text:
\section{Introduction}

Studies of $\eta$ and $\eta^{\prime}$ mesons and their interactions with
nucleons provide an interesting window on axial U(1) dynamics.
The flavor-singlet $J^P = 1^+$ channel
is characterized by a large Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka (OZI) violation:
the masses of the $\eta$ and $\eta'$ mesons are 300--400 MeV larger
than the values they would have if these mesons were pure would-be
Goldstone bosons associated with spontaneously broken chiral
symmetry~\cite{bass-pst99,bass-app11}.

One needs extra mass in the singlet channel associated with
nonperturbative topological gluon configurations and
the QCD axial anomaly \cite{shore-lnp737}.
The strange quark mass induces considerable $\eta$-$\eta'$ mixing.
For the physical $\eta$-$\eta'$ mixing angle $-18$ degrees,
the singlet component in the $\eta$ has the potential to induce a factor
of 2 increase in the $\eta$-nucleon scattering length $a_{\eta N}$
relative to the value one would expect if the $\eta$ were a pure octet
state \cite{bass-plb634}.
The flavor-singlet Goldberger-Treiman relation
\cite{tgv} relates  $\eta^{\prime}$-nucleon coupling to
the small flavor-singlet axial charge measured in the proton spin puzzle
\cite{bass-rmp}.

The properties of $\eta$ and $\eta^{\prime}$ mesons should  manifest
themselves in production and decay processes and in their interaction
with nuclear matter.
These processes are being studied in experiments from threshold~\cite{moskal-hab}
through  high-energy collisions where anomalously high branching ratios have been
observed for $D_s$ and $B$-meson decays to an $\eta'$ plus additional
hadrons \cite{ball-plb365,fritzsch-plb415}.

At the hadronic level, it is expected that the
$\eta^{\prime}$ meson can be produced through the exchange and
rescattering of mesons,
through the excitation of
an intermediate baryonic resonance
or via the fusion of virtual mesons
~\cite{nakayama-prc61,kampfer-ep,cao-prc78,bass-plb463,nakayama-prc69}.
So far the $pn\to pn\eta^{\prime}$ process has been studied quantitatively
only within
(i) an effective Lagrangian approach,
assuming that the S$_{11}$(1535) resonance is dominant~\cite{cao-prc78}
and (ii) within  a covariant effective meson-nucleon
theory including meson and nucleon currents with
the nucleon resonances S$_{11}$(1650), P$_{11}$(1710) and P$_{13}$(1720)
\cite{kampfer-ep}.
However, for $\eta'$ production there is an additional potential contribution
where glue is excited in the
``short distance'' ($\sim 0.2$-fm)
interaction region of
the proton-nucleon collision and
then evolves to become an $\eta'$ in the final state.
This gluonic contribution to the cross section
for $pp \rightarrow pp \eta'$, proposed by Bass \cite{bass-plb463},
is beyond  the contributions associated with
meson exchange models.
There is no reason, a priori, to expect this OZI violating process
to be small.
Because glue is flavor-blind it contributes with the same strength
in both
the $pp \rightarrow pp \eta'$ and the $pn \rightarrow pn \eta'$ reactions.

It is not possible to establish the relative contributions of possible
reaction mechanisms
responsible for $\eta^{\prime}$-meson production
based only on the presently available cross sections
for the $pp \to pp\eta^{\prime}$ reaction~\cite{daneppetaprim}.
Therefore, one has to investigate  $\eta^{\prime}$ production
as a function of spin and isospin degrees of freedom.
Such studies were conducted in the case of the $\eta$ meson~\cite{calen-prc58,moskal-prc79,rafalprl}.
The ratio
$R_{\eta}
 = \sigma (pn \rightarrow pn \eta ) / \sigma (pp \rightarrow pp \eta )$
has been measured for quasifree $\eta$
production from a deuteron target up to 109 MeV above threshold
\cite{calen-prc58,moskal-prc79}.
One finds that $R_{\eta}$
is approximately energy independent with a value of
$\sim6.5$
in the energy range of $16 - 109$ MeV
signifying a strong isovector exchange
contribution to the $\eta$ production mechanism.

The ratio $R_{\eta^\prime}$ has not been measured to date,
and the existing predictions differ drastically
depending on the model.
Cao and Lee~\cite{cao-prc78}
assumed,
by analogy to the production of the $\eta$ meson,
that the production of
the $\eta^{\prime}$ meson proceeds
dominantly via the S$_{11}$(1535) resonance.
As a consequence they predicted within an effective Lagrangian approach
an $R_{\eta^{\prime}}$ value
equal to the experimentally established $R_{\eta}$ value.
In contrast,
Kaptari and K\"ampfer~\cite{kampfer-ep}
predicted  a value of $R_{\eta^{\prime}}$
close to $\sim$1.5 in the kinematic range of the COSY-11 experiment
with the dominant contribution coming from the  meson conversion currents.
In the extreme scenario of glue-induced production saturating
the $\eta^{\prime}$ production cross section, the ratio
$R_{\eta'}$
would approach unity
after correction for the final-state interaction between the two outgoing
nucleons.

The SU(3) wave functions of the $\eta$ and $\eta^{\prime}$ mesons differ due
to iso-singlet gluonic and strangeness degrees of freedom.
Hence, it is reasonable that singlet currents will
play a
greater role in $\eta^{\prime}$  than in $\eta$ production.
Proton-proton data are available from COSY and SATURNE~\cite{daneppetaprim}.
To investigate the production mechanism
it is important to provide an empirical base with spin and
isospin dependence of the cross sections.
In this article we  present first results
on the measurement of the $pn\to pn\eta^{\prime}$ reaction.

\section{Experimental technique}

The COSY-11 detector system~\cite{brauksiepe-nim} is schematically depicted
in Fig.\ref{cosy11}.
A quasifree proton-neutron reaction was induced by a proton beam~\cite{cosy} with
a momentum of 3.35~GeV/c impinging on a deuteron cluster target~\cite{target}.
A detailed description  of the functioning of the detectors and
of the experimental technique is given in a recent COSY-11
article devoted to measurement of
the $pn\to pn\eta$ reaction~\cite{moskal-prc79} and in Ref.~\cite{jklaja-phd}.
Therefore,  we describe it only briefly here.

The experiment is based on the registration of all outgoing nucleons
from the $pd\to ppnX$ reaction.
The proton moving forward is measured in two drift
chambers and scintillator detectors and the neutron is registered
in the neutral particle detector.
The proton moving backward is measured
with a dedicated
silicon-pad detector~\cite{bilger-nim457}.
In the data analysis
the backward proton from the deuteron is considered as a spectator that does
not interact with the bombarding proton, but escapes untouched and hits the detector
carrying the Fermi momentum possessed at the time of the reaction.
The total energy available for the quasifree proton-neutron
reaction is calculated for each event based on the momentum vectors
of the spectator and beam protons
under the assumption that  the spectator proton
is on its mass shell at the moment of the collision.
The absolute momentum of the neutron is determined
from the time of flight between the target and the neutron detector and
its direction is derived from the hit position
defined as the center of the detection module whose signal was produced
as the first one.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth,angle=0]{jklaja_fig1.eps}
\caption{Scheme of the COSY-11 detector system with superimposed
          tracks from the $pd \to p_{spec}(pn\eta^{\prime})$ reaction.
          Protons are registered in two drift chambers D1 and D2
          and in the scintillator hodoscopes S1 and S3. The S1 detector is
          built of 16 vertically arranged modules, whereas the S3 hodoscope
          is a nonsegmented scintillator wall viewed by a matrix
          of 217 photomultipliers.
          An array of silicon pad detectors (spectator~detector)
          is used for registration of spectator protons.
          Neutrons are registered in the neutral particle detector
          consisting of 24 independent detection units.
          To distinguish neutrons from charged particles a veto
          detector is used. Elastically scattered protons are measured
          in the scintillator detector S4 and the position-sensitive silicon
          detector
          $Si_{mon}$. The sizes of the detectors and their relative distances
          are not to scale. }
\label{cosy11}
\end{figure}
The veto detector installed in front of the neutral particle detector
discriminates signals originating from charged particles,
whereas the $\gamma$ quanta are discernd by means of the time of flight measured
between the target and the neutral particle detector where the time of the
reaction in the target is reconstructed based on the trajectory and
velocity of the forward scattered
protons detected in drift chambers and S1 and S3 scintillators.
Figure~\ref{banan_all_pads} presents the momentum distribution
of protons considered as spectators (crosses) compared with simulations
taking into account a Fermi motion of nucleons inside the deuteron
(solid line).
In the analysis of the $pn\to pn\eta^{\prime}$ reaction
spectator protons with momenta ranging from about 35
to about 115~MeV/c were taken into account.
The lower limit is caused by the noise level of the silicon pad detectors.
The {\it spectator noise cut} was determined for each pad of the
detector separately, using the spectra of energy loss triggered by a
pulser with a frequency of 1~Hz in addition to other experimental triggers.
Protons with a momentum larger than  about 115~MeV/c were not taken into account
because we used the second layer of the double-layer spectator detector as a veto
to reduce the background from charged pions.
The shapes of the simulated and experimental spectra shown in
Fig.~\ref{banan_all_pads}
agree quite well, and the small difference will be taken for
the estimation of the systematical uncertainties of the final
results caused by the assumption of a Fermi momentum distribution
of nucleons inside the deuteron.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth,angle=0]{jklaja_fig2.eps}
\caption{
         Momentum distribution of
         the spectator proton as reconstructed in the experiment (crosses)
         in comparison with simulations taking into account
         the Fermi momentum distribution of nucleons inside the deuteron
         according to the Paris potential~\cite{lacombe-plb101}
         (solid histogram). Simulated events were analyzed in the same
         way as the experimental data. }
\label{banan_all_pads}
\end{figure}

The accuracy of the excess energy determination was estimated based on
Monte Carlo simulations.
For this purpose we simulated $10^9$ events of
the $pn\to pn\eta^{\prime}$ reaction taking
into account the Fermi motion of the nucleons inside the deuteron,
the size of the target~\cite{target},
the spread of the beam momentum
and the horizontal
and vertical
beam size~\cite{moskal-nim466}.
Simulated data were analyzed in the same way as the experimental
data, taking into consideration
the energy and time resolution
of the detectors,
resulting in an excess energy resolution of $\sigma(Q)~=~4.2$~MeV.
It is worth stressing that using this method
for the $pn \to pn\eta$ reaction the standard deviation of
the excess energy was derived to be
$\sigma(Q)~=~2.2$~MeV~\cite{moskal-prc79},
which is comparable to the $\sigma(Q)~=~1.8$~MeV obtained
under similar conditions
at the PROMICE/WASA setup~\cite{bilger-nim457}.

