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It's Business Time: A 'Flight Of The Conchords' Movie Is In The Works
By Ethan Anderton/Aug. 19, 2015 8:00 am EST
Hot on the heels of news that a sequel to the vampire mockumentary comedy What We Do in the Shadows is in the works, it seems Jemaine Clement has another big screen project in the works, and it's one that will make his longtime fans very happy.
In a new interview, Clement revealed that he just recently sat down with Bret McKenzie to begin writing a Flight of the Conchords movie, featuring their comedic folk music duo of the same name, which has already had a hit HBO show that lasted two seasons back in 2007 and 2008.
Word from Clement about the Flight of the Conchords movie comes from an interview with IndieWire where he says:
We have actually started writing one. Who knows if it will ever be made, we've written some notes for some different film ideas. We're not down to the stage where we're going, "The film is going to be like this," it could be this, this, this, this, this.
That's no guarantee that we'll actually get to see the movie happen, but it's heartening to know that they're working on getting a story together so that if they were given the opportunity, the Flight of the Conchords could return on the big screen. Just thinking about some kind of road trip comedy involving Flight of the Conchords brings a huge smile to my face, so I hope it happens. And surely many fans agree, since there's quite a few of them who feel that the HBO show ended far too early.
While the rest of the world traditionally only keeps their shows around for a much shorter amount of time, with far fewer episodes in each season, than the United States, having only two seasons for a total of 22 episodes just wasn't enough for fans of Flight of the Conchords, myself included. But Jemaine Clement and Bret McKenzie wanted to go out on their own terms while the show was still good and pursue other things.
But if this movie comes together, there's only one thing to say:
And for those who may not want to wait for a Flight of the Conchords movie to get their New Zealand folk fix, Clement has more good news. He recently told Consequence of Sound that a reunion tour is also being planned for 2016:
"We were planning on doing it this summer, but then I ended up doing [Steven Spielberg's] The BFG instead. So it's my fault we didn't do it this time. But we are hoping to announce a tour. We'll announce it before the end of the year, hopefully, and then some time next year get on the road ... after we get some new guitar strings and that sort of thing."
I was lucky enough to see Flight of the Conchords when they were part of The Oddball Comedy Tour a couple years ago, and it was an absolute treat to see the duo on stage playing their jams. No, I wasn't crying out of happiness, it was just raining on my face.
Clearly a Flight of the Conchords movie is probably a long ways off, especially since they just started writing it, but we'll keep you posted if anymore good news surfaces about its development.


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Council Approves Electric Rate Hike
Posted By Joshua Corbelli On December 8, 2010 @ 2:16 am In News | Comments Disabled
Redding City Council members voted 4-1 to pass an average $9-per-month electric rate increase, with more hikes expected, during a lengthy, agenda-packed meeting Tuesday night.
Paul Hauser, Redding Electric Utility director, explained that the electric rates would first climb by about $9 a month for the average customer. The chambers, mostly crowded for a large portion of the more than five-hours-long session, drew comments from 11 residents during a public hearing on the fee hikes.
"We've heard for years that electricity provided by REU is a bargain compared to PG&E, which covers much of the rest of the Shasta County," said Mary Machado during the public comments. But the proposed increases, set to grow incrementally from 2009 through 2014, would mean a combined increase of $54 per month for the average rate payer, "which doesn't feel like a bargain," Machado said.
Most of the 11 residents who spoke disagreed with the rate hikes, citing similar versions of the need for an REU oversight committee and reallocating late fees to the REU fund (they are currently allocated to the city's general fund).
The council voted 4-1, with Councilman Patrick Jones dissenting, in favor of a 7.84% rate increase over the next two years. About half the chamber's audience left after the REU approval.
Also passed 4-1 Tuesday was approval for the Redding Municipal Airport to be awarded an estimated present-day value of $1.17 million in REU incentives for implementing a solar photovoltaic system. Councilman Jones dissented.
The airport project will use up the remainder of the funds for incentives until 2015, following an established first come, first served basis. However, some citizens who spoke at the meeting said they were unpleased their money was going to a fund that served businesses and airports instead of residents.
At the average $9,000 contribution to residents (were they to be approved for the incentive), the funds would have covered about 228 homes, Hauser had said.
Also Tuesday, the council:
— passed an amendment to the employee agreement for City Manager Kurt Starman and City Attorney Rick Duvernay. The two agreed to eliminate their forthcoming 4- and 5-percent pay increases, respectively.
— voted in favor of a non-binding letter of intent with Southern Aluminum Finishing Company regarding Lot 7 in the Stillwater Business Park.
Joshua Corbelli is a freelance reporter in Redding. Reach him at joshua.corbelli@gmail.com
A News Cafe, founded in Shasta County by Redding, CA journalist Doni Greenberg, is the place for people craving local Northern California news, commentary, food, arts and entertainment. Views and opinions expressed here are not necessarily those of anewscafe.com.
Article printed from anewscafe.com: https://anewscafe.com
URL to article: https://anewscafe.com/2010/12/08/redding/council-approves-electric-rate-hike/
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Spider-Man: The Complete Clone Saga Epic—Book 5
Published on June 25, 2021, by JPRoscoe - Posted in Books/Comics, Marvel 0
Story: 5/10
Art: 6/10
Age has made it not as controversial
Very 1990s
Comic Info
Comic Name: Amazing Spider-Man (Volume 1)/Spectacular Spider-Man (Volume 1)/Spider-Man (Volume 1)/Spider-Man Unlimited (Volume 1)/Web of Spider-Man (Volume 1)/New Warriors (Volume 1)/Spider-Man: Team-Up/Amazing Spider-Man Super Special/Spectacular Spider-Man Super Special/Spider-Man Super Special/Venom Super Special/Web of Spider-Man Super Special
Writer: Tom DeFalco/J.M. DeMatteis/Todd DeZago/Terry Kavanagh/Mike Lackey/Howard Mackie/Tom Peyer/Evan Skolnick/Mark Waid
Artist: Claude St. Aubin/Pat Broderick/Roy Burdine/Sal Buscema/Steven Butler/Phil Gosier/Gil Kane/Ken Lashley/Shawn McManus/Angel Medina/Darick Robertson/Roger Robinson/Tod Smith/Kevin West/Patrick Zircher
# of Issues: 18
Amazing Spider-Man Super Special #1
Reprints Amazing Spider-Man (1) #405-406, Spectacular Spider-Man (1) #228-229, Spider-Man (1) #62-63, Spider-Man Unlimited (1) #10, Web of Spider-Man (1) #128-129, New Warriors (1) #62-64, Spider-Man: Team-Up #1, Amazing Spider-Man Super Special #1, Spectacular Spider-Man Super Special #1, Spider-Man Super Special #1, Venom Super Special #1, and Web of Spider-Man Super Special #1 (June 1995-December 1995). The time has come. Ben Reilly has learned that he is the original Peter Parker and is forging his own way as the Scarlet Spider…but with two Spider-Man patrolling New York City, is there room for both of them? Mary Jane faces a difficult pregnancy, and Peter must make a decision…will he be Spider-Man or hand off the mantle to Ben Reilly?
Written by Tom DeFalco, J.M. DeMatteis, Todd DeZago, Terry Kavanagh, Mike Lackey, Howard Mackie, Tom Peyer, Evan Skolnick, and Mark Waid, Spider-Man: The Complete Clone Saga Epic—Book 5 is a Marvel Comics superhero collection. Following Spider-Man: The Complete Clone Saga Epic—Book 4, the entry is the final volume of the series and features art by Claude St. Aubin, Pat Broderick, Roy Burdine, Sal Buscema, Steven Butler, Phil Gosier, Gil Kane, Ken Lashley, Shawn McManus, Angel Medina, Darick Robertson, Roger Robinson, Tod Smith, Kevin West, and Patrick Zircher. The flipbook versions of the Super Special issues do not contain the Planet of the Symbiotes storyline and issues in the volume were also collected as part of Spider-Man Clone Saga Omnibus—Volume 2.
The Clone Saga might have been one of the most divisive Spider-Man storylines. The previous collection angered people by having the Spider-Man that they had followed for years end up being the clone. This entry has everyone's favorite Spider-Man retiring…and it didn't go over well.
Amazing Spider-Man (1) #406
The story is divided into multiple short mini-series including a collection of Super Specials that were stand-alone one-shots. Part of the problem with the Spider-Man Clone Saga was that there was just too much of it. There were too many issues and too many titles to follow…and with cost and the bottom line of "do I like this story?", a lot of readers dropped off.
The writers in addition to tweaking Spider-Man was also tweaking his villains. Everything (like in the 1990s) was getting more extreme. Lizard was more mutated. The new Doctor Octopus was more dangerous. Vulture was younger…but still not cool. It was a lot to throw at readers at once.
One of the more interesting aspects of the Clone Saga was Ben Reilly joining the New Warriors as Scarlet Spider. It was a bit odd of a choice with plans for Ben to become the real Spider-Man and you have to wonder whose sales it was supposed to boost. It also never feels like Scarlet Spider really integrates with the New Warriors due to his own insecurities and the problems within the New Warriors at the time.
With time and distance, Spider-Man: The Clone Saga has softened a little. At the time, I didn't enjoy it and still don't love it, but I also don't hate it. I always kind of liked the Ben Reilly character and the Scarlet Spider, but I didn't like what they did with them. Of course the popular opinion on Ben Reilly and Scarlet Spider created a reversal on the decision that Ben was the original Spider-Man…in classic comic bait and switch. Ben Reilly might end up as Spider-Man at the end of the volume, but don't get used to it.


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Кантабрийский крест, или лабаро, Lábaro — современная интерпретация древнего военного символа кантабров — племени, обитавшего в доримский период в Кантабрии.

Неофициальное знамя Кантабрии, используемое с 2006 г., представляет собой пурпурное полотнище, на котором изображён «андреевский крест», каждая перекладина которого разделена сквозным проёмом, с круглыми наконечниками на конце каждой перекладины.

