On the world map, Asia is the East. Today, Asia is more than an exotic tourist destination. It is the fastest growing economic region in the world and a land of lucrative, untapped opportunities. Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam are all growing economies. China and India continue to grow in affluence with the middle class having higher disposable incomes. The steady influx of foreign investments is expected to continue as markets in Europe reach saturation, and USA faces a cyclical recession. Firms need to find new markets to sustain their business.
Singapore's geographic position, its pool of management expertise in the corporate sector, coupled with its Western standard of living and infrastructure, English speaking population and rich Asian heritage makes it a perfect bridge for business developments between the East and the West.
Compared to the West, the security and investigations industry in Asia is still in the infant stages.
In Singapore, the Private Investigations and Security Agencies Act was only established in 1973. It is one of the few countries in Asia that the private investigations business is regulated and licensed. It is only in the last 10 years that the private investigations business in Asia has really developed in Singapore, and there is still so much more room for improvement in terms of professionalism and service standards.
Since September 11, 2001, there has been a strong push to professionalise the security industry in Singapore with the support of the government. In October 2002, Singapore heralded the National Skills Recognition System which provides a benchmark for the skills and standards of security officers engaged by security firms in Singapore. Since then, the NSRS for the security industry as evolved to a new accredited standard known as the Work Skills Qualifications.
For most parts of Asia, the security practitioners and private investigators are mainly former officials from either the police or the military. It is a second career for these officials, and their commercial experience is limited. Hence, most of the investigations work is focused on obtaining evidence of adultery for matrimonial cases.
In Asia, most of the commercial investigations work (such as pre-employment screening, insurance verification, fraud investigations, due diligence) and high level risk management assignments and others are being done by foreigners from Western nations who have the expertise and are living in Asia.
In investigations work, there is often a lot of planning involved in the operations, brainstorming of ideas, compilation of evidence gathered, information analysis, before the report is produced and submitted to the client. Different skill sets are required, depending on assignment requirements in an investigations process. It may not be always possible to train and have an in-house team with all the skills required to cater to the client's specific needs. Hence, strategic alliances are always useful for private investigators to tap the lucrative business opportunities in the market.
In the security industry, the scope extends to security manpower supply, security technology, security consultancy and security training. Each area of security is a different business. Strategic alliances can allow a security firm to offer an all under one roof service to its clients.
For both the security and private investigations industry, strategic alliances are formed to add value to service that is being provided to the client. It will also develop a unique selling point which will be the firm's competitive advantage.
For instance, strategic alliances can be formed between law firms and private investigators Private investigators can then provide clients with quality service by having an all -under one roof service from evidence gathering to legal action should they wish to pursue the matter at courts. In intellectual property matters, law firms can assist with the filing of trademarks, but private investigators will be involved in the monitoring for infringement. Security manpower firms can have strategic alliances with electronic companies selling alarms and CCTVS. This will enable clients to be able to rely on the security company to supply personnel, and organise the installation of security technological products to supplement the work of security personnel.
Through strategic alliances with suppliers such as database companies, private investigators benefit from lower costs in exchange for generating business for the database companies. Clients benefit from cheaper rates due to lower costs. This is the same for a security manpower company that conducts audits for its clients by aligning with security consultants. This is a win win situation for all parties involved.
If the private investigators or security firm pair up with a renowned partners, the positive image of these companies will also rub off on the investigations firm. For instance, in supplying manpower alone it is difficult for the security firm to project itself as an international firm due to costs of setting up an office, organise the recruitments and business capital to operate the business. However, the company can do so once it establishes strategic alliances in its targeted countries that can supply the manpower.
The operational costs for private investigators can also be reduced through joint marketing efforts with its strategic partners. Furthermore, private investigations firm also save on wages by calling on resources with specialised skills, be it for surveillance, forensic accounting, maritime specialists to work in the investigations team on a project basis when required. Similarly in security projects, strategic alliances can be saved when resources from different countries are used. For instance, we may engage a security consultant from the Philippines, security equipment supplier from India and guardforce from Malaysia, and Project Manager from Singapore for a Japanese client in Singapore.
Through strategic partners such as expertise in intellectual property, IT forensics, maritime investigations or security consultancy, firm scan bid for projects requiring the specific services in addition to their normal requirements. Hence, the scope of market for private investigators and security professionals will expand.
Strategic alliances provide a win-win situation for all stakeholders – the investigations and security firms, client and its partners.
With Asia's present booming economy, more and more businesses in the West are establishing their bases in Asia, or entering the Asian markets through various strategic alliances. Within Asia, China and India today are the hot spots for new business investments from Western industrialized nations especially the USA, UK, Australia and also more mature Asian economies like Japan, Singapore, and Korea.
To establish any strategic alliances, it has to be a proactive approach for both parties concerned. Both organizations must have the same vision and identify the value that they can offer each other with the partnership. Building a relationship before a formal agreement is encouraged. It is like a marriage. Two parties make a commitment to grow together and work towards the same goal. Hence, it is necessary to understand each other's style of working, and ascertain the compatibility, especially since in international strategic alliances, there is a greater barrier in terms of language and culture. Any potential conflicts which may arise should be identified and acknowledged. Compromises may have to be made in the process. Most importantly, both parties must have mutual trust and respect for each other.
Meeting the right partners is the first and most crucial step in developing the strategic alliance. Hence, participation in professional associations is beneficial in this regard.
A fellow member of an association is likely to share the same level of professionalism and business interests. He / she would have also gone through a vetting process to be be admitted as a member, especially for professional investigations associations such as the ASIS International, Council of International Investigators. There are also other members who will know of him / her, and can provide an opinion of the person.
Once the right partner has been identified, the next stage will be to identify the strengths and weaknesses of both parties, and ascertain how each partner can help the other grow. The areas of co-operation, and method of co-operation must be determined. The technicalities such as working arrangements must also be discussed and formalized. An action plan must be developed, and reviewed and evaluated.
Relationships are not built overnight. Similarly, successful strategic alliances cannot be expected to be established over a few meetings. Trust is an important issue and it needs to be nurtured. The strategic alliance may go through a process of trial and error, and the working terms may need to be reviewed and evaluated over a period of time.
It is important to remember that in developing a strategic alliance, it is a relationship and not a transaction that is being negotiated. Both partners are working towards the same goal – which is to maximize profitability from the business development efforts. The profits will come from the customers, and not from each other.
o What are some of the potential problems of this partnership? From my perspective? From my customers' perspective?
o Am I comfortable with the time-frame of this agreement?
o Is this agreement too narrow – or too broad? Will our partnership have room to grow? Does the agreement give my partner too much latitude?
o Does this agreement include provisions for resolving conflicts as they occur?
o Are our mutual responsibilities clearly outlined?
o Will this agreement benefit both parties?
It is always wise to have an attorney review the agreement before you sign. Always remember that no one thinks of contracts in good times. However, contracts become the bible when there are disagreements and dissatisfaction over money issues.
Globalisation has shaped the economies of today. Businesses are going international, and the opportunities for the private investigations industry remain lucrative and abundant, if we only know how to seize them.
Maj (ret) Ponno Kalastree is the Managing Director of Mainguard Security Services (S) Pte Ltd – a licensed security and private investigations firm which he established over 30 years ago when he left the Singapore Armed Forces.
Today, Mainguard is a leading player in the private security and investigations industry, specializing in corporate investigations in the South East Asia region. His clientele include some of the largest insurance companies, law firms and multinationals from the USA and Europe.
Ponno was Past Regional Vice President for Region 33 (South East Asia) for ASIS International, and he was also Chairman (2002-2003) and President (2001-2002) of the Council of International Investigators (CII), which is an elite organization comprising of top investigators from over 40 countries.


text:
Joseph Andrews Writing Style
By Henry Fielding
Rollicking, Abrupt
Yep, we said the writing style is rollicking. Think about a rollercoaster, slowly inching toward the top of the steepest drop. When you head over the edge, you're thrown around a little bit, but it's all in good fun. How does that play out in Fielding? Check out the scene where the hunting dogs tear off Parson Adams's wig and the group is thrown into chaos, for example: "[…] they began to pull him about; and had not the motion of his body had more effect on him than seemed to be wrought by the noise, they must certainly have tasted his flesh" (3.6.7). That rollicking pace is exactly what you can expect from Joseph Andrews.
But even as you're rushing along on this action-packed rollercoaster, you get jerked back and forth with a series of random events. Who'da thunk that the wig-stealing scene would end up with Adams and the crew going to dinner at the perpetrator's house? Or that Adams would be the butt of every single one of the squire's jokes?
In fact, when the story takes unexpected turns, the writing style becomes especially jerky and abrupt. Get a load of this example, when the group suddenly leaves the squire's house: "Adams and Joseph […] went out with their sticks in their hands; and carried off Fanny […]" (3.8.1). Where they'll go, nobody knows.
Book 1, Chapter 1
Book 1, Chapters 5-7
Book 1, Chapters 8-10
Book 1, Chapters 11-13
Book 2, Chapter 2-3
Book 2, Chapter 10-11
Book 4, Chapter 9-11
Foolishness and Folly
Parson Adams
Fanny Goodwill
Beau Didapper
Lady Booby
Mr. Scout
Mrs. Slipslop
The Broken Piece of Gold
The Strawberry-Shaped Birthmark
Pamela Andrews
The History of Leonora