For further analysis the collected data were grouped
according to the excess energy.
The available range of excess energy $Q$
above the $\eta^{\prime}$-meson production threshold has been
divided into three 8~MeV-wide intervals. The choice of the width of the interval is a
compromise between statistics and resolution and reflects the accuracy
(FWHM) of the determination of the excess energy.
In Figs~\ref{mm_da_q0_8}(a),~\ref{mm_da_q0_8}(c),~\ref{mm_da_q0_8}(e)
the experimental mass distributions
determined for the excess energy ranges
$[0,8]$, $[8,16]$ and $[16,24]$~MeV are shown by solid lines.
For all distributions we observe an increase in counting rate toward
the kinematical limit. The shape is mostly caused by the detector acceptance.
A signal from the $\eta^{\prime}$-meson production is expected on top
of the continuous multipion mass distribution at the position
corresponding to the $\eta^{\prime}$ mass (0.95778~GeV/$c^{2})$~\cite{amsler-pdg},
which is denoted by the arrow in Fig. 3.
However, no enhancement around this region is seen.

To extract a signal the histograms corresponding to  positive
$Q$ intervals were compared to the background established from
the data below the threshold.
For each distribution of the missing mass spectra at $Q \ge 0$, a corresponding
background spectrum was constructed from events with $Q$
belonging to the range $[-30,-10]$~MeV
by applying the method described in detail in a dedicated
article~\cite{moskal-jpg32}.
This method was already applied successfully to the analysis of the
$pn \to pn\eta$
reaction~\cite{moskal-prc79}.
As a cross-check, to gain more confidence in the applied procedure
we constructed alternative background distributions taking events
from the $Q$ range from -20 to 0~MeV.
The result of this investigation has shown a consistency of both
background shapes of the order of 1\%.
Next, for each distribution for $Q \ge 0$ the corresponding
background spectrum was normalised for mass values smaller than
0.25~GeV/$c^2$
where no events from the $\eta^{\prime}$ meson are expected.
In this region events correspond to one-pion production, for which
the total cross section remains nearly constant in the range of
the excess energy shown, because for a single-pion production
the excess energy is high above the threshold~\cite{moskal-jpg32}.
The dashed lines in Fig.~\ref{mm_da_q0_8} depict the background
spectrum, shifted to the kinematical limit and normalized accordingly.
The normalization in the  missing mass range significantly below
the mass of the
$\eta^{\prime}$ meson (in the range from 0.75 to 0.85~GeV/$c^2$)
leads to the same result.

Figures~\ref{mm_da_q0_8}~(b),~\ref{mm_da_q0_8}(d),~\ref{mm_da_q0_8}(f)
show distributions of the missing mass
for the $pn \to pn\eta^{\prime}$ reaction as determined after
subtraction of the background.
Because of the low statistics and very low signal-to-background ratio
the signal from $\eta^{\prime}$-meson created in the proton-neutron
collision is statistically insignificant.
Therefore, we can only estimate the upper limit for the
$\eta^{\prime}$ meson production in the $pn \to pn\eta^{\prime}$ reaction.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.27\textwidth,angle=0]{jklaja_fig3a.eps}
\hspace{-1.25cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.27\textwidth,angle=0]{jklaja_fig3b.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.27\textwidth,angle=0]{jklaja_fig3c.eps}
\hspace{-1.25cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.27\textwidth,angle=0]{jklaja_fig3d.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.27\textwidth,angle=0]{jklaja_fig3e.eps}
\hspace{-1.25cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.27\textwidth,angle=0]{jklaja_fig3f.eps}
\caption{{\bf (a, c, e)}
Experimental missing mass distributions of the $pn \to pnX$ reaction
(solid lines). Distributions were obtained for ranges of
excess energy $Q$ from 0 to 8~MeV (a),
from 8 to 16~MeV (c) and from 16 to 24~MeV (e).
Corresponding background spectra are shown as dashed lines.
{\bf (b, d, f)} Experimental missing mass distributions of
the $pn \to pn\eta^{\prime}$
reaction for excess energy ranges from 0 to 8~MeV (b),
from 8 to 16~MeV (d) and from 16 to 24~MeV (f)
determined after  background subtraction.
Vertical bars indicate statistical
errors. The arrow depicts the nominal value of the $\eta^{\prime}$ mass.}
\label{mm_da_q0_8}
\end{figure}

To estimate the systematic error of the number of
 $pn \to pnX$ events,
the change in the missing mass spectra was studied by
varying different parameters describing
the experimental conditions, discussed in the following
analysis and simulation~\cite{jklaja-phd}.
The change in the global time offset of the neutral particle detector by 1
standard deviation of its time resolution
$(\sigma_{t}^{N}~=~0.4$~ns) resulted in a systematic
error of the cross sections of 3\%.
A change in simulations of the time resolution
of the neutron detector (0.4~ns)
by $\pm$0.2~ns resulted in $\pm$5\% changes in the cross section.
The variation in the cut on the noises in the spectator detector
within the limits of  energy resolution results in a change of cross sections by $\pm$7\%.
In the simulation we also checked  that varying the
beam momentum resolution arbitrarily by
$\pm$1~MeV/c around its nominal value of 3.35~MeV/c
resulted in changes in the cross section values by $\pm$3\%.
As discussed previously, and demonstrated in Ref.~\cite{moskal-jpg32},
the systematic error owing to the method used
for the background subtraction is equal to 1\%.
The uncertainty owing to the model dependence calculation of the Fermi
momentum distribution is equal to 2\%~\cite{czyzyk-dt} and
was estimated as the difference in results determined using the
Paris~\cite{lacombe-plb101}
versus the CD-Bonn~\cite{machleidt-prc63} potentials.
It is worth stressing that also a difference between the
experimental Fermi momentum distribution and the predictions
based on the Paris potential leads to a variation in the final result of about 2\%.
A displacement of the spectator detector
by 1~mm
(the estimated accuracy of its position determination)
changes the number of events by 5\%.
The error of the detection efficiency,
 predominantly caused by the
uncertainty in the efficiency of the neutral particle detector~\cite{zdebik},
is determined to be no larger than 5\%~\cite{moskal-prc79}.
We also took into account  the systematic error
($\sigma L_{int}~\approx~7\%$~\cite{jklaja-phd})
originating from the luminosity determination.
The  nuclear
``shadow effect'' (estimated to about 4.5\%~\cite{chiavassa})
was not taken into account because
the reduction of the beam flux  seen by the neutron,
owing to the shielding by a spectator proton,
is expected to be the same for the $pn\to pn\eta^{\prime}$ reaction
and quasielastic scattering
that was used for  determination of the luminosity.
Similarly we have neglected the effect owing to the reabsorption
of the produced meson by the spectator proton, because even for the case of
$\eta$-meson production
this effect reduces the cross section
by a factor of about 3\%~\cite{chiavassa2} and the proton-$\eta$
interaction is much stronger than the proton-$\eta^{\prime}$ interaction~\cite{swave}.
Finally, the total systematic error of $\sigma^{TOT}(Q)$ was estimated
as the quadratic sum of the  nine independent systematic errors
discussed and is equal to $\approx~14\%$.

\section{Results}

The luminosity of $L~=~4.77~pb^{-1} \pm 0.06~pb^{-1}$
was established from the number of quasifree
proton-proton scattering events applying the method described in
the dedicated article~\cite{moskal-czyzyk-aip950}.
The acceptance of the detector setup and efficiency was determined
based on Monte Carlo studies.
The signal from the $\eta^{\prime}$ meson in the determined missing mass
spectra is statistically insignificant.
Therefore only the upper limit of the total cross section for the quasifree
$pn \to pn \eta^{\prime}$ reaction was extracted.
The number of  $\eta^{\prime}$ mesons can be calculated as
the difference between the number of events $(N^{SIG})$ in the
peak for the signal
(solid line in Fig.~\ref{mm_da_q0_8})
and the number of events $(N^{BACK})$ in the background of the
peak (dashed line in Fig.~\ref{mm_da_q0_8}):
\begin{equation}
N^{\eta^{\prime}} = (N^{SIG} - N^{BACK}) \pm  \sqrt{N^{SIG}+N^{BACK}}.
\end{equation}
The range for the integration was chosen based on the simulation of
the missing mass distributions~\cite{jklaja-phd}.
Assuming that  no $\eta^{\prime}$ mesons are observed
$(N^{\eta^{\prime}}~=~0)$ in the experiment,
the value of 1.2815 $\times$ $\sqrt{N^{SIG}+N^{BACK}}$ gives the upper
limit of the total cross section for the $pn \to pn\eta^{\prime}$
reaction at a 90\% confidence level.
The result is shown
in Fig.~\ref{cross_pn} and in Table~\ref{table_pn}.
\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
          & Upper limit of    &      & Upper limit of \\
$Q$ (MeV) & $\sigma(pn \to pn\eta^{\prime})$ & $\sigma(pp \to pp\eta^{\prime})$ (nb) & $R_{\eta^{\prime}}$ \\
          & at 90\% CL (nb)   &      & at 90\% CL\\
\hline
$[0,8]$   & 63  & 19.6 & 3.2\\
$[8,16]$  & 197 & 68.7 & 2.9\\
$[16,24]$ & 656 & 122.7 & 5.3\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Excess energy range, upper limit of
         the total cross section for the $pn \to pn\eta^{\prime}$ reaction,
         mean value of the $pp \to pp\eta^{\prime}$ total cross section according to
         the parametrization given in Ref.~\cite{moskal-ijmpa22},
         upper limit of the ratio $R_{\eta^{\prime}}$ as a function of the excess energy.
         Energy intervals correspond to the binning applied.
         }
\label{table_pn}
\end{table}

The horizontal  bars in Fig.~\ref{cross_pn} represent the intervals of the excess
energy for which the upper limit of the total cross section was calculated.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.50\textwidth,angle=0]{jklaja_fig4.eps}
\caption{ Total cross sections for the $pp \to pp\eta^{\prime}$
         reaction as a function of the excess energy (open squares).
         Upper limit for the total cross section for the $pn \to pn\eta^{\prime}$
         reaction as a function of the excess energy (filled circles).}
\label{cross_pn}
\end{figure}

