text:
Not to be confused with his grandson, the actor Clark James Gable.
Clark Gable in 1940.
William Clark Gable
(1901-02-01)February 1, 1901
Cadiz, Ohio, U.S.
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale
The King of Hollywood
Josephine Dillon
Maria Langham
Sylvia Ashley
Kay Williams (m. 1955)
2, including Judy Lewis
Clark James Gable (grandson)
U.S. Army Air Force
351st Bombardment Group
Air Medal
William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American film actor who is often referred to as "The King of Hollywood".[1] He began his career as an extra in Hollywood silent films between 1924 and 1926, and progressed to supporting roles with a few films for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1930. He landed his first leading role in 1931, and was a leading man in more than 60 motion pictures over the following three decades.
Gable was nominated for his starring role in Gone with the Wind (1939), as Rhett Butler opposite Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for Frank Capra's It Happened One Night (1934),[2] and was nominated for his role in Mutiny on the Bounty (1935). He also found success commercially and critically with Red Dust (1932), Manhattan Melodrama (1934), San Francisco (1936), Saratoga (1937), Test Pilot (1938), Boom Town (1940), The Hucksters (1947), Homecoming (1948), and The Misfits (1961), which was his final screen appearance.[3]
Gable appeared opposite some of the most popular actresses of the time. Joan Crawford was his favorite actress to work with,[4] and he partnered with her in eight films. Myrna Loy worked with him seven times, and he was paired with Jean Harlow in six productions. He also starred with Lana Turner in four features, and with Norma Shearer and Ava Gardner in three each.
Gable is considered one of the most consistent box-office performers in history, appearing on Quigley Publishing's annual Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll 16 times. He was named the seventh-greatest male star of classic American cinema by the American Film Institute.[2]
1 Life and career
1.3 Stage and silent films
1.4 Early success and rising star
1.5 Spencer Tracy collaborations
1.6 Gone with the Wind
1.7 Marriage to Carole Lombard
1.8 World War II
1.9 After World War II
1.10 Leaving MGM
1.11 Post MGM
1.12 Paramount
1.13 The Misfits
1.14 Politics
1.15 Illness and death
2 Personal life and family
3 Style and reception
Life and career[edit]
William Clark Gable was born in Cadiz, Ohio, to William Henry "Will" Gable (1870–1948), an oil-well driller,[4][5] and his wife Adeline (née Hershelman). His father was a Protestant and his mother a Roman Catholic. Gable was named William after his father, but he was almost always called Clark, or sometimes Billy.[6][7] He was listed as a female on his birth certificate.[4] He is of Pennsylvania Dutch, Belgian, and German ancestry.[4][8][9]
Gable was six months old when he was baptized at a Roman Catholic church in Dennison, Ohio. His mother died when he was ten months old, possibly from a brain tumor, although the official cause of death was given as an epileptic fit.[4] His father refused to raise him Catholic, which provoked criticism from the Hershelman family. The dispute was resolved when his father agreed to allow him to spend time with his maternal uncle Charles Hershelman and his wife on their farm in Vernon Township, Pennsylvania.[10] In April 1903, Gable's father married Jennie Dunlap (1874–1919).[11]
Gable was a tall, shy child with a loud voice. His stepmother raised him to be well-dressed and well-groomed; she played the piano and gave him lessons at home.[12] He later took up brass instruments and was the only boy in the men's town band when he was 13. He was very mechanically inclined and loved to repair cars with his father, who insisted that he do "manly" things such as hunting and hard physical work. Gable also loved language, and he would recite Shakespeare among trusted company, particularly the sonnets.[13] His father agreed to buy a 72-volume set of The World's Greatest Literature to improve his son's education, but he claimed that he never saw him use it.[14]
His father had financial difficulties in 1917 and decided to try his hand at farming, and the family moved to Ravenna, Ohio, near Akron. His father insisted that he work the farm, but Gable soon left to work in Akron for the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company.[15]
Early career[edit]
"The Wife Gable Forgot"
At 17, Gable was inspired to be an actor after seeing the play The Bird of Paradise, but he was not able to make a real start until he turned 21 and inherited some money.[16] His stepmother had died, and his father moved to Tulsa, Oklahoma, to go back to the oil business.[13]
Gable toured in stock companies, finding work with several second-class theater groups while working the oil fields as well as a horse manager and a logger. Thus making his way across the Midwest to Seaside, Oregon, and to Portland, Oregon, where he worked as a necktie salesman in the Meier & Frank department store.[17] In Portland he met Laura Hope Crews, a stage and film actress who encouraged him to return to the stage with another theater company.[13] Twenty years later, Crews played Aunt Pittypat alongside Gable's Rhett Butler in Gone With the Wind (1939).[16]
Gable's acting coach Josephine Dillon was a theater manager in Portland. She paid to have his teeth repaired and his hair styled, guided him in building up his chronically undernourished body, and taught him better body control and posture. She spent considerable time training his naturally high-pitched voice, which he slowly managed to lower, to gain better resonance and tone. As his speech habits improved, his facial expressions became more natural and convincing. After a long period of training, Dillon considered him ready to attempt a film career.[18]
Stage and silent films[edit]
Zita Johann and Clark Gable in Machinal (1928)
Gable and Dillon went to Hollywood in 1924, with her financing, where she became his manager and his wife, even though she was 17 years his senior.[19] He changed his stage name from W. C. Gable to Clark Gable[20] and found work on silent films as an "extra" in Erich von Stroheim's The Merry Widow (1925), The Plastic Age (1925) starring Clara Bow, and Forbidden Paradise (1924) starring Pola Negri. He appeared in a series of two-reel comedies called The Pacemakers and in Fox's The Johnstown Flood (1926). A 17 year-old Carole Lombard appeared as an "extra" in that film as well, although they were not in the same scene. He also appeared as a bit player in a series of shorts.[21]
However, he was not offered any major film roles; so, he returned to the stage. He became life-long friends with Lionel Barrymore, who initially scolded Gable for what he deemed amateurish acting, but then urged him to pursue a career on stage.[22][23] During the 1927–28 theater season, he acted with the Laskin Brothers Stock Company in Houston, Texas, where he played many roles, gained considerable experience, and became a local matinee idol.[13] He then moved to New York City and Dillon sought work for him on Broadway. He received good reviews in Machinal (1928), and one critic described him as "young, vigorous, and brutally masculine".[24]
Early success and rising star[edit]
Mary Astor and Gable in Red Dust, 1932
In 1930, after his impressive appearance as the seething and desperate character Killer Mears in the Los Angeles stage production of The Last Mile, Gable was offered a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. His first role in a sound picture was as the unshaven villain in a low-budget William Boyd Western called The Painted Desert (1931). He received a lot of fan mail as a result of his powerful voice and appearance; the studio took notice.[25]
In 1930, Gable and Josephine Dillon were divorced. A few days later, he married Texas socialite Maria Franklin Prentiss Lucas Langham, nicknamed "Rhea". After moving to California, they were married again in 1931, possibly due to differences in state legal requirements. "His ears are too big and he looks like an ape", said executive Darryl F. Zanuck, then at Warner Bros., about Gable after testing him for the lead in the studio's gangster drama Little Caesar (1931).[26]
The same year, in Night Nurse, Gable played a villainous chauffeur who was gradually starving two adorable little girls to death, then knocked Barbara Stanwyck's character unconscious with his fist, a supporting role originally slated for James Cagney until the release of The Public Enemy abruptly made Cagney a leading man. After several failed screen tests for Zanuck, Gable was signed in 1930 by MGM's Irving Thalberg. He became a client of well-connected agent Minna Wallis, sister of producer Hal Wallis, agent to Claudette Colbert, Myrna Loy and Norma Shearer.[27]
Gable's arrival in Hollywood occurred fortuitously. MGM was looking to expand its stable of male stars, and he fit the bill. He first worked mainly in supporting roles, often as the villain. He made two pictures in 1931 with Wallace Beery, a supporting role in The Secret Six, then with his part increasing in size to almost match Beery's in the naval aviation film Hell Divers. MGM's publicity manager Howard Strickling developed Gable's studio image, playing up his he-man experiences and his lumberjack-in-evening-clothes persona.[13]
Gable and Jean Harlow in Hold Your Man, 1933
To increasing popularity, MGM frequently paired him with well-established female stars. Joan Crawford asked for him as her co-star in Dance, Fools, Dance (1931). His fame and public visibility after such movies as A Free Soul (1931), in which he played a gangster who shoved the character played by Norma Shearer, insured Gable never played a supporting role again. The Hollywood Reporter wrote "A star in the making has been made, one that, to our reckoning, will outdraw every other star... Never have we seen audiences work themselves into such enthusiasm as when Clark Gable walks on the screen."[28]
He followed that with Susan Lenox (Her Fall and Rise) (1931) with Greta Garbo, and Possessed (1931), in which Crawford (then married to Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.) and he steamed up the screen. Adela Rogers St. Johns later dubbed Gable and Crawford's real-life relationship as "the affair that nearly burned Hollywood down".[29] Louis B. Mayer threatened to terminate both their contracts, and for a while, they kept apart when Gable shifted his attentions to Marion Davies.[30]
Gable was considered for the role of Tarzan in Tarzan the Ape Man, but lost out to Johnny Weissmuller's more imposing physique and superior swimming prowess.[31] However, Gable's unshaven love-making with braless Jean Harlow in Red Dust (1932) soon made him MGM's most important male star.[32]
After the hit Hold Your Man (1933), MGM recognized the goldmine of the Gable-Harlow pairing, putting them in two more films: China Seas (1935; with Gable and Harlow billed above Wallace Beery), and Wife vs. Secretary (1936) with Myrna Loy and James Stewart. An enormously popular combination, on-screen and off-screen, Gable and Harlow made six films together, the most notable being Red Dust (1932) and Saratoga (1937). Harlow died during production of Saratoga. Ninety percent completed, the remaining scenes were filmed with long shots or the use of doubles like Mary Dees; Gable said that he felt as if he were "in the arms of a ghost".[33]
Gable and Claudette Colbert in It Happened One Night, 1934
MGM did not have a project ready for Gable that he was interested in and was paying him $2,000 per week, under his contract, to do nothing. Studio head Louis B. Mayer lent him to Columbia for $2,500 per week, making a $500 per week profit.[6] Gable was not Capra's first choice to play the lead role of Peter Warne in It Happened One Night (1934), but Columbia wanted him and had paid. Robert Montgomery was originally offered the role, but said he declined, feeling the script was poor.[34]
Filming began in a tense atmosphere,[6] but both Gable and director Frank Capra enjoyed making the movie. It Happened One Night became the first movie to sweep all five of the major Academy Awards, with Gable winning for Best Actor. To Capra, Gable's character in the film most closely resembled his real personality:
It Happened One Night is the real Gable. He was never able to play that kind of character except in that one film. They had him playing these big, huff-and-puff he-man lovers, but he was not that kind of guy. He was a down-to-earth guy, he loved everything, he got down with the common people. He didn't want to play those big lover parts; he just wanted to play Clark Gable, the way he was in It Happened One Night, and it's too bad they didn't let him keep up with that.[35]
He returned to MGM a bigger star than ever.[36] Gable's first movie role back was to portray an "Englishman in knickers and a three-cornered hat", one he needed talking into and once filmed said, "I stink in it", but friend and executive Thalberg assured him otherwise.[37] He received an Academy Award nomination for lead actor for his portrayal of Fletcher Christian in Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) as did co-stars Charles Laughton and Franchot Tone.[38]
Spencer Tracy collaborations[edit]
Lobby card for Test Pilot with Loy and Tracy
Gable made three pictures with Spencer Tracy, which boosted Tracy's career and permanently cemented them in the public mind as a team. San Francisco (1936), with Jeannette MacDonald, featured Tracy in an only 17-minute, but Oscar-nominated, role in which he played a Catholic priest who knocks Gable down in a boxing ring.[39] Their next film together was Test Pilot with Myrna Loy, in which Gable plays a dashing test pilot, and Tracy is his admiring sidekick, another box office bonanza for the studio. For their final film, Boom Town, Tracy moves up a rung with a larger part than earlier, almost achieving parity with billing directly under Gable and above Claudette Colbert and Hedy Lamarr. The picture, a lavish epic about two oil wildcatters who become partners then rivals, was 1940's most financially successful release for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. They were off-screen friends and drinking buddies; Tracy was one of the few Hollywood industry luminaries that attended Lombard's private funeral.[40]
Gone with the Wind[edit]
Despite his reluctance to play the role, Gable is best known for his performance in Gone with the Wind (1939), for which he gained a Best Actor Oscar nomination. Carole Lombard may have been the first to suggest that he play Rhett Butler (and she play Scarlett) when she bought him a copy of the best-seller, which he refused to read.[41]
Gable and Vivien Leigh strike an amorous pose in Gone with the Wind, 1939
