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Sinfonik oder Symphonik ist eine Kurzbezeichnung für Sinfonische bzw. Symphonische Musik. Die Verwendung dieser Bezeichnungen, die vornehmlich mit der Sinfonie assoziiert werden, ist nicht einheitlich und umfasst u. a. folgende Bedeutungsaspekte:

 Im Sinne des griechisch-lateinischen Ursprungsworts Symphonia (=Zusammenklang), das (neben anderen Bedeutungen) sich auf jegliche Form "zusammenklingender" vokaler und/oder instrumentaler Mehrstimmigkeit bezog, ist sinfonische Musik gleichbedeutend mit mehrstimmiger Musik. In Anlehnung an das italienische Ursprungswort sinfonia wäre sie jedoch auf mehrstimmige Instrumentalmusik beschränkt. (In diesen sehr allgemeinen Bedeutungen wird der Begriff jedoch heute nur noch selten verwendet.)
 Bisweilen (z. B. im Rundfunk) wird der Begriff Sinfonische Musik sehr pauschal gefasst und fast synonym mit Bezeichnungen wie Klassische Musik, Ernste Musik oder Kunstmusik verwendet. Der Begriff dient dann lediglich zur Abgrenzung gegen andere Musikrichtungen wie Volksmusik, Schlager, Popmusik etc.
 Im engeren Sinne versteht man unter sinfonischer Musik hauptsächlich Orchestermusik, wie sie seit ca. 1800 in bürgerlichen Konzertsälen zur Aufführung gelangt. Typisch für diese Musik ist eine vergleichsweise große Instrumentalbesetzung (Sinfonieorchester). Werden Singstimmen ergänzend hinzugezogen, spricht man von Vokalsinfonik.Die sinfonische Musik setzt sich ab von der konzertanten und der Kammermusik, wobei jedoch gewisse Überschneidungen eine klare Grenzziehung verhindern.
 In neuerer Zeit werden auch bestimmte Musikgattungen als "sinfonisch" bezeichnet, wenn sie einen sinfonischen Klang anstreben, z. B. Sinfonische Blasmusik, Sinfonische Filmmusik, Symphonic Jazz, Symphonic Rock, Symphonic Metal.

Spezielle sprachliche Verwendungen

Terminus Sinfonik
Sinfonik verwendet man gerne
 für das sinfonische Schaffen (Sinfonien, sinfonische Dichtungen u. a.) eines Komponisten, einer Epoche oder eines Landes:
 die Sinfonik Beethovens, die romantische Sinfonik, die russische Sinfonik,
 für die Art der sinfonischen Gestaltung:
 Die Sinfonik Mahlers unterscheidet sich von der Bruckners durch eine Vorliebe für ungewöhnliche Klangwirkungen.
 Die Brahmssche Sinfonik orientiert sich am Vorbild Beethovens.
Das Kürzel Sinfonik erlaubt gegenüber der langen Bezeichnung sinfonische Musik elegantere Formulierungen: "Romantische Sinfonik" klingt glatter als "romantische sinfonische Musik".

Terminus sinfonisch
 Das Beiwort sinfonisch erscheint gelegentlich als Bestandteil von Werktiteln:
 Sinfonische (symphonische) Tänze (Grieg, Rachmaninow, Hindemith).Hier weist das Attribut sinfonisch vor allem darauf hin, dass die Musik nicht für den Tanzboden, sondern für den Konzertsaal gedacht ist.
 Paul Hindemith: Sinfonische Metamorphosen über Themen von Carl Maria von Weber
 Claude Debussy: La Mer, trois esquisses symphoniques pour orchestreDie beiden letzten Werke haben z. B. durch ihre mehrsätzige Anlage eine gewisse Nähe zur Sinfonie. In ihren Titeln kommt diese Sinfonieähnlichkeit zum Ausdruck, aber auch, dass sie keine eigentlichen Sinfonien sein wollen.
 Auch Orgeln mit zahlreichen Registern, insbesondere sogenannte Großorgeln, charakterisiert man als sinfonisch. Der Begriff wird auch für Orgel-Solostücke verwendet, die eine groß disponierte Orgel erfordern und im Gebrauch der Register die klangliche Variabilität des Orchesters nachahmen. Das gilt nicht nur, aber vor allem für französische Kompositionen der Romantik. Gelegentlich tragen sie das Attribut "sinfonisch" im Titel, z. B. César Francks Grande Pièce symphonique oder die Orgelsinfonien von Charles Marie Widor, Louis Vièrne und weiteren Komponisten.

Das Verhältnis der Sinfonik

Kammermusik
Das Verständnis von Kammermusik als Musik für kleine, meist solistisch besetzte Instrumentengruppen hat sich erst seit etwa 1830 allgemein durchgesetzt.
Ursprünglich bezog sich die Bezeichnung Kammermusik nicht auf die Größe der Ensembles, deren Repertoire auch Musik für Orchester einschloss, sondern auf die fürstliche "Kammer", für die sie bestimmt war. In diesem Sinne muss also auch die "Sinfonik" der Vorklassik bis hin zu den frühen Sinfonien Haydns und Mozarts zur Kammermusik gerechnet werden. Der Durchbruch zur "großen" Sinfonik erfolgte z. B. bei Haydn (nach seinem Ausscheiden aus fürstlichen Diensten) mit seinen Londoner Sinfonien.

