. TVWorks' response to the Authority – 22 December 2008
5. Further comments from TVWorks and programme's producer – 23 January 2009
6. Further comments from NZDA – 16 February 2009


As if the above isn't chilling enough, in an interview published Wednesday, the president told Breitbart News: "You know, the left plays a tougher game, it's very funny. I actually think that the people on the right are tougher, but they don't play it tougher. Okay? I can tell you I have the support of the police, the support of the military, the support of the Bikers for Trump—I have the tough people, but they don't play it tough—until they go to a certain point, and then it would be very bad, very bad." On Friday, he provided a link on Twitter to this interview and his musings on "tough people," but he hastily removed it after the New Zealand attack.
Still, even the bleakest dungeons can sometimes let in a wan beam of light: On Wednesday, the Senate voted to end U.S. support for the Saudi Arabian–led coalition's war in Yemen. On Thursday, 12 Republicans in the Senate joined Democrats to overturn Trump's declaration of a national emergency at the southern border, the first time ever that Congress has voted to terminate a president's national emergency. (The president quickly vetoed this legislation, and at this point there are not enough votes to overrule him.) Also on Thursday, the House overwhelmingly passed a bipartisan bill urging that the Mueller report, when it is finally released, be shared with the public. Alas, this legislation will not even reach the Senate—Lindsey Graham, chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, blocked that body from taking a vote.
And lastly: You are not the only one who is sick of Jared and Ivanka. A new book, Kushner Inc. by Vicky Ward, argues that the president himself wanted to send this dynamic duo back to Manhattan. The New York Times reports that Trump went to former chief of staff John Kelly and told him, "Get rid of my kids; get them back to New York." But as fate would have it, Kelly instead has left the room, and the two grifter relatives remain ensconced in their West Wing hideaway. At least for now.


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A fantastic innings of 97 by Simon May couldn't quite push Dulwich past Reigate Priory's stiff target in an important game towards the lower end of the 2nd XI Premier Division table.
Dulwich, going into the day third bottom and only two points above the drop zone, were seeking an important win as the league games reverted back to the straight 50/50 win-lose format after several weeks of toss-losing induced misery in the split 100 overs format.
Dulwich skipper Reid won/lost the toss (depending on at what stage during the day's proceedings he was asked about it) and the Doggies chose/were asked to bowl first.
Reigate batted well to post a decent-looking target of 251 on an above-par Dulwich pitch. After Bobby Iftikhar (1-28) had made an early breakthrough – courtesy of the first of three good catches from the league's self-proclaimed best slipper Gareth Cornick – Dulwich had to stay patient as two sizeable partnerships, comprising of 88 for the 2nd wicket and then 105 for the 3rd, saw Reigate reach 217/2 in the 42nd over. Dulwich did not do much wrong; but the odd catch went down, a few more wides than would have been expected were bowled and Reigate – especially their number three Irving – successfully cashed in against the four balls that were occasionally offered up. Even James Bridgland, in his new role as first change/Chris Harris-esque stock bowler, went for over five-and-a-half an over.
But, despite looking set to really unleash towards the end of the innings, Reigate were kept to just 34 in the final eight overs as Dulwich nabbed seven late wickets. First Mizra nibbled the again-unretired Allen Blackford's off spin (1-57) through to keeper Reid for 57 and then Irving departed for a very good 99; the second of Cornick's catches at first slip, this time off the bowling of Zakir Rostami. It was Rostami who really stemmed the Reigate advance in the final overs, picking up 4-38 off nine overs, showing excellent control to bowl full and fast at the death. Two run outs also indicated Dulwich's fielders were staying committed to the last, despite a hard slog in the field, and Reigate ended up registering 251-9 in their 50 overs.
Chasing five an over and benefiting from local knowledge that dictates the new ball is often the most dangerous period of an innings at Burbage Road, Dulwich saw fit to work their way through the opening overs circumspectly. They reached 30 in the tenth over for the loss of just Andy Cornick (15) who had nibbled through to the keeper. A fantastic partnership then ensued between Stephen Hale and Simon May as the rate was upped slightly before Hale, who was starting to look very good, was snaffled at long-on for 37. At 101-2 in the 25th drinks were taken and vice-captain Gareth Cornick joined May. May's innings was a spectacle of steady of accumulation interspersed with some hefty cutting and pulling and he was looking well in command of the Reigate attack. He and Cornick, who started slowly but soon found his range, put on a steady 102 run partnership as Dulwich, nearly matching Reigate run-for-run, took themselves to 203/2 in the 43rd.
With 49 required off the final seven, Dulwich were decent favourites. But the state of the game was changed dramatically in the 44th over as three quick wickets savage the Dulwich charge. First Cornick tried to guide one to third man, but didn't steer wide enough of the keeper, and was caught for 38. Two balls later Oliver Steward (2) was a victim of the pitch as he was caught on the crease by a skidder and then, crucially, off the final delivery May chipped to mid off three short of what would have been a magnificent – and most likely match-winning – hundred. Two overs later and Dulwich were further in the mire when Rostimi (4) was bowled.
Having surrendered four wickets for just nine runs the pressure had hugely increased on the home team's batsmen as Blackford and Reid tried to rescue the situation with some positive batting and running between the wickets. As the clock pushed past 8pm in the evening it was now becoming very dark. 229 was reached when Blackford was bowled trying to angle to third man. Bridgland joined Reid and a further 11 were accrued through some darkness-defying swinging and Dulwich were left needing 11 from the final over to nab the win.
A swing and a miss first ball made things difficult and, when Reid (11) was bowled next ball, the situation was looking lost. Zabeh Mohammed joined Bridgland and picked up two and then a single off the next pair of deliveries to leave eight needed off of two. Bridgland (11*), in the dark and miserable drizzle, heaved the next ball to the boundary for four to give brief hope, but the final delivery could only be squirted for two and Dulwich fell dramatically and disappointingly two short.
Failure to win here makes the trip to bottom-placed Banstead next week a must-win.


