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OALibJ Vol.8 No.11 , November 2021
Liver Cirrhosis Investigation Using Abdominal Ultrasound as Gold Standard Test and Some Bioclinical Markers with Different Levels of Diagnostic Accuracy in Chronic Liver Disease Patients between 1990 and 2004 at Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Serge Malenga Mpaka1,2, Aliocha Nkodila Natuhoyila1,3*, Michel Lelo Tshikwela2, Sébastien Mbendi Nsukini4, Charles Mbendi Nlombi4, Simon Mbungu Fuele1, Antoine Tshimpi Wola Yaba4, Venant Tchokonte-Nana5, Augustin Nge Okwe5, Ingrid Cecile Djuikoue5, Etienne Mokondjimobe1, Benjamin Longo-Mbenza1,6
1 Department of Public Health, Lomo University of Research, Kinshasa, DR Congo.
2 Department of Radiology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo.
3 Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of Protestante in Congo, Kinshasa, DR Congo.
4 Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo.
5 Anatomy and Comparative Anatomopathology, University of Montagnes, Bangangte, Cameroon.
6 Department of Cardiology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo.
Abstract: Liver cirrhosis (LC) is an ultimate phase of chronic liver disease. The infor-mation from the abdominal ultrasound (aUS) is one of complementary biological and clinical tests of LC assessment in the lack of liver biopsy. The aim of this study was to compare levels of diagnostic accuracy of some bio-clinical markers for LC detection using an abdominal ultrasound as a surrogate Gold standard. This was a mixed approach of consecutive patients treated for gut diseases between 1990 and 2004 at Lomo Center. LC diagnosed by aUS and confirmed by histopathology was compared to LC diagnosed by Bioclinical tests under ROC, Chi-Square, and Logistics regression (for accuracy diagnosis, Sensitivity, Specificity, AUC, and kappa) at p < 0.05. Out all aged 47.8 ± 14.3 years, 71% men and 29% women with sex ratio of 3M:1W were evaluated. The prevalent aUS LC cirrhosis was 43.5%. Only excessive alcohol intake (aOR = 3.5; 95%CI 1.4 - 8.8), leg oedema (aOR = 5.3; 95% CI 2.2 - 12.8), and icicle sign (aOR = 15.1; 95% CI 5.2 - 44) were the most important and signifi-cant independent determinants of aUS LC. For more, only ERS ≥ 60 mm/1st H (aOR = 10.5; 95% CI 1.3 - 82.4; P = 0.025), AST ≥ 60 IU/L (aOR = 10.4; 95% CI 1.3 - 84), indirect bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dL (aOR = 6.7; 95% CI 1 - 44.7), pro-thrombin < 60% (aOR = 12; 95% CI 1.7 - 86.8), haemoglobin < 10 gr/dL (aOR = 17; 95% CI 1.4 - 202), and NLR ≥ 3 (aOR = 38.4; 95% CI 3.2 - 456) were the most significant and important independent determinants of aUS LC. The non-invasive aUS combined with the current clinical spectrum and biomarkers might be used as a surrogate Gold standard test for the management of chronic liver disease in poor Central Africa.
Keywords: Ultrasound, Liver Cirrhosis, Haematological and Biochemical Tests, Diagnostic Performance, Central Africa
The importance of liver in the metabolism and the haemostasis is very well established whereas Liver cirrhosis (LC), a public health issue worldwide, is an ultimate stage of chronic liver disease [1] [2] [3]. The burden and the underlying causes of LC were reported 4 years ago worldwide: the prevalence of LC had increased 74.53% from 1990 to 2017 with ASR increasing 0.75 per year in emerging countries (middle-high and high socio-demographic index in particular). In older publications from France, the prevalence of LC is estimated between 2000 and 3300 cases per million inhabitants, with an annual incidence of 150 to 200 cases per million, the number of deaths estimated at 1500 per year, and main causes such as excessive Alcohol intake (50% to 75%), Hepatitis virus C infection (15% to 25%), and Hepatitis B virus infection (5%) [4] [5] [6]. In developing countries in general [7] and in DR Congo (DRC) in particular [8], more particularly in Africa, this condition seems to be linked to Viral Hepatitis, chronic alcoholism and undernutrition [9]. Before 1990, the management (etiological, diagnostic, assessment report, medical decision, and monitoring) of LC in DRC was based exclusively on medical interview, physical/clinical examination and rare laboratory data (biomarkers). The introduction of abdominal ultrasound (aUS) in Kinshasa has profoundly changed the diagnostic strategies for LC.
Based on high diagnostic accuracy of aUS to detect LC in comparison with liver biopsy/Golden, [10], its information is a useful supplement to the clinical and laboratory workup in the LC first line in the poor DR Congo [11]. Indeed, pathologists and liver biopsy are not available for the diagnosis of cirrhosis [12]. Thus, this study was initiated with the aim at identifying and assessing the diagnostic performance of LC-related behaviour risks, symptoms, signs, haematological and biochemical test compared to aUS surrogate Gold standard.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Setting and Design
This was a mixed (secondary analysis, cross sectional, imaging, series) approaches of consecutive patients treated for chronic liver disease according the flowchart (Figure 1). The secondary analysis retrospectively collected demographics and Bioclinical data from the medical records of patients treated between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 2004 at the gastroenterology unit of the department of internal medicine, University Clinics of Kinshasa (CUK), municipality council of Lemba, city of Kinshasa province, DRC. Were eligible (target population), the patients attending consecutive series of follow up for different liver conditions in the same period and the 3 settings of the study period.
2.2. Study Population
The study population concerned all patients Liver cirrhosis in the city of Kinshasa. The sampling was exhaustive to include all consecutive patients was logically considered (no calculated size in a huge clinical population ≥ 30 patients for epidemiological studies).The following clinical variables of interest were preceded: age, gender, abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, physical asthenia, jaundice, fever, melena, collateral circulation, clinical hepatomegaly, liver pain, firm consistency of the liver; the irregular surface of the liver, sharp edge, prehepatic dullness, declining dullness; wave sign, icicle sign, and ascites.
Figure 1. Flow chart of the mixed analysis.
The following blood tests from the routine laboratory methods (circulating biological/haematological and biochemical measures or biomarkers) were also considered: haemoglobin, haematocrit, white cells count, erythrocyte rate sedimentation (ERS), prothrombin, liver transaminases activities (AST and ALT), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, total protein, albumin, and fibrinogen.
All aUS examinations were performed within 1 week of the liver histopathology from the Service of Anatomopathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, DRC, using Prosound SSD-5000SV (Aloka Co., Wisconsin, USA) equipped with a 3.5 - 5.0 MHZ convex probe at LOMO Center, Kinshasa Limete, DRC. The aUS findings made by the first author (SMM unaware of the aUS, clinical, and biomarkers diagnoses) during the cross-sectional study were reviewed by two seniors in imaging research (LMB and MLTSH, co-promotors of the first author) among 30 patients (perfect inter-observer variability, validity, and objectivity).
Using ultrasongraphy, the LC was defined by aUS score graded according to the gallbladder, the right kidney, the liver echogenicity, and the spleen (disharmonious changes in the size of the liver, finely bumpy liver contours, macronodules easier to visualize than micronodules/1 to 3 mm, hepatic parenchyma being homogeneous or heterogeneous).
2.3. Statistical Analysis
Systematic cleaning of the file data was carried out by LOMO Team throught of the completeness test and the consistency test for the harmonization and validation of the data. To assess the diagnostic accuracy of each clinical and biological parameter, Receiver-Operating characteristics (ROC) curves were obtained and the areas under the ROC curves (AUC with standard error and 95% confidence intervals/CI) were computed using the sensitivity, the specificity, and the Kappa static. The univariate analysis used a contingency table to compare the proportions by Chi-square while the Student-Test compared the means of different quantitative variables between 2 groups (group for LC as the dependent variable vs. group of clinical and biomarkers/independent variables) with Odds-ratio (OR) and 95% CI. Then, after excluding some confusion variables out the equation, the multivariate Logistics binary regression analysis was to identify the most important and significant independent determinants(adjusted OR and 95%CI) of LC. All analyses were computed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (New York, USA), Version 25 (NEW YORK, USA). P < 0.05 was the difference for statistical significance.
2.4. Ethical Considerations
The data was collected anonymously and confidentially. The privacy and personality of the respondents were safeguarded. The three fundamental principles of ethics were respected at the time of the study: the principle of respect for the person, that of beneficence and that of justice.
In total, the data of 200 patients were reviewed.
3.1. General Characteristics of Patients
The study population was divided into 142 men and 58 women with a sex ratio close to 3 Men: 1 Woman. The mean age was 47.8 ± 14.3 years (range 16 and 82). Out of the democraphics, risky behavior, and the clinical data, Table 1 presents some significant (P < 0.05) univariate associated clinical factors of aUS LC in the study population such as male sex, age ≥ 45 years, presence of abdominal bloating, leg oedema, excessive alcohol intake, resonant tympanic abdomen, wave sign and icicle sign. However, the rest of clinical variables of interest were not (P > 0.05) associated with aUS LC (results not presented).
Table 1. Univariate associated clinical factors of aUS LC in the study population.
After excluding confounders (age, sex, resonnant tympanic abdomen and wave sign) out the equation of the multivariate logistics binary regression analysis, only excessive alcohol intake (adj. OR ≈ 4; P < 0.01), leg oedema (adj. OR = 5; P < 0.0001) and icicle sign (adj. OR = 15; P < 0.0001) were the most important and significant independent determinants of aUS LC in the study population (Table 2). Thus, the prediction of aUS LC at clinics university of Kinshasa might be under the following equation Y = −2.783 + 4x Excessive alcohol intake (yes) + 5X Leg oedema (yes) + 15X Icicle sign (yes).
3.2. Independent Discriminant Clinical Spectrum
After adjustment in multivariate analysis of logistic regression, excessive alcohol intake (aOR: 3.5 95% CI: 1.4 - 8.8), leg oedema (aOR: 5.3 95% CI: 2.2 - 12.8) and the jaundice sign (aOR: 15.1 95% CI: 5.2 - 44) were independent factors predicting liver cirrhosis (Table 2).
3.3. Diagnostic Accuracy/Performance of Circulating Hematologic and Biochemical Biomarkers
Except for hematocrit and the significant and high diagnostic accuracy detecting aUS LC were age ≥ 45 years, ERS ≥ 60 mm/1st H, indirect bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dL, prothrobin < 60%, hemoglobin < 10 g/dL, white cells count < 4000/mm3, lymphocyte < 20%, albumin < 30 g/L, total protein < 70 g/L, fibrinogen < 150,000 mg/dL, AST ≥ 60 IU/L, ALT ≥ 55 IU/L, GGT ≥ 45 IU/L, neutrophils ≥ 80% and NLR ≥ 3 (Table 3).
3.4. ROC Curve of Biomarkers Predicting the Diagnosis of Liver Cirrhosis
Figures 2(A)-(D) show the ROC curve of biomarkers predicting the diagnosis of Liver cirrhosis.
Table 2. Independent discriminant clinical spectrum of the presence and the absence of liver cirrhosis (LC) among all patients.
Figure 2. (A) ROC curve of biomarkers: (a) Age ≥ 45 years; (b) Neutrophile ≥ 80%; (c) ERS ≥ 60 mm/1st H; (d) GGT ≥ 45 IU/L; (B) ROC curve of biomarkers: (a) AST ≥ 60 IU/L; (b) ALAT ≥ 55 IU/L; (c) Indirect Bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dL; (d) Hemoglobin < 10 gr/Dl; (C) ROC curve of biomarkers: (a) White Cells < 4000/mm3; (b) Lymphocytes < 20%; (c) Prothrombine < 60%; (d) Albumine < 30 gr/L; (D) ROC curve of biomarkers: (a) Total Protein < 70 gr/L; (b) Fibrogen < 150 mg/dL; (c) NLR ≥ 3.
Table 3. Diagnostic accuracy/performance of circulating hematologic and biochemical biomarkers for Liver Cirrhosis (LC) compared to abdominal ultrasound (aUS) among all patients suffering chronic liver disease using ROC.
3.5. Univariate Analysis at Comparing Mean Values of Biomarkers between
Indeed, the mean levels of hemoglobin, white cells count, lymphocytes, prothrombin, fibrinogen, albumin and total protein were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the presence of aUS LC than thoses in the absence of aUS LC whereas the mean levels of ERS, neutrophils, NLR, GGT, AST and ALT were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the presence of aUS than those in the absence of aUS LC (Table 4).
3.6. Independent Discriminant Laboratory Data of Liver Cirrhosis
In not including neutrophils and lymphocytes within the equation. After excluding confounders (age, white cells count, total protein, albumin, fibrinogen, GGT and ALT), out the equation of the multivariate Logistic binary regression analysis only ERS ≥ 60 mm/1st H (adj. OR ≈ 11; P < 0.055), AST ≥ 60 IU/L (adj. OR = 10; P < 0.059), indirect bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dL (adj. OR = 7; P < 0.05), prothrombin < 60% (adj. OR = 12; P < 0.05), hemoglobin < 10 g/dL (adj. OR = 17; P < 0.05) and NLR ≥ 3 (adj. OR = 38) were the most important and significant independent determinant of aUS LC (Table 5).
Thus, the prediction of aUS LC at Clinics University of Kinshasa might be under the following equation Y= −6.911 + 11 × ERS ≥ 60 % (yes) + 10 × AST ≥ 60 IU/L (yes) + 7 × indirect bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dL (yes) + 12 × prothrombin < 60% (yes) + 17 × hemoglobin < 10 g/L (yes) + 38 × NLR ≥ 3 (yes).
Table 4. Univariate analysis at comparing mean values of biomarkers between the presence (n = 27) and the absence of Liver Cirrhosis (LC).
Table 5. Independent discriminant laboratory data of the presence and the absences of Liver Cirrhosis (LC) among all patients.
The present study compared the levels of diagnostic accuracy of some Bioclinical markers for Liver cirrhosis (LC) detection using a abdominal ultrasound as a surrogate Gold standard because of its very high sensitivity [13] and the increasingly rare indications for liver biopsy for histopathological study [14].
4.1. Demographic Data and Risky Behaviour
In this study population, the male vulnerability was very marked for aUS LC. The sex ratio was 3 men: 1 woman. Indeed, the male vulnerability was also reported in Italian patients from Europe [15], some sub-African countries [16], and in Pakistan from Asia [17]. Excessive alcohol consumption, one of the significant independent determinants of aUS LC in the present study, was also reported higher risk for liver cirrhosis in men than in women from Italy [18].
This study from DRC and the studies from other African countries demonstrated elsewhere in Africa [19], patients with hepatic cirrhosis and primary liver cancer are young adults [20] [21]. In Europe, on the other hand, LC patients are older around 60 years [2] [13]. However, Shaista et al. in Pakistan from Asia, found an average age of 39.54 ± 12.77 years [22] and younger than a mean age of 51.5 ± 13.2 years of LC patients from the DRC study and age of 45 years from Republic of Central Africa [23] where men do more drink excessive alcohol/binge than women do [24].
4.2. Bioclinical Parameters Discriminating in Hepatic Cirrhosis
There are many controversies on clinical examination of the liver and some blood liver tests related to LC with and without aUS [25] [26] [27] [28]. The researchers from the present work and those from the literature (Singini REF) do analyse age, gender, abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, physical asthenia, jaundice, fever, melena, collateral circulation, clinical hepatomegaly, liver pain, firm consistency of the liver; the irregular surface of the liver, sharp edge, prehepatic dullness, declining dullness; wave sign, icicle sign, liver surface nodularity, ascites, and blood tests such as haemoglobin, haematocrit, white cells count, erythrocyte rate sedimentation(ERS), prothrombin, liver transaminases activities (AST and ALT), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, total protein, albumin, and fibrinogen.
Non-disturbance of hepatic tests (AST and ALT) has already been reported in Africans with liver cirrhosis in Bangui in the Central African Republic [29]. Hung Sub Lee et al in Korea, in a study on the prediction of liver cirrhosis by ultrasound and usual blood biomarkers in 2010, also recorded non-disturbance of liver transaminases activities [30].
4.3. Diagnostic Performance of Biomarkers to Detect Liver Cirrhosis versus aUS
Thanks to the evidence from the literature [31] [32] [33] [34] and to our knowledge, the present study used ROC and multivariate logistics binary analysis to show high to excellent diagnostic accuracy of age ≥ 45 years, haemoglobin < 10 gr/dL, white cell count < 4000/mm3, neutrophils ≥ 80%, lymphocytes < 20%, ERS ≥ 60 mm/1st H, albumin < 30 gr/L, GGT ≥ 45 IU/L, AST ≥ 60 IU/L, ALT ≥ 55 IU/L, indirect bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dL, total protein < 70 gr/L, fibrinogen < 150 mg/dL, NLR ≥ 3 to detect aUS LC.
The present study had the following strengths: LC might be predicted by routine blood tests without special equipment, experienced physicians reviewed non-invasive and affordable cost aUS, liver biopsy obtained, findings of 30 patients to objectify the subjective sonographic images, mean measures during the cross-sectional approach, and mathematical models with DRC-specific cut-offs of analysed biomarkers.
However, the present study had limitations to some degree as follows: a retrospective secondary approach without calculated sample size/number of patients relatively small, lack of sequential measurements of representative values during a follow-up, Coupling Doppler to ultrasound, and gray-scale would have allowed the definition of portal hypertension and portal vein thrombosis [35] in hepatic cirrhosis [36].
The non-invasive aUS combined with the current clinical spectrum and biomarkers might be used as a surrogate Gold standard test for the management of chronic liver disease in poor Central Africa.
The development of the model consisting of ERS ≥ 60 mm/1st H, AST ≥ 60 IU/L, indirect bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dL, prothrombin < 60%, haemoglobin < 10 gr/dL, and NLR ≥ 3 may be useful at identifying aUS LC with a high level of accuracy in daily practice Clinics of University of Kinshasa, DRC in combining interview, clinical examination, ultrasound and blood biomarker testing to improve LC management.
We thank all who participated in the study.
SMM and ANN designed and analyzed the statistical data for the study. MLT, SMN, CMN, SMF, ATW, VTN, ANO, ICD, EM and LMB supervised the study. All authors have read and approved the final and revised version of the manuscript.
Cite this paper: Mpaka, S.M., Natuhoyila, A.N., Tshikwela, M.L., Nsukini, S.M., Nlombi, C.M., Fuele, S.M., Yaba, A.T.W., Tchokonte-Nana, V., Okwe, A.N., Djuikoue, I.C., Mokondjimobe, E. and Longo-Mbenza, B. (2021) Liver Cirrhosis Investigation Using Abdominal Ultrasound as Gold Standard Test and Some Bioclinical Markers with Different Levels of Diagnostic Accuracy in Chronic Liver Disease Patients between 1990 and 2004 at Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Open Access Library Journal, 8, 1-15. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1108070.
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Many golf players would definitely love to have productive and useful golf bags. One of the most famous brands are Callaway Golf bags. Callaway is one of the leading companies that provide good quality and useful golfing bags. Callaway offers a wide range of different types bags, each of them have different features, functions, and uses. One of their models that you should consider is the Dawn Patrol.
Dawn Patrol Stand Bags are indeed an ideal item for golfers that want to reach their equipment quickly and easily. The intuitive design, and multiple pockets make this bag an ideal choice.
This model has ample storage capacity and you can ensure that all your equipment are secured and in the right place. The product comes with a 3-point shoulder strap. It also comes with many pockets that can optimize the storage capacity of the item.
This Callaway golf bag can give you the best carrying support for your golfing essentials while playing golf.
It also comes with numerous pockets and storage dividers that can give you the capacity to organize all your equipment.
It comes with full length and 3 point shoulder straps to ensure efficient support to all your materials. The 3 point shoulder straps can make you feel comfortable while carrying the bag.
Once you activate the stand, it will support itself. The stand is useful and it does not tip over easily.
It also includes holders that you can use to hold water bottles and many more.
It is much cheaper than previous Dawn Patrol models. Many prefer the multiple slots, to easily organize their clubs. It is extremely light compared to other bags in its class.
The cost of this Callaway bag is quite higher than other brands of golf club bags. Some have commented that the shoulder straps are "cheaply" made compared to the previous version.
As of now, this stand bag from Callaway obtained a total of 4.2 stars out of 5 stars. It has a lot of positive feedback and reviews from many golf players who have actually purchased it.
As you have seen above, the Dawn Patrol by Callaway is a high quality product. There are other products in its class that are cheaper and offer a better value, but you can't go wrong with this product. Callaway does a great job of making quality products, and they got it right with this golfing bag.