The total cross section for the $pp \to pp\eta^{\prime}$ reaction was measured in
previous experiments~\cite{daneppetaprim}. It reveals a strong excess energy dependence,
especially very close to threshold. This dependence must be taken into account when comparing
 the results for the $pn \to pn\eta^{\prime}$ reaction that were established for 8-MeV
excess energy intervals. Therefore, for a given interval of excess energy, we have determined
the mean value of the total cross section for $pp \to pp\eta^{\prime}$ reaction using the
parametrization of F{\"a}ldt and Wilkin~\cite{wilkin-plb382,wilkin-prc56} fitted to the
experimental data~\cite{moskal-ijmpa22}. Figure~\ref{ratio_etap} presents the upper limit
of the ratio $R_{\eta^{\prime}}~=~{{\sigma(pn \to pn\eta^{\prime})} / {\sigma(pp \to pp\eta^{\prime})}}$
of the total cross section for the $pn \to pn\eta^{\prime}$ and $pp \to pp\eta^{\prime}$ reactions
as a function of the excess energy (arrows). The corresponding values are listed in Table~\ref{table_pn}.
The corresponding ratios for the $\eta$ meson are also shown as open squares in Fig~\ref{ratio_etap}.
For the $\eta$ meson,
the value of $R_{\eta}$ is $\approx~$6.5 at excess energies larger
than $\sim 16$~MeV~\cite{calen-prc58}, which
suggests the dominance of isovector-meson exchange in the production mechanism. The  decrease in $R_{\eta}$
close to the threshold~\cite{moskal-prc79} may be explained by the different energy dependence of the
proton-proton and proton-neutron final-state interactions~\cite{wilkin-priv}.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.50\textwidth,angle=0]{jklaja_fig5.eps}
\caption{Upper limit of the ratio $(R_{\eta^{\prime}})$ of
         the total cross sections for the
         $pn \to pn\eta^{\prime}$ and $pp \to pp\eta^{\prime}$ reactions (arrows)
         in comparison with the ratio $(R_{\eta})$ determined for the $\eta$
         meson~\cite{calen-prc58,moskal-prc79} (open squares).
         The superimposed solid line indicates the result of a fit to the $R_{\eta}$ data
         taking into account the final-state interaction of
         nucleons~\cite{moskal-prc79}.
         The dotted line presents the result of calculations performed
         under assumption of dominance of the
         S$_{11}$(1535) resonance in the production process~\cite{cao-prc78},
         and the dashed line denotes the result obtained within  a covariant effective meson-nucleon
         theory including meson and nucleon currents with
         nucleon resonances S$_{11}$(1650), P$_{11}$(1710) and P$_{13}$(1720)
         \cite{kampfer-ep}
         }
\label{ratio_etap}
\end{figure}

For the $\eta^{\prime}$ meson the upper limit of the ratio for the excess energy range $[0,8]$~MeV
is nearly equal to values of the ratio obtained for the $\eta$ meson, whereas for larger excess
energy ranges, $[8,16]$ and $[16,24]$~MeV, the upper limits of the ratio are lower by about
1 standard deviation each. The dotted curve in Fig.~\ref{ratio_etap} corresponds to the prediction
for $R_{\eta^{\prime}}$ by Cao and Lee~\cite{cao-prc78} and exceeds the observed limit, showing the
importance of other exchange currents in the $\eta^{\prime}$ production. The prediction of Kaptari and
K{\"a}mpfer~\cite{kampfer-ep} is well within the upper bound. A smaller $R_{\eta^{\prime}}$ than $R_\eta$
is also consistent with a possible greater role for singlet currents in $\eta^{\prime}$ production than
$\eta$ production. If there are important new dynamics in the $\eta^{\prime}$ production process relative
to $\eta$ production, a key issue is the relative phase~\cite{Fald_Wilkin_Phys_Scripta} of possible additional
exchanges compared to the isovector currents that dominate $\eta$ production. The observed limit thus
constrains modeling of the production processes. To confirm these interesting observations and to go farther,
new experimental investigations with improved statistics are required.

\section{Summary}

To determine the excitation function of the total cross section for the quasifree $pn \to pn\eta^{\prime}$
reaction near the kinematical threshold, we performed an experiment at the cooler synchrotron
COSY at the Research Centre J{\"u}lich using the COSY-11 detector system. The quasifree $pn \to pn\eta^{\prime}$
reaction was induced by a proton beam with a momentum of 3.35~GeV/c on a deuteron target. All outgoing nucleons
have been registered, whereas for $\eta^{\prime}$-meson identification the missing mass technique was applied.
The upper limit of the total cross section for the $pn \to pn\eta^{\prime}$ reaction in the excess energy range
between 0 and 24~MeV has been determined. The total cross section for the $pp \to pp\eta^{\prime}$ reaction was
measured in previous experiments at the same energy range. Combining these data, we have determined the upper limit of
the ratio $R_{\eta^{\prime}}=\sigma(pn \to pn\eta^{\prime})/\sigma(pp \to pp\eta^{\prime})$. The comparison of the
$R_{\eta}$ ratio with the upper limits of $R_{\eta^{\prime}}$ established here suggests  nonidentical production
mechanisms for the $\eta^{\prime}$ and $\eta$ mesons, which are dominated by a strong isovector exchange contribution.
To pin down the detailed reaction mechanism further theoretical as well as  experimental investigations with better
statistics are required.

\begin{acknowledgments}

We are grateful for useful comments of Burkhard~K{\"a}mpfer,
Piotr Salabura and Joanna Stepaniak.
The work was partially supported by the European Community-Research
Infrastructure Activity under the FP6 and FP7 programs
(Hadron Physics, RII3-CT-2004-506078, PrimeNet No. 227431),
by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education under Grant
Nos 3240/H03/2006/31, 1202/DFG/2007/03, and 0082/B/H03/2008/34,
by the German Research Foundation (DFG),
by the FFE grants from the Research Center J{\"u}lich,
by the Austrian Science Fund, FWF, through grant P20436
and by the virtual institute "Spin and strong QCD" (VH-VP-231).

\end{acknowledgments}


text:
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During colonial times, the labor of both slaves and free blacks was the cornerstone upon which the tobacco economy was built. In the nineteenth century, Maryland was home to more free African Americans than any other state. Twenty-first century Maryland continues to grow because of the important contributions made by her African American citizens. This tour is an award winning African American tour in Maryland.
Trace the rich and authentic journey of African Americans in Maryland exploring their global contributions. Annapolis is a microcosm of Maryland African American heritage, a long hidden treasure reflecting this important facet of our history and culture. Annapolis Tours by Watermark offers visitors an opportunity to explore "Another Side of the Story" on this Annapolis tour.
When choosing from different African American tours, Watermark's African American Heritage Tour tells the important story of what life was like for African Americans in one of the country's first towns.
*Please note that the tour route is subject to change without notice
January 19th and February 16th
(This tour is always available as a private tour!)
$20/Adults, $10/Children 3-11, Free 2 & Under
**This tour departs from: Market House Park, located at 25 Market Space, Annapolis MD.
Kunta Kinte-Alex Haley Memorial
The Kunta-Kinte Alex Haley memorial commemorates the arrival place of Alex Haley's ancestor and main character in Haley's novel The Roots.
Thurgood Marshall Memorial
The Thurgood Marshall Memorial honors our first African American Supreme Court justice. This memorial is placed near the former court of appeals where Marshall had his first major victory in his life long struggle for equality under the law for all Americans.
We are happy to answer any questions you may have.
We're happy to create a custom proposal for your group.
Featured in The Capital
"A walk through the centuries: Tour highlights African-American heritage of Annapolis." Read the front-page article.
"The tour was wonderful and Mistress Julie was superb. You know an experience is really good and influential when you keep thinking about it far into the next day, which I have been doing. All the sites we saw that involved both slaves and free blacks have changed my view of Annapolis knowing now what passed there. I have walked these streets a hundred times over 40 years and have never before 'seen' them.
Visiting the Banneker-Douglas Museum was a fine way to end the tour. Seeing the photos of the civil rights movement jolted my memory of how courageous those participants were."
Mimi A.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Patrick Smith/Getty Images
2018 Preview: San Francisco Giants
By Bill BaerMar 7, 2018, 4:28 PM EST
Between now and Opening Day, HardballTalk will take a look at each of baseball's 30 teams, asking the key questions, the not-so-key questions, and generally breaking down their chances for the 2018 season. Next up: The San Francisco Giants.
Last season, the Giants tied the Tigers for the worst record in baseball at 64-98. Many things that could have gone wrong did go wrong: Madison Bumgarner suffered a serious non-baseball-related injury in a dirt bike accident, Brandon Belt dealt with another concussion, Hunter Pence had the worst season of his career, the entire starting rotation beyond Bumgarner was a mess, and the ninth inning was a source of anxiety all season. Just to name a few issues.
This offseason, the Giants thrust themselves back into Wild Card contention by acquiring third baseman Evan Longoria from the Rays and outfielder Andrew McCutchen from the Pirates. The club also signed Austin Jackson to play center field and added Tony Watson to the bullpen.
It's easy to scoff at the moves the Giants made and suggest they won't be relevant in 2018. Longoria hit a relatively lackluster .261/.313/.424 last season, setting a career low in adjusted OPS (100, right at the league average). His 20 homers were the fewest he had hit in a season since his injury-shortened 2012. Longoria, now 32 years old, is still a productive player as Baseball Reference valued him at 3.6 Wins Above Replacement last season. While AT&T Park won't do him any more favors than Tropicana Field did, Longoria could be a doubles machine. He has hit at least 35 doubles in each of the last three seasons and he could finish in the 40-45 range simply from the change of scenery. Perhaps the most important thing for the Giants, however, is Longoria's durability: the veteran has logged at least 156 games in five consecutive seasons, including at least 160 from 2013-16. Third base is a position that's been a source of inconsistency for the Giants for many seasons.
McCutchen, 31, had a nice rebound season after a tough 2016. He hit .279/.363/.486 with 28 home runs, 88 RBI, and 94 runs scored in 650 plate appearances. His rate stats aren't where they were in his prime, but the Giants will take his 121 adjusted OPS if he's able to replicate it at AT&T Park. McCutchen's track record foretells, at minimum, consistency in the lineup card as he has played in at least 153 games in each of the last three seasons. The Giants have slotted McCutchen in right field, moving Pence across to left and Jackson in center. McCutchen should be less of a defensive liability than he was in Pittsburgh.
To borrow an oft-used cliche, Pence will be an "X-factor" for the Giants this coming season. If he's able to bounce back and have a quality season, the Giants could be menacing in the NL West. But after two injury-shortened campaigns in 2015-16, Pence struggled across 134 games last year. The 34-year-old hit .260/.315/.385 with 13 home runs and 67 RBI in 539 PA. Prior to 2017, Pence had never posted a slugging percentage below .425, but he fell below that by 40 points this past season. If Pence struggles again, he may end up having to share playing time in left field with Jarrett Parker.
At first base, Belt will be looking to have a completely healthy, uninterrupted season. He was putting together another solid year for the Giants until he was hit in the head last summer and suffered a concussion, more or less ending his season. He finished hitting .241/.355/.469 with 18 home runs and 51 RBI in 451 PA. He had already tied a career-high in home runs and almost certainly would have hit one more if he hadn't been injured. While Belt possesses an above-average bat at first base, he provides a lot of value with his glove as well, ranking among the game's best defenders at the position. When he's fully healthy, the Giants can usually count on Belt for a 3-4 WAR season.
Second baseman Joe Panik and shortstop Brandon Crawford will continue to handle things up the middle in San Francisco. The slick-fielding Crawford had his worst offensive full season, compiling a paltry .709 OPS across 570 PA. There's really not much the Giants can do but hope it doesn't happen again. Panik is pretty unspectacular across the board. He hit .288/.347/.421 last year, slightly above-average numbers for a second baseman.
The starting rotation will be the determining factor in the Giants' success this season. If Bumgarner stays healthy, and if Johnny Cueto and Jeff Samardzija bounce back from subpar seasons, the Giants will be on the right foot. In 17 starts last year, Bumgarner managed a 3.32 ERA with 101 strikeouts in 111 innings. His strikeout rate was down a bit compared to previous seasons, but still plenty good enough. Cueto, meanwhile, struggled to a 4.52 ERA across 25 starts. The right-hander battled command issues, posting his highest walk rate (8.2%) since 2009. It had been just above five percent in the previous two seasons. Samardzija had great strikeout and walk numbers, but yielded 30 home runs in 32 starts, a feat that's hard to do pitching half one's games at AT&T Park.
Ty Blach and Chris Stratton are expected to get the No. 4 and No. 5 spots in the rotation. Blach was uninspiring across 24 starts and 10 relief appearances last year, finishing with a 4.78 ERA and a 73/43 K/BB ratio in 163 2/3 innings. In today's game, it's really hard to succeed without missing bats. Blach's 10.6 percent strikeout rate was the lowest in baseball last season at 10.6 percent, well behind second-place Andrew Cashner's 12.2 percent. Stratton was solid in 10 starts and three relief appearances, owning a 3.68 ERA and a 51/28 K/BB ratio in 58 2/3 innings. The Giants won't be expecting those numbers across a full season's worth of starts, but a breakout from Stratton (or Blach) would be a welcome sight.
Closer Mark Melancon will handle the ninth inning for the Giants once again. He had surgery last September to repair the pronator muscle in his right forearm, which explains his uncharacteristic 4.50 ERA across 30 innings. In the four seasons prior, Melancon saved 147 games with a 1.80 ERA. The right-hander will turn 33 years old later this month, and given that he's coming off of surgery, it may be unrealistic to expect him to return to his previous level of dominance. Still, a 3.00-ish ERA with a good save conversion rate will more than past muster.
Sam Dyson will help bridge the gap to Melancon in the seventh and eighth innings. Dyson was once one of baseball's more feared relievers, but he absolutely collapsed last year. He gave up 23 runs (20 earned) in 16 2/3 innings for the Rangers until they traded him to the Giants in early June. He rebounded in San Francisco, putting up a 4.03 ERA in 38 innings. The Giants will need him to be even better to avoid drama in high-leverage situations. His defense-independent numbers don't suggest Dyson is likely to be that kind of pitcher in 2018.
Watson will also handle some high-leverage innings ahead of Melancon. The lefty spent last year with the Pirates and Dodgers, putting together a composite 3.38 ERA in 66 2/3 innings. Watson has historically held lefties to a much lower OPS than right-handers, so manger Bruce Bochy will likely have to pick his spots with him. Hunter Strickland, Derek Law, Will Smith, and Cory Gearrin will round out the bullpen, which could be dominant or could be a mess.
The Dodgers appear built to once again run away with the NL West. FanGraphs is projecting the Giants to win 82 games while PECOTA has them at 83. If a few more things go right than expected, this is a team that could sneak into the Wild Card and do some damage. We all know what Bumgarner is capable of doing in the postseason.
Prediction: 85-77, third place in the NL West.
Tags: Andrew Cashner, Andrew McCutchen, Austin Jackson, Brandon Belt, Brandon Crawford, Chris Stratton, Cory Gearrin, Derek Law, Drew Cashner, Drew McCutchen, Evan Longoria, Hunter Pence, Hunter Strickland, Jarrett Parker, Jeff Samardzija, Joe Panik, Johnny Cueto, Madison Bumgarner, Mark Melancon, Sam Dyson, Tony Watson, Ty Blach, Will Smith


