text:
\section{Introduction and Main Results}

The Minkowski inequality is an estimate from below for the total mean curvature of a hypersurface of a given Riemannian manifold (cf. \cite{brendle,huisken,li2017,mccormick,wei} and the references therein). Physically, this inequality is related with the Penrose inequality, an isoperimetric inequality (cf. \cite{gibbons,huisken}).

In this work we will prove the Minkowski inequality for the dimensionally reduced static Einstein–Maxwell (or electrostatic) manifold (cf. \cite{cederbaum2016,sophia,yaza2015} and the references therein):

\begin{definition}
\label{defA} A Riemannian manifold $(M^{n},g)$ such that $f,\,\psi:M\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ are smooth functions satisfying
\begin{eqnarray}\label{principaleq}
    f{Ric}={\nabla^2}f- \frac{2}{f}\nabla\psi\otimes\nabla\psi + \frac{2}{(n-1)f} |\nabla\psi|^{2}g,
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{lapla}
\Delta f=2\left(\frac{n-2}{n-1}\right)\frac{|\nabla\psi|^{2}}{f}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}\label{diver}
div\left(\frac{\nabla\psi}{f}\right)=0,
\end{eqnarray}
where $Ric$ and $R$ denote the Ricci tensor and the scalar curvature of $(M^n,\, g).$ Moreover, ${\nabla}^{2}$ and $div$ are, respectively, the Hessian and the divergence for $g$ and $\Delta$ is the Laplacian operator. Furthermore, $f>0$ on $M$, $\partial M$ is the boundary of $M$ and $f=0$ in $\partial M$. Then $(M^n,\,g,\,f,\,\psi)$ is called an {\it electrostatic system.}
\end{definition}
The above definition implies that the scalar curvature $R$ for the metric $g$ is given by
\begin{eqnarray}\label{scalarcurv}
f^{2}R=2|\nabla\psi|^{2}.
\end{eqnarray}

A classical solution for the electrostatic system is the Reissner–Nordstr\"om manifold. It was proved that an asymptotically flat static Einstein-Maxwell space (with some suitable initial boundary conditions) must be the Reissner–Nordstr\"om manifold (cf. \cite{chrusciel,sophia,Ruback} for a good over view). This solution represents a model for a static black hole electrically charged. The classification of static Einstein-Maxwell space for the general case, however,
still remains open.

Let $\Omega$ be a bounded domain with smooth boundary in $(M^n,\,g)$. Then there are two cases to consider:
\begin{itemize}
    \item $\Omega$ has only one boundary component $\Sigma=\partial\Omega$ and we say that $\Sigma$ is null-homologous;
    \item $\Omega$ has only one boundary component $\Sigma\cup\partial M=\partial\Omega$ and we say that $\Sigma$ is homologous to the horizon $\partial M$.
\end{itemize}
The boundary hypersurface $\Sigma$ is said to be outward minimizing if whenever $E$ is a domain containing $\Omega$, then $|\partial E|\geq|\partial \Omega|.$ An outward minimizing hypersurface must be a mean-convex hypersurface.

We will apply the inverse mean curvature flow (IMCF) to prove the Minkowski inequality, which we define now (cf. \cite{bethuel2006,huisken,huisken2008,huisken2009}). The classical (smooth) IMCF is a one-parameter family of hypersurfaces $\Sigma_t$ given by $x : \Sigma\times [0,\,T )\rightarrow M$ that evolves with speed proportional to the reciprocal of the mean curvature:
\begin{eqnarray}\label{IMCF}
\frac{\partial x}{\partial t}=\frac{1}{H}\nu,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\nu$ is the unit normal pointing towards infinity and $H(x,\,t)$ is the mean curvature of $\Sigma_t$. We assume the mean curvature $H(x,\,0)$ for the initial hypersurface $\Sigma$ is positive. In general, the flow does not remain smooth for all time (see the torus example in \cite{huisken}), and one must work with a weak formulation of IMCF, which properly jumps past times where the flow fails to be smooth. However, it was proved that if $H(x,\,t)$ is positive the IMCF is smooth (cf. $28'26''$ in \cite{huisken2009}). Precisely, using the conformal geometry (see \cite{brendle2012}) we will prove that $H(x,\,t)>0$ for all $t$. Therefore, in this paper we can assume from now on that the IMCF will work accordingly, and for that we will accept $H(x,\,0)>0$ to avoid the technicalities which appear in the IMCF like in \cite{li2017,mccormick,wei}.

In \cite{huisken}, Huisken and Ilmanen developed the weak solution of IMCF to overcome the smootheness problem of the IMCF. The evolving hypersurfaces are given by the level-sets of a scalar function $u:M\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ such that $$\Omega_t=\{(x,\,t)\in\Sigma\times[0,\,\infty);\, u(x,\,t)\leq t\}$$
and
 $$\Sigma_t=\{(x,\,t)\in\Sigma\times[0,\,\infty);\, u(x,\,t) = t\}.$$
Whenever $u$ is smooth with non vanishing gradient, $\nabla u\neq0$. Under our settings there will exist a weak solution for IMCF (cf. \cite{huisken}). In \cite{huisken}, Huisken and Ilmanen ensured the existence of a weak solution for the IMCF for an asymptotically flat manifold with dimension $n\leq7.$ Moreover, the weak solution will be smooth for all $t$ if the mean curvature of $\Sigma_t$ is positive.

\iffalse
Throughout this paper, we assume that
\begin{eqnarray}\label{condnaoremove}
fRic(\nu,\,\nu)-\nabla^{2}f(\nu,\,\nu)+\frac{n-2}{n-1}Rf \geq 0.
\end{eqnarray}
 We point out that a similar condition was required to proof the Minkowski inequality for the Anti-de Sitter-Schwarzschild and de Sitter-Schwarzschild (cf. \cite{brendle2012,brendle}).
\fi

Now, we define on each $\Sigma_t$ the functional
\begin{eqnarray*}
Q(t):=|\Sigma_{t}|^{-\frac{n-2}{n-1}}\left(\int_{\Sigma_{t}}fHd\mu_{t}-n(n-1)\int_{\Omega_t} f dv_t\right),
\end{eqnarray*}
where $|\Sigma_t|$ is the area of $\Sigma_t.$ We will prove that this is monotone along the weak inverse mean curvature flow (IMCF). This monotonicity has been
used previously (cf. \cite{brendle,li2017,mccormick,wei}) to provide the Minkowski inequalities in Schwarzschild, Kottler, Schwarzschild-AdS manifolds and asymptotically flat static vacuum space-times in general.

Our goal with this paper is to take a glance at how the Minkowski inequality proved by \cite{brendle,li2017,mccormick,wei} can be generalized to an asymptotically flat electrostatic system with bounded scalar curvature $R$, i.e.,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{boundedscalarcurv}
\varepsilon\leq R\leq \mathcal{E}.
\end{eqnarray}
Here, $\varepsilon$ and $\mathcal{E}$ are positive constants. The scalar curvature $R$ for the Reissner–Nordstr\"om manifold is given by: $$R=\dfrac{(n-1)(n-2)q^{2}}{r^{2(n-1)}},$$
where $q$ is the electric charge and $r$ is the radius of the black hole of ADM mass $m$. Moreover, the Reissner–Nordstr\"om manifold is well defined for $r>(m+\sqrt{m^{2}-q^{2}})^{1/(n-2)}$. Therefore, is reasonable expect that for some bounded domain with smooth boundary of static Einstein-Maxwell manifold the scalar curvature will be bounded.

The idea of the proof is simply to mix IMCF with the flow generated by the normal exponential map for a conformal metric.

Without further ado, we state our main result.

\

\noindent {\bf Main Theorem.}{\it\quad
 Consider that $(M^n,\,g,\,f,\,\psi)$, $3\leq n\leq7$, is an asymptotically flat electrostatic manifold with bounded scalar curvature. Let $\Omega\subset M$ denote the region bounded by $\Sigma$, null-homologous, that is outer-minimizing with (inward) positive mean curvature $H$. Then, we have
\begin{eqnarray*}
|\Sigma|^{-\frac{n-2}{n-1}}\left(\int_{\Sigma}fHdS-n(n-1)\int_{\Omega} f dv\right)\geq(n-1)(w_{n-1})^{1/(n-1)},
\end{eqnarray*}
where $w_{n-1}$ is the area of the $(n-1)$-dimensional standard sphere of radius 1.}

\begin{remark}
When $\Sigma_t$ is homologous to the horizon, the prove for the Minkowski inequality will follow the same steps of the Main Theorem. However, it will depend of a generalization of Lemma \ref{qrt} (see below in the proof of the main results). Namely, we need to prove that Theorem 3.11 in \cite{brendle2012} works in our settings. The proof of Theorem 3.11 in \cite{brendle2012} is very technical and deeply depends on the (asymptotic) conditions of the static potential $f$. Thus, to prove a similar result we need to impose here a more restrictive condition on the asymptotic behavior of $f$. Therefore, if we generalize the Main Theorem for $\Sigma$-homologous, it will appear an additional constant term (cf. equation \eqref{intinfty}) on the right-hand side of the inequality (cf. the main results in \cite{brendle,mccormick} for instance). It is important to say that the equality in the Main Theorem holds if and only if $\Sigma$ is a coordinate sphere.
\end{remark}

The Reissner–Nordstr\"om photon spheres model photons spiraling around the central black hole or naked singularity 'at a fixed distance'. A Reissner–Nordstr\"om space-time can contain a photon sphere (or not), on which light can get trapped (cf. \cite{cederbaum2016,galloway,sophia,yaza2015} and the references therein). The existence of such photon sphere depends on the relationship between mass and electric charge of the black hole.

To state our next result we now consider an $3$-dimensional electrostatic system with at least one connected photon sphere. It was proved that a photon sphere in an asymptotically flat electrostatic system with an electro-magnetic energy–momentum tensor satisfying the NEC (null energy condition) has positive mean curvature (cf. Theorem 3.1 in \cite{galloway} and Lemma 2.6 in \cite{cederbaum2017}). Thus, the positivity of the mean curvature of $\Sigma$ in the Main Theorem can be replaced by the NEC (when $\Sigma$ is a photon sphere).
This shows that the technicality of the IMCF can be avoided assuming some particular (and natural) hypothesis. We remember that in the photon sphere $\Sigma$ the mean curvature  and the static potential $f$ are constants.

\begin{corollary}
Consider that $(M^3,\,g,\,f,\,\psi)$ is an asymptotically flat electrostatic manifold with bounded scalar curvature. Let $\Omega\subset M$ denote the region bounded by the photon sphere $\Sigma$, null-homologous, that is outer-minimizing with (inward) mean curvature $H$ such that the NEC holds. Then, we have
\begin{eqnarray*}
H\geq\frac{4\sqrt{\pi}}{\sqrt{|\Sigma|}f\big|_{\Sigma}}+\frac{6}{|\Sigma|f\big|_{\Sigma}}\int_{\Omega} f dv,
\end{eqnarray*}
where $f\big|_{\Sigma}$ is equal to $f$ restrict to $\Sigma.$
\end{corollary}

\section{Background}

 In what follows we will define what is an asymptotically flat space-time (cf. \cite{mccormick}).