TripAdvisor, the travel planning and booking website, has announced the winners of its Travelers' ChoiceTM Awards for Sites of Tourist Interest. The annual awards were determined using an algorithm that takes into account the quantity and quality of comments and classifications of the sites of interest in the world, over a period of 12 months. The awards announced 706 sites of interest in 82 countries.
Spain has ten winning sites of interest, half of them are in Andalucía. Three of them are recognized with prizes among Europe and two belong to the world's top 10: The Mezquita-Cathedral of Cordoba has been awarded as the best site of interest in Europe and Spain and has the 3rd position worldwide. Travelers describe this historic place as "stunning and unique", "a must see" and "a magical place".
The Plaza de España, in Seville, also stands out with the 2nd national position, 4th of Europe and 9th in the world. This monument has received excellent opinions from travelers, such as "essential", "precious" or "surprising". The Alhambra, in Granada, has been recognized as the 3rd best in Spain and 12th in Europe. "Magnificent work of art", "history in its pure state" or "imposing" are some of the descriptions that the Alhambra has received. Real Alcazar and the Cathedral, in Seville, have been awarded nationally with the 5th and 9th place, respectively. The national ranking is completed by the Basilica of the Sagrada Familia, Casa Batlló, and Magic Fountain (Font Màgica), in Barcelona, the Royal Palace of Madrid, and Le Seu Cathedral in Palma de Mallorca.


