Ensure that the existing IAM policies are attached only to groups in order to efficiently assign permissions to all the users within your AWS account.
Defining permissions at the IAM group level instead of IAM user level will allow you manage more efficiently the user-based access to your AWS resources. With this new model you can create groups, attach the necessary policies for each group, then assign IAM users to these groups as needed. The model has few valuable advantages such as removing duplication of information and effort as you don't need to define policies for each individual user anymore or switching existing users between groups as they receive different roles in your organization.
05 On the IAM user configuration page, select Permissions tab.
06 Inside Managed Policies section, search for any access policies available. If one or more policies are currently attached e.g.
the selected user permissions configuration is not following AWS IAM best practices.
If the AttachedPolicies array is empty, i.e. [ ], the IAM user does not have any policies attached. If the AttachedPolicies array is not empty (as shown in the example above), the selected user has policies attached, hence its access permissions configuration is not following AWS IAM best practices.
05 Repeat steps no. 3 and 4 for each IAM user that you want to examine within your AWS account.
04 Select the IAM user that has policies attached (see Audit section) and click on the user name to access its configuration page.
06 Under Managed Policies section copy each policy identifier displayed in the Policy Name column. Once the information is copied, click the Detach Policy link for each managed policy available in order to detach the policies for the selected user. These policies will be attached later at the group level.
07 In the left navigation panel, choose Groups.
08 Click the Create New Group button from the dashboard top menu to create the group that will contain the IAM user.
09 On the Set Group Name page, enter a name for the new group and click the Next Step button.
10 On the Attach Policy page, in the Filter box, search for the policy names copied at step no. 6 and select each policy returned. Once all policies are selected, click the Next Step button.
11 On the Review page, review the new group configuration then click the Create Group button.
12 Click on the newly created group name to continue the process.
13 On the group configuration page, select Users tab and click Add Users to Group button to add the necessary user.
14 On the Add Users to Group page, select the IAM user specified at step no. 4 and click the Add Users button. Once added the user name will be listed in the Users tab.
15 Click on the user added at the previous step to access its configuration page. Inside Managed Policies section, AWS should list all the policies attached to the IAM group, inherited automatically by the IAM user.
16 Repeat steps no. 4 – 15 for each IAM user with attached policies available in your AWS account.
The IAM user will automatically inherit the group policies and all the user permissions will be set at the group level from now on for better access security and management (following IAM best practices).
10 Repeat steps no. 3 – 9 for each IAM user with attached policies within your AWS account.
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text:
package nruth.fingar.ga.probability;

import nruth.fingar.ga.Population;

public interface PdFactory{
	public ProbabilityDistribution probability_distribution(Population population);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
\section{Introduction}

There are well-established routines for computing the evolution of an electromagnetic field in many areas of computational physics.
Nevertheless, in some applications, the specific properties of the problem allow for tailored approaches that can reduce computational costs.
Tight focusing of short electromagnetic pulses is one of such problems.
It is of growing interest in many research areas, including attosecond physics \cite{krausz.rmp.2009}, high-intensity laser-plasma interactions \cite{mourou.rmp.2006, marklund.rmp.2006}, as well as laser-based studies of fundamental quantum systems \cite{dipiazza.rmp.2012}. Apart from being central for reaching high field strengths for a given radiation power \cite{yanovsky.oe.2008}, the use of tight focusing of few-cycle pulses with specific phase- and polarization properties enables opportunities for controlling laser-matter interaction scenarios \cite{chatziathanasiou.p.2017, harvey.prl.2017}.

While analytical models of a tightly focused electromagnetic field (e.g. paraxial~\cite{davis.pra.1979, barton.jap.1989, sheppard.josa.1999, sepke.ol.2006, salamin.apb.2006} or beyond paraxial~\cite{couture.pra.1981, narozhny.jetp.2000, lin.prl.2006, fedotov.spie.2007, sapozhnikov.ap.2012}) are widely used in many theoretical studies, numerical computation provides a direct approach that is of particular interest, as it avoids intrinsic inaccuracies associated with the underlying assumptions \cite{yu.spie.2019}, and is more flexible in terms of initial conditions.
Paraxial models, in particular, require that the diffraction angle be small and therefore become increasingly inaccurate as the focusing becomes stronger.
Numerical computations can therefore be necessary when tight focusing is used to achieve strong fields at a target, and the interaction process is sensitive to the field structure in the focal region. This is the case in many cases, such as vacuum electron acceleration \cite{popov.pop.2008, bochkarev.qe.2007} and the generation of radiation using laser-driven individual \cite{harvey.prab.2016} or collective \cite{gonoskov.pre.2011, kormin.ncom.2018, cardenas.scirep.2019} dynamics of electrons~\cite{popov.pop.2008, bochkarev.qe.2007,harvey.prab.2016,gonoskov.pre.2011, kormin.ncom.2018, cardenas.scirep.2019}. Numerical computations can be also crucial when the laser pulse is only few cycles long \cite{rivas.scirep.2017} and, therefore, cannot be treated analytically as monochromatic.

Besides the use in simulations \cite{thiele.jcp.2016, perez.pre.2019}, numerical computations can also support experimental efforts to achieve high intensity, e.g. by controlling adaptive optics \cite{bahk.apb.2005} or by retrieving information from the measured output based on the solution of inverse problem \cite{gonoskov.scirep.2019}. Numerical computations are also of clear interest for designing experiments \cite{gonoskov.prl.2013, gonoskov.prl.2014, gefler.pra.2015, gonoskov.prx.2017, vranic.ppcf.2017, gong.pre.2017, efimenko.scirep.2018, efimenko.pre.2019, magnusson.prl.2019, magnusson.pra.2019} at the next generation large-scale laser facilities \cite{danson.hplse.2019}, where strong electromagnetic fields are likely to be reached by the combination of several, tightly focused laser pulses \cite{bulanov.prl.2010, gonoskov.pra.2012}.

The numerical computation of electromagnetic field in the focal region for a given field in far-field zone can be performed via direct integration using the Green's function. In the most general case, when the phase and/or polarization properties vary across the transverse direction of the pulse to be focused, the computational costs are proportional to $N M$, where $N$ and $M$ are the number of nodes of the grids that sample the field in the far- and near-field zones respectively. Note that the lowest frequency components of the pulse determine the distance from and, thus, the size of the far-field zone, whereas the highest frequency components determine the necessary resolution. This leads to an extensive growth of computational costs in the case of tight focusing (i.e., large diffraction angle) and short pulse duration, which is of interest in the context of the problems discussed above. The use of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods for evolving the field from the far-field to the near-field zone leads to computational costs that are proportional to $N T \sim N^{4/3}$, where $T \sim N^{1/3}$ is the number of time steps to be performed. Such computations are subject to numerical dispersion, which cannot be removed along all the directions simultaneously and may affect significantly high-frequency components of the pulse~\cite{blinne.cpc.2018}.

Another attractive option is to use a spectral field solver, since it is free of numerical dispersion and it is possible to advance the field over large time intervals in a single step, leading to the numerical costs proportional to $N \ln N$, assuming the use of a fast Fourier transform (FFT). In this case, however, the computations can still be hampered by the extensive size of the grid used for sampling the pulse in the far-field zone. The use of supercomputers, on the other hand, is complicated by the nonlocal data processing patterns required by the FFT routine.