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Another chemical test for determination of molecular weight of carbon dioxide by gas density.
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text:
[Publicpolicy] EU Policy Monitoring Report - February
Dimitar Parvanov Dimitrov
28 Feb 2018 28 Feb '18
tl;dr Actions against upload filters going on in several countries as the Council and Parliament discussions enter decisive phase. This and past reports: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/EU_policy/Monitor ========= Copyright Reform - Red Hot Upload Filters --- State of play in the Council: The upload filtering in Article 13 of the copyright reform, an idea that automatic upload filters for online platforms can solve copyright infringement issues, remains the talk of town. Wikimedia strongly opposes this idea as such filters cannot account for exceptions and fair use provisions. On the other hand, the content industries (music and film) would like to use this proposal to force user-generated content platforms into compulsory licensing deals. In the Council, the Bulgarian Presidency compromise pitch [1] that was floated in February doesn't really address our issues and, at least according to some [2], basically just reiterates the very copyright-industry-friendly French position. It really looks like the blocking minority against the general monitoring of uploads is shaky and a lot of will depend on the new German government's behaviour, the Presidencies of Bulgaria (until end of June) and Austria (from beginning of July). --- State of play in the Parliament: In the European Parliament's lead Legal Affairs committee the rapporteur Axel Voss proposed a Article 13 compromise not worthy of this name. [3] Although the upload filtering technology is not explicitly mentioned, this version would ask online platforms to prevent the availability of copyright infringing works (i.e. before they even appear), meaning that every new upload would have to be checked before it goes live. Apart from public criticism [4] and disagreement for a number of political groups, this also sparked ridicule. [5] --- Campaign in Bulgaria: As the handling of the Bulgarian Presidency of this file is currently pivotal, an Article 13 campaign was kicked off in Sofia last week [6] with a press conference. [7] The Wikimedians of Bulgaria UG, a local digital rights organisation, the National Library, a photo forum and a law repository platform are among the supporting organisations. Next steps are media participations, an event in Sofia that will discuss the technical aspects of upload filters on 23 March and a public discussion between the campaign's supporters and the collecting societies. --- Campaign in Germany: Meanwhile in Germany, the EU country with the greatest voting power, Wikimedia Deutschland, the Federation of German Consumer Organisations, Bitkom (Germany's digital business association) and many others came out with an open letter against upload filters today. [8][9] --- Campaign in Austria: Wikimedia Austria has already positioned itself publicly against the upload filters for UGC sites. [10] As the civil rights groups and digital organisations in Vienna are preparing for the Austrian Presidency of the Council of the EU, we can expect more events and public statements later this year. ========= Copyright Reform - Education & Cultural Heritage --- Education Exception: The discussions among the rapporteur and the shadow rapporteurs in the Parliament seem to be progressing. We are getting signals that a good compromise has been made in order to allow this exception to be valid independent of venue. A "non-commercial" restriction is, however, almost certainly going to be kept. --- Cultural Heritage Digitisation: Article 5 of the copyright reform aims to improve the preservation of cultural heritage of which digitisation is a main part. We have explained to all the advisors and MEPs working on this that Wikimedia is involved in GLAM digitisation collaborations and safeguarding the public domain would remove a major risk factor. There is understanding of our plea across political groups but the exact text of the compromise is still being puzzled together. Ideally, we would like to see a "no new copyright or related rights on faithful reproductions of works with expired copyright" sentence in there. ========= Tackling Illegal Content Online --- Tomorrow morning the European Commission will present its Recommendation on Measures to Effectively Tackle Illegal Content Online. A few weeks ago a draft version of the document was leaked, so we will be able to compare and see the last minute changes. [11] In September 2017, the European Commission already published a set of guidelines pushing online platforms to "voluntarily" install automated filtering. [12] Wikimedia is very critical of this approach for exactly the same reasons we oppose Article 13. It seems dishonest of the Commission to be pushing platforms into implementing such a technology "voluntarily" while a legislation containing this measure is being deliberated. ========= Wikimedia and the "Fake News" Debate --- The public policy discussions about "fake news", or, better said, the spread of disinformation will continue for the foreseeable future. As Wikipedia is a top site and we do seem to understand ourselves as the knowledge&facts folks [13], we are expected to be part of it. We are members of the EU's High Level Expert Group on Fake News [14] and have been receiving invitations to speak on this subject. [15] This being said, it would be great to come together as a community and talk about this and we believe could or should be done in more detail. The policy team is planning a relevant submission to Wikimania. Perhaps we can also touch upon the topic during this year's Big Fat Brussels Meeting (date in April to be announced in the coming days). In the meanwhile a mailing list discussion could outline the major issues. ========= [1]http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-5902-2018-INIT/en/pdf [2] http://copybuzz.com/copyright/bulgarian-presidency-worse-than-estonian-on-o… [3] https://juliareda.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/20180221-Draft-CA-on-Articl… [4] https://www.communia-association.org/2018/02/23/mep-voss-sells-freedom-expr… [5]http://whatthevoss.eu/ [6]http://article13.bg/ [7] https://www.investor.bg/web/456/a/startira-kampaniia-spri-robopoliciiata-sr… [8] https://www.vzbv.de/sites/default/files/downloads/2018/02/27/20180228_offen… [9]https://twitter.com/WikimediaDE/status/968810691590262786 [10] https://futurezone.at/netzpolitik/mit-upload-filtern-funktioniert-wikipedia… [11] https://edri.org/files/illegal_content_ec_draft_recommendation_201802.pdf [12] https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/communication-tackling-i… [13] https://blog.wikimedia.org/2017/07/17/misinformation-fake-news-censorship/ [14] https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/experts-appointed-high-l… [15]https://twitter.com/Wikimedia/status/875704749810733056
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This is a strong book that touches harsh subjects in a subtle way. The book is about Anna, who is diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. She is in a treatment facility and we follow her on her struggle against this disease. It was captivating to read the story from the perspective of someone who is suffering from anorexia.
Medical dossier: It was interesting for me to read the way the medical dossier was filled out. There are a few moments in the story where you read Anna's medical dossier. It was something that made the story all too real, and made you also realize that anorexia does so much damage to your body.
Small but beautiful: The story in itself feels small. It takes place in the same spot almost all the time, and it doesn't take that long to take place, but this felt like it fit the story. Anna's world is evolving around the anorexia and nothing more, at that point in her life. So her world is very small and I could feel it in every fiber of the book as well.
Feels raw and real: The book has so many layers. It was so interesting for me to read the book from the POV of Anna and it feels SO REAL. It doesn't feel like it's just made up by someone who thinks maybe someone with anorexia thinks this way. It felt like Anna was a real person and that this was a recollection of what happened to her.
Formatting: I don't know if this is going to be fixed (or is already fixed), since the book is coming out in 4 days, but in the format that I had, some things weren't flowing and it took away some of the reading fun for me. There are cursive letters in the book and sometimes it's something that a person says, it's something Anna thinks or it's a flashback. It was very confusing to me. It was also a bit confusing because sometimes the things people said didn't have quotation marks.
A compelling story that feels raw and real. I remember watching the documentary Emma Wants To Live. This was so heartbreaking and I remember being curious what was going on in Emma's head. I feel that I understand a bit better what people with anorexia go through. I also think for some people it's still a taboo and they feel like people with anorexia should "JUST EAT" and stop being so dramatic. I do hope those people will read this book!
"Grabbed me from the first page. If you are interested in compelling characters and/or complex issues, this is a must read."
"Heartbreaking and beautiful, a brave book, stark in its realism, yet tempered by its lyrical prose."
"The dark, ironically, makes many things far too clear."


Originally published on 3/28/18 at Forbes.
With a rash of security breaches and companies getting slapped with huge fines for mismanaging data during legal investigations, for some, the only reasonable thing to do is delete all data. The view taken by some is that if there's no data, then it can't be stolen and won't available for evidence in a lawsuit. Unfortunately, this is rarely true and likely to cost a lot more in the long run.
So what is all this data they want you to delete? It's everything. It's email, Word, Powerpoint and Excel documents, sales data, accounting, market data, personnel files, pictures, videos, utility bills, cloud services, phone activity, website data — everything.
How you collect, manage and use that data is vital to the success of your business. It will determine your costs, liabilities, exposure, profits and ability to be competitive. Data is being generated every day, every minute, every second. You've been generating it for years and it's growing fast.
In fact, data growth in the "digital universe" will be over 44 trillion gigabytes in just two years. What's more, over 780 billion text messages are sent each month, over 210 billion emails are sent every day and there are more than 883 petabytes of internet video surveillance traffic sent per month, and that doesn't include YouTube, Netflix or any other kind of video traffic.
All that data allows you to make better business decisions by using business analytics, creating models and discovering emergent properties within a system to enhance business growth. Data is the cheapest the first time it's generated. The costs of data increase the further away you get from its point of origin.
Also, keep in mind that the value of your organization's data is extremely high. This is the specific data that's unique and proprietary to your company and provides the competitive advantage that no one else has access to. Once the data is gone, it's usually gone forever or exceedingly expensive and difficult to reclaim.
If there's one thing you can count on, it's that data is going to keep growing. Data drives business and the data needs to be managed. With big data initiatives, machine learning and artificial intelligence driving business forward, finding better ways to store and manage your data is what you should be thinking of instead of deleting it.
The truth of the matter is that data management is critical to all companies no matter how much data you have. All company data is a business asset and should be managed according to your organizations business needs and legal strategy.
Reactively and haphazardly deleting data is akin to applying weed killer in your garden with a blindfold on. You'll spread it onto some of the weeds, but odds are you're going to get it all over your tomatoes too. You'll probably destroy a lot of your produce and maybe poison yourself in the process.
By managing your data well, you lower business and operational costs, reduce legal costs and exposure, create new business opportunities, increase revenue, learn from lessons of the past and provide the ammunition to make better business decisions.
Data capture, which involves generating and acquiring data.
Data storage, which is for every day and archival use.
Data utilization, which focuses on analytics, synthesis, reporting, forecasting, communicating, etc.
Data protection, which provides you with backups and security.
The view that you should delete data comes from the belief that keeping data is risky, expensive and difficult to do. Let's take a look.
It's risky. Every company should have good processes, procedures, training and technology in place for all of its data. So long as that's in place, maintaining more data is no more or less risky than maintaining less data.
It's expensive. The costs of data storage are going down every year. For hard drives, they've gone from $277 per gigabyte in 1995 to $0.02 in 2017. For tape, it's even cheaper, costing just $0.0089 per gigabyte in 2016.
It's difficult. I don't know what to say here. If your job is too difficult, maybe it's time to find another line of work. Just because something is difficult doesn't mean it shouldn't be done. In fact, that's when the work becomes most interesting.
There is great value in data and can be a tremendous advantage if managed and utilized well. If it's not, then it will become a huge impediment for your business.
Do you have thoughts that you'd like to share? Let me know in the comments below. I'd love to hear from you.