In zunehmendem Maße verlor die Sinfonik im ausgehenden 18. und vor allem im 19. Jahrhundert den Charakter höfischer Kammermusik und wurde zu einem bestimmenden Element bürgerlicher Konzertveranstaltungen. Während sich die Kammermusik auf kleinere solistische Besetzungen reduzierte, dehnte sich die sinfonische Musik in Anpassung an immer größere Konzertsäle hinsichtlich Klangfülle und Vielfalt der Orchesterbesetzung immer mehr aus. In Gustav Mahlers achter Sinfonie, der Alpensinfonie von Richard Strauss oder Strawinskis Sacre du printemps erreicht die Orchesterbesetzung geradezu gigantische Ausmaße.

Als Reaktion auf diese sinfonische Gigantomanie etablierte sich in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts auch eine Gegenbewegung, die auf eine Rückkehr zu bescheideneren "kammermusikalischen" Besetzungen drängte. Arnold Schönbergs Kammersinfonien Opus 9 und Opus 38 z. B. sind für 15 bzw. 19 solistisch besetzte Instrumente komponiert. Da hiermit die lexikalisch manifeste "kammermusikalische" Obergrenze von zehn Spielern überschritten wird, ist die wegen der solistischen Besetzung naheliegende Zuordnung zur Kammermusik nicht eindeutig. Auch die gleichzeitig aufkommenden Kammerorchester bewegen sich im Grenzbereich zwischen Sinfonik und Kammermusik.

Konzertante Musik
Von der konzertanten Musik unterscheidet sich die sinfonische dadurch, dass bei ihr der Aspekt gleichberechtigten Zusammenwirkens von Stimmen zum Zwecke des "Zusammenklingens" im Vordergrund steht, wogegen bei konzertanter Musik das Moment des "kämpferischen Wettstreits der Solisten untereinander und mit dem Orchester" die Hauptrolle spielt. Eine exakte Unterscheidung ist jedoch nicht möglich, da die Übergänge fließend sind, wie das Beispiel der Symphonie concertante zeigt, und es im Folgenden weiter verdeutlicht wird.

Der Begriff Konzert kommt vom italienischen  'Übereinstimmung', 'Vereinigung'. Concerto bezeichnete anfangs sowohl die Gruppe der Musizierenden als auch die von ihnen dargebotene Vokal- und/oder Instrumentalmusik, ohne eine nähere Spezifizierung zu beinhalten. Die Bezeichnung wurde in dieser Allgemeinheit bis ca. 1700 verwendet, austauschbar mit verwandten Bezeichnungen wie concento oder sinfonia. Das heißt: anfangs war ein Unterschied zwischen "konzertanter" und "sinfonischer" Musik nicht vorhanden. Dieser bildete sich erst heraus, als im 17. Jahrhundert Musizierformen entstanden, bei denen ein oder mehrere Solisten untereinander und/oder mit einer chorisch besetzten Gruppe (Orchester) in eine Art "Wettstreit" traten. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde auch (z. B. von Michael Praetorius 1619) versucht, den Begriff Konzert (concerto) vom lateinischen  'kämpfen', 'streiten', 'wetteifern' herzuleiten, was allerdings von Teilen der Musikwissenschaft als "Fehletymologie" gewertet wird.

Beim Virtuosenkonzert des 19. Jahrhunderts (Chopin, Paganini u. a.) stand das Soloinstrument dem geschlossenen Orchester gegenüber, dessen Rolle sich weitgehend auf Tuttistellen und Begleitung der Solopassagen beschränkte. In hoch- und spätromantischen, sowie modernen Konzerten (Schumann, Brahms, Grieg, Rachmaninoff, Prokofieff usw.) sind dagegen die Grenzen verwischt, da hier einerseits das Soloinstrument obligat ins Orchester einbezogen wird, andererseits aus dem Orchester Soli hervortreten, die mit dem eigentlichen Solo konzertieren oder gar von diesem nur begleitet werden. Solche Konzerte könnten auch als "Sinfonien mit obligatem Soloinstrument" bezeichnet werden.

Die Begriffe Konzert und Sinfonie waren anfangs eins, drifteten dann deutlich auseinander, um sich letztlich wieder anzunähern. Ein prägnantes Beispiel für die Synthese des konzertanten und sinfonischen Prinzips ist Béla Bartóks Konzert für Orchester.

Vokalsinfonik
Während die alte Bezeichnung Symphonia zunächst Vokalmusik ausdrücklich einschloss, bezog sich die Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts aufkommende Bezeichnung Sinfonia auf reine Instrumentalstücke. Ebenso blieb die daraus sich entwickelnde Sinfonie bis Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts eine ausschließlich instrumentale Gattung. Nach Beethovens 1824 uraufgeführter Neunter Sinfonie, die in ihrem Finalsatz Vokalsolisten und einen Chor einbezog, blieb die Sinfonie zwar weiterhin in der Hauptsache Orchestermusik, jedoch folgten einige Komponisten (Mendelssohn, Liszt, Mahler u. a.) Beethovens Beispiel und bauten vokale Passagen in ihre Sinfonien ein. Hierfür wurde der Begriff Sinfoniekantate geprägt, jedoch ist auch der Begriff Vokalsinfonie nicht unüblich, wie der folgende Werktitel zeigt: Hans-Christian Bartel: Vokalsinfonie "Lieder vom Menschen" für Bariton, Chor und Orchester (2012).