text:
Covid-19 Alert
Covid: Mumbai mayor warns against gatherings during festivals, cites third wave
The Maharashtra chief minister and health minister have also asked residents to stay at home during the Ganesh Chaturthi festival.
Scroll Staff
Sep 07, 2021 · 07:43 pm
Mumbai Mayor Kishori Pednekar. | Kishori Pednekar/Instagram
Mumbai Mayor Kishori Pednekar urged residents to celebrate the Ganesh Chaturthi festival at their homes and warned them about the third wave of the coronavirus pandemic, the Hindustan Times reported.
"The third-wave [of Covid-19] is not coming, it is already here," she told reporters. "It has already been declared in Nagpur."
Pednekar was referring to a comment by Nagpur Guardian Minister Nitin Raut who on Monday claimed that the city had entered third wave of the pandemic.
On Monday, Nagpur had recorded 12 new cases – the first instance of cases reaching double digits in recent weeks.
Pednekar's warning about Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations came a day after Maharashtra Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray asked residents to avoid gatherings during festivals.
The Ganesh Chaturthi festival, which begins on September 10. The festival is celebrated over 10 days on a large scale in Maharashtra and devotees typically gather in large number in public spaces.
Thackeray had also said that the third wave of Covid-19 was "at our doorsteps".
On Tuesday, state Health Minister Rajesh Tope said that the third wave was "looming large" and urged people to follow Covid-19 protocols, NDTV reported.
There has been no official word from the Union health ministry on whether India has indeed entered the third wave of the coronavirus.
In August, the Centre's vaccination panel chief, NK Arora, had said he did not think the third wave of Covid-19 infections will hit the country in September-October.
However, data showed that there had been an uptick in the Covid-19 cases in Maharashtra.
The weekly positivity rate in the state climbed to 2.71% during the week, ending on September 4, as compared 2.58% during the last week of August, according to News18.
On Tuesday, the state recorded 3,898 fresh Covid-19 cases at a daily positivity rate of 11.77%. As many as 86 people died due to the infection, ANI reported, citing government data.
In August, the Maharashtra government had banned all public gatherings, including the formation of human pyramids, during the traditional Dahi handi event held on Janmashtami festival.
The Union home ministry had on August 28 written to states and Union Territories, advising them to take measures to avoid large gatherings during the upcoming festive season and, if required, impose local restrictions.
Covid-19: Bharat Biotech to launch intranasal vaccine on January 26

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Last seen on May 26, 1976, Raymundo Gleyzer was an insurgent documentarian who, in collaboration with his wife Juana Sapire and itinerant filmmaking collective Cine de la Base, used insurgent filmmaking to challenge capitalism during his native Argentina's decline into fascism. Gleyzer, who was among the 30,000 people disappeared by the military junta that would rule Argentina (with the support of the U.S.-backed Operation Condor) until 1983, left behind two feature-length films and a litany of polemical shorts. In Argentina, May 27 is now recognized as the Day of the Documentary Filmmaker in his honor.
While Gleyzer's filmic influences included Glauber Rocha, Nelson Pereira dos Santos, and Joris Ivens, he also sought to sidestep the glories associated with auteur filmmaking. (Following a presentation at the Cinémathèque Française in which Gleyzer's short films were programmed alongside Jean-Luc Godard's LA CHINOISE, the two filmmakers engaged in a spirited debate, as Gleyzer found Godard's film inaccessible and clouded by its uneasy Maoism.) Operating beyond the mainstream Argentine film industry, Cine de la Base strove to make movies for the compañeros in the fields and factories, taking the films on tour to poor neighborhoods, laborer communities, and peasant enclaves. The work stands in equal opposition to the Hollywood dreck being shoved down the developing world's throats then and now, as well as to the jargon-intensive experiments that have dominated the Western canon's dalliances with leftist cinema.
After Gleyzer's kidnapping at the hands of right-wing paramilitary forces, his wife Juana Sapire fled to Peru (and later Manhattan) with their toddler son Diego. Back in the States, his friend and producer Bill Susman, who had volunteered to fight in the Abraham Lincoln Brigades during the Spanish Civil War, circulated a call to action among the American film community for his release. The signatories were a who's-who of 1970s filmmakers, critics, and programmers, including Elia Kazan, Francis Ford Coppola, "Terry" Malick, Judith Crist, Jane Fonda, New Yorker Films founder Dan Talbot, and many others – further testimony to Gleyzer's stature in his own lifetime. The relative obscurity of Gleyzer's work in the decades after the fact serves as testament to the incendiary threat he posed to the fascist regime. Anthology is pleased to exhibit this near-complete retrospective, featuring several brand-new digital restorations supervised by Gleyzer's widow Juana Sapire at the Instituto Nacional de Cine y Artes Audiovisuales, as well as a handful of 16mm prints.
Guest-curated by Steve Macfarlane, who also wrote the introduction and all film descriptions. Special thanks to Juana Sapire, and to Elena Rossi-Snook (New York Public Library for the Performing Arts).


