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BMW Group, Intel et Mobileye s'associent pour développer la conduite totalement autonome d'ici 2021
De nouveaux services à la mobilité en environnement urbain basés sur des flottes d'automobiles autonomes. BMW Group, Intel et Mobileye créent une plateforme ouverte destinée à la prochaine génération d'automobiles, afin de créer la technologie autonome la plus sûre, depuis la condamnation des portes jusqu'aux bases de données. Les trois sociétés partagent la même vision et le même objectif pour aligner l'industrie sur une plateforme de standards communs, afin de lancer rapidement sur le marché des véhicules totalement autonomes.
BMW Group, Intel, and Mobileye are joining forces to make self-driving vehicles and future mobility concepts become a reality. The three leaders from the automotive, technology and computer vision and machine learning industries are collaborating to bring solutions for highly and fully automated driving into series production by 2021. The future of automated driving promises to change lives and societies for the better. But the path to get to a fully autonomous world is complex and will require end-to-end solutions that integrate intelligence across the network, from door locks to the data center. Transportation providers of the future must harness rapidly evolving technologies, collaborate with totally new partners, and prepare for disruptive opportunities.
Together with Intel and Mobileye, the BMW Group will develop the necessary solutions and innovative systems for highly and fully automated driving to bring these technologies into series production by 2021. The BMW iNEXT model will be the foundation for BMW Group's autonomous driving strategy and set the basis for fleets of fully autonomous vehicles, not only on highways but also in urban environments for the purpose of automated ridesharing solutions.
BMW Group, Intel and Mobileye are convinced that automated driving technologies will make travel safer and easier. The goal of the collaboration is to develop future-proofed solutions that enable the drivers to not only take their hands off the steering wheel, but reach the so called "eyes off" (level 3) and ultimately the "mind off" (level 4) level transforming the driver's in-car time into leisure or work time. This level of autonomy would enable the vehicle, on a technical level, to achieve the final stage of traveling "driver off" (level 5) without a human driver inside. This establishes the opportunity for self-driving fleets by 2021 and lays the foundation for entirely new business models in a connected, mobile world.
On July 1, 2016, the three partners were present at the BMW Group Headquarters in Munich to express their commitment to strive for an industry standard and define an open platform for autonomous driving. The common platform will address level 3 to level 5 automated driving and will be made available to multiple car vendors and other industries who could benefit from autonomous machines and deep machine learning.
The companies have agreed to a set of deliverables and milestones to deliver fully autonomous cars based on a common reference architecture. Near term, the companies will demonstrate an autonomous test drive with a highly automated driving (HAD) prototype. In 2017 the platform will extend to fleets with extended autonomous test drives.
"Today marks an important milestone for the automotive industry as we enter a world of new mobility. Together with BMW Group and Intel, Mobileye is laying the groundwork for the technology of future mobility that enables fully autonomous driving to become a reality within the next few years," said Mobileye Co-Founder, Chairman and CTO Professor Amnon Shashua.
"Mobileye is proud to contribute our expertise in sensing, localization, and driver policy to enable fully autonomous driving in this cooperation. The processing of sensing, like our capabilities to understand the driving scene through a single camera already, will be deployed on Mobileye's latest system-on-chip, the EyeQ®5, and the collaborative development of fusion algorithms will be deployed on Intel computing platforms. In addition, Mobileye Road Experience Management (REM) technology will provide real-time precise localization and model the driving scene to essentially support fully autonomous driving."
Intel brings a comprehensive portfolio of technology to power and connect billions of smart and connected devices, including cars. To handle the complex workloads required for autonomous cars in urban environments Intel provides the compute power that scales from Intel® Atom™ to Intel® Xeon™ processors delivering up to a total of 100 teraflops of power efficient performance without having to rewrite code.
"Highly autonomous cars and everything they connect to will require powerful and reliable electronic brains to make them smart enough to navigate traffic and avoid accidents," said Intel CEO Brian Krzanich. "This partnership between BMW Group, Intel and Mobileye will help us to quickly deliver on our vision to reinvent the driving experience. We bring a broad set of in-vehicle and cloud computing, connectivity, safety and security, and machine-learning assets to this collaboration enabling a truly end to end solution."
With its Strategy Number ONE > NEXT, the BMW Group has developed its framework to remain the driving force behind premium individual mobility. This approach will become driving reality with the BMW iNEXT model in 2021, heralding a new era of mobility.
"At the BMW Group we always strive for technological leadership. This partnership underscores our Strategy Number ONE > NEXT to shape the individual mobility of the future," stated Harald Krüger, Chairman of the Board of Management of BMW AG. "Following our investment in high definition live map technology at HERE, the combined expertise of Intel, Mobileye and the BMW Group will deliver the next core building block to bring fully automated driving technology to the street. We have already showcased such groundbreaking solutions in our VISION NEXT 100 vehicle concepts. With this technological leap forward, we are offering our customers a whole new level of sheer driving pleasure whilst pioneering new concepts for premium mobility."
Source : BMW