Survivors of the 2015 terrorist attack in San Bernardino are fighting with the county to get approval for medications and treatments their doctors say are necessary — and in the process exposing California's workers' compensation system to a new round of national scrutiny.
Eighteen county workers who were at the Inland Regional Center on the morning of Dec. 2, 2015, have already filed claims for physical or psychological injuries sustained after a colleague and his wife fired more than 100 rounds, killing 14 and injuring 22 more. The county anticipates another 36 workers will file claims, according to the agenda for a closed-session meeting held Monday, when the Board of Supervisors discussed work comp claims stemming from the attack.
After Monday's meeting, James C. Ramos, chairman of the Board of Supervisors, issued a statement that tacitly acknowledges problems administering claims filed by the survivors. But the statement also suggests that the county has done all that it could do, and it is the treating physicians who are ultimately responsible for the numerous utilization review denials reported by the workers and their attorneys.
San Bernardino County is self-insured and administers its own claims.
The workers' compensation system includes procedures to review treatment requests and "required documentation of treatment," Ramos said. Many of the concerns expressed by workers, who say they were cut off from anti-anxiety medications, pain medications, physical therapy and psychological care, "stem from the county not receiving supporting documentation from the employees' providers," he said.
David Wert, public information officer for the county, did not respond to requests for comment from WorkCompCentral.
Julie Swann-Paez, who was shot twice in the pelvis during the attack, said she doesn't see how expediting requests for authorization will address what she and her colleagues see as spurious denials of care.
Paez said the county terminated her physical therapy in April. The utilization review decision indicated that medical treatment guidelines said she needed 18 physical therapy visits for a hip fracture. And the decision also noted a lack of documentation indicating she was working toward meeting the goals of the physical therapy program or that the additional visits would benefit her.
She said the denial of physical therapy was the biggest issue for her, but it's not the only problem she has had getting approval.
In August, Paez was scheduled to undergo two surgeries. The first was to reverse a colostomy and the second to do a bone graft of her pelvis and shave down a bone that was growing into her bladder.
The first procedure lasted eight hours with surgeons spending most of the time removing scar tissue. During the second procedure, surgeons accidentally cut into her bladder.
"So instead of a bone graft, it turned into emergency bladder repair, and I got a parting gift of a catheter and everything," she said.
She said that while she was in the hospital, the county refused to authorize stronger medications for post-operative pain. The county said she already had a prescription for narcotic pain relievers and didn't need anything stronger than what she was already receiving.
Paez said she understands the concerns surrounding narcotics, but says there was nothing in her case file that indicates she was likely to abuse the drugs. She also says she was assigned a nurse case manager who also didn't understand why the county would refuse to authorize pain medication.
Another time, Paez said she ended up spending a weekend in the hospital because her doctor could not find someone to authorize a prescription for an antibiotic. She said doctors discovered an infection on a Wednesday and started her on broad spectrum antibiotics pending the result of a culture. When the results from the test came back on Friday and her doctor tried to ask for approval for a drug to target the specific strain of bacteria causing the infection, there was no one in the county's risk management department to provide authorization.
Paez said she doesn't believe the county's excuse that it doesn't have records or that it has to abide utilization review determinations.
She said she's trying to stay optimistic and upbeat, and would like to believe that the county just made a number of mistakes that it will rectify as the denials have started to garner attention from national outlets, including the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal. She said she has to believe that the denials are just indicative of mismanagement, because the alternative is worse.
Paez is now represented by applicants' law firm Rowan Gurvey & Win, but she says she never intended to hire an attorney. From December until sometime in March, she said the county was approving treatment requested by her doctor, and she thought that was going to continue.
Her attorney, Alan Gurvey, said in an email on Tuesday that the bureaucratic nightmare of utilization review is a hindrance to the recovery of all injured workers.
Geraldine Ly, an applicants' attorney in Santa Ana who is representing nine other survivors of the attack, said she sees San Bernardino as a microcosm for California's entire workers' compensation system.
Ly said the county would approve just six physical therapy visits for one of her clients who was shot in the leg because it said additional treatment would not improve her pain. The county refused to authorize treatment with a psychologist for another client, because that person was already being treated by a psychiatrist who submitted the request, she said.
"The dysfunctional workers' compensation system now allows them to punt to these UR doctors, who are paid by them to review these cases," she said. "But they shouldn't punt. They do have the authority to authorize these requests without sending them to UR"


text:
\section{\label{sec:level1}Introduction}

Light-matter interactions play an important role in our understanding of material interactions across most of science, from how viruses function to the properties of matter at the centre of gas giant planets. The material properties that can be observed depend critically upon the form of the light used: wavelength, intensity, temporal duration etc. Much research is therefore devoted to improving upon, or developing new forms of light, that can access previously unobserved material properties.

Increasing attention is being given to light with helical wave-fronts, as its transverse phase rotation means the light carries orbital angular momentum (OAM). This OAM is distinct from the  spin momentum of the light and can be significantly greater, allowing another dimension of light-matter interactions to be explored and utilised. Allen \textit{et al.}~\cite{allen1992orbital} was first to recognise OAM is a property belonging to light with an azimuthal phase dependence given by $\exp{i\ell\phi}$, where $\phi$ is the azimuthal angle and $\ell$ the mode index.
Since publication of this seminal paper in 1992, there has been significant research interest in the scientific applications of this light which has benefited numerous fields~\cite{padgett2017orbital} such as imaging~\cite{https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.200900047, Furhapter:05} and communication~\cite{Willner:15}. As OAM can be exchanged with atoms and molecules, there has also been great interest in the study of OAM light with matter~\cite{sym13081368, PhysRevLett.96.243001, PhysRevLett.89.143601, PhysRevA.83.065801,NJP:2010}. This is being further developed by investigating new methods to generate OAM light pulses that can interact with matter at its fundamental spatial (X-ray wavelengths) and temporal (attosecond) scales \cite{Lloyd_Hughes_2021, Shi_2020, Biegert_2021, PhysRevLett.126.117201}.

There has been specific interest in the generation of pulses of OAM light at XUV and X-ray wavelengths due to predicted experimental applications~\cite{PhysRevLett.98.157401,  patchkovskii2012high}. To meet this need, short individual pulses and trains of pulses have been generated at XUV using high harmonic generation~\cite{dorney2019controlling, PhysRevLett.113.153901,PhysRevLett.111.083602,wang2019intense}. Although these methods are predicted to work into the soft X-ray, this is yet to be demonstrated.
OAM light can be generated by manipulating the phase profile of Gaussian beams with $l=0$ using optical elements which convert the light phase. These   require precise fabrication which can be particularly challenging at shorter wavelengths, although elements which work at XUV and X-ray wavelengths are becoming increasingly available~\cite{PhysRevSTAB.13.030701}. However, these optical elements are not tuneable, so different elements are required at different wavelengths.  Such conventional optical elements can also pose a barrier to the rate at which the OAM mode of the light can be controlled. Routine OAM switching optics, such as spatial light modulators, only achieve a mode switching rate in the kHz range, although this could possibly be improved on with more complex techniques.

In recent developments at short wavelengths, a temporal variation in the OAM of a light beam (a `self-torqued' beam) has been achieved using harmonic generation~\cite{rego2019generation} and opens up another new branch of potential applications.

Free Electron Lasers (FELs) provide a method for generating intense OAM light without the need for additional optical elements. There has been significant progress in the generation of light with OAM in a FEL including experimental demonstration~\cite{PhysRevX.7.031036,Hemsing2013} and the proposed combination of OAM modes to generate Poincar\'e X-ray beams~\cite{Morgan_2020}. However, current FEL studies have not yet considered the detailed control of the temporal properties of the OAM light.

In this article, a new method is proposed to use a FEL to generate high power, X-ray OAM light with attosecond intensity modulation. The approach uses a FEL `afterburner' configuration~\cite{PhysRevSTAB.13.030701}. This consists of a main FEL lasing section that first develops a strongly modulated electron beam micro-bunching which is then injected into  the helical undulator afterburner where the attosecond timescale, temporally modulated OAM light is generated.  A small modification to this approach, the addition of a second afterburner undulator, allows the generation of light pulses which alternate between $l = \pm 1$ OAM modes, again at attosecond timescales. The alternation of OAM light at such fast timescales and short wavelengths would be the first time such output would be available for users.

\section{Orbital Angular Momentum From Relativistic Electron Beams}

OAM was shown to be carried by the harmonic radiation emitted from electrons propagating in a spiral path through a helical undulator~\cite{sasaki2008proposal, SASAKI200743}. The light is characterised by the OAM index:
\begin{equation}
 \ell=\pm(h-1).
\end{equation}
Here, $h$ is the harmonic number and the mode index $\ell$, is sign dependent upon the handedness of the undulator. This theoretical work was subsequently experimentally corroborated with OAM demonstrated to be carried by both incoherent and coherent undulator radiation~\cite{PhysRevX.7.031036, PhysRevLett.113.134803}.
Many methods have been proposed to generate OAM light with relativistic electron beams. Some methods do not require emission at the harmonics~\cite{Hemsing2013,PhysRevLett.112.203602} while another method is to simply filter out the harmonic OAM emission from a helical undulator.

Here, a FEL afterburner arrangement is used ~\cite{Hemsing2013,PhysRevLett.110.104801} in which a FEL amplifier first bunches the electron beam before it is propagated into a downstream helical undulator, the afterburner, where the OAM light emission takes place. The pre-prepared electron bunching is at the second harmonic of the helical undulator afterburner resonance and generates the coherent harmonic emission of radiation which carries the desired OAM.

\section{Generation of light pulses with alternating OAM}

A method is now proposed to generate a train of ultra-short light pulses with alternating OAM of $\ell=+1, -1, +1,...$. The method uses a similar setup as the 2nd harmonic helical undulator OAM afterburner, but with an electron beam prepared so that its micro-bunching is modulated into a periodic comb structure. This can be obtained by using an energy modulated electron beam in the first FEL amplifier that induces the electron micro-bunching. When emitting in a short helical afterburner undulator, the modulated micro-bunching of the electron beam causes emission of a train of coherent OAM light pulses spaced at the modulation frequency, in a  similar way to that described in~\cite{PhysRevLett.110.104801}. If a second OAM afterburner undulator, with the same tuning but opposite handedness as the first, is added, a second interweaving light pulse train can be superimposed so that the final light generated alternates between OAM mode pulses of approximately the same power.