In this article, we present a computational scheme that makes use of the fact that a short pulse in the far-field zone is located within a thin spherical layer and thus occupies only a small fraction of the entire simulation domain. Taking advantage of the periodicity of spectral solvers, we map the far-field zone onto a smaller grid, achieving a significant reduction of computational costs. The implementation of the spectral solver and the proposed scheme was performed as part of the hi-$\chi$ (Hi-Chi, High-Intensity Collisions and Interactions) project \cite{hichi} (see also \cite{muraviev.arxiv.2020}). This open-source software package is a collection of Python-controlled tools for performing simulations and data analysis in the research area of strong-field particle and plasma physics. All the components are being developed in C++ and optimized for high performance CPUs, which allows for efficient performance of resource-intensive calculations. As part of the Hi-Chi project, we have implemented an easy-to-use and high-performance tool for modeling tightly focused radiation that can be used for computations on desktops (the supercomputer version is under development). In this work we validate the developed computational module and use it to characterize the properties of focused radiation, namely, the dependency of peak amplitude and the location of the attained peak on the $f$-number.

\section{Simulation method}
\label{sec:model_and_method}

\subsection{Spectral solvers}
\label{sec:application_of_spectral_solvers}

An essential part of the scheme we present is the use of a spectral (Fourier) method to advance the electromagnetic field in a region with periodic boundary conditions. In this subsection we briefly outline the main equations and practical aspects of this approach.

The central idea of spectral methods for time-dependent problems is to make use of the fact that, for linear homogeneous equations with a well-determined non-degenerate spectrum, the state can be represented via eigenstates that can be independently advanced over an arbitrary large time interval without computational errors. When eigenstates correspond to plane waves, the transformation from the representation on a spatial grid to the eigenbasis representation (and vice versa) can be done with a FFT. Source terms (i.e. inhomogeneous part) and/or nonlinear terms can be accounted for by the step-splitting technique (see, for example, \cite{weideman.jna.1986, birdsall.1991}). Since the propagators for these terms do not necessarily commute with that for the homogeneous equation, this technique introduces errors that grow with, and thus restrict, the size of the time step. Nevertheless, since we consider the propagation of electromagnetic radiation in vacuum, the source term (governed by the current) is zero and we thus can do arbitrarily large time steps.

The application of split-step spectral method to the Maxwell equations has been carried out and used in many numerical studies (see, for example, \cite{haber.cnsp.1973, lin.pf.1974, buneman.jcp.1980, gustafsson.1995, vay.jcp.2013, gonoskov.phd.2013} or chapter 15.9~(b) in \cite{birdsall.1991}).
We denote the electromagnetic field and current density in Fourier space by $\hat{\textbf{E}}$, $\hat{\textbf{B}}$ and $\hat{\textbf{j}}$ respectively.
We have also that $\hat{\textbf{k}}$ is the normalized wave vector $\textbf{k}$, $i$ is the imaginary unit, $c$ is the speed of light, $C=\cos(ck\Delta t)$, and $S=\sin(ck\Delta t)$. Using superscripts $n$ and $n+1$ to denote consecutive numerical states, we can express the Fourier method in the following form (see \cite{vay.jcp.2013}, CGS units are used):

\begin{align}
\label{eq:PSATD_E}
\begin{split}
\hat{\textbf{E}}^{n+1}=C\hat{\textbf{E}}^{n}+\textit{i}S\hat{\textbf{k}}\times\hat{\textbf{B}}^{n}-\frac{4\pi S}{kc} \hat{\textbf{j}}^{n+1/2}&+(1-C)\hat{\textbf{k}}(\hat{\textbf{k}}\cdot\hat{\textbf{E}}^{n}) \\
&+4\pi\hat{\textbf{k}}\left(\hat{\textbf{k}}\cdot\hat{\textbf{j}}^{n+1/2}\right) \left(\frac{S}{kc}-\Delta t\right), \\
\end{split} \\
\label{eq:PSATD_B}
\begin{split}
\hat{\textbf{B}}^{n+1}=C\hat{\textbf{B}}^{n}-\textit{i}S\hat{\textbf{k}}\times\hat{\textbf{E}}^{n}+4\pi\textit{i}\frac{1-C}{kc}\hat{\textbf{k}}\times\hat{\textbf{j}}^{n+1/2}. \\
\end{split}
\end{align}

It is worth noting that Poisson's equation $\hat{\textbf{k}}\cdot\hat{\textbf{E}}=0$ is not satisfied here automatically but maintained approximately. This may lead to the appearance of static electric fields that arise from a spurious charge associated with either the initial field state or accumulated computational errors (in case of computations with non-zero current). Applying the related adjustment we obtain (for more details see \cite{vay.jcp.2013} or section 6.2 in \cite{gonoskov.phd.2013}):
\begin{align}
\label{eq:PSATD_E_pois}
\begin{split}
\hat{\textbf{E}}^{n+1}=C(\hat{\textbf{E}}^{n}-\hat{\textbf{k}}(\hat{\textbf{k}}\cdot\hat{\textbf{E}}^{n}))+\textit{i}S\hat{\textbf{k}}\times\hat{\textbf{B}}^{n} \\
\end{split} \\
\label{eq:PSATD_B_pois}
\begin{split}
\hat{\textbf{B}}^{n+1}=C\hat{\textbf{B}}^{n}-\textit{i}S\hat{\textbf{k}}\times\hat{\textbf{E}}^{n}. \\
\end{split}
\end{align}
As our implementation follows that referred to as PSATD in Ref.~\cite{vay.jcp.2013}, we adopt the same terminology for our spectral solver.

\subsection{Problem statement}
\label{sec:problem}

We assume that, at the start of the simulation, the pulse that is to be advanced to focus is located within a spherical sector, defined by a polar angle $\theta$ around the negative $x$ axis that can be as large as $\pi/2$. The opening angle $\theta$ is related to the $f$-number, $f$, as $\theta = \arctan\left(1/(2f)\right)$.

The distance to the far-field zone is determined by the lowest characteristic frequency component of the pulse. Since we are interested in the treatment of few-cycle pulses, we can take the central wavelength $\lambda$ (the one that corresponds to the mean of the frequency band) as the typical scale for the lowest frequency component. We then must have that the distance $R_0$ from the initial location of the pulse to the geometrical center is much larger than $\lambda$. In practice we set $R_0 \approx 16 \lambda$ but this can vary depending on the bandwidth of the spectrum and on the required level of accuracy.

The pulse can have arbitrary profiles along the longitudinal and transverse directions, i.e. perpendicular to, and along, the spherical surface respectively.
The pulse can have arbitrary variation of shape, polarization and phase along the transverse directions, but the variations should not be too rapid, so that we still can assume that locally the pulse propagates predominantly towards the geometrical center of the sphere. The permitted magnitude of variations depends on the particular problem and on the required accuracy level. This is a matter of numerical verification.

Although the problem statement is not restricted to any specific form, we consider a specific case of a short pulse under tight focusing. This facilitates the description of the method and provides a good demonstration of its capabilities.

