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An enclave is a territory (or a part of one) that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters. ''Enclave'' is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state. The
Vatican City Vatican City (), officially the Vatican City State ( it, Stato della Città del Vaticano; la, Status Civitatis Vaticanae),—' * german: Vatikanstadt, cf. '—' (in Austria: ') * pl, Miasto Watykańskie, cf. '—' * pt, Cidade do Vaticano ...
San Marino San Marino (, ), officially the Republic of San Marino ( it, Repubblica di San Marino; ), also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( it, Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino, links=no), is a microstate in Southern Europe completely ...
, both enclaved by
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic ( it, Repubblica Italiana, links=no ), is a country consisting of a Northern Italy, continental part, delimited by the Alps, a Italian Peninsula, peninsula and List of islands of Italy, se ...
Lesotho Lesotho ( , ), officially the Kingdom of Lesotho ( st, Naha ea Lesotho), is an Enclave and exclave, enclaved country surrounded entirely by South Africa. Lesotho is just over and has a population of about million. Its capital and largest city ...
, enclaved by
South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. With over Demographics of South Africa, 59 million people, it is the world's List of countries by population, 23rd-most populous nation a ...
, are completely enclaved sovereign states. An exclave is a portion of a state or territory geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory (of one or more states). Many exclaves are also enclaves, but are not necessarily so; an exclave can be surrounded by several states. The
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( az, Azərbaycan Respublikası ), is a country in the Transcaucasia, Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is boun ...
i exclave of
NakhchivanNakhchivan ( az, Naxçıvan) or Nakhichevan (russian: Нахичевань) may refer to: * Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, an exclave of Azerbaijan ** Nakhchivan (city), the capital city * Nakhichevan Eyalet, a possible eyalet of the Ottoman Empire ...
is an example of an exclave that is not an enclave (bordering
Armenia Armenia (; hy, Հայաստան, translit=Hayastan, ), officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country located in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UN]classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the ...
Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Turkey, is a country located mainly on Anatolia in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkans in Southeast Europe. It shares borders with Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest; the B ...
Iran Iran ( fa, ایران ), also called Persia and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( fa, جمهوری اسلامی ایران ), is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and Azerbaijan, to the north ...
). Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border (a coastline contiguous with
international waters The terms international waters or trans-boundary waters apply where any of the following types of bodies of water (or their drainage basins) transcend international boundaries: oceans, large marine ecosystems, enclosed or semi-enclosed regiona ...
), would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Enclaves and semi-enclaves can exist as independent states (
Monaco Monaco (; ), officially the Principality of Monaco (french: Principauté de Monaco), is a Sovereign state, sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera close to the Italian region of Liguria, in Western Europe. Bordered by France t ...
The Gambia The Gambia (; Mandinka language, Mandinka: ''Kambiya'' ; wo, Gámbi, ff, Gammbi), officially the Republic of the Gambia, is a country in West Africa. It is the smallest country within mainland Africa,Hoare, Ben. (2002) ''The Kingfisher A-Z ...
Brunei Brunei ( ; ), officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace ( ms, Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi alphabet, Jawi: ), is a sovereign state, country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coas ...
are semi-enclaves), while exclaves and semi-exclaves always constitute just a part of a sovereign state (like the
Kaliningrad Oblast Kaliningrad Oblast (russian: Калинингра́дская о́бласть, ''Kaliningradskaya Oblast''), often referred to as the Kaliningrad Region in English language, English, or simply Kaliningrad, is a federal subjects of Russia, fed ...
). A pene-exclave is a part of the territory of one country that can be conveniently approached—in particular, by wheeled traffic—only through the territory of another country. Pene-exclaves are also called functional exclaves or practical exclaves. Many pene-exclaves partially border their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters), such as
Point Roberts, Washington Point Roberts is a Enclave and exclave#"Practical" enclaves, exclaves and inaccessible districts, pene-exclave of the United States on the southernmost tip of the Tsawwassen, British Columbia, Tsawwassen peninsula, south of Vancouver, British Colu ...
and Minnesota's
Northwest Angle The Northwest Angle, known simply as the Angle by locals, and coextensive with Angle Township, is a part of northern Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota. Except for surveying errors, it is the only place in the contiguous United States north o ...
. A pene-exclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the
Kleinwalsertal Kleinwalsertal is a part of Mittelberg in the Austrian province of Vorarlberg. It is part of the Bregenz District, Bregenz district and due to the geographic location in the Allgäu Alps with its alpine terrain, the Kleinwalsertal has no direct ...
, a valley part of
Vorarlberg Vorarlberg (; Vorarlbergian: ''Vorarlbearg'', ''Voralbärg'', or ''Voraadelbearg'') is the westernmost state (''Land'') of Austria Austria (, ; german: Österreich ), officially the Republic of Austria (german: Republik Österreich, l ...
, Austria, that is accessible only from Germany to the north.
Origin and usage
The word ''enclave'' is French and first appeared in the mid-15th century as a derivative of the verb ''enclaver'' (1283), from the colloquial Latin ''inclavare'' (to close with a key).Le Grand Robert, ''Dictionnaire de la Langue Française'', 2001, vol. III, p. 946. Originally, it was a term of property law that denoted the situation of a land or parcel of land surrounded by land owned by a different owner, and that could not be reached for its exploitation in a practical and sufficient manner without crossing the surrounding land. In law, this created a ''servitude'' of passage for the benefit of the owner of the surrounded land. The first diplomatic document to contain the word ''enclave'' was the Treaty of Madrid, signed in 1526. Later, the term enclave began to be used also to refer to parcels of countries, counties, fiefs, communes, towns, parishes, etc. that were surrounded by alien territory. This French word eventually entered English and other languages to denote the same concept, although local terms have continued to be used. In India, the word "pocket" is often used as a synonym for enclave (such as "the pockets of Puducherry district"). In British administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called detachments or detached parts, and national enclaves as detached districts or detached dominions. In English
ecclesiastic In Christian theology Christian theology is the theology of Christianity, Christian belief and practice. * help them better understand Christian tenets * make comparative religion, comparisons between Christianity and other traditions * Chris ...
history, subnational enclaves were known as peculiars (see also
Royal Peculiar A royal peculiar is a Church of England parish A parish is a territorial entity in many Christianity, Christian denominations, constituting a division within a diocese. A parish is under the pastoral care and clerical jurisdiction of a priest#Chr ...
). The word ''exclave'' is a logically extended
back-formation In etymology Etymology () The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time". is the study of the history Histor ...
of ''enclave''.
Enclaves exist for a variety of
historical History (from Ancient Greek, Greek , ''historia'', meaning "inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation") is the study and the documentation of the past. Events before the History of writing#Inventions of writing, invention of writing systems ar ...
political Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with Decision-making, making decisions in Social group, groups, or other forms of Power (social and political), power relations between individuals, such as the distribution of reso ...
geographical Geography (from Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece Greece ( el, Ελλάδα, , ), officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country located in Southeast Europe. Its population is approximately 10. ...
reasons. For example, in the
feudal system Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of the legal, economic, military, and cultural customs that flourished in Medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society aroun ...
in Europe, the ownership of feudal domains was often transferred or partitioned, either through purchase and sale or through inheritance, and often such domains were or came to be surrounded by other domains. In particular, this state of affairs persisted into the 19th century in the
Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire ( la, Sacrum Imperium Romanum; german: Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western Europe, Western and Central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its D ...
, and these domains (principalities, etc.) exhibited many of the characteristics of sovereign states. Prior to 1866 Prussia alone consisted of more than 270 discontiguous pieces of territory. Residing in an enclave within another country has often involved difficulties in such areas as passage rights, importing goods, currency, provision of utilities and health services, and host nation cooperation. Thus, over time, enclaves have tended to be eliminated. For example, two-thirds of the then-existing national-level enclaves were extinguished on 1 August 2015, when the governments of
India India (Hindi: ), officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous country, the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest ...
Bangladesh Bangladesh (; bn, বাংলাদেশ, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eighth-most populous country in the world, with a populati ...
implemented a Land Boundary Agreement that exchanged 162 first-order enclaves (111 Indian and 51 Bangladeshi). This exchange thus effectively de-enclaved another two dozen second-order enclaves and one third-order enclave, eliminating 197 of the Indo-Bangladesh enclaves in all. The residents in these enclaves had complained of being effectively stateless. Only Bangladesh's Dahagram–Angarpota enclave remained.
Netherlands The Netherlands ( nl, Nederland ), informally referred to as Holland, is a country primarily located in Western Europe and partly in the Dutch Caribbean, Caribbean. It is the largest of four Kingdom of the Netherlands#Constituent countries, cons ...
Belgium Belgium ( nl, België ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the s ...
though decided to keep the enclave and exclave system in
Baarle Baarle is a village whose territory is divided into a patchwork of Belgian and Dutch territories. The Belgian parts of the village are called Baarle-Hertog and the Dutch elements are called Baarle-Nassau. The Belgian part includes 16 exclaves ...
. As both Netherlands and Belgium are members of the
European Union The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are located primarily in Europe. Its members have a combined area of and an estimated total population of about 447million ...
Schengen Area The Schengen Area (; ) is an area comprising 26 European countries that have officially abolished all passport and all other types of border control at their mutual borders. The area mostly functions as a single jurisdiction for international ...
, people, goods and services flow freely with little or no restrictions.
Enclave versus exclave
For illustration, in the figure (above), A1 is a semi-enclave (attached to C and also bounded by water that only touches C's territorial water). Although A2 is an exclave of A, it cannot be classed as an enclave because it shares borders with B and C. The territory A3 is both an exclave of A and an enclave from the viewpoint of B. The singular territory D, although an enclave, is not an exclave.