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Share this Story: 'A huge gap:' Employees of businesses requiring proof of vaccine from customers won't need to be immunized under Alberta's new COVID-19 measures
'A huge gap:' Employees of businesses requiring proof of vaccine from customers won't need to be immunized under Alberta's new COVID-19 measures
Dustin Cook
Sep 16, 2021 • September 16, 2021 • 3 minute read • 7 Comments
Employees of businesses who adopt Alberta's new restriction exemption program won't be required to be immunized. The City of Edmonton is reporting a confirmed vaccination rate of 72 per cent for its employees. Photo by Postmedia, File
Employees of businesses opting into Alberta's new vaccine passport system won't need to have gotten the jab.
The restriction exemption program set to come into effect Sept. 20 will allow businesses to operate without restrictions, other than mandatory masking, if they require customers to provide proof of vaccination or a negative COVID-19 test within 72 hours. Proof of one dose will be accepted until Oct. 25 and then full vaccination will be required, Premier Jason Kenney said in introducing the new measures Wednesday evening.
'A huge gap:' Employees of businesses requiring proof of vaccine from customers won't need to be immunized under Alberta's new COVID-19 measures Back to video
But the vaccination requirement won't extend to employees of these businesses, which Downtown Business Association executive director Puneeta McBryan said is "a huge gap" in the measures announced yesterday to combat the fourth wave of the virus. Responding to the announcement, McBryan said small businesses need support and direction from the province and this decision from the province could give them pause in implementing their own mandate for employees.
"It's an eyebrow raiser, for sure, and I think it's something the province is going to have to address because many large employers Downtown have chosen to require disclosure or a mandatory vaccination, but small businesses have a way harder time with that," she said in an interview with Postmedia. "Small business owners are probably going to be far more reluctant on their own accord to require all staff to be vaccinated, even if they want to do the right thing, they might just not be feeling supported in doing that right now."
City of Edmonton response
The City of Edmonton has yet to make a decision on whether it will implement the proof-of-vaccination system to access city facilities and amenities such as recreation centres as of Monday, but Mayor Don Iveson said more details are expected soon. Reacting to the new measures Thursday, Iveson said he supports implementing the vaccine passport system and he believes the city is tracking in that direction, but the final decision is under the authority of the city manager.
If the city chooses not to go that route, indoor recreation facilities will be limited to one-third capacity and attendees must be with household members only, or two close contacts for those who live alone. Fitness and recreation activities would be limited with indoor group classes and sporting events not permitted. St. Albert city council decided Thursday morning to follow the vaccine requirements for access to its facilities.
The vaccine program, if adopted, wouldn't apply to city employees and data released Thursday highlights a confirmed vaccination rate of 72 per cent. But 14 per cent of the city's 12,299 employees didn't disclose their vaccination status.
Iveson said this result is "concerning" because it's not enough to ensure safety for all workers. He said he supports a mandate, but city officials are still working on confirming next steps.
"I think it would need to be a lot higher for the city to have confidence that we're achieving a shared ring of immunity within our workplaces and so the data that has been collected will factor into the city's ultimate decisions around mandating vaccination," he said.
Mandatory work from home
Although businesses will have some adjusting to do with the new restrictions in place, McBryan said the most troublesome measure is the mandatory work-from-home order which will again take people away from the core just as business was starting to flourish with thousands of people returning to the office.
"All of our Downtown businesses who have just hung on through the last 19 months, they just finally had some consistent traffic to keep them going and now if everyone goes back home, we're right back to being a pretty empty Downtown," she said.
McBryan said she hopes the province will consider an exemption for businesses who already have a mandatory vaccination program in place.
duscook@postmedia.com
twitter.com/dustin_cook3
Homeless man believed to have frozen to death in central Alberta: RCMP
Edmonton Public Schools grapples with absences due to Omicron, getting youngest students vaccinated for COVID-19