To mimic a laser beam being uniformly amplified within its gain medium, we consider a pulse with flat-top transverse profile. In this case we need to define the transverse shape $u_{ts}$ so that the pulse amplitude is non-zero only within the angle $\theta$. In order to provide a smooth transition near this angular limit, we introduce an edge smoothing angle $\varepsilon$ and use $\cos^2$ shape:
\begin{align}
\label{eq:uts2}
&u_{ts}(\alpha)=\omega\left(\alpha-\frac{\varepsilon}{2}, 0, \theta\right) + \left( \cos{\frac{\pi\left(\alpha-\theta+\frac{\varepsilon}{2}\right)}{2\varepsilon}} \right)^2 \cdot \omega\left(\alpha, \theta-\frac{\varepsilon}{2}, \theta+\frac{\varepsilon}{2} \right),
\end{align}
where we use the rectangular function
\begin{align}
\label{eq:window}
&\omega \left(x, x_{min}, x_{max}\right)=
\begin{cases}
1, x \in \left[x_{min}, x_{max}\right] \\
0, x \notin \left[x_{min}, x_{max}\right]
\end{cases}.
\end{align}

We consider a longitudinal shape of the form:
\begin{align}
\label{eq:ul}
u_l(x)&=\sin \left(\frac{2\pi x}{\lambda}\right) \cdot \cos^2\left(\frac{\pi x}{L}\right) \cdot \omega\left(x, -\frac{L}{2}, \frac{L}{2}\right), \end{align}
where $L$ is the pulse length, $\alpha$ is the angle between the $x$ axis and the position vector $\textbf{R}=(x,y,z)$.

Finally, the spherical pulse can be defined as
\begin{align}
\label{eq:u}
&u\left(x,y,z\right)=\frac{A}{R} \cdot u_l\left(R-R_0\right) \cdot u_{ts}\left(\arcsin\frac{\sqrt{y^2+z^2}}{R}\right) \\
\label{eq:A}
&A=\sqrt{\frac{4P_0}{c(1-\cos{\theta})}},
\end{align}
where $P_0$ is the input power. We consider linear polarization and set the electromagnetic field as follows:
\begin{align}
\label{eq:E}
&\textbf{E} (\textbf{R}) = u(\textbf{R}) \bf s_0 \\
\label{eq:B}
&\textbf{B} (\textbf{R}) = u(\textbf{R}) \bf s_1,
\end{align}
where $\bf s_0$ and $\bf s_1$ are, respectively, the normalized vectors $\textbf{p}\times\textbf{p}\times\textbf{R}$ and $\textbf{p}\times\textbf{R}$ and $\textbf{p}$ is the polarisation vector.

An example of simulation of the tight focusing problem by the method described in Sec.~\ref{sec:application_of_spectral_solvers} is demonstrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:full_calc}.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{full.pdf}
\caption{An example of simulation of the tight focusing problem at the moments: the field intensity is shown for (a) $t = -R_0/c$, (b) $t = -R_0/2c$, (c) $t = 0$ and (d) $t = R_0/c$ with $\text{f-number}=0.3$, $R_0=16\lambda$, $L=2\lambda$, $\lambda=1$, $\varepsilon=0.1$, $P_0/c=1$.}
\label{fig:full_calc}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Mapping to and from the computational subregion}
\label{sec:simulation_in_thin_layer}

The stated problem of advancing electromagnetic field can be solved numerically by sampling and iterating the electromagnetic field in the region $\left(x \in \left(-R_0 - L/2, L/2\right)\right) \cap\left(y \in \left(-R_0, R_0\right)\right) \cap\left(z \in \left(-R_0, R_0\right)\right)$, which has volume equal to approximately $4 R_0^3$ (assuming that $R_0 \gg L$). However, geometric arguments indicate that the pulse should remain, approximately, in a thin spherically curved layer $R_0 - L/2 - t < R < R_0 - L/2 - t$. Thus only a small fraction of the computational grid actually contains the pulse. If we were using a FDTD method, we could reduce computational costs by updating the grid nodes in the non-empty regions only. However, as we wish to avoid numerical dispersion, we use a Fourier-based solver and thus do not have such a straightforward opportunity. We now describe how we can effectively exclude the empty regions and achieve a significant reduction of computational costs in this case.

Let us consider a periodic field structure containing a series of repetitions of the pulse, spaced apart by a distance $D$ along the $x$ axis (see fig.~\ref{fig:reverse}a). If $D$ is large enough, the pulses overlap neither initially nor during their propagation towards the focal region (see fig.~\ref{fig:reverse}b). When each pulse reaches focus, a sequence of identical structures of focused pulses is formed (see fig.~\ref{fig:reverse}c). These structures are spaced apart by the distance $D$ and have only a minor overlap due to diffractive spreading of the signal from the fringes of the initial structure. One can see that we can simulate this process by computing the evolution of the field in a region that has periodic boundary conditions and size $D$ along $x$ axis. The volume of this region is $4 D R_0^2 \ll 4 R_0^3$ (we assume that $D \sim L \ll R_0$). Periodic boundary conditions are effectively provided by the Fourier solver by default. In this way we can obtain the numerical solution of the stated problem at reduced computational cost, with respect to both run time and memory. Let us describe particular details of our implementation.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{reverse.pdf}
\caption{Illustration of the idea of the proposed method. The pictures show the evolution of the electromagnetic field composed by the equidistant replication of the initial pulse along the $x$ axis: the field intensity is shown for (a) $t = -R_0/c$, (b) $t = -R_0/2c$, (c) $t = 0$ and (d) $t = R_0/c$.}
\label{fig:reverse}
\end{figure}

The choice of parameter $D$ can be restricted by requiring that neighbouring pulses do not overlap. From the geometrical consideration shown in fig.~\ref{fig:pulses_3d_image}, one can obtain the following restriction:
\begin{align}
D \geq D_{min} = - R_{min}\cos{\theta}+\sqrt{R^2_{max}-R^2_{min}\sin^2{\theta}},
\label{eq:D}
\end{align}
where $R_{max} = R_0 + L/2$ and $R_{min} = R_0- L/2$ are the boundaries of the initial pulse in spherical coordinates. Note, that one can avoid this restriction by considering a superposition of the overlapping replicated pulses. In this case we can still obtain the separated structure of a single pulse if $D > L$ due to the linearity of the Maxwell's equations. However, due to overlap, in this case we are not able to obtain (in a straightforward way) the intermediate states of the pulse on the way to the focus. The choice of $D$ can also depend on the extent of fringes and the required accuracy. There is a trade-off between increasing $D$, which reduces the errors, but increases the computational costs of the method.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{pulses_3d_image.pdf}
\caption{Schematic illustration of the proposed method in 3D space (a) and the cross-section in the $x$-$y$ plane at $z = 0$ (b). The restriction given by Eq.~\ref{eq:D} is derived from requiring that the initial (red) and replicated (blue) pulses do not overlap. The shaded region is the subregion where the simulation is performed.}
\label{fig:pulses_3d_image}
\end{figure}

Although this choice of periodic domain is arbitrary with respect to translation along $x$, it is useful to describe a particular implementation in detail. We suggest to carry out calculations in a layer $x \in \left[-R_{min}-D, -R_{min}\right]$ with periodic boundary conditions. In order to set the initial conditions we need to perform the following mapping: the field state of each point $(\tilde{x}, \tilde{y}, \tilde{z})$ of the simulated subregion is assigned to that of point $\left(x, y, z\right)$ of the original unlimited space, for which the problem is stated:
\begin{align}
\left(\tilde{x}, \tilde{y}, \tilde{z}\right)= \textbf{T}\left(\textbf{R} \right) = \left( x_{min}+D\,\left\{\frac{x-x_{min}}{D}\right\}, y, z \right).
\label{eq:mapping}
\end{align}
Here $\left\{\cdot\right\}$ is the fractional part of an argument.