Butler's last line in Gone with the Wind, "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn", is one of the most famous lines in movie history.[42] Gable was an almost immediate favorite for the role of Rhett with both the public and producer David O. Selznick. Since Selznick had no male stars under long-term contract, though, he needed to go through the process of negotiating to borrow an actor from another studio. Gary Cooper was Selznick's first choice.[43] When Cooper turned down the role of Butler, he was quoted as saying, "Gone With the Wind is going to be the biggest flop in Hollywood history. I'm glad it'll be Clark Gable who's falling flat on his nose, not me."[44] By then, Selznick had become determined to hire Gable, and set about finding a way to borrow him from MGM. Gable was wary of potentially disappointing an audience that had decided that no one else could play the part. He later conceded, "I think I know now how a fly must react after being caught in a spider's web."[45]
By all accounts, Gable got along well with his co-stars during filming.[46] Gable was great friends with actress Hattie McDaniel, and he even slipped her a real alcoholic drink during the scene in which they were supposed to be celebrating the birth of Scarlett and Rhett's daughter. Clark Gable almost walked off the set of Gone With the Wind when he discovered the studio facilities were segregated and signage posted "White" and "Colored". Gable got on the phone with the film's director, Victor Fleming, and told him, "If you don't get those signs down, you won't get your Rhett Butler." The signs were taken down immediately.[47] Gable tried to boycott the premiere of Gone with the Wind in Atlanta, Georgia, because the African American McDaniel and Butterfly McQueen were not permitted to attend. He reportedly only went after she pleaded with him to go. Gable remained life-long friends with McDaniel, appearing in several films, and he always attended her Hollywood parties.[48]
Gable did not want to shed tears for the scene after Rhett inadvertently causes Scarlett to miscarry their second child. Olivia de Havilland made him cry, later commenting, "Oh, he would not do it. He would not! Victor (Fleming) tried everything with him. He tried to attack him on a professional level. We had done it without him weeping several times and then we had one last try. I said, 'You can do it, I know you can do it, and you will be wonderful ...' Well, by heaven, just before the cameras rolled, you could see the tears come up at his eyes and he played the scene unforgettably well. He put his whole heart into it."[49]
Decades later, Gable said that whenever his career would start to fade, a re-release of Gone with the Wind would soon revive his popularity, and he continued as a top leading actor for the rest of his life.
Marriage to Carole Lombard[edit]
Gable and Carole Lombard after their honeymoon, 1939
Gable's marriage in 1939 to his third wife, actress Carole Lombard (1908–1942), was the happiest period of his personal life. They met while filming 1932's No Man of Her Own, when Lombard was still married to actor William Powell, but their romance did not take off until 1936. They became reacquainted at a party and soon were inseparable, cited in fan magazines and tabloids as an official couple. Gable thrived being around Lombard's youthful, charming, and frank personality, once stating, "You can trust that little screwball with your life or your hopes or your weaknesses, and she wouldn't even know how to think about letting you down."[50] Lombard, for her part, seemed to gain personal stability and a contented home life that she had previously lacked. She taught herself how to hunt and fish and accompanied Gable on trips with his hunting companions.
Room 1201, known as the Clark Gable room.
Gable was still legally married, and he prolonged a lengthy and expensive divorce from his second wife Rhea Langham until his salary from Gone with the Wind enabled him to reach a divorce settlement with Langham on March 7, 1939. On March 29, during a production break on Gone with the Wind, Gable and Lombard were married in Kingman, Arizona[51] and spent their honeymoon in room 1201 in the Arizona Biltmore Hotel.[52] They purchased a ranch previously owned by director Raoul Walsh in Encino, California, and made it their home. They raised chickens and horses, and had a menagerie of cats and dogs.
On January 16, 1942, Lombard was a passenger on Transcontinental and Western Air Flight 3 with her mother and press agent Otto Winkler. She had just finished her 57th movie, To Be or Not to Be, and was on her way home from a successful war bond selling tour when the flight's DC-3 airliner crashed into Potosi Mountain near Las Vegas, Nevada, killing all 22 passengers aboard, including 15 servicemen en route to training in California. Gable flew to the crash site to claim the bodies of his wife, mother-in-law, and Winkler, who had been the best man at Gable and Lombard's wedding. Lombard was declared to be the first war-related American female casualty of World War II, and Gable received a personal note of condolence from President Roosevelt. The Civil Aeronautics Board investigation into the crash concluded that pilot error was its cause.[53]
Gable returned to their Encino ranch and carried out her funeral wishes as she had requested in her will. A month later, he returned to the studio to work with Lana Turner in the movie Somewhere I'll Find You. Having lost 20 pounds since the tragedy, Gable evidently was emotionally and physically devastated by it, but Turner stated that Gable remained a professional for the duration of filming. He acted in 27 more films, and remarried twice more. "But he was never the same", said Esther Williams. "He had been devastated by Carole's death."[54]
World War II[edit]
For details of Gable's combat missions, see RAF Polebrook
Gable with an 8th Air Force Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress in England, 1943
In 1942, following Lombard's death, Gable joined the U.S. Army Air Forces. Lombard had suggested that Gable enlist as part of the war effort, but MGM was reluctant to let him go, and he resisted the suggestion. Gable made a public statement after Lombard's death that prompted the Commanding General of the U.S. Army Air Forces Henry H. "Hap" Arnold to offer Gable a "special assignment" in aerial gunnery.
The Washington Evening Star reported that Gable took a physical examination at Bolling Field on June 19, preliminary to joining the service.
"Mr. Gable, it was learned from a source outside the war department, conferred with Lieutenant General H. H. Arnold, head of the air forces yesterday." the Star continued. "It was understood that Mr. Gable, if he is commissioned, will make movies for the air forces. Lieutenant Jimmy Stewart, another actor in uniform, has been doing this."[55]
Gable had earlier expressed an interest in officer candidate school, but he enlisted on August 12, 1942, with the intention of becoming an enlisted aerial gunner on a bomber. MGM arranged for his studio friend, the cinematographer Andrew McIntyre, to enlist with him and accompany him through training.[56]
However, shortly after his enlistment, he and McIntyre were sent to Miami Beach, Florida, where they entered USAAF OCS Class 42-E on August 17, 1942. Both completed training on October 28, 1942 and were commissioned as second lieutenants. His class of about 2,600 students (of which he ranked about 700th) selected Gable as its graduation speaker, at which General Arnold presented the cadets with their commissions. Arnold then informed Gable of his special assignment: to make a recruiting film in combat with the Eighth Air Force to recruit aerial gunners. Gable and McIntyre were immediately sent to Flexible Gunnery School at Tyndall Field, Florida, followed by a photography course at Fort George Wright, Washington State and promoted to first lieutenants upon its completion.[56]
James Stewart and Gable, 1943
Gable reported to Biggs Army Airfield, Texas, on January 27, 1943, to train with and accompany the 351st Bomb Group to England as head of a six-man motion picture unit. In addition to McIntyre, he recruited the screenwriter John Lee Mahin, camera operators Sgts. Mario Toti and Robert Boles, and the sound man Lt. Howard Voss to complete his crew. Gable was promoted to captain while he was with the 351st Bomb Group at Pueblo Army Air Base, Colorado, a rank commensurate with his position as a unit commander. (Prior to this, he and McIntyre were both first lieutenants.)[56]
Gable spent most of 1943 in England at RAF Polebrook with the 351st Bomb Group. Gable flew five combat missions, including one to Germany, as an observer-gunner in B-17 Flying Fortresses between May 4 and September 23, 1943, earning the Air Medal and the Distinguished Flying Cross for his efforts. During one of the missions, Gable's aircraft was damaged by flak and attacked by fighters, which knocked out one of the engines and shot up the stabilizer. In the raid on Germany, one crewman was killed and two others were wounded, and flak went through Gable's boot and narrowly missed his head. When word of this reached MGM, studio executives began to badger the Army Air Forces to reassign its most valuable screen actor to noncombat duty. In November 1943, Gable returned to the United States to edit his film, only to find that the personnel shortage of aerial gunners had already been rectified. He was allowed to complete the film anyway, joining the First Motion Picture Unit in Hollywood.
In May 1944, Gable was promoted to major. He hoped for another combat assignment, but when the invasion of Normandy came and went in June without any further orders, Gable was relieved from active duty as a major on June 12, 1944, at his request, since he was over-age for combat. His discharge papers were signed by Captain (later U.S. President) Ronald Reagan. Gable completed editing of the film Combat America in September 1944, giving the narration himself and making use of numerous interviews with enlisted gunners as focus of the film.[56] Because his motion picture production schedule made it impossible for him to fulfill reserve officer duties, he resigned his commission on September 26, 1947, a week after the Air Force became an independent service branch.
Adolf Hitler favored Gable above all other actors. During World War II, Hitler offered a sizable reward to anyone who could capture and bring Gable to him unscathed.[57]
Gable's military awards were the Distinguished Flying Cross, Air Medal, American Campaign Medal, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, and World War II Victory Medal. He also qualified for and received aerial gunner wings.
He made good use of his wartime experiences in the movie Command Decision (1948), playing a World War II brigadier general who supervised bombing raids over Germany.
After World War II[edit]
Immediately after his discharge from the service, Gable returned to his ranch and rested. Personally, he resumed a pre-war relationship with Virginia Grey[58] while datiing other starlets. Professionally, Gable's first movie after World War II was Adventure (1945), with Greer Garson, by then the leading female star at MGM. Given the famous teaser tagline "Gable's back, and Garson's got him", the film was a commercial hit, earning over $6 million, but a critical failure.[59]
Gable has since been acclaimed for his performance in The Hucksters (1947), a satire of post-war Madison Avenue corruption and immorality, which co-starred Deborah Kerr and Ava Gardner. The film was popular with audiences, and Gable was voted the 7th biggest star in the country, but reviews were less than favorable.[60][61]
Gable followed this up with Homecoming (1948) with Lana Turner, which was a solid hit. After which he made the war film, Command Decision (1948) a hit with audiences, but it lost MGM money due to its high cost.[59]
A very public and brief romance with Paulette Goddard occurred after that.[62] In 1949, Gable married Sylvia Ashley, a British model and actress previously married to Douglas Fairbanks, Sr.[63]The relationship was profoundly unsuccessful; they divorced in 1952.
Gable did a series of films with female co-stars: Any Number Can Play (1950) with Alexis Smith, Key to the City (1950) with Loretta Young, and To Please a Lady (1950) with Barbara Stanwyck. They were reasonably popular, but he had more success with two Westerns: Across the Wide Missouri (1951), and Lone Star (1952).[64]
He then made Never Let Me Go (1953), opposite Gene Tierney. Tierney was a favorite of Gable, and he was very disappointed when she was replaced in Mogambo (because of her mental health problems) by Grace Kelly.[65]
Mogambo (1953), directed by John Ford, was a somewhat sanitized remake of Gable's hit pre-Code film Red Dust, with Jean Harlow and Mary Astor. Ava Gardner was well received in Harlow's leading lady role.[66] Gable and Grace Kelly's on location affair gradually ended after filming was completed.[67] The film was a massive hit, easily his most popular since he returned to MGM after the war.[68]
Gable and Grace Kelly in Mogambo, 1953
Leaving MGM[edit]
Gable became increasingly unhappy with what he considered mediocre roles offered by MGM, while the studio regarded his salary as excessive. Studio head Louis B. Mayer was fired in 1951 amid slumping Hollywood production and revenue, due primarily to the rising popularity of television. Studio chiefs struggled to cut costs. Many MGM stars were fired, or their contracts were not renewed, including Greer Garson and Judy Garland.
Gable refused to renew his contract. His last film at MGM was Betrayed (1954), a popular war time drama with Turner and Victor Mature. On March 1954, Gable left MGM.[69]
Post MGM[edit]
His first two films in this new situation were made for 20th Century Fox: Soldier of Fortune, an adventure story in Hong Kong with Susan Hayward, and The Tall Men (1955), a Western with Jane Russell. Both were profitable, although only modest successes. In 1955, Gable would be 10th at the box office – the last time he was in the top ten.
In 1955, Gable married his fifth wife, Kay Spreckels (née Kathleen Williams), a thrice-married former fashion model and actress who had previously been married to sugar-refining heir Adolph B. Spreckels, Jr. Gable became stepfather to her son Bunker Spreckels, who went on to live a notorious celebrity lifestyle in the late 1960s and early 1970s surfing scene, ultimately leading to his early death in 1977.
Gable and Yvonne De Carlo in Band of Angels, 1957
In 1955, Gable formed a production company with Jane Russell and her husband Bob Waterfield, and they produced The King and Four Queens (1956), Gable's only production. He found producing and acting to be too taxing on his health, and he was beginning to manifest a noticeable tremor, particularly in long takes.
His next project was the Warner Bros. production Band of Angels (1957), co-starring Yvonne De Carlo and featuring relative newcomer Sidney Poitier; it was not well received, despite Gable's role's similarities to Rhett Butler. Newsweek said, "Here is a movie so bad that it must be seen to be disbelieved."[70]
Paramount[edit]
Next, he paired with Doris Day in Teacher's Pet (1958), shot in black and white at Paramount. He did Run Silent, Run Deep (also 1958), with co-star and producer Burt Lancaster, which featured his first on-screen death since 1937, and which garnered good reviews. Gable started to receive television offers, but rejected them outright. At 57, Gable finally acknowledged, "Now it's time I acted my age".[71]