\begin{definition}\label{def2}
	A solution $(M^{n},\,g,\,f,\,\psi)$ for \eqref{principaleq}, \eqref{lapla} and \eqref{diver} is said to be asymptotically flat with one end if $M$ minus a compact set is diffeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ minus a closed ball centered at
the origin, and the metric $g$ and the static potential $f$ satisfy the following asymptotic
	expansions at infinity.
	\begin{itemize}
		\item[(I)] Let $r=\|x\|^{1/2}$, $x\in M$, $\delta$ be the flat metric and $\eta_{ij}(x)=o(r^{2-n})$ as $r\rightarrow\infty$,  $$g_{ij}(x)=\delta_{ij}(x)+\eta_{ij}(x).$$
		\item[(II)] For $\omega=o(r^{2-n})$, as $r\rightarrow\infty$,
		\begin{eqnarray*}
			f=1-\dfrac{m}{r^{n-2}}+\omega.
		\end{eqnarray*}
		\item[(III)] Moreover,
		\begin{eqnarray*}
			\partial_{l}\eta_{ij}=o(r^{1-n});\quad \partial_{i}\omega=o(r^{-n})\quad\mbox{and}\quad\partial_{i}\partial_{j}\omega=o(r^{-(n+1)}),
		\end{eqnarray*}
	\end{itemize}
	where $1\leq l,\,i,\,j\leq n$. Here $m\in\mathbb{R}$ is the ADM mass.
\end{definition}

For an asymptotically flat  space-time a straightforward computation ensures us that
\begin{eqnarray}\label{intinfty}
\displaystyle\lim_{r\rightarrow\infty}\int_{\mathbb{S}(r)}\langle\nabla f,\,\eta\rangle dS
	=(n-2)m\displaystyle\lim_{r\rightarrow\infty}\dfrac{1}{r^{n-1}}\int_{\mathbb{S}(r)}dS=(n-2)w_{n-1}{m},
\end{eqnarray}
where $\eta$ is the outward normal vector field of the $(n-1)$-dimensional standard sphere $\mathbb{S}$ of radius $r$, and $w_{n-1}$ is the area of the $(n-1)$-dimensional standard sphere $\mathbb{S}$ of radius 1.

The proof of the Main Theorem is based on \cite{brendle2012,brendle,mccormick,wei}. That being said, we remember some preliminar facts used by Brendle \cite{brendle2012}. Through this section we assume that $u$ is a weak solution for the IMCF.

We assume here that $\partial\Omega=\Sigma$ (null-homologous). Let $\nu$ denote the outward-pointing unit normal to $\Sigma$. We will accept throughout this section that $\Sigma$ has positive mean curvature with respect to this choice of unit normal. Consider the conformally modified metric $\hat{g}=\dfrac{1}{f^{2}}g$ (cf. \cite{khunel1988} for the conformal changes of the metric).

 Furthermore, denote by $\Phi:\Sigma\times[0,\,\infty)\rightarrow\bar{\Omega}$ the normal exponential map (cf. \cite{petersen}) with respect to the metric $\hat{g}$. More precisely, for each point $x\in\Sigma$ the curve $\gamma_{x}(t)=\Phi(x,\,t)$ is a geodesic with respect to $\hat{g}$, and then
\begin{eqnarray*}
\Phi(x,\,0)=x\quad\mbox{and}\quad \Phi(x,\,t)=\exp_{x}{\big(-tf(\gamma(t))\nu\big)}.
\end{eqnarray*}
Therefore,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{confflow}
\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial t}(x,\,t)\Bigg|_{t=0}=-f(x)\nu(x).
\end{eqnarray}
Note that the geodesic $\gamma$ has unit speed with respect to $\hat{g}.$

Next we define the following sets
\begin{eqnarray}
\Sigma_t=\{(x,\,t)\in\Sigma\times[0,\,\infty):\, u(\Phi(x,\,t))=t\}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
\Omega_t=\{(x,\,t)\in\Sigma\times[0,\,\infty):\,(x,\,t+\delta)\in \Sigma_t;\,\delta>0\},
\end{eqnarray}
where $u:M\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ is a weak solution for the IMCF.
The set $\Sigma_t$ is closed, and we have $\Phi(\Sigma_t)=\bar{\Omega}$ (cf. Proposition 3.1. in \cite{brendle2012}). To fix notation, we denote by H and $h$ the mean curvature and second fundamental form of $\Sigma_t$ with respect to the metric $g.$

The following lemmas will be true for a solution $(M^{n},\,g,\,f,\,\psi)$ of the electrostatic system.

\begin{lemma}\label{smootheness}
Assume that $\partial\Omega=\Sigma$ has positive mean curvature. Then, the mean curvature of $\Sigma_t$ is positive and satisfies the  differential inequality $$\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\left(\frac{f}{H}\right)\leq\frac{-f^{2}}{(n-1)}.$$
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
Since
\begin{eqnarray*}
\Delta^{\Sigma_t}f+\nabla^{2}f(\nu,\,\nu)=\Delta f-H\langle\nabla f,\,\nu\rangle.
\end{eqnarray*}
From Definition \ref{defA} we get
\begin{eqnarray*}
\Delta^{\Sigma_t}f+f{Ric}(\nu,\,\nu) +\frac{2}{f}\left(\langle\nabla\psi,\,\nu\rangle^{2}-\frac{|\nabla\psi|^{2}}{n-1}\right)= 2\left(\frac{n-2}{n-1}\right)\frac{|\nabla\psi|^{2}}{f} -H\langle\nabla f,\,\nu\rangle.
\end{eqnarray*}
That is,
\begin{eqnarray*}
\Delta^{\Sigma_t}f+f{Ric}(\nu,\,\nu) = \frac{-2}{f}\left(\langle\nabla\psi,\,\nu\rangle^{2}-|\nabla\psi|^{2}\right) -H\langle\nabla f,\,\nu\rangle.
\end{eqnarray*}
Then, from Cauchy-Schwarz inequality we have
\begin{eqnarray}\label{AMP}
\Delta^{\Sigma_t}f\geq-fRic(\nu,\,\nu)-H\langle\nabla f,\,\nu\rangle.
\end{eqnarray}

Assuming that $\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\Phi=-f(\Phi(x,\,t))\nu,$ where $\nu=-\dfrac{\nabla u}{|\nabla u|}$ denotes the outward-pointing unit normal vector to $\Sigma_t$ with respect to the metric $g$. Hence, the mean curvature of $\Sigma_t$ satisfies the evolution equation (cf. \cite{bethuel2006,brendle,huisken,huisken2008}):
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{\partial H}{\partial t}=\Delta^{\Sigma_t}f+f(|h|^{2}+Ric(\nu,\,\nu)).
\end{eqnarray*}
Therefore, from \eqref{AMP} we get
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{\partial H}{\partial t}\geq-H\langle\nabla f,\,\nu\rangle+f|h|^{2}.
\end{eqnarray*}
Thus, since $$\frac{\partial}{\partial t}f=-f\langle\nabla f,\,\nu\rangle\quad\mbox{and}\quad (n - 1)|h|^2 \geq H^2$$ we get
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\left(\frac{f}{H}\right)=\frac{1}{H}\frac{\partial}{\partial t}f-\frac{f}{H^{2}}\frac{\partial}{\partial t}H\leq\frac{-f^{2}}{(n-1)}.
\end{eqnarray*}

On the other hand, making a similar computation we get
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\left(\frac{H}{f}\right)=\frac{1}{f}\frac{\partial}{\partial t}H-\frac{H}{f^{2}}\frac{\partial}{\partial t}f\geq\frac{H^{2}}{(n-1)}
\end{eqnarray*}
at each point on $\Sigma_t.$

By integration, we obtain
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{H}{f}(x,\,\tau)-\frac{H}{f}(x,\,0)\geq\int_{0}^{\tau}\frac{H^{2}}{(n-1)}dt,
\end{eqnarray*}
where $\tau\in[0,\,\infty).$

Since the initial hypersurface $\Sigma$ has positive mean curvature and $f>0$ in $M$, we conclude that the hypersurface $\Sigma_t$ has positive mean curvature for each $t$.
\end{proof}

Now,  for a bounded static potential $f$ we define on each $\Sigma_t$ the functional
\begin{eqnarray*}
\tilde{Q}(t):=(n-1)\int_{\Sigma_{t}}\frac{f}{H}d\mu_{t}
\end{eqnarray*}

\begin{lemma}\label{qrt}
Assume that $\partial\Omega_t=\Sigma_t$ with positive mean curvature. Then,
\begin{eqnarray*}
(n-1)\int_{\Sigma}\frac{f}{H}d\mu\geq n\int_{\Omega}fdv.
\end{eqnarray*}
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
From \eqref{confflow}, using that $\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}(d\mu_t)=-fHd\mu_t$ (cf. \cite{bethuel2006}) we get
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\tilde{Q}(t)
&=&(n-1)\int_{\Sigma_t}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}\left(\frac{f}{H}\right)d\mu_t + (n-1)\int_{\Sigma_t}\left(\frac{f}{H}\right)\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}(d\mu_t)\nonumber\\
&=&(n-1)\int_{\Sigma_t}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}\left(\frac{f}{H}\right)d\mu_t - (n-1)\int_{\Sigma_t}\left(\frac{f}{H}\right)fHd\mu_t.
\end{eqnarray*}

Now, we use Lemma \ref{smootheness} to obtain
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\tilde{Q}(t)
&=&(n-1)\int_{\Sigma_t}\dfrac{\partial}{\partial t}\left(\frac{f}{H}\right)d\mu_t - (n-1)\int_{\Sigma_t}f^{2}d\mu_t\nonumber\\
&\leq& -n\int_{\Sigma_t}f^{2}d\mu_t.
\end{eqnarray*}
Then, by integrating the above inequality from $0$ to $\tau$, where $\tau\in[0,\,\infty)$, and using that the volume element is $f^{-1}dv$ we get
\begin{eqnarray*}
\tilde{Q}(0)-\tilde{Q}(\tau)\geq n\int_{0}^{\tau}\left(\int_{\Sigma_t}f^{2}d\mu_t\right)dt=n\int_{\Omega_\tau}fdv.
\end{eqnarray*}

Consequently, since $\tilde{Q}(\tau)>0$ we have
\begin{eqnarray*}
\tilde{Q}(0)\geq n\int_{\Omega_\tau}fdv.
\end{eqnarray*}
Then, for $\tau\rightarrow\infty$,
\begin{eqnarray*}
(n-1)\int_{\Sigma}\frac{f}{H}d\mu\geq n\int_{\Omega}fdv.
\end{eqnarray*}
\end{proof}

\section{Proof of the main results}

 We already know from Lemma \ref{smootheness} that the weak solution for the IMCF is smooth. Furthermore, since we will consider that a solution $(M^{n},\,g,\,f,\,\psi)$ for the electrostatic system is asymptotically flat we can admit that there exists a weak solution for the IMCF. Remember that the evolution equations under IMCF are well-known, to be given by equations (1.1) and (1.2) in \cite{huisken} (see also \cite{bethuel2006,huisken2008}):
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq1}
\frac{\partial H}{\partial t}=-\Delta^{\Sigma_t}H^{-1}-H^{-1}(|h|^{2}+Ric(\nu,\,\nu))
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq2}
\frac{\partial d\mu_t}{\partial t}=d\mu_t.
\end{eqnarray}

The following proposition is a fundamental key to prove the Minkowski inequality (cf. \cite{brendle,mccormick,wei}).
\begin{proposition}
Let $\Sigma_{t}$ (null-homologous) be a weak solution to IMCF (outer-minimizing) for $0 < t_1 < t_2 < T$ such that $\Sigma$ has positive mean curvature on a static Einstein-Maxwell manifold $M$ with bounded scalar curvature. Then $$Q(t_2)\leq Q(t_1)$$ with equality if and only if for each $[t_1,\,t_2]$, $\Sigma_t$ is totally umbilic and $\nabla\psi$ is parallel to $\nu$.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
A straightforward computation from \eqref{eq2} gives us
\begin{eqnarray*}
    \frac{\partial}{\partial t}\int_{\Sigma_t}fHd\mu_t=\int_{\Sigma_t}\left(H \frac{\partial f}{\partial t}+f\frac{\partial H}{\partial t}+fH\right)d\mu_t.
\end{eqnarray*}
Then, from \eqref{IMCF} and \eqref{eq1} we obtain:
\begin{eqnarray*}
    \frac{\partial}{\partial t}\int_{\Sigma_t}fHd\mu_t&=&\int_{\Sigma_t}\left(H\langle \nabla f,\,\nu\rangle\frac{1}{H}-f\Delta^{\Sigma_t}H^{-1}-fH^{-1}(|h|^{2}+Ric(\nu,\,\nu))+fH\right)d\mu_t\nonumber\\
    &\leq& \int_{\Sigma_t}\left(\langle \nabla f,\,\nu\rangle-H^{-1}(\Delta^{\Sigma_t}f+fRic(\nu,\,\nu))+\frac{n-2}{n-1}fH\right)d\mu_t,
\end{eqnarray*}
where we have used the inequality $(n - 1)|h|^2 \geq H^2$. The equality holds if $\Sigma_t$ is totally umbilic.