Термин «лабаро», согласно официальному определению Королевской академии испанского языка, используется для римского штандарта, на котором в годы правления императора Константина были изображены крест и монограмма Иисуса Христа (XP). Термин «лабаро» в Испании может относиться также к самой монограмме ХР.

Некоторые кельтологи возводят этимологию названия labaro к кельтскому корню (p)lab-, означающего «говорить» на ряде кельтских языков. К примеру, на валлийском языке llafar означает «речь», «язык», «голос»; в корнском и бретонском языках есть слово lavar, «слово», а в древнеирландском было слово labrad: «язык», «речь». Согласно другой версии, слово является однокоренным баскскому термину «lauburu» (четыре лепестка).

В настоящее время ряд политических и общественных групп автономного сообщества Кантабрия выступают за замену нынешнего официального флага Кантабрии на пурпурный флаг с изображением кантабрийского креста.

См. также
 Баскский крест
 Кантабрийские войны
 Кантабры

Примечания

Ссылки
  History of the Labaro

Кантабрия
Растительные символы
Флаги Испании
Типы крестов
История Кантабрии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Welcome to the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association and the Memorial Hall Museum
PVMA/Memorial Hall Museum is one of New England's oldest museums. When Deerfield Academy's original 1798 school building became available, antiquarian George Sheldon organized the collection of artifacts he was assembling and in 1880, Memorial Hall opened. The museum's extraordinary collection of furnishings, paintings, textiles and Indian artifacts is "the finest collection of local antiquities in New England and one of America's oldest museums." We also have several award-winning websites. Please visit our museum in person, and visit our websites online.
Museums of Deerfield
On-line information about the Memorial Hall Museum and the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association in Deerfield, Massachusetts, including museum exhibits, special events throughout the year, school programs, special features and the Museum's on-line store.
Deerfield Teachers' Center
The Deerfield Teachers' Center is offered by the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association and Memorial Hall Museum, in Deerfield, Massachusetts. We offer professional development programs and resources to support the teaching of American History. Programs, workshops, history kits, "Historys To Go" and field trip content and schedules are detailed.
American Centuries: View From New England
Explore history with this extensive collection of over 2000 historically significant artifacts and documents, curricula, age appropriate interactive activities, and teachers' lesson plans designed by teachers for teachers.
Raid on Deerfield - The Many Stories of 1704
This web site both commemorates and reinterprets the raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts in
1704 from the perspectives of all the cultural groups who were present: Wobanakiak, Kanienkehaka, Wendat, English, and French. The site brings together a multitude of features including historical scenes, narratives of peoples' lives, artifacts and historic documents, interactive maps, voices and songs, essays, illustrations/paintings, and an interactive timeline to provide a window into a world of global political and religious conflict, family stories, and military sagas.
PVMA Staff pages


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The Swastika
Not a Nazi symbol
Swastika Day
Raelians honor Swastika Rehabilitation Day, seeking to restore symbol's ancient meaning
Thursday 21 June 2018 - 03:45:23
LAS VEGAS, June 22 – Swastika Rehabilitation Day will be held on June 23rd and according to a statement released today, Raelians will hold worldwide events to keep informing people about the ancient and peaceful meaning of the swastika.
Upendra Singh, Raelian Guide and international leader of the Swastika Rehabilitation Day, pointed out that despite the fact a majority of Westerners still associate the swastika with Hitler and Nazi crimes, the public is increasingly aware of the sacred meaning of this ancient symbol, thanks to the swastika rehabilitation campaigns that have taken place all over the world for the past decade.
"It's a symbol cherished not only by Raelians, for whom it represents infinity in time, but also by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains," he said. "Banning this religious symbol is like banning a religion. It's an affront to both the members of that religion and a supposedly free society in general."
Singh said that while Raelians deplore the Nazi crimes against humanity, they also believe Hitler unfairly besmirched a revered symbol that has existed for thousands of years.
"Before the Nazi era, the swastika had only positive connotations of good luck and well-being," he explained. "Continuing to associate it with Nazis gives them credit for it, which is probably the last thing their victims would have wanted. Would you also ban the Christian cross under which tens of millions were murdered in the Americas, Africa and Europe? Even the Klu Klux Klan used it!"
Singh said the swastika has been a Jewish symbol as well for a very long time. "One can find it displayed in old synagogues like in Verona, Italy, and at many Israeli sites, including the Second Temple, one of the holiest places for Jews. Nobody has asked that those symbols be removed from Jewish holy places, so why is displaying swastikas more of an issue in the West?
"According to Raelians, education is the solution, not banning," concluded Singh. "That's what the Swastika Rehabilitation Day is all about."
Search Pro-Swastika
Copyright © Pro-Swastika, All Rights Reserved


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Liquidity concerns drove LegacyTexas to sell
August 27, 2019 | Paul Davis
Increasing worries about liquidity and credit risk spurred LegacyTexas Financial Group in Plano to seek a buyer. The $9.9 billion-asset Legacy agreed in mid-June to be sold to Prosperity Bancshares in Houston for $2.1 billion. It is the fourth-biggest bank deal announced in 2019. But Legacy's internal discussions about liquidity, including deposit-gathering challenges and a flattening yield curve, and about credit concerns dated back to at least the summer of 2017, according to a recent regulatory filing tied to its pending agreement with the $22.4 billion-asset Prosperity. At that time, Legacy and its investment bank created three "baskets," consisting of potential banks to buy, possible acquirers and candidates for a merger of equals. Kevin Hanigan, Legacy's president and CEO, was authorized to have discussions with leaders of banks in each basket.
Hanigan in August 2017 informally discussed a possible sale with a pair of banks, but the talks went nowhere. An effort to buy another bank, along with a conversation about an MOE, also stalled. Hanigan's initial discussion with David Zalman, Prosperity's chairman and CEO, took place on Oct. 2, 2017, but each executive quickly dismissed the possibility of a deal, the filing said. No reasons were given. Hanigan and Zalman reconnected on Feb. 27, 2018, agreeing that a merger would benefit Prosperity's investors and address Legacy's need for deposits. The executives discussed potential terms, governance matters, executive duties and board representation. But Legacy's board decided in late March 2018 to end communications "due to the lack of clarity on the transaction, the premium that Prosperity would pay … and post-transaction matters relating to executive leadership and strategy," the filing said. Nearly a year would pass before Hanigan and Zalman would revisit a deal. Hanigan called Zalman on Feb. 7 — the day BB&T announced an agreement to buy SunTrust Banks — to restart discussions. While the filing does not mention the megamerger, it stated that Hanigan was motivated by "merger and acquisition developments in the financial services industry." Legacy's board discussed the possibility of selling to Prosperity during a Feb. 25 meeting. At that time, the board decided that it was important for Hanigan and other executives to join Prosperity as part of a deal. Hanigan warned Legacy's board during a March meeting that, while the bank continued to operate from a position of relative financial and operational strength, its liquidity and credit risks "were increasing and were expected to continue to increase during the second quarter," the filing said. The directors also determined that, other than Prosperity, "there existed no other likely alternative transaction at that time." Legacy's loan-to-deposit ratio was 112.7% in the first quarter and 114.3% in the second quarter. Banks around its size had an average ratio of 94.7% in the first quarter, according to the most recent data compiled by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. Meanwhile, the company's loan-loss provision rose by 64% from the first quarter to the second quarter, to $16.1 million, primarily due to increased specific reserves for a corporate health care finance relationship and impaired energy loans. Legacy had $19.9 million in impaired energy loans on its books on June 30. Zalman presented his first offer on March 20, pitching a 10% fixed exchange ratio premium and two board seats. Hanigan would become Prosperity's president and chief operating officer, and J. Mays Davenport, Legacy's chief financial officer, would be considered for an executive post. A day later, Legacy's directors pressed Hanigan and the company's investment bank to push for a higher premium, more board seats and more assurances on hiring Legacy executives. Still, the directors had accepted that Prosperity was "the only transaction alternative presently available." Prosperity and Legacy signed a nondisclosure agreement on March 25, facilitating the exchange of confidential information. That began a period of due diligence that lasted until the deal was announced. During a May 6 meeting, Legacy's board discussed the "increasing liquidity and credit risk" associated with remaining independent, and Hanigan "emphasized the need for Legacy to add liquidity," the filing said. Two weeks later, Hanigan was instructed to develop contingency plans to address credit and liquidity risk in case talks with Prosperity fell through. Prosperity revised its offer on May 28, valuing Legacy at roughly $2 billion. The offer included 80% stock consideration and proposed senior management posts for Legacy executives. Three Legacy directors would be added to Prosperity's board. When pressed by Legacy for 90% stock consideration, Zalman "expressed concern" that his board would balk at the request. He said Prosperity's directors wanted to use a "sizable portion" of excess capital to make the deal happen, adding that 10% cash was "much lower" than what the board had discussed. The sides would compromise on a deal with an 85% stock consideration. Prosperity met with its federal and state regulators on June 10 to review the deal's general terms. During separate June 14 meetings, the boards of Prosperity and Legacy, with Hanigan recusing himself, unanimously voted in favor of the deal. It was finalized on June 16 and announced the next day. The agreement, which is expected to close in the fourth quarter, priced LegacyTexas at 216% of its tangible book value. The deal will make Prosperity the second-biggest bank based in Texas, behind Comerica. Prosperity expects the deal to be 6.6% accretive to its 2020 earnings per share. The company plans to cut about a quarter of Legacy's annual noninterest expenses. Prosperity expects to incur $60 million in merger-related charges. It should take less than five years for Prosperity to earn back any dilution to its tangible book value. "Our increased scale better positions us to invest in future opportunities and serve our customers," Zalman said in a press release announcing the deal. "We believe that our banks are complementary and provide many opportunities for continued growth. Several Legacy executives will have roles at Prosperity, including Davenport, who will become director of corporate strategy. Scott Almy, Legacy's chief operating officer, chief risk officer and general counsel, will join Prosperity as executive vice president of operations. Charles Eikenberg, Legacy's executive vice president of community banking, will have the same title after the deal closes. Thomas Swiley, currently chief lending officer at Legacy, will serve as an executive vice president of lending at Prosperity's bank. Hanigan will receive a nearly $1.3 million signing bonus, a $971,000 annual base salary and an annual bonus of up to $1.7 million based on Prosperity's financial performance, the filing said. The other Legacy executives will receive annual salaries ranging from $381,000 to $415,000. Davenport will receive a $225,000 signing bonus and be eligible for an annual bonus of up to $415,000. The other three executives are also eligible for annual bonuses.
Capital Community banking Credit quality Deposits M&A Texas