His next two films were light comedies for Paramount: But Not for Me (1959) with Carroll Baker, and It Started in Naples (1960) with Sophia Loren. The last one, despite an icy critical reception, was a good box-office success and was nominated for an Academy award and two Golden Globes. Filmed mostly on location in Italy, it was Gable's last film released in color.
On February 8, 1960, Gable received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in motion pictures, located at 1608 Vine Street.[72][73]
The Misfits[edit]
Gable's last film was The Misfits (1961), with a script by Arthur Miller and directed by John Huston. Co-starring with Gable were Marilyn Monroe (in her last completed film), Montgomery Clift, Eli Wallach and Thelma Ritter. Many critics regard Gable's performance to be his finest and Gable, after seeing the rough cuts, agreed[74] although the film did not receive any Oscar nominations.
Portraitist Al Hirschfeld created a drawing, and then a lithograph, portraying the film's stars Clift, Monroe, and Gable with screenwriter Miller, in what is suggested as a typical "on-the-set" scene during the troubled production.[75] In a 2002 documentary Eli Wallach recalled the mustang wrangling scenes Gable insisted on performing himself, "You have to pass a physical to film that" and "He was a professional going home at 5 pm to a pregnant wife".[76]
Gable was a conservative Republican, though he never publicly spoke about politics. His third wife, Carole Lombard, was an activist liberal Democrat,[77] and she cajoled him into supporting Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. In 1944, he became an early member of the conservative Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a pro-McCarthy organization, alongside Ronald Reagan, John Wayne, Gary Cooper, and other conservative actors and film-makers. In February 1952, he attended a televised rally in New York where he enthusiastically urged General Dwight D. Eisenhower to run for president. This was when Eisenhower was still being sought by both parties as their candidate. Despite having suffered a severe coronary thrombosis, Gable still managed to vote by mail in the 1960 presidential election for Richard Nixon.[78]
Illness and death[edit]
Crypt of Clark Gable in the Sanctuary of Trust of the Great Mausoleum, Forest Lawn Glendale.
With fourth wife Sylvia Ashley
On November 6, 1960, Gable was sent to Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, where doctors found that he had suffered a heart attack. Newspaper reports the following day listed his condition as satisfactory.[79] By the morning of November 16, he seemed to be improving.[80] But he died that evening at the age of 59 from an arterial blood clot. Medical staff did not perform CPR for fear that the procedure would rupture Gable's heart, and a defibrillator was not available.[81]
In an interview with Louella Parsons published soon after Gable's death about speculation on his physically demanding role in The Misfits, Kay Gable said, "It wasn't the physical exertion that killed him. It was the horrible tension, the eternal waiting, waiting, waiting. He waited around forever, for everybody. He'd get so angry that he'd just go ahead and do anything to keep occupied."[82] Monroe said that she and Kay had become close during the filming and would refer to Clark as "Our Man",[4] while Arthur Miller, observing Gable on location, noted, "No hint of affront ever showed on his face".[74]
On March 20, 1961, Kay Gable gave birth to Gable's only son, John Clark Gable, at the same hospital in which her husband had died four months earlier. Marilyn Monroe attended his son's baptism.[83]
Gable is interred in the Great Mausoleum, Memorial Terrace, at Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park.
Personal life and family[edit]
Gable was married five times. He was engaged to actress Franz Dorfler when he lived in Astoria, Oregon. She referred him to the woman who would become his acting coach and manager, Josephine Dillon. They married in 1924 and divorced in 1930.[84] His second wife was Texas socialite Maria Franklin Prentiss Lucas Langham (nicknamed "Rhea"). The couple divorced on March 7, 1939.[84] Only 13 days later, during a production break on Gone with the Wind, Gable married comedic actress Carole Lombard, [51] who died in a plane crash less than three years later. In 1949, Gable married Sylvia Ashley, a British model and actress previously married to Douglas Fairbanks; the couple divorced in 1952.[84] Throughout his film career, Gable had affairs with famous actresses, including Grace Kelly, Joan Crawford, Marion Davies, Loretta Young (mother of his daughter), Lana Turner, and Nancy Davis (later Ronald Reagan's wife).[85]
In 1955, Gable married Kay Spreckels (née Kathleen Williams),[84] a thrice-married former fashion model and actress who had previously been married to sugar-refining heir Adolph B. Spreckels, Jr., and became stepfather to her two children. On March 20, 1961, Kay Gable gave birth to Gable's only son, John Clark Gable, at the same hospital in which her husband had died four months earlier.[83] John Clark had two children: Kayley Gable (born 1986) and Clark James Gable (1988–2019). Kayley is an actress, while Clark James was the host of two seasons of the nationally syndicated reality show Cheaters.[86] Clark James died at age 30 on February 22, 2019.[87]
Kay Williams and Gable at premiere of A Star Is Born (1954)
During the filming of The Call of the Wild in early 1935, the film's lead actress, Loretta Young, became pregnant with Gable's child. Their daughter Judy was born on November 6, 1935[88] in Venice, California.[89] Young's pregnancy was hidden in an elaborate scheme. Gable was in New York City when he received an unsigned telegram that said, "The baby was born, she is beautiful, and has blonde hair." Young and her mother both denied sending the telegram; Loretta believed that Carter Hermann (her sister Polly's husband, who was also Judy's godfather) had sent it.[90] Nineteen months after the birth, Young claimed to have adopted Judy.[88] Judy went by the name Judy Lewis after her mother married Tom Lewis when she was four years of age.[88]
Lewis bore a striking resemblance to Gable, and her mother tried to hide Judy's large protruding ears.[88] According to Lewis, Gable visited her home when she was 15, asked about her life, and kissed her on the forehead upon leaving.[91] He did not tell her he was her father.[91] Gable never publicly acknowledged the truth about his daughter, but most in Hollywood and some in the general public believed Gable was Lewis's father because of their strong resemblance and the timing of her birth.[92] Five years after Gable's death, when confronted by Lewis, Loretta Young confirmed that she was Lewis's biological mother and that Gable was her father. Young died of ovarian cancer on August 12, 2000;[93] her autobiography, published posthumously, confirmed that Gable was indeed Lewis's father.[88] Judy Lewis died of cancer at age 76 on November 25, 2011.[94] In 2014, Young's son, Christopher Lewis, and his wife, Linda Lewis, publicly disclosed that Young had told them in 1998 that Judy Lewis was conceived during a rape.[92]
In 1933, Gable was initiated into Freemasonry at the Beverly Hills Lodge No. 528 CA.[95][96]
Style and reception[edit]
In a photo essay of Hollywood film stars, Life magazine called Gable, "All man ... and then some".
Doris Day summed up Gable's unique personality: "He was as masculine as any man I've ever known, and as much a little boy as a grown man could be – it was this combination that had such a devastating effect on women."[97]
Long-time friend, eight-time co-star, and on-again, off-again romance Joan Crawford concurred, stating on David Frost's TV show in 1970 that "he was a king wherever he went. He walked like one, he behaved like one, and he was the most masculine man that I have ever met in my life."
Gable in 1938
Robert Taylor said Gable "was a great, great guy, and certainly one of the great stars of all times, if not the greatest. I think that I sincerely doubt that there will ever be another like Clark Gable; he was one of a kind."[98]
In his memoir Bring on the Empty Horses,[99] David Niven states that Gable, a close friend, was extremely supportive after the sudden, accidental death of Niven's first wife, Primula (Primmie), in 1946. Primmie had supported Gable emotionally after Carole Lombard's death four years earlier: Niven recounts Gable kneeling at Primmie's feet and sobbing while she held and consoled him. Niven also states that Arthur Miller, the author of The Misfits, had described Gable as "the man who did not know how to hate".
Gable has been criticized for altering critical aspects of a script when he felt that the script would not fit in with his image. Screenwriter Larry Gelbart, as quoted by James Garner[100] once stated that Gable, "... would not go down with the submarine [referring to Run Silent Run Deep (1958), where the movie ended differently from the book on which it was based], because Gable doesn't sink".
Eli Wallach, in his autobiography,[101] also states that Wallach's most dramatic scene in The Misfits was cut from the movie after it had been filmed over several takes. This scene depicts Wallach's character (who secretly loves the character played by Marilyn Monroe) being emotionally crushed when he visits her, hoping to propose to her, and instead sees her with Gable's character. Both Gable and Monroe are off-screen, and Wallach's heartbreak is indicated by his dropping the rose bouquet he had brought for her. Gable ordered the scene removed because he felt that his character would never steal a woman from another man. Wallach, however, refrains from criticizing Gable, noting that he was professional and considerate in his behavior.
Main article: Clark Gable filmography
Gable is known to have appeared as an "extra" in 13 films between 1924 and 1930. He then appeared in a total of 67 theatrically released motion pictures, as himself in 17 "short subject" films, and he narrated and appeared in a World War II propaganda film entitled Combat America, produced by the United States Army Air Forces.
With Marilyn Monroe and (in the background) Eli Wallach and Montgomery Clift in The Misfits (1961)
Warner Bros. cartoons sometimes caricatured Gable. Examples include Have You Got Any Castles? (in which his face appears seven times inside the novel The House of the Seven Gables), The Coo-Coo Nut Grove (in which his ears flap on their own), Hollywood Steps Out (in which he follows an enigmatic woman), and Cats Don't Dance in which he appears on a billboard promotion for Gone With The Wind.
In the classic All in the Family episode "Cousin Maude", Maude complained about Archie's poor taste in movies, saying, "With theaters full of Clark Gable and Leslie Howard, he took her [Edith] to see Buster Crabbe!" To which Archie responds, "Yeah, that's right! A hell of an actor!"
The 2003 album Give Up by electronic music group The Postal Service includes a song titled "Clark Gable". The song's narrator says he wants a love like something in the movies, and includes the lyrics "I kissed you in a style Clark Gable would have admired, I thought it classic".
In the film Broadway Melody of 1938, Judy Garland (aged 15) sings "You Made Me Love You" while looking at a composite picture of Gable. The opening lines are: "Dear Mr Gable, I am writing this to you, and I hope that you will read it so you'll know, my heart beats like a hammer, and I stutter and I stammer, every time I see you at the picture show, I guess I'm just another fan of yours, and I thought I'd write and tell you so. You made me love you, I didn't want to do it, I didn't want to do it ..."
Bugs Bunny's nonchalant carrot-chewing standing position, as explained by Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng, and Bob Clampett, originated in a scene in the film It Happened One Night, in which Clark Gable's character leans against a fence, eating carrots rapidly and talking with his mouth full to Claudette Colbert's character. This scene was well known while the film was popular, and viewers at the time likely recognized Bugs Bunny's behaviour as satire.
Gable has been portrayed in films by Phillip Waldron in It Happened in Hollywood (1937), James Brolin in Gable and Lombard (1976), Larry Pennell in Marilyn: The Untold Story (1980), Edward Winter in Moviola: The Scarlett O'Hara War (1980), Boyd Holister in Grace Kelly (1983), Gary Wayne in Malice in Wonderland (1985), Gene Daily in The Rocketeer (1991), Bobby Valentino in RKO 281 (1999), Bruce Hughes and Shayne Greenman in Blonde (2001), and Charles Unwin in Lucy (2003).
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^ Van Neste, Dan (1999). "Clark Gable Reconstructed Birthhome: Fit For A King". Classic Images. Archived from the original on January 5, 2005. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
^ a b c Harris, Warren G. (2002). Clark Gable: A Biography. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-609-60495-3.
^ ReelRundown: The Life and Many Loves of Clark Gable, online bio Clark Gable Retrieved November 3, 2016
^ Justus George Frederick (1935). Pennsylvania Dutch and their cookery: their history, art, accomplishments ... Retrieved August 31, 2012 – via Google Books.
^ "1933: Clark Reaches His Goal!". Dear Mr. Gable. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
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^ Clark Gable on Biography.com Accessed August 5, 2016
^ Todd E. Creason (2009). Famous American Freemasons, Volume 2. p. 92. ISBN 978-0557070886. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
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^ Harris, p. 7.
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^ a b Chrystopher J. Spicer (October 14, 2011). Clark Gable, in Pictures: Candid Images of the Actor's Life. ISBN 978-0786487141. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
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^ Turner Classic Movies (2006). Leading Men: The 50 Most Unforgettable Actors of the Studio Era. Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-5467-1.
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^ James Egan (2016). 3000 Facts about Actors. ISBN 978-1326701130. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
^ Roberts, Paul G. (2014). Style Icons Vol 1 Golden Boys. Fashion Industry Broadcast. p. 89. ISBN 9781627760324. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
^ Harris, p. 179.
^ Kotsabilas-Davis, James; Myrna Loy (1998). Myrna Loy: Being and Becoming. Primus, Donald & Fine, Inc. p. 94. ISBN 1-55611-101-0.
^ Griffin, Merv. From Where I Sit, Arbor House (1982) p. 141
^ Gable's Oscar recently drew a top bid of $607,500 from Steven Spielberg, who promptly donated the statuette to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. (Colbert's Oscar for the same film was offered for auction by Christie's on June 9, 1997, but no bids were made for it.)
^ "Leading Men of Hollywood: Clark Gable | The Saturday Evening Post". www.saturdayeveningpost.com. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
^ "8th Academy Awards (1935): Nominees and Winners". Cinema Sight by Wesley Lovell. February 6, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
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^ Edwards, Anne (April 8, 2000). Katharine Hepburn: A Remarkable Woman. Macmillan. ISBN 9780312206567.