\subsection{Modulating the electron beam micro-bunching \label{SectMod}}

When a relativistic electron beam is prepared with a sinusoidal energy modulation, $\gamma(t)=\gamma_0+\gamma_m\cos({\omega_m t})$, the energy gradients about the mean energy $\gamma_0$ `spoil' the FEL interaction there. No seeding of the FEL is required and the process starts up from noise.  If the modulation amplitude, $\gamma_m$, is sufficiently large,  the only regions that develop any significant electron FEL micro-bunching are about the minima of the energy modulated beam~\cite{PhysRevLett.110.104801}. After a preparatory process in a FEL amplifier, the energy modulated electron beam  has regions of relatively high micro-bunching separated by the modulation period $\lambda_m=2\pi / \omega_m$.

When the electron beam with modulated electron micro-bunching structure is propagated through a short OAM afterburner undulator module, the power of the coherent OAM light it radiates has the same modulation period.

The modulation in the temporal power profile of the radiation corresponds to a frequency spectrum which is broader than the typical FEL output and is discretized into frequency modes. To examine the effect of this on OAM mode purity we first present analysis of the spectral output of a single undulator module. Following this, simulations of the method to generate pulse trains of OAM light, as well as pulse trains with alternating OAM, are presented.

\subsection{\label{section: single undulator spectrum} Spontaneous emission spectrum of a single undulator module}

To examine the OAM content of a helical undulator at the second harmonic, the far field radiation emitted by a single electron propagating in a helical undulator~\cite{PhysRevAccelBeams.23.020703} is multiplied by the term $\exp (-\sigma_x^2 \omega^2 / c^2\sin^2\theta)$, which captures the restriction imposed by the beam's transverse dimensions on the angle of emission $\theta$. A Gaussian transverse profile is assumed, where $\sigma_x$ is the rms beam radius. The radiation spectrum is then considered in terms of OAM content. Fig.~\ref{Spectrum for different Nu} plots the radiation spectrum decomposed into different OAM modes (as in~\cite{Hemsing2013}) for different number of undulator periods, $N_u$. An undulator parameter of $a_u>1$ is used, increasing the fractional power emitted into the $\ell=1$ mode~\cite{PhysRevAccelBeams.23.020703}.

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{1a.png}
    \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{1b.png}
    \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{1c.png}
    \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{1d.png}
    \caption{Spectrum of helical undulator radiation for different number of undulator periods $N_u = 9, 12, 18, 22$ with $a_u=2.634$, $\lambda_u=3.9$cm, $\gamma=7869$ and $\sigma_x=26 \mathrm{\mu m}$.}
    \label{Spectrum for different Nu}
\end{figure}

It can be seen that undulators with a lower number of periods $N_u$,  have significant emission into the fundamental Gaussian mode with $\ell=0$. For a long electron beam bunched uniformly at the second harmonic, the bunching picks out a narrow region of the FEL bandwidth about the peak of the $\ell=1$ emission. There is therefore little emission into the Gaussian mode when the micro-bunching structure is not modulated as assumed in the simple OAM afterburner.

When the electron beam micro-bunching is modulated to have a comb structure, as described in Section \ref{SectMod}, then radiation pulses are generated at the modulation period. For a small number of undulator periods $N_u$, it can be seen from Fig.~\ref{Spectrum for different Nu} that a significant fraction of the power can be emitted off-resonance into the $\ell=0$ mode. Increasing $N_u$ both increases the relative fraction of power in the $\ell=1$ mode, and decreases the  bandwidth with FWHM spectral width of harmonic, $h$ given by:
\begin{equation}\label{FWHMfrequency}
   \Delta \omega_{h}=\frac{0.88}{hN_u}\omega_h(\theta),
\end{equation}
where $\omega_h(\theta)$ is the peak of the spectrum.

\section{Numerical Simulations}

Using the FEL simulation code Puffin~\cite{campbell2012puffin, puffinUpdate}, the generation of OAM pulse trains in the soft X-ray is demonstrated. Fig \ref{fig:schematic} shows a schematic of the layout used to generate two different types of pulse trains: a) each pulse has an OAM with index of $\ell=1$; and b)  the pulses have an OAM index that alternates between $\ell=\pm 1$.

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \vspace{0.05cm}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Hold_figure_schematic5.png}
    \caption

    The electron's energy is modulated before injection into an amplifier undulator where the electron beam develops a similarly modulated micro-bunching structure. A pulse train of radiation carrying OAM radiation is then emitted in the short helical afterburner tuned to the second harmonic of the electron micro-bunching. In $a)$ a single helical undulator afterburner will produce a single handed OAM pulse train, while in $b)$ a second undulator with opposite handedness is added. The pulse trains emitted within each afterburner can then be made to alternate spatially, resulting in the generation of OAM pulses that alternate between $\ell=\pm 1$. }
    \label{fig:schematic}
\end{figure}

The method is modeled using parameters inspired by the LCLS-II project at SLAC~\cite{LCLSIIScience}. A $40$ fs long electron beam is considered with a flat top beam current profile and current $I=1$~kA. The energy is $4\ \mathrm{GeV}$ and the radius and emittance are  $\sigma_x=22\ \mathrm{\mu m}$ and $\epsilon _{x,y}= 3.5\  \mathrm{mm-mrad}$ respectively.

\subsection{OAM pulse train generation}
The electron beam is first prepared in a seeded undulator modulator to give it an energy modulation of amplitude ${\gamma_m/\gamma_0}=0.0014\approx \rho$ (where $\rho$ is the  FEL parameter ~\cite{SASE})
 and period  $\lambda_m= 100\ \mathrm{nm}$. This relatively long wavelength energy modulation is imposed as initial conditions on the electron beam without the need for simulations (it is relatively easy to achieve such modulation as detailed in~\cite{starttoend, doi:10.1063/1.3605027}.)

The energy modulated electron beam is then micro-bunched in a planar undulator FEL amplifier with rms undulator parameter $\bar{a}_u=1.72$, period $\lambda_u =3.9$~cm and at the resonant wavelength $\lambda_r=1.25\ \mathrm{nm}$. The micro-bunching at the resonant wavelength occurs at the minima of the energy modulations where the gain is greater. Fig.~\ref{fig:Bunching comb} shows the bunching structure which has been established at the end of the FEL amplifier. The regions of the electron beam with high electron bunching will emit coherently in the afterburner so that a modulation in the electron bunching parameter leads to a corresponding modulation in the  radiation intensity.

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \vspace{0.75cm}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Bunchingbeforeafterburner.png}

    \caption{Electron bunching parameter ($0 < |b| < 1$) as a function of relative time for a section of electron beam captured near the end of the FEL amplifier.}
    \label{fig:Bunching comb}

\end{figure}

The first amplifier stage has a small reverse taper in the undulator parameter $\bar{a}_u$~\cite{PhysRevSTAB.16.110702}. This reduces the intensity of radiation emitted by the electrons without any significant reduction to the electron bunching at $\lambda_r$. In addition to using a reverse taper to suppress the radiation output from the modulator section, a small steering of the electron beam away from it before entry into the afterburner sections can also be used.
In the simulations presented here, the steering of the electron beam is not modeled explicitly - the radiation generated in the modulator is simply removed before injection into the afterburner sections.

Following the preparation of the $4$~GeV electron beam, with a  micro-bunching at $1.25$~nm modulated at $\lambda_m=100$ nm, it is then injected into the afterburner section where the OAM output is generated. The first undulator module is a right-handed helical undulator with $\bar{a}_u=2.634$, $\lambda_u=3.9$~cm and $N_u=20$. The fundamental resonant wavelength is then $\lambda_1=2.5$~nm, so that the electrons are micro-bunched at the 2nd harmonic. The relative propagation distance, or `slippage', of a wavefront through the electrons is then $N_u\lambda_1=\lambda_m/2$, one half of the electron beam modulation period.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:OAM_pulse_train} it is seen that the modulated micro-bunching of the electron beam at the 2nd harmonic of resonant wavelength on the helical afterburner emits a pulse train of OAM light of mode $\ell=1$ and wavelength $\lambda_{OAM}=1.25$~nm. Each pulse has a FWHM pulse duration of $\tau\approx 167$~as, approximately 40 optical cycles corresponding to twice the number of helical undulator periods.

It is seen that in addition to the OAM emission there is also some coherent emission into the $\ell=0$ mode. This emission is expected due to the relatively short length of the afterburner undulators needed to produce short pulses as discussed in section \ref{section: single undulator spectrum}. The length of the undulator is fixed to generate  a specific pulse length. However, reducing the crossectional radius of the electron beam is one method that will increase the emission into the OAM mode.

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \vspace{0.75cm}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{TotalPowerVsZ23.png}

    \caption{Temporal plot of the radiation power output from the $\ell=1$ helical afterburner decomposed into OAM modes. The radiation wavelength $\lambda_{OAM}\approx 1.25$~nm and the pulse FWHM durations are $\tau \approx 40\; \lambda_{OAM}/c=167$~as.}
    \label{fig:OAM_pulse_train}

\end{figure}

\subsection{Time Varying OAM}

A left-handed helical undulator is now added to the right-handed afterburner (see Fig~\ref{fig:schematic}~b)) with the same length and tuning. Previous versions of this crossed undulator configuration have been used to enable polarization control at the fundamental~\cite{ferrari2019free, deng2014polarization}, spatially varying polarization~\cite{PhysRevAccelBeams.22.110705} and the generation of Poincar\'e beams~\cite{Morgan_2020}. Recently, crossed undulators have been proposed as a method to modulate the polarization much in the same way we alternate the OAM here~\cite{PhysRevAccelBeams.24.010701, PhysRevAccelBeams.23.120701}.