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St. Edith Stein: Seeking After the Fullness of Truth
Marc Laudonio August 22, 2016 August 22, 2016 A Moment of Truth...all summer No Comments
St. Edith Stein:
Seeking After the Fullness of Truth
The month of August features many wonderful saints whom are celebrated on the liturgical calendar. I think St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross, who is honored on August 9th, is one of the most powerful, compelling saints of our time. She is a beautiful testimony to the reality of God's love revealed in Jesus Christ to us moderns who can be so skeptical of the truth and fearful of giving our lives over to He who is Truth. As such, I would like to share her story.
'If I Forget You, Jerusalem, Let My Right Hand Wither': Judaism, Atheism, Searching for Truth
Edith Stein was born in 1891 in Breslau, Germany, which is in modern day Poland, the youngest of seven children, into an Orthodox Jewish family. Her family was exceedingly faithful in prayer, synagogue attendance, and living the Jewish faith of their ancestors. However, by age 13, she abandoned her Jewish faith and proclaimed to everyone that she was an atheist. She had been educated by people who subscribed to rationalism: the belief that only that which can be scientifically observed can be proven. She concluded that Judaism could not be proven, therefore, she must reject it.
As a teenager, it became evident that she was tremendously bright. She was already very interested in politics, in particular calling for women to have the right to vote. At age 14, she dropped out of school because an anti-Semitic teacher didn't give her a deserved top ranking. She completed her studies with private tutoring and entered the University of Breslau at age 20, one of the first women admitted to a major university in Germany. She eventually transferred to the University of Gottingen, Germany to study a new approach in philosophy, called 'phenomenology' which attempted to elevate the study of psychology by integrating observation, theory, and human reason.
She studied under the man who had developed this new approach of 'phenomenology', Edmund Husserl, and became his number one protégé and eventually collaborator. She sought out phenomenology because she wanted to discover a way to think deeply rooted in truth, and felt that this approach, which emphasized observing everything without prejudice or emotional blinders, would be the best way to discover truth. Later in life she would write that she was seeking truth, and that when anyone seeks truth they are seeking after God, whether they are aware of it or not.
'In The Fullness of Time': Discovering the Truth of Jesus Christ
She eventually finished her doctorate at the University of Freiburg with highest honors at age 25. That puts her right in the middle of the tumultuous years of World War I. At that time she was already beginning to explore Judaism, Protestantism, and Catholicism. In fact, a number of her Jewish friends had already become Christians, mostly Lutheran. In 1917 (age 26) she went to visit one of her close Jewish Christian friends, who had just lost her husband in the war, to offer her condolences. To her amazement, the woman was not overcome with sorrow but possessed a calmness that she could not grasp. Later she would write, 'It was then that I first encountered the Cross and the divine strength which it inspires in those who bear it.'
That event shattered her atheism, and even her original Judaism was overshadowed by the mystery of Christ's redemptive suffering and victory over death. The next few years were a time of both hesitation and intense exploration for something that would fill her heart as well as satisfy her mind. She began to read the spiritual exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola, initially simply as a psychologist but over time she began to truly pray them as someone thirsting for God.
One evening she was visiting some friends and discovered the autobiography of the great Carmelite mystic from the 16th century, St. Teresa of Avila, The Life. She read the whole thing in one night and joyfully realized: 'That is the truth I've been searching for!' The next morning she bought a Catholic catechism and a missal for Mass and very soon went to Mass for the first time. After Mass she asked the priest to baptize her. He asked her where she had received her instruction in order to be qualified to be baptized and she simply smiled and told him he could question her about her understanding of the faith. She was baptized six months later at age 30, which left her mother, whom she had grown closer to over the years, devastated.
Authentic Womanhood: Lived & Taught by Edith Stein
By this time she was an extremely well-renowned philosopher and writer but decided to take a teaching position at a Dominican school in Speyer, Germany. She was a pretty tough teacher but at the same time helpful to her students in their studies as well as their personal lives, especially reaching out to girls who were lonely or homesick. She also helped the poor of Speyer, very much under the radar.
She wrote about women both as professionals in society and as persons having dignity equal in God's eyes to men, focusing on the ethics of the female professions and on the supernatural vocation of women. She also trained Dominican nuns preparing to be teachers. She thoroughly immersed herself in the study of Catholic philosophy, and her translations and commentaries led to public lectures, so she continued to maintain a rather high profile.
'Open Wide the Portals of My Heart': Edith Stein's Call to Religious Life
Soon after her baptism, she had felt called to be a Carmelite nun, but since she was so well-known and had such great influence her spiritual directors persuaded her to postpone entering the convent since she was doing such a great deal of good in her teaching. Furthermore, they also knew that would absolutely crush her mother. In those years of teaching, writing, lecturing, etc. she still deepened her life of prayer by reading Scripture, praying the Liturgy of the Hours, and immersing herself in the liturgical life of the Church.
At age 41, she was appointed lecturer at the Institute of Scientific Pedagogy at Munster, Germany. A year or two later in 1933, the Nazi regime forced her to resign and she was no longer permitted to lecture publicly. Now was the time, her spiritual director said, for her to enter the Carmelite order, which she then did in Cologne, Germany later that year. She had had opportunities to flee to London or South America, but she chose instead the extremely probable path of suffering and very consciously chose to offer her life both for her fellow Jews and their persecutors.
Her mother, age 84 at the time, was completely wrecked by her decision to enter the Carmelites, especially since she knew she would never see her daughter again, since Carmelite convents are cloistered. Her mother ended up dying three years later, having responded to Edith's letters only after a silence of two years. When she entered the Carmelites she took the religious name Teresa Benedicta of the Cross.
She had never really cooked, sewed, or done much housework and the like before entering the convent but saw all these things that make up much of convent life as a great school of humility that she needed to counteract the countless honors she had received. She was very cheerful and full of laughter in the convent but living the simple life of the community was a great sacrifice since she was now well into her 40s and had to learn the radical obedience and self-denial that comes in living the religious life.
Her superiors did allow her to continue to write (mostly booklets and pamphlets), but also completing two books, one of which was her most famous work, Finite and Eternal Being. Her writings influenced several friends and former students to become Catholic or enter religious life. Her sister Rosa, who had believed the Catholic faith for years, was herself baptized soon after their mother died.
'Can You Drink the Cup of Suffering I Must Drink?': Edith Stein's Sacrifice of Love
The Nazi regime became even stronger in the next few years, so in 1938 the Carmelites secretly sent Teresa from Cologne to a convent in the Netherlands. They sent her away because they feared for her life but she herself knew she needed to leave because her religious sisters would be in danger if they were discovered to be sheltering her as a Jew. While in the Netherlands, she gave spiritual direction to novices (those women who were initially discerning the community) and worked on her final book, The Science of the Cross.
Two years later, her sister Rosa came to live at the convent, but outside the cloister, as the doorkeeper. She wanted to become a Carmelite as well but the Nazis invaded and took over the Netherlands in 1940, which prevented her entering the community. The Nazis began to harass Dutch Jews, much to the protests of all the Christian churches, and subsequently threatened to round up Jewish converts to Christianity. Teresa's superiors realized the imminent danger she was in and tried to send her to a convent in Switzerland. However, that convent could not also take Rosa, so Teresa asked to stay until a way could be found to house both of them. As it was, neither of them could leave without permits from the government anyway.
Then on July 1, 1942 the Nazis issued a decree stating that all Catholic children of Jewish descent were forbidden Catholic education, which essentially meant they were forbidden education since no other schools were open to them at all. The Archbishop of Utrecht protested, also condemning the deportation of Jews from Holland. In response to his protest the Nazis arrested all priests and members of Dutch religious orders of Jewish descent, including Teresa and Rosa. As the Nazis came for them, Teresa said to her sister, 'Come, let us go for the sake of our people.'
They were taken away to a Dutch transit camp for a few days, where Teresa prayed, consoled other people, and cared for the children of distraught and terrified mothers, in all of this spreading peace to everyone she encountered. She and Rosa were eventually transported across Germany with hundreds of other people over a four-day period finally arriving at the concentration camp of Auschwitz, Poland. They endured the horrible conditions of the cattle cars: hot, crowded, no place to go to bathroom, reeking of those who had died during the ordeal, with many others going insane.
When they finally arrived at Auschwitz, the sisters, as well as many others, were forced to remove all of their clothes, given soap and towels and told to walk the long distance to the 'showers' to be 'disinfected.' The showers were in fact death chambers where the Nazis infused poisonous gas. Teresa and her sister Rosa died together, naked before the world but clothed in glory before God.
'I Am the Resurrection and the Life': The Fullness of Truth
Edith Stein relentlessly pursued the truth and in doing so discovered that the God of the universe is the One who has gone to the Cross in the act of Perfect Love. She received that deep love of God in the depths of her soul every time she received the Eucharist and she then lived that Cross-like Eucharistic love profoundly, still caring for others while she was going to her death. And she offered up her body and blood as a sacrifice of love for God and her people, being a sign to the world that she and all of us are made for more and that through the Cross of Christ every evil has been defeated and the Love of God conquers all.
You too, are called to find your meaning, purpose, happiness in Christ, who comes ever so close to you in the Eucharist. And then you, too, are called to live a life of cruciform love, pouring out your self for God and others in love, and in doing so finding your true self and lasting happiness.
Marc Laudonio
Director of Evangelization and Catechesis
Tagged on: Auschwitz Carmelite convert fullness of truth phenomenlogy Spiritual Exercises St. Edith Stein
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The Federal Circuit decision in Cybersource Corp. v. Retail Decisions, Inc.
This Federal Circuit opinion applies the Supreme Court's Bilski v. Kappos decision to determine the patentability of U.S. Patent No. 6,029,154, which describes a method for detecting fraud in a credit card transaction over the Internet. The invention relating to the tracking of Internet addresses (such as IP addresses or e-mail addresses) that are used when conducting transactions involving a particular credit card. If a new transaction for that card involves a different IP address, the transaction is more likely to be fraudulent. The patent includes method claims and a Beauregard claim (see discussion here), which relates to a computer readable medium with program instructions for the process.
Although the Federal Circuit acknowledged that the Machine-or-Transformation test was no longer the sole test after Bilski, the court determined that the method did not pass this test as the method was not tied to any machine, including a computer or even the Internet itself. The court held that the process was an unpatentable mental process, which it found to be a subcategory of unpatentable abstract idea. The court noted that all steps of the claims could be accomplished in the human mind, or by a human using a pen and paper. Citing Benson, the Court affirmed that "methods which can be performed mentally, or which are the equivalent of human mental work, are unpatentable abstract ideas" (see analysis below).