Zur Vokalsinfonik müssen auch Orchesterlieder gerechnet werden, wie zum Beispiel:
 Richard Wagner: Wesendonck-Lieder (Orchesterfassung)
 Gustav Mahler: Kindertotenlieder, Das Lied von der Erde.

Eine besondere Art von Vokalsinfonik besteht in der Verwendung von Singstimmen als quasi instrumentale Klangfarbe:
 Debussy verwendet im dritten Stück seiner Nocturnes (Sirènes) einen Frauenchor, der ohne Text auf Vokalisen singend, den betörenden Gesang der Sirenen simuliert.
 Auch in Gustav Holsts Planeten kommt im letzten Satz (Neptune, the Mystic) ein vokalisierender Frauenchor zum Einsatz. Die hier innovativ angewandte Technik des Ausblendens wird im Artikel Fadeout beschrieben.
 Ennio Morricone setzt in seiner Musik zum Film Spiel mir das Lied vom Tod einen Solosopran ein, der ("großes Gefühl" repräsentierend) sich vokalisierend in das sinfonische Klangbild einfügt.

Siehe auch
 Symphonia
 Sinfonia
 Sinfonie
 Sinfonische Dichtung

Einzelnachweise

Arrangement und Instrumentation
Musikalische Gattung


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Xavier Samuel and Morgan Griffin in Bad Blood.
Potential Films have announced an October 12 release date for its new thriller, Bad Blood.
Bad Blood reunites Spin Out co-stars Xavier Samuel and Morgan Griffin, although from memory this was shot before the Tim Ferguson vehicle.
Xavier Samuel in Bad Blood.
Carrie (Morgan Griffin) is in love with her new fiancé Vincent (Xavier Samuel), a handsome and successful author. Vincent is besotted with Carrie, she's everything he's ever dreamed of. However, he's harbouring a dark secret from his past and on top of that he's experiencing a series of strange daily occurrences.
It's almost as if someone is following his every move. Who's following him? And what do they want? When Vincent asks Carrie on a romantic weekend away to celebrate their engagement, cracks start appearing that threaten their happy and secure relationship. And maybe even their lives.
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Home Film The Mule – Clint Eastwood: The Legacy Continues
The Mule - Earl Stone (Clint Eastwood)) is questioned ©2018 Warner Bros
The Mule – Clint Eastwood: The Legacy Continues
Dec 14th, 2018 @ 4:01 pm EST
Check out the The Mule – Clint Eastwood: The Legacy Continues video.
"This is very different from anything I've ever done before." Go behind the scenes with Clint Eastwood and the cast of The Mule. The movie is now playing only in US and Canadian theaters.
From Warner Bros. Pictures, Imperative Entertainment and BRON Creative comes Clint Eastwood's newest feature film, the drama The Mule. In addition to directing, the veteran actor will step in front of the lens again. Alongside are fellow stars Bradley Cooper, Laurence Fishburne, Michael Peña, Dianne Wiest and Andy Garcia. Also there are Alison Eastwood, Taissa Farmiga, Ignacio Serricchio and Loren Dean, Eugene Cordero.
Eastwood stars as Earl Stone, a man in his 80s who is broke, alone, and facing foreclosure of his business. He is offered a job that simply requires him to drive. Easy enough, but, unbeknownst to Earl, he's just signed on as a drug courier for a Mexican cartel!
He does well—so well, in fact, that his cargo increases exponentially, and Earl is assigned a handler. But he isn't the only one keeping tabs on Earl. There is the mysterious new drug mule has also hit the radar of hard-charging DEA agent Colin Bates. And even as his money problems become a thing of the past, Earl's past mistakes start to weigh heavily on him. It's uncertain if he'll have time to right those wrongs before law enforcement, or the cartel's enforcers, catch up to him…
The Mule marks Oscar-winner Eastwood's first time on both sides of the camera since he starred in 2009's critically acclaimed Gran Torino.
Bradley, who stars as Bates, received his most recent Oscar nominations for his work with Clint. Acting in and producing American Sniper. He will next be seen in his feature directorial debut, A Star Is Born.
Clint Eastwood directed from a screenplay by Nick Schenk. It was inspired by the New York Times Magazine article "The Sinaloa Cartels' 90-Year-Old Drug Mule" by Sam Dolnick.
The Mule will be released in theaters December 14, 2018, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.
Ignacio Serrichio
Loren Dean
The Mule (2018)
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Features: This cosplay wig is the role play of character Chun from the movie Big Fish & Begoni. This movie is a 2016 Chinese animated epic fantasy film,a girl named Chun transformed into a dolphin to explore the human world. She is rescued from a vortex by a human boy at the cost of his own life. Moved by the boy's kindness and courage that she decides to give him life again. But to do this, she must protect the boy's soul, a tiny fish, and nurture it to grow. Through adventure and sacrifice, love grows, yet now she must release him back to the sea, back to life in the human world.