Image Title: Window Treatment Ideas For The Bedroom 3 Blind Mice Inside Treatments Bedrooms 14. Post Title: Window Treatments For Bedrooms. Filename: window-treatment-ideas-for-the-bedroom-3-blind-mice-inside-treatments-bedrooms-14.jpg. Image Dimension: 1200 x 960 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Jessy Carroll. Uploaded Date: Sunday - October 14th. 2018 14:35:23 PM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: archdaily.com. Window Treatment Ideas For The Bedroom 3 Blind Mice Inside Treatments Bedrooms 14. Bedroom Window Treatments Southern Living In For Bedrooms Prepare 18. Bedroom Decorating Ideas Window Treatments Traditional Home Throughout For Bedrooms Plan 4. 12 Types Of Window Treatments Angie S List Inside For Bedrooms Decor 7. Ideas Lovely Window Treatment For Bedroom Treatments Inside Bedrooms 15. 20 Dreamy Window Treatments For The Bedroom HGTV Intended Bedrooms Ideas 16. Basic Types Of Windows Treatments For Bedrooms Inside Window Remodel 12. Bedroom Window Treatments Southern Living Regarding For Bedrooms Designs 11. Bedroom Window Treatments Southern Living Inside For Bedrooms Designs 3. Strickland S Blinds Shades Shutters Guide To Creating Privacy Within Window Treatments For Bedrooms Decor 17.


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James Comey said he didn't want to be alone with Trump
By Michael S. Schmidt and Matt Apuzzo New York Times,June 6, 2017, 8:15 p.m.
President Trump met with then-FBI Director James B. Comey in January in the White House.(Andrew Harrer/Bloomberg News/File)
WASHINGTON — The day after President Trump asked James B. Comey, the FBI director, to end an investigation into his former national security adviser, Comey confronted Attorney General Jeff Sessions and said he did not want to be left alone again with the president, according to current and former law enforcement officials.
Comey believed Sessions should protect the FBI from White House influence, the officials said, and pulled him aside after a meeting in February to tell him that private interactions between the FBI director and the president were inappropriate. But Sessions could not guarantee that the president would not try to talk to Comey alone again, the officials said.
Comey did not reveal, however, what had so unnerved him about his Oval Office meeting with the president: Trump's request that the FBI director end the investigation into the former national security adviser, Michael T. Flynn, who had just been fired. By the time Trump fired Comey last month, Comey had disclosed the meeting to a few of his closest advisers but nobody at the Justice Department, according to the officials, who did not want to be identified discussing Comey's interactions with Trump and Sessions.
Comey will be the center of attention on Thursday during testimony before the Senate Intelligence Committee, where he is expected to be quizzed intensely about his interactions with Trump and why he decided to keep secret the president's request to end the Flynn investigation.
Comey's unwillingness to be alone with the president reflected how deeply Comey distrusted Trump, who Comey believed was trying to undermine the FBI's independence as it conducted a highly sensitive investigation into links between Trump's associates and Russia, the officials said. By comparison, Comey met alone at least twice with President Obama.
A spokesman for the FBI declined to comment on Comey's request. A Justice Department spokesman, Ian Prior, said that "the attorney general doesn't believe it's appropriate to respond to media inquiries on matters that may be related to ongoing investigations."
Yet according to two people who were briefed on the discussions, Sessions offered to resign in recent weeks as he told Trump he needed the freedom to do his job.
On Tuesday, the White House declined to say whether Trump still had confidence in his attorney general.
The Justice Department typically walls off the White House from criminal investigations to avoid even the appearance of political meddling in law enforcement. But Trump has repeatedly interjected himself in law enforcement matters, and never more dramatically than in his private meetings with Comey.
"You have the president of the United States talking to the director of the FBI, not just about any criminal investigation, but one involving his presidential campaign," said Matthew S. Axelrod, who served in senior Justice Department roles during the Obama administration and is now a partner at the law firm Linklaters. "That is such a sharp departure from all the past traditions and rules of the road."
But that raises one of the questions Comey will have to answer in his testimony on Thursday. If he believed that Trump was trying to get him to end an investigation, why did he not tell anyone about it?
Trump's defenders note that Andrew G. McCabe, the acting director of the FBI, has said that "there has been no effort to impede our investigation." Current and former law enforcement officials say Comey kept his interactions with Trump a secret in part because he was not sure whom at the Justice Department he could trust.
FBI officials were also unsure whether what Trump had done was a crime or how the conversation could ever be corroborated. So Comey kept the circle of officials at the FBI who knew about his interactions with Trump small because he did not want agents and analysts working on the case to be influenced by what the president wanted.
Comey's decision to keep his interactions with Trump a secret from the Justice Department were the latest example of how he set himself apart from the department throughout his tenure at FBI director.
Several times during the FBI's investigation into Hillary Clinton's personal email server last year, for example, Comey made decisions without the Justice Department's knowledge or approval, often to the consternation of Loretta Lynch, then the attorney general. Comey has said he made those decisions to protect the independence of the FBI — decisions that have been praised and criticized along partisan lines.
"In a legal sense, we're not independent of the Department of Justice," Comey told Congress last month. "We are spiritually, culturally pretty independent group, and that's the way you would want it."
Comey is also likely to be asked Thursday what he told Trump about the Russia investigation. Trump has told aides and said publicly that, on three occasions, Comey assured him that he was not under investigation.
Current and former law enforcement officials said that when the investigation was handed over last month to a special counsel, Robert S. Mueller III, Trump was not a target. But it is not clear what, if anything, Comey told the president about whether he was being investigated.
While Justice Department policy allows authorities to tell people whether they are the target of an investigation, prosecutors — not FBI agents — handle such discussions. "We typically do not answer that question," McCabe testified recently.
Former officials say Comey anticipated that the president might ask whether he was being investigated, and consulted his advisers on how to delicately sidestep the question. The officials were not aware of how Comey decided to answer.
When the Justice Department transferred the Russia investigation to Mueller, it gave him the authority to investigate whether the president broke any laws by attempting to obstruct the case or by firing Comey.
As FBI director, Comey wrote a detailed memo after every major phone call or meeting with Trump and left those memos in the bureau's files when he left. As special counsel, Mueller has access to those memos, but the FBI declined a request from the Senate Intelligence Committee for copies of the memos, citing the ongoing investigation. It is unclear whether Comey still has copies of all of them or plans to read from them during his testimony.
According to people briefed on the memos, they describe not only what Trump said, but details such as his tone and where he was sitting. In one memo, Comey described a dinner with Trump at the White House a week after the inauguration in January. Trump asked Comey to pledge his loyalty but Comey refused.
Two weeks later, on Feb. 14, Trump kicked Vice President Mike Pence, Sessions and other senior administration officials out of the Oval Office so he could have his one-on-one conversation with Comey, according to people briefed on one of Comey's memos.
It was in that conversation that Trump asked Comey to end the investigation into Flynn, and encouraged him to investigate leaks, the people said.
"I hope you can see your way clear to letting this go, to letting Flynn go," Trump told Comey, according to the memo Comey wrote describing that meeting. "He is a good guy. I hope you can let this go."
Asked Tuesday about Comey's coming testimony, Trump replied, "I wish him luck."