For all the naysayers... I eat it, I love it, I'll never give it up. Soylent is awesome and I'm stoked to see v1.4 waiting on my doorstep.
Please, don't knock it till you try it OR at least do a little bit of research. Soylentarians are bombarded daily by the uninformed opinions of FoodBarbies and the like. At least do some research before you decide to tear down the idea.
I personally dislike official Soylent (own it, tried it, don't like it). With that said, i've been on 70% DIY Soylent for ~9 months now. I couldn't live without the stuff. While i may not like official Soylent, i am ever grateful. It's been a huge boon to my life.
Are you saying that 70% of calories you consumed in the last 9 month came from Soylent? Are you sure about that? I'm mostly asking because it's well known that people underestimate how much food they eat, so unless you actually made food diary you are probably underestimating as well.
Aside for that, in what way was this a huge boon to your life?
I'm averaging 70% simply off the top of my head, of course - but with that said 2/3 meals a day are on average soylent - with a a couple random days a week where it's 3/3 soylent, and 1/3 soylent. It might be closer to 66% of my meals are from soylent, but it's hard to say.
It also is worth noting that i meant meals, not calories specifically. When i eat "normal" food, i eat for taste - because DIY does get boring. So, it can range quite heavily in what i eat - but i generally don't hold back. I'm a thinner guy anyway, so i don't worry about calorie intake. I drink/eat soylent for the ease of use, stability in meal consumption (i used to skip a lot of meals), and a nice feeling bloodsugar level (i have not tested my bloodsugar, strictly speaking about how i feel).
edit: Oh, and the boon, as i mentioned before is.. well, all the benefits i listed above. Specifically stability in eating. I don't skip meals anymore - which is a big win for how i feel. Moreover, a good chunk of the meals i didn't skip in the past, were filled with horrible "just make hunger go away" type meals. I don't eat fast food, so it was usually just random junk in the house. Lots of cheese, usually hah.
It's actually very easy to calculate how many of your calories come from Soylent, since you buy it on a subscription.
But the plusses for Soylent are more time, more money, less hassle and more consistent nutrition.
Could you share your recipe with me? Would love to hear it!
I use PeopleChow, slightly altered to be around 66% Oats and 33% Masa. I prefer the taste of the larger oat percentage, and in general i just like that i am using oats, given the (potential?) health benefits.
Furthermore, this mix really leaves my bloodsugar level feeling amazing. I really have to eat balanced meals, or i am left feeling woozy/shaky. I am left feeling almost entirely neutral after DIY Soylent (this specific variety of course).
If anything, the only downside of it for me is the neutralness. Sometimes i am left a bit bored. Quite funny considering i started doing this because i had terrible eating habits due to time restrictions, and now i complain about having to fill time that would otherwise be left with food preparation and consumption hah.
As a sidenote and unforeseen benefit of both DIY and Soylent - they make amazing road foods. When i am driving somewhere far away, i always mix up a bottle of my DIY. And i always bring a pouch of Official with me, for the way back (and random times when you might be stuck without food). Official Soylent plus a bottle of water and a blender bottle is a pretty nice meal in a pinch. Even if you don't want to eat the stuff regularly, i'd recommend it to anyway for road meals.
>Due to U.S. food regulations, the exact makeup of the artificial flavors used in Soylent versions 1.0 - 1.3 were proprietary and not made available for our examination.
I understand proprietary formulas wouldn't be made public, but they start off stating "Due to U.S. food regulations..." What food regulations would prevent ingredients being shared?
If I had to guess, they were buying the flavoring from a third party, and the third party refused to disclose what was in their product to Soylent. In the U.S., for certain items all you have to disclose is either "Natural Flavors" or "Artificial Flavors". So it's not that food regulations prevent the ingredients from being shared, it's that they don't force you to share.
Speaking as someone who has done contest prep diets for bodybuilders and regular folk.... there is huge individual variation in metabolic rate, and the existing calculators out there are all garbage at judging metabolic expenditure.
the only accurate way to determine your caloric maintenance would be to track your food intake while you remain weight stable, and then substitute that with an isocaloric amount of soylent.
If you exercise, eat more. If you are sedentary, eat less. But more to your point, that's really a criticism of the FDA guidelines, which recommends 2000 calories a day.
> But more to your point, that's really a criticism of the FDA guidelines, which recommends 2000 calories a day.
The FDA guidelines do not recommend any number of calories a day. The % DV is based on the recommended amounts for a 2,000 calorie diet, and there is a standard, required, footnote noting this and that actual DVs vary by calorie needs.
> The FDA guidelines do not recommend any number of calories a day.
Soylent does not recommend any number of calories a day.
they sure do, the standard 'dosage' is 2k cals per day and they have a calculator (that you have to dig for) if you figure your requirements differ from the 2k cals per day. Nevermind the fact that these types of calculators of woefully inaccurate.
Every nutritional label I've seen that prints the RDA % is based on a 2000 cal/day diet. I think they're just following the norm here.
I think that all goes without saying. They aren't forcing their users to consume 2000 calories a day.
I also think the serving size fits into how I use the product. I usually go a couple days consuming only Soylent, and then have dinner one night and then back to only Soylent for a couple more days, and repeat. But either way, I usually only have a pint for each meal. So even if I have nothing but Soylent one day, I still only use 3/4 of a package. I never was able to drink an entire pouch in a day.
Soylent seems to be the only food product following software versioning.
I still don't understand this company, to me it just seems like a marketing/branding ploy sitting on top of Ensure.
If you check the nutritional information for Soylent and compare it to Ensure, you'll see that Soylent is not at all like Ensure.
I whole heartedly disagree. It really doesn't look that different from Ensure Complete. (Ensure's product that targets the exact same market) They contain almost the exact same vitamins and minerals. Considering the differences in recommended portion sizes I'd say they are pretty much identical.
Did you even bother to read the ingredients?
Ensure + a multivitamin. Yeah.
Okay, i have a heavy urge to call your nonsense FUD - but to give you of the benefit of the doubt, why do you think it is that?
Have you compared the two nutritionally speaking? If so, what led you to believe they were so similar?
To me the differences are striking - unbelievably so. So much, that you come off as a troll. Please inform me otherwise.
That is absolutely incorrect. Soylent is designed to be a meal replacement in the realest sense. Rosa Labs is constantly tweaking the formula for optimum results. To compare it to a weightloss shake and overdoses of vitamins is rather reductive of the work done by Rosa Labs. If you think you can do better, go ahead and try. I tried to make my own with disastrous results.
I thought exactly the same. I have a family of 4, and Solyent would be significantly more expensive than what we already spend. And we eat very healthily.
Probably shouldn't feed Soylent to your kids--a lot of the nutritional needs are different depending on their age.
does soylent recommend a blanket amount of product to everyone per day, with no variation in individual metabolism?
or do the have some kind of induction period where they figure out your maintenance caloric intake and then give you enough soylent to satisfy your caloric needs?
There's only one formulation, but the Soylent team has stated that the total volume consumed per day should be based on individual needs (e.g. a petite 5' individual should be consuming less overall than a muscular 6' individual).
> Then, a bit before midnight, I got a pair of e-mails from two of the folks at Soylent, one from founder Rob Rhinehart and one from customer service vice president Julio Miles. "We encourage Soylent beta testers to decide how much Soylent they require in a day," he said. Rhinehart had a similar message. They both tell me that I don't have to actually eat the entire bag of Soylent.
so they aren't really forthcoming about changing the total caloric intake, and you can't alter the macronutrient ratio because it's just one formula?
I don't understand this at all. How do you manage to feed each member of your family for less the $65 a week?
Here's one way to live on $1.70 per day if buying in bulk.
buying bananas, milk, and eggs in bulk doesn't sound like a great idea given their inherently short shelf life.
Anecdote: Two person household experimenting with meal plans (breakfast+dinner with leftovers for lunch) and our groceries cost about $400/mo. Personally, that number seems very high to me, but it could go down as we prioritize cost over following Recipes As Written. Cost was stable around $300/mo before, but with less varied meals.
Those two numbers translate into $50/person/week and $37.5/person/week.
Probably by preparing meals at home.
Out of curiosity, how much does it cost to feed a member of your family for a month?
This looks like an awesome update! More convenience, more production, more fat, more science!
> Sodium and chloride levels have been increased slightly, to 1,640 mg and 2,300 mg, respectively. In the past, Soylent has not fully met the Institute of Medicine's recommended sodium intake levels, due to the challenges of providing recommended daily sodium values without creating an unpleasantly salty flavor. > > Thanks to the addition of isomaltulose, Soylent 1.4 can now meet the IOM's recommended levels for sodium and chloride while maintaining a balanced flavor profile.
I simply don't understand why someone would willingly give up one of life's great pleasures for consuming something resembling thinset.
I'm glad Julia Child isn't alive to see this product.
I can tell you why, though I am very much against Soylent: convenience. My day is limited, such that I spend a significant portion of my free time cooking. If I had those 2 extra hours out of the 24 back, I feel I would be happeir and more productive. This is the same reason I wish I could get away with only sleeping 2-4 hours a day (I tried at one point to mess with sleep cycles; it was not fun).
Why not Soylent? Because it will kill you. It's pretty simple, I think. I am a big fan of Michael Pollan, and his main argument is that even nutritionists and doctors, people who dedicate thier lives to studying nutrition, can't answer lots of the more complex questions: "Eat carbs! No, wait, eat protein! No, eat whatever you want, just get enough vitamins! Fast! Eat constantly!" What are the chances that a single non-nutritionist got it right? I think exactly 0, and I'm not willing to prove that theory wrong using my own body.
Edit: ideal situation is where the human body naturally requires only 1-5 meals per week. Then I could easily see myself cooking a few gourmet meals. Alternative: be so filthy rich that you are either less busy or have a chef ready to cook for you any time of day.
One fantastic thing about a versioned product like Soylent is that it actually may make it possible to determine those answers empirically. Given the existence of a simple standardized diet that people are willing to eat exclusively outside of a laboratory setting, you could pay a bunch of volunteers to eat soylent you provide which either has or hasn't been modified to include different amounts of vitamins, different amounts of carbs or whatever.
> I'm not willing to prove that theory wrong using my own body.
Fortunately you can't stop other people from experimenting in just that way. The world is full of people who eat odd restricted diets and live reasonably long, healthy lives. There's no reason to let the best be the enemy of the good. Start with something that's just barely "good enough" and iterate on it until you really have something.
> Why not Soylent? Because it will kill you.
Did you ever explain why Soylent will kill you?
Everything kills you. Oxygen, water, sugar, protein. You have about a billion heartbeats before your heart gets too tired. The goal is to find the right balance of things you eat, do, don't do, etc so that you maximize your useful lifespan. I am sure that Soylent kills you faster than a balanced diet, because (a) it's processed (b) not diverse enough and (c) uses subpar ingredients. It is the whole meal equivalent of hot dogs: techincially has fats, proteins, carbs, micronutrients, but eat enough of them and you will suffer.
Besides, Soylent is not a new idea. Take a look at Ensure shakes. Would you drink those for the rest of your life? If not, then why drink basically the same type of stuff but with a different label? Because a software developer is selling it?
Edit: another idea for a convenient complete meal: McDonalds. Protein (burger), fats (fries), and carbs (soda). Blend it and you have Soylent 2.0.
I get the convenience argument, but then again I don't: one can make (for example) an omlette roulée and clean up after oneself in a few minutes.
Completely agree with you about nutrition angle.
On the other hand, when I do manage to make breakfast, I feel like a million bucks!
For me (a DIY user, not official mostly), it's entirely this. I am apparently so bad at making food reliably, that i would skip meals - heavily. Skip, and eat poorly when i did actually eat.
I like food quite a bit, but i just don't cook often enough or well enough to eat healthy and regularly. So, i found a solution that works really well for me.
Of course, if i had lots of money and a personal cook, i wouldn't drink soylent. I would gladly eat normal food, all the time and on time.
Cooking healthy, well, and quick is a skill that takes a long time to master. I for one am not a great cook: I can make about a dozen staple meals, but don't feel like I have the time to learn to make something more sophisitcated. I enjoy good food very much, which is why I go to restaurants.
I love food and eating, but there are certainly meals where I'm hungry and want to eat something, but don't have the time/energy to make something nutritious and complete (lunch is often this way for me). If Soylent was cheaper/available in Canada, I'd be tempted to have some on hand for that.
As others in this thread have said - Soylent for breakfast and lunch but real food for dinner sounds pretty good, actually.
Then you are missing the point of Soylent. Soylent is not made for pleasure. Soylent is made for easy, cheap nutrition. If that doesn't appeal to you, then it's not for you. Comparing Soylent to french cuisine is like comparing a white wall paint to the entire collection of the Louvre. Yes, a Rembrandt is much "nicer" than boring white paint but we still need white paint day-to-day.
Then why not "eat" Ensure? At least Ensure has a track record, is actually available, and has a peer-reviewed scientific backing. What is the advantage of Soylent?
I honestly don't understand the appeal of an unproven and difficult to source food product, but I would appreciate hearing your thoughts.
> Soylent is made for easy, cheap nutrition.
I'd add balanced, certainly more so than fast food and microwave meals.
Not everyone has enough time in the day to prepare meals such that they meet the recommended FDA guidelines. Just because I personally eat Soylent doesn't mean I can't enjoy a gathering with friends at a restaurant or eating a meal at home with my family. It's not all or nothing.
It's amazing to me how many people miss this point.
I bought a month's worth. I only eat it for dinner around 4 - 5 times a week, meaning it will last me 3 months. My time is worth a lot to me, and I would much rather spend the free time I have after work doing things I love to do than things I don't (which include cooking).
I am a bit of a foodie. I love good good, I love going out to dinner, I love trying new restaurants, and I love eating with friends. Soylent does not affect this in any way, because I don't eat out or eat with friends every night of the week.
Side note: People look at the cost of Soylent and don't factor in the cost of the time it takes to gather ingredients and prepare / clean up meals, which is pretty short sighted in my opinion. This cost is not insignificant.
I don't use Soylent 100% of the time, but usually for one to two meals a day. I have used it for a week straight.
I have pretty severe TMJ and everything I have to chew increases the overall pain that I feel, and it's not temporary pain, it's persistent pain that is actually distracting.
Drinking Soylent helps alleviate this to some degree, to the extent that I'm willing to make a trade off.
Not everyone experiences food as a "great pleasure". Food is fuel, and sometimes it's tasty fuel.
Is anybody actually living off of this stuff? After following them for a while I got the impression they were a glorified Ensure and gave up.
I barely managed to swallow the grittiness of the mixture after following their instructions and shaking up my first batch a few months ago. I even put it in my vitamix on high for a while and it still tasted like undisolved powders sitting in the bottom of a jug of water.
I ended up throwing out the remainder of the first mixture, and the rest of my week's supply has been sitting in storage ever since.
I do. I eat Soylent for lunch and breakfast.
Why Soylent and not Ensure?
Because if you look at the nutritional facts Ensure is no where near what Soylent is, nor is it designed to be. Not only is it missing the majority of the daily requirement percentages (partially or entirely), but of the 11% of your daily carbs that it does give you, literally half of that is sugar. Sugar.
Why you think Ensure is something you can live off of, is beyond me.
They are very different products. Like I said before, compare the nutritional information for the 2 and you'll see they nothing alike.
Possibly stupid question: is the serving size meaningful? I thought the procedure was to make a day's worth all at once, and consume it throughout the day at whatever schedule you choose.
Three servings of 670 vs. four servings of 500-- I don't see exactly what this changes.
The labeling now more accurately reflects observed usage patterns.
Sort of the opposite tactic of most companies who try to squeeze serving sizes to meet certain nutritional milestones despite having no basis in real-life usage of the product. I'm looking at you Pop-Tarts! No body eats one tart at a time.
Or 1/3 of a muffin as a serving. Ridiculous, but a lot of people probably fall for it. It's mostly North American thing tho. In Europe, you usually get calories per 100 grams, so you can compare different foods to each other as well.
Two Pop-Tarts at once? I've never done that.
...But then again, I don't eat an awful lot, and that's why I was originally interested in the "revised serving size"-- I'm wondering what other Soylent drinkers do if their caloric input is usually (far) less than 2000 cal/day.
The packages inside the box each contain two tarts, somewhat suggesting that's how they expect them to be eaten.
Wouldn't want one of them to go stale.
Put peanut butter between them after toasting them. Tastiest thing in the world.
And dip it in milk or chocolate syrup.
But don't forget to wrap it in bacon and deep fry it too.
I think most soylent drinkers don't do it 100%. I drink it for breakfast and lunch, and do dinner with the family. So for me I do four servings over two days. I think they're finding that this a common pattern and updating the packaging to reflect it.
That's my pattern exactly, which I settled into very quickly. From what I understand from others, they had the same experience.
A bag is about 2 days' worth, not one. I can't imagine going through an entire bag every day. Serving size is just labeling as you suspect; in my house, serving size is correlated with size of glass.
Damn, I'd love to try this. It's awesome!
Why would you eat that instead of vegys? I think food scarcity is not real.
International shipping already, come on!
A bit more keto than 1.3, better.