True enclaves
An enclave is a part of the territory of a state that is enclosed within the territory of another state. To distinguish the parts of a state entirely enclosed in a single other state, they are called true enclaves. A true enclave cannot be reached without passing through the territory of a single other state that surrounds it. ''Vinokurov (2007)'' calls this the restrictive definition of "enclave" given by international law, which thus "comprises only so-called 'true enclaves'". Two examples are
Büsingen am Hochrhein
, a true enclave of Germany, and Campione d'Italia, a true enclave of Italy, both of which are surrounded by Switzerland. The definition of a territory comprises both land territory and territorial waters. In the case of enclaves in territorial waters, they are called maritime (those surrounded by territorial sea) or lacustrine (if in a lake) enclaves. Most of the true national-level enclaves now existing are in Asia and Europe. While subnational enclaves are numerous the world over, there are only a few national-level true enclaves in Africa, Australia and the Americas (each such enclave being surrounded by the territorial waters of another country). A historical example is
West Berlin West Berlin (german: Berlin (West) or ) was a political enclave which comprised the western part of Berlin Berlin (; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Germany by population, largest city of Germany by both area and po ...
before the reunification of
Germany ) , image_map = , map_caption = , map_width = 250px , capital = Berlin , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , languages_type = Official language , languages = German language, German , demonym = Germans, German , government_ ...
. Since 1945, all of Berlin was ruled ''de jure'' by the four Allied powers. However, the East German government and the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a Federalism, federal socialist state in Northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a Political union, union of multiple national Republics of t ...
treated East Berlin as an integral part of East Germany, so West Berlin was a ''de facto'' enclave within
East Germany East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; german: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, , DDR, ), was a country that existed from 1949 to 1990, the period when the eastern portion of Germany ) , image_map = , map_capti ...
. Also, 12 small West Berlin enclaves, such as
Steinstücken
, were separated from the city, some by only a few meters.
Enclaved countries
Three nations qualify as completely surrounded by another country's land and/or internal waters: * The Republic of
, enclaved within
, enclaved within the city of
Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption = The te ...
, Italy * The Kingdom of
Republic of Artsakh Artsakh, officially the Republic of Artsakh (; hy, Արցախի Հանրապետություն, Artsakhi Hanrapetutyun) or the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (; russian: Нагорно-Карабахская Республика, Nagorno-Karaba ...
, a disputed territory not recognised by any
UN member states The United Nations member states are the sovereign state A sovereign state is a political entity that is represented by one centralized government that has sovereignty over a geographic area. International law defines sovereign states as h ...
, controls part of
Nagorno-Karabakh Nagorno-Karabakh ( ; ; ; , or , ) is a landlocked region in the South Caucasus, within the mountainous range of Karabakh, lying between Lower Karabakh and Zangezur, and covering the southeastern range of the Lesser Caucasus The Lesser ...
, which is an enclave within
. Historically, four
Bantustans A Bantustan (also known as Bantu peoples, Bantu homeland, Black people, black homeland, Khoisan, black state or simply homeland; ) was a territory that the National Party (South Africa), National Party administration of South Africa set aside ...
(or "Black homelands") of South Africa were granted nominal independence, unrecognized internationally, by the
Apartheid Apartheid (, especially South African English South is one of the cardinal directions or compass points. South is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to the east and west. Etymology The word ''south'' comes from Old English ...
government from 1976 until their reabsorption in 1994. Others remained under government rule from 1948 to 1994. Being heavily partitioned, various parts of these Bantustans were true enclaves. The United States' constitutional principle of
tribal sovereignty 300px, Map of the contiguous United States with reservation lands excluded as of 2003 Tribal sovereignty in the United States is the concept of the inherent authority of indigenous tribes to govern themselves within the borders of the Uni ...
treats federally recognized
Indian reservation An Indian reservation is a legal designation for an area of land tenure, land managed by a federally recognized tribe (Native American), Native American tribe under the Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs rather than th ...
s as quasi-independent enclaves.
True exclaves
''True exclave'' is an extension of the concept of ''true enclave''. In order to access a true exclave from the mainland, a traveller must go through the territory of at least one other state. Examples include: *
, which borders
, is an exclave of
. *
Baarle-Hertog Baarle-Hertog (; french: Baerle-Duc, ) is a Flemish Flemish (''Vlaams'') is a Low Franconian dialect cluster of the Dutch language. It is sometimes referred to as Flemish Dutch (), Belgian Dutch ( ), or Southern Dutch (). Flemish is native to ...
is a collection of Belgian exclaves in the Netherlands. * In the
United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates (UAE; ar, الإمارات العربية المتحدة ) or the Emirates ( ar, الإمارات ), is a country in Western Asia. It is located at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula, and shares borders with Oma ...
, four emirates have five true exclaves:
Dubai Dubai ( ; ar, دبي, translit=Dubayy , ) is the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the capital of the Emirate of Dubai.The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa. D Long, B Reich. p.157 Established in ...
( Hatta), Ajmān (
Masfout Masfout is a village that forms part of the eponymous exclave of Masfout in Emirate of Ajman, Ajman, one of the seven emirates forming the United Arab Emirates. It is surrounded by Ras Al Khaimah, the Dubai exclave of Hatta, United Arab Emirates, H ...
Manama Manama ( ar, المنامة ' Bahrani Arabic, Bahrani pronunciation: ) is the capital and largest city of Bahrain, with an approximate population of 200,000 people as of 2020. Long an important trading center in the Persian Gulf, Manama is home ...
Ras al-Khaimah Ras Al Khaimah (RAK) ( ar, رَأْس ٱلْخَيْمَة, historically Julfar) is the largest city and capital of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates. It is the List of cities in the United Arab Emirates, sixth-largest city in U ...
(the southerly of the emirate's two non-contiguous sections), and
Sharjah Sharjah ( ar, ٱلشَّارقَة '; Gulf Arabic Gulf Arabic ( ' local pronunciation: or ', local pronunciation: ) is a variety of the Arabic language Arabic (, ' or , ' or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language that first emer ...
Nahwa Nahwa is a territory that forms part of the Emirate of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates (UAE; Arabic: الإمارات العربية المتحدة '), sometimes simply called the Emirates (Arabic: الإمار� ...
, also both a true national-level enclave and a counter-enclave). *
Llívia Llívia (; es, Llivia ) is a town in the ''Comarques of Catalonia, comarca'' of Cerdanya (comarca), Cerdanya, province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain. It is a Spain, Spanish exclave surrounded by the French ''departments of France, département'' of ...
is an enclave and exclave of
Spain , * gl, Reino de España, * oc, Reiaume d'Espanha, , , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = , national_anthem = , image_map = , map_caption = , image_ ...
surrounded by
France France (), officially the French Republic (french: link=no, République française), is a country primarily located in Western Europe, consisting of metropolitan France and Overseas France, several overseas regions and territories. The metro ...
. * Campione d'Italia is an enclave and exclave of
Switzerland ,german: Schweizer(in),french: Suisse(sse), it, svizzero/svizzera or , rm, Svizzer/Svizra , government_type = Federalism, Federal semi-direct democracy under a multi-party assembly-independent Directorial system, directorial republic , leader_t ...
surrounded by Switzerland. The shortest distance from Büsingen's borders to the main portion of German territory is only about 700 metres (about 2,300 ft). * Likoma and
Chizumulu IslandChizumulu Island is the smaller of two inhabited islands in Lake Malawi, Lake Malawi/Lake Nyasa, the larger being the nearby Likoma island, which together make up the Likoma District. Both these islands lie just a few kilometres from Mozambique and ...
s in
Lake Malawi Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa in Tanzania Tanzania (;This approximates the Kiswahili pronunciation. However, is also heard in English. ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a coun ...
are lacustrine enclaves and exclaves of
Malawi Malawi (; or aláwi, officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeastern Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 ( ...
, surrounded by
Mozambique Mozambique (), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( pt, Moçambique or , ; ny, Mozambiki; sw, Msumbiji; ts, Muzambhiki), is a country located in Southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malaw ...
territorial waters.
Related constructs and terms
Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves
Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border, would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Semi-enclaves can exist as independent states that border only one other state, such as
. ''Vinokurov (2007)'' declares, "Technically,
Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a sovereign state, country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southern Europe, Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includ ...
Denmark Denmark ( da, Danmark, ) is a Nordic countries, Nordic country in Northern Europe. It is the most populous and politically central Constituent state, constituent of the Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark, da, Kongeriget Danmark, a constitution ...
Canada Canada is a country in the northern part of North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocea ...
also border only one foreign state, but they are not enclosed in the geographical, political, or economic sense. They have vast access to international waters. At the same time, there are states that, although in possession of sea access, are still enclosed by the territories of a foreign state." Therefore, a quantitative principle applies: ''the land boundary must be longer than the coastline.'' Thus a state is classified as a ''sovereign semi-enclave'' if it borders on just one state, and its land boundary is longer than its sea coastline. Vinokurov affirms that "no similar quantitative criterion is needed to define the scope of non-sovereign semi-enclaves/exclaves." Examples include: *
Alaska Alaska (; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik The Yup'ik or Yupiaq (sg & pl) and Yupiit or Yupiat (pl), also Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Central Yup'ik, Alaskan Yup'ik ( own name ''Yup'ik'' sg ''Yupiik'' dual ''Yupiit'' pl; rus ...
, one of the states in the
United States of America The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US), or America, is a country Contiguous United States, primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal di ...