Unfortunately, there is no reverse mapping. However, by considering the geometrical propagation of the pulse, we can ``cut out'' the primary pulse from the periodic space. We do so in the following way: for each point $\textbf{R}$ of the original space the field state $\textbf{u} = \left(\textbf{E}, \textbf{B} \right)$ is assigned using the field state $\tilde{\textbf{u}}\left(\textbf{T}\left(\textbf{R}\right)\right)$ within the simulated region according to:
\begin{align}
\textbf{u}(\textbf{R}, t)=\tilde{\textbf{u}}(\textbf{T}\left(\textbf{R}\right))\cdot I_{S(t)}(\textbf{R})
\label{eq:rev_mapping_u}
\end{align}
\begin{align}
I_{S(t)}(\textbf{R})=
\begin{cases}
0, & \left(r(t)<0\right)\land\left(\left(R\geq-l(t)\right)\lor\left(R<-r(t)\right)\lor(x>0)\right) \\
0, & \left(l(t)\leq 0\right)\land\left(r(t)\geq 0\right)\land\left(x<0\right)\land\left(R>L\right) \\
0, & \left(l(t)\leq 0\right)\land\left(r(t)\geq 0\right)\land\left(x\geq 0\right)\land\left(R>l(t)\right) \\
0, & \left(l(t)>0\right)\land\left(\left(R\leq l(t)\right)\lor\left(R>r(t)\right)\lor(x<0)\right) \\
1, & \text{in other cases} \\
\end{cases}
\label{eq:rev_mapping_I}
\end{align}
\begin{align}
l(t)=-R_{max}+ct,~r(t)=-R_{min}+ct,~\textbf{R}=(x,y,z),~R=||\textbf{R}||_2
\label{eq:rev_mapping_lr}
\end{align}
The described method for cutting out a single pulse from the periodic sequence is shown in fig.~\ref{fig:reverse} using black contours.

This method does not always provide an ideal cut-off of secondary pulses, which can still fall into the region $S(t)$ denoted by Eq.~\ref{eq:rev_mapping_I}-\ref{eq:rev_mapping_lr}, if $D$ is not large enough. However, in practice, it is usually sufficient to take the parameter $D$ equal to $3L-4L$ in order to avoid notable presence of the secondary pulses. However, depending on the shape of the transverse component of the spherical wave, the fringes may show up in the obtained results and indicate the necessity of choosing larger value of $D$. The choice of the parameter $D$ is described in more detail in Sec.~\ref{sec:verification}.

\section{Verification and accuracy determination}\label{sec:verification}

The mapping described in Sec.~\ref{sec:simulation_in_thin_layer} allows us to reduce the time and memory costs significantly. However, the question arises as to how accurate the computational results are. As compared to the direct computation, the only possible inaccuracy is the one caused by the overlap of the pulse in the periodic space. The accuracy therefore can be controlled by the ratio $D/L$, which defines the relative size of margins used for avoiding overlaps. For a given required accuracy, the acceptable value of $D/L$ depends on the problem parameters, primarily on the f-number and on the sharpness of the fringes mentioned above. To provide a general idea about the achievable accuracy and the corresponding values of $D/L$, we compare the results of the described method to the results obtained via direct computation.

In order to verify and examine the capabilities of the method in the most extreme conditions we take the field configuration described in Sec.~\ref{sec:problem} and consider a large value of the opening angle $\theta = 1$ ($\text{f-number}\approx 0.3$) and short pulse duration $L = 2\lambda$. We take the edge smoothing angle $\varepsilon = 0.1$. We assume that the pulse is focused along the $x$-axis and is initially located within the spherical layer in the region $x<0$ at a sufficiently large distance $R_0 = 16\lambda$ from the origin. For this case the direct computation can be performed in the region $x,y,z\in[-20\lambda, 20\lambda]$. The proposed method can be applied using the region with reduced size $D$ along the $x$-axis.
Because of the large value of $\theta$, the peak intensity is reached almost exactly at the geometrical focus, i.e. at time $t = R_0/c$. Due to the properties of the spectral solver (Sec.~\ref{sec:application_of_spectral_solvers}), we can do only one iteration of the method with a time step of $\Delta t=R_0/c$ to obtain the electromagnetic field at the instant of focusing. For the simulation, a computational grid with the resolution of 48 points per wavelength along $x$-axis and 1536$\times$1536 points along $y$- and $z$-axis ($y,z\in[-20\lambda, 20\lambda]$) was used. The error was calculated as the maximal difference of the field measured between the cases of direct computation and the computation with the considered method.

The computations for $D = 7 = 3.5L$ show that the error introduced by the presented method is 0.12\% relative to the peak amplitude obtained in the direct computation. The time required for the computation is reduced by a factor of almost 6. The memory costs for the presented method were 55 GB RAM, instead of 300 GB RAM required for the direct computation.

The dependence of the relative error on $D$ for a grid with the resolution of 12 points per wavelength along $x$ axis is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:error_D}. As one can see, even at $D_{min}/L \approx 1.9$ the error does not exceed 0.9\%, and it quickly falls below 0.1\% at $D/L \approx 3.5$. Fig.~\ref{fig:reverse} shows that the small error values at $D/L > 3.5$ can be attributed to the diffraction of the fringes that do not focus with the remainder of the pulse.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{error_D.pdf}
\caption{Relative error of the peak amplitude, comparing the computations in a subregion to that in the full domain, as a function of $D$, the subregion size. Here $\text{f-number}=0.3$.}
\label{fig:error_D}
\end{figure}

\section{Examples}\label{sec:results}

In this section we provide two illustrative examples. In the first example we compute focusing of Gaussian beams for different values of f-number and compare the focused beam field with that obtained analytically within the paraxial approximation. This example both provides independent validation based on the known analytical result and indicates the importance of using the complete computation for small values of f-number. In the second example we again consider the described case of a short pulse with a circular flat-top transverse profile and compute the peak field strength as a function of f-number. The obtained data provides an opportunity to assess the potential benefit of using tight focusing for increasing peak field strength at current and future laser systems.

\subsection{Focusing of a Gaussian laser pulse}

In this subsection we compare our simulation results with theoretical predictions for a focused Gaussian beam. In this case, a simulation is initialized with a linearly polarized, spherical pulse with transverse electric field $E_\perp = E_0 R_0 \sin[k(r - R_0)] u_l(r - R_0) u_{ts}(\theta) / r$, where the longitudinal profile $u_l(\zeta) = \exp[-\zeta^2 \ln 4 / (n \lambda)^2]$ and the transverse profile $u_{ts}(\theta) = \exp(-\theta^2 / \theta_0^2)$.
Here $n$ is the number of wavelengths corresponding to the pulse duration (full width at half maximum) and the diffraction angle $\theta_0$ is related to the f-number $f$ by $\tan\theta_0 = 1 / (2 f)$.
The amplitude $E_0$ is determined by requiring that the instantaneous power transmitted through the spherical surface $r = R_0$ (the pulse peak) is equal to a fixed value $P_0$, i.e., $E_0 = \sqrt{P_0 / [\pi \varepsilon_0 c R_0^2 F(\theta_0)]}$ where $F(\theta_0) = \int_0^\pi \sin(\theta) \exp(-2\theta^2/\theta_0^2) \,\mathrm{d}\theta$.
For $\theta_0 < 2$ (equivalent to $f > 0.2$), this auxiliary function is well approximated as $F(\theta_0) \simeq \theta_0^2 / 4 - \theta_0^4 / 48 + \theta_0^6 / 960$.
We set the wavelength $\lambda = 1.0~$micron, the number of cycles $n = 4$, the initial position of the pulse $R_0 = 20\lambda$, the peak power $P_0 = 1$~W, and vary $f$ from $0.25$ to $2$.
The simulation covers the domain $-30\lambda < z < 10\lambda$ and $-20\lambda < x, y < 20\lambda$, which is represented by $512$ grid points in each dimension.