The additional undulator emits a second pulse train with OAM mode $\ell=-1$. The slippage in the first undulator means that this $\ell=-1$ pulse train is shifted relative to the first by half a modulation period.  The combined pulse train from the two afterburners then consists of a sequence  of pulses that alternate between $\ell=1$ left-hand circularly polarized light  and $\ell=-1$ and right-hand circularly polarized light. Fig.~\ref{fig:alternating_OAM} shows the power radiation pulse train after the second afterburner decomposed into the different OAM modes. The individual pulses have the same pulse length, $\tau_p=167$, as before. The time between pulse peaks is also $167$ as, corresponding to a switching rate of $6$~PHz.

The intensity profile and phase of the radiation of an $\ell=1$ and $\ell=-1$ is shown in Fig~\ref{fig:alternating_OAM_phase}. The intensity (averaged over a single spike) shows the typical OAM `doughnut' profile in the transverse plane. The phase of the radiation is captured near the intensity peaks of two neighboring radiation spikes. There is a clear azimuthal phase distribution which changes handedness in the $167$~as interval between snapshots.

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{TotalPowerVsZ2alternate.png}
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{S3Vst.png}
    \caption{(top) Power Vs relative time at the end of the afterburner for FEL radiation decomposed into OAM different modes.(bottom) Stokes parameter $s_3$ vs time.}
    \label{fig:alternating_OAM}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centering
    \begin{minipage}{0.24\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{IntensityAveragedOverPulseat2357.png}
    \end{minipage}\hfill
    \begin{minipage}{0.24\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{PhaseXfeild2516.png}
       \end{minipage}\hfill
    \begin{minipage}{0.24\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{IntensityAveragedOverPulseat2683.png}
    \end{minipage}\hfill
    \begin{minipage}{0.24\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{PhaseXfeild2683.png}
           \end{minipage}\hfill
    \caption{(Left) Pulse intensity averaged over a single pulse and (right) instantaneous phase for the pulses found as relative times (top) $t=2516$ as and (bottom) $t=2683$ as in Fig~\ref{fig:alternating_OAM}.  }

    \label{fig:alternating_OAM_phase}
\end{figure}

Also included in the Fig.~\ref{fig:alternating_OAM} is the normalized Stokes parameter for circular polarization

\begin{equation}
    s_3 = \frac{|E_R|^2-|E_L|^2}{|E_R|^2+|E_L|^2} ,
\end{equation}

The polarization of the light alternates along with the OAM mode. This then provides an interesting case as the polarization rotates in the same direction as the OAM. The total angular momentum contribution from the OAM plus the spin momentum add and therefore the pulse train alternates between total angular momentum $\pm 2\hbar$. We also note that tuning one of the afterburner undulators so that emission is at the fundamental frequency will produce pulses with no OAM. This $\ell=0$ mode will be emitted from helical and planar undulators and thus a variety of OAM and spin combinations are available.

If OAM pulses with only one polarization are required, a linear polarizer which will filter out one linear polarization component may be a solution. Filtering out linear polarization corresponding to the polarization of the amplifying FEL section would also help ensure light emitted in this section does not interfere with the final pulse train delivered to experiment.

\section{Conclusion}

Ultra-fast manipulation of the temporal properties of FEL generated OAM light have been proposed and simulated for the first time. The method can be used to generate a pulse train of light carrying OAM and also alternate the handedness of the OAM at ultra-fast timescales. It was shown that the temporal profile of OAM radiation emitted from electrons can be controlled by tailoring the structure of micro-bunching  in the electron beam. In addition, since the handedness of the OAM is determined by the magnetic undulator and not external optics, FELs are uniquely positioned to offer ultra-fast flipping of OAM handedness at X-ray wavelengths. As the method uses a relatively simple afterburner configuration, it is relatively cost effective to implement at existing FEL facilities.

\section{Acknowledgments}

The authors would like to thank E. Hemsing for providing useful comments in the preparation of this paper.
This work was supported by U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515 and Award No. 2021-SLAC-100732.
We are grateful to funding from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (Agreement Number 4163192 Release\#3); ARCHIEWeSt HPC, EPSRC grant EP/K000586/1; EPSRC Grant EP/M011607/1; John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC) on JUROPA at J\"ulich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), project HHH20.

\providecommand{\noopsort}[1]{}\providecommand{\singleletter}[1]{#1}%
\providecommand{\newblock}{}

\section{\label{sec:level1}Introduction}

Light-matter interactions play an important role in our understanding of material interactions across most of science, from how viruses function to the properties of matter at the centre of gas giant planets. The material properties that can be observed depend critically upon the form of the light used: wavelength, intensity, temporal duration etc. Much research is therefore devoted to improving upon, or developing new forms of light, that can access previously unobserved material properties.

Increasing attention is being given to light with helical wave-fronts, as its transverse phase rotation means the light carries orbital angular momentum (OAM). This OAM is distinct from the  spin momentum of the light and can be significantly greater, allowing another dimension of light-matter interactions to be explored and utilised. Allen \textit{et al.}~\cite{allen1992orbital} was first to recognise OAM is a property belonging to light with an azimuthal phase dependence given by $\exp{i\ell\phi}$, where $\phi$ is the azimuthal angle and $\ell$ the mode index.
Since publication of this seminal paper in 1992, there has been significant research interest in the scientific applications of this light which has benefited numerous fields~\cite{padgett2017orbital} such as imaging~\cite{https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.200900047, Furhapter:05} and communication~\cite{Willner:15}. As OAM can be exchanged with atoms and molecules, there has also been great interest in the study of OAM light with matter~\cite{sym13081368, PhysRevLett.96.243001, PhysRevLett.89.143601, PhysRevA.83.065801,NJP:2010}. This is being further developed by investigating new methods to generate OAM light pulses that can interact with matter at its fundamental spatial (X-ray wavelengths) and temporal (attosecond) scales \cite{Lloyd_Hughes_2021, Shi_2020, Biegert_2021, PhysRevLett.126.117201}.

There has been specific interest in the generation of pulses of OAM light at XUV and X-ray wavelengths due to predicted experimental applications~\cite{PhysRevLett.98.157401,  patchkovskii2012high}. To meet this need, short individual pulses and trains of pulses have been generated at XUV using high harmonic generation~\cite{dorney2019controlling, PhysRevLett.113.153901,PhysRevLett.111.083602,wang2019intense}. Although these methods are predicted to work into the soft X-ray, this is yet to be demonstrated.
OAM light can be generated by manipulating the phase profile of Gaussian beams with $l=0$ using optical elements which convert the light phase. These   require precise fabrication which can be particularly challenging at shorter wavelengths, although elements which work at XUV and X-ray wavelengths are becoming increasingly available~\cite{PhysRevSTAB.13.030701}. However, these optical elements are not tuneable, so different elements are required at different wavelengths.  Such conventional optical elements can also pose a barrier to the rate at which the OAM mode of the light can be controlled. Routine OAM switching optics, such as spatial light modulators, only achieve a mode switching rate in the kHz range, although this could possibly be improved on with more complex techniques.

In recent developments at short wavelengths, a temporal variation in the OAM of a light beam (a `self-torqued' beam) has been achieved using harmonic generation~\cite{rego2019generation} and opens up another new branch of potential applications.

Free Electron Lasers (FELs) provide a method for generating intense OAM light without the need for additional optical elements. There has been significant progress in the generation of light with OAM in a FEL including experimental demonstration~\cite{PhysRevX.7.031036,Hemsing2013} and the proposed combination of OAM modes to generate Poincar\'e X-ray beams~\cite{Morgan_2020}. However, current FEL studies have not yet considered the detailed control of the temporal properties of the OAM light.

In this article, a new method is proposed to use a FEL to generate high power, X-ray OAM light with attosecond intensity modulation. The approach uses a FEL `afterburner' configuration~\cite{PhysRevSTAB.13.030701}. This consists of a main FEL lasing section that first develops a strongly modulated electron beam micro-bunching which is then injected into  the helical undulator afterburner where the attosecond timescale, temporally modulated OAM light is generated.  A small modification to this approach, the addition of a second afterburner undulator, allows the generation of light pulses which alternate between $l = \pm 1$ OAM modes, again at attosecond timescales. The alternation of OAM light at such fast timescales and short wavelengths would be the first time such output would be available for users.

\section{Orbital Angular Momentum From Relativistic Electron Beams}

OAM was shown to be carried by the harmonic radiation emitted from electrons propagating in a spiral path through a helical undulator~\cite{sasaki2008proposal, SASAKI200743}. The light is characterised by the OAM index:
\begin{equation}
 \ell=\pm(h-1).
\end{equation}
Here, $h$ is the harmonic number and the mode index $\ell$, is sign dependent upon the handedness of the undulator. This theoretical work was subsequently experimentally corroborated with OAM demonstrated to be carried by both incoherent and coherent undulator radiation~\cite{PhysRevX.7.031036, PhysRevLett.113.134803}.
Many methods have been proposed to generate OAM light with relativistic electron beams. Some methods do not require emission at the harmonics~\cite{Hemsing2013,PhysRevLett.112.203602} while another method is to simply filter out the harmonic OAM emission from a helical undulator.

Here, a FEL afterburner arrangement is used ~\cite{Hemsing2013,PhysRevLett.110.104801} in which a FEL amplifier first bunches the electron beam before it is propagated into a downstream helical undulator, the afterburner, where the OAM light emission takes place. The pre-prepared electron bunching is at the second harmonic of the helical undulator afterburner resonance and generates the coherent harmonic emission of radiation which carries the desired OAM.

\section{Generation of light pulses with alternating OAM}

A method is now proposed to generate a train of ultra-short light pulses with alternating OAM of $\ell=+1, -1, +1,...$. The method uses a similar setup as the 2nd harmonic helical undulator OAM afterburner, but with an electron beam prepared so that its micro-bunching is modulated into a periodic comb structure. This can be obtained by using an energy modulated electron beam in the first FEL amplifier that induces the electron micro-bunching. When emitting in a short helical afterburner undulator, the modulated micro-bunching of the electron beam causes emission of a train of coherent OAM light pulses spaced at the modulation frequency, in a  similar way to that described in~\cite{PhysRevLett.110.104801}. If a second OAM afterburner undulator, with the same tuning but opposite handedness as the first, is added, a second interweaving light pulse train can be superimposed so that the final light generated alternates between OAM mode pulses of approximately the same power.