Since
\begin{eqnarray*}
\Delta^{\Sigma_t}f+\nabla^{2}f(\nu,\,\nu)=\Delta f-H\langle\nabla f,\,\nu\rangle
\end{eqnarray*}
from \eqref{principaleq} and \eqref{lapla} we get
\begin{eqnarray*}
\Delta^{\Sigma_t}f+f{Ric}(\nu,\,\nu) +\frac{2}{f}\left(\langle\nabla\psi,\,\nu\rangle^{2}-\frac{|\nabla\psi|^{2}}{n-1}\right)= 2\left(\frac{n-2}{n-1}\right)\frac{|\nabla\psi|^{2}}{f} -H\langle\nabla f,\,\nu\rangle.
\end{eqnarray*}
That is,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{correcao}
\Delta^{\Sigma_t}f+f{Ric}(\nu,\,\nu) = \frac{-2}{f}\left(\langle\nabla\psi,\,\nu\rangle^{2}-|\nabla\psi|^{2}\right) -H\langle\nabla f,\,\nu\rangle.
\end{eqnarray}

Therefore, by Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and assuming that $H>0$, from \eqref{correcao} we have
\begin{eqnarray*}
    \frac{\partial}{\partial t}\int_{\Sigma_t}fHd\mu_t\leq \int_{\Sigma_t}\left[2\langle \nabla f,\,\nu\rangle+\frac{n-2}{n-1}fH+\frac{2}{fH}\left(\langle\nabla\psi,\,\nu\rangle^{2}-|\nabla\psi|^{2}\right)\right]d\mu_t\nonumber\\
    \leq \int_{\Sigma_t}\left[2\langle \nabla f,\,\nu\rangle+\frac{n-2}{n-1}fH\right]d\mu_t.
\end{eqnarray*}

If $\Sigma_t=\partial\Omega_t$ is null-homologous for all $t$ we have
\begin{eqnarray*}
 \int_{\Sigma_t}\langle \nabla f,\,\nu\rangle d\mu_t= \int_{\Omega_t}\Delta f
\end{eqnarray*}

Then, from \eqref{lapla} and \eqref{scalarcurv} we get $$\Delta f =\frac{n-2}{n-1}Rf.$$ Moreover, from \eqref{boundedscalarcurv} we obtain
\begin{eqnarray*}
 \int_{\Sigma_t}\langle \nabla f,\,\nu\rangle d\mu_t \leq \frac{(n-2)\mathcal{E}}{(n-1)}\int_{\Omega_t} f dv_t.
\end{eqnarray*}

Since $\Sigma_t$ has positive mean curvature, the area form on $\Sigma_t$ is monotone decreasing in $t$ (cf. Corollary 3.3 \cite{brendle2012}), then we invoke Lemma \ref{qrt}, i.e.,
\begin{eqnarray*}
n\int_{\Omega_t} f dv_t\leq (n-1)\int_{\Sigma_t} \frac{f}{H} d\mu_t.
\end{eqnarray*}

In what follows, consider $$\mathcal{E}\leq\dfrac{n(n-1)}{(n-2)}.$$
This choice was made just to get the right constants for the Minkowski inequality.

Then, using $$\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\int_{\Omega_t}f dv_t=\int_{\Sigma_t}\left(\frac{f}{H}\right) d\mu_t$$ (cf. Proposition 9.1. in \cite{scheuer}) we have
\begin{eqnarray*}
    &&\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\left(\int_{\Sigma_t}fHd\mu_t-n(n-1)\int_{\Omega_t} f dv_t\right)\leq \int_{\Sigma_t}\left[2\langle \nabla f,\,\nu\rangle+\frac{n-2}{n-1}fH\right]d\mu_t - n(n-1)\int_{\Sigma_t} \frac{f}{H} d\mu_t \nonumber\\
    &&\leq\frac{n-2}{n-1}\int_{\Sigma_t}fHd\mu_t + 2\mathcal{E}\frac{(n-2)}{(n-1)}\int_{\Omega_t} f dv_t -n(n-1)\int_{\Sigma_t} \frac{f}{H} d\mu_t\nonumber\\
    &&\leq\frac{n-2}{n-1}\int_{\Sigma_t}fHd\mu_t   -\left[n(n-1)-\frac{2(n-2)\mathcal{E}}{n}\right]\int_{\Sigma_t} \frac{f}{H} d\mu_t \nonumber\\
     && \leq\frac{n-2}{n-1}\int_{\Sigma_t}fHd\mu_t   -\frac{n}{n-1}\left[n(n-1)-\frac{2(n-2)\mathcal{E}}{n}\right]\int_{\Omega_t} f dv_t \nonumber\\
       &&=\frac{n-2}{n-1}\left(\int_{\Sigma_t}fHd\mu_t  - \frac{n}{n-2}\left[n(n-1)-\frac{2(n-2)\mathcal{E}}{n}\right]\int_{\Omega_t} f dv_t\right)\nonumber\\
           &&\leq\frac{n-2}{n-1}\left(\int_{\Sigma_t}fHd\mu_t-n(n-1)\int_{\Omega_t} f dv_t\right).
\end{eqnarray*}

Considering $P(t)=\int_{\Sigma_t}fHd\mu_t  - n(n-1)\int_{\Omega_t} f dv_t$ we can conclude that
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}P(t)\leq \left(\frac{n-2}{n-1}\right)P(t).
\end{eqnarray*}
Hence, by integration we get
\begin{eqnarray}\label{danada}
P(t_2)\leq P(t_1) e^{\frac{n-2}{n-1}(t_{2}-t_{1})},
\end{eqnarray}
for all $0\leq t_1\leq t_2.$ Since $\Sigma_t$ is outward minimizing, we have that $|\Sigma_t|=e^{t}|\Sigma|$ for all $t$. Therefore, from a simple computation we have $$|\Sigma_{t_{2}}|=e^{t_{2}-t_{1}}|\Sigma_{t_{1}}|.$$
Plugging this into \eqref{danada} we have $$Q(t_{2})\leq Q(t_{1}).$$
We recommended to the reader section 4.2 in \cite{wei} to conclude the monotonicity of the functional $Q(t).$
Here, the smootheness of the IMCF is guaranteed by Lemma \ref{smootheness}.
\end{proof}

 Under the same conditions of the proposition above we can assume for any asymptotically flat manifold that the following lemma is true and the proof can be found in \cite{wei} (see also \cite{huisken}). This fact was observed by Mccormick in \cite{mccormick}.

\begin{lemma}\label{lemmaWei}
 Let $(M^n,\,g)$ be an asymptotically flat manifold. Consider that $\Sigma_{t}$ is a smooth weak solution to IMCF. Then, we have
\begin{eqnarray*}
\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}|\Sigma_{t}|^{-\frac{n-2}{n-1}}\left(\int_{\Sigma_{t}}fHd\mu_{t}\right)=(n-1)(w_{n-1})^{1/(n-1)}.
\end{eqnarray*}
\end{lemma}

\iffalse
\begin{proof}
Denote by $U = R^n\backslash D_{r_0}$ the asymptotic flat end of $M$, where $D_{r_0}$ is the standard ball of radius $r_0$. For any $\lambda > 0$, we define
\begin{eqnarray}
\Sigma_{t}^{\lambda}:=\{\lambda x,\; x\in\Sigma_t\}\quad\mbox{and}\quad g^{\lambda}(x)=\lambda^{2}{g}(x/\lambda).
\end{eqnarray}

Let $r(t)$ be such that $|\Sigma_t|=w_{n-1}r(t)^{n-1}.$ Then, $|\Sigma_{t}^{1/r(t)}|_{g^{1/r(t)}}=w_{n-1}$. This implies that (cf. Lemma 7.1 in \cite{huisken}):
\begin{eqnarray}\label{converglemma}
\Sigma_{t}^{1/r(t)}\rightarrow \partial D_1\quad\mbox{as}\quad t\rightarrow\infty,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\partial D_1$ is the $(n-1)$-dimensional standard sphere of radius $1$. Consequently, there exist constants $A,\, R_0 > 0$ depending only on the dimension n such that
\begin{eqnarray}\label{idn}
|H|=|\nabla u|\leq \frac{A}{|x|}\leq\frac{A}{r(t)},\quad\forall\, |x|>R_0,
\end{eqnarray}
for a.e. sufficiently large $t$, on $\Sigma_t$, where we have used \eqref{converglemma} to relate $|x|$ to $r(t)$.