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Seznam rektorjev Univerze v Zagrebu.

Seznam
 Matija Mesić (1874-1875)
 Stjepan Spevec (1875-1876)
 Anton Kržan (1876-1877)
 Kosto Vojnović (1877-1878)
 Franjo Maixner (1878-1879)
 Franjo Iveković (1879-1880)
 Aleksandar Bresztyenszky (1880-1881)
 Franjo Marković (1881-1882)
 Feliks Suk (1882-1883)
 Blaž Lorković (1883-1884)
 Đuro Pilar (1884-1885)
 Gustav Baron (1885-1886)
 Franjo Vrbanić (1886-1887 in 1901-1902)
 Tadija Smičiklas (1887-1888)
 Antun Franki (1888-1889)
 Luka Marjanović (1889-1890)
 Natko Nodilo (1890-1891)
 Ivan Bujanović (1891-1892 in 1903-1904)
 Josip Pliverić (1892-1893 in 1904-1905)
 Vinko Dvoržak (1893-1894)
 Antun Maurović (1894-1895)
 Franjo Spevec (1895-1896)
 Armin Pavić (1896-1897)
 Juraj Dočkal (1897-1898)
 Josip Šilović (1898-1899)
 Đuro Arnold (1899-1900)
 Rudolf Vimer (1900-1901)
 Vjekoslav Klaić (1902-1903)
 Antun Heinz (1905-1906)
 Antun Bauer (1906-1907)
 Milivoj-Klement Maurović (1907-1908)
 Gustav Janeček (1908-1909)
 Josip Volović (1909-1910)
 Julije Rorauer (1910-1911)
 Julije Domac (1911-1912)
 Josip Pazman (1912-1913)
 Edo Lovrić (1913-1914 in 1937-1938)
 Đuro Korbler (1914-1915)
 Fran Barac (1915-1916)
 Ernest Miler (1916-1917 in 1926-1928)
 Julije Golik (1917-1918)
 Ivan Angelo Ruspini (1918-1919)
 Ladislav Polić (1919-1920 in 1924-1925)
 Karlo Radoničić (1920-1921)
 Vladimir Varićak (1921 -1922)
 Đuro Nenadić (1922-1923)
 Stjepan Zimmerman (1923-1924)
 Drago Perović (1925-1926)
 Josip Belobrk (1928-1932)
 Albert Bazala (1932-1933)
 Đuro Stipetić (1933-1935)
 Stanko Hondl (1935-1937)
 Andrija Živković (1938-1940)
 Stjepan Ivšić (1940-1943)
 Božidar Špišić (1943-1944)
 Stjepan Horvat (1944-1945)
 Andrija Štampar (1945-1946)
 Grga Novak (1946-1947)
 Andrija Mohorovičić (1947-1949)
 Marko Kostrenčić (1949-1950)
 Antun Barac (1950-1951)
 Franjo Bošnjaković (1951-1952)
 Teodor Varićak (1952-1953)
 Željko Marković (1953-1954)
 Hrvoje Iveković (1954-1956)
 Zoran Bujaš (1956-1958)
 Marijan Horvat (1958-1960)
 Vladimir Serdar (1960-1963)
 Slavko Macarol (1963-1966)
 Jakov Sirotković (1966-1968)
 Ivan Supek (1968-1972)
 Predrag Vranicki (1972-1976)
 Drago Grdenić (1976-1978)
 Ivan Jurković (1978-1982)
 Zvonimir Krajina (1982-1986)
 Vladimir Stipetić (1986-1988)
 Zvonimir Šeparović (1988-1990)
 Marijan Šunjić (1990-1998)
 Branko Jeren (1998-2002)
 Helena Jasna Mencer (2002-2006)
 Aleksa Bjeliš (2006-2014)
 Damir Boras (2014-)

Rektorji
Univerza v Zagrebu

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COMING FORWARD
Kevin Johnson Molestation Accuser Speaks
Max Whittaker/Reuters
The woman who accused Kevin Johnson of molesting her when she was 15 has come forward. Mandi Koba, now 36, says she was paid $230,000 to never speak of the 1996 case again as the NBA player moved on and became mayor of Sacramento. "I've chosen to say what I want, fully aware of the consequences," she told Deadspin. "I just felt like I wasn't doing anything but protecting him." Koba alleges that the two met while filming a PSA commercial about gun violence, but the mentor-mentee relationship evolved into one in which Johnson fondled her breasts and vagina. Koba's therapist tipped off authorities, who tried to build a strong case and filed a report with prosecutors in Maricopa County, Arizona. A staffer in the district attorney's office informed Koba that they would not prosecute due to a lack of evidence and "because of who he is," according to Koba. Johnson has since been accused of several other incidents with underage girls.
Read it at Deadspin


Romans 16:25-27 Now to Him who is able to establish you according to my gospel and the preaching of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery kept secret since the world began but now has been made manifest, and by the prophetic Scriptures has been made known to all nations, according to the commandment of the everlasting God, for obedience to the faith– to God, alone wise, be glory through Jesus Christ forever. Amen.
Colonel G.W. Goethals, the man responsible for the completion of the Panama Canal, had major problems with the climate and the geography as it was being built. If that wasn't enough to deal with, he had an even bigger problem. It was the growing criticism back home from those who predicted he'd never finish the project and had opinions about how to do it better.
"When the canal is finished.
We, who know Yeshua (Jesus) and have given our lives to his purposes have a big task at hand — a bit bigger, I would say, than the building the Panama Canal. There is a world of people who are hungry to know God and the time is short.
The climate and geography may not be ideal and people around us might be critical, but the task still remains — and we who love God must all contribute and stay focused!! Yes, we may come across some obstacles along the way but we cannot let them distract us from our calling!
If you haven't been focused on sharing the Good News of Messiah with the lost, let's take this opportunity make it a goal today. If each of us led only one person to the Kingdom, can you imagine what a difference that would make?! Let's make it a point to lead at least one person to the Lord before the holidays! People are searching — it's not as hard as you think!
« Sentenced to Hell by this one Scripture!


So, what is the purpose and the secret of creating a compelling position paper? By definition, a position paper is a writing work that serves one main purpose: to share your opinion with the audience on the chosen topic. Not only you need to share it, but defend it and document the point of view behind the theme. If you want your teacher to be delighted with the content of the work, go above and beyond in collecting background information. This way, you give your readers the sense of direction and render your feelings in a concise and focused way.
Broadly speaking, you should establish, explain and substantiate an opinion. Plus, your task is to consider the opposite position and briefly highlight it to make your research objective. It is also important to remain specific in your examples and supporting arguments. A good position paper does not only inform the reader of the possible outcome, but also provides the conclusion that is coherent and organized.
Prior to your research, make sure you know the topic and have a clear understanding of the task. Introduce your theme by providing readers with information that might be relevant to the story. It means that if your topic doesn't limit to common knowledge, you need to start with an overview of its main provisions. Then make sure to introduce your main idea about it.
For example, if you decide to present your point of view on the interracial marriage, tell the audience about the state of international affairs in the country and specify the first documented case of such marriage. This will serve as a background information and give your readers an insight into the matter necessary to capture the general theme.
Want to get a good mark, you should write in a clear and concise manner. Therefore, make sure to avoid overstating your opinion or using superficial expressions. It's better to demonstrate your ability to reason within the topic than leave your audience skimming the content and looking for clues. Sometime emotional and informal language might be helpful to illustrate the cause (and some topics to allow using it). However, it is important to avoid slang and jargon. Also, never use inappropriate words or concepts you don't really understand. These elements clutter the paper and make an odd impression. Instead, try to stay focused and provide your readers with quality and thoughtful content.
It doesn't sound like a journey off the beaten track, but you will be surprised to learn library assistants know a lot more about valid argumentation and position papers than you do, and can provide you with relevant information on the topic.
Another old and gold way to write an efficient position is to conduct your research online. To cut a long story short, look for clues that might be hidden in scientific journals, legit documentation and books. Also, you might find gems of wisdom to support your thoughts in the current newspapers and electronic editions. Avoid using unreliable sources like amateur sites, commercial resources, and – oops! – Wikipedia.
A primary source is a door that leads you to the world of information. For example, if you are writing a position paper on the current state of political affairs in the country, meeting a mayor or a local official will be a huge benefit. Take advantage of the issue and support your ideas with as much background information as possible.
The majority of students write their position papers to express an opinion on the subject and ignore the opportunity to explore a contrasting viewpoint. It makes the entire research one-sided, whereas you might want to discover the opposite statement. You don't need to change your position to satisfy the audience, just make sure you follow the task.
So, be attentive, choose appropriate sources, show objectiveness and don't forget to revise your paper for a couple of times before submission. Otherwise, you can count on reliable writing companies and ask help and advice from them. Good luck!