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Home › Witnessing for Peace: In Jerusalem and the World
Witnessing for Peace: In Jerusalem and the World
Munib A. Younan
The rapidly deteriorating situation in Israel/Palestine has dashed hopes of any imminent peace or even accommodation between the Israeli people and the Palestinian people. A leader in Palestinian Christianity, and an outspoken advocate of nonviolence and of Palestinian rights, Bishop Munib Younan directly addresses this situation and its imperatives. Born of Palestinian refugee parents and raised in Jerusalem, Younan has spent his life pastoring Palestinian Christians and searching for nonviolent solutions in this complex and volatile religious and political scene. In this volume, Younan presents first the historical and social context of the Palestinian situation, beginning with the not-well-known story of Arab Christianity and his own background. He elaborates his own theology of nonviolence, centered in the idea of martyria-heeding a call to justice, inclusion, and forgiveness. He illustrates the notion with dramatic and often tragic episodes and shows how it can address key issues in the current struggle with Israel over statehood, land, and refugees. Younan's model of Christian nonviolence also has demonstrable benefits in addressing terrorism, interreligious strife, and global peacemaking. Younan's is a voice all Christians of conscience should hear.


In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), health systems have historically focused on the prevention and treatment of highly prevalent and frequently fatal acute infectious illnesses such as malaria, diarrhea, and respiratory infections. However, due to changes in health risks, LMIC are experiencing an increasing burden of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in addition to the existing problems of infectious diseases. This publication explains the approach used by USAID-funded SIAPS to strengthen the practice of pharmaceutical care in resource-constrained settings through building institutional and individual capacity in pharmaceutical systems and identifying appropriate roles for staff who provide medicines or medication-related services at each level.