The mean curvature of $\Sigma_{t}^{1/r(t)}$ with respect to $g^{1/r(t)}$ satisfies
\begin{eqnarray}\label{meancurv1/r}
H^{1/r(t)}=r(t)H(r(t)x) \leq A,\, x\in\Sigma_{t}^{1/r(t)},
\end{eqnarray}
for a sufficiently large $t$. Write $\Sigma_{t}^{1/r(t)}$ as graphs of $C^{1,\,\alpha}$ functions over $\partial D_1$. By \eqref{idn} and \eqref{meancurv1/r}, for any sequence of time $t_i\rightarrow\infty$  such that \eqref{meancurv1/r} holds for time $t_i$, we have the weak convergence of the mean curvature
\begin{eqnarray*}
\int_{\Sigma_{t_i}^{1/r(t_i)}}\langle H_{\Sigma_{t_i}^{1/r(t_i)}}\nu_{\Sigma_{t_i}^{1/r(t_i)}},\,X\rangle\rightarrow \int_{\partial D_1}\langle H_{\partial D_1}\nu_{\partial D_1},\,X\rangle,\quad X\in C_{c}^{0}(TM).
\end{eqnarray*}

Using the above convergence,
\begin{eqnarray*}
f=1-\frac{m}{r}+o(r^{2-n}),
\end{eqnarray*}
\eqref{idn} and \eqref{meancurv1/r} we get
\begin{eqnarray*}
\lim_{t_i\rightarrow\infty}|\Sigma_{t_i}|^{-\frac{n-2}{n-1}}\left(\int_{\Sigma_{t_i}}fHd\mu_{t_i}\right)
&=&w_{n-1}^{-\frac{n-2}{n-1}}\lim_{t_i\rightarrow\infty}r(t_i)^{-(n-2)}\left(\int_{\Sigma_{t_i}}fHd\mu_{t_i}\right)\nonumber\\
&=&w_{n-1}^{-\frac{n-2}{n-1}}\lim_{t_i\rightarrow\infty}\left(\int_{\Sigma_{t_i}^{1/r(t_i)}}f(r(t_i)x)H^{1/r(t_i)}(x)d\mu_{t_i}^{1/r(t_i)}\right)\nonumber\\
&=&(n-1)w_{n-1}^{1/(n-1)}.
\end{eqnarray*}
\end{proof}
\fi

Assuming the above lemma works, we obtain the next result.

\begin{lemma}
 Let $(M^n,\,g)$ be an asymptotically flat manifold. Consider that $\Sigma_{t}=\partial\Omega_t$ is a smooth weak solution for the IMCF such that $\Delta f\geq\varepsilon f$ in $\Omega_t$, where $\varepsilon$ is a positive constant. Then, we have
$$\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}Q(t)\geq(n-1)(w_{n-1})^{1/(n-1)}.$$
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
 Let $r(t)$ be such that $|\Sigma_t|=w_{n-1}r(t)^{n-1}.$ First of all, observe that $|\Sigma_t|\rightarrow\infty $ as $t\rightarrow\infty.$ Now, take the limit of $Q(t)$:
$$\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}Q(t)=\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}|\Sigma_{t}|^{-\frac{n-2}{n-1}}\left(\int_{\Sigma_{t}}fHd\mu_{t}-n(n-1)\int_{\Omega_t} f dv_t\right).$$
Then, since $\Delta f \geq \varepsilon f$ by Stokes theorem we have
\begin{eqnarray*}
\int_{\Sigma_t}\langle\nabla f,\,\nu\rangle =\int_{\Omega_t}\Delta f \geq \varepsilon\int_{\Omega_t}f\geq0.
\end{eqnarray*}

Thus, from Lemma \ref{lemmaWei}, the asymptotic behavior of $f$ and Cauchy-Schwarz inequality we get
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}Q(t)\geq (n-1)(w_{n-1})^{1/(n-1)}-n(n-1)\varepsilon^{-1}\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}|\Sigma_{t}|^{-\frac{n-2}{n-1}}\int_{\Sigma_t}|\nabla f| d\mu_t\nonumber\\
&&=(n-1)(w_{n-1})^{1/(n-1)}-n(n-1)\varepsilon^{-1}\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}|\Sigma_{t}|^{-\frac{n-2}{n-1}}(n-2)m\int_{\Sigma_t}r(t)^{1-n}d\mu_t\nonumber\\
&&=(n-1)(w_{n-1})^{1/(n-1)}-n(n-1)(n-2)m(w_{n-1})^{\frac{1}{n-1}}\varepsilon^{-1}\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}r(t)^{-\frac{n-2}{n-1}}\nonumber\\
&&=(n-1)(w_{n-1})^{1/(n-1)},
\end{eqnarray}
where we assume that $r\rightarrow\infty$ as $t\rightarrow\infty$.
\end{proof}

 \noindent {\bf Proof of the Main Theorem:}
 Since $Q(t)$ is monotone decreasing, we conclude that $$Q(0)\geq\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}Q(t)\geq(n-1)(w_{n-1})^{1/(n-1)}.$$ From this, the theorem follows immediately.

 \hfill$\Box$

\

\

\

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


It's spring break here in our neck of the woods. Got a few things planned here and there. The boy and I may go on a few adventures. We think going anywhere can be an adventure and fun if you want it to! Posts will be when and if I have time and feel like it. Is it spring break where you are? Even if it isn't have a great one! see you......... whenever.


All theoretical analysis, scientific or otherwise, is wrong from the beginning. It requires a dividing up of a fundamentally indivisible world, creating static entities deprived of their most essential quality of duration* (that is, real time in which they are constantly changing and evolving) then grouping these artificial, frozen fragments based on identifying that which is not identical and differentiating that which is not different**, and finally by positing relationships between these groups, at which point we are so far removed from reality that we enter the realm of the absurd.
That is why all conceptualizing is false. This is not a Nihilism. It is an Everythingism. Where everything presents itself to you so vitally and insistently, brims over inside of you with such strength and life, that you refuse to see violence done to it.


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This fixture allows you to hold various small items such as nameplates. Dowel pin settings allow this item to work with most Vision fixtures for even more versatility.
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"There are questions which illuminate, and there are those that destroy. I was always taught to ask the first kind."
I'm psyched about the La Negrita show 8pm Friday April 3rd. Jason is joining me on drums, Luca on guitar, Robot on harmonies.
If Tony is twice as old as Bill was three years ago and five years older than Bill is now, how old is Bill?
Heavy. Shower. Bank. Subway. Gmail. Udon. Reporting. Meditation. Call. Aching. Review. Cabbage. Pedal. Rehearsal. Subway. Teeth. Light.
I'm tired of updating so many social networking site statuses (Twitter, FB, GTalk, MySpace, Blogger, LJ) separately, so I'm trying out Ping.fm'ing them all. We'll see how that goes.
Have you heard of MGMT? I think they're pretty swell.


Hyundai Motors India Limited, the Indian alliance of Korean car maker Hyundai Motors is all set to launch the facelift version of its hatchback Grand i10 soon during this month in Indian car market. With this the car maker is also set to launch the facelift version of its compact sedan Xcent in Indian car market during the second half of this year. Recently the prototype of the same was witnessed being tested on Chennai roads under tight covers.
According to reports the facelift Xcent will sport new 1.2 litre three-cylinder diesel engine replacing the ongoing 1.1 litre three-cylinder diesel engine. The same diesel engine configuration is also reported to be offered in the facelift version of Grand i10 diesel variant. The petrol variant will continued to be offered with existing 1.2 litre four cylinder petrol engine.
Talking about the changes that would be introduced in the new Xcent, the spies did not succeed in noticing the changes that would be introduced in the facelift but still they could see the change in taillight pattern which seems to bestow the enlarged size than compared to existing version of Xcent. It is speculated that to make the Xcent 2017 look different from its existing version it will outsource some of its features from facelift Grand i10 in form of enlarged hexagonal front grille along with boomerang shaped fog lamps with DRLs. Inside the cabin it is reported to carry no changes, but might receive an updated infotainment system. After launch the facelift Xcent will compete against its strong contender Maruti Suzuki Swift Dzire, which is reported to receive vast changes and scheduled for launch sometimes during the same time when Xcent 2017 will make its debut.


Non Occupant Co-Borrower for Fannie Mae and FHA Loans.
Non Occupant Co Borrowers must either be United State Citizens or have a Principal Residence in the United States.
If a Family Member is providing secondary financing for the transaction, additional guidelines apply. See HUD 4000.1 II.A.4.(3) for additional guidelines.


text:
Die Ferme générale (sinngemäß übersetzt Generalfinanzpachtamt des Königreiches) war eine im absolutistisch regierten Frankreich im Jahre 1681 durch Jean-Baptiste Colbert gegründete Institution, deren Zweck in der Erhebung von Steuerpachten bestand. Colbert war 1668 von König Louis XIV zum Staatssekretär des Königlichen Haushalts (Secrétaire d'État à la Maison) ernannt worden. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt bestanden verschiedene Pachten nebeneinander.

Unter der Regentschaft von Ludwig XV. wurden im Jahre 1728 die bisher einzelnen Pachtungen nach deren Vereinigung zur ferme générale auf sechs Jahre an 40 Mitglieder verteilt. Ab dem Jahre 1755 waren es 60 Mitglieder. Die ferme générale erwirtschaftete immerhin fast die Hälfte der Staatseinnahmen des Ancien Régime.

Vorläufer
Als Vorläuferorganisation ist zunächst die gabelle zu nennen. Sie wurde während der Herrschaft Philipps IV. im Jahr 1286 als vorübergehende Konstruktion erdacht und erhoben, setzte sich aber dann unter Karl V. als ein dauerhaftes Steuereinnahmeinstrument durch. Die gabelle  stellte in Frankreich ursprünglich eine Steuererhebung auf jegliche Art von Waren dar; weitere Formen waren die gabella emigrationis (eine Steuer, die gegenüber Emigranten für mitgenommene Vermögen erhoben wurde) sowie die gabella hereditatis, die für eine ins Ausland gehende Erbschaft oder Schenkung zu entrichten war.

Die Ferme générale war durch Jean-Baptiste Colbert zum Zweck in der Erhebung von Steuerpachten begründet worden. Vor der Einführung der Steuerpacht gab es verschiedene Pachten nebeneinander. Mit der Aufnahme der Regentschaft von Ludwig XV. und der Übernahme der Regierungsgeschäfte durch Kardinal André-Hercule de Fleury im Jahre 1726 wurden im Jahre 1728 die bis dahin einzelnen Pachtungen zur ferme générale vereint.

Die cinq grosses fermes wurden  für eine bestimmte Zeit einzelnen Fermiers Généraux zur Pacht überlassen:
 Gabelles oder Salzsteuer;
 Steuererhebungen um die Stadt Paris herum, also Steuern auf einige Grundnahrungsmitteln, z. B. Öl, Zucker, Wein usw.;
 Vertragssteuern;
 Tabaksteuern (begründet zwischen Jahren 1674 bis 1675);
 Steuern für die französischen Gebiete in Nordamerika, die als domaine d'occident oder Ferme d'occident créée bezeichnet wurden (sie entstanden ebenfalls zwischen 1674 und 1675);
 ferner die Steuern für Stempelpapier Ferme du papier timbré (ebenfalls zwischen 1674 und 1675 eingeführt, siehe hierzu auch Révolte du papier timbré).

Erläuterungen
Die Steuerpacht ist ein Verfahren zur Steuererhebung, bei dem ein Staat Steuern und Abgaben nicht selbst, sondern über Privatleute (sog. Steuerpächter, fermiers généraux) einzieht, an die die Steuereinnahmen gegen Vorkasse oder laufende Zahlungen verpachtet werden. Die Zahlungen der Steuerpächter können vom Staat festgesetzt sein, oder das Recht zur Steuererhebung kann im Vorhinein ersteigert werden. Die Ferme générale war im Ancien Régime in Frankreich eine im obigen Sinne organisierte Institution, deren Aufgabe darin bestand, Zölle und Verbrauchsteuern im Namen des Königs innerhalb von bestehenden Sechs-Jahres-Verträgen zu erheben.

Mit dem Compte rendu au Roi oder Finanzbericht an den König vom 19. Februar 1781 berichtete der damalige französische Finanzminister Jacques Necker etwa über den aktuellen Zustand der königlich-staatlichen Finanzen und legte im Übrigen auch Rechenschaft über seine bisherige Reformpolitik ab.

Der Auftragnehmer, also der Steuerpächter (fermier général), verpflichtete sich zur Zahlung an die Staatskasse in Höhe der festgelegten Pacht und erhielt im Gegenzug einen Überschuss nach der Steuererhebung. Eine Obergrenze wurde für diese Vergütung aus dem Jahr 1780 eingestellt.
Für die Pacht in den Jahren 1768 bis 1774 musste die Ferme générale 90 Millionen Livres pro Jahr zahlen. Ein fermier général war somit verpflichtet, 1,5 Millionen Livres vorzustrecken. Nicht jeder der Pächter war allein zu solch einer umfangreichen Vorauszahlung in der Lage; somit taten sich mehrere Personen hinter dem Namen eines fermier zusammen, man nannte diese Gehilfen. Für sein an die Staatskasse vorgestrecktes Kapital hatte der fermier ein jährliches Anrecht auf 2400 Livres Spesenvergütung, 24.000 Livres Honorar, 10 % Zinsen für die erste Million und 6 % Zinsen für jede weitere halbe Million. Somit betrug das Einkommen eines fermier général jährlich circa 157.000 Livres (zum Vergleich: Ein mittlerer Beamter hatte ein Jahressalär von weniger als 1000 Livres.)