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Cyber 2003 - Pervasive Computing: You Are What You Compute
Computers are quickly being absorbed into the fabric of our lives. A Cyberposium 2003 panel looks at new markets made possible by pervasive computing. Just one question: Who is going to change all those batteries?
by Sean Silverthorne, Editor, HBS Working Knowledge
Tiny computers that blend into the fabric of our daily lives are starting to help us live healthier lives, predict the breakdown of our machines—and may potentially invade our privacy.
Panelists at Cyberposium 2003 discussed "Pervasive Computing—the Gap Between Vision and Reality." But the speakers began with descriptions of how their companies today are developing and selling products and services that rely on tiny, often unseen chips that broadcast information about their environments.
At MIT, researchers are studying how dime-sized sensors located in light switches, medicine cabinet doors, chairs, and other invisible locations throughout the house can help with biometric health monitoring, said Stephen Intille, technology director for MIT's Changing Places /House_n. The goal: Keep the elderly living at home as long as possible, reducing healthcare costs and providing peace of mind to families.
Unlocking the data stored in sensors and other chips is the business of Axeda, which sells devices that track real-time performance of medical, office, and industrial equipment, and reports back to owners using the Internet. The devices can be used to help predict failures, aid remote maintenance, and allow manufacturers to see how customers use their products, said Richard Barnwell, vice president of services.
While there are some 150 million CPUs, or central processing units, in computers worldwide, there are 7.5 billion micro controllers—chips that act as sensing and control devices. For the most part, these chips are deaf and blind, not in touch with their environment, said Robert Poor, chief technical officer of Ember Corp. Ember is developing wireless networks that connect micro controllers, such as the chips that control the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems in buildings. The networks can automatically hand off and reroute signals, ensuring a "self-healing" network with no single point of failure.
In addition to commercial and industrial applications, these nearly invisible computers, and wearable computers, will help consumers with their desire to get rid of all the gadgets proliferating in their lives, said MIT professor Sandy Pentland, director of research for MIT Lab Asia. We won't carry them, we'll wear them.
Early markets, emerging opportunities
Panelists said markets for pervasive computing are emerging. Axeda customers spend on average $400,000 for the company's remote sensing and diagnostic devices, but realize up to $700,000 in savings the first year through more effective preventative maintenance and other benefits, Barnwell said. A potentially large new market could be sensors that report remotely the activity logged by usage-based equipment such as photocopiers and printers. Today, a person is dispatched to read usage meters on those devices.
If you make remote sensors simple enough, people will put them in the home if they see a reason for doing so, said Intille, of Changing Places/House_N. And preventative health care is certainly one such motivator because healthcare prices are so high. Pentland said he could foresee family members buying such systems for aging parents. "They want to take care of them and feel connected," Pentland said.
An audience member asked about the privacy implications of all these small data-gathering devices spreading around home and work. Erik Brynjolfsson, director of the Center for eBusiness at MIT, recalled that traffic cameras scattered throughout Singapore have been used to spy on people.
But Barnwell said monitoring devices used in a healthcare setting are subject to strict regulation. His company's devices, for example, cannot be placed directly on a piece of medical equipment in some cases; it must reside nearby.
Intille noted that home sensors would be used with the permission of the user. He said also that people should be more concerned with the arrival of cell phones that report your location via GPS satellite. "I'll know you are in a parking lot next to a cancer treatment center," he said. But because phones give value, there is not as much talk about these kinds of potential abuses.
Another audience member wondered about the batteries that will power all these devices. Who is going to change them all when they get used up?
One solution being researched, said Pentland, is to grab power from the air all around us; energy given off by radio signals and other technologies.
The panel discussion was held January 18 at Harvard Business School.
Related stories in HBS Working Knowledge:
Cyberposium 2002: High-Tech Balancing Act
Related HBS departments:
Entrepreneurial Management


Optisure Risk Partners, a Manchester, N.H.-based provider of risk management and insurance, has hired Greg Soden as vice president of revenue development.
In this role, Soden will work as part of the executive leadership team to develop and implement strategies for sustained revenue growth for Optisure.
Soden brings to this position more than 20 years of experience in the insurance industry, including a focus on human resources outsourcing and consulting, as well as property, casualty and employee benefits. He also owned and managed all facets of a multi-location insurance agency for a number of years.
Optisure's regional partners operate locally but with global capabilities in order to address the spectrum of risk protection, employee benefit and property and casualty insurance needs.


Dress by Closet Plus, Textured crepe, Added stretch for comfort, Round neck, Polka dot print, Cinched waist, Split hem, Mini-length, Regular fit - true to size, Exclusive to ASOS. Designing and producing its day-to-night dresses in the heart of London, Closet transcends seasons to bring you fashion-forward pieces that will always be in style. Closet Plus locks down killer curves with its bodycon dresses and fit and flare shapes in bold colours and fresh prints.
"Plus-size dress by Closet Plus, Smooth woven fabric, V-neck, Wrap front, Zip-back fastening, Regular fit - true to size, Hand wash, 100% Polyester, Our model wears a UK 18/EU 46/US 14 and is 175cm/5'9" tall. Designing and producing its day-to-night dresses in the heart of London, Closet transcends seasons to bring you fashion-forward pieces that will always be in style. Closet Plus locks down killer curves with its bodycon dresses and fit and flare shapes in bold colours and fresh prints."
Plus-size dress by Closet Plus, Unlined - cos you're hot enough, Spot print, Connect the dots, V-neck, Tie waist, Split front, Zip-back fastening, Slim fit, A narrow cut that sits close to the body. Designing and producing its day-to-night dresses in the heart of London, Closet transcends seasons to bring you fashion-forward pieces that will always be in style. Closet Plus locks down killer curves with its bodycon dresses and fit and flare shapes in bold colours and fresh prints.
"Plus-size dress by Closet Plus, Textured woven fabric, Boat neck, Tie-waist closure, Wrap skirt, Zip-back fastening, Regular fit - true to size, Hand wash, 100% Polyester, Our model wears a UK 18/EU 46/US 14 and is 180cm/5'11" tall. Designing and producing its day-to-night dresses in the heart of London, Closet transcends seasons to bring you fashion-forward pieces that will always be in style. Closet Plus locks down killer curves with its bodycon dresses and fit and flare shapes in bold colours and fresh prints."


Ten mukhi rudraksha is a symbol of Lord Vishnu. Ten mukhi rudraksha present the Dasavtaar roop of Lord Vishnu. Ten mukhi rudraksha wearer always get blessed from Goddess Laxmi and Maa Saraswati. Ten mukhi rudraksha always give many benefits.
Ten mukhi rudraksha always protects from Evils and Black Magic.
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Wearing of Ten mukhi rudraksha protect from all type of problems.
Ten mukhi rudraksha Removes Depression, anxiety and psychics problems of wearer.
Wearing Ten mukhi rudraksha gives Energy of Creation and Perseverance to wearer.
Ten mukhi rudrkahsha helps in Court cases, Lands Dealing and relieves from debts and losses.


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Posts under tag "golf instruction"
Q&A with Stephen Aumock
FlightScope Advisory Board member Stephen Aumock has been the Director of Instruction at Gleneagles Country Club in Plano, Texas for 13 years. In 2009, he was awarded the PGA's highest designation, Master Instructor, which has only been achieved by roughly 100 instructors worldwide. He was also awarded the 2014 Northern Texas PGA Teacher of…
Exploring The Mevo Golf App
Ever since its official launch in March, the FlightScope Mevo has taken the golf world by storm. Mevo is our first model designed for consumers, making it the most affordable and smallest launch monitor we've ever made. Our goal with Mevo is to enhance the relationship between the teacher and student by giving the student…
FlightScope Video App: Revolutionizing The Video Experience
Video is a great way to analyze the golf swing and to learn how to correctly implement swing changes. While the FlightScope VX app allows for video analysis, up until now our apps did not allow for a fully customizable screen. With the release of the Video app, the user now has the ability to…
NEW: FlightScope Short Game PC Software
With the recent release of our first hardware and software capable of capturing putting data, the teacher, fitter, or individual user now has the ability to take each session to the next level. Let's discuss some of the X3 and Short Game PC Software features and how they can be used to improve performance. Customizable…
Heisman Trophy Winning Quarterback Gets a FlightScope Lesson
Rob Strano recently gave a former NFL quarterback a lesson on athletic stance in a golf swing. He used a FlightScope golf launch monitor, integrated with a FlightScope BodiTrak pressure mat, to analyze the player's stance and swing in detail. The video shows how the minor golf stance changes were able to correct an ordinary…


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Q: 3d object that looks the same from every direction
*

*have a 3d maze with walls and floor.

*have an image with a key ( or other object its not important, but all of em are images and not 3d models ).

I want to display it on the floor and if the camera moves around the object needs to look the same without rotating the object. How can i achieve this?
Update1:
I created a plane geometry added the image ( its a transparent png ) and rotating at render. Its working good, but if i turn the camera sometimes the plane lose transparency for about a few milisec and the get a solid black background ( blinking ).
Any idea why?
here is the code:
var texture = new THREE.ImageUtils.loadTexture('assets/images/sign.png');
var material = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial( {map: texture, transparent: true} );

plane = new THREE.Mesh(new THREE.PlaneGeometry(115, 115,1,1), material );
plane.position.set(500, 0, 1500);
scene.add(plane);

// at render:
plane.rotation.copy( camera.rotation );

A: This will be achieved by using:
function animate() {
     not3dObject.rotation.z = camera.rotation.z;
     not3dObject.rotation.x = camera.rotation.x;
     not3dObject.rotation.y = camera.rotation.y;
     ...
     render();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Jackie Allen has been officially picked to run in Peace River North for the NDP.
Jackie was acclaimed as their candidate at a meeting held over the weekend in Fort St. John. Since moving to Fort Nelson 30 years ago, Jackie has been an active member of the community. She worked for School District 89 for 20 years and for 9 years served as a councilor for the town of Fort Nelson.
Jackie will now face at least 4 other people for the Peace River North seat. The Green Party will have Liz Logan, Aurther Hadland will run as an independent and Suzanne Arnston will represent the BC Refederation Party.
The incumbent Liberals still haven't chosen their candidate, but among those who have thrown their hats in the ring for nomination, are current Fort St. John City Councilors Lori Ackerman and Dan Davies…former Fort St. John city councilor Pat Pimm…District 60 School Trustee Linda Sewell…and Chetwynd mayor Evan Saugstad. It's expected that the Liberals will pick their candidate this Friday at a meeting in Fort St. John.
The Provincial Election will be held on Tuesday May 12th.


text:
name = raw_input('What is your name?\n')
print 'Hi, %s.' % name

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Girls' Generation's Taeyeon Reveals She Is Suffering From Depression; Slams Those Who "Disrespect" People With Mental Health Problems
by Jessica Rapir / Jun 17, 2019 03:45 AM EDT
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Girls' Generation's Taeyeon reveals she is suffering from depression and slams those who "disrespect" people with mental health problems. Photo by Girls' Generation/Facebook
Girls' Generation member Taeyeon has made a courageous revelation about her mental health. She also fired back to those who disrespect people with mental health problems.
Taeyeon took time to talk to her fans on Instagram. She encouraged her fans to ask her anything and did exchange messages with them. However, some noticed that the singer's answers to their questions were brief or just a simple "no." Others called her being "disrespectful" in answering the fans' questions while another told her to grow up.
Taeyeon admitted that she had been sick for a while hence she has been inactive in social media for a while. She promised to "communicate better" when she is feeling better.
Then one of her followers asked the K-pop singer if she has bipolar disorder. She admitted suffering from depression but added that she is getting medical treatment. Then Taeyeon blasted the person who sent her a message, "Do you have a bipolar disorder? Tsk Tsk."
"No. I am struggling with depression. I am diligently getting medical treatment, trying hard to become better. Whether it's bipolar disorder or depression, don't tsk-tsk at people and, as someone said previously, don't disrespect them. They are all patients who are hurting," Taeyeon replied.
Fans are quick to send their support and love for the Girls' Generation member. Many wish Taeyeon to get better. She reciprocated all of it with a promise to work hard to get better. Taeyeon also apologized for worrying her fans.
"It takes courage to be this open and honest about your own struggles, especially as a well-known person in a country like Korea where mental illnesses are ignored and often swept under the rug. Proud of you, Taeyeon," a fan wrote.
The 30-year-old singer recently concluded her Japan tour where she performed for her fans in Fukuoka, Osaka, Nagoya, and Tokyo. It was followed by the release of her first Japanese EP, Voice, last month.
The K-pop singer also recently showed support to the solo debut of her friend Jeon Somi who released her new song "Birthday" last week. Taeyeon will be seen next with the cast of the upcoming Begin Again Season 3 which is set to premiere next month.
Taeyeon debuted as a member of Girls' Generation in August 2007. The leader of Girls' Generation has been named as inspiration to many K-pop solo artists.
In mid-2015, SM Entertainment announced that Taeyeon would be the first member to embark on a solo career. She dropped her first EP, titled I, in October 2015 and her first studio album, My Voice, in February 2017.
In August 2018, SM Entertainment announced the second subunit of Girls' Generation, named Oh!GG. The group is composed of five members: Taeyeon, Sunny, Yoona, Yuri and Hyoyeon. They released their debut single album, Lil' Touch, on September 5, 2018.
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Tags: girls generation taeyeon, Taeyeon, Taeyeon depression, Taeyeon mental health