, is the largest semi-exclave in the world, separated from the US by Canada. *
Oecusse Oecusse (also variously ''Oecussi'', ''Ocussi'', ''Oekussi'', ''Oekusi'', ''Okusi'', ''Oé-Cusse''), also known as Oecusse-Ambeno (; ) and formerly just Ambeno, officially the Special Administrative Region Oecusse-Ambeno (), is a Municipalities o ...
, a district on the northwestern side of the island of Timor, is a semi-enclave of
East Timor East Timor () or Timor-Leste (; tet, Timór Lorosa'e), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste ( pt, República Democrática de Timor-Leste, tet, Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste), is an island country in Southeast Asia. It co ...
separated from the rest of the country by
Indonesia Indonesia ( ), officially the Republic of Indonesia ( id, Republik Indonesia, links=yes ), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. It consists of more than List of islands ...
Ceuta Ceuta (, , ; ber, Sebta, script=Latn; ar, سَبْتَة, Sabtah) is a Spain, Spanish Autonomous communities of Spain#Autonomous cities, autonomous city on the north coast of Africa. Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the ...
Melilla Melilla ( , ; ; Berber: Mlilt; ar, مليلية) is a Spanish autonomous city located on the northwest coast of Africa, sharing a border with Morocco ) , image_map = Morocco (orthographic projection, WS claimed).svg , map_caption = Lo ...
are Spanish semi-enclaves on the Mediterranean coast of
Morocco ) , image_map = Morocco (orthographic projection, WS claimed).svg , map_caption = Location of Morocco in northwest Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent A con ...
Temburong) , leader_name = Pengiran Muhammad Ameer Mubaarak bin Pengiran Haji Hashim , leader_title2 = Deputy District Officer(''Timbalan Ketua Pegawai Daerah'') , leader_name2 = - , area_total_km2 ...
is a Bruneian semi-enclave surrounded by
Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two reg ...
Temburong Bridge Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddien Bridge ( ms, Jambatan Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddien, Jawi alphabet, Jawi: ) is a dual-carriageway bridge in Brunei. It is the longest bridge in Southeast Asia, long. It connects Mengkubau and Sungai Besar, Brunei ...
connects Temburong to the Brunei mainland. *
is a federal subject of
Russia Russia ( rus, link=no, Россия, Rossiya, ), or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, covering over , and encom ...
(an oblast), a semi-exclave situated on the Baltic coast. Sea access from the mainland is possible from
Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), ...
via the
Gulf of Finland The Gulf of Finland ( fi, Suomenlahti; et, Soome laht; rus, Фи́нский зали́в, r=Finskiy zaliv, p=ˈfʲinskʲɪj zɐˈlʲif; sv, Finska viken) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It extends between Finland to the north and E ...
without passing through other states' territory. * Cabinda (also spelled Kabinda, formerly Portuguese Congo) is a semi-exclave and a
province A province is almost always an administrative division Administrative division, administrative unitArticle 3(1). , country subdivision, administrative region, subnational entity, first-level subdivision, as well as many similar terms, are gen ...
Angola , national_anthem = "Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , capital = Luanda , religion = , religion_year = 2015 , religion_ref = , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , o ...
on the Atlantic coast of southwestern
Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent A continent is one of several large landmasses. Generally identified by convention (norm), convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are ...
, separated by the only sea-access port of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( french: République démocratique du Congo (RDC) ), also known as Congo-Kinshasa, DR Congo, the DRC, the DROC, or the Congo, and formerly Zaire Zaire (), officially the Republic of Zaire (french: ...
French Guiana French Guiana ( or ; french: link=no, Guyane ) is an overseas departments and regions of France, overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France on the northern Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic coast of South America in the Gui ...
(a
French Overseas Department The overseas departments and regions of France (french: départements et régions d'outre-mer, ; ''DROM'') are departments of France In the administrative divisions of France, the department (french: département, ) is one of the three level ...
), in
South America South America is a continent A continent is one of several large landmasses. Generally identified by convention (norm), convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered fr ...
, is a semi-exclave that is bounded by
Suriname Suriname (, sometimes spelled Surinam), officially known as the Republic of Suriname ( nl, Republiek Suriname ), is a country on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America. Borders of Suriname, It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...
Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, ...
. * The southern part of
Dubrovnik-Neretva County The Dubrovnik-Neretva County (; hr, Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija ) is the southernmost Croatia :* french: link=no, République de Croatie :* hu, Horvát Köztársaság :* it, Repubblica di Croazia :* rue, Републіка Хор� ...
Croatia :* french: link=no, République de Croatie :* hu, Horvát Köztársaság :* it, Repubblica di Croazia :* rue, Републіка Хорватія :* sr, Република Хрватска :* sk, Chorvátska republika :* sl, Republika H ...
is separated from the rest of the country by
Neum Neum ( cyrl, Неум, ) is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the only town to be situated along Bosnia and Herzegovina's of coastline,
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina,, abbreviated BiH or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and Pars pro toto#Geography, often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, South and Southeast Europe, located within the Balkans. Sar ...
Republic of Ragusa A republic ( la, res publica, links=yes, meaning "public affair") is a List of forms of government, form of government in which "power is held by the people and their elected representatives". In republics, the country is considered a "public m ...
once gave the town of Neum to the
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (; ', ; or '; )info page on bookat Martin Luther University) // CITED: p. 36 (PDF p. 38/338). was an empire that controlled much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, Northern Africa between the 14th a ...
because it did not want to have a land border with
Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic ( it, Repubblica Italiana, links=no ), is a country consisting of a Northern Italy, continental part, del ...
; this small municipality was inherited by Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Pelješac Bridge is under construction to link the semi-exclave to the rest of Croatia. *
Kokkina Kokkina ( el, Κόκκινα []; tr, Erenköy or ) is a coastal exclave (pene-exclave) of the ''de facto'' Northern Cyprus, and a former Turkish Cypriot Turkish Cypriots or Cypriot Turks ( tr, Kıbrıs Türkleri or ''Kıbrıslı Türkler''; ...
, a village in the ''de facto'' state of
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus ( tr, Kuzey Kıbrıs), officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC; tr, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti, ''KKTC''), is a ''de facto'' state that comprises the northeastern portion of the Geography of Cyprus, isla ...
, is a semi-exclave situated on the Mediterranean coast. It is separated from the rest of the country by the
Republic of Cyprus Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially called the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island nation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the M ...
Subnational enclaves and exclaves
Sometimes, administrative divisions of a country, for historical or practical reasons, caused some areas to belong to one division while being attached to another. Examples include: * In India: **
Dadra Dadra is associated with the Hindustani classical music Hindustani classical music is the Indian classical music, classical music of northern regions of the Indian subcontinent. It may also be called North Indian classical music or, in Hindus ...
, enclaved within the state of
Gujarat Gujarat (, ) is a States of India, state on the Western India, western coast of India with a coastline of – most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula – and a population of 60.4 million. It is the List of states and union territori ...
, is part of
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Dadra and Nagar Haveli is a district of the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu in northwestern India. It is composed of two separate geographical entities: Nagar Haveli, wedged in between Maharashtra and Gujarat states ...
. **
Pondicherry district The Puducherry district, also known by its former name Pondicherry district, is one of the four districts of the union territory A union territory ( hi, script=latn, kendraśāsit pradeś, , centrally administered province) is a type of admin ...
, of the Union Territory of
PuducherryPuducherry or Pondicherry may refer to: * Puducherry (union territory) Puducherry (), also known as Pondicherry (), is a States and union territories of India, union territory of India. It was formed out of four territories of former French India, ...
, is made of 12 non-contiguous parts, many of them true enclaves entirely surrounded by the state of
Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu (; ) is a state State may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''State Magazine'', a monthly magazine published by the U.S. Department of State * The State (newspaper), ''The State'' (newspaper), a daily newspaper ...
. Before Pondicherry, along with the other territories of
French India French India, formally the ( en, French Settlements in India), was a French colony comprising five geographically separated enclaves on the Indian Subcontinent that had initially been factories of the French East India Company. Beginning in ...
, was absorbed into India in 1954, they were enclaved within the Union of India, and before that the
British Raj The British Raj (; from Hindi language, Hindi ''rāj'': kingdom, realm, state, or empire.) was the rule of the The Crown, British Crown on the Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947.''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd edition (June 2008), on- ...
. Also a legacy of the French colonial period, the
Mahe district Mahe district ( ml, മയ്യഴി ജില്ല) is one of the four districts of the union territory A union territory ( hi, script=latn, kendraśāsit pradeś, , centrally administered province) is a type of administrative division ...
is made of three non-contiguous parts enclaved within the state of
Kerala Kerala ( ; ) is a state State may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * ''State Magazine'', a monthly magazine published by the U.S. Department of State * The State (newspaper), ''The State'' (newspaper), a daily newspaper ...
. * From 1947 to 1971,
was a part of
Pakistan Pakistan, . Pronounced variably in English as , , , and . officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia South Asia is the southern region of Asia, which is defined in both geography, geographical and culture, e ...
as its
East Pakistan East Pakistan was a Pakistani province established in 1955 by the One Unit Policy, renaming the province as such from East Bengal , common_name = East Bengal , status = Province of the Dominion of Pakistan , p1 = ...
exclave, separated from
West Pakistan , common_name = West Pakistan , status = Defunct , p1 = West Punjab , flag_p1 = Flag of Punjab.svg , p2 = Sind Province (1936–55)Sind Province , flag_p2 ...
by 1,760 kilometers (1,100 miles) of
. It eventually gained independence in 1971, during the
Bangladesh Liberation War The Bangladesh Liberation War ( bn, মুক্তিযুদ্ধ, ), also known as the Bangladesh War of Independence, or simply the Liberation War in Bangladesh, was a revolution and War, armed conflict sparked by the rise of the Benga ...