Adam and I discuss our summers in Alaska and discuss details of making the Alaska road trip including our adventures and misadventures while traveling and photographing Alaskan wildlife and landscapes. We both visited Denali, the Kenai peninsula, and Valdez. Adam talks about driving the Dalton Highway aka the Haul Road from Fairbanks to Dead Horse near Prudhoe Bay. I discuss my experiences photographing brown bears in Katmai National Park and the options for photographing in Lake Clark National Park. Finally, I discuss our visit to Hyder and the Salmon Glacier, fifth largest in Canada and mighty impressive.
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IT'S GETTING OLD: The Latest Democrat Debate Drew The Smallest Viewership So Far
People are already getting tired of watching the 2020 Democrats hold debates.
Can you blame the public? It's pretty much the same thing every time.
Even so, the ratings for this latest debate were alarmingly low.
The Los Angeles Times reports:
CNN's Democratic primary debate draws 8.3 million viewers on Tuesday
The fourth Democratic presidential primary debate drew an average audience of 8.3 million viewers for CNN on Tuesday, the smallest TV audience for the 2020 White House contenders so far.
The figure from Nielsen is a well below the 8.7 million who watched the first round of CNN's July 30 debate. The decline is likely due to stronger competition in prime time, including a National League Championship Series game on TBS, at which the Washington Nationals earned their first trip to the World Series in franchise history.
The debate also had an average streaming audience of 449,000 viewers on the websites of CNN and the New York Times, which teamed with the cable news channel on the event.
The TV audience level was down 22% from the 10.7 million who watched the second round of the second Democratic primary debate on CNN. The largest audience for a Democratic debate so far in the 2020 campaign cycle is 18.1 million viewers who watched the second round of the first Democratic debate simulcast across NBC, MSNBC and Telemundo on June 27.
This does not bode well for the Democrats…
New: Fourth Dem debate (sponsored by @cnn/@nytimes) slips to 8.3 million viewers, lowest this cycle. Previous totals:
9/12: 14.0 million (on ABC/Univision).
July: Two nights averaged 9.7 million (CNN).
June: Two nights avergd 16.8 million (NBC/MSNBC/Telemndo).
CNN release: pic.twitter.com/BxHFRpcRf5
— Paul Farhi (@farhip) October 16, 2019
Last night's presidential debate had 8.1 million viewers, which is about half the audience of the first one.
The June debate had about 15 million on the first night and 18 million on the second.
Via @dcexaminer: https://t.co/w1EBFAXAJa
— Mike Brest (@MikeBrestDC) October 16, 2019
People are already getting tired of hearing them talk.
Anyone surprised?
Leo Terrell Blasts Democrats Over Voting Rights Bills: 'They Are In A 1965 Time Warp' (VIDEO)


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HD 2638 b es un exoplaneta que orbita la estrella HD 2638. Es un típico  Júpiter caliente, un planeta que orbita su estrella paternal en una órbita muy cercana (órbita de antorcha). La distancia a la estrella es menos que 1/20 UA. Una revolución orbital dura sólo tres días y medio, aproximadamente.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 SIMBAD entry
 The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia entry
 Extrasolar Visions entry

Constelación de Cetus
Gigantes gaseosos
Jupíteres calientes
Planetas extrasolares

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Through advances in the understanding of how the eye works and technology that can help reverse age-related problems, you can have good vision for a lifetime.
With age, your eyes do need more light to see, colors become harder to distinguish (particularly shades of green and blue), it becomes more difficult to focus on objects close to you, and adjusting to glare and darkness is more challenging.
Mucous cells in the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that covers the eye and the inside of the eyelids, can decrease with age. Tear production can also decrease. Together, these two changes mean you might have dryer eyes as you get older.
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There is also evidence that some foods are particularly good for maintaining healthy eyes, particularly certain fruits and vegetables.
Why can vision loss occur as you age? Compare your eye to a video camera, says ophthalmologist David Zacks of the University of Michigan. Just as light enters a camera, it traverses four main structures in the eye.
When those structures in the eye change, vision can be reduced or become distorted. At the entry point is the cornea, the window through which all light enters the eye.
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For this anatomical camera to work properly, the cornea must remain smooth and intact (which depends on a tear film for protection), and the lens has to maintain its shape and remain clear to focus images properly. At the back end, the complex retina and the optic nerve are essentially one unit. Without disease, they don't necessarily deteriorate with age. But age-related diseases of the retina and optic nerve are more common in older adults.
By middle age, the lens becomes less flexible and can't thicken as it could when you were younger, a condition called presbyopia. This affects your ability to focus close up.
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"Learning about this disease and scheduling an examination with a retina specialist could help preserve vision for a lifetime," the ASRS says.
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If you're over 65, or have a family history of AMD, you should consider seeing a retinal specialist because the earliest signs of AMD can be detected. Women and those of European descent also are at higher risk.