\subsection{Modulating the electron beam micro-bunching \label{SectMod}}

When a relativistic electron beam is prepared with a sinusoidal energy modulation, $\gamma(t)=\gamma_0+\gamma_m\cos({\omega_m t})$, the energy gradients about the mean energy $\gamma_0$ `spoil' the FEL interaction there. No seeding of the FEL is required and the process starts up from noise.  If the modulation amplitude, $\gamma_m$, is sufficiently large,  the only regions that develop any significant electron FEL micro-bunching are about the minima of the energy modulated beam~\cite{PhysRevLett.110.104801}. After a preparatory process in a FEL amplifier, the energy modulated electron beam  has regions of relatively high micro-bunching separated by the modulation period $\lambda_m=2\pi / \omega_m$.

When the electron beam with modulated electron micro-bunching structure is propagated through a short OAM afterburner undulator module, the power of the coherent OAM light it radiates has the same modulation period.

The modulation in the temporal power profile of the radiation corresponds to a frequency spectrum which is broader than the typical FEL output and is discretized into frequency modes. To examine the effect of this on OAM mode purity we first present analysis of the spectral output of a single undulator module. Following this, simulations of the method to generate pulse trains of OAM light, as well as pulse trains with alternating OAM, are presented.

\subsection{\label{section: single undulator spectrum} Spontaneous emission spectrum of a single undulator module}

To examine the OAM content of a helical undulator at the second harmonic, the far field radiation emitted by a single electron propagating in a helical undulator~\cite{PhysRevAccelBeams.23.020703} is multiplied by the term $\exp (-\sigma_x^2 \omega^2 / c^2\sin^2\theta)$, which captures the restriction imposed by the beam's transverse dimensions on the angle of emission $\theta$. A Gaussian transverse profile is assumed, where $\sigma_x$ is the rms beam radius. The radiation spectrum is then considered in terms of OAM content. Fig.~\ref{Spectrum for different Nu} plots the radiation spectrum decomposed into different OAM modes (as in~\cite{Hemsing2013}) for different number of undulator periods, $N_u$. An undulator parameter of $a_u>1$ is used, increasing the fractional power emitted into the $\ell=1$ mode~\cite{PhysRevAccelBeams.23.020703}.

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{1a.png}
    \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{1b.png}
    \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{1c.png}
    \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{1d.png}
    \caption{Spectrum of helical undulator radiation for different number of undulator periods $N_u = 9, 12, 18, 22$ with $a_u=2.634$, $\lambda_u=3.9$cm, $\gamma=7869$ and $\sigma_x=26 \mathrm{\mu m}$.}
    \label{Spectrum for different Nu}
\end{figure}

It can be seen that undulators with a lower number of periods $N_u$,  have significant emission into the fundamental Gaussian mode with $\ell=0$. For a long electron beam bunched uniformly at the second harmonic, the bunching picks out a narrow region of the FEL bandwidth about the peak of the $\ell=1$ emission. There is therefore little emission into the Gaussian mode when the micro-bunching structure is not modulated as assumed in the simple OAM afterburner.

When the electron beam micro-bunching is modulated to have a comb structure, as described in Section \ref{SectMod}, then radiation pulses are generated at the modulation period. For a small number of undulator periods $N_u$, it can be seen from Fig.~\ref{Spectrum for different Nu} that a significant fraction of the power can be emitted off-resonance into the $\ell=0$ mode. Increasing $N_u$ both increases the relative fraction of power in the $\ell=1$ mode, and decreases the  bandwidth with FWHM spectral width of harmonic, $h$ given by:
\begin{equation}\label{FWHMfrequency}
   \Delta \omega_{h}=\frac{0.88}{hN_u}\omega_h(\theta),
\end{equation}
where $\omega_h(\theta)$ is the peak of the spectrum.

\section{Numerical Simulations}

Using the FEL simulation code Puffin~\cite{campbell2012puffin, puffinUpdate}, the generation of OAM pulse trains in the soft X-ray is demonstrated. Fig \ref{fig:schematic} shows a schematic of the layout used to generate two different types of pulse trains: a) each pulse has an OAM with index of $\ell=1$; and b)  the pulses have an OAM index that alternates between $\ell=\pm 1$.

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \vspace{0.05cm}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Hold_figure_schematic5.png}
    \caption

    The electron's energy is modulated before injection into an amplifier undulator where the electron beam develops a similarly modulated micro-bunching structure. A pulse train of radiation carrying OAM radiation is then emitted in the short helical afterburner tuned to the second harmonic of the electron micro-bunching. In $a)$ a single helical undulator afterburner will produce a single handed OAM pulse train, while in $b)$ a second undulator with opposite handedness is added. The pulse trains emitted within each afterburner can then be made to alternate spatially, resulting in the generation of OAM pulses that alternate between $\ell=\pm 1$. }
    \label{fig:schematic}
\end{figure}

The method is modeled using parameters inspired by the LCLS-II project at SLAC~\cite{LCLSIIScience}. A $40$ fs long electron beam is considered with a flat top beam current profile and current $I=1$~kA. The energy is $4\ \mathrm{GeV}$ and the radius and emittance are  $\sigma_x=22\ \mathrm{\mu m}$ and $\epsilon _{x,y}= 3.5\  \mathrm{mm-mrad}$ respectively.

\subsection{OAM pulse train generation}
The electron beam is first prepared in a seeded undulator modulator to give it an energy modulation of amplitude ${\gamma_m/\gamma_0}=0.0014\approx \rho$ (where $\rho$ is the  FEL parameter ~\cite{SASE})
 and period  $\lambda_m= 100\ \mathrm{nm}$. This relatively long wavelength energy modulation is imposed as initial conditions on the electron beam without the need for simulations (it is relatively easy to achieve such modulation as detailed in~\cite{starttoend, doi:10.1063/1.3605027}.)

The energy modulated electron beam is then micro-bunched in a planar undulator FEL amplifier with rms undulator parameter $\bar{a}_u=1.72$, period $\lambda_u =3.9$~cm and at the resonant wavelength $\lambda_r=1.25\ \mathrm{nm}$. The micro-bunching at the resonant wavelength occurs at the minima of the energy modulations where the gain is greater. Fig.~\ref{fig:Bunching comb} shows the bunching structure which has been established at the end of the FEL amplifier. The regions of the electron beam with high electron bunching will emit coherently in the afterburner so that a modulation in the electron bunching parameter leads to a corresponding modulation in the  radiation intensity.

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \vspace{0.75cm}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Bunchingbeforeafterburner.png}

    \caption{Electron bunching parameter ($0 < |b| < 1$) as a function of relative time for a section of electron beam captured near the end of the FEL amplifier.}
    \label{fig:Bunching comb}

\end{figure}

The first amplifier stage has a small reverse taper in the undulator parameter $\bar{a}_u$~\cite{PhysRevSTAB.16.110702}. This reduces the intensity of radiation emitted by the electrons without any significant reduction to the electron bunching at $\lambda_r$. In addition to using a reverse taper to suppress the radiation output from the modulator section, a small steering of the electron beam away from it before entry into the afterburner sections can also be used.
In the simulations presented here, the steering of the electron beam is not modeled explicitly - the radiation generated in the modulator is simply removed before injection into the afterburner sections.

Following the preparation of the $4$~GeV electron beam, with a  micro-bunching at $1.25$~nm modulated at $\lambda_m=100$ nm, it is then injected into the afterburner section where the OAM output is generated. The first undulator module is a right-handed helical undulator with $\bar{a}_u=2.634$, $\lambda_u=3.9$~cm and $N_u=20$. The fundamental resonant wavelength is then $\lambda_1=2.5$~nm, so that the electrons are micro-bunched at the 2nd harmonic. The relative propagation distance, or `slippage', of a wavefront through the electrons is then $N_u\lambda_1=\lambda_m/2$, one half of the electron beam modulation period.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:OAM_pulse_train} it is seen that the modulated micro-bunching of the electron beam at the 2nd harmonic of resonant wavelength on the helical afterburner emits a pulse train of OAM light of mode $\ell=1$ and wavelength $\lambda_{OAM}=1.25$~nm. Each pulse has a FWHM pulse duration of $\tau\approx 167$~as, approximately 40 optical cycles corresponding to twice the number of helical undulator periods.

It is seen that in addition to the OAM emission there is also some coherent emission into the $\ell=0$ mode. This emission is expected due to the relatively short length of the afterburner undulators needed to produce short pulses as discussed in section \ref{section: single undulator spectrum}. The length of the undulator is fixed to generate  a specific pulse length. However, reducing the crossectional radius of the electron beam is one method that will increase the emission into the OAM mode.

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \vspace{0.75cm}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{TotalPowerVsZ23.png}

    \caption{Temporal plot of the radiation power output from the $\ell=1$ helical afterburner decomposed into OAM modes. The radiation wavelength $\lambda_{OAM}\approx 1.25$~nm and the pulse FWHM durations are $\tau \approx 40\; \lambda_{OAM}/c=167$~as.}
    \label{fig:OAM_pulse_train}

\end{figure}

\subsection{Time Varying OAM}

A left-handed helical undulator is now added to the right-handed afterburner (see Fig~\ref{fig:schematic}~b)) with the same length and tuning. Previous versions of this crossed undulator configuration have been used to enable polarization control at the fundamental~\cite{ferrari2019free, deng2014polarization}, spatially varying polarization~\cite{PhysRevAccelBeams.22.110705} and the generation of Poincar\'e beams~\cite{Morgan_2020}. Recently, crossed undulators have been proposed as a method to modulate the polarization much in the same way we alternate the OAM here~\cite{PhysRevAccelBeams.24.010701, PhysRevAccelBeams.23.120701}.