. * In the United Kingdom: ** Before 1974, and especially before 1844, there were many exclaves of counties in England and Wales. ** The
counties of Scotland The shires of Scotland ( gd, Siorrachdan na h-Alba), or counties of Scotland, are historic subdivisions of Scotland established in the Middle Ages and used as administrative divisions until 1975. Originally established for judicial purposes (bein ...
before reorganisation in 1889 included dozens of exclaves. This was especially notable in the case of
Cromartyshire Cromartyshire ( gd, Siorrachd Chromba) is a historic county in the Highlands Highlands or uplands are any mountainous region or elevated mountainous plateau. Generally speaking, upland (or uplands) refers to ranges of hills, typically up to . H ...
, which was split into at least nine parts spread across
Ross-shire Ross-shire ( gd, Siorrachd Rois) is a Historic counties of Scotland, historic county in the Scottish Highlands. The county borders Sutherland to the north and Inverness-shire to the south, as well as having a complex border with Cromartyshire ...
. * In France: ** The
French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France France (), officially the French Republic (french: link=no, République française), is a country primarily located in Western Europe, consistin ...
department Department may refer to: * Departmentalization, division of a larger organization into parts with specific responsibility Government and military *Department (country subdivision), a geographical and administrative division within a country, for e ...
Pyrénées-Atlantiques Pyrénées-Atlantiques (; Gascon and Occitan Occitan (; oc, occitan, link=no , ), also known as ''lenga d'òc'' (; french: langue d'oc) by its native speakers, is a Romance language The Romance languages (less commonly Latin languages, ...
, in the southwest of France, surrounds two enclaves of the neighbouring department of
Hautes-Pyrénées Hautes-Pyrénées (; Gascon/Occitan Occitan (; oc, occitan, link=no , ), also known as ''lenga d'òc'' (; french: langue d'oc) by its native speakers, is a Romance language The Romance languages (less commonly Latin languages, or Neo-La ...
. ** The French department of
Vaucluse Vaucluse (; oc, Vauclusa, label=Provençal dialect, Provençal or ) is a Departments of France, department in the southeastern French Regions of France, region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. It had a population of 559,016 as of 2016. The depar ...
has a rather large exclave to its north that is an enclave within the
Drôme Drôme (; ''Droma'' in Occitan Occitan (; oc, occitan, link=no , ), also known as ''lenga d'òc'' (; french: langue d'oc) by its native speakers, is a Romance language The Romance languages (less commonly Latin languages, or Neo-Latin ...
department – the
canton Canton may refer to: Administrative division terminology * Canton (administrative division), territorial/administrative division in some countries, notably Switzerland * Township (Canada), known as ''canton'' in Canadian French Arts and entert ...
of Valréas (historically known as Enclave des Papes). * San Colombano al Lambro is an exclave of the province of
Milan Milan (, , Milanese: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the List of cities in Italy, second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its ...
at the junction between the
Pavia Pavia (, , , ; la, Ticinum; Medieval Latin Medieval Latin was the form of Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken in the a ...
and Lodi provinces. The exclave arose when the province of Lodi was carved out of the province of Milan, but a
referendum A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct DIRECT was a late-2000s proposed alternative super heavy lift launch vehicle A super heavy-lift launch vehicle (SHLLV) is a launch vehicle capable of lifting more than ...
in San Colombano indicated the locals' wish to stay in Milan. As a result, the commune is the only wine-producing area in the mostly urbanized province of Milan. * In the United States: **A portion of
Ellis Island Ellis Island is a federal government of the United States, federally-owned island in New York Harbor that was the busiest immigrant inspection station in the United States. From 1892 to 1954, nearly 12 million immigration to the United States, ...
is an exclave of New York City within the boundaries of Jersey City, and therefore of New York (state), New York State within the boundaries of New Jersey. ** The Kentucky Bend exists because of a meander of the Mississippi River. ** West Hollywood, California, West Hollywood and Beverly Hills, California, adjoin one another, but are entirely surrounded by the City of Los Angeles. ** Similarly, Elmwood Place, Ohio, Elmwood Place and St. Bernard, Ohio share a border but are otherwise surrounded by the City of Cincinnati. Norwood, Ohio, Norwood is additionally completely enclaved by Cincinnati. ** Jeddito, Arizona, lies within a exclave of the Navajo Nation. This exclave is surrounded by territory of the Hopi Reservation, which is itself surrounded by the Navajo Nation.
"Practical" enclaves, exclaves and inaccessible districts
The term Wiktionary:pene-, pene-exclave was defined in ''Robinson (1959)'' as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently – in particular by wheeled traffic – only through the territory of another country." Thus, a ''pene-exclave'', although having land borders, is not completely surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters. ''Catudal (1974)'' and ''Vinokurov (2007)'' further elaborate upon examples, including Point Roberts. "Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States, land access is only possible through Canada." Pene-enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves. They can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless, a discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts. Along rivers that change course, pene-enclaves can be observed as complexes comprising many small pene-enclaves. A pene-enclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory, although geographically attached, inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the
, Austria, that is only accessible from Germany to the north, being separated from the rest of Austria by high mountains traversed by no roads. Another example is the Spanish village of Os de Civís, accessible from Andorra. Hence, such areas are enclaves or exclaves ''for practical purposes'', without meeting the strict definition. Many pene-exclaves partially border the sea or another body of water, which comprises their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters). They border their own territorial waters in addition to a land border with another country, and hence they are not true exclaves. Still, one cannot travel to them on land without going through another country. Attribution of a pene-enclave status to a territory can sometimes be disputed, depending on whether the territory is considered to be practically inaccessible from the mainland or not. * Northern Ireland, an area of the United Kingdom, is bounded by the Republic of Ireland, the Irish Sea and the
. * Equatorial Guinea's continental portion, Río Muni, is a semi-exclave surrounded by Gabon, Cameroon and the
. * The
in the U.S. state of Minnesota is geographically separated from the rest of the state (and United States) by Lake of the Woods and is accessible on land only through the Canadian province of Manitoba. Additionally, Elm Point, south of the town of Buffalo Point in Manitoba, is separated from the rest of Minnesota by Lake of the Woods. * Point Roberts, Washington (state), Washington, United States, is an unincorporated community in Whatcom County—located on the southernmost tip of the Tsawwassen Peninsula, south of Delta, British Columbia, Canada—that can be reached by land from the rest of the United States only by traveling through Canada. * The U.S. state of Vermont has two pene-enclaves with the Canadian province of Quebec. Province Point, a few kilometres to the northeast of the town of East Alburgh, Vermont, is the southernmost tip of a small promontory approximately 1 ha (2 acres) in size (). The promontory is cut through by the U.S./Canadian border; as such the area is a practical enclave of the United States contiguous with Canada. Similarly, the southern point of Province Island (), a small island mostly in Quebec, crosses into Vermont. It is situated in Lake Memphremagog, near Newport (city), Vermont, Newport, Vermont. * Walvis Bay, now part of Namibia, was a pene-exclave of the Cape Colony in German South-West Africa, created in 1878. It became part of the Cape Province of the Union of South Africa in 1910, but from 1922, it was administered as a ''de facto'' part of South-West Africa, a League of Nations League of Nations Mandate, Mandate. In 1977, it was separated from that territory and re-integrated into the Cape Province.
did not relinquish sovereignty over Walvis Bay until 1994, nearly four years after Namibia's independence.
Subnational "practical" enclaves, exclaves, and inaccessible districts
* Although the Jervis Bay Territory, which occupies a coastal peninsula in Australia, is not part of the Australian Capital Territory, the laws of the ACT apply to it. This was to give the ACT coastal access, which it did not have as it was entirely surrounded by the state of New South Wales. * The Romanian village of Nămoloasa (Galați county) can be accessed only through Vrancea County, Vrancea county (where there is a bridge over the Siret river), because it is separated by the Siret, Siret River from the rest of Galați county. * The southern part of the Province of Venice, Veneto, can be reached directly from the rest of the province only by boat. By land it can be reached only by traveling through the Province of Padua because territorial continuity with the main part of the province exists only through some unconnected islands and islets. * It is not possible to drive from the northern half of County Leitrim in the Republic of Ireland to the southern half without leaving the county; Lough Allen and the River Shannon present a water barrier requiring one to drive through County Cavan to the east or County Roscommon to the west. * The community of East Kemptville, Nova Scotia, Canada, is part of the Argyle, Nova Scotia, Municipality of Argyle, but it can only be reached by road from the rest of the municipality by travelling through the Yarmouth, Nova Scotia (municipal district), Municipality of Yarmouth or the Shelburne, Nova Scotia (municipal district), Municipality of Shelburne. The latter route also requires travelling through the Municipality of the District of Barrington, Municipality of Barrington. * The southeastern part of the Tai Po District (northern part of the Sai Kung Peninsula), Hong Kong, can be reached directly from the rest of the district only by boat. By land it can be reached only by traveling through the Sha Tin District because territorial continuity with the main part of the district is cut off by the Tolo Harbour. In the past, when there was no road network serving the region, the residents commonly travelled by boat to Tai Po Market for their daily lives, hence the districts were drawn this way, but now most of the ferries no longer exist, and residents travel by road to markets in Sha Tin District (Ma On Shan or Sha Tin) instead. * In the United States: ** Several portions of land on the New Jersey side of the Delaware River belong to Delaware. Within the Twelve-Mile Circle, Delaware's border extends to the low-water mark across the river. South of the Circle, the Delaware-New Jersey border follows the middle of the river and bay. ** The Eastern Shore of Virginia on the southern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula shares a border with Maryland but is only connected to the rest of Virginia by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, which is part of U.S. Route 13. ** The city of Carter Lake, Iowa is separated from the rest of the state of Iowa by the Missouri River, which changed course during a flood in 1877, cutting the city off from the rest of the state. It is now only accessible through Omaha, Nebraska. ** The village of Kaskaskia, Illinois, the state's first capital, is separated from the rest of Illinois by the Mississippi River due to a flood in 1881, which shifted the river to flow east of the town, rather than west. This resulted in the only access to the town being from Missouri. ** The Upper Peninsula of Michigan is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, so until the Mackinac Bridge was completed in 1957, the only land routes between them were through the states of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana, or through the Canadian province of Ontario. ** The Marble Hill, Manhattan, Marble Hill neighborhood of Manhattan was separated from the rest of the borough by the construction of the Harlem Ship Canal in 1895 and then connected to the North American mainland and the Bronx when the Harlem River was filled in on its north side in 1914.