DIAN CURTIS REGAN grew up in Colorado Springs. She graduated from the University of Colorado in Boulder, and taught school in Denver before becoming a full-time author.
She has published 60 books for young readers, ranging from board books and picture books to young adult novels and anthology stories. Her books have won many honors, and have been translated into German, French, Korean, Danish, and Finnish.
She is a former "Member of the Year" of the Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators (SCBWI.) She was inducted into the Oklahoma Professional Writers' Hall of Fame, and a library was named after her in Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela.
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Her real name is Diana.
She has been to every state except one. It begins with an M and is called the Magnolia state.
She has visited 37 countries.
Secret dream: To live in a flat in Paris for a year.
She lived in South America for three years, visited often for two more, and has published three anthology stories about teens in Venezuela.
She has kissed the Blarney Stone.
She has ridden an elephant.
She has 100 walruses in her office.
She has a cat named Gracie and a dog named Nelly.
Growing up, she loved reading books about magic, dragons, ghosts, and fairies. Now she writes them.


The Iron Range Off-road Cyclists (IROC) are group of mountain bikers working to build, maintain and ride off-road mountain bike trails on the Iron Range of northeast Minnesota. By partnering with the International Mountain Bike Association (IMBA), the goal is to build world-class single-track trails on mine-land reclamation areas.
The trail system will be built for bikers of all abilities, from beginners who are just starting out to hard-core adrenaline junkies. IROC believes that mountain biking is a sport that can be enjoyed by anyone who has a bike with knobby tires and a love of being off-road.
Anyone interested in learning more about local rides or building some new trails is encouraged to join the club. Questions can be directed to iroc.mtb@gmail.com.