^ Although legend persists that the Hays Office fined Selznick $5,000 for using the word "damn". In fact, the Motion Picture Association board passed an amendment to the Production Code on November 1, 1939, that forbade use of the words "hell" or "damn", except when their use "shall be essential and required for portrayal, in proper historical context, of any scene or dialogue based upon historical fact or folklore ... or a quotation from a literary work, provided that no such use shall be permitted which is intrinsically objectionable or offends good taste". With that amendment, the Production Code Administration had no further objection to Rhett's closing line. Leonard J. Leff and Jerold L. Simmons, The Dame in the Kimono: Hollywood, Censorship, and the Production Code, pp. 107–108.[ISBN missing]
^ Selznick, David O. (2000). Memo from David O. Selznick. New York: Modern Library. pp. 172–173. ISBN 0-375-75531-4.
^ Donnelley, Paul (2003). Fade To Black: A Book Of Movie Obituaries. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-9512-5.
^ Stallings, Penny; Mandelbaum, Howard (1981). Flesh and Fantasy. New York: Bell Publishing Co. ISBN 0-517-33968-4.
^ "Clark Gable Desegregated 'Gone With the Wind' Movie Set". ReelRundown. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
^ Philip C. DiMare (June 17, 2011). Movies in American History: An Encyclopedia. ISBN 978-1598842975. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
^ Breznican, Anthony (November 14, 2004). "Legends swirl around `Gone With the Wind' 65 years later". Deseret Morning News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
^ a b Harris, pp. 200–201.
^ The Landmark 'Jewel of the Desert'
^ Harris, pp. 250–251.
^ Williams, Esther; Diehl, Digby (1999). The Million Dollar Mermaid. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-85284-5.
^ Associated Press, "Gable Tested For Air Corps", The Spokesman-Review, Spokane, Washington, 20 June 1942, Vol. 60, No. 37, p. 5.
^ a b c d Argoratus, Steven. "Clark Gable in the 8th Air Force". Air Power History, Spring 1999. Centenniel Tribute to Clark Gable. Archived from the original on August 6, 2009. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
^ Gussow, Mel (August 6, 2004). "Virginia Grey, a Veteran Of 100 Films, Dies at 87". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
^ a b The Eddie Mannix Ledger, Los Angeles: Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study .
^ Crowther, Bosley (July 18, 1947). "THE SCREEN; ' The Hucksters', Starring Gable and Kerr, Opens at Capitol -- 'Slave Girl', Take-Off on Film Adventures, Has Twin Debut". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
^ Staff, Variety; Staff, Variety (January 1, 1947). "The Hucksters". Variety. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
^ Tims, Hilton (September 19, 2013). The Last Romantic: A life of Eric Maria Remarque. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 9781472113351.
^ "Gable marries Sylvia, more details with Muir". Newspapers.com. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
^ Chaneles, Sol. (1974). The movie makers. Wolsky, Albert. Secaucus, N.J.: Derbibooks. ISBN 0890090025. OCLC 940571.
^ Tierney and Herskowitz (1978) Wyden Books, Self-Portrait pp. 150–151
^ Crowther, Bosley (October 2, 1953). "THE SCREEN IN REVIEW; 'Mogambo', With Ava Gardner and Clark Gable, Presented at Radio City Music Hall". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
^ "Letters show another side to Grace Kelly". The Independent. March 10, 1994. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
^ Staff, Variety; Staff, Variety (January 1, 1953). "Mogambo". Variety. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
^ By THOMAS M PRYOR Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES. (1953, Dec 18). GREER GARSON TO DO A MOVIE IN ENGLAND. New York Times (1923-Current File) Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/112727444
^ "Clark Gable | Hollywood Walk of Fame". www.walkoffame.com. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
^ "Clark Gable – Hollywood Star Walk". projects.latimes.com. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
^ a b Miller, Arthur (1987). Timebends. New York: Grove Press. p. 485. ISBN 0-8021-0015-5.
^ Hirschfeld, Al. "The Misfits, On the Set". Margo Feiden Galleries Ltd. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
^ "'The Misfits' Finally Gets Some Respect". Los Angeles Times. October 1, 2002. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
^ Glynis McCants (November 2010). Love by the Numbers: How to Find Great Love Or Reignite the Love You Have Through the Power of Numerology. ISBN 978-1402244636. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
^ Jack Scagnetti (1976). The Life and Loves of Gable. J. David Publishers. p. 156. ISBN 978-0824602055.
^ The Milwaukee Journal, November 7, 1960, p. 20.
^ Ocala Star-Banner, November 18, 1960, p. 1.
^ a b Marilyn Monroe Rare Footage 1961 (May 5, 2010), Marilyn Monroe @ Clark Gable son christening, retrieved January 17, 2018
^ a b c d "From the Archives: Clark Gable Dies at 59". latimes.com.
^ "A Look Back at Nancy and Ronald Reagan's Love Story". Vogue. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
^ "Clark Gable Biography". Cheaters. September 20, 1988. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
^ Nakamura, Reid (February 22, 2019). "Clark James Gable, Former 'Cheaters' Host, Dies at 30". TheWrap. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
^ a b c d e "Judy Lewis, Secret Daughter of Hollywood, Dies at 76". The New York Times. November 30, 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
^ Downey, Sally A. (November 30, 2011). "Judy Lewis, daughter of Loretta Young and Clark Gable, dies". Philly.com. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
^ Anderson, Joan Webster (2001). Forever Young. p. 89.
^ a b "Daughter of Deception". People.com.
^ a b Petersen, Anne Helen (July 12, 2014). "Clark Gable Accused Of Raping Co-Star". BuzzFeed. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
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^ Woo, Elaine (December 1, 2011). "Judy Lewis dies at 76; daughter of stars Loretta Young and Clark Gable". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
^ "List of famous freemasons". Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. Archived from the original on October 4, 2001. Retrieved September 30, 2018. East Nashville No. 560, TN [19]
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^ UPI, Year In Review "1960 Year In Review: Casey Stengel retires, Clark Gable Dies". Retrieved May 19, 2009.
^ David Niven. Bring on the Empty Horses (1975). Putnam Books. ISBN 978-0-399-11542-4
^ James Garner and Jon Winokur. The Garner Files. Simon and Schuster, 2011.
^ Eli Wallach. The Good, the Bad, and Me: In My Anecdotage. Mariner Books, 2006. ISBN 978-0-15-603169-1.
Essoe, Gabe (1970). The Films of Clark Gable. Secaucus: The Cidadel Press. ISBN 978-0-8065-0011-9.
Harris, Warren G. (2002). Clark Gable: A Biography. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-609-60495-3.
Lewis, Judy (1994). Uncommon Knowledge. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-70019-5.
Samuels, Charles (1962). The King: A Biography of Clark Gable. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
Spicer, Chrystopher J. (2002). Clark Gable: Biography, Filmography, Bibliography. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-1124-5.
Tornabene, Lyn (1976). Long Live The King: A Biography of Clark Gable. New York: Putnam. ISBN 978-0-399-11863-0.
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text:
Crystal surface adhesion explains the pathological activity of calcium oxalate hydrates in kidney stone formation
Xiaoxia Sheng, Michael Ward, Jeffrey A. Wesson
Renal tubular fluid in the distal nephron of the kidney is supersaturated with calcium oxalate (CaOx), which crystallizes in the tubules as either calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) or calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD). Kidney stones are aggregates, most commonly containing microcrystals of COM as the primary inorganic constituent. Stones also contain small amounts of embedded proteins, which are thought to play an adhesive role in these aggregates, and they often are found attached to the tip of renal papilla, presumably through adhesive contacts. Voided urine, however, often contains COD in the form of single micron-sized crystals. This suggests that COD formation protects against stone disease because of its reduced capacity to form stable aggregates and strong adhesion contacts to renal epithelial cells. Using atomic force microscopy configured with tips modified with biologically relevant functional groups, we have compared the adhesion strengths of the morphologically important faces of COM and COD. These measurements provide direct experimental evidence, at the near molecular level, for poorer adhesion at COD crystal faces, which explains the benign character of COD and has implications for resolving one of the mysteries of kidney stone formation.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005040400
Kidney Calculi
Nephrons
Sheng, X., Ward, M., & Wesson, J. A. (2005). Crystal surface adhesion explains the pathological activity of calcium oxalate hydrates in kidney stone formation. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 16(7), 1904-1908. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005040400
Crystal surface adhesion explains the pathological activity of calcium oxalate hydrates in kidney stone formation. / Sheng, Xiaoxia; Ward, Michael; Wesson, Jeffrey A.
In: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, Vol. 16, No. 7, 2005, p. 1904-1908.
Sheng, X, Ward, M & Wesson, JA 2005, 'Crystal surface adhesion explains the pathological activity of calcium oxalate hydrates in kidney stone formation', Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 1904-1908. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005040400
Sheng X, Ward M, Wesson JA. Crystal surface adhesion explains the pathological activity of calcium oxalate hydrates in kidney stone formation. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2005;16(7):1904-1908. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005040400
Sheng, Xiaoxia ; Ward, Michael ; Wesson, Jeffrey A. / Crystal surface adhesion explains the pathological activity of calcium oxalate hydrates in kidney stone formation. In: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2005 ; Vol. 16, No. 7. pp. 1904-1908.
@article{2f4ae5f92f8a4cb28af124af32ed1965,
title = "Crystal surface adhesion explains the pathological activity of calcium oxalate hydrates in kidney stone formation",
abstract = "Renal tubular fluid in the distal nephron of the kidney is supersaturated with calcium oxalate (CaOx), which crystallizes in the tubules as either calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) or calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD). Kidney stones are aggregates, most commonly containing microcrystals of COM as the primary inorganic constituent. Stones also contain small amounts of embedded proteins, which are thought to play an adhesive role in these aggregates, and they often are found attached to the tip of renal papilla, presumably through adhesive contacts. Voided urine, however, often contains COD in the form of single micron-sized crystals. This suggests that COD formation protects against stone disease because of its reduced capacity to form stable aggregates and strong adhesion contacts to renal epithelial cells. Using atomic force microscopy configured with tips modified with biologically relevant functional groups, we have compared the adhesion strengths of the morphologically important faces of COM and COD. These measurements provide direct experimental evidence, at the near molecular level, for poorer adhesion at COD crystal faces, which explains the benign character of COD and has implications for resolving one of the mysteries of kidney stone formation.",
author = "Xiaoxia Sheng and Michael Ward and Wesson, {Jeffrey A.}",
doi = "10.1681/ASN.2005040400",
journal = "Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN",
publisher = "American Society of Nephrology",
T1 - Crystal surface adhesion explains the pathological activity of calcium oxalate hydrates in kidney stone formation
AU - Sheng, Xiaoxia
AU - Ward, Michael
AU - Wesson, Jeffrey A.
N2 - Renal tubular fluid in the distal nephron of the kidney is supersaturated with calcium oxalate (CaOx), which crystallizes in the tubules as either calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) or calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD). Kidney stones are aggregates, most commonly containing microcrystals of COM as the primary inorganic constituent. Stones also contain small amounts of embedded proteins, which are thought to play an adhesive role in these aggregates, and they often are found attached to the tip of renal papilla, presumably through adhesive contacts. Voided urine, however, often contains COD in the form of single micron-sized crystals. This suggests that COD formation protects against stone disease because of its reduced capacity to form stable aggregates and strong adhesion contacts to renal epithelial cells. Using atomic force microscopy configured with tips modified with biologically relevant functional groups, we have compared the adhesion strengths of the morphologically important faces of COM and COD. These measurements provide direct experimental evidence, at the near molecular level, for poorer adhesion at COD crystal faces, which explains the benign character of COD and has implications for resolving one of the mysteries of kidney stone formation.
AB - Renal tubular fluid in the distal nephron of the kidney is supersaturated with calcium oxalate (CaOx), which crystallizes in the tubules as either calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) or calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD). Kidney stones are aggregates, most commonly containing microcrystals of COM as the primary inorganic constituent. Stones also contain small amounts of embedded proteins, which are thought to play an adhesive role in these aggregates, and they often are found attached to the tip of renal papilla, presumably through adhesive contacts. Voided urine, however, often contains COD in the form of single micron-sized crystals. This suggests that COD formation protects against stone disease because of its reduced capacity to form stable aggregates and strong adhesion contacts to renal epithelial cells. Using atomic force microscopy configured with tips modified with biologically relevant functional groups, we have compared the adhesion strengths of the morphologically important faces of COM and COD. These measurements provide direct experimental evidence, at the near molecular level, for poorer adhesion at COD crystal faces, which explains the benign character of COD and has implications for resolving one of the mysteries of kidney stone formation.
U2 - 10.1681/ASN.2005040400
DO - 10.1681/ASN.2005040400
JO - Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
JF - Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
10.1681/ASN.2005040400