Enclaves within enclaves
It is possible for an enclave of one country to be completely surrounded by a part of another country that is itself an enclave of the first country. These enclaves are sometimes called ''counter-enclaves''. Two such complexes containing them exist currently: *The Dutch municipality of Baarle-Nassau has seven exclaves in two exclaves of the Belgian municipality of
is surrounded by Madha, an exclave of Oman within the U.A.E. The former complex of enclaves at Cooch Behar district included 24 second-order enclaves and one small third-order enclave called ''Dahala Khagrabari, Dahala Khagrabari #51'': a piece of India within a part of Bangladesh, within a part of India, within Bangladesh. The Indo-Bangladesh enclaves were exchanged on 31 July 2015 by the ratified Land Boundary Agreement, and Dahala Khagrabari was ceded to Bangladesh.
Ethnic enclaves
An ethnic enclave is a community of an ethnic group inside an area in which another ethnic group predominates. Ghettos, Little Italys, barrios and Chinatowns are examples. These areas may have a separate language, culture and economic system. * Székely Land is a Hungarian people, Hungarian ethnic enclave within Romania, with its people calling themselves Székelys, Székely. Originally, the name ''Székely Land'' denoted an autonomous region within Transylvania. It existed as a legal entity from medieval times until the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, when the Székely and Transylvanian Saxons, Saxon seats were dissolved and replaced by the Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)#Modernised counties (1867–1918), county system. Along with Transylvania, it became a part of Romania in 1920, according with the Treaty of Trianon signed on 4 June 1920 at the Grand Trianon Palace in Versailles, France. In 1938–1940, during World War II, post-Trianon Hungary temporarily expanded its territory and included some additional territories that were formerly part of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary, under Third Reich auspices, the Second Vienna Award. It was later reduced to boundaries approximating those of 1920 by the peace treaties signed after World War II at Paris, in 1947. The area was called Magyar Autonomous Region between September 8, 1952 and February 16, 1968, a Hungarian autonomous region within Romania, and today there are Székely autonomy initiatives, territorial autonomy initiatives to reach a higher level of self-governance for this region within Romania. * There are several Kosovo Serb enclaves, Serb enclaves in Kosovo where the institutions of Kosovo are not fully operational due to disputes.
Extraterritoriality
Diplomatic missions, such as embassies and consulates, as well as military bases, are usually exempted from the jurisdiction of the host country, i.e., the laws of the host nation in which an embassy is located do not typically apply to the land of the embassy or base itself. This exemption from the jurisdiction of the host country is defined as extraterritoriality. Areas and buildings enjoying some forms of extraterritoriality are not true enclaves since, in all cases, the host country retains full sovereignty. In addition to embassies, some other areas enjoy a limited form of extraterritoriality. Examples of this include: * Pavillon de Breteuil in
, used by the General Conference on Weights and Measures. * United Nations headquarters in the United States, used by the United Nations. * United Nations Office at Geneva in
, used by the United Nations. * INTERPOL headquarters in Lyon,
, used by INTERPOL. * NATO (political) headquarters near Evere in Haren, Belgium, Haren, a part of the City of Brussels,
. * Headquarters of Allied Command Operations (NATO) at the area designated as Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), north of Mons,
. * Palazzo Malta and the Villa del Priorato di Malta, the headquarters of Sovereign Military Order of Malta in Rome. In addition to extraterritoriality, Italy recognizes the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters. Therefore, Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping. * Properties of the Holy See, Extraterritorial properties of the Holy See in Rome and surroundings. * By treaty of 2 November 1929, Czechoslovakia obtained the lease for 99 years of two plots of land (in the Moldauhafen and in the Saalehafen), both within the perimeter of the free port of Hamburg. Another plot, in the Peutehafen, was purchased by the Czechoslovak government in 1929; this plot lies just outside the free-port perimeter. ** Saalehafen – approximately 2 ha of land on Hallesches Ufer, on the southeastern bank of the Saalehafen. ** Moldauhafen – approximately 0.5 ha of land on Dresdener Ufer, on the southeastern bank of the Moldauhafen. ** Peutehafen – the narrow peninsula between the Peutekanal and the Peutehafen dock, comprising 8.054 ha of land and 0.5 ha of water surface. * In Szczecin, Poland, a similar provision existed following the Treaty of Versailles for Czechoslovakia to have access to the harbor, which until the end of World War II was located in Germany. From 1945, when Szczecin became part of Poland, Czechoslovakia possessed no extraterritorial rights there. It appears that the German concession ceased at the end of the war and that no successor paid attention to the pre-war rights that Czechoslovakia had under the Versailles Treaty. Neither the Polish nor the occupying Russians appear to have assumed any of Germany's pre-war liabilities. Czechoslovakia gave up the rights to its territory in Szczecin under an agreement signed on 13 January 1956. * Saimaa Canal: the longitudinal half of the canal in Russia is leased by Finland until 2063. Russian law is in principle valid, but in reality Finland maintains the area. * Under a treaty between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, a Scottish Court in the Netherlands, Scottish Court was established at Camp Zeist near Utrecht for the trial of those accused in the Pan Am Flight 103, Lockerbie bombing. The premises were under the authority of the court and immune from external interference for the duration of the trial and subsequent appeal, which lasted from 1999 to 2002. Dutch law continued to apply there in principle but the court was allowed to enact superseding regulations, and court officials enjoyed diplomatic immunity. Contrary to a popular misconception, the area did not become territory of the United Kingdom and the Netherlands retained sovereignty over it as the host country, similar to the status of diplomatic missions.
Land owned by a foreign country
One or more parcels/holdings of land in most countries is owned by other countries. Most instances are exempt from taxes. In the special case of embassies/consulates these enjoy special privileges driven by international law, international consensus particularly the mutual wish to ensure free diplomatic missions, such as being exempt from major hindrances and host-country arrests in ordinary times on the premises. Most non-embassy lands in such ownership are also not enclaves as they fall legally short of ''extraterritoriality'', they are subject to alike court jurisdiction as before their grant/sale in most matters. Nonetheless, for a person's offence against the property itself, habeas corpus, equally valid jurisdiction in criminal matters is more likely than elsewhere, assuming the perpetrator is found in the prosecuting authority's homeland. Devoid of permanent residents, formally defined new sovereignty is not warranted or asserted in the examples below. Nonetheless, minor laws, especially on flag flying days in the United Kingdom, flag flying, are sometimes relaxed to accommodate the needs of the accommodated nation's monument. Embassy, Embassies enjoy many different legal statuses approaching quasi-sovereignty, depending on the agreements reached and in practice upheld from time-to-time by host nations. Subject to hosts adhering to basic due process of international law, including giving warnings, the enforced reduction of scope of a foreign embassy has always been a possibility, even to the point of expelling the foreign embassy entirely, usually on a breakdown of relations, in reaction to extreme actions such as espionage, or as another form of sanction. The same seems to be possible in profit-driven moving or drilling under any of the sites below, providing safeguards as the structure or a new replacement site. The same possible curtailments and alterations never apply to proper exclaves. Examples of such land other than for diplomatic missions are: * Napoleon's original grave in Longwood, Saint Helena, owned by
. * Victor Hugo's house in Saint Peter Port (Saint-Pierre-Port), Guernsey, owned by the city of Paris. * The Brest memorial in Brest, France is owned by the U.S. It commemorates World War I. * The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in Normandy,
, which contains the graves of 9,386 American military dead, most of whom died during the landings and ensuing operations of World War II, owned by the United States of America.Sourc
American Battle Monument Commission
* Pointe du Hoc, the 13-hectare site of a memorial and museum dedicated to the World War II Normandy landing at Omaha Beach, France, transferred to the U.S. on 11 January 1979. * The to Russia's final Generalissimo Alexander Suvorov near Göschenen in central
, was erected 99 years after his death by the Russian Empire. * The Vimy Memorial in
, which commemorates the Battle of Vimy Ridge. The French government permanently granted the about to Canada as a war memorial in 1922 in recognition of Canada's military contributions in World War I in general and at Vimy Ridge in particular. * Two cemeteries on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, United States of America, United States: one on Ocracoke, North Carolina, Ocracoke Island and one on Hatteras Island in the town of Buxton, North Carolina, Buxton, are owned by the United Kingdom hosting the British seamen washed ashore after World War II U-boat attacks of 10 April (one from the Torpedo Alley#Sunken warships, ''San Delfino'') and 11 May 1942 (five from HMT Bedfordshire, HMT ''Bedfordshire''). Four graves are at Ocracoke and two at Buxton; three of the bodies were never identified; one of them could be that of a Canadian seaman. The plot of land at Ocracoke "has been forever ceded to England" and is maintained by the U.S. Coast Guard. The plot was leased to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission for as long as the land remained a cemetery. The graves on Hatteras Island are maintained by the U.S. National Park Service. * The Captain Cook Monument at Kealakekua Bay and about of land around it in Hawaii (island), Hawaii, United States of America, United States, the place where James Cook was killed in 1779, is owned by the United Kingdom. An historian on the occasion of the monument's 50th anniversary recorded in 1928 that the white stone "obelisk monument [was] erected to the memory of Captain Cook, about 1876, and on land deeded outright to the British Government by Princess Likelike, sister of King Kalakaua, about the same year, so that that square is absolute British Territory." Hawaii was a sovereign nation at the time. According to MacFarlane, "The land under the monument was deeded to the United Kingdom in 1877 and is considered as sovereign non-embassy land owned by the British Embassy in Washington DC. ... the Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources, Hawaiian State Parks agency maintained that as sovereign British territory it was the responsibility of the UK to maintain the site." * Tiwintza detachment, Tiwinza in Peru: In the 1998 peace agreement following the 1995 Cenepa War, Peru ceded to Ecuador the property, but not the sovereignty, of one square kilometre within Tiwinza (where 14 Ecuadorian soldiers were buried). Ecuador had established a frontier military outpost in Tiwinza, an area that was specified in the agreement as belonging to Peru. * The land under the John F. Kennedy memorial at Runnymede, United Kingdom was transferred from the Crown Estates to the United States of America by the John F. Kennedy Memorial Act 1964 (an Act of the UK Parliament, U.K. Parliament); however, it is in the care of the U.K.-based Kennedy Memorial Trust. * The Tomb of Suleyman Shah (of Suleyman Shah, the grandfather of Osman I, the founder of the
) in Aleppo Governorate, Syria, is the property of
. Article 9 of the Treaty of Ankara (1921), Treaty of Ankara signed between
and Turkey in 1921, provides that the tomb "shall remain, with its appurtenances, the property of Turkey, who may appoint guardians for it and may hoist the Turkish flag there".