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Scripture in schools provides a safe place for children to explore issues of faith, according to NSW MP Paul Green.
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Australia religion in schools
Most people want choice for faith-based values education
Kaley Payne | May 29th, 2018 09:47 AM	| Add a Comment
An overwhelming majority of Australians believe parents should still have the choice of faith-based values education.
In a survey conducted by McCrindle Research, only 16 per cent of Australians opposed giving parents a choice to send their children to faith-based values education, or scripture.
"That's a lot of people who think this is an option that parents should have. And scripture in schools provides that option."
"That's a lot of people who think this is an option that parents should have. And scripture in schools provides that option," says Murray Norman, spokesperson for the Inter-Church Commission on Religious Education in Schools (NSW) (known as ICCOREIS).
ICCOREIS, the group responsible for coordinating Christian religious education in NSW, commissioned the survey in an effort to discover why so many parents still opt to send their children to scripture classes despite the continued fall in the number of Australians professing a Christian faith.
Norman says the national survey of over 1000 people reveals that Australians still want faith values taught in schools. Current figures show 71 per cent of parents of primary school children in NSW opt in to scripture, called Special Religious Education (SRE) in the state. In Queensland, the number is also over 70 per cent of parents sending children to 'religious instruction' or RI in that state.
The survey also showed that 84 per cent of respondents believe that Christian heritage has been influential in shaping those values.
"One of the things we were keen to see is whether society thinks it's important to teach values within the school contexts, and also whether people still see the influence of Christianity and our Christian heritage on those values," says Murray Norman, spokesperson for ICCOREIS.
The survey found that 99 per cent of people believe it is important to teach values to Australian school students. Those "values" include the Australian Government's values for Australian schooling, including care, compassion, doing your best, a fair go, freedom, integrity, respect, responsibility, understanding, tolerance and inclusion.
"We are aware of a minority voice that seeks to remove any form of spirituality and faith from schools, and remove the choice parents currently have, but that's out of step with the values and wishes of Australian parents," says Norman.
The survey also showed that 84 per cent of respondents believe that Christian heritage has been influential in shaping those values. Over 93 per cent of respondents said sport and popular culture/entertainment also played a role in shaping those values.
"It's not that Christianity is the only thing that informs those values," says Norman. "But is important to know that the community thinks Christianity is still important when you're looking at values."
Survey respondents came from a variety of spiritual backgrounds, with 45 per cent indicating a Christian (Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant) background and nearly 32 per cent saying they do not identify with any religion.
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Kailash Choudhary (born 20 September 1973) is an Indian politician who is the current Minister of State for Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare in Second Modi ministry. He is also a Member of Parliament from Barmer, Rajasthan.

Early life and education
He was educated at the Nagpur University.

Career
He was a former member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly representing the Baytu Vidhan Sabha constituency of Rajasthan. He is a Bharatiya Janata Party member.
On 31 May 2019, Choudhary became Minister of State for Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. On, 9 August 2020, he gave the news of being COVID-19 positive through Twitter.

References

1973 births
Living people
India MPs 2019–present
Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan
People from Barmer, Rajasthan
Narendra Modi ministry
Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018