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Cuddle up on the sofa with a blanket. Wether its a Sunday morning or dark evening, these cinnamon swirls will bring you the needed comfort.
Open the can and roll out the dough into a rectangle.
Mix the soft butter with cinnamon, white sugar and brown sugar and spread it on the dough with butter knife. Remember to get it into the corners.
Roll the dough back up into a roll and cut the swirls.
Place the cinnamon swirls onto some baking paper. They should be baked at approx. 180g for 18-20 minutes, but keep an eye on them – all ovens behave slightly differently.


Everyone knows that the Valley has great sushi bars. A lesser known fact is that the Valley is also the home of many of LA's best barbecue joints. My favorite is Uncle Andre's BBQ in Studio City. A true hidden gem and a hole in the wall, Uncle Andre's serves both amazing Southern style barbecue and soul food.
At first blush, you might not be impressed. The restaurant is a small, poorly decorated hovel in a dull Valley strip mall. You place your order at a window and then wait for a long, long time — typically between 30 and 45 minutes unless you call ahead. But none of this really matters because the food, when it finally arrives, is so damn good.
The barbecue is top notch; generous portions of perfectly cooked meats slathered in a delicious tangy and slightly sweet sauce. My favorite dish is the excellent Angus Boneless Beef Ribs. The Baby Back Pork Ribs and Barbecue Chicken are also great. There are Fried Catfish Nuggets, Hush Puppies, Fried Chicken (with or without waffles) and tasty Chicken Tenders. Make sure to order the Mac 'n Cheese; it's one of the best in the city. Other sides include Cornbread, Collard Greens cooked in vinegar, and yummy BBQ Baked Beans. On Fridays, they serve Gumbo until they run out. Get the Banana Pudding for dessert. You can thank me later.
Uncle Andre's BBQ is located at 11715 Moorpark St. in Studio City.
That place looks awesome, I want everything you ordered!