    \begin{figure}
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{ParaxialComparison.pdf}
    \caption{%
        Comparison of numerical and analytical results for a tightly focused pulse with Gaussian temporal and angular profiles and fixed peak power $P = 1$~W:
        (a) The peak intensity at focus.
        The (b) transverse and (c) longitudinal fields in the plane $y = 0$, at focus, from simulations with an $f$-number of 1.
        (d) Comparison of theoretical (solid colours) and simulation (black, dashed) results for the transverse field along $x = y = 0$ (blue) and the longitudinal field along $x = \lambda$ and $y = 0$, at focus, for $f = 1$.}
    \label{fig:ParaxialComparison}
    \end{figure}

The peak intensity at focus, as obtained from simulations, is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:ParaxialComparison}.
If $f < 1$, there are substantial deviations from the theoretical prediction for a paraxial Gaussian beam $I_0 = 2 P_0 / (\pi w_0^2)$, where $P_0$ is the instantaneous power passing through the focal plane $z = 0$ and the waist $w_0 = 2 f \lambda / \pi$ (see \cite{salamin.apb.2006}).
As the latter is calculated to lowest order in the diffraction angle, or for large $f$, this is to be expected.
A more detailed comparison for the specific case $f = 1$ is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:ParaxialComparison}(b, c, d).
While the transverse field along the laser axis is reasonably well predicted by theory, the longitudinal component is not.
This supports the necessity of going beyond the paraxial approximation when considering tightly focused laser pulses.
However, we also confirm that our simulations correctly reproduce the expected theoretical result in the limit that the focusing becomes weak.

\subsection{Focusing of a laser pulse with a circular flat-top transverse profile}

In this subsection we apply the developed method for computing tight focusing of laser beams with more realistic structure. To account for the uniform amplification within the gain medium and the importance of not exceeding the breakdown intensity threshold, we consider the flat-top model of the pulse described in Sec.~\ref{sec:problem} with the field configuration parameters presented in Sec.~\ref{sec:verification}. We then apply the described method to compute the peak field strength, as well as when and where it is reached. Fig.~\ref{fig:peak_intensity} shows the dependency of the peak field amplitude and the coordinate at which it is reached on the f-number.
The distance $D$ between pulses was taken to be $2L$, so that the error of the scheme does not exceed 1\% of the peak amplitude (Sec.~\ref{sec:verification}). The size of the computational grid was 128$\times$1024$\times$1024 nodes, and the instant of reaching peak power was determined with an accuracy of $\Delta t=0.01$. The complete code by which these results were obtained is given in the hi-$\chi$ repository \cite{hichi}.

\begin{figure}
\subfloat[]{
\includegraphics[width=0.48\linewidth]{peak.pdf}
\label{fig:peak}}
\hfill
\subfloat[]{
\includegraphics[width=0.48\linewidth]{x_peak.pdf}
\label{fig:x_peak}}
\caption{The dependence of (a) the peak value of cycle-averaged intensity on $\text{f-number}$ and (b) the coordinate $x$ at which the peak is reached, at a fixed peak power $P_0=1$~W and wavelength $\lambda=1$~micron.}
\label{fig:peak_intensity}
\end{figure}

Note that for f-number~$\lesssim 0.6$ the peak field strength is achieved almost at the geometrical center of the initial spherical phase front. Nevertheless, for larger values of f-number the place of reaching the strongest field moves away from the geometrical centre with increase of f-number. This is the result of competition between geometrical propagation and diffraction.
As the $f$-number increases, the pulse must be further from the origin before its wavefronts become approximately spherical: in the near-field zone, they are planar.
Thus a pulse initialized with a spherical wavefront has a smaller radius of curvature and focuses `early', at an $x$ coordinate that tends to negative infinity.

\section{Conclusion}

We have presented an open-source implementation (see \cite{hichi}) of a method for optimized numerical computation of tight focusing of short electromagnetic pulses with arbitrary longitudinal and transverse variation of polarization, phase and amplitude. The method is based on mapping 3D space to and from a periodic domain, which can have a much smaller size than that required for the straightforward computation. For example, for the case of a two-cycle pulse focused with f-number~$=0.3$, the computational costs for both run time and memory can be reduced by a factor of almost 6, while the introduced error with respect to the field strength does not exceed 0.1\% of the peak value.

We use a spectral solver to avoid numerical dispersion and to make it possible to advance the field state over an arbitrary time interval within one iteration. This provides an opportunity to perform computations of practical interest within minutes on a personal computer.

The method and its implementation has been validated by the comparison with the direct computation and also with the results of analytical computations based on the paraxial approximation for Gaussian beams. We have also considered tight focusing of a laser pulse with a circular flat-top transverse profile. We apply the method to compute the peak achievable intensity as a function of f-number, indicating the potential benefit of using tight focusing for reaching high field strength with current and future laser facilities.

\section{Data availability}
The scripts required to reproduce the numerical results in this paper are included in the hi-$\chi$ github repository \cite{hichi}.
The code is freely available and may be downloaded from \cite{hichi}.

\section{Acknowledgements}
The work is supported by the Lobachevsky University academic excellence program (Project 5-100). A.G. acknowledges the support of the Swedish Research Council (Grant No. 2017-05148). The authors acknowledge the use of computational resources provided by the Joint Supercomputer Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences and by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Officer accidentally shoots self on Highway 17 in Scotts Valley
Updated: 1:08 PM PDT Jul 25, 2012
A probation officer accidentally shot himself on Highway 17 in Scotts Valley Tuesday night. The incident caused Highway 17's northbound lanes to briefly shut down.The Santa Clara County probation officer, who was not identified, was treated at a local hospital for a gunshot wound in his leg, San Jose Police Sgt. Jason Dwyer said.At 8:05 p.m., the probation officer was helping a San Jose police officer investigate Angel Solorzano, 22, of Gilroy. There was a $1 million felony warrant out for Solorzano.Solorzano was driving northbound on Highway 17 in Scotts Valley when he was pulled over by officers., Dwyer said.Solorzano did not resist while he was being arrested, Dwyer said, but somehow the probation officer shot himself while helping the investigation. Solorzano was transported to the Gilroy Police Department for questioning in a firearms violation case.
A probation officer accidentally shot himself on Highway 17 in Scotts Valley Tuesday night. The incident caused Highway 17's northbound lanes to briefly shut down.
The Santa Clara County probation officer, who was not identified, was treated at a local hospital for a gunshot wound in his leg, San Jose Police Sgt. Jason Dwyer said.
At 8:05 p.m., the probation officer was helping a San Jose police officer investigate Angel Solorzano, 22, of Gilroy.
There was a $1 million felony warrant out for Solorzano.
Solorzano was driving northbound on Highway 17 in Scotts Valley when he was pulled over by officers., Dwyer said.
Solorzano did not resist while he was being arrested, Dwyer said, but somehow the probation officer shot himself while helping the investigation.
Solorzano was transported to the Gilroy Police Department for questioning in a firearms violation case.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A rich and intense aroma of stewed plum and raspberries mingle with sweet spice and mocha. Rich, sweet and spicy fruit on the palate balances perfectly with velvet-like tannins and a long, lingering, smooth finish. Pair with roast beef, pepper steak or rich vegetable stews.