The Sasquatch Genome Project has been an exciting turn of events in terms of Bigfoot research. Through extensive research and collection of evidence Texas veterinarian Dr. Melba Ketchum and her team of researchers have apparently proven the existence of Sasquatch. This project claims to have proven the existence of Sasquatch / a new species, with plenty of evidence, even DNA evidence.
Proving the existence of Sasquatch / Bigfoot changes the landscape in terms of evolutionary theory and where humans fit into that scenario. The idea of the existence of a species like Sasquatch of course begs many questions maybe the least of which is the notion of an intervention of some kind in terms of the human species.
Interview with Dr. Swenson about the Sasquatch Genome Project on the Joe Rogan show.
Great interview about the Sasquatch Genome Project with David Paulides, the author of the 411 series.
Somewhat dated, but trying to show both sides, not bad short documentary about evidence for Bigfoot / Sasquatch on the North American Continent.
This entry was posted in Bigfoot / Sasquatch. Bookmark the permalink.


SACRAMENTO, Calif.–Oil industry executives clinked glasses and patted each other on the back today, congratulating themselves on the staggering $11 million spent on lobbying efforts in California during the third quarter of 2015. Several executives were overheard praising their own efforts to defeat climate change and clean energy legislation intended to improve public health, reduce dependency on oil, and ensure the preservation of a livable climate for future generations.
The $11 million in lobbying expenditures were largely devoted to removing petroleum provisions from SB 350 (De León), and eclipsed the $10 million spent by the industry on the Yes on Prop 23 campaign in 2010, an unsuccessful effort to repeal AB32, California's landmark climate legislation passed in 2006.
Although SB 350 was signed into law by Governor Jerry Brown and will ensure California continues to lead the nation on energy efficiency and in the generation of electricity from renewable sources, a provision requiring a 50 percent reduction in petroleum use in the state over the next 15 years was removed from the final bill. A core group of moderate Democrats were largely seen as responsible for the removal of the petroleum provision after lobbying efforts by Big Oil swayed their vote.
With fourth quarter lobbying expenditures not due until early 2016, it remains unclear whether or not Big Oil will set a new record for annual lobbying dollars spent by any industry in California history. Click here for an infographic highlighting all the laws the oil industry successful defeated this legislative session.
Published on November 04, 2015 by Sarah Golden.


5/12/2018 · POF is the preferred singles dating app because you can view matches AND communicate with them for FREE (unlike the paid dating apps). Unlike smaller dating apps, POF has the most users and thus, the highest chance for you to find your relationship!... To Download POF Free Dating App For PC,users need to install an Android Emulator like Xeplayer.With Xeplayer,you can Download POF Free Dating App for PC version on your Windows 7,8,10 and Laptop.
To Download POF Free Dating App For PC,users need to install an Android Emulator like Xeplayer.With Xeplayer,you can Download POF Free Dating App for PC version on your Windows 7,8,10 and Laptop.... 18/07/2017 · Here's how to use Spark, POF's in-app feature that enables a user to easily initiate a conversation. Download POF in the App Store now to get started.
18/07/2017 · Here's how to use Spark, POF's in-app feature that enables a user to easily initiate a conversation. Download POF in the App Store now to get started.... To Download POF Free Dating App For PC,users need to install an Android Emulator like Xeplayer.With Xeplayer,you can Download POF Free Dating App for PC version on your Windows 7,8,10 and Laptop.
18/07/2017 · Here's how to use Spark, POF's in-app feature that enables a user to easily initiate a conversation. Download POF in the App Store now to get started.... 18/07/2017 · Here's how to use Spark, POF's in-app feature that enables a user to easily initiate a conversation. Download POF in the App Store now to get started.
5/12/2018 · POF is the preferred singles dating app because you can view matches AND communicate with them for FREE (unlike the paid dating apps). Unlike smaller dating apps, POF has the most users and thus, the highest chance for you to find your relationship!
To Download POF Free Dating App For PC,users need to install an Android Emulator like Xeplayer.With Xeplayer,you can Download POF Free Dating App for PC version on your Windows 7,8,10 and Laptop.


text:
How To: Play the intro to "Under the Bridge" by the RHCP
By daylightspool
Want to know how to play the introduction to "Under the Bridge" by Red Hot Chili Peppers on the guitar? Learn how with this free video guitar lesson. While this tutorial is best suited for intermediate players, guitarists of all skill levels can play along given a little sticktoitiveness. For more information, and to get started playing RHCP's "Under the Bridge" on your own guitar, watch this how-to!
How To: Play "Under the Bridge" by the Red Hot Chili Peppers on guitar
How To: Play "Under the Bridge" by Red Hot Chili Peppers
How To: Play "Don't Tell Me" by Avril Lavigne on the guitar
How To: Play "Californication" by RHCP on guitar
How To: Play "Smells Like Teen Spirit" by Nirvana on the guitar
How To: Play "Sweet Home Alabama" on the electric guitar
How To: Play "Le Freak" by Chic on the bass
How To: Play "Island in the Sun" on the ukulele
How To: Play "My Happy Ending" by Avril Lavigne on the guitar
How To: Play the intro to Stevie Ray's "Love Struck Baby"
How To: Play "Band on the Run" by Wings / Paul McCartney
How To: Play "Complicated" by Avril Lavigne on the guitar
How To: Play "Truth" by Seether on acoustic guitar
How To: Play the intro to Enter Sandman on guitar
How To: Play "I'm with you" by Avril Lavigne on the guitar
How To: Play "Say Goodbye" by Skillet on guitar
How To: Play "Eleanor Rigby" by The Beatles on guitar
How To: Play a blues based intro to 11th position on harmonica
How To: Play the intro from "The Winner Takes It All" by ABBA
How To: Play "Bleed It Out" by Linkin Park on guitar
How To: Play "Breathless" by Corinne Bailey Rae on guitar
How To: Play "Gives You Hell" by The All American Rejects
How To: Play "Make It Mine" by Jason Mraz on guitar
How To: Play "Hot N Cold" by Katy Perry on guitar
How To: Play The Smiths "There Is A Light That Never Goes Out"
How To: Play "Hurt" by Johnny Cash (NIN cover) on guitar
How To: Play "Until You're Mine" by Demi Lovato on guitar
How To: Play "Decoy" by Paramore on guitar
How To: Play "One Step At A Time" by Jordin Sparks
How To: Play "History" by The Verve on guitar
How To: Play "People Are Crazy" by Billy Currington on guitar
How To: Play the intro to "Space Dementia" by Muse on piano
How To: Play intro of "Welcome to the Black Parade" on piano
How To: Play "Year 3000" by Jonas Brothers on piano
How To: Play the intro solo to "Welcome Home (Sanitarium)"
How To: Play the intro to "That'll Be the Day" without a capo
How To: Play the intro to "Crazy Train" on electric guitar
How To: Play "Things I'll Never Say"by Avril Lavigne on guitar


Refugee - Duration: 4 minutes, 20 seconds.
A.J. Khaw "When Sunshine Ends" piano solo Sep 6, 2011 - Duration: 5 minutes, 37 seconds.
A.J. Khaw "Refugee" piano solo Sep 2, 2011 - Duration: 3 minutes, 40 seconds.
"C.E. Slime"/"She Used To Sing The Blues" - A.J. Khaw and Lucas Kane Hall - The Bitter End, New York - Duration: 5 minutes, 45 seconds.
Gian-Carla Tisera: South North Blues | Blues del Sur Norte - Duration: 6 minutes, 34 seconds.
Fun Blues - Duration: 9 minutes, 58 seconds.
Fungii Mama - Duration: 7 minutes, 48 seconds.
Sonido Batido - Endless war - Duration: 10 minutes.