In connection with the Beauregard claim, the Federal Circuit held that even though the claim is directed to a manufacture, the claim is not "truly drawn to a specific" computer readable medium, but rather is directed toward the method of detecting credit card fraud over the Internet. Simply reciting the use of a computer to execute an algorithm that can be performed entirely in the human mind will not change the analysis. The Beauregard claim was then treated as a method claim. This claim was determined not to meet the machine or transformation test. Although the claim altered data, "[t]he mere manipulation or reorganization of data, however, does not satisfy the transformation prong." Furthermore, the "incidental use" of a computer did not allow the claim to meet the machine portion of the test. The court noted that even though the method may require the use of a computer, methods that can be performed mentally, or which are the equivalent of human mental work, are unpatentable abstract ideas "even when performed by a computer" (see below).
J. Michael Jakes, Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, LLP, of Washington, DC, argued for plaintiff-appellant. With him on the brief were Erika H. Arner and Justin R. Lowery. Of counsel on the brief was Marc J. Pernick, Morrison & Forester, LLP, of Palo Alto, CA.
Scott J. Bornstein, Greenberg Traurig, LLP, of New York, NY argued for defendant-appellee. With him on the brief was Allan A. Kassenoff. Of counsel was James W. Soong, of E. Palo Alto, CA.
Before BRYSON, DYK, and PROST, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiff-appellant CyberSource Corporation ("CyberSource") appeals from a decision of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. The district court granted summary judgment of invalidity of claims 2 and 3 of U.S. Patent No. 6,029,154 ("'154 patent") under 35 U.S.C. § 101 for failure to recite patent-eligible subject matter. See CyberSource Corp. v. Retail Decisions, Inc., 620 F.Supp.2d 1068 (N.D.Cal.2009). We affirm.
CyberSource is the owner by assignment of the '154 patent, which recites a "method and system for detecting fraud in a credit card transaction between [a] consumer and a merchant over the Internet." '154 patent, at . The '154 patent's specification explains that prior art credit card fraud detection systems � which generally rely on billing addresses and personal identification information � work well for "face-to-face" transactions and transactions where "the merchant is actually shipping a package ... to the address of a customer." Id. col.1 ll.21-24. But for online sales where the product purchased is downloadable content, the patent explains, "address and identity information are not enough to adequately verify that the customer who is purchasing the goods is actually the owner of the credit card." Id. col.1 ll.28-30.
CyberSource brought suit against Retail Decisions, Inc. ("Retail Decisions") on August 11, 2004, alleging infringement of the '154 patent. Retail Decisions thereafter initiated an ex parte reexamination of the '154 patent, and the district court stayed its proceedings while the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ("PTO") conducted the examination. The district court resumed proceedings after the PTO reissued the '154 patent with amended claims on August 5, 2008. On October 30, 2008, this court decided In re Bilski, 545 F.3d 943 (Fed.Cir.2008) (en banc). Retail Decisions thereafter moved for summary judgment of invalidity under 35 U.S.C. § 101. After briefing and a hearing, the district court found that claim 3 recited "an unpatentable mental process for collecting data and weighing values," which did "not become patentable by tossing in references to [I]nternet commerce." CyberSource, 620 F.Supp.2d at 1077. The court further found with respect to claim 2 that "simply appending `A computer readable media including program instructions ...' to an otherwise non-statutory process claim is insufficient to make it statutory." Id. at 1080. The district court thus granted summary judgment of invalidity. Id. at 1078.
CyberSource appealed to this court in April 2009. After the Supreme Court granted certiorari in Bilski v. Doll, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. 2735, 174 L.Ed.2d 246 (2009), we granted CyberSource's motion to stay the proceedings. Briefing was resumed on October 28, 2010, following the Supreme Court's decision. See Bilski v. Kappos, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 3218, 177 L.Ed.2d 792 (2010). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
We review grants of summary judgment de novo. Tokai Corp. v. Easton Enters., Inc., 632 F.3d 1358, 1366 (Fed.Cir. 2011). Issues of patent-eligible subject matter are questions of law and are reviewed without deference. Research Corp. Techs., Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 627 F.3d 859, 867 (Fed.Cir.2010).
Two claims of the '154 patent are at issue in this case. Claim 3 recites a process for verifying the validity of credit card transactions over the Internet. See J.A. 32 ('154 Patent Reexamination Certificate), col.2 ll.38-47. Claim 2 recites a computer readable medium containing program instructions for executing the same process. See id. col.2 ll.9-37.
The term "process" means process, art or method, and includes a new use of a known process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, or material.
35 U.S.C. § 100(b). "In choosing such expansive terms ... modified by the comprehensive `any,' Congress plainly contemplated that the patent laws would be given wide scope." Bilski, 130 S.Ct. at 3225 (quoting Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303, 308, 100 S.Ct. 2204, 65 L.Ed.2d 144 (1980)).
In interpreting § 101, this court concluded in Bilski that the "machine-or-transformation" test was the appropriate test for the patentability of process claims. 545 F.3d at 943. Thus, we held that a claimed process would only be "patent-eligible under § 101 if: (1) it is tied to a particular machine or apparatus; or (2) it transforms a particular article into a different state or thing." Id. at 954. We further held that, to satisfy the machine prong of the test, the use of a machine "must impose meaningful limits on the claim's scope." Id. at 961. Applying this test, we found that Bilski's claimed "method of hedging risk in the field of commodities trading" was unpatentable under § 101. Id. at 949, 963-66. The Supreme Court affirmed our Bilski decision, but in doing so it rejected use of the machine-or-transformation test as the exclusive test for the patentability of a claimed process. See Bilski, 130 S.Ct. at 3226. While the "machine-or-transformation test is a useful and important clue," the Court stated, it "is not the sole test for deciding whether an invention is a patent-eligible `process.'" Id. at 3227. The Court declined to "define further what constitutes a patentable `process,' beyond pointing to the definition of that term provided in § 100(b) and looking to the guideposts in [the Court's precedents]." Id. at 3232. "The Court's precedents provide three specific exceptions to § 101's broad patent-eligibility principles: `laws of nature, physical phenomena, and abstract ideas.'" Id. at 3225 (quoting Diamond, 447 U.S. at 309, 100 S.Ct. 2204). The Court noted that these judicially created exceptions "have defined the reach of the statute as a matter of statutory stare decisis going back 150 years," and are "`part of the storehouse of knowledge of all men ... free to all men and reserved exclusively to none.'" Id. (quoting Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co., 333 U.S. 127, 130, 68 S.Ct. 440, 92 L.Ed. 588 (1948)). In holding that the machine-or-transformation test is not the exclusive test for a process's patent-eligibility, the Supreme Court expressly left open the door for "the Federal Circuit's development of other limiting criteria that further the purposes of the Patent Act and are not inconsistent with its text." Id. at 3231.
J.A. 32 ('154 Patent Reexamination Certificate), col.2 ll.38-47. CyberSource acknowledges that the "Internet address" recited in step (a) of claim 3 "may be, for example, an Internet protocol (IP) address or an e-mail address for the particular credit card transaction." Appellant's Br. 7. CyberSource further concedes that the "map of credit card numbers" recited in step (b) can be as simple as a list of credit card transactions relating to a particular IP address. See Appellant's Br. 9. Finally, step (c) does not limit claim 3 to any specific fraud detection formula or mathematical algorithm, but rather broadly purports to encompass any means of "utilizing the map of credit card numbers to determine if the credit card transaction is valid." J.A. 32, col.2 ll.46-47.
The district court found that claim 3 fails to meet either prong of the machine-or-transformation test. CyberSource, 620 F.Supp.2d at 1078. We agree. As the district court correctly held, the method of claim 3 simply requires one to "obtain and compare intangible data pertinent to business risks." Id. at 1073. The mere collection and organization of data regarding credit card numbers and Internet addresses is insufficient to meet the transformation prong of the test, and the plain language of claim 3 does not require the method to be performed by a particular machine, or even a machine at all.
We are not persuaded by the appellant's argument that the claimed method is tied to a particular machine because it "would not be necessary or possible without the Internet." Appellant's Br. 42. Regardless of whether "the Internet" can be viewed as a machine, it is clear that the Internet cannot perform the fraud detection steps of the claimed method. Moreover, while claim 3 describes a method of analyzing data regarding Internet credit card transactions, nothing in claim 3 requires an infringer to use the Internet to obtain that data (as opposed to obtaining the data from a pre-compiled database). The Internet is merely described as the source of the data. We have held that mere "[data-gathering] step[s] cannot make an otherwise nonstatutory claim statutory." In re Grams, 888 F.2d 835, 840 (Fed.Cir.1989) (quoting In re Meyer, 688 F.2d 789, 794 (CCPA 1982)).
Thus, the district court did not err in holding that claim 3 fails to meet the machine-or-transformation test. However, our analysis does not end there. In holding that the machine-or-transformation test "is not the sole test for deciding whether an invention is a patent-eligible process," Bilski, 130 S.Ct. at 3227, the Supreme Court has made clear that a patent claim's failure to satisfy the machine-or-transformation test is not dispositive of the § 101 inquiry. Nonetheless, we find that claim 3 of the '154 patent fails to recite patent-eligible subject matter because it is drawn to an unpatentable mental process � a subcategory of unpatentable abstract ideas.
The conversion of BCD numerals to pure binary numerals can be done mentally.... The method sought to be patented varies the ordinary arithmetic steps a human would use by changing the order of the steps, changing the symbolism for writing the multiplier used in some steps, and by taking subtotals after each successive operation. The mathematical procedures can be carried out in existing computers long in use, no new machinery being necessary. And, as noted, they can also be performed without a computer.
Id. at 67, 93 S.Ct. 253. Thus, in finding that the process in Benson was not patent-eligible, the Supreme Court appeared to endorse the view that methods which can be performed mentally, or which are the equivalent of human mental work, are unpatentable abstract ideas � the "basic tools of scientific and technological work" that are open to all. Id.
The Supreme Court reaffirmed and extended its Benson holding in the case of Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584, 98 S.Ct. 2522, 57 L.Ed.2d 451 (1978). The patent in Flook claimed a method for calculating and updating the values of "alarm limits" for alarms that monitor process variables (such as temperature) during the catalytic chemical conversion of hydro-carbons. Id. at 585-86, 98 S.Ct. 2522. The "alarm limits" were threshold values which, if exceeded, would trigger a warning alarm to sound. The Court characterized the invention as "simply provid[ing] a new and presumably better method for calculating alarm limit values." Id. at 594-95, 98 S.Ct. 2522. The Court noted that the calculations, while "primarily useful for computerized [applications]," could still "be made [using a] pencil and paper." Id. at 586, 98 S.Ct. 2522. The Court rejected the notion that the recitation of a practical application for the calculation could alone make the invention patentable, stating that any "competent draftsman could attach some form of post-solution activity to almost any mathematical formula." Id. at 590, 98 S.Ct. 2522. The Court thus found the claimed invention unpatentable.
[T]he patent statute does not allow patents on particular systems that depend for their operation on human intelligence alone, a field of endeavor that both the framers and Congress intended to be beyond the reach of patentable subject matter.... [I]t is established that the application of human intelligence to the solution of practical problems is not in and of itself patentable.
Id. Thus, because the method of arbitration claims in Comiskey essentially sought "to patent the use of human intelligence in and of itself," the claims were drawn to abstract ideas and were invalid under § 101. Id. at 981.
It is clear that unpatentable mental processes are the subject matter of claim 3. All of claim 3's method steps can be performed in the human mind, or by a human using a pen and paper. Claim 3 does not limit its scope to any particular fraud detection algorithm, and no algorithms are disclosed in the '154 patent's specification. Rather, the broad scope of claim 3 extends to essentially any method of detecting credit card fraud based on information relating past transactions to a particular "Internet address," even methods that can be performed in the human mind.