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Tag: JakeTapper
THE HELLFIRE CLUB by JAKE TAPPER
The debut political thriller from Jake Tapper, CNN's chief Washington correspondent and the New York Times bestselling author of The Outpost — 1950's D.C. intrigue about a secret society and a young Congressman in its grip
Charlie Marder is an unlikely Congressman. Thrust into office by his family ties after his predecessor died mysteriously, Charlie is struggling to navigate the dangerous waters of 1950s Washington, DC, alongside his young wife Margaret, a zoologist with ambitions of her own. Amid the swirl of glamorous and powerful political leaders and deal makers, a mysterious fatal car accident thrusts Charlie and Margaret into an underworld of backroom deals, secret societies, and a plot that could change the course of history. When Charlie discovers a conspiracy that reaches the highest levels of governance, he has to fight not only for his principles and his newfound political career…but for his life.
I enjoy listening and reading Jake Tapper, the journalist. I was excited to see this book.
I know it is set in the 1950's but Charlie is not a stupid man. He knows right from wrong, he served our country in the military. He has principles. Oops, not a good thing to have as a politician.
You don't even need to have average intelligence to know that Washington is one big game of who you know, who you owe, and who owes you. Trust no one and keep your mouth shut. I can't believe with his famous father Charlie didn't grasp that quickly. If you didn't figure out what was going on by Chapter 2, after the car crash, well keep those rosy glasses on.
Other than a lot of political name dropping and the mix of fact and fiction, there wasn't a lot of meat to this book. The characters were vague and some a bit over the top. All in all I was bored.
But I sure hope Mr. Tapper keeps up the journalistic career!
NetGalley/April 24th 2018 by Little, Brown and Company
By Pirate Patty Reviewsin Adult Fiction, Politics, Presidents, War, White House April 15, 2018 332 Words7 Comments


He'll carry me off, I know that he will, For his hair is exceedingly red; And the only thing that occurs to me Is to dutifully shiver in bed.
Not only had they behaved dutifully and without apparent concern for their own safety, but they also offered the hope that not all of the younger male generation were venial, lazy, proud, irreligious, inconsiderate, self-indulgent, weak-willed, and timorous.
Cinderella's lefts and rights To Geraldine's were frights, And I trow The damsel, deftly shod, Has dutifully trod Until now.


Here is another card from my less-is-more collection:) I got this bird charms at Michael's on sale. They are flat and perfectly fitting for making cards. This design is really simple - regular sewing tread is wrapped around the paper. You can either hang the birds and glue them to the paper or just put them on the top of the treads and glue them to the card. So easy to make!
So, smile & laugh hard, sing out laud, and dance as there is no tomorrow!


Padraig Smith - Denverite, the Denver site!
We've been hearing for months about all the things you'll be able to eat. Now it's time to talk drinks.
"He came into camp out of shape, quite a bit out of shape, unfortunately. And that then ultimately led to these lingering injuries over the course of the year."