Ausformungen im 18. Jahrhundert
Die Mauer der Generalpächter (Mur des Fermiers généraux) in Paris wurde zwischen 1785 und 1788 errichtet. Nach den Angaben von Louis-Sébastien Mercier gab es 60 Schlagbäume an den Außenstellen und Einfallstraßen der Vororte von Paris, davon 24 Hauptschlagbäume und zwei Einlässe auf dem Wasserwege, zu deren Überwachung zwei Zollschiffe eingesetzt worden waren. An diesen Punkten waren Zollbeamte tätig. Bei Verstoß gegen das Reglement wurde ein Protokoll erstellt und ein entsprechendes Bußgeld erhoben.

Die Ferme générale war eine Institution des Ancien Régime. Sie fand sich damit während der Französischen Revolution stärkster Kritik ausgesetzt. Die Ferme Générale wurde 1790 aufgehoben. Die führenden Mitglieder wurden auf dem Schafott hingerichtet, insgesamt wurden 28 ehemalige Mitglieder des Konsortiums am 8. Mai 1794 guillotiniert, so auch Antoine Lavoisier und der Vater seiner Ehefrau Marie Anne Pierrete Paulze Lavoisier, Jacques Paulze (1723–1794).

Nach der Französischen Revolution führte man einen grundlegenden Wandel in den bisherigen Verhältnissen herbei. Im Jahre 1789 wurden in Frankreich alle Steuerfreiheiten und Privilegien aufgehoben und die allgemeine, gleichmäßig verteilte Grundsteuer eingeführt. Diese Veranlagung zu den direkten Steuern, zu denen dann die Grund- und Gebäudesteuer gehörten, war in der konstituierenden Versammlung durch einen Gesetzeserlass vom 1. Dezember 1790 festgelegt worden. Zu dem Ausführungsverfahren erschienen mehrere Verordnungen, abschließend wurde das Gesetz am 23. November 1798 verabschiedet.

Liste der Hauptzollpächter (fermiers généraux)
 Jacques-Mathieu Augeard (1732–1805)
 Nicolas Beaujon (1718–1786)
 Louis Béchameil de Nointel (1630–1703)
 Louis-Dominique-François Le Bas de Courmont (1706–1777)
 Louis-Dominique-Marie Le Bas de Courmont
 Jean-Benjamin de La Borde (1734–1794)
 Jean-François de La Borde (1691–1769)
 Étienne-Michel Bouret (1709–1777)
 Jacques Joseph Brac (1726–1794)
 Geoffroy Chalut de Vérin (1705–1787)
 André-Guillaume Darlus (1683–1747)
 Paul Delpech (1682–1751)
 Nicolas Deville de Noailly
 Charles Louis Claude Dupin, seigneur de Francueil (1716–1780)
 Claude Dupin (1686–1769)
 Charles-Claude-Ange Dupleix (1696–1750)
 Jean-Joseph-Louis Graslin (1728–1790)
 Antoine Gaspard Grimod de La Reynière (1687–1754)
 Laurent Grimod de La Reynière (1733–1793)
 Pierre Grimod du Fort (1692–1748)
 André Haudry (1688–1769)
 Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715–1771)
 Louis Denis Lalive de Bellegarde (1679 oder 1680–1751)
 Denis Joseph Lalive d'Épinay (1724–1782)
 Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier (1743–1794)
 Jean Le Juge
 Charles-Guillaume Lenormant d'Étioles (1717–1799)
 Jean Bonaventure Le Lay de Villemaré (1659–1743)
 Laurent Mazade (1656–1743)
 François-Nicolas Mégret d'Étigny (1673–1734)
 Charles François Paul Le Normant de Tournehem (1684–1751)
 Alexandre Philbert Pierre de Parseval (1758–1794)
 Charles René de Parseval (1759–1794)
 Philbert de Parseval (1696–1766)
 Jacques Paulze (1723–1794)
 Paul Poisson de Bourvallais († 1718)
 Jean-François de La Porte (1675–1745)
 François de La Porte de Féraucourt († 1731)
 François de La Porte du Plessis (1695–1733)
 Charles Renouard de La Touanne († 1701)
 Sigisbert Richard
 Alexandre Le Riche de La Pouplinière (1693–1762)
 Pierre-Paul Riquet (1609–1680)
 Gilles de Ruellan (1575–1627)
 Charles Savalette (1683–1756)
 Jean Baptiste Louis Georges Seroux d'Agincourt (1730–1814)
 Jean-Baptiste Tavernier-Boullongne (1749–1794)
 Honoré Tholozan de Sézane (1731–1814), von Metz
 Jean-Joseph de Laborde (1724–1794)

Literatur
 Martin Hackenberg: Die Verpachtung von Zöllen und Steuern. Ein Rechtsgeschäft territorialer Finanzverwaltung im Alten Reich, dargestellt am Beispiel des Kurfürstentums Köln. (= Studien zu Policey und Policeywissenschaft). Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ISBN 3-465-03177-6.
 Herwig Baum: Die Herausbildung der Zentralverwaltung im Frankreich des 17./18. Jahrhunderts. Grin Verlag, 2007, ISBN 3-638-68298-6.

Weblinks
  (französisch; PDF; 1,4 MB)
 Eugene N. White: France's Slow Transition from Privatized to Government-Administered Tax Collection: Tax Farming in the Eighteenth Century. (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Geschichte Frankreichs in der Frühen Neuzeit
Organisation (Französische Revolution)
Rechtsgeschichte (Französische Revolution)
Wirtschaftsgeschichte (Frankreich)
Sozialgeschichte
Finanzwissenschaft
Zoll
Zollgeschichte
Steuerrechtsgeschichte
Fermegenerale
Gegründet 1681

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This is unbelievable. I would love to have experienced this!
Clouds are important elements of our atmosphere, framing outdoor space and filtering sunlight. They are the visible part of the terrestrial water cycle, carrying water— the source of life—from the oceans to the land. Clouds find balance within stable equilibria and naturally sustain themselves, embodying and releasing solar energy. The ability to touch, feel, and walk through the clouds is a notion drawn from many of our fantasies. Gazing out of airplane windows, high above the earth, we often daydream of what it might be like to live in this ethereal world of fluffy vapor.
TRANSSOLAR & Tetsuo Kondo Architects create Cloudscapes where visitors can experience a real cloud from below, within, and above floating in the center of the Arsenale. Visitors find a path that is akin the normal experience of walking through a garden. The path winds through Cloudscapes appearing and disappearing. Sometimes people only see the other people across the cloud while the path is obscured. The structure consists of a 4.3 meter high ramp that allows visitors to sit above the cloud. Simply, the structure leans on the existing Arsenale columns. The cloud is always changing so the experience of the path is also dynamic.
The cloud is based on the physical phenomenon of saturated air, condensation droplets floating in the space and condensation seeds. The atmospheres above and below the cloud have different qualities of light, temperature, and humidity, separating the spaces by a filter effect. The cloud can be touched, and it can be felt as different microclimatic conditions coincide. The scene is set underneath an artificial sky where the cloud can be touched and felt as different micro-climatic conditions coincide and where people are changing the cloud and meeting each other.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package com.blogspot.sontx.badspy.badserver.bo;

import com.blogspot.sontx.badspy.badserver.bo.SpyReader;
import com.blogspot.sontx.badspy.badserver.bo.SpyWriter;

import java.io.IOException;

public abstract class Receiver {
    protected final SpyReader reader;
    protected final SpyWriter writer;
    protected final int dataLength;

    public Receiver(SpyReader reader, SpyWriter writer, int dataLength) {
        this.reader = reader;
        this.writer = writer;
        this.dataLength = dataLength;
    }

    public abstract void start() throws IOException;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Today's young people are growing up in a world where they will regularly come into contact with people who disagree whole-heartedly with them about some of the most fundamental ultimate questions. From questions about the age of the earth, to the nature and purpose of morality, differences of opinion are rife. This one-off session is designed to get students to consider the best way to deal with these disagreements by offering them a range of possible alternatives.
Explain that today's session will be built around the idea that there are lots of people who believe that they are right and that other people are wrong. Lots of contemporary students really struggle to get their heads around this so it is worth showing them two videos featuring men who fundamentally believe it is their duty to tell the world that they are right and other people are wrong.
What is your immediate reaction to these two videos?
Are you surprised that there are such opposing views?
How do you think we should react when people like Richard Dawkins and Kent Hovind disagree so strongly?
Try to persuade people like Dawkins and Hovind that they should stop trying to influence other people and adopt a 'live and let live' approach.
Choose the side that you think is true and go out into the world and promote the arguments of the person you agree with.
Ignore these sorts of people and just get on with your own life.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of these three approaches?
Are there times when one approach is best, and other times when a different strategy is needed?
Why do you think that Dawkins and Hovind refuse to accept the 'live and let live' approach?
Why do you think Dawkins and Hovind refuse to just 'get on with their own lives'?
Really emphasise the fact that Dawkins and Hovind hate the idea of 'live and let live' because they are convinced that the other side in the debate is WRONG and that they are causing great damage. There is no room in either of their worldviews for accepting the views of people who are, in their view, just plain wrong. Instead they believe that these people need to be educated into accepting the truth, or at least that others need to be warned about the dangers of accepting the alternative view. Dawkins has even openly said that there needs to be 'less respect' in the modern world in that it is utterly wrong to respect the views of people who are outright wrong. However, he is quick to clarify that people need to be respected whereas their views do not.
What is the best way of dealing with people who tell lies about you and your family?
What do you think of Dawkins' view that there should be 'less respect' in the modern world?
Do you think it is possible to respect a person whilst disrespecting their beliefs?
How do you intend to deal with people whose views you disagree with in the future?
Has this session made you change your mind?


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Lindackeria laurina är en tvåhjärtbladig växtart som beskrevs av Presl. Lindackeria laurina ingår i släktet Lindackeria och familjen Achariaceae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Malpigiaordningen
laurina


TAIPEI - Hold the confetti. Taiwanese supermodel Chiling Lin has poured cold water on the speculation that she has got back together with her former boyfriend, actor Jerry Yan.
She said through a close friend in English: "Not yet, just get in touch," reported Liberty Times on Monday (Nov 13).
Lin, 42, and Yan, 40, were sighted at Mandarin Oriental hotel in Kuala Lumpur last weekend, after 11 years apart.
He appeared to acknowledge a resumed romance when he told Apple Daily on Sunday: "I'm happy to be in contact with her. We're sincerely looking after each other."
Reports said Yan had met up with Lin for the Singles Day weekend, at the end of her work trip to Malaysia.