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Rosa Tamarkina (23 de março de 1920 – 5 de agosto de 1950) foi uma pianista soviética, premiada com o segundo prémio do Concurso Internacional de Piano Frédéric Chopin em 1937.

Biografia
Tamarkina nasceu numa família judaica em Kiev e começou a aprender piano quando era muito jovem. A mãe dela tinha ouvido musical, mas não tocava. Rosa era a menina mais nova da família e desde tenra idade mostrou impressionantes habilidades musicais. Aos 5 anos, matriculou-se na secção infantil do Conservatório de Kiev, onde, durante cinco anos (1928-1932), a sua professora foi Nadezhda Markovna Goldenberg.

Entre 1932 e 1935 foi estudante na secção especial infantil do Conservatório de Moscovo. Completou o curso superior no Conservatório em 1940, como licenciada na aula de piano de Alexander Goldenweiser. Continuou os seus estudos com a Goldenweiser e mais tarde (1943-1945) com Konstantin Igumnov.

Amarkina começou a aparecer em público aos 13 anos, tendo ouvintes e críticos sido surpreendidos com a maturidade do seu desempenho, temperamento e virtuosismo. A partir de 1933, desenvolveu a sua carreira como concertista na Rússia. As suas primeiras gravações foram lançadas em 1935: Rigoletto Paraphrase de Liszt e Rapsódia Húngara n.º 10. O seu início bem-sucedido foi observado em Pravda: "... o trabalho da pianista Rosa Tamarkina, aluna do Professor Goldenweiser, deixa uma impressão absolutamente inesquecível. A Rapsódia Nº 10 na sua performance é um evento musical... "Independentemente de ter interpretado Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, Scriabin, Rachmaninoff ou especialmente Chopin, a sua compreensão da obra era adequada, cheia de nobre simplicidade, charme e poesia natural.

Em dezembro de 1936, Tamarkina tornou-se a vencedora do Segundo Concurso de Músicos da União Soviética. Foi selecionada como a mais jovem membro da equipa soviética a competir no Terceiro Concurso Internacional de Piano Federico Chopin, 8 realizada em Varsóvia de 21 de fevereiro a 12 de março de 1937. Tamarkina participou no Concurso Internacional de Piano Frédéric Chopin  aos 16 anos. Mesmo depois da Primeira Fase ficou claro que ela estava na corrida para um prémio. Por fim, o júri, composto por pianistas de renome como Emil von Sauer, Wilhelm Backhaus, Heinrich Neuhaus, Józef Turczyński, Józef Omidowicz e Jerzy Ourawlew, atribuiu-lhe o seu segundo prémio.
O professor Piotr Rytel escreveu: "Mais jovem [...] Que a Zak, a Sra. Rosa Tamarkina... quando se trata da sua relação interna com a música, poderia até superar Zak. [...] Dezasseis anos e já tão excelente técnica, complexidade e facilidade." Neuhaus escreveu: "Rosa Tamarkina causou uma sensação real no concurso, não só por causa da sua idade. Apesar da sua tenra idade, é sem dúvida uma pianista perfeitamente madura e perfeitamente consciente. O Backhaus gritou-me: "Isto é maravilhoso."

Em 1946, Tamarkina começou a dar aulas no Conservatório de Moscovo, o que limitou muito o número de aparições em concertos. Em celebração ao centenário da morte de Chopin em outubro de 1949, realizou-se um concerto no Grande Salão do Conservatório de Moscovo, onde Tamarkina interpretou o Concerto de Chopin em Fá menor. Esta foi a sua última aparição na fase antes da sua morte por cancro aos 30 anos, em Moscovo, em 1950.

De 1940 a 1944 Rosa Tamarkina casou-se com o pianista Emil Gilels.

Tamarkina é lembrada hoje pelas suas brilhantes interpretações das obras de Chopin (Fantasia em fá menor, Scherzos em bi bemol menor e dó sustenido menor, Polonaise em fá menor, Sonata n.º 3 em sol maior e Concerto em fá menor), Franz Liszt (Sonata em si menor, Valsa Mefisto, Rapsódia Húngara n.º 10, Rigoletto Concert Paraphrase), Schumann (Fantasia em dó maior) e Rachmaninoff (Concerto para piano n.º 2 em dó menor). Suas numerosas gravações incluem Fantasia e fá menor de Chopin e o Scherzo em fá menor.

Bibliografia

Pianistas da Rússia
Alunos do Conservatório de Moscovo
Naturais de Kiev
Mortes por linfoma

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
angular.module('easyFin4uApp')

	// inject the Todo service factory into our controller
	.controller('socialController', ['$rootScope','$scope','$http','$location',
		function($rootScope, $scope, $http,$location, loginServices) {
			$scope.formData = {};
			$scope.messagePresent = false;
			$scope.loading = true;

			$scope.fbLogin = function() {
				$http.get('/auth/facebook')
				.success(function(response){
					// No error: authentication OK
					$rootScope.user = response.user;
					$scope.messagePresent = true;
					$scope.message = response.message;
					$location.url('/fdDetails');
				})
				.error(function(response){
					// Error: authentication failed
					$scope.messagePresent = true;
					$scope.message = 'Authentication failed!';
					$location.url('/');
				});
			 };

	}]);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Your child can learn to play chess well, even if you don't play. Our fun and engaging learning environment makes learning much faster than traditional methods. Chess is 99% tactics, and your child will learn them on ZoomChess, without ever picking up a book. From beginner to tournament champion... you'll see why thousands of kids around the world choose ZoomChess!
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Cero evidentemente no es gran cosa, sin embargo en inglés hay muchas maneras distintas de pronunciarlo.
My telephone number is 08-210-503.
This morning we had 5 degrees below zero.
In summer the temperature is usually well above zero.
There are six noughts in a million.
There are three noughts in my telephone number.
The match ended 3-0 (three - nil).
Last time they lost 0-1 (nil - one).


On heating at temperature upper then Af and then cooled at room temperature, the initially quenched structure of the Cu - Al - Ni SMA changes significantly. These changes in the structure depend essentially of the heating speed and the maximal temperature reached. Consequently, the martensitic transformation temperatures rise up. In the present study, two modes of processing are applied on the alloy: a slow heating and cooling, and an isothermal treatment at 400 °C during several times and then cooled quickly to room temperature. The samples are observed by metallographic method and analyzed by XR diffraction. The mode of transformation of the parent phase b1 into the equilibrium phase is also determined.
Durcissement structural par laser YAG-Nd+3 de l'alliage de Titane " T40 "


If, as pilgrims, you have ever planned to travel the English Way from the town of Ferrol or from A Coruña, you may know that you will not be able to get the compostela on your arrival at the cathedral of Santiago. The reason is that to get the accreditation, which is delivered in the temple, it is necessary to have traveled at least 100 kilometers on foot (for example from Tui or from Sarria) or double, 200, by bicycle, which leaves out to the pilgrims of the English Way.
Although not comparable to the number of pilgrims that each year moves the French Way, the North Way or the Portuguese, the English Way is experiencing a greening in recent years and the interest to travel is increasing. This, added to the efforts of revitalization that are being made from the authorities, has led the mayors of A Coruña, Martiño Noriega, and Santiago de Compostela, Xulio Ferreiro, to visit the cathedral to make a formal request.
Both authorities have personally transferred to the dean of the cathedral, Segundo Pérez, a petition accompanied by a report from the area of Tourism of the Council of A Coruña on which are based the motives that shape this demand. The dean has show to be in favor, but has clarified that the final decision corresponds to the Cabildo of Santiago de Compostela, a college of priests who exercises the priestly ministry in the cathedral.
La noticia que apareció hace unos días solo involucra a la variante desde A Coruña. Desde Ferrol no tienes ningun problema. Que lo disfrutes !