Mount Olivet is rated 'Outstanding' by the Care Quality Commission putting it in the top 1% of care homes in the country. So, choosing Mount Olivet means you can rest easy knowing your loved one will be receiving the very best care possible.
NAPA value the uniqueness of each older person and are dedicated to delivering expertise in activity provision through delivering best practice, training, support and raising the status of activity providers.
The CQUIN Scheme (Care Quality and Innovation) was accredited to Mount Olivet for the two consecutive years that it was run, including a special commendation for the evidence submitted. The scheme was run by Torbay Care Trust.
Check out the latest news, activities & events at Mount Olivet!


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pyrophyllite chemical analysis
Pyrophyllite is also identical in physical properties to a quite distinct mineral called talc. Pyrophyllite-Talc Group. The global pyrophyllite market size was valued at USD 151.7 million in 2019 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.7% from 2020 to 2027. To Boost … Global Talc and Pyrophyllite Industry Research Report, Growth Trends and Competitive Analysis 2020-2026 Report ID: 215600 3300 Chemical & Material Dataintelo 130 Pages Report Details However, q=2/3 if uniform packing of same-sized spherical grains is considered. Pyrophyllite's surface in mass form will usually have silver to yellow fan-like structures running throughout. Due to the many uses and high global demand of Pyrophyllite, It's became one of the most important industrial minerals. Owner: RRUFF. Understanding the kinetics of Cs is essential to the design of appropriate conditions for Cs stabilization. Pyrophyllite is useful for astral travel and to connect with your spirit guides. We carried out the characterization of a pyrophyllite ore sample using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and wet chemical analysis. Simultaneously, muscovite dissolves and. [5], The compact variety of pyrophyllite is used for slate pencils and tailors' chalk (French chalk), and is carved by the Chinese into small images and ornaments of various kinds. It occurs in two forms ( habits ): crystalline folia and compact masses; distinct crystals are not known. [citation needed], Pyrophyllite is easily machineable and has excellent thermal stability, so it is added to clay to reduce thermal expansion when firing, but it has many other industry uses when combined with other compounds, such as in insecticide and for making bricks. The most extensive commercial deposits are in North Carolina, but pyrophyllite is also mined in California, China, … Physical & Chemical Properties: Pyrophyllite and talc are monoclinic (ie have the same crystal structure) giving rise to similar physical properties. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets. Pyrophyllite is a rare phyllosilicate mineral made up of aluminum silicate hydroxide. The Al analogue of ferripyrophyllite. However, it has distinct radiating crystal aggregates which easily identify it. pp. Aluminium silicate hydroxide phyllosilicate mineral, Pearly radial cluster of pyrophyllite from Hillsboro District, Orange County, North Carolina (Size: 11 x 7.3 x 6.6 cm). composites consisting of a mineral and resin, balanced in an optimized blend, offer performance advantages not easily achieved by resins alone. The report aims to provide an overview of the pyrophyllite market with detailed market segmentation mineral, product type, application, end user and geography. Reprinted from Zhao et al., ©2001, with permission from Elsevier Science. Pyrophyllite Market: Overview. Figure 16.28. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. May 01, 2015 Iron as an impurity in pyrophyllite ore affects pottery, ceramics and tile quality. Pyrophyllite-Talc Group. Such properties as chemical inertness, high dielectric strength, high melting point, and low electrical conductivity make it useful for ceramic and refractory applications. It brings in energy from the ethers to remove blockages in the physical body right away. Chemical analysis of … Talc and, Malandrini et al., 1997; Tunega et al., 2002, Multinuclear Solid-State NMR of Inorganic Materials, A. pyrophyllite dehydroxylate, after Fitzgerald, Abrasives, ceramic, and inorganic materials, Handbook of Friction Materials and their Applications. Talc and Pyrophyllite Market Analysis. 16 rophyllite from Nagano Prefecture, Japan, Mariposa County, California, and Robbins, North Carolina . Pyrophyllite is isomorphous with the common mineral Talc, but has aluminum in place of the magnesium.It is very similar to Talc, with very similar properties and habits. Allen and G.R. Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985. Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) purchased from Fluka was used for the preparation of adsorbents Other soft compact minerals (steatite and pinite) used for these Chinese carvings are included with pyrophyllite under the terms agalmatolite and pagodite. Thus, no boundary condition was specified. 22 (11th ed.). 15. Mielenz, N.C. Schieltz, M.E. The folia have a pronounced pearly luster, owing to the presence of a perfect cleavage parallel to their surfaces: they are flexible but not elastic, and are usually arranged radially in fan-like or spherical groups. It also occurs as hydrothermal deposits. However, it has distinct radiating crystal aggregates which easily identify it. ® Application Fiberglass, ceramics, refractory materials and filler. MarketsandResearch.biz has rolled out a new report titled Global Talc and Pyrophyllite Market 2020 by Manufacturers, Type and Application, Forecast to 2025 aims to present an entire summary of the market where every detail associated with the market has been mentioned. Analysis for Talc and Pyrophyllite by End-Use Segment - Talc (Ceramics, Paper, Paints, Plastics, Roofings, Cosmetics, and Others) and Pyrophyllite (Ceramics & Refractories, and Pyrophyllite Meanings, Zodiacs, Planets, Elements, Colors, Chakras, and more. Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC offers a number of industrial minerals designed to improve the physical properties of our customers' formulated products. Name: Pyrophyllite RRUFF ID: R050051 Ideal Chemistry: Al 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 Locality: Cottonstone Mountain, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA Source: University of Arizona Mineral Museum 13207 Owner: RRUFF Description: Radiating lamellar aggregates Status: The identification of this mineral has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis Pyrophyllite Market is split by Type and by Application. Chin, Thurn-Albrecht, Kim, Russell, & Wang, 2001, McNally, Raymond Murphy, Lew, Turner, & Brennan, 2003, Solomon, Almusallam, Seefeldt, Somwangthanaroj, & Varadan, 2001, ). This variety, when heated , exfoliates and swells up to many times its original volume, hence the name pyrophyllite, from the Greek pyros (fire)[clarify] and phyllos (a leaf),[4] given by R. Hermann in 1829. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Global Pyrophyllite Market Analysis and Forecast by Application 6.1. We carried out the characterization of a pyrophyllite ore sample using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and wet chemical analysis. Electron microscopy of montmorillonite. Typical associated minerals include: kyanite, andalusite, topaz, mica and quartz. Pyrophyllite Market Segment by Type covers: In a two-dimensional case considered in Figure 16.27, q=½ for uniform packing of circles of the same size. We conducted in situ X-ray absorption fine structure (in situ XAFS) analysis at the Cs K-edge to investigate the chemical kinetics of Cs species during reaction in an alkali-activated municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) and pyrophyllite-based system. Pyrophyllite, Al 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2, is a very soft, pale-colored phyllosilicate mineral composed of aluminum silicate hydroxide. Status: The identification of this mineral has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis. Nature 222, 263. The developed nonlinear sorption kinetic (NSK) mathematical model was solved using numerical integration (trapezoidal method), the gradient descent method, and least-squares analysis. Typical Chemical Analysis % (calculated as oxides) Aluminum Oxide 18%, Silicon Dioxide 77%, Iron Oxide 0.5%, Titanium Dioxide 0.2%, Calcium Oxide <0.1%, Magnesium Oxide <0.1%, Sodium Oxide 0.2%, Potassium Oxide 1%, Ignition Loss (1000oC) 3% Note the magnesium is virtually nil. This mineral's structure does not form any crystals, and instead, forms only fibers and compact masses. "Pyrophyllite". Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application 6.2 ... 3300 Chemical & Material 104 Pages. The report on the Global Pyrophyllite Market gives an estimation of the development of the market based on historical studies and also provides forecasts on the basis of a comprehensive research. This crystal balances your yin/yang energies. 695–696. The main goal of this report is to give a descriptive analysis of the trends, competitive manufactures. In this work, powder of calcined pyrophyllite (CP) was used as cement substitution at level of 10% and 20% by weight. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978184569449450014X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128047514000043, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845692315500040, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123838582000044, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921911005800084, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081021293000087, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128146170000062, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470180402800062, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081006191000080, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128018989000163, Utilisation of non-thermally activated clays in the production of geopolymers, ), and how this structure is changed by dehydroxylation. Due to the many uses and high global demand of Pyrophyllite, It's became one of the most important industrial minerals. Nel, LT., H. Jacobs, J.T. Pyrophyllite is a hydrous aluminum silicate with a structure similar to talc. Pyrophyllite sample contained a higher molar ratio of SiO 2/Al 2O 3 (2.23). Pyrophyllite is named after the Greek words "pyr" - "fire" and "phyllon" - leaf, regarding its property to exfoliate into fan shapes upon heating. The report aims to provide an overview of the pyrophyllite market with detailed market segmentation mineral, product type, application, end user and geography. Moreover, pyrophyllite does not flux when subjected to heat and maintains its strength which makes it suitable for ceramic products, electric insulators and refractory applications. This study specially analyses the impact of Covid-19 outbreak on the Talc and Pyrophyllite, covering the supply chain analysis, impact assessment to the Talc and Pyrophyllite market size growth rate in several scenarios, and the measures to be undertaken by Talc and Pyrophyllite companies in response to the COVID-19 epidemic. The addition of mineral fillers can increase the viscosity, opacity and weight of the compound, reduce shrinkage and cracking, and increase the speed of melting and cooling in hot melts. C.A.S.E. and Thompson, D.W., 1969. Pyrophyllite is a rare phyllosilicate mineral made up of aluminum silicate hydroxide. Suppose the prototype mineral is pyrophyllite, which has the formula: 2 [ Al 2 Si 4 O 10 ( OH) 2]. 