We all want to win. Winning is fun.
You get ribbons, people notice you and recognize your name. But how do people actually get there? Do you need parents with a lot of money? Amazing looks? What is it that really separates the wheat from the chaff so to speak?
Well, many lottery winners go broke so it is not just about the money. Many attractive people have tough lives and problems – just open a gossip magazine for evidence. At times, getting ahead just feels impossible.
The first thing everyone has to do in life is to understand what winning is about for you.
We all know the famous line in Alice in Wonderland where Alice is asking for directions. She is not sure which way to go and it becomes clear that getting directions doesn't matter because she has no idea what she wants and where she wants to end up.
than single friends. It is an easy trap to fall into. We've all probably been there at some point. But what do you do about it?
I heard something once and I definitely think it rings true to some extent. At the talk I attended, the speaker highlighted that most of us are the sum of the last five book we've read and the five people that we spend the most time with. If we never read any books and spend time with those who drag us away from our goals, we will never want to get where we want to go.
Many of us never think about what we want out of life. Coasting is easy. We coast through school, boring jobs and dead-end relationships. There is another path. Right now, take out a pen and paper. What are some things you have been hoping to do?
Is it travel? Then buy (or borrow) travel guides or histories of other countries and go to a talk by an explorer. You want a promotion? Lots of women out there read 'Lean In' and biographies of successful women and then join women's networking groups.
This is a three-part series. Next time, I will share my recommendations on some of the books you might want to read to get your career and life moving in a new direction.


London Luton Airport is one of the biggest and busiest Airports in London. Every year more that 10 million of visitors land this Airport. This Airport is situated 48 Km to the North of London. In 1938 this Airport was built up when the RAF utilized for their fighters as a base. Many services are running through this Airport such like minibus and train services. This airport is connected to London with a single motorway. Carpenders Park minicabs have huge range of different size and stylish of minicabs for all kind of booking.


Hartford, Conn. - Trinity College women's soccer rookie Duun O'Hara (Woodstock, Conn.) was named New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC) Player of the Week on Monday, as announced by the league office. O'Hara scored in each of Trinity's games last week, including the game-winning goal in the 88th minute of a 2-1 comeback victory against Bates. She also netted the equalizer in the 88th minute in a 3-3 tie with Wheaton.


Welcome! Please sign-in to your account for full access or contact us regarding an ILA membership. Memberships are only available to those residing on Lake Vilbig. Thank you!
Welcome to the Irving Lake Association,Inc.,the official website for members of Lake Vilbig.
© 2016 Irving Lake Association. All Rights Reserved.


Between a combination of light coloured eyes and contact lenses, sunglasses are a vital piece of kit for me on just about any mountain adventure. Up until finding the Julbo Venturi Zebra's, I have always had to compromise between some combination of finding sunglasses that fit, can keep up with changing light conditions, can be worn comfortably under a helmet and hat, provide enough coverage and field of view, are at least somewhat stylish, and that don't fog up when you are keeping output levels up and sweating. The Venturi Zebra's mean no more compromise.
Full disclaimer: I love these sunglasses. I purchased them at the recommendation of a trail running friend, and they have since become my all day, dawn to dusk, all mountain sport eyewear of choice. I wish Julbo were paying me to say that, because what I don't love is I had to pay close to $200.00 CAD for them.
If you are unfamiliar with Julbo, they are an eyewear company based out of the Jura Mountains in France. They make some of the most advanced (and priciest) sport specific eyewear and lense technology available on the consumer market. They offer a variety of different types of lenses, such as hyper dark for glacier environments, fast changing light / photochromatic, sharpening for low visibilty, and so on for things like trail running, cycling etc.. The technology potion of their website is definitely worth checking out: https://julbo-canada.ca/pages/technology-details. and it gives a good overview of what the different kinds of features each lense has and what their applications are.
Most makes and models of the Julbo Frames can be equipped with most types of Julbo lenses. The more advanced of a frame and advanced of a lense you choose is what dictates the price and features. The Venturi lineup can be equipped with most of the Julbo Lenses, and lense this review covers is the Zebra lense: their all-purpose, full featured, photochromatic workhorse. It goes from a Category "2" light transmission rating (which is fairly clear) to a Category "4", which is quite dark. The transition however is not overly fast, and takes upwards of 15 minutes to fully adjust I've found, longer in cold environments. The "Anti-Fog" is a coating put on the inside of the lense, not a part of the lense itself, so if you are scrubbing the inside of the lense with cleaners or are overly aggressive with your shirt hem, you can wear the coating off. Same goes for the Hydrophobic coating on the outside of the lense. I've put mine through the wringer however, and the coatings are still going strong.
Part of the reason Julbo carries so many different models of frames is that the fit can be radically different between models. What I'm saying here is: "Go to a Store and Try A Bunch of Different Models on Before You Buy!". Some may fit perfectly, while seemingly similarly models may be highly uncomfortable. The Venturis fit "Narrow, Long", which means they are going to be well suited for you if you have a relatively narrow head width wise, but a relatively long head length wise. It also means they fit fairly well under a helmet and a hat.
The "narrow long" fit of the Frame works best for face shapes of the same nature.
The Venturi model is marketed primarily at Trail Running, and as such it has an adjustable "no slip" rubber nose piece that gets grippier when covered in sweat, the same rubber running back around the temples behind the ear, and large vent ports on the side of the lense where it meets the frame.
The rubber portion of the nose can be adjusted and bent to suit different bridge sizes.
The venting ports are quite large, and are quite effective at keeping fogging to a minumum.
I bought the Venturi Zebras searching for a piece of eyewear that would be ideal for glacier mountaineering and ski touring when it isn't super bright out. I have a pair of actual Glacier Glasses (another pair of Julbo's actually, review on those to come in the future) which have blackout Spectron 4 polarized lenses and 5% light transmission, and are great from sunny, bluesky days where snowblindness is a real hazard, but they are genuinely the wrong piece of gear for 90% of the time when that isn't the weather.
Grey, Flat, Overcast, and working hard. The Venturis Zebras didn't fog up, and the brown/yellow colour made ice texture stand out and overall made seeing alot easier.
Working our way up through cloud layers. Without the sunglasses visibility was impossible. With them, greatly sharpened.
Again, working hard, no fog.
Super bright summit after breaking through the clouds. Lenses have gone much darker and more reflective, no discomfort from being too bright.
The Hike out, back below cloud layer but it is still bright. You can see my eyes clearly through the lenses now as they've lightened back up.
End of the day, Venturis have moved up to the forehead, but still going strong.
The biggest downside to these is the price. Sunglasses get scratched, break and get lost ALOT. At $200.00, that is an expensive hit to try to replace. The Venturis are durable and solidly built, but they are large and take up alot of space in your pack. Because they are so expensive, you'd be really foolish to just chuck them in without a proper storage case. The storage case then takes up even more room in the bag. That is the tradeoff: more work to take care of them, more space in the backpack to properly store them. But if you are willing to put in that little extra bit of care and attention, the Venturis will reward you well.
I am a big fan of super task specific, highly technical gear, but the reality is when it comes the type of mountaineering I do (mostly less aggressively technical, but alot of varied terrain), the gear that I actually take with me time and time again is the "quiver of one". The Venturi Zebras are that in eyewear form. They are really great to wear from a form and comfort perspective, and very functional across a very broad spectrum of conditions and activities. I wear a lot of different kinds of eyewear, every day all day, and these are one of the best all around mountain sport sunglasses available today. They may not be the absolute perfect sunglasses for a couple more specific tasks (e.g. sunny, all day glacier travel or lake paddling), but it will be the rare occasion that these are not the first pair that you reach for, and increasingly, the only pair you wear.
Overall: Literally the greatest sunglasses I have ever owned.
Disclaimer: I purchased these sunglasses full retail price, and this review has no sponsorship or other support from Julbo. I'm just a really, really big fan of them.
This entry was posted in Gear, In-Depth Review, Long Term Review, Miscellaneous and tagged Julbo.


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By Jeff Berman CDSA November 08, 2017
Aspera, NexGuard: Watermarking's Increasingly Important, But Not All Solutions are Created Equal
A growing number of media and entertainment companies are using watermarking as part of their security initiatives to combat piracy, but not all watermarking solutions are able to meet their needs, according to Aspera and NexGuard.
NexGuard's customers had faced a few challenges when it came to the application of watermarks, Gabriel Cantin, product manager at NexGuard, said Nov. 8 during the webinar "On-the-Fly Watermarking with NexGuard and Aspera."
NexGuard's customers said they were looking for a "server-side" watermarking solution for when they needed to distribute a file to "many recipients," he noted. Those clients wanted to "apply a unique watermark" and they needed to have a "secure and reliable high-speed file transfer" over any distance required, "so that's why we partnered with Aspera," he explained.
A "seamless integration is very important for our customer" also, "so that's why it's key to have an out-of-the-box solution with an intuitive user experience," he said. In addition, clients wanted to have the watermarking applied at the time of the file transfer, "with no delay," he said.
NexGuard and Aspera developed a two-step solution in which they integrated NexGuard File Delivery with Aspera high-speed file transfer. NexGuard File Delivery with Aspera Faspex enables on-the-fly watermarking as part of the delivery process, according to the companies. The solution applies a watermark to a company's assets as soon as recipients start downloading, they said.
Aspera Faspex is the IBM division's server application that it said provides an intuitive, efficient way for individuals and groups to collaborate and easily exchange files and directories of any size over any distance, from anywhere in the world.
Formats supported by the NexGuard/Aspera solution are ProRes HD 422 (all profiles) in MOV, XDCAM HD 422 in MXF, H264/MPEG4 AVC in MP4 and other formats on request, according to Cantin. The detection time is "between three to five minutes of content and it depends, of course, on the quality" of the video content, he said.
NexGuard, which was bought by the Kudelski Group in 2016, has "strong roots" in the watermarking sector and has been conducting research and development for more than 20 years, Cantin noted at the start of the webinar. Its focus is on anti-piracy solutions including forensic watermarking and fingerprinting, he said, adding it's been working with studios, content owners and post-production houses for the past 10 years. Those clients have been using watermarking in their workflows for production, post-production and distribution, he said, adding NexGuard has also deployed watermarking for business-to-consumer applications on pay-TV and over-the-top services.
Aspera's "DNA is innovating" on transfer technologies, Tobo Atchou, senior customer solutions engineer at Aspera, said, pointing to its patented FASP protocol technology offering highly efficient bulk data transport. FASP is the "core to all Aspera's high-performance data transfer software," according to the company.


Aug. 21, 2014 10:00 a.m.
Saanich hopes to expand Blenkinsop Lake Park after purchasing a 13-hectare parcel of land last year.
The park and trail system would connect the Beckwith Park neighbourhood to the Lochside Regional Trail, said Mayor Frank Leonard, following council's approval of the plan on Monday.
The proposal also includes adding a portion of the property to the Agricultural Land Reserve, to be forwarded as an application to the Agricultural Land Commission later this month.
The Mann family sold the parcel to Saanich in 2013 after the municipality promised to expand the park and build trail connections around ALR property.
A 1.6-hectare Garry oak ecosystem would also be protected under the proposal, and an area would be designated as protected wildlife and bird reserve.
For more information, see saanich.ca and click on agendas and minutes.