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IS claims deadly Tajik attack on overseas cyclists
Image copyright Travel_Nerd Symbol caption The victims were on a cycle tour of the Significant Asian usa (report image)
The Islamic State staff (IS) has stated it was chargeable for an attack in Tajikistan on Sunday, through which 4 overseas vacationers were killed.
Two Americans, a Swiss and a Dutch national died whilst a automobile hit them in the Danghara district, approximately 70km (FORTY THREE miles) south-east of the capital Dushanbe.
Three different tourists have been also injured.
This is the primary time IS has claimed an assault in Tajikistan, but the team has now not provided evidence of its claim.
Two people suspected of involvement were later killed via government in a distinct operation. Another four were arrested in the same operation and a damaged automobile believed to have been concerned was once recovered.
IS efforts in Important Asia
By Mina Al-Lami, BBC Monitoring
The Islamic State group (IS) isn't known to have a presence in Tajikistan. Alternatively, the crowd has had individuals from the rustic, and from different Vital Asian states. Tajik government have in the prior arrested alleged IS recruiters or sympathisers.
In Would Possibly 2015, a former member of Tajikistan's unique OMON police unit, Gulmurod Khalimov, pledged allegiance to IS and migrated to territory held via the crowd. This was once flaunted in an IS-linked video in an effort to encourage others in Tajikistan to apply his example.
In February 2018, IS CLAIMED its attacks in Russia and former Soviet countries had entered a brand new segment, inciting sympathisers to assault Christians in "the Caucasus, Crimea, and Primary Asia nations".
"The Present level", stated IS by means of its weekly newspaper al-Naba, "doesn't require teams with big numbers of skilled warring parties, nor heavy weapons. Somewhat, it calls for a mujahid to use whatever weapon he can get his palms on" to assault.
Such assaults, it stated, would instil worry in Christians and steered them to go away those countries.
Symbol copyright Snatch from Furat video Symbol caption Unique forces leader Gulmurod Khalimov seemed in an IS video in Might 2015
A video which seems to be of the same incident turns out to capture the moment the automobile is pushed into the unsuspecting cyclists.
According to the minister, 3 of the vacationers died instantly and one on the solution to a nearby sanatorium.
"One had knife wounds, he won scientific help, now his condition is solid," Mr Rahimzoda instructed journalists.
The sufferers were on a tour in the Imperative Asian united states of america with three other vacationers from France, the Netherlands and Switzerland.
Tajikistan has struggled with poverty and instability since the former Soviet republic was impartial in 1991. It had declared 2018 a "12 months of tourism", AFP news company said.
bangkok post, bangkokpost, news, southeast asia, thailand
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Myanmar Revises Poverty Measure to Reflect Needs of Population in 2015
The Deputy Minister for Planning and Finance H.E. U Set Aung joined the World Bank Vice President for East Asia and Pacific Ms. Victoria Kwakwa in a launch event for the second volume of the Myanmar Poverty Assessment.
The new report, jointly produced by the Ministry of Planning and Finance and the World Bank using the 2015 Myanmar Poverty and Living Conditions Survey, is the second of the two-part Myanmar Poverty Assessment, which recommends a revision and rebasing of poverty estimates to reflect changing consumption patterns in Myanmar. The revised poverty measures used in Myanmar include durables such as mobile phones and updated calorie estimates courtesy of the Ministry of Health and Sports.
Consistent with the findings of the first assessment, poverty has declined significantly since 2004, falling from an estimated 48.2 percent to 32.1 percent in 2015. Using the new measures, some 15.8 million people live in poverty in Myanmar.
"Having a more detailed understanding of the characteristics and profiles of those most in need and the constraints they face enable us to prepare appropriate responses – and help reduce poverty for everyone in Myanmar," said U Maung Maung Tin, Director-General, Planning Department of Ministry of Planning and Finance.
Poor households tend to have fewer working age adults and more dependents, and fewer resources that can generate income, such as land or farming tools. The extreme poor are disproportionately in the agriculture sector as casual laborers or as small holder farmers, and have few alternatives for income.
The report highlights the economic impact of health and weather related shocks, estimating that half the country suffered from such shocks over a twelve-month period and 4 percent of potential work days were lost due to ill-health. Coping strategies such as reducing spending on food or adding more debt can impact the families' ability to bounce back and ultimately affect long-term growth.
"Now with a better understanding and consensus on the levels and distribution of poverty in Myanmar, the World Bank is in a better position to support Myanmar's efforts to reduce poverty and promote inclusive growth for all." said Victoria Kwakwa, World Bank Vice President for East Asia and the Pacific. "Inclusion so that growth and opportunities benefit the poor and near-poor is critical for peace and prosperity."
The poverty assessment is part of a series of analytical works outlined in the Country Partnership Framework (CPF), the World Bank Group's first full strategy for Myanmar in 30 years. The strategy supports reforms that promote growth in rural areas, invests in services that work towards better nutrition, health, education, infrastructure, and more jobs.
WTO, World Economic Forum and eWTP launch joint public-private dialogue to open up e-commerce for small business
A new initiative designed to drive public-private dialogue on e-commerce was launched today (11 December) by the World Trade Organization, the World Economic Forum and the Electronic World Trade Platform (eWTP). The initiative, entitled 'Enabling E-commerce', aims to bring together leading voices from governments, businesses and other stakeholders to begin a high-level conversation on e-commerce policies and practices that can benefit small businesses.
The launch event took place in Buenos Aires, on the margins of the WTO's 11th Ministerial Conference. Director-General Roberto Azevêdo was joined by Jack Ma, Executive Chairman of Alibaba Group, representing the Electronic World Trade Platform (eWTP), and Rick Samans, Head of Global Agenda, Member of the Managing Board, World Economic Forum.
E-commerce is a growing force in global trade and has the potential to make the world economy more inclusive by creating opportunities for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) and expanding choice for consumers. However, for MSME engagement in e-commerce to grow rapidly worldwide, reforms to industry practices and government policies are needed.
The Enabling E-commerce initiative will provide an opportunity for stakeholders to develop a clearer understanding of how to enable MSME e-commerce around the globe. It will also encourage research and knowledge sharing on the practical challenges faced by MSMEs and serve as a bridge between global e-commerce practice and policy.
DG Azevêdo said: "There has been a groundswell of interest in e-commerce at the WTO – and in its potential to lift up small businesses around the world. The vibrant debate on these issues has shown the desire of many WTO members to bridge the digital divide, and to gain a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities of e-commerce. The Enabling E-commerce initiative will therefore provide a valuable resource – bringing a range of stakeholders together to further explore these issues. I want to thank the World Economic Forum and eWTP for this initiative."
Jack Ma said: "The Enabling E-commerce Initiative envisions a world where small businesses, young people and developing countries can succeed in the global marketplace. The problem with globalization is that its benefits have not been made available to all. We cannot stop globalization, we must improve it. If business and government work together, we can create a more inclusive trade model to expand the benefits of globalization to those who have been left behind."
Richard Samans said: "We have an opportunity to harness innovation to create a more inclusive global economy. As the international organization for public-private cooperation, the World Economic Forum will work with WTO and eWTP to bring all interested stakeholders together to deepen understanding of how to facilitate cross-border ecommerce for small business."
The initiative will start its work early in 2018, with a high-level meeting at Davos in January. This will be followed up by other conversations, including a major event in Geneva later in the year.
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Prominent energy figures from around the world took part in a virtual dialogue last month on ways to accelerate progress on diversity and inclusion in energy. The event was co-hosted by Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA Executive Director; Ambassador Madeleine Chenette, the Permanent Representative of Canada to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); and the Clean Energy, Education and Empowerment International Initiative (C3E International).
The C3E International Initiative, under the IEA Technology Collaboration Programme and the Clean Energy Ministerial, aims to enable greater gender diversity in clean energy professions, recognising that transitions to a clean energy future will need to harness all possible talent to succeed.
Participants from across the energy sector took part in the event on 2 December 2020 to share perspectives and insights on what really matters in the industry. Dr Birol emphasised that diversity and inclusion were priorities for his modernisation agenda for the IEA because "decision-making benefits from the strength of diverse perspectives." He noted that the share of women in leadership positions at the IEA had grown from 16% in 2015 to 38% today. Dr Birol said he was "delighted that the virtual dialogue represented voices from across the IEA family, reflecting the 'all fuels and all technologies' approach of the Agency."
Highlighting that women's participation and representation in the energy sector is far below those in other comparable sectors, Ambassador Chenette set out the moral, political and strategic imperatives for accelerating progress. She emphasised that both high-level and personal leadership are critical for overcoming slow progress, and thanked Dr Birol for his leadership in emphasising the need to make economic recoveries from the Covid-19 crisis sustainable.