text:
The Lazarus Project 2022 Tv Series Review and Trailer
Byacinetv
Ican tell you the exact moment I stopped understanding time travel. Or at least, when I started understanding that I would never understand time travel – no way, no how, not never. It was in the Cannon cinema, Catford, in 1989, about an hour into Back to the Future II, when Doc turns to his blackboard and draws a diagram of branching timelines and loops explaining to Marty what's going on. As my mathematically minded younger sister leaned forward, agog at this intoxicating glimpse of a new world to conquer, I began to wave a sad goodbye to a body of knowledge I had barely known existed until then, but knew in the same moment would never be mine. These days, I struggle with the mere fact that the time depicted as the future in that film – 2015 – is now seven years in the past, although it is the intimations of mortality it brings, rather than the maths, that mentally crushes me now.
But oh, how I love a timebending anything: film, play, book, TV series! Although the mechanics will forever elude me, I have learned you don't have to understand them to enjoy the slaloming freedom that the disapplication of all known laws provides. Just go with it. It is in this spirit that I embrace The Lazarus Project (Sky Max), the new offering from Giri/Haji's creator Joe Barton, and beg forgiveness from him and you, readers, for any misunderstandings, misinterpretations and mistakes in what follows.
App developer George (I May Destroy You's Paapa Essiedu) wakes up on 1 July, bounds off to a meeting with the bank, where is he approved for a loan for his latest idea, then comes home to the happy news that his girlfriend Sarah (Charly Clive) is pregnant. They get happily married and stay happy for about six months, until a global Mers pandemic breaks out and Sarah sickens.
He reawakens on 1 July. Panicked and disoriented, he blows the meeting and instead of an app and a baby, spends the next six months researching hazmat suits and developing what looks like paranoia about an impending virus sweeping the country. He meets a mysterious stranger, who seems to understand what he is going through and hands him her card. If it happens again, she tells him, look her up.
It does, he does, and then we are properly away. She (Archie, played by Anjli Mohindra) is part of the Lazarus Project, a secret organisation made up of people who can travel through time and remember they have done so. Most have this ability induced in them, but Shiv (Rudi Dharmalingam) – like George – is a "mutant" who was born with it. They are led by kindly yet steely Wes (an unexpectedly and brilliantly cast Caroline Quentin) who – uh – harnesses the power of a singularity in space to reset the world whenever its annihilation is imminent. The latest was when the Mers outbreak reached tipping point. Before that, it was our own pandemic. "You got a vaccine in nine months," says Archie. "Do you think we didn't go back?"
At first, George throws himself into this new, heroic life and is all exuberant training montages and tracking down bad guys with stolen nuclear missiles. But, of course, cracks begin to appear in the apparently virtuous setup. The veteran Shiv warns him that everything they are seeing will catch up with him eventually, and the question of how much reality – how many layers of the stuff and how many repeats of it – a man can bear gains traction as the near-misses mount.
There is also Revrov (a great performance from Tom Burke, who appears from episode two onwards), a former Lazarus Project agent gone rogue. He is the catalyst for the show's exploration of the ever-pertinent matter of what a terrorist is and who gets to define them. The Lazarus Project declares itself an unfettered good. Should we always take those convinced of their own righteousness at their word?
When tragedy intrudes upon George's life, the tensions are torqued further as the question of individual happiness versus the collective good, that staple of the time-travel genre (would you, should you, go back and kill baby Hitler?), comes into play.
It is as gripping, fun and stylish as the acclaimed Giri/Haji, without quite its narrative innovation. But it is stuffed with good performances, knotty problems and is compelling enough to keep even those of us who, much as we may wish otherwise, don't quite understand what's going on coming back for more.
Accused 2023 Tv Series Review and Trailer
Extraordinary 2023 Tv Series Review and Trailer
By acinetv


The MetLife Resources Consultant Forum is an event that brought together consultants from across the country for a day and a half of education and networking with colleagues and 403(b) retirement industry experts. This event was supposed to take place in Chicago this year, but was cancelled.
I designed a series of materials for these events, which includes a logo, save the date card, invitation/agenda, a banner for an email template (576 x 166 pixels; see above), and binder cover (not shown).


text:
package com.breadwallet.crypto.events.wallet;

public final class WalletCreatedEvent implements WalletEvent {

    @Override
    public <T> T accept(WalletEventVisitor<T> visitor) {
        return visitor.visit(this);
    }
}


text:
Smart grows global team with Group Director of M&A hire
Paul Toon joins Smart as plans for US-based and international M&A activity ramps up
Smart, a leading global retirement technology provider, announced that Paul Toon has joined the company as the Group Director of M&A, a newly created role. Paul will be responsible for overseeing and executing all aspects of acquisition globally.
Paul's role is critical to Smart as its appetite for growth accelerates. Paul joins Smart from Legal & General Investment Management where he led Corporate Development and oversaw a number of acquisitions and divestments during his tenure.
This news comes after the US team recently added six experienced professionals to its bench including a CFO and Head of Business Transformation, a Chief Experience Officer, and Heads of Platform Technology, Compliance, Marketing and Employer Experience.
Since Smart entered the US in October 2020, the company has continued to expand, naming its first US Board of Directors and announcing an investment round of $228M led by Chrysalis Investments.
This positive momentum will continue in Q1 2022 as Smart has plans to announce a key partnership.
Jodan Ledford, Smart US CEO, said:
"This is an exciting time for Smart, as we have had stellar organic growth to date and recently closed on $228M in funding. Paul will help us continue these strides and undoubtedly be a key member of our team as we expand our presence across the US."
Michelle Darracott, Group Strategy Director at Smart, said:
"Paul's wealth of experience in M&A will see him play an instrumental role in Smart's growth; we're thrilled to have him on board."
Paul Toon, Group Director of M&A at Smart, said:
"I'm delighted to join such a dynamic organization as Smart, leading the disruption of an industry to improve outcomes across the world. With the global retirement market valued at more than $55 trillion, the opportunities are clear. I am convinced that the trajectory of the firm, combined with its international expansion, will drive a great acquisition pipeline for us as we look to achieve our global growth goals."
Smart is a global savings and investments technology provider. Its mission is to transform retirement, savings and financial well-being, across all generations, around the world.
Smart partners with financial institutions (including broker-dealers, RIAs, retirement providers, insurers, asset managers, banks) and financial advisers to deliver retirement savings and income solutions that are digital, customized, and cost-efficient.
Smart, founded in the UK, operates in the USA, Europe, Australia and the Middle East with close to a million savers entrusting over $3 billion** in assets on the platform. Smart supports its clients with a 650 strong global team and saw over 2,000%* growth in assets on its platform since 2018.
Legal & General, J.P. Morgan, the Link Group, Barclays, Natixis Investment Managers, Chrysalis Investments, and DWS Group are all investors to date in Smart.
For more information, please visit www.smartretire.com.
Media Contact for Smart:
Jacqueline Silva
Caliber Corporate Advisers for Smart
Jacqueline@calibercorporate.com


text:
Patrick's shame By Thandi Mkhatshwa
Forums > AFRIBLOGs > Patrick's shame By Thandi Mkhatshwa
Patrick's shame
By Thandi Mkhatshwa
Published on Tue, May 19 2009 by Thandi Mkhatshwa
Patrick (named changed to protect identity) met a girl on the streets of Tintswalo, a rural township in South Africa, after visiting his uncle during the school holidays. He proposed his love to her, and she gladly accepted it on the spot. "She had all the beauty in all the right places," Patrick said. The eighteen-year-old has never used a condom since he becoming sexually active at the age of fifteen. "Sex with a condom is like eating an unpeeled banana," he explained, raising his voice. "Skin on skin is hot and heavy," he continued.
According a counselor at LoveLife youth centre in Acornhoek, South Africa, Patrick is just many of the men who don't believe in using condoms. " Most people don't believe in using condoms because they think they won't catch the HIV/AIDS virus," said Hosana Mnisi, seated in her counseling room where she tests people for their HIV status. "This is sad because we are losing many of our sisters and brother in the process. People want to believe that there is AIDS once they have proof and that proof comes after they test HIV positive."
Statistics by the UNAIDS indicates that, South Africa has an estimated 5.5 million people living with HIV virus, the highest total of any country. About 1000 people die each day.
A month passed by without him laying eyes on his princess. Eventually, he went out with his friends on a boy's night out, and he saw her shaking it on the dance floor at a tavern.
Patrick approached his girl and asked her to go home with him, but she refused. "Duties needed to be fulfilled, so I forced her by slapping her on the face and I pulled her outside of the shebeen (tavern)," Patrick said. He then went home with the girl and handled his business.
According to the police, Patrick's actions could have landed him in jail. "In any situation where a by woman is forced against her will to have sex, it is considered by the law to be rape, but unfortunately some women don't report such cases because this is usually done to them by their boyfriends or husbands, " says Police Inspector Mathebula of the Domestic Violence Unit at Acornhoek. "If a woman says no, men must understand that she means no! This a huge problem around here because most men don't respect their women!"
Research by the analysis of the South African police service Annual Crime Statistics report indicates that – in South Africa - a woman is raped every ten minutes, and that one is beaten up every four minutes." Furthermore, Institute for Security Studies, one out of every three women in South Africa?? will be raped or suffer violent crime in their lifetime. Moreover, one out of every two women suffer from domestic violence. And if those statistics are not frightening enough, only 1 in 25 rapists is convicted.
The girl never laid a charge of rape against Patrick, but something else caught up with him. After a few days, he started to feel a burn on his manhood when he urinated. The pain become stronger as days went by, and he started to develop a discharge. Any move he made was like stepping on fire. "It was like someone was choking my manhood," he explained.
Patrick was not keen on going to the hospital, saying that their medicine was not effective enough. He had a Sangoma (traditional healer) aunt, but he was too afraid to ask for her help. "It's almost impossible to tell your elders that you are hitting it," he said, laughing. "My aunt thought of me as this young and innocent young man who was still virgin as far as she was concerned, I couldn't tell her that I was not all of that. Every parent thinks of their kids as these young and innocent beings, if they knew what we got up to everyday out there, they would faint."
Patrick did not fool his Aunt Helen, the Sangoma. She saw through his funny walk, baggy pants and odd sleeping schedule. "I deal with his type everyday," she said. "Western medication can control the pain from STI's, but it can not completely cure it. Many people come to us because traditional healers have a cure for this kind of a problem."
Eventually, Patrick gave in and asked for help, and his aunt gave him a 2 litre bottle of Muthi (traditional medicine), which he drank everyday for a month.
Revenge was all Patrick could think about when he thought of his girl who infected him the STI disease. He went in search of her until he found her. He conned her into going home with him to his uncle's house where he locked his room, took out a hammer and hammered her ribs and used a plier to pull her fingers and toes. She cried and denied that she infected him, but he wanted to teach her a lesson. "No one messes with me and gets away with it," Patrick said confidently.
It was Patrick's mistake,? for he thought the girl would take it lying down, but she didn't. The girl went and reported him to her bother. The brother several of his friends ensured that Patrick received a beating that put him in hospital. Until this day, Patrick is afraid to show his face in Tinswalo.