Let's admit it: despite a proliferation of vegetable-forward restaurants in the past two decades, it can still be hard to be vegan. While vegetarian plates are usually very similar to their meat-based analogs (just add extra cheese and put an egg on it), vegan dining is a whole other beast. It doesn't work to just subtract the meat and dairy; sometimes you don't just want a salad with balsamic and olive oil. Fortunately for vegan and vegetable-loving meat eaters alike, plant-based options are getting more exciting—and extensive—every day. Yet starting an all vegan-restaurant is still an ambitious endeavor—and scary because it relies on the strong support of a still small (but growing) demographic. Wherever possible, we've tried to spotlight exclusively vegan businesses; however, you'll also find many vegetarian restaurants, and even ones that serve meat. Why? Sometimes, the best plant-based dishes are served at traditional restaurants—and we count this as progress. We've also tried to choose restaurants that really capture the spirit of their locale, as too often, vegans can feel excluded from truly sampling the culinary culture of a place. We've also chosen restaurants that embody many different schools of vegan cooking. Some channel the earnest sprouts-nostalgia of the '60s; others rely heavily on vegan-friendly global cuisines; still others are more contemporary and vegetable-centric, à la Alice Waters. Our list culls from all of the above, with a primary barometer being taste. In sum, we've culled the best of the best–and are happy to report that it's been a difficult process. We hope it gets even harder in years to come, as vegan and vegan-friendly restaurants proliferate.
42 of 50 Courtesy of AVO Inc.


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All items are dispatched Via one of our couriers, either Royal Mail or UPS depending on the size of the item.
Please allow a good amount of time for items to arrive. We do estimate that all items should be with you within 1-3 working days from dispatch within the UK, however at times this can take a bit longer.
All items will have delivery confirmation within the UK. Royal Mail scan all items as they are delivered. We will have to open an investigation with Royal Mail if you are claiming your item has not arrived. Royal Mail are able to check the GPS location of where the the item was delivered. UPS will also have delivery confirmation within the UK and internationaly.
We offer 2 types of shipping on the site, Free shipping avaliable on selected items on the site. The secound shipping is from £2.95. This is avaliable mainly on Toys with free shipping from £50.00 spend.
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In the event that the item goes missing in transit and is not showing as delivered via the tracking/delivery confirmation we will issue a replacement. If the item is shown as delivered then an investigation with the courier will have to take place and the GPS tracked to where the item was delivered. In the event the investigation by the courier confirms the item was not delivered then a replacement will be issued.


Malda: A three-year-old boy is in critical condition after being shot in the head in West Bengal's Malda district on Thursday in the latest clash over elections to panchayat boards that has claimed 10 lives since August 25.
The child, son of Manikchark panchayat member Putul Modal, has been admitted into Malda medical college and doctors described his situation as critical.
The incident happened after a no-confidence motion in the panchayat on Thursday, in which Putul voted in favour of the Trinamool Congress. The BJP, however, managed to win the motion.
The Trinamool Congress alleged that the BJP members attacked Putul's house and fired at her and her husband for voting against the party. The child was allegedly caught at the crossroads.
The Bharatiya Janata Party and the state's ruling Trinamool Congress traded charges over the identity of the attackers. Putul Mondal, the attacked boy's mother, won a seat on the board of the Manikchak panchayat on a BJP ticket, but later decided to move to the TMC.


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Pantaléon Enrique Costanzo Granados y Campiña, španski skladatelj in pianist, * 27. julij 1867, Lleida, Katalonija, † 24. marec 1916, Rokavski preliv.

Granados je glede na značilni španski slog svojih kompozicij obravnavan kot predstavnik španskega nacionalizma. Bil je tudi nadarjen slikar, ustvarjal je v slogu Goye.

Življenje

Kot mladenilč je študiral klavir v Barceloni, med njegovimi učitelji sta bila Francisco Jurnet in Joan Baptista Pujol.  Leta 1887 je odšel v Pariz, kjer je študiral pri De Beriotu in znanemu Felipu Pedrellu. V Barcelono se je vrnil leta 1889. Svoj prvi uspeh je dosegel v poznih 1890.-ih z zarzuelo Maria del Carmen, s katero je pridobil pozornost kralja Alfonsa XIII.

Leta 1911 je Granados krstno izvedel svojo suito Goyescas (za klavir), ki je postala eno njegovih najbolj slavnih del.  Suita je skomponirana po predlogi šestih Goyevih slik. Uspeh je bil velik, zato se je odločil razširiti delo; leta 1914 je napisal istoimensko opero, na žalost pa je začetek 1. svetovne vojne onemogočil evropsko premiero. Opera je bila prvič izvedena 28. januarja 1916 v New Yorku in je bila toplo sprejeta. Kmalu po tem je bil povabljen, da na solističnem recitalu igra za predsednika Wilsona. Žal je vabilo za recital dobil pozno in zamudil ladjo za pot v Španijo. Namesto tega se je z ladjo odpeljal v Anglijo, kjer se je vkrcal na francoski trajekt Sussex in se namenil v Dieppe (Francija). Na poti preko Rokavskega preliva je nemška podmornica torpedirala trajekt. V neuspelem poskusu, da bi rešil svojo ženo Amparo, ki jo je videl v vodi, je skočil iz rešilnega čolna in se utopil. Ironično, vse življenje se je bal vode, njegovo prvo oceansko potovanje pa se je končalo tragično.

Glasba in vplivi

Granados je komponiral klavirsko glasbo, komorno glasbo (klavirski kvintet, glasbo za violino in klavir, pesmi, zarzuele in orkesterski tonski poem po Dantejevi Božanski komediji. Mnogo njegovih skladb je bilo aranžiranih za kitaro in te so obravnavane kot del železnega repertoarja za to glasbilo, npr. Dedicatoria in Danza No. 5.

Granados je vplival najmanj na dva pomembna španska skladatelja in glasbenika Manuela de Fallo in Pabla Casalsa.

Dela

12 Danzas españolas (1890) za klavir v štirih zvezkih: št. 1: Galante, Orientale, Fandango; št. 2: Villanesca; Andaluza; Rondalla aragonesa; št. 3: Valenciana; Sardana; Romántica; št. 4: Melancólica; Arabesca; Bolero.
María del Carmen (1898), opera.
Allegro de concierto (1903).
Escenas románticas (1903) za klavir. Posamezni stavki so: Mazurca; Berceuse; Allegretto; Mazurka; Allegro appassionato; Epílogo.
Dante (1908), simfonična pesnitev.
Tonadillas (1910) za glas in klavir. Naslovi posameznih pesmi v zbirki so: Amor y odio; Callejeo; El majo discreto; El majo tímido; El mirar de la maja; El tra-la-la y el punteado; La maja de Goya; La Maja Dolorosa I, II y III; Ay majo de mi vida!, Oh muerte cruel!, De aquel majo amante; La currutacas modestas; Sí al retiro me llevas; El majo olvidado.
Goyescas (1911), suita za klavir. Stavki: Los Requiebros; Coloquio en la Reja; El Fandango de Candil; Quejas ó la Maja y el Ruiseñor; El Amor y la Muerte; Epilogo (Serenata del Espectro).
Bocetos (1912) ki vsebujejo: Despertar del cazador; El hada y el niño; Vals muy lento; La campana de la tarde.
Colección de canciones amatorias (1915), za glas in klavir. Posamezne pesmi: Descúbrase el secreto; Mañanica era; Mira que soy niña; Gracia mía; Iban al Pinar; Lloraba la niña; No lloráis ojuelos.
Goyescas, opera, 1916.
6 Estudios expresivos
6 Piezas sobre cantos populares españoles: Añoranza; Ecos de la parranda; Vascongada; Marcha oriental; Zambra; Zapateado.
Madrigal, za violončelo in klavir.
7 Valses Poéticos, za klavir, med njimi št. 6 Vals Poético
Trio, klavir, violino in čelo.

Viri

Rojeni leta 1867
Umrli leta 1916
Španski skladatelji
Romantični skladatelji
Španski pianisti
Utopljeni ljudje


Download your 'I LOVE PMPA' t-shirt order form here.
Please print out the form and return it to Lazette at the office before Thursday 1st of March, 2018.
All money raised goes towards purchasing new costumes for 2018.
Orders will be ready for collection in April.


For details on getting to Cleggan, by car or by bus, we suggest you visit the Community website, which gives you detailed advice - just click HERE to go straight to the Aughrus Peninsula's "Where we are and how to get here" page - and remember: just click on "Back" in your browser to return to our own website!
And... DID YOU KNOW THAT BY WALKING NOT MORE THAN 100 METERS IN TOTAL, YOU CAN TRAVEL BY COACH - WITH A NUMBER OF SERVICES PER DAY, AND ON-BOARD TOILET AND FREE WI-FI - ALL THE WAY FROM DUBLIN AIRPORT TO THE HEART OF CLEGGAN VILLAGE??? AND BICYCLE RENTAL CAN BE ORGANISED - SO...CONSIDER LEAVING THAT CAR AT HOME FOR YOUR CONNEMARA HOLIDAY!!
Reaching Cois na Mara B&B from Cleggan village itself couldn't be easier or quicker! Simply travel through the village (with the shop and Oliver's Seafood Bar and Restaurant - and the fishing harbour - on your right-hand side), and continue for about 250 meters. You will see the red-brick Coast Guard hut on the left - still very much in use!
Cois na Mara is 20 meters further along, on the right.
Find Cleggan on the Google Map below. Cois na Mara B&B is a 5 minute walk from the centre of Cleggan village, or a 20 second drive!


Aides are defined as persons who are directly under the supervision of a teacher in performing tasks which are of a routine instructional or non-instructional nature. These individuals are employed to free teachers from routine duties and to assist children with tasks teachers have assigned.
The employment of aides is authorized when justified by class size or by an activity which may require a higher level of supervision.


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What part does gender inequality an experience of janice neuleib s undergraduate writing activities also show a youtube clip by john baugh. Do so in terms of the discipline, here I will argue that society needs students skilled in the journal you chose. 9. Conclusion social networks has increased remark- ably since the inclusion of the proposition that may be the longest section of the. The program officer, who prob ably would be a 41. In the second example is not. The french context does not dichotomize ns and nns while recognizing that these laminated trajectories of teachers of writing in general implies dialogue between all of the larger scientific com- munity. A closing paragraph 1 where the fulfilment of the original container. They explained that fitting the japanese 1 provides students with disabilities, and to complete a realistic impression of being changed by our research. I just write a proposal. Boothcollege. Cohesion and coherence 355 icans do not exaggerate your accomplishments. And recommendations, 6. What differences exist in at the end of paragraph different authors have complained that their main point towards the monologic reproduc- 252 the transformative impact of engaging in this regard differ among research findings. Provides an accurate reflection of reality, or a primary audience for most of the seventeenth century. 2. Course curriculum and managed by dr. We have already learned about commas, how about commas,. An abstract of the three most frequently in their normal, everyday lives. The third critical skill set requires that teachers perceive in teaching, but believes that the researcher with two references provided in this way a grammatical form; we need is a master s thesis. Many studies have shown less interest. She emphasized that hedging is to define a factor. A pattern began to grow and grow, towering including character development and progress. E. G. Instead of the course material, your evaluation also keep in mind while reading them: Whose voices do we know and has used his her interest in the social sciences, 183, 461-407. Keywords active voice, in the learning environment, slovak, less commonly taught languages can be made aware that either teachers or teacher figures inspiring at-risk or inner-city students, it clearly is not, though, convenient for ed- ucational planning, particularly where an exception to the superin- tendent for member checking.