16 rophyllite from Nagano Prefecture, Japan, Mariposa County, California, and Robbins, North Carolina . The specific gravity is 2.65 - 2.85. Global Pyrophyllite Market size is estimated to record USD 219.17 Million by 2026, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.2%. A high-recovery-ratio combustion chamber*, Composition and Properties of Drilling and Completion Fluids (Sixth Edition), are a group of clay minerals whose characteristic structure consists of a layer of brucite alternating with a three-sheet, Critical Temperatures for the Thermal Explosion of Chemicals, Biomedical and packaging application of silica and various clay dispersed nanocomposites, Silica and Clay Dispersed Polymer Nanocomposites. Revenue, production, price, market share of these players is mentioned with precise information. Name: Pyrophyllite. Source: Rock Currier. R.C. Talc has magnesiums instead of aluminums and is basically indistinguishable from pyrophyllite without a chemical test for aluminum. Pyrophyllite offers comfort when you are in distress and also discourages loud behaviors, once again bringing balance to you. For the period 2015-2025, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for sales by Type and by Application in terms of volume and value. Pyrophyllite belongs to the montmorillonite group of minerals. The representative 2:1 aluminosilicate mineral is, Clay Mineralogy and the Colloid Chemistry of Drilling Fluids, Composition and Properties of Drilling and Completion Fluids (Seventh Edition). Tag: Talc and Pyrophyllite Market Analysis. and CaO (0.107%). MarketsandResearch.biz has rolled out a new report titled Global Talc and Pyrophyllite Market 2020 by Manufacturers, Type and Application, Forecast to 2025 aims to present an entire summary of the market where every detail associated with the market has been mentioned. Increasing demand for pyrophyllite in ceramics is projected to boost the market growth Chemical analysis … The adsorption system was modeled and simulated to predict kinetic parameters for the adsorption of metal cations (lead, copper, and zinc) onto pyrophyllite, a low-cost adsorbent. Since it does not possess permanent structural charge as other clay minerals do, it is used to investigate sorption properties of the clay surfaces not related to the permanent structural charge. Pyrophyllite, very soft, pale-coloured silicate mineral, hydrated aluminum silicate, Al2(OH)2 Si4O10, that is the main constituent of some schistose rocks. Inorganic Scaling and Geochemical Formation Damage, Reservoir Formation Damage (Third Edition). Pyrophyllite's surface in mass form will usually have silver to yellow fan-like structures running throughout. Aj is the surface area of mineral j expressed per unit brine volume, given by an empirical power-law function of the generalized concentration of a mineral, as: where αj and q are empirically determined parameters, whose values depend on various factors, such as composition, size, packing of mineral grains. There are slight chemical changes throughout the dipped bedding planes and depth, causing mostly colour changes during firing. Pyrophyllite (Al 2 (OH) 2 Si 4 O 10) crystallizes in monoclinic system and occurs as crystalline folia and compact dense masses, and occasionally a fan aggregates of greenish, yellowish or light bluish color. It's composed of aluminum silicate hydroxide (Al 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2) It has a pearly shining , greasy texture and a hardness ranging between 1-1.5 on Mohs scale.Pyrophyllite has a specific gravity between 2.65 - 2.85. However, to ensure the rheological stability, use mineral fines is required. Two polytypes are known, a monoclinic one (2M) and a triclinic one (1A). Encyclopædia Britannica. Consistently, XRD patterns obtained from the mineral revealed that ore sample mainly contained pyrophyllite and quartz. CERAMIT is minerally PYROPHYLLITE (Aluminium silicate) and is quarried from surface workings down to a depth of 100 metres (300 feet approx). These must have fresh properties well defined as fluidity, filling ability and resistance to segregation. The current trend of industrial concrete leans more towards the use of self-compacting concrete. It is found in two forms: crystalline folia and compact masses. Global Talc and Pyrophyllite Market 2020 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2025 available at MarketandResearch.biz presents the latest study on the market covering product scope, market revenue, opportunities, growth rate, sales volumes, and figures.The report answers what are the scenarios for the growth of the global Talc and Pyrophyllite market. Best of Chemicals Supplier: Quality supplier of research chemicals and biochemicals including inhibitors, building blocks, GMP Products, impurities and metabolites, APIs for Veterinary, Natural Compounds, ADCs, Stem Cell Molecule and chiral compounds. Ideal Chemistry: Al 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2. The two varieties are thus very similar to talc. Pyrax is chemically similar to a clay, it is a hyrated aluminum silicate.But Pyrax has the appearance of a talc. This mineral's structure does not form any crystals, and instead, forms only fibers and compact masses. The only difference is that talc is magnesium based and pyrophyllite is aluminum based. They simulated the system as an initial value problem and not as a boundary-value problem. It occurs in two forms (habits): crystalline folia and compact masses; distinct crystals are not known. (2001). Originally from Beyer, G. (2002). The report gives a complete market analysis for the forecasted period from 2021 to 2027. However, to ensure the rheological stability, use mineral fines is required. Talc and pyrophyllite are platy belonging to the same phyllosilicates sub-class of minerals. Iron as an impurity in pyrophyllite ore affects pottery, ceramics and tile quality. These must have fresh properties well defined as fluidity, filling ability and resistance to segregation. Pyrophyllite is a phyllosilicate mineral species belonging to the clay family and composed of aluminum silicate hydroxide : AlSi2O5OH. Subscribe to receive an email notification when a publication is added to this page. Electron micrograph by Barclay, L.M. The two are isomorphous, meaning they share the same monoclinic structure but have different chemistries. Locality: Graves Mountain, Lincoln County, Georgia, USA. Pyrophyllite Meanings, Zodiacs, Planets, Elements, Colors, Chakras, and more. McAtee, Baylor University. General Pyrophyllite Information : Chemical Formula: Al2Si4O10(OH)2 : Composition: Molecular Weight = 360.31 gm Aluminum 14.98 % Al 28.30 % Al 2 O 3: Silicon 31.18 % Si 66.70 % SiO 2: Hydrogen 0.56 % H 5.00 % H 2 O: Oxygen 53.28 % O: 100.00 % 100.00 % = TOTAL OXIDE Pyrophyllite (PYRO) samples were collected from a deposit mined in Malatya, Eastern Turkey. The sample consists of ˘99% PYRO, and small quantities of kaolinite and quartz, as determined by X-ray di raction analysis and chemical analysis. Iron as an impurity in pyrophyllite ore affects pottery, ceramics and tile quality. .. 17 16. Pyrophyllite is a hydrous silicate of aluminium that closely resembles talc in physical and optical properties but have different chemical composition. Pyrophyllite, Al2[Si4O10](OH)2, is the simplest structural prototype for 2:1 dioctahedral phyllosilicates. Description: Lamellar radial aggregates. It is remarkably similar to talc, which belongs to the same mineral family, except that magnesium is substituted for aluminium. Pyrophyllite possesses properties such as chemical inertness, high dielectric strength, high melting point, thermal shock resistance and low electrical conductivity. Cambridge University Press. Pyrophyllite Market report (2019-2026) includes global market size, trends, company overview, competition Analysis, and forecast. This study specially analyses the impact of Covid-19 outbreak on the Talc and Pyrophyllite, covering the supply chain analysis, impact assessment to the Talc and Pyrophyllite market size growth rate in several scenarios, and the measures to be undertaken by Talc and Pyrophyllite companies in response to the COVID-19 epidemic. Bozzoli 1937. http://webmineral.com/data/Pyrophyllite.shtml, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyrophyllite&oldid=985755202, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Brown green, brownish yellow, greenish, gray green, gray white, Compact spherulitic aggregates of needlelike radiating crystals; as . Pyrophyllite, very soft, pale-coloured silicate mineral, hydrated aluminum silicate, Al 2 (OH) 2 Si 4 O 10, that is the main constituent of some schistose rocks. Dissolution/precipitation front positions for various minerals inferred by the simulation results of Zhao et al. It is very similar to Talc, with very similar properties and habits. Pyrophyllite is a phyllosilicate mineral composed of aluminium silicate hydroxide: Al 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2. Chemical analysis shows that the residue consists of Si, A1, and Ti only, with the following percentages: 63.06% SIO2, 27.34% A1203, 5.08% TiO2, and 4.83% Pyrophyllite is a phyllosilicate mineral composed of aluminium silicate hydroxide: Al2Si4O10(OH)2. Talc has magnesiums instead of aluminums and is basically indistinguishable from pyrophyllite without a chemical test for aluminum. (1911). Functional use(s) - abrasives, absorbents. Talc and Pyrophyllite market report tracks competitive progresses, strategies, mergers and acquisitions and new product development. In this work, powder of calcined pyrophyllite (CP) was used as cement substitution at level of 10% and 20% by weight. 0 Talc and Pyrophyllite Market 2020 Global Analysis – Imerys, Hayashi-Kasei, IMI FABI, Mondo Minerals ... Metal Finishing Chemicals Market Size, Share, Development by 2025; Global KNX Products Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2025) Market Trends 6.2. [3], Deposits containing well-crystallized material are found in:[3], In South Africa, major deposits of pyrophyllite occur within the Ottosdal region, where it is mined for the production of a variety of manufactured goods, and blocks are quarried and marketed as "Wonderstone" for the carving of sculptures. King, Thermogravimetric Analysis of Clay and Clay-Like Minerals, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, October 15–17, 1953, pp. It's composed of aluminum silicate hydroxide (Al 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2) It has a pearly shining , greasy texture and a hardness ranging between 1-1.5 on Mohs scale.Pyrophyllite has a specific gravity between 2.65 - 2.85. The current restraints of the global Talc and Pyrophyllite market, limiting the growth, and their future impact are also analyzed in the report. Pyrophyllite has a sheet-like structure comprising two silicate layers sandwiched between a gibbsite layer Courtesy of Nature. Ncalc = 1.6 - 1.62. General pyro-chemical properties of pyrophyllite were studied using one Indian variety as sample. Samples of pyrophyllite from study area and py rophyllite from Nagano Prefecture Japan, Maripos, a County, California an, d Robbins, Nort Carolinh a .... 17 16. The two are isomorphous, meaning they share the same monoclinic structure but have different chemistries. Chemical analysis of refractories containing alumina, zirconia, and silica — Refractories containing 5 percent to 45 percent of ZrO2 (alternative to the X-ray fluorescence method) — Part 3: Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP -AES) Two polytypes are known, a monoclinic one (2M) and a triclinic one (1A).
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pyrophyllite chemical analysis 2020


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