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FIH Women's Series Finals: Despite 11-0 mauling, Fiji players celebrate 'spirit of hockey' with Indian team
Sports FP Sports Jun 18, 2019 19:19:18 IST
India women's hockey team had no trouble dispatching lower-ranked Fiji in Hiroshima in the FIH Women's Series Finals on Tuesday. With the 11-0 win, India progressed to the semi-finals of the tournament. They were already certain of topping Pool A after the draw between Poland and Uruguay, who finished second and third respectively. But away from the hockey pitch, Fiji team weren't downbeat despite the thrashing.
In a heartwarming and sporting gesture, members of the Fiji and India teams, took hand-in-hand, formed a circle and sang a rendition of 'If you're happy and you know it clap your hands' song. At one stage, instead of saying "If you're happy and you know it raise your hands" the players sing "If you're happy and you know it, shout hockey" which has everyone bursting into laughter. The clip was shared on social networking site Twitter by team coach Sjoerd Marijne.
After the match against Fuji were we won with big numbers but they didn't lost their spirit @FIH_Hockey #FinalSeries pic.twitter.com/jktJir5Zru
— Sjoerd Marijne (@SjoerdMarijne) June 18, 2019
On the pitch, Gurjit Kaur scored four goals as she struck in the 15th, 19th, 21st and 22nd minutes, while Monika Malik (11th, 33rd) scored a brace for India in the lop-sided match. Lalremsiami (4th), Rani (10th), Vandana Katariya (12th), Lilima Minz (51st) and Navneet Kaur (57th) were also among the goal scorers.
Such was the difference between the two sides that India women made 74 entries into the opposition's area as compared to Fiji making just a one over the 60 minute period.
In the other group, Russia, Chile and Japan all won two matches each to finish on six points each. But Russia finished top owing to best goal difference with Chile and Japan going into the crossovers.
India will face the winner of Chile and Uruguay on 22 June with Russia to play the victor of Poland vs Japan on the same day. The final is scheduled for 23 June.
Tags : FIH Women's Series Finals, FIH Women's Series Finals 2019, Hockey, India Hockey, India Women Hockey, India Women Hockey Team, Rani Rampal, SportsTracker
Australia's Fergus Kavanagh to conduct camp for India women's hockey team ahead of Olympic qualifiers
Hockey India name 33 probables for women's national coaching camp in Bengaluru, team to train under chief coach Sjoerd Marijne for four weeks
Indian Hockey Men's Coach Graham Reid says players will have crucial three months as preparations for Olympics Qualifiers begin
Indian hockey team's PR Sreejesh says exclusive camp will help goalkeepers in all-important Olympic qualifiers
1FIH Women's Series Finals: Despite 11-0 mauling, Fiji players celebrate 'spirit of hockey' with Indian team
2Premier League: Jamaal Lascelles urges Newcastle United to look beyond Rafael Benitez, get behind new coach Steve Bruce


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Hinglish, a portmanteau of Hindi and English, is the macaronic hybrid use of English and languages of the Indian subcontinent, and especially Hindustani. It involves code-switching or translanguaging between these languages whereby they are freely interchanged within a sentence or between sentences. Hinglish can also refer to Romanized Hindi: Hindi written in Latin script (instead of the traditional Devanagari), often also mixed with English words or phrases.

The word Hinglish was first recorded in 1967. Other colloquial portmanteau words for Hindi-influenced English include: Hindish (recorded from 1972), Hindlish (1985), Henglish (1993) and Hinlish (2013).

While the name is based on the Hindi language, it does not refer exclusively to Hindi, but "is used in India, with English words blending with Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi and Hindi, and also in British Asian families to enliven standard English". When Hindi–Urdu is viewed as a single spoken language called Hindustani, the portmanteaus Hinglish and Urdish mean the same code-mixed tongue, where the former term is used predominantly in modern India and the latter term predominantly in Pakistan (although Urdish is a term that was relatively recently coined).

History and evolution
Hindi has an approximately ten-century history. In this period, it has accommodated several linguistic influences. Contact with Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic and Turkic languages has led to historical 'mixes' or fusions, e.g., Hindustani, Rekhta. Linguistic fusions were celebrated by Bhakti poets, in approximately the 15th-17th centuries as 'khichdi boli' – or amalgamated speech.

At the turn of the 18th century, with the rising dominion of the East India Company, also called 'Company Raj' (literally, 'Company Rule'), the languages of India were brought into contact with the foreign element of English. In colonized India, English became a symbol of authority and a powerful hegemonic tool to propagate British culture, including Christianity. The political ascendancy of the British reflected into social and professional roles; this meant that the legal system, as well as the studies in medicine and science, were conducted in English.