The additional undulator emits a second pulse train with OAM mode $\ell=-1$. The slippage in the first undulator means that this $\ell=-1$ pulse train is shifted relative to the first by half a modulation period.  The combined pulse train from the two afterburners then consists of a sequence  of pulses that alternate between $\ell=1$ left-hand circularly polarized light  and $\ell=-1$ and right-hand circularly polarized light. Fig.~\ref{fig:alternating_OAM} shows the power radiation pulse train after the second afterburner decomposed into the different OAM modes. The individual pulses have the same pulse length, $\tau_p=167$, as before. The time between pulse peaks is also $167$ as, corresponding to a switching rate of $6$~PHz.

The intensity profile and phase of the radiation of an $\ell=1$ and $\ell=-1$ is shown in Fig~\ref{fig:alternating_OAM_phase}. The intensity (averaged over a single spike) shows the typical OAM `doughnut' profile in the transverse plane. The phase of the radiation is captured near the intensity peaks of two neighboring radiation spikes. There is a clear azimuthal phase distribution which changes handedness in the $167$~as interval between snapshots.

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{TotalPowerVsZ2alternate.png}
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{S3Vst.png}
    \caption{(top) Power Vs relative time at the end of the afterburner for FEL radiation decomposed into OAM different modes.(bottom) Stokes parameter $s_3$ vs time.}
    \label{fig:alternating_OAM}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htb]
    \centering
    \begin{minipage}{0.24\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{IntensityAveragedOverPulseat2357.png}
    \end{minipage}\hfill
    \begin{minipage}{0.24\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{PhaseXfeild2516.png}
       \end{minipage}\hfill
    \begin{minipage}{0.24\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{IntensityAveragedOverPulseat2683.png}
    \end{minipage}\hfill
    \begin{minipage}{0.24\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{PhaseXfeild2683.png}
           \end{minipage}\hfill
    \caption{(Left) Pulse intensity averaged over a single pulse and (right) instantaneous phase for the pulses found as relative times (top) $t=2516$ as and (bottom) $t=2683$ as in Fig~\ref{fig:alternating_OAM}.  }

    \label{fig:alternating_OAM_phase}
\end{figure}

Also included in the Fig.~\ref{fig:alternating_OAM} is the normalized Stokes parameter for circular polarization

\begin{equation}
    s_3 = \frac{|E_R|^2-|E_L|^2}{|E_R|^2+|E_L|^2} ,
\end{equation}

The polarization of the light alternates along with the OAM mode. This then provides an interesting case as the polarization rotates in the same direction as the OAM. The total angular momentum contribution from the OAM plus the spin momentum add and therefore the pulse train alternates between total angular momentum $\pm 2\hbar$. We also note that tuning one of the afterburner undulators so that emission is at the fundamental frequency will produce pulses with no OAM. This $\ell=0$ mode will be emitted from helical and planar undulators and thus a variety of OAM and spin combinations are available.

If OAM pulses with only one polarization are required, a linear polarizer which will filter out one linear polarization component may be a solution. Filtering out linear polarization corresponding to the polarization of the amplifying FEL section would also help ensure light emitted in this section does not interfere with the final pulse train delivered to experiment.

\section{Conclusion}

Ultra-fast manipulation of the temporal properties of FEL generated OAM light have been proposed and simulated for the first time. The method can be used to generate a pulse train of light carrying OAM and also alternate the handedness of the OAM at ultra-fast timescales. It was shown that the temporal profile of OAM radiation emitted from electrons can be controlled by tailoring the structure of micro-bunching  in the electron beam. In addition, since the handedness of the OAM is determined by the magnetic undulator and not external optics, FELs are uniquely positioned to offer ultra-fast flipping of OAM handedness at X-ray wavelengths. As the method uses a relatively simple afterburner configuration, it is relatively cost effective to implement at existing FEL facilities.

\section{Acknowledgments}

The authors would like to thank E. Hemsing for providing useful comments in the preparation of this paper.
This work was supported by U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515 and Award No. 2021-SLAC-100732.
We are grateful to funding from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (Agreement Number 4163192 Release\#3); ARCHIEWeSt HPC, EPSRC grant EP/K000586/1; EPSRC Grant EP/M011607/1; John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC) on JUROPA at J\"ulich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), project HHH20.

\providecommand{\noopsort}[1]{}\providecommand{\singleletter}[1]{#1}%
\providecommand{\newblock}{}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Extra soft and unique textured flour sacks evoke nostalgic memories of grandma's favourite kitchen linens. Made from superior quality cotton, this set features a variety of farm animal illustrations. 100% cotton. W20 x L30 inch.


How do some renters end up with incredible apartments full of historic New York City charm and pay next to nothing? It's all about landing a rent stabilized apartment. Here's what you need to know about this important, and more common than you think, NYC apartment type.
New York has two forms of rent regulation: rent control and rent stabilization. Both are mandated by the New York State government with the intention of preventing average city-dwellers from getting priced out of the rental market. It goes without saying that price controls are always controversial and a source of heated debate.
Less than 2 percent of NYC apartments are rent-controlled. To be designated as a rent controlled unit, the apartment must be located in a building built before 1947 and have been occupied by the same family since 1971 (when Nixon was president!). These apartments can only be passed down within a family — but only to a family member living in the unit for two years before the existing tenant leaves or passes away. It's NYC's own perverse form of nepotism. Unless you're in one of these blessed families, wipe the term "Rent Control" from your brain.
There are no set requirements for an apartment to qualify as rent stabilized, but most are in 6+ unit buildings built before 1974 and were priced below $2,000 before 2011 or below $2,500 today. Once an apartment is stabilized by the government, the landlord can only increase the rent by a small percent .
Once rent reaches $2,500, or if the tenant's income exceeds $200,000 for two consecutive years, however, the landlord can deregulate the apartment and bring it up to market-rates. Part of this law dictates that even if the tenant is a complete nightmare, the landlord is forced to renew their lease annually. For that reason, landlords are extremely picky when they "marry themselves" to a rent stabilized tenant.
Rent stabilized apartments are very common (about 50 percent of all apartments) but nearly impossible to find because once you land a rent-stabilized apartment, you don't leave it. With rent-stabilized apartments priced $1,200 cheaper than the average rent in Manhattan, it's understandable why renters don't leave them. Not only are they saving $14,400 in after-tax cash each year; but to qualify for the equivalent market-rate apartment, you'd need $48,000 more in annual income.
By their nature, rent-stabilized apartments are an incredible deal. When a rent-stabilized apartment becomes available landlords will have no trouble finding a tenant. As a result, landlords of rent-stabilized apartments don't spend a lot of time, money or effort advertising them. Accordingly, there's no tried-and-true formula for finding these gems, but generally your chances are higher if you're looking for a 1-bedroom or studio in older buildings for under $2,500.


text:
Q: Adding .jar to Eclipse 2018-09 project I'd like to know how to add JAR file to Eclipse 2018-09 project. I've already copied it to lib project's folder. I've tried right clicking on jar file and build path but no actions are displayed.
Thanks in advance