Empowering women in clean energy transitions is one way to help achieve sustainable recoveries, Ambassador Chenette said, calling for greater efforts to embrace the principle of "what gets meseaured, gets done." She noted that "it is crucial that we all recognise the economic, environmental and social benefits that gender equality delivers."
Elbia Gannoum, CEO of ABEEólica, the Brazilian wind energy association, said that "across the energy sector in Brazil, there is an urgency building – companies are searching for solutions on how to make the shift" to harness the benefits of diversity and inclusion. Due to the growing demand for resources and tools, Ms Gannoum announced the creation of the Energia da Transformação platform, which plans to boost inclusion and diversity through the Brazilian energy sector based on collaboration, knowledge sharing and raising awareness.
A data-driven approach is essential for accelerating progress across industry. Laura McGee, founder and CEO of Diversio, a Canada-based company that provides an intelligence platform to measure, track and improve diversity and inclusion, said that the "energy sector is in the middle of the pack compared to some sectors, and could achieve rapid progress by learning from other industries." Data-driven diagnostics are critical for avoiding missteps and allocating resources to targeted pain points, she added.
Lyu Fang, a senior engineer at the Electrical Engineering Institute at the China Academy of Sciences, shared her personal journey from the start of her career in remote solar PV stations in China to eventually holding leadership positions in the country's huge renewables industry. Today, Ms Fang is Secretary General for the PV Committee of the China Green Supply Chain Alliance and C3E International China Global Ambassador. She highlighted that China's climate ambitions offer many growth opportunities in clean energy through "rising sun industries." She said these should be harnessed to accelerate women's participation and representation in energy.
Strengthening gender diversity in the energy industry requires unrelenting long-term efforts to boost inclusion. Joel Couse, Special Advisor to the IEA, highlighted that the energy industry faces challenges in finding and retaining talented staff in a competitive global market, including to seize the opportunities of clean energy transitions. On the supply side, boosting the number of women entering STEM programmes remains a priority for achieving gender-balanced recruitment. However, getting women into energy careers is not enough, he said, adding that the industry needs to be actively supporting women to progress past the experience hump before caring responsibilities limit their opportunities for certain types of operational jobs. A key challenge is shifting mind-sets and addressing harmful stereotypes about job roles and advancement opportunities that unnecessarily hold women and men back across the talent pipeline, Mr Couse said. Setting quantitative objectives and dates helps focus efforts to make progress.
Leading energy figures call for action
Mechthild Wörsdörfer, IEA Director of Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks who leads the Agency's Gender Diversity Task Force, concluded the virtual dialogue, thanking the participants for driving change and reiterating that the IEA Gender Initiative is focussed on bringing data-driven solutions to the table.
In 2020, the IEA Gender Initiative started work on delivering the mandate set by Ministers from IEA Member Countries on equal opportunities in the energy sector. The Agency began by collecting better disaggregated data on gender and energy.
Strengthening collaboration is key, with the IEA and OECD working together to collect data on women in employment, entrepreneurship and decision‑making roles in the energy sector, and developing indicators on the gender of inventors of energy technologies, which will be published in 2021.
The initiative has determined that there is a lack of good and comparable data on gender trends in the energy sector, and also a strong need to improve methodologies, which is why the IEA accepted the role of Coordinator for C3E International's knowledge and data collection work stream.
The IEA will also conduct a survey of members of the IEA Energy Business Council to develop a baseline on existing corporate practices. The findings and analysis from the survey will be shared in the coming months.
The Agency is also exploring how to integrate gender diversity into its regular analytical work, such as the World Energy Outlook, the measuring of energy efficiency, and through the Clean Energy Transitions Programme, which supports key partner countries in developing and implementing policies. This includes planning a policy package on implementing energy efficiency measures in India, which will impact a predominantly female workforce. The IEA is also prioritising new work on people-centred clean energy transitions, which will also include analysis on gender dimensions.
To share these learnings and insights, and to develop a mutual understanding of the evidence base and what works, the IEA will keep bringing together government, industry and civil society stakeholders to review data and analysis, and to identify priority actions.
Looking ahead, with the help of partners and governments within the IEA family and C3E International, the IEA Gender Initiative can help to mainstream diversity and inclusion in energy policy-making. The IEA Gender Initiative aims to develop a stronger understanding of gender balances throughout the energy sector and to shape the priorities for policy action in future decision-making. The initiative will deliver its first progress report in 2021.
Ethiopian refugees fleeing clashes in the country's northern Tigray region, rest and cook meals near UNHCR's Hamdayet reception centre after crossing into Sudan. © UNHCR/Hazim Elhag
Two months after conflict forced humanitarian workers to withdraw from the Tigray region of Ethiopia, the UN refugee agency (UNHCR), on Tuesday, stressed the need for "swift action" to restore safe access to "save thousands of lives at risk".
Granted one-time admittance by the Ethiopian authorities to conduct a needs assessment, UNHCR led the first humanitarian mission to Mai Aini and Adi Harush refugee camps since the start of the conflict in November and found Eritrean refugees in "desperate need" of supplies and services, agency spokesperson Babar Baloch told journalists at a regular press briefing in Geneva.
"The assessment, which concluded last week, found help is urgently needed for the tens of thousands of Eritrean refugees in northern Ethiopia", he said.
Refugee plight
Cut off from supplies and services for more than two months, Mr. Baloch explained that the refugees had run out of fuel for their water pumps, leaving them to fetch water from a nearby creek for washing, cooking and drinking – "resulting in diarrhea like illnesses".
While the only assistance they had received since the start of the conflict was a one-time food distribution conducted by the World Food Programme (WFP) almost a month ago, he said that "plans are underway for a second distribution".
Threat from 'armed gangs'
The UN teams "thankfully" found that in both Mai Aini and Adi Harush camps, buildings and structures remain intact, including refugee homes, schools and clinics, "with little damage observed", according to the UNHCR spokesperson.
However, refugees told UNHCR staff that while they were not impacted directly by the fighting, they were threatened and harassed by various armed groups.
"The refugees told us they continue to have safety concerns, reporting that armed gangs roam the camps at night stealing and looting", Mr. Baloch said.
"UNHCR is working with the Government and partners to re-establish a regular presence at the camps and launch a response based on the information collected", he said, adding that the UN agency has also called on the Government to strengthen security in both camps.
Still inaccessible
Further north in Tigray, the UN refugee agency has not, since November, been able to access the Shimelba and Hitsats refugee camps.
As highlighted in High Commissioner Filippo Grandi's statement last week, UNHCR continues to receive a number of reports of significant damage to those camps and indications that many refugees have fled in search of safety and food.
"We remain deeply concerned about them", said Mr. Baloch.
'Restore safe access'
Meanwhile, some 5,000 Eritrean refugees have made their way to the town of Shire where they are living in "dire conditions", said Mr. Baloch, painting a picture of many sleeping in an open field on the outskirts of the town, 'with no water and no food".
"UNHCR reiterates the UN wide call for full and unimpeded access to all refugees in the Tigray region and remains committed to work with the Ethiopian government to seek solutions together", he stated.
The conflict between the Ethiopian Government and regional forces of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) began in early November, when the Prime Minister ordered a military offensive after rebels attacked a federal army base.
Government forces reported that the region had been secured at the end of November, but TPLF resistance has continued amid accusations of extrajudicial killings and rights abuses.
A little boy stands on the remains of his family's demolished home in the West Bank. (File) UNRWA/Lara Jonasdottir
Israel's decision to advance plans for some 800 new settlement units, most of which are located deep inside the occupied West Bank, has sparked the concern of UN Secretary-General António Guterres.
In a statement issued on Monday by his spokesperson, Stephane Dujarric, the UN chief urged the Israeli Government to "halt and reverse such decisions", calling them "a major obstacle to the achievement of the two-State solution, and a just, lasting and comprehensive peace".
'No legal validity'
Mr. Guterres reiterated that Israel's establishing of settlements in the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem, "has no legal validity and constitutes a flagrant violation under international law".
"Settlement expansion increases the risk of confrontation, further undermines the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, and further erodes the possibility of ending the occupation and establishing a contiguous and viable sovereign Palestinian State, based on the pre-1967 lines", he said.
Israel has given the green light to 780 new homes in West Bank settlements on Sunday in a move widely seen as being influenced by the imminent transfer of power in the United States.
Breaking with decades of US diplomacy, outgoing President Donald Trump, in 2019 unilaterally declared that the settlements no longer breached international law.
Against that backdrop, Israel has been increasing construction and either approved or made plans for more than 12,000 homes in 2020, according to news reports.