This led to an interest in the promotion of English into the society of Indian natives. Educated Indians, or 'brown sahibs', wished to participate in academia and pursue professional careers. Raja Rammohan Roy, a social and education reformer, advocated that English be taught to Indians by certain British gentlemen for the benefit and instruction of the native Indians. Charles Grant, the president of the East India Company's board of control, championed the cause of English education as a 'cure for darkness' where 'darkness' was 'Hindoo ignorance'. The Charter Act was passed in 1813. This legalized missionary work by the Company, including the introduction of English education. By the beginning of the twentieth century, English had become the unifying language in the Indian struggle for independence against the British.

Meanwhile, English was on its way to becoming the first global lingua franca. By the end of the twentieth century, it had special status in seventy countries, including India. Worldwide, English began to represent modernization and internationalization, with more and more jobs requiring basic fluency in it. In India especially, the language came to acquire a social prestige, 'a class apart of education', which prompted native Indian or South Asian speakers to turn bilingual, speaking their mother tongue at home or in a local context, but English in academic or work environments.

In the late 19th century, Bharatendu Harishchandra, often considered the father of modern Hindi, wrote poems in Hinglish, combining languages and scripts.

The contact of 'South Asian' languages, which is a category that refers inclusively to Hindi and Indian languages, with English, led to the emergence of the linguistic phenomenon now known as Hinglish. Many common Indic words such as 'pyjamas', 'karma', 'guru' and 'yoga' were incorporated into English usage, and vice versa ('road', 'sweater', and 'plate'). This is in parallel with several other similar hybrids around the world, like Spanglish (Spanish + English) and Taglish (Tagalog + English). A fair share of the words borrowed into English from Indian languages were themselves borrowed from Persian or Arabic. An example of this is the widely used English word 'pyjamas' which originates from Persian paejamah, literally "leg clothing," from pae "leg" (from PIE root *ped- "foot") + jamah "clothing, garment."

In recent years, due to an increase in literacy and connectivity, the interchange of languages has reached new heights, especially due to increasing online immersion. English is the most widely used language on the internet, and this is a further impetus to the use of Hinglish online by native Hindi speakers, especially among the youth. Google's Gboard mobile keyboard app gives an option of Hinglish as a typing language where one can type a Hindi sentence in the Roman script and suggestions will be Hindi words but in the Roman script. In 2021, Google rolled out supported for Romanized Hindi on its search engine and on the Google Pay app. Phrases such as "Naya Payment" for "New Payment" and "Transaction History Dekhein" for "See Transaction History" are used.

While Hinglish has arisen from the presence of English in India, it is not merely Hindi and English spoken side by side, but a language type in itself, like all linguistic fusions. Aside from the borrowing of vocabulary, there is the phenomenon of switching between languages, called code-switching and code-mixing, direct translations, adapting certain words, and infusing the flavours of each language into each other.

The Indian English variety, or simply Hinglish, is the Indian adaption of English in a very endocentric manner, which is why it is popular among the youth. Like other dynamic language mixes, Hinglish is now thought to 'have a life of its own'.

Hinglish used to be limited to informal contexts and ads, but it is now also used in university classrooms.

Computational analysis
With its widespread use in social media such as blogs, Facebook and Twitter, the analysis of Hinglish using computers has become important in a number of natural language processing applications like machine translation (MT) and speech-to-speech translation.

Dictionary
A dictionary using the term Hinglish in its title has been published. It describes words from Indian languages that are commonly used in urban Britain.

Users
Hinglish is more commonly heard in urban and semi-urban centers of northern India and is spoken by the Indian diaspora. Research into the linguistic dynamics of India shows that while the use of English is on the rise, there are more people fluent in Hinglish than in pure English. David Crystal, a British linguist at the University of Wales, projected in 2004 that at about 350 million, the world's Hinglish speakers may soon outnumber native English speakers.

In India, Romanized Hindi is the dominant form of expression online. In an analysis of YouTube comments, Palakodety et al., identified that 52% of comments were in Romanized Hindi, 46% in English, and 1% in Devanagari Hindi. Romanized Hindi is also used by some newspapers such as The Times of India. The first novel written in Romanized Hindi, All We Need Is Love, was published in 2015.

See also

 Creole language
 Hobson-Jobson
 Translanguaging

References

Further reading

External links

Hindi
Macaronic forms of English
Indian English

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