text:
This article is about the number and digit 0. It is not to be confused with the letter O or the East Asian symbol ⭕, or O mark used to represent affirmation.
"Zero" redirects here. For other uses, see 0 (disambiguation) and Zero (disambiguation).
"Naught" redirects here. For the Stolen Babies album, see Naught (album).
Natural number
← −1 0 1 →
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 →
List of numbers — Integers
0, zero, "oh" (/oʊ/), nought, naught, nil
Zeroth, noughth
Divisors
All numbers
Quinary
Senary
Duodecimal
Vigesimal
Arabic & Kurdish
Hindu Numerals
零, 〇
0 (zero) is both a number[1] and the numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals. The number 0 fulfills a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the integers, real numbers, and many other algebraic structures. As a digit, 0 is used as a placeholder in place value systems. Names for the number 0 in English include zero, nought (UK), naught (US) (/nɔːt/), nil, or—in contexts where at least one adjacent digit distinguishes it from the letter "O"—oh or o (/oʊ/). Informal or slang terms for zero include zilch and zip.[2] Ought and aught (/ɔːt/),[3] as well as cipher,[4] have also been used historically.[5]
1.1 Modern usage
2.1 Ancient Near East
2.2 Pre-Columbian Americas
2.3 Classical antiquity
2.5.1 Epigraphy
2.6 Middle Ages
2.6.1 Transmission to Islamic culture
2.6.2 Transmission to Europe
3.1 Elementary algebra
3.2 Other branches of mathematics
3.3 Related mathematical terms
4 Physics
6 Computer science
7 Other fields
8 Symbols and representations
9 Year label
Main articles: Names for the number 0 and Names for the number 0 in English
The word zero came into the English language via French zéro from Italian zero, Italian contraction of Venetian zevero form of Italian zefiro via ṣafira or ṣifr.[6] In pre-Islamic time the word ṣifr (Arabic صفر) had the meaning "empty".[7] Sifr evolved to mean zero when it was used to translate śūnya (Sanskrit: शून्य) from India.[7] The first known English use of zero was in 1598.[8]
The Italian mathematician Fibonacci (c. 1170–1250), who grew up in North Africa and is credited with introducing the decimal system to Europe, used the term zephyrum. This became zefiro in Italian, and was then contracted to zero in Venetian. The Italian word zefiro was already in existence (meaning "west wind" from Latin and Greek zephyrus) and may have influenced the spelling when transcribing Arabic ṣifr.[9]
Modern usage
There are different words used for the number or concept of zero depending on the context. For the simple notion of lacking, the words nothing and none are often used. Sometimes the words nought, naught and aught[10] are used. Several sports have specific words for zero, such as nil in association football (soccer), love in tennis, and duck in cricket. It is often called oh in the context of telephone numbers. Slang words for zero include zip, zilch, nada, and scratch. Duck egg and goose egg are also slang for zero.[11]
heart with trachea
beautiful, pleasant, good
Ancient Egyptian numerals were base 10. They used hieroglyphs for the digits and were not positional. By 1770 BC, the Egyptians had a symbol for zero in accounting texts. The symbol nfr, meaning beautiful, was also used to indicate the base level in drawings of tombs and pyramids and distances were measured relative to the base line as being above or below this line.[12]
By the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, the Babylonian mathematics had a sophisticated sexagesimal positional numeral system. The lack of a positional value (or zero) was indicated by a space between sexagesimal numerals. By 300 BC, a punctuation symbol (two slanted wedges) was co-opted as a placeholder in the same Babylonian system. In a tablet unearthed at Kish (dating from about 700 BC), the scribe Bêl-bân-aplu wrote his zeros with three hooks, rather than two slanted wedges.[13]
The Babylonian placeholder was not a true zero because it was not used alone. Nor was it used at the end of a number. Thus numbers like 2 and 120 (2×60), 3 and 180 (3×60), 4 and 240 (4×60), looked the same because the larger numbers lacked a final sexagesimal placeholder. Only context could differentiate them.
Pre-Columbian Americas
The back of Epi-Olmec stela C from Tres Zapotes, the second oldest Long Count date discovered. The numerals 7.16.6.16.18 translate to September, 32 BC (Julian). The glyphs surrounding the date are thought to be one of the few surviving examples of Epi-Olmec script.
The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar developed in south-central Mexico and Central America required the use of zero as a place-holder within its vigesimal (base-20) positional numeral system. Many different glyphs, including this partial quatrefoil— —were used as a zero symbol for these Long Count dates, the earliest of which (on Stela 2 at Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas) has a date of 36 BC.[a]
Since the eight earliest Long Count dates appear outside the Maya homeland,[14] it is generally believed that the use of zero in the Americas predated the Maya and was possibly the invention of the Olmecs.[15] Many of the earliest Long Count dates were found within the Olmec heartland, although the Olmec civilization ended by the 4th century BC, several centuries before the earliest known Long Count dates.
Although zero became an integral part of Maya numerals, with a different, empty tortoise-like "shell shape" used for many depictions of the "zero" numeral, it is assumed to have not influenced Old World numeral systems.
Quipu, a knotted cord device, used in the Inca Empire and its predecessor societies in the Andean region to record accounting and other digital data, is encoded in a base ten positional system. Zero is represented by the absence of a knot in the appropriate position.
The ancient Greeks had no symbol for zero (μηδέν), and did not use a digit placeholder for it.[16] They seemed unsure about the status of zero as a number. They asked themselves, "How can nothing be something?", leading to philosophical and, by the medieval period, religious arguments about the nature and existence of zero and the vacuum. The paradoxes of Zeno of Elea depend in large part on the uncertain interpretation of zero.
Example of the early Greek symbol for zero (lower right corner) from a 2nd-century papyrus
By 130 AD, Ptolemy, influenced by Hipparchus and the Babylonians, was using a symbol for zero (a small circle with a long overbar) in his work on mathematical astronomy called the Syntaxis Mathematica, also known as the Almagest. The way in which it is used can be seen in his table of chords in that book. Ptolemy's zero was used within a sexagesimal numeral system otherwise using alphabetic Greek numerals. Because it was used alone, not just as a placeholder, this Hellenistic zero was perhaps the earliest documented use of a numeral representing zero in the Old World.[17] However, the positions were usually limited to the fractional part of a number (called minutes, seconds, thirds, fourths, etc.)—they were not used for the integral part of a number, indicating a concept perhaps better expressed as "none", rather than "zero" in the modern sense. In later Byzantine manuscripts of Ptolemy's Almagest, the Hellenistic zero had morphed into the Greek letter omicron (otherwise meaning 70).
Another zero was used in tables alongside Roman numerals by 525 (first known use by Dionysius Exiguus), but as a word, nulla meaning "nothing", not as a symbol.[18] When division produced zero as a remainder, nihil, also meaning "nothing", was used. These medieval zeros were used by all future medieval calculators of Easter. The initial "N" was used as a zero symbol in a table of Roman numerals by Bede or his colleagues around 725.
This is a depiction of zero expressed in Chinese counting rods, based on the example provided by A History of Mathematics. An empty space is used to represent zero.[19]
The Sūnzĭ Suànjīng, of unknown date but estimated to be dated from the 1st to 5th centuries AD, and Japanese records dated from the 18th century, describe how the c. 4th century BC Chinese counting rods system enables one to perform decimal calculations. According to A History of Mathematics, the rods "gave the decimal representation of a number, with an empty space denoting zero."[19] The counting rod system is considered a positional notation system.[20]
In AD 690, Empress Wǔ promulgated Zetian characters, one of which was "〇". The symbol 0 for denoting zero is a variation of this character.
Zero was not treated as a number at that time, but as a "vacant position".[21] Qín Jiǔsháo's 1247 Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections is the oldest surviving Chinese mathematical text using a round symbol for zero.[22] Chinese authors had been familiar with the idea of negative numbers by the Han Dynasty (2nd century AD), as seen in The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art.[23]
Pingala (c. 3rd/2nd century BC[24]), a Sanskrit prosody scholar,[25] used binary numbers in the form of short and long syllables (the latter equal in length to two short syllables), a notation similar to Morse code.[26] Pingala used the Sanskrit word śūnya explicitly to refer to zero.[27]
It was considered that the earliest text to use a decimal place-value system, including a zero, is the Lokavibhāga, a Jain text on cosmology surviving in a medieval Sanskrit translation of the Prakrit original, which is internally dated to AD 458 (Saka era 380). In this text, śūnya ("void, empty") is also used to refer to zero.[28]
A symbol for zero, a large dot likely to be the precursor of the still-current hollow symbol, is used throughout the Bakhshali manuscript, a practical manual on arithmetic for merchants.[29] In 2017 three samples from the manuscript were shown by radiocarbon dating to come from three different centuries: from 224-383 AD, 680-779 AD, and 885-993 AD, making it the world's oldest recorded use of the zero symbol. It is not known how the birch bark fragments from different centuries that form the manuscript came to be packaged together.[30][31][32]
The origin of the modern decimal-based place value notation can be traced to the Aryabhatiya (c. 500), which states sthānāt sthānaṁ daśaguṇaṁ syāt "from place to place each is ten times the preceding."[33][33][34][35] The concept of zero as a digit in the decimal place value notation was developed in India, presumably as early as during the Gupta period (c. 5th century), with the oldest unambiguous evidence dating to the 7th century.[36]
The rules governing the use of zero appeared for the first time in Brahmagupta's Brahmasputha Siddhanta (7th century). This work considers not only zero, but also negative numbers and the algebraic rules for the elementary operations of arithmetic with such numbers. In some instances, his rules differ from the modern standard, specifically the definition of the value of zero divided by zero as zero.[37]
Epigraphy
The number 605 in Khmer numerals, from the Sambor inscription (Saka era 605 corresponds to AD 683). The earliest known material use of zero as a decimal figure.
There are numerous copper plate inscriptions, with the same small o in them, some of them possibly dated to the 6th century, but their date or authenticity may be open to doubt.[13]
A stone tablet found in the ruins of a temple near Sambor on the Mekong, Kratié Province, Cambodia, includes the inscription of "605" in Khmer numerals (a set of numeral glyphs for the Hindu–Arabic numeral system). The number is the year of the inscription in the Saka era, corresponding to a date of AD 683.[38]
The first known use of special glyphs for the decimal digits that includes the indubitable appearance of a symbol for the digit zero, a small circle, appears on a stone inscription found at the Chaturbhuja Temple at Gwalior in India, dated 876.[39][40] Zero is also used as a placeholder in the Bakhshali manuscript, portions of which date from AD 224–383.[41]
Transmission to Islamic culture
See also: History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system
The Arabic-language inheritance of science was largely Greek,[42] followed by Hindu influences.[43] In 773, at Al-Mansur's behest, translations were made of many ancient treatises including Greek, Roman, Indian, and others.
In AD 813, astronomical tables were prepared by a Persian mathematician, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, using Hindu numerals;[43] and about 825, he published a book synthesizing Greek and Hindu knowledge and also contained his own contribution to mathematics including an explanation of the use of zero.[44] This book was later translated into Latin in the 12th century under the title Algoritmi de numero Indorum. This title means "al-Khwarizmi on the Numerals of the Indians". The word "Algoritmi" was the translator's Latinization of Al-Khwarizmi's name, and the word "Algorithm" or "Algorism" started meaning any arithmetic based on decimals.[43]
Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwarizmi, in 976, stated that if no number appears in the place of tens in a calculation, a little circle should be used "to keep the rows". This circle was called ṣifr.[45]
Transmission to Europe
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system (base 10) reached Europe in the 11th century, via Al-Andalus through Spanish Muslims, the Moors, together with knowledge of astronomy and instruments like the astrolabe, first imported by Gerbert of Aurillac. For this reason, the numerals came to be known in Europe as "Arabic numerals". The Italian mathematician Fibonacci or Leonardo of Pisa was instrumental in bringing the system into European mathematics in 1202, stating:
After my father's appointment by his homeland as state official in the customs house of Bugia for the Pisan merchants who thronged to it, he took charge; and in view of its future usefulness and convenience, had me in my boyhood come to him and there wanted me to devote myself to and be instructed in the study of calculation for some days. There, following my introduction, as a consequence of marvelous instruction in the art, to the nine digits of the Hindus, the knowledge of the art very much appealed to me before all others, and for it I realized that all its aspects were studied in Egypt, Syria, Greece, Sicily, and Provence, with their varying methods; and at these places thereafter, while on business. I pursued my study in depth and learned the give-and-take of disputation. But all this even, and the algorism, as well as the art of Pythagoras, I considered as almost a mistake in respect to the method of the Hindus (Modus Indorum). Therefore, embracing more stringently that method of the Hindus, and taking stricter pains in its study, while adding certain things from my own understanding and inserting also certain things from the niceties of Euclid's geometric art. I have striven to compose this book in its entirety as understandably as I could, dividing it into fifteen chapters. Almost everything which I have introduced I have displayed with exact proof, in order that those further seeking this knowledge, with its pre-eminent method, might be instructed, and further, in order that the Latin people might not be discovered to be without it, as they have been up to now. If I have perchance omitted anything more or less proper or necessary, I beg indulgence, since there is no one who is blameless and utterly provident in all things. The nine Indian figures are: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1. With these nine figures, and with the sign 0 ... any number may be written.[46][47]