First, step (a) � which requires "obtaining information about other transactions that have utilized an Internet address that is identified with the  credit card transaction" � can be performed by a human who simply reads records of Internet credit card transactions from a preexisting database. J.A. 32, col.2 ll.40-42. While the '154 patent's specification discusses referencing "a database of Internet addresses," '154 patent, col.3 ll.13-14, CyberSource concedes that claim 3 does not cover the initial creation of the database. Oral Arg. at 1:15-1:30, available at http://www.cafc. uscourts.gov/oral-argument-recordings/all/ cybersource.html. Moreover, as discussed above, even if some physical steps are required to obtain information from the database (e.g., entering a query via a keyboard, clicking a mouse), such data-gathering steps cannot alone confer patentability. Grams, 888 F.2d at 839-40.
Second, a person may "construct a map of credit card numbers" as required by step (b) by writing down a list of credit card transactions made from a particular IP address. J.A. 32, col.2 ll.43-44. There is no language in claim 3 or in the '154 patent's specification that requires the constructed "map" to consist of anything more than a list of a few credit card transactions. This is readily apparent from the appellant's brief, in which CyberSource provides a sample "map" that merely consists of four listed credit card transactions denoted by their dates, times, cardholder names, card numbers, IP addresses, transaction amounts, and shipping addresses. See Appellant's Br. 9.
Finally, step (c) � which requires "utilizing the map of credit card numbers to determine if the credit card transaction is valid" � is so broadly worded that it encompasses literally any method for detecting fraud based on the gathered transaction and Internet address data. J.A. 32, col.2 ll.45-46. This necessarily includes even logical reasoning that can be performed entirely in the human mind. For example, a person could literally infringe step (c) by identifying a likely instance of fraud based on the simple observation that numerous transactions using different credit cards, having different user names and billing addresses, all originated from the same IP address. Indeed, CyberSource's CEO admitted that, before CyberSource created a computer implemented fraud detection system, "[w]e could see just by looking that more than half of our orders were fraudulent." J.A. 375.
Thus, claim 3's steps can all be performed in the human mind. Such a method that can be performed by human thought alone is merely an abstract idea and is not patent-eligible under § 101. Methods which can be performed entirely in the human mind are unpatentable not because there is anything wrong with claiming mental method steps as part of a process containing non-mental steps,3 but rather because computational methods which can be performed entirely in the human mind are the types of methods that embody the "basic tools of scientific and technological work" that are free to all men and reserved exclusively to none. Benson, 409 U.S. at 67, 93 S.Ct. 253.
J.A. 32 ('154 Patent Reexamination Certificate), col.2 ll.9-37 (emphases added). While claim 2 contains somewhat redundant language, it is clear from the emphasized text that claim 2 recites nothing more than a computer readable medium containing program instructions for executing the method of claim 3.
As discussed above, we found claim 3 to be unpatentable because it is drawn to a mental process � i.e., an abstract idea. The method underlying claim 2 is clearly the same method of fraud detection recited in claim 3. Nonetheless, CyberSource contends that claim 2 should be patentable. CyberSource's main argument is that coupling the unpatentable mental process recited in claim 3 with a manufacture or machine renders it patent-eligible.
CyberSource argues that claim 2 is patent-eligible per se because it recites a "manufacture," rather than a "process," under the statutory language of § 101. CyberSource contends that, by definition, a tangible, man-made article of manufacture such as a "computer readable medium containing program instructions" cannot possibly fall within any of the three patent-eligibility exceptions the Supreme Court has recognized for "laws of nature, physical phenomena, [or] abstract ideas." Appellant's Br. 47-48 (quoting Bilski, 130 S.Ct. at 3225). We disagree.
Regardless of what statutory category ("process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter," 35 U.S.C. § 101) a claim's language is crafted to literally invoke, we look to the underlying invention for patent-eligibility purposes. Here, it is clear that the invention underlying both claims 2 and 3 is a method for detecting credit card fraud, not a manufacture for storing computer-readable information. This case is thus similar to In re Abele, 684 F.2d 902 (CCPA 1982). In Abele, claim 5 of the patent at issue recited "[a] method of displaying data" comprising the steps of "calculating the difference" between two numbers and "displaying the value." Id. at 908. The court concluded that claim 5 was not directed to patent-eligible subject matter because it claimed an abstract idea. Id. However, claim 7 was argued to be different because it recited an "[a]pparatus for displaying data" comprising "means for calculating the differences" between two numbers and "means for displaying the value." Id. at 909 (emphases added). Though claim 7 literally invoked an "[a]pparatus," the court treated it as a method claim for the purpose of its § 101 analysis. Due to its "broad" and "functionally-defined" nature, the court found that treating claim 7 as an apparatus claim would "exalt form over substance since the claim is really to the method or series of functions itself." Id. (citation omitted). Accordingly, the court placed "the burden... on the applicant to demonstrate that the claims [were] truly drawn to [a] specific apparatus distinct from other apparatus[es] capable of performing the identical functions." Id. (citation omitted).
In the present case, CyberSource has not met its burden to demonstrate that claim 2 is "truly drawn to a specific" computer readable medium, rather than to the underlying method of credit card fraud detection. To be sure, after Abele, we have held that, as a general matter, programming a general purpose computer to perform an algorithm "creates a new machine, because a general purpose computer in effect becomes a special purpose computer once it is programmed to perform particular functions pursuant to instructions from program software." In re Alappat, 33 F.3d 1526, 1545 (Fed.Cir. 1994). But we have never suggested that simply reciting the use of a computer to execute an algorithm that can be performed entirely in the human mind falls within the Alappat rule. Thus, despite its Beauregard claim format, under Abele, we treat claim 2 as a process claim for patent-eligibility purposes.
Analyzing claim 2 as a process claim, CyberSource first asserts that claim 2 satisfies the transformation prong of the machine-or-transformation test because it recites a patentable transformation of data representing Internet credit card transactions. According to CyberSource, the claimed technique uses an "Internet address" such as an IP address or e-mail address and constructs a "map" of credit card numbers from Internet transactions that have utilized that Internet address. We agree with the district court that the claimed process manipulates data to organize it in a logical way such that additional fraud tests may be performed. The mere manipulation or reorganization of data, however, does not satisfy the transformation prong. Thus, claim 2 fails to meet the transformation test.
CyberSource additionally argues that claim 2 satisfies the machine prong of the machine-or-transformation test, since the recited "computer readable medium" contains software instructions that can only be executed by "one or more processors of a computer system." J.A. 32, col.2 ll.12-14. As we stated in Bilski, to impart patent-eligibility to an otherwise unpatentable process under the theory that the process is linked to a machine, the use of the machine "must impose meaningful limits on the claim's scope." 545 F.3d at 961. In other words, the machine "must play a significant part in permitting the claimed method to be performed." SiRF Tech., Inc. v. Int'l Trade Comm'n, 601 F.3d 1319, 1333 (Fed.Cir.2010). Here, the incidental use of a computer to perform the mental process of claim 3 does not impose a sufficiently meaningful limit on the claim's scope. As such, the "computer readable medium" limitation of claim 2 does not make the otherwise unpatentable method patent-eligible under § 101. See Grams, 888 F.2d at 840-41 (after finding claims unpatentable for being drawn to a mental process, the court found that claim 16's requirement "that the [same] method be performed with a programmed computer" did not alter the method's unpatentability under § 101). Abele made clear that the basic character of a process claim drawn to an abstract idea is not changed by claiming only its performance by computers, or by claiming the process embodied in program instructions on a computer readable medium. Thus, merely claiming a software implementation of a purely mental process that could otherwise be performed without the use of a computer does not satisfy the machine prong of the machine-or-transformation test.
That purely mental processes can be unpatentable, even when performed by a computer, was precisely the holding of the Supreme Court in Gottschalk v. Benson. As discussed above, the Supreme Court found in Benson that a claim to a method of programming a general-purpose computer to convert BCD numbers into pure binary was unpatentable because the conversion of BCD numerals to pure binary numerals "can be done mentally," 409 U.S. at 65-67, 93 S.Ct. 253, and because the process was "so abstract and sweeping as to cover both known and unknown uses of the BCD to pure binary conversion," id. at 71, 93 S.Ct. 253. The Court expressly noted that the algorithm had "no substantial practical application except in connection with a digital computer." Id. The Court reached that conclusion even though one of the claims the Court found unpatentable (claim 8) specifically recited the use of a computer readable medium, including steps such as "storing the [BCD] signals in a reentrant shift register" � a physical computer memory component. Id. at 73-74, 93 S.Ct. 253. Nonetheless, the Court found that claim 8 was drawn to an unpatentable abstract idea.
This is entirely unlike cases where, as a practical matter, the use of a computer is required to perform the claimed method. For example, in SiRF Tech., we found that claims to a "method for calculating an absolute position of a GPS receiver and an absolute time of reception of satellite signals" recited patent-eligible subject matter. 601 F.3d at 1331. The court noted that we were "not dealing with ... a method that [could] be performed without a machine" and that there was "no evidence... that the calculations [could] be performed entirely in the human mind." Id. at 1333. To the contrary, we found it was "clear that the methods at issue could not be performed without the use of a GPS receiver." Id. at 1332.
Similarly, in Research Corp. Techs. v. Microsoft Corp., 627 F.3d 859 (Fed.Cir. 2010), we upheld the patentability of a claimed method "for rendering a halftone image of a digital image by comparing, pixel by pixel, the digital image against a blue noise mask." Id. at 868. Because the method required the manipulation of computer data structures (e.g., the pixels of a digital image and a two-dimensional array known as a mask) and the output of a modified computer data structure (a halftoned digital image), the method could not, as a practical matter, be performed entirely in a human's mind.
In contrast, it is clear in the present case that one could mentally perform the fraud detection method that underlies both claims 2 and 3 of the '154 patent, as the method consists of only the general approach of obtaining information about credit card transactions utilizing an Internet address and then using that information in some undefined manner to determine if the credit card transaction is valid. Because claims 2 and 3 attempt to capture unpatentable mental processes (i.e., abstract ideas), they are invalid under § 101.
J.A. 32 ('154 Patent Reexamination Certificate), col.2 ll.38-47.
2 See also In re Schrader, 22 F.3d 290, 291 (Fed.Cir.1994) (holding unpatentable a "method constitut[ing] a novel way of conducting auctions" to maximize total sales revenue); In re Warmerdam, 33 F.3d 1354, 1355, 1360 (Fed.Cir.1994) (holding unpatentable a process for controlling objects to avoid collisions which described "nothing more than the manipulation of basic mathematical constructs, the paradigmatic `abstract idea'"); Grams, 888 F.2d at 836, 840-41 (holding unpatentable "a method of diagnosing an abnormal condition in an individual" that comprised performing clinical tests and thinking about the results); Meyer, 688 F.2d at 795-96 (holding unpatentable "a mental process that a neurologist should follow"); In re Maucorps, 609 F.2d 481, 482, 486 (CCPA 1979) (holding unpatentable a method of "optimizing the organization of sales representatives in a business").
3 See In re Abele, 684 F.2d 902, 908 (CCPA 1982) (finding a claim patentable that included both mental steps and physical steps).
4 The Supreme Court in Diamond v. Diehr characterized Flook as a case involving the use of a mathematical formula in the abstract, regardless of whether the patent "is intended to cover all uses of the formula or only limited uses." 450 U.S. 175, 192 n. 14, 101 S.Ct. 1048, 67 L.Ed.2d 155 (1981). Significantly, the Diehr Court noted that, in Flook, "the patent application did not purport to explain how the variables used in the formula were to be selected, nor did the application contain any disclosure relating to chemical processes at work or the means of setting off an alarm or adjusting the alarm unit." Id. The analogy with the claims in this case is a close one: here, the claims contain no hint as to how the information regarding the Internet transactions will be sorted, weighed, and ultimately converted into a useable conclusion that a particular transaction is fraudulent. The claims in this case are therefore even more abstract than the claims in Flook.