text:
Inside This Week's Issue
Sentences handed down in felony case
Fire claims another home in the Crane area
Rep. Brad Hudson's Capital Report
Jim McCann named MO Beef MO Kids Champion
Southwest Missouri Spring Forage Conference February 23rd and 24th
Missouri State Fair Youth in Agriculture Scholarship deadline February 1
Its a four-pete for the Lady Bulldogs at Sparta Invitational
Galena Bears Go 2-1, with a close loss to state ranked Strafford Indians
Bulldog basketball
Reeds Spring Intermediate School Teacher Receives STEM Grant
Wolves pick up win on the road
Cape Fair Sunday Bass Tournament Results
Property Damage, Loitering And Drug Paraphernalia Lead Business Owners, Residents To Question Crane Board
Isaac Estes-Jones
About 20 Crane business owners and residents attended the Monday, August 19, meeting of the Crane Board of Aldermen to discuss ongoing, and apparently escalating, issues with a group of presumed homeless individuals who have reportedly been causing trouble throughout the city, especially on Main Street.
These citizens state that they have been having issues with people sitting or laying on the sidewalks in the middle of the night and at other odd hours, attempting to break into buildings, leaving trash and using drugs.
Several in attendance mentioned finding dirty needles in their dumpsters or even on the ground.
Closing of the Post Office lobby
Of major interest to many in Crane is the closing of the Post Office lobby after business hours. Chrissy Johnson, Post Master in Crane, was in attendance at Monday's meeting. "We've had people sleeping in our lobby, leaving trash, stealing electricity and also sitting with dogs," she said.
Last Monday, August 12, after garbage was found in the lobby of the Post Office, Johnson called the police and, after a witness was identified, a report was filed with the Crane police. "I called immediately Monday morning," Johnson said.
Later that day, a witness was found. The witness was able to give a description of the people allegedly responsible. "Unless we have a witness, our hands are tied as far as giving citations or anything else," said John Elmore, Chief of Police for the City of Crane.
According to what was said at the meeting, a report was filed after that witness was identified and they signed the complaint. "We've delivered citations to two of them and we're going to deliver the other here in a few minutes," Elmore said.
Later that same day, according to Johnson, a young woman she had never seen before came into the lobby and sat down. Johnson said she asked the unknown person to leave.
As a result of these incidents, Johnson received permission from higher ups at the USPS to close the lobby after hours for a week. The night of the meeting was the first night the lobby, with access to the Post Office Boxes, was left open since the incident. "I have to reopen it, but, personally, I'm not comfortable leaving it open," she said.
Issues raised by other citizens
The owners of other businesses along Main Street also voiced their concerns. Heidi Rasmussen, who runs Hickory Grove Cafe, said her workers found needles in the trash behind the business and reported that she called in to file a report.
Sandra Bowman, with Bodacious Boutique, has had repeated issues with several individuals sitting or sleeping on the stoop of her shop. She also told the board about an incident where one of the people came into the store and asked if she was alone.
Mayor Brannan asked Bowman, "Were those [incidents] called in?" Bowman said most of them were not. "I don't think any of us realized the extent off the situation until we started talking recently," she said.
The manager of the Rapid Roberts gas station on the north side of town, Tennessa Evans, also told her story to the board.
Evans reported that on July 4, a man clearly strung out on drugs came into the store while she was working. The individual allegedly shoved his phone, which was playing pornography into her face and otherwise made her feel unsafe. She was eventually able to call 911, but, since filing the initial report, there has been no follow up from the police, she said.
"Eventually, I did see one of the officers and asked for an update. He said, 'Did you get the security footage?' I said, 'That's not my job. I gave you my corporate number,'" she said.
"I can tell you, it has been followed up on," said Officer Mike, with Crane Police Department. "We've called [Rapid Roberts Corporate] four times and still haven't gotten the footage," he said.
"My issue is there is communication," Evans said, continuing, "I see John [Elmore] everyday, so why no follow up?" she asked.
Officer Mike responded. "We came by one day and you weren't there. We left a message with an employee. If he didn't pass that along, that's not our fault," he said.
Other business owners or representatives talked about the issue, as well. Some said they have seen individuals living in the storage units behind Main Street.
Others reported seeing several individuals laying on the sidewalk around Stockman's Bank with dogs. Tera Matthews said, "That makes me worry about our business customers that use the night drop box. I know I wouldn't want to get out of my vehicle if I saw people there."
Others reported finding used hygiene products and human excrement around their businesses. There are also reports of these individuals tying their dogs to posts outside of businesses or bringing them inside.
The major question all of the participants in this discussion seemed to have was, What can be done about this?
"We can't just run people off when they are on public streets," Chief Elmore said. "However, every time we received a report with a witness, we've issued citations," he said.
"We do have loitering and other ordinances that can apply in these situations," Mayor Brannan said. "Most of them are available on our website if you want to look. However, we can't do anything about them if we don't know about the issues."
If you see something, call it in
After much discussion back and forth among those in the audience and others involved, talk moved to who to call to report these issues.
Chief Elmore gives his cell phone number out to people in the community so they can get in touch with him on issues, especially those where having a quicker response is important. Alderman Kyle Bentley said, "John tries to solve lots of things himself because sometimes he is more available." Alderman Doug Minton said, "There might be sort of a learning curve here. When I got John's cellphone number, I thought that was enough. Then, after an issue up near my house, I realized my first reaction should be to call 911."
"Central dispatch through 911 is our call center," said Mayor Brannan, who also serves on the Stone County E911 board. "911 is the call center, which creates a record and helps with accountability. If you want an immediate, guaranteed response, call 911," Bentley said.
911 or the non-emergency number, (417) 339-9117, can be reached at any time to get in contact with the police. It is not just for a "someone is bleeding" type emergency.
People feel comfortable
Much of the issue surrounding these individuals, according to city officials, is they feel comfortable. "Crane is a good, nice town," was said by all members of the board. However, Chief Elmore said that may be part of why these two to six individuals have been in town for the last several months.
"They are getting money from somewhere to buy drugs. They are getting food. If people are comfortable, they'll stick around," Elmore said.
"We've got a lot of good people in this town, but if we keep getting the complaints and everything, it will make them more uncomfortable and eventually they will move on," he said.
"We've dealt with this before, about 9 or 10 years ago," said Brannan. "I don't remember exactly how that all played out, but eventually it did stop."
Steps already taken, steps to take
Several steps were made to help mitigate this issue before Monday's meeting.
Wifi at the library in Crane is being turned off in the evenings, as these individuals were thought to be using it.
Stockmans Bank is turning off the power outlet on the side of their building so no one can use it to charge their phone.
The post office has reopened the lobby at all hours for the time being, but that may change.
There was some discussion of turning on the city's surveillance cameras. Every year, the city turns on a few cameras to keep an eye on the Christmas tree.
Those cameras were damaged during a lightening strike recently, but, during the meeting, the board seemed in favor of repairing them and turning them on to help watch what is happening during the night on Main Street.
"They aren't watched all the time," said Brannan, "But, that would give another resource to check if something is reported."
The cameras will be repaired by Mayor Brannan as he has time. A hard deadline was not set, but, he said they should be functional again within a couple of weeks.
Crane does have enforceable ordinances against loitering and other laws that can be used against these individuals. "Being homeless is not illegal," said Brannan. "We technically have an anti-vagrancy ordinance on the books, but court rulings have shown those to be unenforceable."
All content copyright Stone County Publishing Co. Inc.
The Crane Chronicle/Stone County Republican
P.O. Box 401, Crane, Missouri 65633