Unusual cross-border transport channels
National railway passing through another state's territory
Changes in borders can make a railway that was previously located solely within a country traverse the new borders. Since diverting a railway is expensive, this arrangement may last a long time. This may mean that doors on passenger trains are locked and guarded to prevent illicit entry and exit while the train is temporarily in another country. Borders can also be in the "wrong" place, forcing railways into difficult terrain. In large parts of Europe, where the
has eliminated border controls when travelling between its 27 member countries, this problem no longer exists, and railways can criss-cross borders with no need for border controls or locked trains. Examples include:
* Due to inability to agree in 1963 on a shorter route through easy terrain, the Mauritania Railway, iron ore railway in Mauritania originally had to use a longer route through a tunnel (built through 2 km of solid granite) near Choum to avoid the territory of Spanish Sahara. The tunnel is no longer in use and trains now use the shorter route through 5 km of Western Saharan territory controlled by the Polisario Front. * In 2013, in
, the shortest railway route from coal mines at Tete to a port at Nacala passes through
. A route through solely Mozambican territory is circuitous. * In 1928, Congo (Belgium) and Angola (Portugal) exchanged some land to facilitate the new route of the railway to Congo-Kinshasa.
* Bolivia is landlocked and has no access to the sea, but a Arica–La Paz railway, rail route runs through Chile from La Paz to the port of Arica on the Pacific Ocean. The rail route was built by Chile under the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1904 between Chile and Bolivia, with the Bolivian section transferred to Bolivia after 15 years. Bolivia enjoyed duty-free use of the railway and the ports connected. * The International Railway of Maine was a railroad constructed by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) between Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, and Mattawamkeag, Maine, Mattawamkeag, Maine, closing a key gap in the railway's transcontinental main line to the port of Saint John, New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick. The railway was, however, at all times under American jurisdiction within the borders of the United States. * In order to avoid such a trans-border arrangement, the United States made the Gadsden Purchase of land from Mexico, on which it was planned to build a southern route for the transcontinental railroad. Owing to the topography of the area, acquisition of the land was the only feasible way to construct such a railroad through the southern New Mexico Territory. * The former San Diego and Arizona Railway, completed in 1919, ran between the California cities of San Diego and El Centro with 71 km of track in Mexico between Tijuana and Tecate. The Mexican segment is now operated as the short line Baja California Railroad.
= Current
= * Salzburg to Innsbruck (Austria) passes through Rosenheim, Germany. A railway line within Austria exists as well, but trains take about 1.5 hours longer than across German territory. * Trains on the Birsig Valley Line from Basel to Rodersdorf, Switzerland, which passes through Leymen, France. It is operated by Baselland Transport and serviced by 10 line (BLT), line no. 10, which continues into the Trams in Basel, Basel tram network. * The Hochrheinbahn (High Rhine Railway) from Basel via Waldshut-Tiengen, Waldshut to Schaffhausen is part of the Deutsche Bahn network, and is mostly in Germany, but the two ends are in Switzerland and it is only connected with the rest of the German railway network via Switzerland. At both Basel and Schaffhausen the railway has extraterritorial status: one can travel by train to and from the rest of Germany without going through Swiss customs, despite travelling over territory of the Swiss Customs Area. See Basel Badischer Bahnhof. * Trains from Neugersdorf, Saxony to Zittau pass Czech territory at Varnsdorf, while Czech trains from Varnsdorf to Chrastava pass through German territory at Zittau, and then a small part of Polish territory near the village of Porajów. * Trains from Görlitz to Zittau, Germany, pass the border river Neisse several times (see Oder–Neisse line); the railway station for Ostritz, Germany, lies in Krzewina Zgorzelecka, Poland. * Belgrade–Bar railway crosses into
for , between stations Zlatibor and Priboj (both in Serbia). There is one station, Štrpci, but there are no border-crossing facilities, and trains do not call at the station. * The Knin – Bihać railway between Croatia and Bosnia is split by the Croatian–Bosnian border several times. Similarly, the Savski Marof – Imeno railway was split by the Slovenian–Croatian border several times. * Lučenec – Veľký Krtíš line in Slovakia passes through Hungary from Ipolytarnóc to Nógrádszakál. * The local trains on the Burgenlandbahn in Austria cross the area of Hungary at Sopron. During the era of the Iron Curtain, the trains had their doors locked as they traversed Hungarian territory. * The line from Ventimiglia to Limone Piemonte, Italy, via Breil-sur-Roya, France. * The railway between France and
briefly leaves France to enter
before entering France once more. The railway has a 5300-metre tunnel that goes through Monaco and further, and has an underground Monaco-Monte-Carlo station, station in Monaco. * For the Belgian Vennbahn (now a cycleway) narrow strips of Belgian territory were created running through Germany, creating five German exclaves. * The former Soviet republics have numerous examples: ** Semikhody – Chernihiv line of Ukraine passes through Belarus territory.Railway Gazette International April 2008 p 240 ** Belarus/Lithuania: Adutiškis railway station straddles the Lithuania/Belarus border. Trains pass through Lithuanian territory while traveling to and from Belarus, and platforms are in both Belarus and Lithuania. The station is now mainly used for freight. ** Druzhba (city), Druzhba – Vorozhba line of Ukraine passes through Russian territory. ** In 2009, Russia and Kazakhstan agreed to transfer ownership of a cross-border section of line. *Trains running between Schaffhausen and Rafz pass through the German towns of Jestetten and Lottstetten.
= Historical
= * During the Cold War, underground lines in
ran under parts of East Berlin. Ghost stations (german: Geisterbahnhöfe) were stations on Berlin's Berlin U-Bahn, U-Bahn and Berlin S-Bahn, S-Bahn metro networks that were closed during this period of Berlin's division. * In Finland, Porkkalanniemi, Porkkala was leased to the Soviet Union as a Soviet naval base between 1944 and 1956. Porkkala is located on the Rantarata, the main railway line between Helsinki and Turku. Initially, only Soviet traffic was permitted through, forcing VR Group, Finnish State Railways to reroute the trains through a circuitous route via Toijala. However, in 1947, the Soviets agreed to let Finnish trains through. At the border, Finnish trains were shunted to a Soviet locomotive, windows were shuttered, guards were posted to the doors, and the Soviet locomotive would pull the train through the base area, to be shunted back to a Finnish locomotive at the opposite border.
= Proposals
= * The shortest and straightest route for a proposed east–west high-speed railway in Austria through Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck would pass under some mountains belonging to Germany. * In 2012, a Rail transport in Angola#Caminho de Ferro do Congo, railway route was proposed from Angola proper to the enclave of Cabinda crossing not only the Congo River but also about 40 km of territory of the
Highway of one state passing through another state's territory
This arrangement is less common as highways are more easily re-aligned. Examples include:
* Congo Pedicle road: built to provide access for Zambia's Luapula Province to the Copperbelt through of territory of the DR Congo, requiring a change in driving on the left to driving on the right. * In Guinea, where 20 km long tunnel(s) through a hillspur at Naigaya (elevation ), Sicourou, Bokariadi and Feraya might be avoided by crossing the border into Sierra Leone at Yana, Sierra Leone, Yana (elevation ). * Senegal is practically and inconveniently divided in two by the sovereign territory of
. Until the completion of the Senegambia bridge in 2019, the easiest way to travel from northern Senegal to the southern Casamance region was through Gambia via the Trans-Gambia Highway, with a connecting ferry being the only way to cross the Gambia River. The fare for the ferry crossing is a source of contention between the two countries.