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In autumn 1995, I took part in mounting what was then the largest artwork that had ever existed. The picture was made of 10.000 (100 x 100) pieces of painted canvas, each being 1 square meter in size. The pieces were sewn together to a single piece of 10.000 square meters in size. The thing was attached to a very large building: the Gasometer Oberhausen, which used to be the largest gas storage tank in Europe. Today, it is used for art and exhibitions.
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text:
Volvo archives
2012 Volvo V60 Diesel Plug-in Hybrid
Probably the new 2012 Volvo V60 Diesel Plug-in Hybrid is the most technically advanced Volvo model ever! And not only comparing to Volvo, but also it is extremely more advanced compared to other hybrids on the market! If you ask why, well the reasons for this are numerous. Firstly, the Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid is the world's first diesel plug-in hybrid. It is a technical achievement because it is an electric car, hybrid car and muscle-car all rolled into one. And here's the catch: at the mere
2012 VOLVO DRIVe Powershift
Volvo launches automatic DRIVe diesels with the same fuel consumption as manual versions We have very exciting news form Volvo Car Corporation, which just has announced the latest step in its 'DRIVe towards Zero' emissions strategy. This will be made possible with the launch of an automatic gearbox option in four Volvo DRIVe models: the S60 DRIVe, V60 DRIVe, V70 DRIVe and the S80 DRIVe. For the first time, these DRIVe models can be ordered with Volvo's Powershift dual-clutch automatic gearbox
2012 Volvo C70 Inscription
Volvo UK has announced the new special edition C70 Inscription, which is the world's first four-seater convertible car with a three-piece folding hard top as standard. 2012 Volvo C70 Inscription also comes with painted grille and black 18" wheels with exclusive interior features, including Sovereign Hide upholstery and a leather-covered dashboard. The new C70 Inscription will be limited to just 2 000 units a year as each starts at £33 855 OTR for the D3 SE Inscription and can be ordered
2012 Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid
Volvo will actually hit the market with the new 2012 V60 Plug-in Hybrid. The vehicle will have carbon dioxide emissions below 50 g/km. The Plug-in Hybrid, which will be launched on the market in 2012, is the result of close cooperation between Volvo Car Corporation and Swedish energy supplier Vattenfall. What is more, it will bring astonishing performance. V60 Plug-in Hybrid is powered by a 2.4 liter five-cylinder diesel engine and an ERAD (Electric Rear Axle Drive) motor and a 12 kWh lithium
Volvo Concept You
Following on from the reveal of the Concept Universe earlier in the year, the Frankfurt Motorshow marks the debut of an evolution to the Concept Universe - Concept You - and gives another insight into Volvo Cars future. Both concept cars are being used as design studies to obtain input from the global car buying public to find the ultimate design of the next large sedan from Volvo. "Concept You gives a good indication of what you can expect from our next large sedan. The blend of contemporary
2012 Volvo C30 with series-connected Range Extender
Volvo has announced the new C30 with series-connected Range Extender. The car is based on a C30 Electric with a three-cylinder combustion engine producing 60HP (45 kW) installed under the rear load compartment floor. The car also has a 40 litre fuel tank. The combustion engine is connected to a 40 kW generator and t
Volvo S60 Performance Project
Volvo Car Australia introduces S60 Performance Project, which is co-developed with Polestar and Heico. The unique model is based on the T6 R-Design and has some upgrades like a sport exhaust system and 19" Heico alloy wheels fitted with Pirelli performance tires. The tuned S60 is powered by a turbocharged 3.0-liter petrol engine with 330PS (242 kW) and 480Nm (354 lb-ft) of torque. These results are thanks to an ECU re-map, which boosts the engine with 25PS (18 kW) and 40Nm (29 lb-ft) ove
Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid
Volvo will make first tests of the new V60 Plug-in Hybrid in Berlin. The vehicle combines advanced technology with luxury design. The first official road test drive with the unique Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid will take place at the 11th Michelin Challenge Bibendum in Berlin - 18-22 May 2011. The Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid, the Volvo C30 Electric and the Volvo V50 DRIVe featured in Berlin are three examples of Volvo Car Corporation's uncompromising attitude to green motoring. "In order to get tr
2011 Volvo S80 Executive
The new Volvo S80 Executive features unique details and a very rich content that reinforce its position as Volvo Car Corporation's top-of-the-line saloon. "Both cars are designed around the growing number of people who appreciate the possibility of tailoring their cars to suit individual tastes. The Executive version of the S80 radiates exclusive luxury while our R-Design models are developed for buyers who want an extra sporty look," commented Lex Kerssemakers, Senior Vice President Product
2011 Volvo V70 R-DESIGN
Volvo has announced a new version of V70 R-Design, which gives the elegant estate car a sportier character. 2011 V70 R-Design comes with a number of upgrades, which are specially developed for the vehicle. The exterior includes LED turning indicators integrated into door mirrors with silk metal covers. The estate stands on big 18" "Ixion" light alloy wheels. The interior boasts leather upholstery trimmed in off black, leather around the gear selector, and black floor-mats with contra
Volvo Concept Universe
Volvo Car Corporation has took-off the wraps on its "masterpiece of Scandinavian Design" - Volvo Concept Universe at the display of Auto Shanghai 2011. Representing a large, luxurious study sedan, the brand-new Volvo Concept Universe is styled using the automaker's new human-centric styling language inspired by the classic Volvo models. Aimed at offering customers exactly what they expect from a modern luxury car, the newly developed Concept Universe ride has coupe-like roofline and
2012 Volvo S80, V70 and XC70
Volvo has just announced upgraded, 2012 model year versions of its Volvo V70, XC70 and S80 models, which now include number of new, high-tech features aimed at satisfying even the most exacting and fastidious buyers. One of the highlights among the newly added features is the Volvo's user-friendly Sensus infotainment system, which not only offers drivers safer and more comfortable driving experience, but also refined drivelines with higher performance and lower fuel consumption. Stefan J
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His love for the music started when he was 6 years old and a record machine came to his hands. But it was not until his mid-twenties, when his talent was "discovered" by some Friends, who listened to him singing by chance.
So listen closely, stay quiet, breathe easy and let him pull you into his soundscape for a must have ride. Enjoy!