Although the peak foliage has passed by, there is still plenty of color to enjoy. And when you add the contrast of snow-covered Mt. Washington, the vista is spectacular. These photos were taken last night, October 19th, around 5:30 on Christian Hill Road in Lovell.


text:
Q: Magento cash on delivery payment Can I disable the cash on delivery payment option when I got for example order with a price higher than 150 $ ?

A: Go to system > configuration > payment method > cash on delivery
you can see  Minimum order total & Maximum order total.
you can keep 150 in Maximum order total field , so its going to restrict COD payment method for more than that value

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Westside Story – No Shots Fired – The Suburban Times
Westside Story – No Shots Fired
Joseph Boyle · February 10, 2016 · ·
Every day major news sources are full of highly critical stories telling us cops are trigger happy, violent and racially biased.
Do you ever wonder if this news is the truth, half truth or simply poisonous propaganda produced by anti-cop hate groups supported by news media because bad-cop stories, violent protests, damaged cars, broken windows and burning buildings sell more news? I would like to share another kind of police story with you. It is a local story. This is the type of story that will probably never be reported by major news sources.
On February 7, 2016, Lakewood Police were dispatched to the Lakewood Towne Center with the report of an intoxicated man making incoherent statements about reindeer. The man was waiving a beer bottle in one hand and a gun in the other. It was like a scene from an old Wild West movie.
The man and his gun were observed in front of various store fronts, making him a serious risk to numerous mall employees and customers.
When officers arrived the suspect stepped out of his car and reached for his waistband. If a suspect fails to comply with a lawful police order such as "Stop!" "Put your hands up." "Don't move or I will shoot," the suspect's non-compliant behavior provides dangerous body language which foretells the distinct possibility of injury and / or death to the officer or innocent members of the public.
At first the suspect was not compliant. Failure to comply with police orders often creates the need for lawful use of force including use of the officer's firearm.
If you were contacted by police and ordered to not move, would you reach for your waistband? I would not. It is doubtful most sober responsible citizens would risk such a dangerous move.
Faced with this hazardous situation, Lakewood officers, using maximum restraint, were able to "talk this suspect down". They used what I refer to as verbal judo. The Lakewood officers successfully de-escalated the incident with words and officer presence. The suspect became compliant and was taken into custody without injury to anyone. A loaded semi-automatic pistol was recovered at the scene.
According to the police report the suspect was obviously intoxicated and smelled of marijuana.
When a man with a gun behaves in a dangerous manner, most citizens run away from the danger. Lakewood Police protect Lakewood citizens by doing that which is counterintuitive. Lakewood police rush towards the danger, thereby putting themselves in harm's way in their effort to protect life and property.
If things do not work out, the officer may not go home to family. The officer knows that. Professional police officers involve themselves in high tension, high risk, volatile, life threatening incidents because they are dedicated to protecting the citizens they serve.
Had the suspect failed to comply, pointing the gun at the officers or public, we could have had a justifiable officer involved shooting. Every situation is different. No two situations are alike. It only takes 4 tenths of a second to move a gun from no-threat to threat. The suspect, not the officer, drives the final outcome. Any time an officer shoots a suspect, one of our first questions should be, "Did the suspect comply with the officer's instructions or commands?"
What would you be doing and thinking as an ordinary citizen if you were cornered by an intoxicated man with a gun?
Might we wonder what our Lakewood police officers are thinking? We know what they are doing. But, what are they thinking?
Lakewood Police precinct exit to police parking. Mission Statement display.
The foundation of officer thinking begins with the Lakewood Police Department Mission Statement. Each officer starts every single tour of duty by exiting the precinct as they head to the police parking lot. The mission statement is strategically posted to the right of the exit door and in several other locations in the precinct including the public lobby. A constant reminder, the first line of the mission statement reads, "Protect Life and Property". Protect life and property; that is what our officers are thinking.
Lakewood Police Mission Statement. Protect Life and Property.
Protect life and property. That is exactly what our officers did. These officers entered a potential life and death situation, using attitudes, tactics and thinking that support the first line of their department's mission statement. The officers protected life: the public's, their own, and the suspect's.
Chief Mike Zaro put it something like this, "This was an example of our officers facing a volatile situation in which they gave the armed suspect a chance to comply peacefully. The suspect complied. The result was no use of force."
No shots fired. One in custody.
Good job Lakewood Police.
About Joseph Boyle
Joe's life is divided into 3+1 chapters. Chapter I: 25+ years in business including Estate Planning with New York Life, Revenue Officer with the U.S. Treasury Department, Sales Representative and gas main Extension King with Washington Natural Gas Company, Real Estate Broker, investor, developer, and property manager. Chapter II: 25 years in public service as a Pierce County Deputy Sheriff between the ages of 45 and 70. Chapter III: Began with an April Fool's Day 2013 retirement and involves The Arts including Writing, Comedy, and the Blues. Currently Joe is a creator on Westside Story, The Benny's & Joey's Quiz with Publisher Ben Sclair and Double Take with author / columnist Susanne Bacon. Joe has performed as an actor locally and done stand-up comedy in Seattle, Tacoma, New Jersey, and Las Vegas. Chapter +1 (or 4) finds Joe and his family leaving Washington state after 77 year of residency to the Westside of the Atlantic Ocean in a state named Delaware. Because Joe has left many friends in western Washington, he remains interested in the territory of his former Westside Story beat.
"No shots fired. One in custody. Good job Lakewood Police."
Your account Joe of the February 7, 2016 response by Lakewood Police to the intoxicated man at the Lakewood Towne Center, and particularly how the volatile incident was peaceably resolved, does indeed merit a story commending officers and the department on how lethal use of force proved unnecessary.
A couple of other local and semi-amicable endings:
July 7, 2013 – KIRO News: a SWAT team surrounded a Lakewood home and "for five hours, police pleaded with a guy named Robert to come out with his hands up."
Turns out Robert wasn't home.
The very next day, July 8, 2013, (TNT) – in fact just 30 minutes after midnight, Lakewood Police officers responded to a home and upon arrival were shot at, police "reported hearing sounds of bullets whizzing past them and hitting bushes."
Again a SWAT team was called.
Although the 29-year-old man "stepped outside with a gun in his hand," police did not return fire even though they had been fired upon. "Police said he threw it into the grass when he emerged.
"He then allegedly refused to obey officers' commands and was eventually shot with bean bag rounds."
So non-lethal use of force is an option.
Not so fortunate were Patrick O'Meara (toy gun), Daniel Covarrubias (cell phone), or Leonard Thomas (unarmed).
Twenty-eight year old Patrick O'Meara was shot dead at a Tillicum residence by Lakewood Police shortly before midnight June 18, 2013.
On June 24, Lt. Chris Lawler (The Suburban Times) stated the "subject (O'Meara) had an outstanding felony arrest warrant for theft and was known to law enforcement and had a criminal record.
"Officers approached the residence and knocked on the door, announcing that they were the 'Police'. Other officers were standing at the side of the residence at a window and spotted O'Meara inside, armed with a firearm. Despite repeated attempts to order O'Meara to drop the weapon, he refused and forced officers to fire their weapons.
"Lakewood Officers made entry into the residence and found O'Meara suffering from gunshot wounds. Officers on scene performed CPR until medics arrived, but he was pronounced deceased at the scene."
Lawler's updated article includes a picture of "the weapon that O'Meara was armed with" that "turned out to be a very realistic looking metal cap gun."
In the case of Covarrubias, "The threat in his hand we know it to be a cell phone," said Attorney Ben Barcus representing the family of Daniel Covvarubias, father of seven, killed by Lakewood Police April 21, 2015.
According to Kristen Drew's report for KOMO news May 8, Barcus said of Lakewood Police, "they hadn't told us that before but now we've confirmed there was no weapon."
Leonard Thomas, unarmed, was standing next to his six-year-old son when he was shot by the Lakewood Police sniper from across the street. The multi-agency Pierce County Metro SWAT team – including Lakewood – is being sued for $3.5 million in a federal civil-rights lawsuit charged with "overreaction and incompetence, and the use of unnecessary military-style force against an American citizen" according to an article by Mike Carter in the Seattle Times (May 27, 2015).
"The boy was standing just feet away from his father, Leonard Thomas, when Thomas was shot by a sniper who said he thought the child was in danger.
"After a four-hour standoff Thomas agreed to send the child home with his mother.
"Even so, the SWAT team used explosives to blow open the back door of the home as Thomas and the child were standing on the front porch, getting ready to send the boy down the sidewalk to his waiting grandmother, according to the claim and police reports.
"When Thomas reacted and reached to grab the boy, according to the reports, a Lakewood police sniper, Brian Markert, shot him from across the street."
In addition to the bullet-points of the Lakewood Police Department Mission Statement "strategically posted to the right of the exit door and in several other locations in the precinct including the public lobby," there is a 16-page Use of Force Policy (UFP) which does not – does not – include the following:
One: There is no preamble or mission statement the purpose of which "is to communicate both to the community and to police officers that the preservation of human life is at all times a central tenet of the policy agency."
Two: There is no declaration instructing officers "that the use of deadly force is an extreme measure to be employed only in the most limited and extraordinary of circumstances."
Three: There is not – at least not as much as it should be according to findings of the ACLU of similar documents of police departments across the country – an emphasis upon the de-escalation step in which "an officer may withdraw to a position that is tactically more secure or allows an officer greater distance in order to consider or deploy a greater variety of force options."
Meanwhile, members of the Public Safety Advisory Committee – upon which committee you serve Joe – have repeatedly stated in minutes and emails their having reviewed Lakewood's UFP.
April 7, 2014 – the minutes of PSAC's December 4, 2013 are for the first time made public. Under "unfinished business" following discussion of Lakewood's UFP by committee members who had each received a copy, then-chair Bryan Thomas "asked if there were any questions, comments or concerns regarding this issue. No one had anything to add. Alan Hart motioned that the committee go on record as supporting the LPD UFP as is. All ayes, motion approved."
August 5, 2015 minutes of the PSAC – "the committee had reviewed the Use of Force policy (UFP) last year."
Email from PSAC member Bob Saul: "In regards to the UFP the last review was actually started in Nov 2013 with discussion at the Dec 2013 meeting. The committee went on record supporting the Use of Force Policy with an all ayes vote."
December 8, 2015 – my reply to Saul:
Per (1) these statements, that a "review" of the UFP took place; and (2) given the promise of Lakewood City Attorney Heidi Wachter that the Use of Force Policy recommendations I'd made would be "properly considered"; and (3) since the commonly understood definition of "review" is the following, then please send to me any and all documentation of PSAC's review of the Use of Force Policy.
"Review: a critical article or report, as in a periodical, on a book, play, recital, or the like; critique; evaluation. The process of going over a subject again in study or recitation in order to fix it in the memory or summarize the facts. Implies careful examination of something, formulation of a judgment, and statement of the judgment, usually in written form. A review is a survey over a whole subject or division of it, or especially an article making a critical reconsideration."
According to the commonly understood definition of "review" above, and my request for substantive documentation to that end which to date has gone unmet, no "review" of Lakewood's Use of Force Policy ever took place by the PSAC – their protestations to the contrary.
Steve S. says
Mr. Anderson:
I guess your point is that you're upset because you believe the Lakewood Public Safety Advisory Committee didn't review a written statement. Really? Meanwhile, the article you chose as a host for the parasitic chip you carry on your shoulder was not a good choice. The article only shows me that the Lakewood Police resolved a deadly force situation as good as anybody could and it has nothing to do with your tired old gripe with the PSAC.