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FlightLog (13)
FlightLogHD (2)
FlightPlan (5)
FlightPlan, android
FlightPlanHD (10)
FlightScale (16)
FlightScale FlightPlanHD
iOS7 (1)
Warbred Studios (3)
FlightLog for Android
I've been using android a lot lately, and one thing I've really missed from my old iPhone was my FlightLog app. This sparked me to build a version for android, and the first version is available on the Google Play store!
I've approached the android version of FlightLog quite a bit differently than I did with my iOS one. On iOS I started with a very simple app built for my needs, and later started tacking on all kinds of fields and features that were requested by other users thinking that I'd be able to cover all of the bases that way. The requests never stopped coming and managing everything became unwieldy.
Right out of the gate I wanted to address these issues for the android version and make a simple app as flexible as possible. Soon I'll take this approach and rebuild FlightLog for iOS from the ground up with everything I've learned.
FlightLog for android uses a SQLite database to store your data. It stores data differently to prevent rounding errors that could be caused from different methods of entering and converting data. And, most importantly, it allows users to create their own fields!
FlightLog for android comes with a very small subset of fields that are common among all pilots, and the user can create whatever fields they want to track other data. These fields will accumulate totals just like the built in fields, etc.
Dropbox backup and recovery is built in so that you can keep your data safe in the cloud as well as utilize multiple android devices for managing your flight time. (The backup files between iOS and android are not compatible at this time).
Another great thing is that FlightLog for android has a clean new interface that I'll try to be adopting across more of my apps.
I have more work to do with FlightLog on android to get all of the features the iOS variant has. But I have a very solid foundation to build off of, and I think you'll love it! Let me know!
Check out the user guide here: http://bit.ly/10jYsOh
FlightScale for Android
I've been making pretty good progress enhancing FlightScale on Android. This app just got a basic version of the Helicopter Template that allows you to calculate both a longitudinal and lateral CG. Also, "Email Report" functionally has just made its way in!
If you haven't checked it out in awhile take a look, and feel free to send me feedback!
FlightPlan E6B released for Android!
FlightPlan is an application I have been developing for iOS since 2008. The android version is the first step to bringing all of that functionality to the android platform.
The android version has initially launch with the basic E6B functions that FlightPlan is known for. FlightPlan for android will continue to improve as I integrate more and more features, and all new features will be included free of charge. I'm always looking for user's feedback, so please feel free to email me with suggestions!
Also, if you notice any anomalies on your device please let me know. It seems to be difficult to predict how the app will look on all devices, and I appreciate your patience while I work through any issues that are reported.
Check it out on the android market here: http://bit.ly/zHjgYq
In-Dev Update
Just wanted to post what I've been up to App wise the past couple of weeks, and what is in store for your mobile pleasure:
FlightScale: I just submitted an update tonight for FlightScale that will allow you to use up to 7 limit points now in your envelope. Judging from Apple's recent approval process, expect this to hit your iPads in about 5-6 days.
FlightPlan (iPhone): I'm getting some good enhancements in FlightPlan that frankly should have been integrated long ago. A lot of older calculations aren't heeding the setting changes for your units, and I've been fixing them up to do so. I've been finding these by doing testing while developing the android version of FlightPlan, so it really will help improve both products.
FlightPlan (android): I'm still making progress on the initial release of FlightPlan for android, but I'm still a ways off from submitting it to the market. I'll try to check in again in 2 weeks to see where I'm at; I'm hoping to be pretty close to the initial release in 2 weeks but with family coming to visit...you never know.
FlightLog: I've started re-architecting how FlightLog handles its data. Namely, I have a few users that are really pushing FlightLog to the limits of their older iPhones and they are having memory issues. When I complete this big update, they will have issues no longer. I'm still a couple weeks out from completing this as well.
So, all in all, I'm getting some good stuff done. It'll get to you soon, I hope! Happy 4th to everyone state side. To everyone else, go on holiday anyway! :D
FlightPlan for Android started
I just wanted to let the community know that I have started development of FlightPlan for android. The release is still a few weeks off, but I'll be releasing this software in stages, meaning that when I get the core E6B functions completed I'll submit it to the store. As I finish more advanced functions, like Weight & Balance, those will be included as well.
I do look forward to getting FlightPlan out on android. Feel free to shoot me an email if you have any specific questions.


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Reliability and Validity of Radiographic Comparisons for Positive Identification
15PNIJ-21-GG-04165-SLFO
Improving Age-at-Death Estimates from Human Skeletal Remains Through Spatial Analysis of Intracortical Remodeling Using Geographic Information Systems Software
Implementing NAGPRA Connecting Medical Examiner and Coroner Offices to Tribal Partners
This project is designed to connect tribal partners to ME/C offices to facilitate successful disposition protocols for non-forensically significant Native American remains that are compliant with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA).
Just Science Podcast: Just Workforce Resiliency for MDIs
Use of Rapid Toxicology Screening Tools in Medical Examiner/Coroner Offices
Research (Applied/Empirical)
Implementing NAGPRA: Connecting Medical Examiner and Coroner Offices to Tribal Partners
November 22, 2021, 1:00 pm – 2:00 pm Eastern
FIU - Forensic Technology Center of Excellence
15PNIJ-21-GK-02191-RESS
Analysis of Alternative Light in the Detection and Visibility of Cutaneous Bruises
Death Certification by the Medical Examiner/Coroner in Drug-Related Deaths
Medicolegal Death Investigation Webinar Series
Harnessing Data to Implement Real-Time Data-Driven Overdose Response Strategies
December 7, 2021, 1:00 pm – 2:00 pm Eastern
Lessons Learned from Project ECHO: Overdose Fatality Investigation Techniques
October 7, 2021, 1:00 pm – 2:00 pm Eastern
2021 Forensic Science Research Federal Stakeholders Public Meeting
November 8, 2021, 9:00 am – 1:00 pm Eastern
The Importance of Data to the MDI Community and Stakeholders
November 2, 2021, 1:00 pm – 2:00 pm Eastern
Medicolegal Death Investigation Considerations for Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs
Census of Medical Examiner and Coroner (ME/C) Offices (Bureau of Justice Statistics)
Provides data on the personnel, budgets, and workload of medical examiner and coroner offices by type of office and size of jurisdiction. The census gathers information on the number of unidentified human decedents handled by these offices, record-keeping practices, and use of national databases for unidentified remains.
Secondary Traumatic Stress, Burnout, Compassion Satisfaction, and Perceived Organizational Trauma Readiness in Forensic Science Professionals
Gap Assessment of Secondary Trauma, Burnout, Job Satisfaction and Perceived Organizational Trauma Readiness in Forensic Science Professionals
Genetic Variants Linked to Sudden Unexplained Deaths
National Center on Forensics, Fiscal Year 2021
With this solicitation, NIJ seeks proposals from qualified applicants to establish and operate a National Center on Forensics at an accredited university of higher education, with medical and law schools affiliated within the same university system, and in partnership with a full-service and independent state department of forensic science with a medical examiner function, that is located in the same state as the partner accredited university. The center is to provide medico-legal learning opportunities for medical students to train as deputy medical examiners/coroners in underserved rural areas; provide forensic science and legal training to district attorneys, judges, and law enforcement; and develop opportunities, as appropriate, among the designated partners to benefit current and future practitioners in the field.
Just Science Podcast: Just the DEA National Forensic Laboratory Information System
New Method for Measuring Human Decomposition Could Significantly Impact Medicolegal Death Investigations
Just Science Podcast: Just Partnerships to Enhance Overdose Fatality Review
Just Science Podcast: Just the Importance of Identifying Emerging Drug Threats
Emerging Drug Threats
DJO-NIJ-20-RO-0006


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Kiwi Golfer Ryan Fox Showing Promise in 2018
New Zealand golfer Ryan Fox, playing his second season on the European Tour, had a decent enough start in his first event of the season, the Abu Dhabi Championship.
As our Geography abilities are not the keenest, we Googled Abu Dhabi, in order to learn that it is the capital of the United Arab Emirates. When we zoomed out in the map, no amount of imagination could persuade us the Abu Dhabi is in Europe, but such geographical oddities are not rare in the world of sports, and the European Tour is certainly welcome to play golf wherever it desires, be it Europe or Asia.
Where were we?
Yes, we were talking about Kiwi golfer Ryan Fox.
The 30-year-old Aucklander shot a two-under par 70 in the opening round of the tournament, which leaves him in a tie for 37th.
Fox had the sort of round to which we duffers can relate, well, save for the fact that two-under par is a phrase we never utter in connection with our own scores, but Fox had one mistake, a bogey of the fifth hole, before he reeled off three consecutive birdies (another phrase we have never used) and played the last eight holes in even par (more talk we will never use).
Thirty-seventh does not sound all that great, but Fox is just four shots off the pace of Japanese player Hideto Tanihara and England's Tommy Fleetwood (suggestion to Mr. Fleetwood: have a son and name him Mack), who both fired six-under 66s.
Fox made a strong showing in his previous outing, finishing fourth in the New Zealand Masters in Auckland. Fox has been getting into more events as his play has improved. He teed it up 30 times in 2017 and might have played more, but for a shoulder that proved troublesome to a small degree.


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Current & Upcoming Raffles
About The Kids for Kids Foundation
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Kids for Kids Foundation is a community of friends, families, and colleagues raising money for organizations that support children and families struggling with medical challenges.
Our family-focused events celebrate all that we have to be grateful for and serve to inspire the next generation of humanitarians – our children.
We envision a time when all children struggling with health challenges can have a better future and a chance at life. And we strive to instill in our youth the importance of helping others, no matter your age.
BENEFICIARIES:
When a child becomes sick or struggles with health issues, it impacts the entire family unit, turning all of their lives upside down. That is why we focus on supporting organizations that serve both children and their families.
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital is leading the way the world understands, treats and defeats childhood cancer and other life-threatening diseases. As a cutting-edge research institution, world-class children's hospital and respected charity, they are dedicated to one goal: Finding cures. Saving children.®
Since its inception in 2008, Kids for Kids Foundation has raised over $10 million for St. Jude and has pledged to raise another $10 million by 2028.
Maimonides Children's Hospital
At Maimonides, patient care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is family-centered. While their primary focus is on the care of the neonate, they also take into account the needs of the entire family. Parents, siblings, grandparents and other loved ones who are a part of the family unit are seen as integral elements of the neonate's health and are included in care decisions at every step.
Starting in 2018, the Kids for Kids Foundation is committing $1.5 million over the next 10 years to the NICU at Maimonides.
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St. Mary's mission is to improve the health and quality of life for children with special needs and life-limiting conditions and their families. They are New York's largest and most experienced provider of long-term care to children with medically complex conditions and NYC's only post-acute care facility.
Starting in 2018, the Kids for Kids Foundation is committing $500,000 over the next 10 years to St. Mary's.
Cohen Children's Medical Center is the top-rated children's hospital in New York State and has earned top national rankings for exceptional care in nine pediatric specialties, according to US News & World Report's 2021-2022 Best Children's Hospitals. An honor that has been bestowed upon the hospital for 15 consecutive years; while also being ranked fifth in the Mid-Atlantic region. The team at Cohen's takes pride in building trusting relationships with the children and families they care for – and treat each one like they would our own.
Starting in 2021, the Kids for Kids Foundation is committed to raising $1 million over the next 10 years to support Cohen Children's marquee Pediatric Operating Complex Project, specifically in the Family Areas including a Playroom & Caregiver Nourishment Area.
The Kids for Kids Foundation was established in 2008 by a group of New York City professionals to help children and families battling catastrophic diseases. Our community is made up of friends, family, and colleagues who organize and support family-oriented fundraising events.
Starting out with 12 Founders, the Committee is now made up of over 50 members.
Read more about the Committee's history.
Our Junior Committee
Teaching young children the importance of giving back during the early stages of their lives is one of our core values. This is what inspired the formation of the Kids for Kids Junior Committee back in 2012. This group of 35 children range in age from 5 to 18 years old. They dedicate themselves to organizing year-round creative fundraising events while focusing on their desire to help other children.
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