A: If you are developing a Java Project you want to right click on the project go to properties, click on Java Build Path in the preference tree then on that tab click libraries and on there click add jar and then select the jar you want to add to your classpath.
If you are building a eclipse plugin, open the MANIFEST.MF file go to the runtime tab in the editor and on the bottom right there is a classpath selection, click add and point to the jar you want to add to your classpath.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Actually, the crystal skull myth is part of human history. The whole movie was based on actual South American mythology, not made up from scratch. But the conclusion with the 13 skulls in a UFO was a pretty broad extrapolation.
Indy: It was great to see the man in the hat back in action. I'm so glad they didn't fill the film with "Hey, I'm old" jokes, which made him much more believable. Still has those rock solid fists.
Mutt: I actually though Shia did a pretty good job. I agree with JJ, his scenes with Indy were the best, the back and forth banter between them was great.
Dovchenko: Great replacement for Pat Roach, kind of a cross between Vogel and the German Mechanic, and his death scene was easily the best of the movie. Covered in ants, ants crawl into mouth, then ants drag him into anthill? Nice.
Chase Sequences: For the most part, very well done, with the Marshall college chase being a standout. Despite the overuse of CGI and Mutt's ridiculous swinging from the vines, I thought the jungle chase was very cool. I would've liked to see more of the Jungle Cutter though.
The "Alien" Factor: If you look at the film as partly a homage to 50's sci-fi films, I think the alien stuff is a lot more tolerable. The way they tied it in with the City Of Gold was neat.
Marion: Seemed kind of shoehorned in, and really, didn't do a whole lot. Her banter with Indy was priceless, and the Soviet getting annoyed was great.
Irina: I actually thought this was a great performance by Cate Blanchett, but the whole "psychic" aspect of her character was really stupid, as we never got to see it in action, other than hooking Indy up to the time machine from Napoleon Dynamite.
Nuclear Bomb: Can someone tell me how a 58 year old man can survive a nuclear explosion by climbing inside a refrigerator, getting thrown into the air, crashing, and climbing out, relatively unscathed?
Overall, I'd give it a solid 8/10. Good chase sequences, cool new characters, and a decent story. I'll probably see it again in the theater, just cause it's Indy.
I'm bothered that alien skeletons come back to life to form a single, living alien.
'cause aliens don't really do that, right?
That's kind of a jackassed response.
So why did the Russians need to break into Area 51 for an alien if they had already dissected a few of them?
I need to see this again and I can't answer this question right now.
Right before they made Indy "look" at the Skull, I believe Spalko mentioned that the previous aliens/samples they examined did NOT have crystal skeletons and that's why they wanted the Roswell one - to check it for a crystal skull/skeleteon.
I thought she pulled back the alien's flesh to reveal a crystal ribcage or forearm or something?
The Russians were studying the other aliens. And yeah, she removed the skin off the one and showed off a similar crystal skull. They were trying to unlock their psychic abilities or something.
Saw Indy last night with my family and enjoyed it. The only thing that I didn't like was the Vine swinging of Mutt and the tree rebounding on the Russians when Indy and gang drove off the cliff onto the tree. One of the best parts was with the "rope" and the sand.
Dovchenko: Great replacement for Pat Roach, kind of a cross between Vogel and the German Mechanic, and his death scene was easily the best of the movie. Covered in ants, ants crawl into mouth, then ants drag him into anthill? Nice. I'll be spending the next five years telling people that doesn't happen and none of them will believe me because they've seen it.
Nope, not nice. Not realistic to the point of being silly. Farsical in point of fact. No ants do that, anywhere. Yeah, ants are aggressive and can sting to the point of killing someone but beyond that, nope. Sorry, professional problem with Hollywood doing stupid things.
I enjoyed the movie, but Rob's buddy commenting about being Ep I'd is probably somewhat problematic. Some stuff was a bit too fantastical, but not really much more so than the mine scene in ToD. I did think the overly-CGI aspects of the jungle chase scene were too far fetched though - a duel on the back of moving vehicles? Yeah....no.
The Nuke was pretty, though.
they could have MADE a great movie around the "ARK" being stolen or someting. Kind of a bridge between Raiders and a new trilogoly with mutt as the lead. I thought in the preiview it shows Indy hiding from the spirts in the ark? Did they cut that out? Why couldnt the Russians been after the Ark it would have been such a great story...or that Indy if trying to return the ARK to its orginal burrial site and the Russians steal it and he has to find it..or they blackmail him into finding another religious artifact or something..but Aliens? I just hope wo ever put that Ark back into crate dosent get to nosy and lift the lid off... I did think the "snake" part was the best part of the movie..I also thought what made the orginal Raiders great and even the crusade..was all the different places around the world they had to go to find the treasure...more mystery...no more aliens..and if you do make aliens can we some that we have not seen in other moview..enough with the big heads and skinny bodies..ENOUGH! FYI did anyone see that we are going to get a Jurrassic Park 4? LOL!!!! Ok with all that said I would give the movie a B...wasnt that bad but could have been much better..for god sake it only took them 19 years to make a new movie..
I don't hate the movie... just the first and last 20 minutes. Some things that really stick out would be the tarzan scene (I thought it was funny in Return of the Jedi, when I was about four, but not in Revenge of the Sith, and definitely not in Indiana Jones), the caddyshack scene that repeated over and over and over, and I still don't like the aliens.
National Treasure meets X-Files. Meh.
I freakin' loved the nuke blast and the iron-lined fridge, though. I don't care how ridiculous that was.
Wow, I guess I am in the minority. i enjoyed the film a lot, but I liked the prequels too. Sure the plot was over the top, but it was fun getting to the end.
The only scene where I groaned was with the freakin' monkeys in the trees. Too much like the ewoks for me.
I really don't see what the problem with the whole Alien Mythos is though, the time period is a perfect setting and the whole Aliens were the Gods of Ancient Egypt and South America very much is a relevent supernatural subject. I agree the Tarzan scene stunk but I didn't have a problem with the prairie dogs or the ants. I thought the Atom Bomb sequence was great (the door on the fridge said it was lead lined which is why he survived the blast). The revelation that the ark (which was a great cameo BTW) was in Area 51 was great. The plot was not too convoluted and you have to take many leaps of faith in these movies (SW too), the Russians make a wonderful enemy and I really can't wait to see who they roll out for Indy 5. Marion and Indy arguing was great, the riddles were great (reminded me a lot of Last Crusade in that respect), I loved the end machine/room/interdimensional dealio and the 13 crystal aliens.
RE: Mutt...I could see one more Indy/Mutt adventure but I think after that I would be OK with a Mutt Jones movie (especially since he'll obviously go to school and be trained as an archeologist.
I agree with pretty much everything Scott said. I saw it with my wife, brother and brother-in-law Sunday morning. The wife and I enjoyed it immensely and the other two liked it, but didn't love it - mainly due to the whole aliens things. They felt it was just too unbelieveable. I wanted to say it was just about as unbelieveable as angels coming out of a box and melting people, a cult that rips the hearts out of people and yet they still live and drinking water out of a cup to gain immortality. Both my brother and B-i-L are religious people so I can see how they think the Ark and Holy Grail are believable and aliens aren't. That's their beliefs and I can certainly respect them, even if I don't necessarily agree with them.
I'd probably rank it third behind Raiders and Crusade and before Doom, but that's not to say I didn't enjoy it. I just wanted to be entertained for a couple of hours and Crystal Skull did just that, so I'm happy.


Read the message in the bottle at the beginning, then another message appears when you solve a puzzle on the "alien" totems.
The puzzles work like small sudokus of 4 squares of 4 glyphs. Only one of each glyph per square and per line! Click on a square to change the glyph.
I can't pretend to understand what was going on but I really liked the ambience of the island well done !
REally nice mood for the game, but alas I could not figure out what to do. Also, not sure what the mouse control setup at the beginning was? Nice job.
I really like this kind of games. The atmosphere from the music and sounds and day/night cycle was great.
Nice graphics, interesting story (although I did not play to the end). The puzzle solving gets a bit boring after some time (did I do something wrong?) and does not feel connected to the theme or the story. But still, a nice game.
I loved the graphics, played with the stone thingy (I assumed it was sudoku). It only feels as though it is lacking in what you're actually supposed to do. It was nice, just not a lot of real gameplay. Anyway, great graphics, loved the style!
Some tutorial puzzle would be great, have no clue!
Only change I would suggest would be making the fact that it is four squares more obvious.
I don't really agree with most of the other comments. I thought this game worked beautifully and it's one of my favourite experiences of this LD so far.
The little sudoku puzzles were pretty self-explanatory and worked very well to give the game some structure. They were relatively easy to solve but not so easy that they didn't require a bit of thought - perfectly balanced to drive the game along without becoming frustrating.
The incentive for playing them, of course was the story. This was handled beautifully - mysterious and oddly touching. I only wish I'd had a bit more closure at the end. I finished all the totems but the last message left me expecting more. Did I miss something?
Visuals and music are great. Together with the day/night cycle they create real ambience.
Altogether, a thoroughly enjoyable experience. Thanks!
One of my favourites so far. Played it all the way through and really enjoyed the atmosphere. Did feel like the ending was a bit abrupt with the last message though.
Cool, reminds me of Myst. The atmosphere was really great. Didn't understand the puzzles but that's how it usually goes with weird symbols. :D Really solid game.
Liked that I got to set my own controls at the start. Also enjoyed the message in the bottle and the idea of the totem puzzles... but I had no idea what I was suppose to be doing with them.
Wonderful game, simple but solid puzzles, the story was also great - reminded me a little of Little Inferno's story style. I hope to see this expanded on somehow, if only for a more... happy ending!
Beautiful art and nice atmosphere. I found the messages in the bottle to be a little unclear, but I really liked the sudoku-type puzzle solving.
Very nice game. Loved the atmosphere and music. Day and night cycles were a good touch. Liked the control setup at the beginning.


text:
LogRhythm Security Intelligence Platform Earns "RECOMMENDED" Designation and 5-star Rating in SC Magazine's 2016 SIEM and UTM Review
Independent Testers Praise LogRhythm as "Most Complete, Pure-play SIEM"
May 04, 2016 09:00 AM Eastern Daylight Time
BOULDER, Colo.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--LogRhythm, The Security Intelligence Company, today announced that its Security Intelligence Platform, has earned the "RECOMMENDED" designation and a perfect five-star rating in SC Magazine's 2016 SIEM and UTM Group Test. The reviewers specifically called out LogRhythm's "next-gen features and superlative correlation and analytics" as its primary strengths.
As part of the SIEM and UTM Group Review, SC Magazine tested six solutions. The review emphasized that LogRhythm's security intelligence platform is "a heavy-duty tool made for a demanding large environment. It is scalable and complete with the largest list of supported connectors we've seen yet."
"Information security teams value advanced analytics, efficient incident response, and effective workflow and collaboration in the platform they place at the center of their security operations. It's not surprising then that LogRhythm received SC Magazine's "RECOMMENDED" designation in this year's lab test," said Mike Reagan, chief marketing officer at LogRhythm. "This review highlights why enterprises around the globe are increasingly selecting LogRhythm's Security Intelliegence and Analytics Platform to bolster their ability to detect, respond to and neutralize advanced cyber threats through comprehensive threat lifecycle management."
SC Magazine stated that LogRhythm is the "most complete, pure-play SIEM we've seen." It went on to say about the LogRhythm solution, "It has the intelligence to analyze, correlate and make sense of huge amounts of data."
LogRhythm's unified Security Intelligence Platform integrates next-gen SIEM and log management with network forensics, endpoint monitoring and multidimensional security analytics. LogRhythm provides deep visibility into threats and risks to which organizations are otherwise blind. Designed to help prevent breaches before they happen, LogRhythm accurately detects an extensive range of early indicators of compromise, enabling rapid response and mitigation.
The deep visibility and understanding delivered by LogRhythm's Security Intelligence Platform empowers enterprises to secure their networks and comply with regulatory requirements.
The SC Magazine review can be found online at: http://www.scmagazine.com/utm-and-siem/grouptest/361/.
About LogRhythm
LogRhythm, a leader in security intelligence and analytics, empowers organizations around the globe to rapidly detect, respond to and neutralize damaging cyber threats. The company's patented and award-winning platform uniquely unifies next-generation SIEM, log management, network and endpoint forensics, and advanced security analytics. In addition to protecting customers from the risks associated with cyber threats, LogRhythm provides unparalleled compliance automation and assurance, and enhanced IT intelligence.
LogRhythm is consistently recognized as a market leader. The company has been positioned as a Leader in Gartner's SIEM Magic Quadrant report for four consecutive years, named a "Champion" in Info-Tech Research Group's 2014-15 SIEM Vendor Landscape report and ranked Best-in-Class (No. 1) in DCIG's 2014-15 SIEM Appliance Buyer's Guide. In addition, LogRhythm has received Frost & Sullivan's SIEM Global Market Penetration Leadership Award and been named a Top Workplace by the Denver Post for three consecutive years. LogRhythm is headquartered in Boulder, Colorado, with operations throughout North and South America, Europe and the Asia Pacific region.
MSLGROUP
Davida Dinerman, 781-684-0770
LogRhythm@mslgroup.com
Release Summary
LogRhythm's Security Intelligence Platform, has earned the "RECOMMENDED" designation and a perfect five-star rating in SC Magazine's 2016 SIEM and UTM Group Test.