To advocate for the inclusion in Lakewood's UFP for a statement that "the preservation of human life is at all times a central tenet of the policy agency" is, in your words, "a tired old gripe"?
That "citizens (should) have the right to expect that the use of force is the option of last resort for law enforcement officers," as wrote Ronald C. Ruecker, Director of Public Safety, City of Sherwood, Oregon in the December, 2007 issue of "The Police Chief" is, in your words, a "parasitic chip you carry on your shoulder"?
Holding the PSAC to account to produce something more substantial than a cursory 'review' of the UFP – all of 79 words in but one meeting – when 21 months were spent by the same committee pursuing lost shopping carts is to 'wrongly' – as you apparently believe – suggest the PSAC has skewed priorities?
And here I thought we were talking about things that matter.
Alan Hart says
Confronting an armed, belligerent, out of control drunk demonstrates an incredible level of courage and commitment to protecting even our most troubled citizens. These officers are heroes !
JohnA says
Heroes yes, but why would the police have shown such patience and restraint when in the past they were just as quick on the draw? Would their choice of life over death occurred had it not been the light of public discourse which shined on the issue of deadly force previously? Why not just shoot and ask questions later? No, the sensitivities raised by David Anderson and others over the use of deadly force may well have had an impact on this incident, the absence of which could have resulted in another death when other options existed. Are you content to remain silent or worse silence dissent simply because you are tired of an "old gripe"? I suggest you might want to talk to this troubled survivor, his family and friends to see how "tired" they are of hearing this "gripe" which may well have saved their loved one.
Linell Jones says
7 officers killed in 7 days across the U.S. this week. 6 were gunned down in the line of duty. 13 children of police left grieving.
So until you have spent a week riding along with our officers, until you face what they face Mr Anderson, then you will just be a irritating wind in my ear. Have some police officers abused the power, yes. Have some police officers used excessive force, yes. And those issues need to be addressed but your little rant is not helpful and just continue to be divisive. When you understand the number of "suicide by cop" instances that occur, when you understand that officers lives mean absolutely nothing to some and their whole goal is to 'go out in a blaze of glory' or become some sort of urban/suburban martyr, or when you understand that officers have micro seconds to make a decision to kill or be killed then you have no right to talk. Why not get educated about what their day is like and then IF you have constructive suggestions work to make whatever change is needed.
"So until you have spent a week riding along with our officers . . . ."
I've been a chaplain with both the Tacoma Police Department and the Lakewood Police Department in which capacity the ride-alongs you referenced were more than met. That I was never shot at, nor placed in positions requiring decisions concerning lethal – or any – use of force does not mean my voice has any less merit than yours.
As a neighborhood association president in Lakewood where one of those individuals mentioned in what I wrote was killed, I have a valid concern with what transpired which, as you admit, suggests an issue to be address.
That you dismissively regard my comments as divisive – without evidence to that end – can hardly be more than your opinion which, of course, you have a right to express – "a right to talk" like you would prevent me.
"Working to make changes through constructive suggestions," is in fact the focus of what I wrote.
Granted when a police officer has "micro-seconds" to react then they must make instant life and death decisions. However I don't think this was the case in the instances mentioned by David Anderson. The police had options which afforded them many minutes and perhaps hours before making a life and death decision. Indeed when a police officer chooses an option with "mirco-seconds" instead of a more timely and less aggressive option then is not the police officer part of the problem? First thing you learn in boxing is not to lead with your chin or bad things will happen. There must be a different mindset for police officers versus military soldiers. Having served 26 months in combat I can tell you our mission was to kill the enemy. However even then we didn't unnecessarily put ourselves in danger by doing something rash, foolish or overly aggressive. Guys who did often came home in a box. The public is not the enemy and police must have a different set of values and principles compatible with their mission to protect, preserve and defend their citizens.
The fallacy of the "micro-second" argument:
"The defenders of the police invariably take refuge in what Fyfe (James Fyfe, head of training for the NYPD) calls the split-second syndrome: An officer goes to the scene as quickly as possible. He sees the bad guy. There is no time for thought. He acts. The scenario requires that mistakes be accepted as unavoidable. (This) accepts as a given the fact that once any critical incident is in motion, there is nothing that can be done to stop or control it. But that assumption is wrong." ("Blink," by Malcolm Gladwell, p.237.)
As JohnA pointed out in this thread of comments, none of the situations cited in what I wrote in response to Boyle's article, necessitated peace officers to keep the peace by shooting their way out of a situation the desperate circumstances of which they themselves may well have created.
It was this very concern – the lack of de-escalation – that prompted the ACLU, in its 2012 investigation of Use of Force Policies of departments across the country to conclude, among other findings, that "officers should recognize that their conduct immediately connected to the use of force may be a factor which can influence the level of force necessary in a given situation." Said recognition recommends "that an officer may withdraw to a position that is tactically more secure or allows an officer greater distance in order to consider or deploy a greater variety of force options (derived in part from the footnoted Denver Police Department Use of Force Policy, 105.01(1)(a)(2010).
As to whose voice gets a right to be heard in this most important matter, literally life-and-death, the answer is: everyone's, and especially – especially – the community's. Their voice, individual and collective, is most reasonable of all.
The Director of Public Safety, Sherwood, Oregon, Ronald C. Ruecker wrote in "The Police Chief":
"Our communities cry out when use of force is juxtaposed against the community's expectation of necessity. They reasonably ask, was there another way that officers could have defused the situation? Was the use of force consistent with the level of threat confronting the officers?
Pierce County Sheriff Paul Pastor believes likewise. He wrote that the community served by police should have a "frank discussion."
In Pastor's May 29, 2015 issue of "The Sheriff's Log", addressing the subject "Avoiding Responsibility and Blaming the Police," Pastor wrote that he "welcomed questions" about Use of Force, etc. and that he believed the law enforcement community – and the community it serves – should "address head-on" related matters in a "frank discussion," including the need – and the promise – for law enforcement to "step up to self-examination and work to improve our game."
The Lakewood Public Safety Advisory Committee itself, at least on its website, invites – yes, even – "gathers information from experts, opponents and proponents (including members of the community) to help guide the Council in both the development and monitoring of public safety policy."
The Seattle Police Department, in a sweeping set of reforms to its Use of Force Policy in 2013, was done so to ensure "that the people of Seattle have a police department that respects the Constitution, secures the safety of the public, and earns the confidence of the community."
And just today, in the TNT, Tacoma's Project P.E.A.C.E. "grew out of turmoil in other cities after officer-involved killings" with the consequence that "community meetings resulted in an action plan of ideas."
It's your job, and mine, and all who call Lakewood home, to speak up.
When you choose confrontation instead of contemplation you bear responsibility for the consequences.
Joseph Boyle says
Mr. JohnA,
You have contributed an intelligent comment, but we must recognize the concept works both ways.
Most officer involved shootings are preceded by the suspect "choosing confrontation" rather than "contemplation". It is then the suspect who must bear responsibility for the consequences.
Saying the same thing with the fewest number of words reads, "Comply or die."
All the shooting victims have to do is comply. It can be that simple. Parents, schools and society are all failing shooting victims by not teaching them how to respect authority and how to comply with lawful orders.
JoeB
Your suggestion that "Most officer involved shootings are preceded by the suspect "choosing confrontation" rather than "contemplation" presupposes that the only response by police is one of confrontation. Your statement "comply or die" implies that those are the only two options available to the police. This is far from the truth. There are cases where an instant use of deadly force is required but I wonder how often it is the only option. Even in war (my experience in Vietnam) we had the Chieu Hoi program that encouraged enemy soldiers…..the kind we would otherwise kill on sight……to surrender peacefully and come over to the Allied side.
"Comply or die" may be appropriate in a combat situation against an enemy but is totally incompatible in peacetime dealing with citizens who are not your enemy when other options exist. To what extent is the failure to comply completely and instantly to the police officer's satisfaction a death sentence for a citizen? How about a situation where the police officer is at least in part responsible for elevating the situation to where a citizen's death becomes inevitable?
For instance: a depressed man is alone in his mobile home armed with a knife after retreating there from a domestic dispute for which the police were called. Several police officers arrive and secure the area. A late arriving officer after only a few minutes on site decides to rush the suspect, breaking into the mobile home and confronts him in this confined space in close proximity and kills him. You mean to say that contemplation wasn't an option in this case? If that be the case than any police use of deadly force can be justified regardless of the officer's responsibility for the situation developing to that point. Police have to be better at recognizing their options than the suspects they are otherwise so quick to confront.
JohnA,
I agree with your statement related to a depressed man who is inside a trailer all alone and has no opportunity to harm anyone but himself. I would easily vote for your plan to wait him out. I would see no reason to rush the trailer.
If the same man is in front of a grade school he needs to drop the knife or I would shoot; comply or die before he rushes inside the school and takes out staff and students.
Each case needs to be evaluated on its own merits.
Joseph Boyle
David Wilson says
Bravo Joe!
I'm sad that you are so negative toward the police Mr. Anderson…
I'm not negative toward the police, I'm positive toward life – all life.
Except for the police; you'd rather they pause and ponder every life threat against them so that more of them will die from gunfire. Why don't you try and go through some simulated shooting scenarios and see who you do? A ride along does not make you an expert in any sense. You do a lot of quoting of other writers and you say they know the truth like a New Yorker staff writer, but don't believe James Fyfe, head of training for the NYPD? The largest Police Force in America. Which do you think knows the truth and has the real knowledge to educate a police officer? You do not so quit preaching please! Maybe you should keep to the subjects that you know like baseball and boats.
10 Officer lost there lives already this year, 8 by gunfire. A tragedy.
James Fyfe has been the New York City Police Department's Deputy Commissioner for Training since May 2002. He is responsible for administering all training for the NYPD's 51,000 sworn and civilian employees, and has led the first major revision of the NYPD's recruit curriculum in 30 years. He holds a B.S. (1971) and an honorary doctorate of laws (1999) from John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, and M.A. (1972) and Ph.D. (1978) degrees in criminal justice from the State University of New York at Albany.
"You'd rather they pause and ponder every life threat against them (police officers) so that more of them will die from gunfire."
Your conclusion is wrong but the "pause" part is correct. In fact, James Fyfe agrees.
"If you have to rely on your reflexes," Fyfe – who has testified in many police brutality cases – wrote of police officers in shooting situations: "someone is going to get hurt – and get hurt unnecessarily. If you take advantage of intelligence and cover, you will almost never have to make an instinctive decision."
In his own study, the head of training for the NYPD himself – James Fyfe – said that officers, in their approach to the scene, "were terrible." As reported in Gladwell's book "Blink" (pp.235-237), the officers "didn't take the necessary steps to steer clear of temporary autism."
"You don't want to put yourself in a position where the only way you have to defend yourself is to shoot someone," Fyfe says.
I do, in fact, believe James Fyfe.
"Courage is the price you pay for poor planning."
John Arbeeny
Major (R), US Army