Here Leonardo of Pisa uses the phrase "sign 0", indicating it is like a sign to do operations like addition or multiplication. From the 13th century, manuals on calculation (adding, multiplying, extracting roots, etc.) became common in Europe where they were called algorismus after the Persian mathematician al-Khwārizmī. The most popular was written by Johannes de Sacrobosco, about 1235 and was one of the earliest scientific books to be printed in 1488. Until the late 15th century, Hindu–Arabic numerals seem to have predominated among mathematicians, while merchants preferred to use the Roman numerals. In the 16th century, they became commonly used in Europe.
0 is the integer immediately preceding 1. Zero is an even number[48] because it is divisible by 2 with no remainder. 0 is neither positive nor negative.[49] Many definitions[50] include 0 as a natural number, and then the only natural number not to be positive. Zero is a number which quantifies a count or an amount of null size. In most cultures, 0 was identified before the idea of negative things, or quantities less than zero, was accepted.
The value, or number, zero is not the same as the digit zero, used in numeral systems using positional notation. Successive positions of digits have higher weights, so inside a numeral the digit zero is used to skip a position and give appropriate weights to the preceding and following digits. A zero digit is not always necessary in a positional number system, for example, in the number 02. In some instances, a leading zero may be used to distinguish a number.
The number 0 is the smallest non-negative integer. The natural number following 0 is 1 and no natural number precedes 0. The number 0 may or may not be considered a natural number, but it is an integer, and hence a rational number and a real number (as well as an algebraic number and a complex number).
The number 0 is neither positive nor negative and is usually displayed as the central number in a number line. It is neither a prime number nor a composite number. It cannot be prime because it has an infinite number of factors, and cannot be composite because it cannot be expressed as a product of prime numbers (0 must always be one of the factors).[51] Zero is, however, even (i.e. a multiple of 2, as well as being a multiple of any other integer, rational, or real number).
The following are some basic (elementary) rules for dealing with the number 0. These rules apply for any real or complex number x, unless otherwise stated.
Addition: x + 0 = 0 + x = x. That is, 0 is an identity element (or neutral element) with respect to addition.
Subtraction: x − 0 = x and 0 − x = −x.
Multiplication: x · 0 = 0 · x = 0.
Division: 0/x = 0, for nonzero x. But x/0 is undefined, because 0 has no multiplicative inverse (no real number multiplied by 0 produces 1), a consequence of the previous rule.
Exponentiation: x0 = x/x = 1, except that the case x = 0 may be left undefined in some contexts. For all positive real x, 0x = 0.
The expression 0/0, which may be obtained in an attempt to determine the limit of an expression of the form f(x)/g(x) as a result of applying the lim operator independently to both operands of the fraction, is a so-called "indeterminate form". That does not simply mean that the limit sought is necessarily undefined; rather, it means that the limit of f(x)/g(x), if it exists, must be found by another method, such as l'Hôpital's rule.
The sum of 0 numbers (the empty sum) is 0, and the product of 0 numbers (the empty product) is 1. The factorial 0! evaluates to 1, as a special case of the empty product.
Other branches of mathematics
In set theory, 0 is the cardinality of the empty set: if one does not have any apples, then one has 0 apples. In fact, in certain axiomatic developments of mathematics from set theory, 0 is defined to be the empty set. When this is done, the empty set is the von Neumann cardinal assignment for a set with no elements, which is the empty set. The cardinality function, applied to the empty set, returns the empty set as a value, thereby assigning it 0 elements.
Also in set theory, 0 is the lowest ordinal number, corresponding to the empty set viewed as a well-ordered set.
In propositional logic, 0 may be used to denote the truth value false.
In abstract algebra, 0 is commonly used to denote a zero element, which is a neutral element for addition (if defined on the structure under consideration) and an absorbing element for multiplication (if defined).
In lattice theory, 0 may denote the bottom element of a bounded lattice.
In category theory, 0 is sometimes used to denote an initial object of a category.
In recursion theory, 0 can be used to denote the Turing degree of the partial computable functions.
Related mathematical terms
A zero of a function f is a point x in the domain of the function such that f(x) = 0. When there are finitely many zeros these are called the roots of the function. This is related to zeros of a holomorphic function.
The zero function (or zero map) on a domain D is the constant function with 0 as its only possible output value, i.e., the function f defined by f(x) = 0 for all x in D. The zero function is the only function that is both even and odd. A particular zero function is a zero morphism in category theory; e.g., a zero map is the identity in the additive group of functions. The determinant on non-invertible square matrices is a zero map.
Several branches of mathematics have zero elements, which generalize either the property 0 + x = x, or the property 0 · x = 0, or both.
The value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins) zero is the lowest possible value (negative temperatures are defined, but negative-temperature systems are not actually colder). This is in contrast to for example temperatures on the Celsius scale, where zero is arbitrarily defined to be at the freezing point of water. Measuring sound intensity in decibels or phons, the zero level is arbitrarily set at a reference value—for example, at a value for the threshold of hearing. In physics, the zero-point energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may possess and is the energy of the ground state of the system.
Zero has been proposed as the atomic number of the theoretical element tetraneutron. It has been shown that a cluster of four neutrons may be stable enough to be considered an atom in its own right. This would create an element with no protons and no charge on its nucleus.
As early as 1926, Andreas von Antropoff coined the term neutronium for a conjectured form of matter made up of neutrons with no protons, which he placed as the chemical element of atomic number zero at the head of his new version of the periodic table. It was subsequently placed as a noble gas in the middle of several spiral representations of the periodic system for classifying the chemical elements.
The most common practice throughout human history has been to start counting at one, and this is the practice in early classic computer science programming languages such as Fortran and COBOL. However, in the late 1950s LISP introduced zero-based numbering for arrays while Algol 58 introduced completely flexible basing for array subscripts (allowing any positive, negative, or zero integer as base for array subscripts), and most subsequent programming languages adopted one or other of these positions. For example, the elements of an array are numbered starting from 0 in C, so that for an array of n items the sequence of array indices runs from 0 to n−1. This permits an array element's location to be calculated by adding the index directly to address of the array, whereas 1-based languages precalculate the array's base address to be the position one element before the first.[citation needed]
There can be confusion between 0- and 1-based indexing, for example Java's JDBC indexes parameters from 1 although Java itself uses 0-based indexing.[citation needed]
In databases, it is possible for a field not to have a value. It is then said to have a null value.[52] For numeric fields it is not the value zero. For text fields this is not blank nor the empty string. The presence of null values leads to three-valued logic. No longer is a condition either true or false, but it can be undetermined. Any computation including a null value delivers a null result.[citation needed]
A null pointer is a pointer in a computer program that does not point to any object or function. In C, the integer constant 0 is converted into the null pointer at compile time when it appears in a pointer context, and so 0 is a standard way to refer to the null pointer in code. However, the internal representation of the null pointer may be any bit pattern (possibly different values for different data types).[citation needed]
In mathematics −0 = +0 = 0; both −0 and +0 represent exactly the same number, i.e., there is no "positive zero" or "negative zero" distinct from zero. However, in some computer hardware signed number representations, zero has two distinct representations, a positive one grouped with the positive numbers and a negative one grouped with the negatives; this kind of dual representation is known as signed zero, with the latter form sometimes called negative zero. These representations include the signed magnitude and one's complement binary integer representations (but not the two's complement binary form used in most modern computers), and most floating point number representations (such as IEEE 754 and IBM S/390 floating point formats).
In binary, 0 represents the value for "off", which means no electricity flow.[53]
Zero is the value of false in many programming languages.
The Unix epoch (the date and time associated with a zero timestamp) begins the midnight before the first of January 1970.[54][55][56]
The MacOS epoch and Palm OS epoch (the date and time associated with a zero timestamp) begins the midnight before the first of January 1904.[57]
Many APIs and operating systems that require applications to return an integer value as an exit status typically use zero to indicate success and non-zero values to indicate specific error or warning conditions.
In telephony, pressing 0 is often used for dialling out of a company network or to a different city or region, and 00 is used for dialling abroad. In some countries, dialling 0 places a call for operator assistance.
DVDs that can be played in any region are sometimes referred to as being "region 0"
Roulette wheels usually feature a "0" space (and sometimes also a "00" space), whose presence is ignored when calculating payoffs (thereby allowing the house to win in the long run).
In Formula One, if the reigning World Champion no longer competes in Formula One in the year following their victory in the title race, 0 is given to one of the drivers of the team that the reigning champion won the title with. This happened in 1993 and 1994, with Damon Hill driving car 0, due to the reigning World Champion (Nigel Mansell and Alain Prost respectively) not competing in the championship.
On the U.S. Interstate Highway System, in most states exits are numbered based on the nearest milepost from the highway's western or southern terminus within that state. Several that are less than half a mile (800 m) from state boundaries in that direction are numbered as Exit 0.
Symbols and representations
Main article: Symbols for zero
The modern numerical digit 0 is usually written as a circle or ellipse. Traditionally, many print typefaces made the capital letter O more rounded than the narrower, elliptical digit 0.[58] Typewriters originally made no distinction in shape between O and 0; some models did not even have a separate key for the digit 0. The distinction came into prominence on modern character displays.[58]
A slashed zero can be used to distinguish the number from the letter. The digit 0 with a dot in the center seems to have originated as an option on IBM 3270 displays and has continued with some modern computer typefaces such as Andalé Mono, and in some airline reservation systems. One variation uses a short vertical bar instead of the dot. Some fonts designed for use with computers made one of the capital-O–digit-0 pair more rounded and the other more angular (closer to a rectangle). A further distinction is made in falsification-hindering typeface as used on German car number plates by slitting open the digit 0 on the upper right side. Sometimes the digit 0 is used either exclusively, or not at all, to avoid confusion altogether.
Year label
Main article: Year zero
In the BC calendar era, the year 1 BC is the first year before AD 1; there is not a year zero. By contrast, in astronomical year numbering, the year 1 BC is numbered 0, the year 2 BC is numbered −1, and so on.[59]
Zeroth (zero as an ordinal number)
Brahmagupta
Division by zero
Grammatical number
Peano axioms
Signed zero
Gwalior Fort
^ No long count date actually using the number 0 has been found before the 3rd century AD, but since the long count system would make no sense without some placeholder, and since Mesoamerican glyphs do not typically leave empty spaces, these earlier dates are taken as indirect evidence that the concept of 0 already existed at the time.
^ Matson, John (21 August 2009). "The Origin of Zero". Scientific American. Springer Nature. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Soanes, Catherine; Waite, Maurice; Hawker, Sara, eds. (2001). The Oxford Dictionary, Thesaurus and Wordpower Guide (Hardback) (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860373-3.
^ "aught, Also ought" in Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (1927), Third Edition, Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam.
^ "cipher", in Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (1927), Third Edition, Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam.
^ aught at etymonline.com
^ See:
Douglas Harper (2011), Zero, Etymology Dictionary, Quote="figure which stands for naught in the Arabic notation," also "the absence of all quantity considered as quantity," c. 1600, from French zéro or directly from Italian zero, from Medieval Latin zephirum, from Arabic sifr "cipher," translation of Sanskrit sunya-m "empty place, desert, naught";