As a parent, the health of your childern is your first priority. Being actively involved in your health care decisions allow you to make informed choices while keeping you in-the-know. How do you navigate the every complex and changing world of health care especially when children are involved. Often times' pediatrician's only provides a one-sided point for achieving optimal health. While a physician or practitioner trained in Functional Medicine has looked at the situation from a holistic point of view.
By working with a certified FM Doctor or FM Practitioner you are making an informed decisions to make empowered healthcare decisions. Start early with children by applying principles of disease prevention, self-healing, and noninvasive treatment. As a parent you want the best for your children make informed decisons by taking steps to learn more about functional medicine today and enjoy the benefits for years to come.


The Kitchen Madonna has me thinking about food more than usual.
For lunch today, I planned to have tuna salad inside a yellow bell pepper that was ripening in my small container garden. Instead, I had the crusts of a half dozen PB&J sandwiches…leftovers from the impromptu lunch playdate that occurred here.
I did manage to have that pepper as a snack this afternoon, and it was heavenly. I just wish I had a bigger garden, and I wish I did better with pepper plants than just one or two peppers each.
For dinner, I'll saute some white fish in a bit of olive oil and then top it with this Kosovo Salad. I love the contrast of the hot fish and the cold salad in each bite. I chop the veggies fine, so the salad is more like a salsa. Bill likes heaps of feta cheese…that's the way they serve it in Kosovo, Bulgaria and Greece (from his experience). But I leave out the olives, since he has little nice to say about them (maybe one day, he'll come around…in the last 10 years I've gotten him to be a bit nicer to the mushrooms of the world).
The best part of this recipe is that the salad can be made earlier in the day. The fish only takes 5 – 6 minutes to cook, so dinner is served in short order. My kids won't eat this, so I'll have some biscuits made up to fill their bellies. Dinner is what dinner is…I try not to run a short order grill. Most days, I try to accomodate the bland palate of the younger crowd, but sometimes I just want to eat something other than breaded chicken or tacos.
I have to admit that if I were another mother at that party, I'd be giving the poor boy some pitiful stares, too. Especially if I knew she was shopping instead. Perhaps if she was a high-powered CEO or a talented surgeon or a supermodel, I might have an ounce of sympathy with a woman trying to balance a career with the demands of motherhood. But to have a nanny so you could continue to live a self-centered life? I wonder why someone would even have children in the first place?
I'm amused that she labels herself a "bad mother." I suspect that she doesn't really feel that way, though. She says it the same way someone in a failed marriage accepts 2% of responsibility for what happened: "I suppose I'm a bad wife…I suppose I should have waited on him hand and foot," meaning, actually, "What a dirtbag; he did nothing for me and expected me to do everything for him." She calls herself a bad mother for finding her children boring, but what she's really saying is that she's horribly disappointed that her children have not fulfilled her or changed her life or provided her with life-enhancing fun.
Life-enhancing fun? A glance at What to Expect: The First Year before conception might have clued the woman into the fun part. Stinky diapers, spit-up, teething, colic, immunizations, ear infections, baby-proofing your house…fun? How about looking at a book on disciplining your school-age child for an idea of just how much fun it could all be?
I'm not at all saying that raising children isn't fun. I have a wonderful attitude towards my children. I love them dearly…but I accept them for who they are. Ask not what your children can do for you… The change, the fulfillment, comes not from them making your life better, but in serving them and in learning that there are more important things in life than you.
What do you do with a brown banana?
SFO Mom had a Banana Bread recipe yesterday (and a great tip for spraying muffin tins, too…check it out for yourself). I had two aging bananas, but no applesauce, so I made Banana Chocolate Chip Muffins (quick bread) instead.
I made this recipe a few weeks ago as muffins and nobody ate them (well, I did, but I was not the intended recipient). Today, I opted to use my mini-loaf pans, and the kids ate a whole loaf in a half hour. Petey practically bit my finger off as I handed him bites.
The smell of these loaves baking draws crowds. The 10 – 14 year old girls in the neighborhood got a whiff of these cooling in my kitchen last fall and were practically drooling at the front door. I don't know if they freeze well. I've never had leftovers.
Elizabeth Foss at Real Learning is doing a series on homeschool for your preschooler. I would rather my preschooler just amuse herself for 3 or 4 hours every day so I could school her older siblings, but that's just not how it works. I need to spend as much time planning and "schooling" a preschooler as I do planning and schooling a kindergartener. Why? If I don't, she will pester me incessantly for 3 or 4 hours every day wanting to know what work she should do, and I never will get anything done with the others.
Of Elizabeth Foss's series, here is Part One, Part Two, Part Three and Part Four.
She promises more installments, so I will update this post as she does.
I'm in prep mode for prep mode. August is my getting ready for school month, and it takes me a few weeks to get ready to get ready. A good friend, Monica, went to a homeschool conference and placed my order for about 80% of my schoolbooks for me so I could get the free shipping. That box came last week. Bill laughed at how giggly and excited I was to open it. It's like Chirstmas…the anticipation is almost better than the actual event.
He has a painless cyst in his jaw, which he's had for at least 3 months.
Although I've managed to remain calm throughout this day, I've had a few tense moments like when the receptionist at one oral surgeon's office used the word "biopsy" and when the orthodontist's office called back to follow up and make sure that I was being appropriately proactive in taking care of my child's urgent medical needs.
There you have it: socialized medicine at its finest. Your medical condition is only as urgent as our calender is full.
My other experience with the medical community today came at Peter's 12 month well baby checkup. You can tell I'm not a first-time mother, since he is now almost 13 months old. I witnessed a deft passing-of-the-buck when I brought up his scheduled immunizations. My objections to the MMR and the Chicken Pox vaccines are moral ones, since the cultures used to make the original vaccine were made from the cells of aborted fetuses. There are alternatives for measles and mumps, but this doctor (a stand-in for the doctor I usually see), was unaware and uninterested in them. He suggested, after a lecture on the importance of immunizations (I agree!), that there would be no harm in waiting 3 or 4 months (when I would surely have an appointment with someone else). Fine by me.
At the time I sat down to write this, many many hours ago, Billy was confined to his room as punishment. He called to me from the top of the stairs crying in agony because he had come to the conclusion that I was going to hell because I was a bad mommy, and the idea of his beloved (but really really mean) mommy suffering in eternal damnation was (apparently) unbearable. I explained that, even if my punishment of him were completely unjustified, I would not go to hell for making him stay in his room for a few hours. He then wailed louder, since if I were not going to hell for my actions, then certainly he were going to hell for his. I then explained that 6 year olds do not go to hell.
One might suspect that I drill my children daily in their catechism and warn often of the perils of a sinful life. No. I don't know where he gets this stuff.
And then, as a cherry on top of the whole day, as I sit and type this, smug in my knowledge that all five of my little angels are playing in the backyard where I can see them from my window if I should only turn my head to look, my husband comes in from work, says hi and notices the front door is open… because my children are no longer in the backyard and have crossed through the house and out the front door…Jenny naked as a jaybird in the lead, Peter following behind and Fritz, Billy and Katie chasing after (Fritz and Billy having disagreed on who should chase and who should tell mom both decided to chase). Yes, honey, aren't I doing a dandy job raising your children?
Thus concludes another normal day at my house.
If Humility is the mother of giants, then children, at least my children, are her midwives.
I was just starting to be a little happy with how I look. I've lost all the weight I gained during my pregnancy with Peter, plus an extra ten pounds. I'm only a few pounds away from my lowest level since having children which is about what I weighed when I got married.
Now, if you've borne a child, you know that achieving your pre-pregnancy weight means very little in the grand scheme of things. Excepting the few women (famous models and actresses) who spend all their time and money on nutritionists, chefs, personal trainers, and nannies to watch the baby so they can work out, a woman's body is never the same after having children. Even if you can wear your "skinny" jeans or that slinky dress and look fantastic, the naked truth (who threw that rotten tomato at my pun?) is that it is very difficult to get rid of that bulge in the lower abdomen.
Billy then went on to ask if he could watch the next baby (since there will be a next baby at some point, since that's what moms do) be born. He was really disappointed, crying!, when I suggested that he grow up, get married and watch his own babies being born or that perhaps he could become a doctor and help other babies enter the world, but that, no, he wasn't going to watch his next sibling (whenever that may be) be born.
Fritz suggested that watching a baby being born might be gross since they are covered in blood. I agreed and made the mistake of expounding on this by saying that there's blood and goop and other icky things. Fritz then decided he needed more information about why babies are all yucky when born and what was that whole deal about an egg anyway?
I answered these questions truthfully, but quickly, having decided that the whole point was merely to delay bedtime and not really some grand quest for information.
In the meantime, my ego was still sore from the tummy-bulge comments. A few months ago, I did some internet-research on the subject. My question was this: which helps more: cardio workouts or crunches? According to Google, the loudest voices in the debate are the plastic surgeons who say that the only thing to be done is a tummy tuck. There were pages and pages by tummy tuck proponents including my favorite one which described their "post-pregnancy tune-up" to include a tummy tuck, liposuction (for the thighs and other areas) and a breast-augmentation to replace tissue lost due to breastfeeding.
Bill's all for that last part.
After much searching, I finally found a few quiet voices that basically said an increase in lean body mass was the key (achieved by both cardio and crunches) and, of course, patience was necessary since these things take time.
In the meantime, I've got my boys to remind me to do a few sit-ups and to motivate me to get out of bed for those pre-dawn runs. And also to remind me that tummy-bulge, whether it be a new life beginning or the instrument of Humility, isn't such a bad thing after all.
The boys are going through withdrawal.
While on vacation, they had access to and played video and computer games daily. Here at home, there are no such amenities.
So, the boys keep asking if they can go play over at the homes of various friends who have video games. I have explained repeatedly over the last few days that it is rude to go over to someone's home and ask if you can come in to play. They can ask someone over here (the boring land with no technological amusements), or they can ask someone to play outside (what they used to do before discovering how wonderful it could be to sit and chase monsters around a TV screen), but they may not ask to go inside someone's house.
Last night, Bill and I discussed, again, our philosophies on video and computer games. It was like a parenting refresher course…one of those sessions with no children around to overhear us rehash our position and make sure we can speak as one when the kids beg, plead, and bargain for a new privilege.
And it was a good thing we did it, because I was about ready to cave. I've had such difficulty with Fritz in motivating him to do schoolwork and practice the piano that I was ready to introduce a new privilege solely for the ability to take it away as punishment or allow use as a reward. And Fritz isn't a bad kid. He's actually very helpful with chores and loves to help with Pete, especially in getting him in and out of the van. But school and piano are work, and he just doesn't want to do it.
Bill, who has in the past enjoyed video and computer games and, one would think, might be most sympathetic with the boys' desires, is firmly opposed to the whole thing. In fact, yesterday I overheard him using pretty strong language in telling Billy why he wasn't getting video games ever (things like brain turning to mush, etc). Of course, Bill didn't have these diversions when he was 6 or 8 years old, so making them available to his little boys is not a top priority.
It's not that we're opposed to these games in general. TV, computer and video games are all forms of entertainment. Entertainment is necessary and good, depending on the content and the time spent doing it. When Fritz and Billy were littler, they had fairly unlimited access to educational TV. Fritz could recite his alphabet and identify most of the letters by age 2. I attribute this to his viewing of Sesame Street once or twice a day, with me singing along and talking about the letter of the day. None of my other children were quite as advanced, but then none of my other children had a mother who could sit around for an hour and watch Sesame Street with them.
Katie and Jenny have not had unlimited access to educational TV. Katie was 2 and Jenny a newborn when I began homeschooling. The TV was off for much of the day. Katie and Jenny have had unlimited access to educational life as they have sat at the table and listen to the boys' lessons. They didn't hear the alphabet song but rather the poetry of Robert Louis Stevenson.
The few hours in the day that are available for watching TV should not be ceded to the boys and video games which are inappropriate for their younger sisters (inappropriate, not in content, but in time spent). In other words, perhaps an 8 year old could play a video game for a half hour. But a 3 year old should not. If our one TV has a video game on it, then that is the prime entertainment for that half hour and Jenny will be "playing" (watching) too.
I suppose we could get another TV. I suppose we could put it in my bedroom.
I've never had a TV in my bedroom…not when growing up…not in college…not in my adulthood. Definitely not to provide a place for my boys to play video games.
So, video games are out. Computer games? Perhaps. Someday. I've seen several that were educational. The player needs to do math to obtain ammo or to proceed down the path or to learn secrets. These were the games I was prepared to allow the boys to play in order to punish/reward them. But then I would have to share my computer. And the boys would have to take turns. And I'd have to monitor the timer and do all sorts of interventions…pain in the rear.
For now, at least, computer games are out too. It's just another one of those things that they don't need. And I can't really justify them having.