* East Richford–Glen Sutton Border Crossing, East Richford Slide Road in the U.S. state of Vermont crosses into the Canada, Canadian province of Québec for a distance of approximately 100 metres (300 feet) before returning to the United States. A cemetery lies directly on the border vista.
* The road from Dubai to the tourist spot of Hatta, an exclave of the emirate of Dubai, passes through a small stretch of Omani territory. * The highway between Bishkek and Issyk Kul, both in Kyrgyzstan, skirts the border with Kazakhstan, with the highway and the border crossing each other for short distances at various points.
* Various roads cross the Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border, back and forth between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The N54 road (Ireland), N54 in County Monaghan, County Monaghan (RoI) twice becomes the A3 road (Northern Ireland), A3 in County Fermanagh, County Fermanagh (NI), before continuing as the N54. Similarly, the N53 road (Ireland), N53 in Monaghan passes through County Armagh, County Armagh (NI) as the A37 road (Northern Ireland), A37, before resuming as the N53 at a point where County Armagh, County Monaghan and County Louth, County Louth (RoI) all meet. , no national or border signs are present: the only indication is the change in margin markings and signs to indicate a change in speed limits between miles per hour, mph and kilometres per hour, km/h. It Brexit and the Irish border, remains to be seen whether Brexit will change this friendly arrangement, which has persisted since the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. * Between 1963 and 2002 the N274 road from Roermond to Heerlen, part of Dutch territory, passed through the German Selfkant, which had been annexed by the
after the Second World War but returned to Germany in 1963. * Close to Narvik, a road from Norway twice enters and leaves Sweden, Swedish territory, following the southern shore of the Kjårdavatnet lake. It does not connect with any other Swedish road in either location before it enters Norwegian land once more. It is private and built for hydropower plants but usable for public. * Norwegian road 92 continues in Finland as road 92 before it continues as road 92 again in Norway. Norwegian road 7012 continues as road Z821 in Sweden before continuing as road 7012 in Norway again. Road Z821 (near Gäddede) had right-hand driving also before 1967 when the rest of Sweden had left-hand driving. These roads are mostly number construction and do not have special privileges. * Road 402 between Podsabotin and Solkan in Slovenia, built when Slovenia was a state of Yugoslavia, passes through
for 1.5 kilometres. This section of the road does not intersect any other roads and is confined by high concrete walls topped by fences. As Slovenia and Italy are now both signatories to the Schengen agreement, Schengen Agreement, the barriers are little more than historical curiosities, although there is modern signage indicating that photography is forbidden along the Italian part of the road and that stopping is prohibited. * The Saatse Boot Road in Estonia, between the villages of Lutepää and Sesniki, passes through Pechory, Russian territory. The stretch of road passing through
is flanked by barbed wire fences and guard towers. Stopping and/or getting out of one's vehicle on the stretch of road is forbidden; the rule is enforced by Russian border guards. * The D8 road (Croatia), D8 coastal highway of
passes through a small section of
territory, at the town of
, as it heads south from Split, Croatia to Dubrovnik. *Geneva Airport in
has a ''French Sector'', which, while legally and geographically in Switzerland, is a ''de facto'' French domestic terminal used solely for flights to and from destinations in metropolitan France, and manned by French officials. Thus, prior to Switzerland's accession to the
(which entered into force for air travel in March 2009), the French Sector saved the need for border controls for flights between France and Geneva Airport. The French Sector is only accessible by a road connecting it directly to France, which passes through Swiss territory but has no junctions or other physical access to Switzerland. This road leads to a turn-off on the French side of the Ferney-Voltaire border crossing, thus bypassing Swiss passport controls when they were operational before 2009. While Switzerland's membership of the Schengen Area now renders the convenience of avoiding passport controls obsolete, there is still a small advantage gained in using the French Sector: Switzerland is not in the European Union Customs Union, EU Customs Union, so customs (but not passport) checks are still carried out at Switzerland's border posts. The French Sector, with its road that leads directly to France without access to Switzerland, bypasses this requirement. **EuroAirport on French territory near Basel/Mulhouse is similar. It has a Swiss section with a customs-free road to Switzerland. **Basel (Badischer) and Geneva railway stations also have similar foreign areas.
Subnational highway passing through other internal territory
* United States: ** Interstate 684, connecting various points in New York State, passes through Connecticut near Kensico Reservoir and Westchester County Airport but is maintained entirely by New York State. Motor vehicles cannot enter from nor exit to Connecticut roads, even though a portion of the highway is owned by Connecticut. ** A portion of New York State Route 17/Interstate 86 (Pennsylvania–New York), Interstate 86 passes through South Waverly, Pennsylvania but is maintained entirely by New York State. This includes the roadway and traffic lights at the interchange with US Route 220 and a short portion of Pennsylvania Route 199. Nevertheless, Pennsylvania police enforce traffic laws on this short stretch, where there is one overpass built and owned by Pennsylvania. ** A portion of New Hampshire Route 153 runs along the border with and briefly passes through Parsonsfield, Maine as it sweeps around the eastern shore of Province Lake. ** Minnesota State Highway 23 passes through about of Wisconsin just west of Duluth, Minnesota. Maintained by the Minnesota Department of Transportation, it intersects only a few dead-end local roads while in Wisconsin. No state line signs are present. ** Hopkins Road north of Newark, Delaware, briefly enters Pennsylvania where the Twelve-Mile Circle meets the Mason–Dixon Line. The road is maintained by Delaware, and it appears that at one time Arc Corner Road in Pennsylvania may have intersected here. Further east, Beaver Dam Road enters Chadds Ford Township, Pennsylvania at the intersection of Beaver Valley Road and re-enters Delaware about 0.5 miles later. The section of road in Pennsylvania is in rough shape, and it is unclear who is supposed to maintain this section. ** Wyoming Highway 70 enters Moffat County, Colorado for approximately . The route through Colorado is maintained by the Wyoming Department of Transportation. ** Arizona State Route 101 enters the sovereign Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community for approximately as it skirts the eastern edge of Scottsdale, Arizona, whose neighborhoods were built out to the reservation boundary prior to construction. Use of the land for the freeway on Tribal land is under a lease agreement. The route is maintained by the Arizona Department of Transportation.
** The highway connecting Guwahati (capital of Assam state) to Silchar (a city in Barak valley of Assam) passes through Meghalaya state. ** One has to travel through part of West Bengal while travelling from Jamshedpur (Tatanagar), Jharkhand to a few other cities of Jharkhand like Ranchi or Dhanbad. ** Kota, Rajasthan, Kota, a city in Rajasthan surrounded by territory of Madhya Pradesh, is connected to other parts of Rajasthan by roads passing through Madhya Pradesh. ** Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh) is connected to few other cities of Madhya Pradesh by highways passing through Uttar Pradesh, covering the city of Jhansi. *
: ** The main road for travel to Bartın via Zonguldak actually crosses Bartın first, traverses Zonguldak a short distance, then returns to Bartın.
Border transport infrastructure
* The Kazungula Bridge connects Zambia and Botswana in Southern Africa. The shared border between the two countries is approximately 150 m long, in the middle of the Zambezi River, and thus Quadripoint#Botswana–Namibia–Zambia–Zimbabwe, very nearly forms a quadripoint between Zambia, Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe. Because the border between Zambia and Botswana is so short and because of the orientation of the river banks, the span of the bridge curves to avoid crossing the adjacent territory of Namibia or Zimbabwe.
* In 2009, the Canada Border Services Agency relocated its border inspection post from Cornwall Island (Ontario), Cornwall Island, Ontario, a border region with the United States, to Cornwall, Ontario, across from the island and thus further inland, after protests erupted over the CBSA's firearm policy on Mohawk Nation's sovereign land. To avoid severe penalty, people entering from the United States who are destined for the island are required to proceed across the island to report to the new CBSA post in Cornwall before making a U-turn to return to the island. Residents of the island visiting Cornwall or beyond must also report to the CBSA. Those returning to the island from Cornwall are the only group not required to go through any border inspection.
* The Hong Kong–Shenzhen Western Corridor on the Hong Kong–mainland China border: the Port of entry, immigration control points for Hong Kong (Shenzhen Bay Control Point) and mainland China (Shenzhen Bay Port) are co-located in the same building on the Shenzhen side of the bridge in an effective pene-exclave. The Hong Kong portion of the service building and the adjoining bridge are leased to Hong Kong, and are under Hong Kong's jurisdiction for an initial period until 30 June 2047. * The Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station#Mainland Port Area, Mainland Port Area in Hong Kong West Kowloon railway station, Kowloon High Speed Railway Station in downtown Hong Kong is under the jurisdiction of the Mainland Chinese authorities and courts. The 30 km long tunnel to the border is under Hong Kong jurisdiction, however, the train compartments of any train in operation (that is carrying passengers to or from the Mainland) are subject to Mainland Laws and jurisdiction. This arrangement was created to allow for immigration clearance to occur in Hong Kong for all trains travelling to and from the Mainland of China. This has stirred much controversy and multiple protests in Hong Kong. * As a legacy of British Malaya, the
n rail network had its southern terminus at Tanjong Pagar railway station in central Singapore. The land on which the station and the rail tracks stood was leased to Keretapi Tanah Melayu, the Malaysian state railway operator. Consequently, Malaysia had partial sovereignty over the railway land. Passengers had to clear Malaysian customs and immigration checks at Tanjong Pagar before boarding the train to Malaysia, even after Singapore shifted its border control facility to the actual border in 1998 and objected to the continued presence of Malaysian officials at the station. After a Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990, 20-year long dispute, the station was closed in 2011 and the railway land reverted to Singapore. A remnant of the rail corridor is still in use; KTM trains now terminate at Woodlands Train Checkpoint in northern Singapore near the border, which houses Malaysian and Singaporean border controls for rail passengers.