Menninger, Karl (1992). Number words and number symbols: a cultural history of numbers. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 399–404. ISBN 978-0-486-27096-8. ;
"zero, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press. December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012. French zéro (1515 in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter) or its source Italian zero, for *zefiro, < Arabic çifr
^ a b See:
Smithsonian Institution, Oriental Elements of Culture in the Occident, p. 518, at Google Books, Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University Archives, Quote="Sifr occurs in the meaning of "empty" even in the pre-Islamic time. ... Arabic sifr in the meaning of zero is a translation of the corresponding India sunya.";
Jan Gullberg (1997), Mathematics: From the Birth of Numbers, W.W. Norton & Co., ISBN 978-0-393-04002-9, p. 26, Quote = Zero derives from Hindu sunya – meaning void, emptiness – via Arabic sifr, Latin cephirum, Italian zevero.;
Robert Logan (2010), The Poetry of Physics and the Physics of Poetry, World Scientific, ISBN 978-981-4295-92-5, p. 38, Quote = "The idea of sunya and place numbers was transmitted to the Arabs who translated sunya or "leave a space" into their language as sifr."
^ Zero, Merriam Webster online Dictionary
^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-39340-5.
^ 'Aught' definition, Dictionary.com – Retrieved April 2013.
^ 'Aught' synonyms, Thesaurus.com – Retrieved April 2013.
^ Joseph, George Gheverghese (2011). The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics (Third Edition). Princeton UP. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-691-13526-7.
^ a b Kaplan, Robert. (2000). The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ Diehl, p. 186
^ Mortaigne, Véronique (28 November 2014). "The golden age of Mayan civilisation – exhibition review". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 November 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
^ Wallin, Nils-Bertil (19 November 2002). "The History of Zero". YaleGlobal online. The Whitney and Betty Macmillan Center for International and Area Studies at Yale. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "A history of Zero", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews .
^ "Zero and Fractions". Know the Romans. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
^ a b Hodgkin, Luke (2 June 2005). A History of Mathematics : From Mesopotamia to Modernity: From Mesopotamia to Modernity. Oxford University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-19-152383-0.
^ Crossley, Lun. 1999, p. 12 "the ancient Chinese system is a place notation system"
^ Kang-Shen Shen; John N. Crossley; Anthony W.C. Lun; Hui Liu (1999). The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and Commentary. Oxford UP. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-853936-0. zero was regarded as a number in India ... whereas the Chinese employed a vacant position
^ "Mathematics in the Near and Far East" (pdf). grmath4.phpnet.us. p. 262.
^ Struik, Dirk J. (1987). A Concise History of Mathematics. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 32–33. "In these matrices we find negative numbers, which appear here for the first time in history."
^ Kim Plofker (2009). Mathematics in India. Princeton UP. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-691-12067-6.
^ Vaman Shivaram Apte (1970). Sanskrit Prosody and Important Literary and Geographical Names in the Ancient History of India. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 648–649. ISBN 978-81-208-0045-8.
^ "Math for Poets and Drummers" (pdf). people.sju.edu.
^ Kim Plofker (2009), Mathematics in India, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-12067-6, pp. 54–56. Quote – "In the Chandah-sutra of Pingala, dating perhaps the third or second century BC, [ ...] Pingala's use of a zero symbol [śūnya] as a marker seems to be the first known explicit reference to zero." Kim Plofker (2009), Mathematics in India, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-12067-6, 55–56. "In the Chandah-sutra of Pingala, dating perhaps the third or second century BC, there are five questions concerning the possible meters for any value "n". [ ...] The answer is (2)7 = 128, as expected, but instead of seven doublings, the process (explained by the sutra) required only three doublings and two squarings – a handy time saver where "n" is large. Pingala's use of a zero symbol as a marker seems to be the first known explicit reference to zero.
^ Ifrah, Georges (2000), p. 416.
^ Weiss, Ittay (20 September 2017). "Nothing matters: How India's invention of zero helped create modern mathematics". The Conversation.
^ Devlin, Hannah (13 September 2017). "Much ado about nothing: ancient Indian text contains earliest zero symbol". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
^ Revell, Timothy (14 September 2017). "History of zero pushed back 500 years by ancient Indian text". New Scientist. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
^ "Carbon dating finds Bakhshali manuscript contains oldest recorded origins of the symbol 'zero'". Bodleian Library. 14 September 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
^ a b Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata, translated by Walter Eugene Clark.
^ O'Connor, Robertson, J.J., E.F. "Aryabhata the Elder". School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
^ William L. Hosch, ed. (15 August 2010). The Britannica Guide to Numbers and Measurement (Math Explained). books.google.com.my. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-1-61530-108-9.
^ Bourbaki, Nicolas Elements of the History of Mathematics (1998), p. 46. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2007), entry "Algebra"[clarification needed]
^ Algebra with Arithmetic of Brahmagupta and Bhaskara, translated to English by Henry Thomas Colebrooke (1817) London
^ Cœdès, Georges, "A propos de l'origine des chiffres arabes," Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1931, pp. 323–328. Diller, Anthony, "New Zeros and Old Khmer," The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal, Vol. 25, 1996, pp. 125–132.
^ Casselman, Bill. "All for Nought". ams.org. University of British Columbia), American Mathematical Society.
^ "Much ado about nothing: ancient Indian text contains earliest zero symbol". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
^ Pannekoek, A. (1961). A History of Astronomy. George Allen & Unwin. p. 165.
^ a b c Will Durant (1950), The Story of Civilization, Volume 4, The Age of Faith: Constantine to Dante – A.D. 325–1300, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-0-9650007-5-8, p. 241, Quote = "The Arabic inheritance of science was overwhelmingly Greek, but Hindu influences ranked next. In 773, at Mansur's behest, translations were made of the Siddhantas – Indian astronomical treatises dating as far back as 425 BC; these versions may have the vehicle through which the "Arabic" numerals and the zero were brought from India into Islam. In 813, al-Khwarizmi used the Hindu numerals in his astronomical tables."
^ Brezina, Corona (2006). Al-Khwarizmi: The Inventor Of Algebra. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4042-0513-0.
^ Will Durant (1950), The Story of Civilization, Volume 4, The Age of Faith, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-0-9650007-5-8, p. 241, Quote = "In 976, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, in his Keys of the Sciences, remarked that if, in a calculation, no number appears in the place of tens, a little circle should be used "to keep the rows". This circle the Mosloems called ṣifr, "empty" whence our cipher."
^ Sigler, L., Fibonacci's Liber Abaci. English translation, Springer, 2003.
^ Grimm, R.E., "The Autobiography of Leonardo Pisano", Fibonacci Quarterly 11/1 (February 1973), pp. 99–104.
^ Lemma B.2.2, The integer 0 is even and is not odd, in Penner, Robert C. (1999). Discrete Mathematics: Proof Techniques and Mathematical Structures. World Scientific. p. 34. ISBN 978-981-02-4088-2.
^ W., Weisstein, Eric. "Zero". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
^ Bunt, Lucas Nicolaas Hendrik; Jones, Phillip S.; Bedient, Jack D. (1976). The historical roots of elementary mathematics. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 254–255. ISBN 978-0-486-13968-5. , Extract of pp. 254–255
^ Reid, Constance (1992). From zero to infinity: what makes numbers interesting (4th ed.). Mathematical Association of America. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-88385-505-8.
^ Wu, X.; Ichikawa, T.; Cercone, N. (25 October 1996). Knowledge-Base Assisted Database Retrieval Systems. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4501-75-0.
^ Chris Woodford 2006, p. 9.
^ Paul DuBois. "MySQL Cookbook: Solutions for Database Developers and Administrators" 2014. p. 204.
^ Arnold Robbins; Nelson Beebe. "Classic Shell Scripting". 2005. p. 274
^ Iztok Fajfar. "Start Programming Using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript". 2015. p. 160.
^ Darren R. Hayes. "A Practical Guide to Computer Forensics Investigations". 2014. p. 399
^ a b Bemer, R. W. (1967). "Towards standards for handwritten zero and oh: much ado about nothing (and a letter), or a partial dossier on distinguishing between handwritten zero and oh". Communications of the ACM. 10 (8): 513–518. doi:10.1145/363534.363563.
^ Steel, Duncan (2000). Marking time: the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar. John Wiley & Sons. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-471-29827-4. In the B.C./A.D. scheme there is no year zero. After 31 December 1 BC came AD 1 January 1. ... If you object to that no-year-zero scheme, then don't use it: use the astronomer's counting scheme, with negative year numbers.
Amir D. Aczel (2015) Finding Zero, New York City: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-27984-2
Barrow, John D. (2001) The Book of Nothing, Vintage. ISBN 0-09-928845-1.
Diehl, Richard A. (2004) The Olmecs: America's First Civilization, Thames & Hudson, London.
Ifrah, Georges (2000) The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer, Wiley. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
Kaplan, Robert (2000) The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Seife, Charles (2000) Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea, Penguin USA (Paper). ISBN 0-14-029647-6.
Bourbaki, Nicolas (1998). Elements of the History of Mathematics. Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-64767-8.
Isaac Asimov (1978). Article "Nothing Counts" in Asimov on Numbers. Pocket Books.
This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
Chris Woodford (2006), Digital Technology, Evans Brothers, ISBN 978-0-237-52725-9
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 0 (number).
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Searching for the World's First Zero
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Edsger W. Dijkstra: Why numbering should start at zero, EWD831 (PDF of a handwritten manuscript)
Zero on In Our Time at the BBC
Weisstein, Eric W. "0". MathWorld.
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Goodbye, Facebook. The company's new name is Meta
By Serena O'Sullivan, Komando.com
Facebook is turning over a new leaf. After a slew of recent controversies, Mark Zuckerberg announced the company would rename itself. First, former employee Frances Haugen leaked internal documents that revealed Facebook knew about its negative impact on users.
Second, Facebook and Instagram shut down for six hours, prompting theories about ulterior motives. Third, security researchers claim that Facebook is secretly stalking iPhone users. They said that Facebook is still harvesting your location data through a hardware loophole, even if you opted out of third-party app tracking.
That's why some users are saying goodbye to Facebook once and for all. Tap or click here for a handy tool you can use to delete old posts from Facebook and other social media platforms. Even Facebook is saying goodbye — to its old name, that is.
Meet Meta, Facebook's brand-new title
Mark Zuckerberg made a big announcement during Thursday's Facebook Connect event. After showing off many colorful products, Zuckerberg said the name Facebook doesn't encompass everything the company currently does.
"Over time, I hope we are seen as a metaverse company," he said. After that, he revealed the long-awaited new name: Meta. It's no surprise to people who have watched Zuckerberg pour $10 billion this year alone into developing this immersive version of the internet.
If you've never heard of the metaverse before, don't worry. Here's a quick refresher.
Meet the metaverse. It's the future of the internet
Right now, we access the internet through a screen. We don't feel like we're a part of the videos we watch or the sites we visit. The metaverse is all about getting even closer to the web.
Just slip on a VR headset to step into digital worlds. You can meet up for online concerts, sit in a virtual office with your remote coworkers or explore faraway destinations you can't travel to in real life. For example, you can tour Jerusalem's holy sites using virtual reality.
To use the metaverse, you need a headset and a 3D avatar or a representation of yourself. Facebook has long been vocal about developing the metaverse. Specifically, it's working on VR apps for both social hangouts and the workplace.
This could revolutionize the world of advertisements, too. Epic Games, which makes Fortnite, already hosts concerts and events inside its digital world. CEO Tim Sweeney says eventually, you could use the metaverse to test-drive new cars from the comfort of your own home.
Basically, the metaverse is a free-for-all work in progress. Tons of tech geniuses have exciting ideas for it. Don't get too excited, though: The tech is so complicated it could take another 10 or 15 years to build.
That was the most significant announcement of Thursday's Facebook Connect event, but there's more you should be aware of, including:
Photorealistic online avatars
Work and exercise simulations
Real-time virtual tracking of physical objects
Bear in mind that Meta is the name for the overarching company Mark Zuckerberg leads. Facebook the app will keep the same name, as will Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger.
The name is mainly cosmetic, as Zuckerberg didn't announce any changes to his company's corporate structure. Investors should also note that the stock will trade under a new ticker symbol: MVRS.
Speaking of investing, anyone looking to pour money into their future should watch out. A handful of fake investment apps are scamming victims out of tons of money. Tap or click here to spot phony investment apps that are waiting to steal your hard-earned cash.
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