text:
Reclaiming A Future: Discussing 'The Remainder' with Chilean author Alia Trabucco Zerán
By Silvia Rothlisberger | 17 April, 2019
In this interview, originally published by Literary South, Silvia Rothlisberger talks to Chilean author Alia Trabucco Zerán about her debut novel.
The Remainder is Alia Trabucco Zerán's first novel and nominated for the Man Booker International Prize 2019. It places Trabucco alongside writers like Hang Kang, Philip Roth and Alice Munro.
"I had part of the story with me since my early twenties and only felt I was able to write the voices when I was 27 or 28," Trabucco tells me, sitting across the table in a café in London's Bloomsbury. The project had to mature inside her before she was able to express it the way she wanted. "When I started writing this novel, I started crafting the voice of Iquela, the woman protagonist, which came naturally to me," she explains. "Then the more I wrote that voice the more I needed a second voice. Something that would break the linear narrative and so I started trying out Felipe's voice over and over until all of a sudden I had it. The moment I had it, I had the novel. And then it came really easily it was kind of writing a rhythm."
Sophie Hughes superbly translates the rhythm and lyricism of The Remainder into English. During the translation process writer and translator would meet and read The Remainder to each other. "I would read out loud how I felt the rhythm of the characters' voices were like. Sophie not only translated the book, she also translated the rhythm of the book," Trabucco marvels.
Set in Chile, The Remainder is the story of Iquela, Felipe and Paloma whose parents were anti-Pinochet militants and pay the consequences as political prisoners, in exile, and worse: killed by the regime. These consequences run in the veins of the next generation, an obstacle they find difficult to move on from. Having been born in 1983 (Pinochet's dictatorship ended in 1990) Trabucco says, "there is this question of how my generation deals with the pain and violence of my country's past. How knowing that people were tortured, disappeared or forced to leave the country, impacts you and your imagination."
In the novel Iquela and Felipe live with their parents' past. "Iquela is more introverted. She is trapped by her mother's memories," Trabucco explains. "Felipe is a very damaged person. He has a lot of pain and he deals with this pain through a very violent imaginary," she continues. "Paloma is the outsider who breaks the fragile balance between Iquela and Felipe."
Iquela and Felipe are the narrators; the chapters alternate between the two. Instead of numbers Iquela's chapters are marked by empty parentheses. "The empty parentheses are her search for her own words. She inherited her mother's words but deep down she wants her own voice," Trabucco says. Felipe's chapters are numbered starting at eleven and counting down to zero. It is a reflection of "Felipe's numerical obsession of subtracting dead bodies that he imagines on every corner of the city to match the number of dead with the number of graves in Chile."
After Paloma's mother dies in exile in Germany, Paloma decides to repatriate her mother and bury her in Chile. A rain of ashes falls over Santiago de Chile and the airplane carrying the dead body is redirected to Argentina. The three main characters rent a hearse and drive to Argentina. "Doing a road trip to find a body is their own story. It is about reclaiming a future," Trabucco explains.
The three characters have sexual encounters with same sex partners. When I ask about this she replies: "I'm glad you mention the queerness of the characters because that is something that is not very commented on in Chile, especially because it's something that is still taboo. The three characters have a queer relationship with their bodies and with the others because it gave them the desire to transgress and for me that made them a lot more complex and different than their parents' generation."
Chile's history also had an impact on Alia Trabucco Zerán as she studied law because of her country's past "I wanted to be a human rights lawyer, and I decided this very early own, and that decision, if you can call it a decision —I was seven or eight years old— was deeply influenced by the context," she says. "I remember watching TV when I was seven and the news would be images of bodies and bodies that they would find," she reflects. "So I had a fantasy of becoming a human rights lawyer who would make justice." But after two years in law school she realised it wasn't meant for her. Parallel to her studies she attended literary workshops and ran a literary magazine. After graduating as a lawyer she moved to New York and studied a Masters in creative writing at NYU. "I was like 'this is it. This [law] is not what I want'. I just wanted to submerge myself in language and in writing," she adds.
Trabucco then moved to London to do a PhD at University College London, to "research real women who committed violent crimes throughout the 20th century and how society and how culture portrays their crimes." This research became Las Homicidas, her latest book in Spanish which she was due to launch in Chile after this interview. "The core of the book is ideas, about what happened with society when women break not only criminal law by committing these crimes but the laws of gender and femininity," she says.
The Remainder is published by And Other Stories. Alia Trabucco Zerán will be discussing the novel at London's Rich Mix on May 15th, in an event chaired by Literary South and part of the FLAWA Festival.
This article was originally published by Literary South.
You can read the opening chapter from The Remainder here on Sounds and Colours.
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Dubbed a 'classic' by the ABC it contains the beautiful single Balooraman and crowd favourites including Black & Deadly and Commercial Radio featuring Urthboy.
The deluxe version has been beautifully repackaged with new artwork and includes four previously unreleased remixes. Purchase it HERE.
The Last Kinection are made up of brother and sister Weno (vocals/producer) and Nay (vocals), belonging to the Kabbi Kabbi people of South East Queensland as well as DJ and producer Jaytee.
They've already achieved an impressive tally of five Deadly Awards ('Best Band' and 'Best Single' in 2011; 'Most Out- standing Achievement in Hip Hop/R&B' in 2009 and 2010; and Nay was 'Best Female' in 2010).
The Last Kinection (TLK) have established themselves as an empowering lyric-driven group with melodic production and progressive hip hop feel, led with Indigenous heart and soul. Fiercely proud of their culture and history, The Last Kinection are extraordinary: uncompromising in their worldview, but with optimism and an outstreached hand.