* Several bridges cross the rivers Oder and Neisse between Germany and Poland. To avoid needing to coordinate their efforts on a single bridge, the two riparian states assign each bridge to one or the other; thus Poland is responsible for ''all'' maintenance on some of the bridges, including the German side, and vice versa. * The Hallein Salt Mine crosses from Austria into
. Under an 1829 treaty Austria can dig under the then-Kingdom of Bavaria. In return some salt has to be given to Bavaria, and up to 99 of its citizens can be hired to work in the Austrian mine. * The twin town of TornioHaparanda or HaparandaTornio lies at the mouth of river Tornio, Tornio on the Finland, Finnish side and Haparanda on the Sweden, Swedish side. The two towns have a common public transportation, as well as cultural services, fire brigade, sports facilities etc. * The Basel Badischer Bahnhof is a railway station in the Swiss city of Basel. Although situated on Swiss soil, because of the 1852 treaty between the Swiss Confederation and the state of Baden (one of the predecessors of today's Germany), the largest part of the station (the platforms and the parts of the passenger tunnel that lead to the German/Swiss checkpoint) is treated administratively as an inner-German railway station operated by the Deutsche Bahn. The shops in the station hall, however, are Swiss, and the Swiss franc is used as the official currency there (although the euro is universally accepted). The Swiss post office, car rental office, restaurant and a cluster of shops are each separately located wholly within a surrounding station area that is administered by the German railway. The customs controls are located in a tunnel between the platforms and the station hall; international trains that continue to Basel SBB usually had on-board border controls, until they were abolished in 2008 when Switzerland joined the
. * The Strasbourg tramway, tram network in the French city of Strasbourg was extended into the neighbouring German city of Kehl in 2017. * The railway stations of Audun-le-Tiche and Volmerange-les-Mines are both located in
but are owned, operated and maintained by the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois, Luxembourg National Railway Company, as are the short stretches of railway between the stations and the Luxembourg border. Thus, holders of a Luxembourg railway pass can travel to these stations without requiring a French ticket. The stations are both end stations on different lines and are not physically connected to any French railway. There are no border issues, as both France and Luxembourg are in the
. Likewise, a short stretch of narrow-gauge railway line connects Hendaye in south-western France to the rest of the San Sebastián Metro network over the border in Spain. * The bus network of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia, extends to the nearby Austrian village Wolfsthal where the train S7 (Schnellbahn) from Vienna has its terminal station. After the fall of the Iron Curtain, the abandoned rail road track from Wolfsthal to Bratislava could not be reinstalled because the land had been sold for housing projects.
* Baarle-Nassau * Flagpole annexation * Landlocked country * Salient (geography), Panhandle * Polynesian outlier
* List of countries that border only one other country * List of enclaves and exclaves * List of ethnic enclaves in North American cities * Concessions in China, List of former foreign enclaves in China
Rolf Palmberg's Enclaves of the world
Jan S. Krogh's Geosite
"Tangled Territories" 2005 review article on exclaves and enclaves in Europe published in ''Hidden Europe'' magazine
Evgeny Vinokurov's Theory of Enclaves - a comprehensive economic and political treatment of enclaves and exclaves
{{Terms for types of country subdivisions Enclaves and exclaves, Border-related lists


text:
John Green (1977-)
John Michael Green (born August 24, 1977) is an American author of young adult fiction. He won the 2006 Printz Award for his debut novel, Looking for Alaska, and his sixth novel, The Fault in Our Stars, debuted at num...
John Green's Books
John Green quotes
Thomas Edison's last words were "It's very beautiful over there". I don't know where there is, but I believe it's somewhere, and I hope it's beautiful.
The pleasure of remembering had been taken from me, because there was no longer anyone to remember with.
We are greater than the sum of our parts.
We need never be hopeless because we can never be irreperably broken.
But I believe in true love, you know? I don't believe that everybody gets to keep their eyes or not get sick or whatever, but everybody should have true love, and it should last at least as long as your life does.
When I look at my room, I see a girl who loves books.
Sometimes, you read a book and it fills you with this weird evangelical zeal, and you become convinced that the shattered world will never be put back together unless and until all living humans read the book.
The thing about chameleoning your way through life is that it gets to where nothing is real.
My thoughts are stars I cannot fathom into constellations.
I wanted to be one of those people who have streaks to maintain, who scorch the ground with their intensity. But for now, at least I knew such people, and they needed me, just like comets need tails.
The only person I really wanted to talk to about Augustus Water's death with was Augustus Waters.
Right, of course. But you keep the promise anyway. That's what love is. Love is keeping the promise anyway.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Company proposing spillover parking for Highland Village
Clay Chandler
The Jackson City Council could soon consider whether to approve a spillover parking lot for Highland Village Shopping Center.
Jackson's planning and zoning board approved the proposal in March.
The proposed lot would sit across Old Canton Road from the Whole Foods Market that opened in February. Should the council approve it, the project would require the demolition of two houses on Kimwood Street, portions of which would be permanently closed once construction starts.
The houses in question are both in foreclosure and have been vacant several years, said John Dinkins, who lives around the corner from the proposed project's site. "They're uninhabitable," said Dinkins, who sits on the board of the Lefleur East Foundation, an organization that advocates for the area that includes the neighborhood adjacent to Highland Village. "We'd actually had our eye on the houses because they're deteriorating. Those are properties that need to be taken down."
Ward 1 Councilman Quentin Whitwell, whose district encompasses Highland Village, said the City Council likely would address the project at its April 21 meeting or one in May.
Officials with Massachusetts-based W/S Development, which owns Highland Village, gathered input from neighborhood stakeholders before presenting the project to Jackson's planning and zoning commission, said Louis Masiello, the company's vice president of development.
Masiello said if the council approves the project, construction would begin within 30 days.
The parking lot would be operational, ideally, by fall, when shopping activity tends to surge. The arrival of Whole Foods in February was part of the reason Highland Village needed more parking, Masiello said.
"But it also happened gradually. We have surplus parking inside Highland Village, but the issue has been the public response to Whole Foods. It's been overwhelming."
W/S, which bought Highland Village in 2012, also plans to ride the Whole Foods momentum into filling what space remains empty in the shopping center, Masiello said.
The neighborhood had to vote to amend its covenants before W/S could present the proposal to planning and zoning, Dinkins said.
"They only needed a majority, but they got a super-majority," he said. he said.
The lot will feature a lane granting emergency vehicles direct access to the neighborhood, Dinkins said, adding landscaping and lighting designed not to intrude into adjacent homes will be built.
He said that portion of Kimwood Street closed will calm traffic. and keep the street from serving as a cut-through to Meadowbrook Drive.
"It's a great opportunity to get rid of two blighted properties that are the gateway to the neighborhood," Dinkins said.
To contact Clay Chandler, call (601) 961-7264 or follow @claychand on Twitter.


We have all heard the term "edge computing" before. But how is edge computing different from the embedded computing use cases that we have known for decades? One of the most significant differences between embedded computing and edge computing is the size of the dataset that edge computing applications utilize. The typical edge application utilizes a dataset that is hundreds of terabytes in size or larger, with some edge application datasets approaching or exceeding a petabyte.
As an example, the engine management system of a Boeing 787 can generate half of a terabyte of data per flight, and next-generation aircraft are expected to generate orders of magnitude more data than that (think 100 terabytes). A facial recognition systems in an airport might have a database as large as a petabyte, while each self-driving car is expected to generate roughly 4TB of data per day. Typical embedded applications (postal kiosks and vending machines for example) seldom have data sets that exceed a terabyte, and typically are well under 100 gigabytes.
This brings us to the second way in which edge computing differ from embedded applications – the scope of the analytics that occur within the application. Edge computing applications generally involves significant computation loads. This is not only due to the amount of data that edge computing applications create and utilize. For instance, think of the workload involved an artificial intelligence-based facial similarity search. Another example is engine management systems – for commercial aircraft, these systems must not only be able to record the data, they must also be able to process it inflight, so that the aircraft can be serviced when it lands. The applications managing self-driving cars are at least as complex. The combination of these two requirements makes edge computing use cases in a class by themselves. We will discuss some of the difficulties in creating and deploying edge computing solutions in the next blog of our series.


Living in a big city can easily make one neglect nature. That was the case for 24-year-old Emirati shoe designer Shaikh Al Ali. But the young Dubai-based footwear designer made it her mission to bring the landscapes that surrounded her close to her brand, by filling heels with sand.
"I used Gasah Studio as an experimental space where I would take off any label and just do me", she says referring to her recently launched shoe brand.
After growing tired of wearing shoes designed by others, Al Ali decided she would create her own. After experimenting with sand and various material, from PVC to henna, the young designer came up with her now-signature and unique Kuthub heel design.
"The idea was stuck in my head and I couldn't sleep, so I just went for it, and I loved it", she explains discussing her inherently conceptual but unforced approach.
Citing Maison Martin Margiela as her only inspiration, it's clear passion and authenticity are what drive Al Ali. In fact, her idiosyncratic (and quite stylish) designs are a deeply personal reflection of her life.
As she notes: "I use fashion to explore and challenge my own self". And while this has sometimes meant isolating herself to reach her goals, one thing for sure: whatever she designs, Al Ali will never sacrifice her desire for independence and artistic vision.