text:
Czech List: Vrána, Pastrňák Top Czech Prospects in Europe
By	Radoslav Vavřina	on	September 27, 2013	in	European	with	0 Comments
By Radoslav Vavřina, Czech Correspondent for All Habs Hockey Magazine
LIBEREC, CZE –The Czech Extraliga regular season is already underway here in the Czech Republic and it's full of stars, from those of the past like Martin Straka and Petr Nedvěd, to those of the future like the players Czech List will be about, turning into a bi-weekly feature. In this issue, let's focus on prospects who play in Europe and in two weeks there will be one concerning those who play in North American junior, minor and college leagues.
If you want the opinion on the upcoming NHL Entry Draft, this is probably the first season ever when the European part of the Czech crop is what you're interested more. All the top prospects stayed on the Eastern side of the Atlantic Ocean, but not just in the Czech Republic. The three top Czech prospects play in Sweden, including forwards Jakub Vrána and David Pastrňák who could be both selected in the first round of the draft.
Jakub Vrána
The Swedish Elite League has started already and Vrána is the youngest player on the roster of Linköpings HC. As expected, he will play for the Under-20 team as well, but it's too early to say how his season will go. So far he hasn't scored a point and an even plus/minus in three games of the SEL and one point, but stunning minus-4 rating in two games of the Junior SuperElit league.
While Vrána is generally deemed a top-fifteen prospect by most scouts, Pastrňák has nothing guaranteed as most don't even see him being taken in the first round. But, he played better than Vrána at the Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament and now it looks like Pastrňák will be a full-time player for his team in Södertälje which plays the Allsvenskan, the league one level below the SEL. He's already got five points in six games which is very impressive.
One of the players who jumped from the Allsvenskan right into the NHL is St. Louis Blues forward Patrik Berglund, who played for Västerås and had 45 points in 36 games the year before he went to America. When he was as young as Pastrňák is right now, he had only four points in 21 games. And they still drafted him in the first round. So whether you subscribe to some kind of a draft ranking newsletter or not, trust me that Pastrňák might be overpassing Vrána at some point of the season if he keeps on playing the way he is.
Ondřej Kaše
Back in the Czech Republic, Ondřej Kaše is the one prospect scouts are talking about. He's in top-100 at almost every list and he deserves it. Last year he was the only underage player who stayed with the Under-18 national team all season long. Now he's in the Extraliga, playing for the Chomutov Pirates, and already has beautiful two points in five games. Later in the season, media might start talking about him as the new Tomáš Hertl.
Kaše wasn't the only underage player to play for the U-18 NT last year though. Two players from Liberec played at the Under-18 World Championships in Sochi, Russia, the venue of the 2014 Winter Olympics.
The one who's eligible for this draft is two-way defenseman Filip Pyrochta, who will start getting some attention as the season goes on as well. I've been watching him at every home game since he transferred to Liberec two years ago and I've been liking what I'm seeing. He led the Czech defense at the Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament this August and was a big part of why his team won the bronze. Now he had his chance to play for the Under-20 national team and he's getting attention in a league one level below the Extraliga.
Pavel Zacha (Photo: Bílí Tygři Liberec | ČTK)
Already up in the Extraliga is the other of the two Liberec players who were on the team in Sochi, big forward Pavel Zacha, who is only 16 years old and eligible for the 2015 NHL Entry Draft. He scored his first goal in the first minute of his Extraliga debut, but has had no points since then (we're now five games in). He has all the tools to be an effective NHL power forward one day plus he's as hard-working as they come, he's like Jaromír Jágr when it comes to hard work.
Looking further into the future, Pardubice is a hockey town that might produce more stars than just Dominik Hašek and Aleš Hemský. There are three prospects that are worth watching closely. Eligible for the 2015 draft and also already playing in the Extraliga is Zacha's only competition, Michael Špaček. He's more of a skilled guy than Zacha, but he lacks the size and when they matched up against each other. Zacha just owned him, hands down.
Other, later prospects coming out of Pardubice, are defenseman Vojtěch Budík (2016 draft) and forward Filip Zadina (2018 draft). Right, they got noticed so early. Why? Budík plays occasionally in the Under-20 Extraliga (at the age of 15) and Zadina is a star in the Under-18 Extraliga (at the age of 13).
That's pretty much it for the first issue of the European edition of the Czech List. There are seven players that probably will be drafted in the seven rounds of the draft and because I want you to know them better, every issue will contain a closer profile at one of these, starting with number seven in October and concluding with number one in April. Midway through October, there will be new Czech List for you that will bring you the first look at the North American side – not just junior prospects, but also those who play in the AHL and the NCAA. Stay tuned!
Tags: Ales Hemsky, Czech List, Czech Republic, David Pastrňák, Dominik Hasek, Europe, featured, Jakub Vrána, Jaromir Jagr, Martin Straka, Michael Špaček, Ondřej Kaše, Pavel Zacha, Petr Nedved, Prospects, Tomáš Hertl


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It is hard to believe that School Board members, in supporting adding an SRO to the Middle School while opposing the rearming of the grounds monitors, actually thoughtfully reviewed the training and background standards of SROs in making this decision. In light of the minimal training and experience requirements for SRO positions, the choice to use more expensive SROs rather than to rearm the monitors seems to have been based on an exaggerated narrative regarding the expertise of the School Resource Officers (SRO).
From all reports, we are fortunate to have two excellent School Resource Officers (SROs) working for the Saratoga Springs School District. We have a policeman from the Saratoga Springs Police Department at the High School and a sheriff from the Saratoga County Sheriff's Department at the Middle School.
It is important to have a realistic assessment of what the qualifications for these positions are, however.
There are currently no standards, no minimum training requirements, nor certification process for SROs in New York State. The only requirement is that they be an active duty law enforcement officer. Any additional qualifications and training requirements are entirely up to the law enforcement agency employing the SRO.
As the correspondence I have added at the end of this post shows, the National Association of School Resource Officers recommends that active law enforcement personnel who want to become SROs are only required to participate in a three day training program they offer.
I am not familiar with the Saratoga County Sheriff Department's requirements for training SROs, but I did get an email with information about the Saratoga Springs Police Department's requirements from Public Safety Commissioner Peter Martin which can be found at the end of this post.
According to Commissioner Martin the SRO employed by the Saratoga Springs Police Department participated in a 38 hour training program. The officer assigned to the High School is a patrolman which is the lowest rank in the Saratoga Springs Police Department.
The required training for an SRO position whether the standard be what NASRO uses or that which the Saratoga Springs Police Department uses is pretty modest. This raises the question of who is better prepared, an entry level law enforcement officer with one week of training or a twenty year veteran of law enforcement who has been through years of active training including active shooter training. As the training for SROs is provided by the state police academies, the cost would probably be modest to provide this training to retired veteran officers such as the grounds monitors. Adding this SRO training to a retired law enforcement officer who has had the benefit of decades of on the job experience could just be a better, more cost effective alternative to a much higher paid but less experienced SRO.
In correspondence attached below, the executive director of NASRO cites some variables for consideration if retired law enforcement officers were to return to active duty to become an SRO. He would want to know how long they had been retired, whether they were physically fit, and whether their skill sets were up to par.
It should be acknowledged that being an active duty law enforcement officer ensures the person's physical fitness and that they will receive regular training in a variety of skills. There are of course, ways that the school district could build these requirements into a school security position that could be filled by retired officers such as the school monitors. .
As mentioned above the Saratoga Springs Police officer who is the current SRO at the High School is a patrolman. A promotion from patrolman to a higher rank would mean reassigning this individual to a different duty. Since the kind of person who hopefully would be assigned as an SRO would have some impressive skills in areas such as conflict resolution, one would expect this person to be on a career track within the department to higher pay and more responsibilities. The SRO position then is one subject to periodic turnover as new officers assigned to this duty move up the chain of command. Employing retired law enforcement officers who are fit and properly trained would provide a greater chance of continuity than an SRO.
There has been some confusion over the District's insurance carrier's position on school safety. While they recommended two SROs be employed they declined to address the rearming of monitors one way or the other. I think it is important to acknowledge the difference in liability between SROs and monitors. SROs are employed by their respective law enforcement agencies. In the Saratoga Springs District that would be the Saratoga Springs Police Department and the Saratoga County Sheriff's Department. As employees of these external organizations any liability would be shared between the school district and the respective law enforcement agencies. Monitors, on the other hand, would be employed by the district. In this case the district and their insurer would be solely liable for their actions. While this may not be the only reason the insurance carrier took a clear position only on the SROs, it may have been a factor.
Warren County has developed an interesting program to address school safety in an affordable way.
The New York State retirement system limits income for retired law enforcement officers who take on publically funded jobs to no more than $30,000.00. What Warren County has done is to hire retired law enforcement officers as temporary employees. They work as SROs until they hit their maximum. The county pays $22.50 per hour without health or retirement benefits. This is $5.00 more than the armed grounds monitors in the Saratoga Springs School District had been making. Contrast that to the $72,000.00 per year the Saratoga Spring School District pays for an SRO assigned by the local sheriff's department with additional money coming from the County.
Warren County circumscribes the job of an SRO to differentiate it from a regular law enforcement officer. The contract under which these SROs operate precludes them from making arrests or involving themselves in the disciplining of students. Any criminal activity at the school is referred to local law enforcement and any other student violations are referred to the school administration. The goal is for the students to see these SROs as a resource in the interest of safety.
It is my understanding that the current contract between the union representing the police in Saratoga Springs and the city would not allow retired officers to be hired as temporary employees but it would be something to consider when contract negotiations come up again in the future.
Here is an excellent article about local SROs in general and Warren County in particular.
The issues about employing staff to protect students is not a simple one. In the end, it involves people of good will to be open and creative in engaging in how best we can find an affordable solution for protecting the students, teachers, and staff in the District.
In reviewing everything that you have sent to us, I have come to the conclusion that NASRO's position on firearms on a school campus is very likely being used without proper context in this debate.
Our guidance in no way automatically eliminates retired law enforcement officers (LEO) from the ability to serve as an SRO. However, there is a right and wrong way to do this. If a retired LEO is going to serve as an SRO, his law enforcement authority and credentials must be restored in order to comply with the federal definition of an SRO. So an important question here would be in regards to the status of the Grounds Monitors. It is my understanding that they are retired LEO's but do they have full law enforcement authority as well credentials?
If the answer is no, then they do not fit the definition of on an SRO.
If the answer is yes, then they can certainly fit the definition. But there are other variables to consider such as; how long they have been retired, if they are still physically fit to do the job, if their skill set has diminished.
I will use myself as an example. I have been retired from law enforcement for over eight years. I am in good shape, but not the physical condition that I was in when I retired. And my skill set has certainly diminished. I would not consider myself a good candidate to return to active duty at least at this very moment. So the selection of retired officers must be done with great care.
Retired officers can certainly serve effectively as SRO's but within a very careful set of parameters.
I hope that this is helpful to you.
I believe that the term "School Resource Officer" has different meanings in different states. In New York State, there are two sources of courses for active duty police officers that have been approved by the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Service. These organizations are the National School Resource Officer Association and the NYS Juvenile Officers Association. Both have websites with significant information about their courses. I believe that the courses offered by these two organizations are similar – they involve 38 hours of instruction over 5 days. There is also an advanced course of study for an additional five days.
We currently have only one trained School Resource Officer in the Saratoga Springs Police Department. We anticipate sending more officers for training this year. When our SRO is not available, we do not have another officer cover unless there are special circumstances. We do coordinate with the School District for extra police presence during certain events. For example, we may send additional officers to cover a popular basketball or football game. Coverage for these events is usually planned well in advance, although SSPD will respond with additional coverage whenever requested.
Thank you John for clarifying NASRO's position. It's a shame that despite your excellent reporting one of the school board candidates continues to mislead the community about both NASRO and NYSIR recommendation. These type of deceptive campaign practices have no place in a race for school board and should have no place in our community.