It is gathered as the erstwhile Deputy National President of Nigeria Labour Congress, NLC, Comrade Issa Aremu, has declared that the re-election of President Muhammadu Buhari in 2019 general election was sure, sacrosanct and non-negotiable.
Aremu made this declaration during the official opening of Buhari Campaign Organisation, BCO, secretariat, in Ilorin, the Kwara State capital, yesterday.
The labour leader stressed that what Nigeria needed at this time was a coalition of all patriots for national development not just for power grabbing sake.
He said: "President Buhari has done very well in all aspects of governance, and that is why his re-election, come 2019, is sacrosanct and non negotiable.
Comrade Aremu, who chronicled various spectacular achievements of President Muhammadu Buhari from 2015 up till date, said the President has surpassed his predecessors in terms of quality service delivery.
He described President Buhari as a labour friendly leader who thought outside the box by providing bailout on three consecutive times, including Paris fund, to all state governors for payment of the backlog of workers' salaries.
Describing the initiative as the first of its kind in the history of the country, Aremu also commended President Buhari for setting up Minimum Wage Committee to review the N18,000 minimum wage.
He hinted that negotiations were ongoing and expressed confidence that the committee would come up with a good package for Nigerian workers soon.
Aremu noted that the President's commitment in fighting corruption was encouraging and worthwhile, adding that corruption was an extraordinary situation which required extraordinary action the exact way President Buhari was handling it the country.
In his remarks, Kwara State Coordinator of Buhari Campaign Organisation, BCO, Comrade Abubakar Al-Hassan Sulaiman, disclosed that 99 percent of Kwaran population was behind the re-election of President Muhammadu Buhari in the forthcoming general elections in 2019.
In Photos!!: 10 Things That Are Too Real For Anyone Who Had A Nigerian Principal!


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A warrior so fearsome even Jabba the Hutt called him "mighty," Chewbacca is a force of nature in combat.
Chewbacca uses his Bowcaster to fire charged shots at his enemies and his physical strength to pummel and smash close targets. He is hardy enough to withstand even the most powerful attacks.
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A driving force behind the Rebellion, Princess Leia is one of the galaxy's greatest commanders and a skilled soldier.
The sinister ruler of the Galactic Empire is a daunting opponent. The Emperor's mastery of the dark side allows him to wield terrifying powers against the forces of good.
The savage bounty hunter isn't fighting for causes and principles. He's here to get paid.
Lando might be known for his charm and wit, but he's also one of the most clever and capable fighters in the galaxy.
Few are more feared than the mysterious, intimidating Boba Fett, one of the galaxy's most accomplished warriors.
Yoda is an expert at turning defense into attack, using the Force to repel blaster fire, heal his wounds, and protect him from harm while using his lightsaber to inflict damage.
Kylo Ren knows the raw power of evil, and commands the dark side of the Force with a rage worthy of his grandfather, Darth Vader.
As a hero of the Resistance, Finn can take his allies undercover behind enemy lines or hold his ground to defend their objective. His skill with a blaster makes him a formidable opponent.
The commanding officer of the First Order, she has an answer for every situation, ensuring she'll win any mission.
A towering Kaleesh cyborg, the mere presence of General Grievous causes unease amongst his enemies.
Obi-Wan is a Jedi Master and General of the Galactic Republic. During the Clone Wars, he commanded the 212th Attack Battalion and defeated General Grievous on Utapau.
Once trained by Grand Master Yoda, Count Dooku turned his back on the Jedi Order with a thirst for more power and devoted himself to the dark side.
Padawan to Obi-Wan Kenobi, Anakin Skywalker became a Jedi Knight during the Clone Wars.
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SAN FRANCISCO, CA—The San Francisco Symphony's (SFS) 2017–18 Music for Families series, designed to introduce children and their parents to the wonders of live orchestral music, kicks off Saturday, December 2 with Stringing It All Together: The Elements of Music-Making. Conductor Daniel Bartholomew-Poyser leads the SFS in exploring the building blocks of music: pitch, rhythm, melody, harmony, and dynamics. The musical selections of the evening feature an eclectic mix of styles and genres, chosen to illustrate that all music, no matter how complicated it may sound, can be broken down into these five basic building blocks. The program includes Brahms' Hungarian Dance No. 5 in G minor, Prokofiev's March from The Love for Three Oranges, Bartholomew-Poyser's arrangement of Bob Marley's Is this Love, Gershwin's "I Got Rhythm" from Girl Crazy featuring soprano Ann Moss, and more. The concert's short musical excerpts—perfectly sized for growing music lovers—are accompanied throughout the concert by visuals and interactive activities with the conductor and musicians.
Prior to each concert, families receive a free downloadable activity guide to enhance musical discovery at home, both before and after the live concert. An hour before each performance families are invited to explore an array of activities through the Davies Symphony Hall lobbies, including instrument petting zoos, where families can get an up-close look at the instruments they see on stage; a conductor photo station where children can strike a pose as the maestro of the Symphony; piano mats where families can compose their own tunes by hopping from one key to the next; coloring stations where children can unleash their inner artist with music-themed drawings, and much more.
Music for Families performances continue this season on Saturday, February 3 with Music Around the World: Asia, in which Resident Conductor Christian Reif leads the SFS in exploring the unique sounds of Asian musical traditions, including Chinese folksongs and Indonesian percussion. On April 28, Reif and the SFS present Work Hard, Play Hard: The Life of Composers and Conductors, which gives a glimpse into the diverse backgrounds and creative lives of great American composers and conductors, including Leonard Bernstein, Aaron Copland, and others. The 2017–18 Music for Families series wraps up on May 19 with an exciting program titled The Bold and the Brave, which explores what happens when composers think outside the box to create music with completely new and surprising sounds. The concert features Christian Reif conducting the SFS in works by Haydn, Stravinsky, and John Cage, and gives the audience an opportunity to help the orchestra create a brand-new musical spectacle together.


The following publications are available to download as PDF files. Please note that some of the documents are quite large and may take several minutes to download depending upon the speed of your internet connection.
Seyle, D.C., Widyatmoko, C.S., & Silver, R.C. (2013). Coping with natural disasters in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A study of elementary school teachers. School Psychology International, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 387-404. Download.
Widyatmoko, C.S., Tan, E., Seyle, D.C., Mayawati, E.H. & Silver, R.C. (2011). Coping with natural disasters in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: The psychological state of elementary school children as assessed by their teachers. School Psychology International , Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 484-497. Download.
Gelkopf, M., Ryan, P.M., Cotton, S.J., & Berger, R. (2008). The Impact of "Training the Trainers" Course for Helping Tsunami-Survivor Children on Sri Lankan Disaster Volunteer Workers. International Journal of Stress Management , Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 117-135. Download.
Silver, R.C., Ryan, P.M., & Skiadas, T.E. (2012). Feature: Psychology Beyond Borders. The California Psychologist , September/October Issue. Download.
This Report is the 2nd Edition of the White Paper, Managing the Psychology of Fear and Terror: Strategies for Governments, Service Providers and Individuals. This White Paper was the outcome of the first International Assembly on Managing the Psychology of Fear and Terror convened by Issues Deliberation Australia / America (IDA) in Austin, Texas in 2004. Download.
A report prepared for Psychology Beyond Borders by: Theresa Betancourt, ScD, MA, Ivelina Borisova, MEd, Julia Rubin-Smith, MSPH, Tara Gingerich, JD, MA, Timothy Williams, MSW and Jessica Agnew-Blais, BA. The Research Program on Children and Global Adversity, Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard School of Public Health. Download.
A manual prepared with the support of PBB funding by: The Society for Community Research and Action (SCRA), a Division of the American Psychological Association (APA). Download.
The objectives of this pilot study were to modify existing Psychological First Aid (PFA) materials so they would be appropriate for use with institutionalized elders, to evaluate the feasibility of using nursing home staff to deliver the intervention to residents, and to solicit feedback from residents about the intervention. Research conducted by: Lisa Brown, PhD, Martha Bruce, PhD, MPH, Kathryn Hyer, PhD, MPP, Whitney Mills, BA, Elizabeth Vongxaiburana, MA, & LuMarie Polivka-West, MSP. Download (or for a brief report Download here).