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Published on Feb. 7, 2018 | Updated 11:26 p. m.
Participants in the Wednesday afternoon meeting of the Harry Potter Club at the Wadsworth Public Library are invited to have their picture taken with Harry Potter Wanted Posters and then to create one of their own.
Nicole Moore, right, who handles youth programming at Wadsworth Public Library, reads Harry Potter- themed trivia during the monthly meeting Wednesday of the Harry Potter Club.
Alexandra Banks, 10, works on a Harry Potter-themed wanted poster during the February meeting Wednesday of the Harry Potter Club at Wadsworth Public Library.
WADSWORTH — Talk of Sirius Black, Bellatrix Lestrange and Harry Potter filled the air in an upstairs room at Wadsworth Public Library.
The Harry Potter Club, which convened for its monthly meeting Wednesday afternoon, is open to ages 9-14. Participants do everything from Harry Potter trivia games, to arts and crafts projects, and discussion of the book series by J.K. Rowling.
"We have been doing it now for a few years and we usually have a pretty good following," said Nicole Moore, who handles youth programming at the library.
"Today we are discussing the book 'Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban,' " Moore said.
The book, the third in the series published in 1999, chronicles the adventures of Harry, Hermione Granger, Ron Weasley and Sirius Black, who has escaped from the prison for wizards.
"We talked a little bit about the history of wanted posters and then they will get to take a fun photo with some props to make themselves look like they are a Prisoner of Azkaban," Moore said.
Kianna Mcewen, 13, of Norton, said she enjoys being able to discuss Harry Potter with others who have an interest in the books.
"I love Harry Potter so much, and being around other people who love Harry Potter," Kianna said. "My family doesn't, so I can talk about it (here).
Kianna said has attended Harry Potter Club meetings in the past, and especially enjoys playing the trivia games.
She said her favorite book in the seven-part series is the second-to-last installment, "Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince," published in 2005.
"I'd have to say I like the sixth book the best," she said.
Emily Hall, of Wadsworth, also is a Harry Potter fan, and said she decided to come to the meeting because she didn't have anything else going on during the cold and snowy afternoon.
She said her favorite book in the series is "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" because it goes beyond the walls of Hogwarts and features a competition with other schools for witches and wizards.
"It shows the other wizarding schools around the world," Emily said.
The Harry Potter Club meets the first Wednesday of the month during the school year. The next meeting will be 4-5 p.m. March 7 at the library, 132 Broad St. Moore said those attending in March will be able to design and paint their own "patronus" charm.
For information or to register, call (330) 335-1295.


text:
Juan Ramón Verón (* 17. März 1944 in La Plata) ist ein ehemaliger argentinischer Fußballspieler.

Spielerlaufbahn
Juan Ramón Verón wurde vor allem aufgrund seiner spielerischen und technischen Fähigkeiten bekannt. In seiner Heimat bekam der im offensiven Mittelfeld agierende Spieler deswegen den Spitznamen La Bruja, was so viel bedeutet wie "Der Hexer". Von 1962 bis 1972 spielte er für den argentinischen Spitzenverein Estudiantes de La Plata und wurde zu einem der erfolgreichsten und beliebtesten Spieler seines Vereins. 1968 erzielte er den entscheidenden Treffer zum Weltpokal-Sieg der Estudiantes über Manchester United.

Nach 1972 spielte er zwei Jahre in Griechenland bei Panathinaikos Athen und ein Jahr in Kolumbien, ehe er 1975 wieder zu Estudiantes de La Plata zurückkehrte.

Trainertätigkeit
Nachdem er seine aktive Laufbahn beendet hatte, übernahm Juan Ramón Verón einen Trainerposten beim guatemaltekischen Verein Comunicaciones, ehe er im Anschluss – und bis heute – Berater seiner früheren Mannschaft Estudiantes de La Plata wurde.

Persönliches
Sein überdurchschnittliches Talent gab er an seinen Sohn Juan Sebastián Verón weiter, der wie er selbst Nationalspieler Argentiniens wurde.

Einzelnachweise

Mann
Fußballspieler (Estudiantes de La Plata)
Fußballspieler (Panathinaikos Athen)
Fußballtrainer (Argentinien)
Fußballtrainer (Guatemala)
Argentinischer Meister (Fußball)
Argentinier
Geboren 1944

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


El-space and redeeming highway underpasses.
Vehicles enter the Brooklyn–Queens Expressway along Atlantic Avenue on Aug. 15, 2015 in Brooklyn, New York City.
Any comprehensive review of the space under highways requires confronting the shameful legacy of urban renewal, during which road builders targeted black neighborhoods for demolition.
Almost anything would be better than what's there now. Jane Jacobs, patron saint of public space, diagnosed the devastating effect that urban expressways had on surrounding neighborhoods. They were the most hopeless case of what she called "border vacuums." "It is hopeless to try and convert some borders into seams," Jacobs wrote in 1961 of the urban expressways whose construction characterized the midcentury American city. And yet, a set of projects around the world are trying. In densely built, high-cost cities, the space around and beneath highways is now seen not as a hopeless barrier but as an opportunity.
Artwork on an underpass over the Atlanta BeltLine.
Highway corridors are a tougher nut to crack. Some, like San Francisco's Embarcadero Freeway, have been demolished to great acclaim. Others, in Dallas and St. Louis for example, have been capped with freeway "decks" that support new park spaces over the roadway. Now, attention is turning to the spaces beneath urban expressways. In Boston, the area under Interstate 93 south of downtown was renovated to better dispose of stormwater and provide a pedestrian connection between the South End and South Boston. In Toronto, a 1.2-mile stretch beneath the Gardiner Expressway has been renovated to create a half-mile ice skating trail. The architect of that project, Marc Ryan of Public Work, said the road's 45-foot clearance creates a surprisingly tranquil, bright space beneath. The existing highway pillars were even able to support a suspended bike path.
But any comprehensive review of the space under highways requires confronting the shameful legacy of urban renewal, during which road builders targeted black neighborhoods for demolition. In Charleston, South Carolina, a popular skate park sits beneath the interstate north of downtown, where planners are working on a rails-to-trails project. But even as they try to repair some of the damage that urban renewal did to black Charleston, the city's black population continues to decline under gentrification pressures.
In New Orleans, the largest black commercial district in the Southeast was obliterated by the construction of Interstate 10. More than 300 black-owned businesses were destroyed, and relocated residents never saw the aid money that the city had obtained for them. Today, the area around the expressway is one of the city's poorest. Life expectancy here is 25 years lower than in the city's whiter, wealthier quadrants. The old conventional wisdom was that the arrival of a highway meant the removal of a black community. Now, residents see the same significance in the prospect of a highway teardown, says Asali DeVan Ecclesiastes, the city planner spearheading the project. "We'd love to see it come down," they say. "But we know: Everywhere interstates are taken down, that community is aggressively and immediately gentrified." Residents want to see their neighborhood revitalized, but in an area with high unemployment, they're as interested in who is doing the work as in what's getting done.
More typically, though, job growth finds the el-space only in cities with sky-high land values, where retail is happy to take up the space under highways. That's what has happened in Mexico City, where the Bajo Puentes program has recruited cafés and convenience stores to the darkened space beneath the city's Circuito Interior—though not on the city's poorer east side. In New York, an unused subway passageway at Columbus Circle has been transformed into a minimall.
One legacy of highway construction that can't always be overcome, however, is air-quality problems from truck traffic. "We try and avoid … encouraging people to spend hours at the site, because the respiratory risk can be high," explained Dan Adams, one of the architects behind Boston's Infra-Space below I-93. Olmsted this ain't. But in an age of municipal budget retrenchment and skyrocketing land costs, these shady slivers are what's left for public space.
What was on display in Brooklyn in May was the first fruit of the Design Trust's project—soon it will be followed by five other pop-ups in the shadows of New York's expressways, railroad tracks, and bridges. "We look forward to seeing this all over the city," Design Trust executive director Susan Chin told the crowd. All over the country too.