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Rainshine is another exclusive guest mix for Ambient Music Guide by low light mixes.
low light mixes is Dave Michuda of Wisconsin, USA. Dave has fascinating taste in downtempo and ambient sounds - including loads of artists I've never heard before - and has an uncanny knack for creating highly evocative mix titles.
As with last time (June 2015), we gave each other a themed title as a challenge to create a mix around. I gave him the mix title Rainshine.
This mix is pretty self-explanatory based on the track titles. The first half is all rain songs and the second half transitions to sunlight. I added some rain field recordings to a few of the songs but most of them already had rain sound fx in the original track.
Get the tracklist in PDF format here.
My reciprocal contribution for low light mixes is called The Color Of Space - listen to it here.
Visit low light mixes at lowlightmixes.blogspot.com or www.mixcloud.com/lowlight.


text:
Q: Match names in two databases that have similar but not precisely matched rows of data I've tried difflib and fuzzy wuzzy to match the names in this problem, however the match rates are poor due to variation in the names. I'm now attempting to use the additional datafields I have for the names, but am entirely unsure how to proceed with an issue like this. If I've been unclear at all please let me know and I'll do my best to clarify.
I have two dataframes, that hold similar, but not precisely matching information about people. I'm looking to match the reference numbers from each dataframe to the other dataframe, thes Ref numbers being unique by person. By example, in the table below, I want to know that Jimmy / James Random's (for they are the same person, but not of matching name) reference number in the first dataframe is 1234 in DF1 and 89 in DF2. Note that a person's Rank may change, but will change in both tables at the same time. Their Ref number, style, ID, and nationality will always remain the same for each person.
df1 = pd.DataFrame(columns=["Ref","Date","Name", "Rank","Nationality","Style","ID"], \
                      data=[["1234","20200104","Jimmy Random","General","France","Aggressive",""],\
                           ["1333","20200104","Ian Fleming","Brigadier","England","Passive","14"],\
                           ["1234","20191204","Jimmy Random","Major","France","","15"],\
                           ["1000","20200404","Peter Nisbett","Corporal","","Passive","12"]])
df2 = pd.DataFrame(columns=["Ref","Date","Name", "Rank","Nationality","Style","ID"], \
                      data=[["89","20200104","James Random","","France","Aggressive","104"],\
                           ["10","20200104","I. Fleming","Brigadier","England","","4"],\
                           ["156","20200404","P. Nisbett","","Spain","Passive","5"],\
                           ["89","20191204","James Random","Major","France","Aggressive","104"]])

Thank you very much in advance for any help given.
Cheeseburger

A: You basically need to compare string with some additional analysis, right? Check cosine similarity, its implemented in scit-learn.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
A car crashes through wall at Yummies Donuts & BBQ
Timothy Fanning Staff Writer
Oct 20, 2019 at 12:11 PM Oct 20, 2019 at 12:49 PM
The crash left a huge hole in the wall and the waterline. But that didn't stop the doughnuts from being served the next morning
VENICE — A car crashed through the wall of a doughnut shop in Venice late Saturday night, leaving the owners to wonder whether it will spell the end of the 30-year-old business or a chance at new beginnings. But if you know anything about Yummies Donuts & BBQ, you know it's just another test.
Sarasota County Sheriff's deputies responded to a traffic crash with injuries around 11:30 p.m. Saturday. The car, apparently driven by teenagers, lost control and ran into Yummies on 2001 S Tamiami Trail in Venice. The car hit hard enough to make a large hole in the concrete wall. It severed the waterline and flooded the dining room, the owners wrote on Facebook.
This makes accident number three since Yummies moved from its original location on 5005 State Road 776 in 2015. On Martin Luther King Day weekend, two weeks after they moved in, a tornado tore the roof off the plaza. Then, in 2018, a car plowed into the building after a man suffered a massive heart attack. On each occasion, they were back to serving coffee and doughnuts shortly after.
"I wouldn't call it bad luck, just another trial," said Allen Tines, who ownes Yummies with his wife Karen. "The only luck we have is good because we've always been able to open. We are blessed."
Among the blessings, the owners say, is that no one was hurt, first responders helped remove the water and debris, and the Sarasota County building inspector did not condemn the building. The landlord and maintenance supervisor also quickly came to board up the hole.
"We are surrounded by so many amazing people that were there offering help and support," Tines said. "They all knew we needed to be ready to open at 6 a.m. Sunday morning. They chose to help us make it happen."
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