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Yuri Kuznetsov currently living in Orange County, CA. Born 1961 in Russia, graduated 1986 from the highly acclaimed and renowned Mukhina Art Academy in Saint Petersburg. From 1990 through 1998 Yuri toured Russia and Germany exhibiting his art with the "Guild of Beautiful, a group of young professional artists and poets from Sochi. In 1998 Yuri competed "People to People International Art Ambassador Program" As a winner of the competition, Yuri was invited to the United States to Northridge University in California. Since then, Yuri has been living in Orange County, CA continuing his colorful and whimsical paintings for patrons of his art. He uses acrylic and oil on canvas.
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text:
National Household Education Survey, 2005 (ICPSR 4599)
Version Date: Mar 13, 2007 View help for published
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United States Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics. National Household Education Survey, 2005. Ann Arbor, MI: [distributor], 2007-03-13. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR04599.v1
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United States Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics
National Household Education Survey (NHES) Series
https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR04599.v1
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Summary View help for Summary
The National Household Education Survey (NHES) reports on the condition of education in the United States by collecting data at the household level rather than using a traditional, school-based data collection system. The surveys attempt to address many current issues in education, such as preprimary education, school safety and discipline, adult education, and activities related to citizenship.
This survey included three topical survey components.
The Early Childhood Program Participation Survey addressed the nonparental care and program participation of preschool children, that is, children from birth through age six and not yet enrolled in kindergarten or higher grades. The survey collected information on all of the child's current, regular care arrangements, such as care by a relative or by someone not related to the child, in a private home as well as at a day care center or preschool, including Head Start. Information was collected about the number of hours per week or per month that the child received nonparental care, as well as parental perceptions of the factors associated with choosing such care. Other information was collected on topics such as educational activities at home, emerging literacy and numeracy, the child's characteristics (including health and disability status), and parent/guardian and household characteristics. Interviews were completed with parents of 7,209 preschool children.
The After-School Programs and Activities Survey focused on children enrolled in kindergarten through eighth grade who were aged 15 years or younger. Parents reported on the after-school arrangements in which their children participated, including care by relatives or nonrelatives in a private home, after-school programs in schools or centers, activities that might provide adult supervision in the after-school hours, and children's self-care. Other information includes reasons for choosing parental care, the child's characteristics (including health and disability status), and parent/guardian and household characteristics. Interviews were conducted with the parents of 11,684 students.
The Adult Education Survey measured participation in the following types of formal educational activities: English as a Second Language (ESL), basic skills and General Education Development (GED) preparation courses, college or university degree or certificate programs, vocational or technical diploma programs, apprenticeship programs, courses or training for work-related reasons, and personal-interest classes or courses. In addition, information was collected on participation in informal learning activities for personal interest. The survey also gathered information on employer support for educational activities. Detailed information about educational attainment, employment, and household characteristics was also collected from both participants and nonparticipants. Adults aged 16 and older who were not enrolled in twelfth grade or below, who were noninstitutionalized, and who were not serving on active military duty were eligible for this survey. Interviews were completed with 8,904 respondents, 4,732 of whom had participated in formal educational activities in the past year and 4,172 of whom had not.
Citation View help for Citation
Subject Terms View help for Subject Terms
adult education after school programs basic skills caregivers child care child development early childhood education educational programs English as a Second Language families Head Start home environment home schooling households parental attitudes preschool children school age children
Geographic Coverage View help for Geographic Coverage
Scope of Project
Time Period(s) View help for Time Period(s)
Date of Collection View help for Date of Collection
2005-01 -- 2005-04
Sample View help for Sample
National sample of households.
Universe View help for Universe
National sample of household members in the United States.
Unit(s) of Observation View help for Unit(s) of Observation
Early Childhood Program Participation: Parents of infants, toddlers, or preschoolers.
After-School Programs and Activities: Parents of children in kindergarten through eighth grade.
Adult Education: Adult respondents.
Method of Data Collection View help for Method of Data Collection
Mode of Data Collection View help for Mode of Data Collection
computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI)
Response Rates View help for Response Rates
The overall unit response rates for the Screener, the ECPP Survey, the ASPA Survey, and the AE Survey are 66.9 percent, 56.4 percent, 56.3 percent, and 47.6 percent, respectively.
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2018-02-15 The citation of this study may have changed due to the new version control system that has been implemented. The previous citation was:
U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD EDUCATION SURVEY, 2005. ICPSR04599-v1. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Education, Institute of Education Sciences [producer], 2006. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2007-03-13. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR04599.v1
Analysis Information
Weight View help for Weight
Since no data intended for analysis were collected at the household level only, household-level weights were calculated solely for use as a basis for computing person-level weights for the analysis of the extended interview data.
Weights for Early Childhood Program Participation (ECPP) and After-School Programs and Activities (ASPA) Data
The same methodology was used for creating person-level weights for the ECPP data as for the ASPA data. The first step in developing the person weights for the ECPP and ASPA surveys was to account for the probability of sampling the child's domain in the given household. The second adjustment accounted for the probability of sampling the child from among all eligible children in the given domain. The application of these two adjustments to the household weight created a person-level base weight for the ECPP and the ASPA interviews.
The next step involved adjusting the person-level base weight for nonresponse to the ECPP or ASPA interviews. Nonresponse adjustment cells were created using age/grade combinations: children aged 0, children aged 1, children aged 2, unenrolled children aged 3 through 6, preschoolers, kindergartners, and children enrolled in each single grade for first grade through eighth grade. Enrolled children with no grade equivalent were included in the cell containing the modal grade for their age, that is, they were assigned to the grade in which most children their age are enrolled. For each cell, the ratio of the weighted number of eligible sampled children to the weighted number of responding children was then computed. This ratio was multiplied by the person-level base weight to create the nonresponse-adjusted, person-level ECPP and ASPA interview weight.
The final stage of weighting for the ECPP and ASPA data was a raking adjustment. The raking procedure is carried out in a sequence of adjustments. First, the weights are adjusted to sum to the totals on one marginal distribution (or dimension) and then the adjusted weights are further adjusted to sum to the totals on the second marginal distribution, and so on. One sequence of adjustments to the marginal distributions is known as a cycle or iteration. The procedure is repeated until convergence of weighted totals is achieved.
Weights for Adult Education (AE) Data
Four adjustments were made to the household-level weight to compute the person-level weight for the AE data. The first adjustment accounted for the probability of sampling adults in the household. The second adjustment was used to account for the probability of selecting the adult from among all adults in the household in the sampled educational attainment by participation domain (e.g., adult education participants with less than a high school diploma). The application of these two adjustments to the household weight created a person-level base weight for the AE data.
The third adjustment for the AE interview person-level weights was the nonresponse adjustment. The nonresponse-adjusted weight was adjusted in the final step to national totals using a raking procedure. The control totals for raking the AE weights were obtained from the March 2004 Current Population Survey (CPS). The four dimensions for the raking cells were (1) a cross of the adult's race/ethnicity (Black/non-Hispanic alone/Hispanic/other) and household income ($10,000 or less/$10,001-$25,000/$25,001 or more), (2) a cross of age (16-29 years/30-49 years/50 years or more) and sex, (3) a cross of Census region (Northeast/Midwest/South/West) and urbanicity (urban/rural), and (4) a cross of home tenure (rent/own or other) and highest educational attainment (less than high school diploma/high school diploma or equivalent/some college). These raking dimensions were used because they include important analysis variables (e.g., educational attainment) and characteristics that have been shown to be associated with telephone coverage (e.g., race/ethnicity).
The public-use data files in this collection are available for access by the general public. Access does not require affiliation with an ICPSR member institution.
This study is maintained and distributed by the Child and Family Data Archive (C&F Data Archive). C&F Data Archive hosts datasets about young children, their families and communities, and the programs that serve them. The C&F Data Archive is supported by Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation (OPRE), an office of the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.