text:
#ifndef PAIRWISE_H
#define	PAIRWISE_H

#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <stdexcept>

#define EG 7;//End gap penalty
#define IG 10;//internal gap

using namespace std;

struct AlignResult
{
  short scores;
  string seq_1_al;
  string seq_2_al;
  string seq_1;
  string seq_2;
  long tid;
  int w;
  short read_len;
  short n_mismatches;
  int pos;
  bool found_flag;
  int pos_left;
  int pos_right;
};

struct AlignScores
{
  short scores;
  short mismatches;
  int trim_pos;
};

void  print_matrix( int ** S, string seq_1, string seq_2 );
bool InsideBand(int i, int j, int k);
int match(char &a, char &b);
int get_max2(int a, int b);

//Banded alignment method:
/*
 * seq_1 : read
 * seq_2 : sequence to search for
 * seq_1_al : aligned sequence 1 (seq_1)
 * seq_2_al : aligned sequence 2 (seq_2)
 * k : width of the band
 * d : gap penalty
 */

//Score calculations:
AlignScores CalcScores(string &seq_1, string &seq_2,int lim,int dir);
AlignScores CalcScores2(string &seq_1, int lim, int dir);
AlignResult CalcPos(string &seq);

//AlignResult banded(string seq_1, string seq_2, int k, int d, int tid,int w);

AlignResult banded(string &seq_1, string &seq_2, int k, int d);

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Wouldn't it be nice to take a pill that could boost your endurance, speed your recovery after a tough workout, and make you healthier along the way? Antioxidant supplements promise just that—but a new research review raises doubts about their claims.
In fact, high doses of antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 could actually block the beneficial effects you get from physical activity, according to the study in Sports Medicine. Instead, you're better off eating more antioxidant-rich fruits, vegetables, and whole grains—which contain other molecules that help your body use antioxidants—instead of popping pills.
In the new review, Australian researchers examined more than 150 studies that cite antioxidants' effects on exercise, and found that most of the studies had flaws. Many were either small in sample size or poorly designed, which may explain why the results varied. Although some studies showed that supplements have benefits during or after workouts, most found no effect at all.
The research review primarily focused on "an increasing body of evidence"—23 recent studies—that shows taking antioxidants might keep you from getting stronger and fitter after a workout, says study author Tina Tinkara Peternelj, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Queensland. Scroll down to see how the authors believe the process works.
In some of these 23 studies, participants who took antioxidant supplements before exercising did not improve their performance as much as those who did the same exercises without supplements. In others studies, participants who took the supplements also recovered more slowly and had increased blood levels of compounds that signal muscle damage.
What about antioxidants' other benefits? In observational studies, eating a diet rich in antioxidants has been linked to a lower risk of heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and other conditions. The hypothesis goes that antioxidants repair cell damage caused by harmful forms of oxygen, including free radicals.
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