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BUGBEE, LESTER GLADSTONE
Eugene C. Barker
BUGBEE, LESTER GLADSTONE (1869–1902). Lester G. Bugbee was born in Woodbury, Texas, on May 16, 1869, to Almond and Mary Fannie (Nunn) Bugbee. His parents named him L. G. and called him Dutch; Bugbee later adopted the name Lester Gladstone. He spent his boyhood on his father's farm near Pleasant Point and began his formal education at the Pleasant Point school. He attended Mansfield Male and Female College from 1884 to 1886 and passed the entrance exam for the University of Texas in January 1887. He completed his B.Litt. degree at the university in 1892 and received his M.A. the following year. He won a fellowship to Columbia College, New York, and spent two years there before returning to the University of Texas as a history tutor in 1895. He was promoted to instructor in 1896 and to adjunct professor in 1900. He assisted in the founding of the Texas State Historical Association in 1897 and served as corresponding secretary and treasurer of that organization until 1901. Between 1897 and 1899 he published several articles about the history of colonization in Texas, one of the most important of these being "Slavery in Early Texas," published in the Political Science Quarterly (1898). In 1898 he also began a successful campaign to get the Bexar county commissioners to place the Bexar Archives in the University of Texas library. Bugbee was known as an inspiring teacher and a promising scholar. He was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1901 and took a leave from the university to live in El Paso, but the change of environment did not slow the course of the disease. He moved home to his father's farm at Pleasant Point in January 1902 and died there on March 17.
Eugene C. Barker, "Lester Gladstone Bugbee, Teacher and Historian," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 49 (July 1945). Vertical Files, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.
Handbook of Texas Online, Eugene C. Barker, "BUGBEE, LESTER GLADSTONE," accessed July 19, 2019, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fbu15.