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Das East Pilbara Terrane ist der flächenmäßig bedeutendere Ostteil des Pilbara-Kratons im nördlichen Westaustralien. Dieser extrem alte, ins Paläoarchaikum zurückreichende Krustenabschnitt mit seiner sehr gut erhaltenen suprakrustalen Abfolge ist von großer Bedeutung für das Verständnis der archaischen Krustenevolution der Erde.

Etymologie
Für den Ursprung des Wortes Pilbara bestehen zwei Erklärungen:
 bilybara aus der Sprache der Banyjima und der Nyamal. Dieses Dialektwort aus der Sprache der Aborigines bedeutet trocken.
 pilbarra ist ein Aborigine-Wort für Meeräschen (Mugil cephalus), die auch heute noch im Pilbara Creek, einem Nebenfluss des Yule River, anzutreffen sind. Nach dem Pilbara Creek wurde das im Jahr 1885 entdeckte Pilbara Goldfield benannt, das dann seinen Namen auf die gesamte Region übertrug.

Einführung

Das bei 119° Ost und 21° Süd zentrierte East Pilbara Terrane, auch Eastern Pilbara Terrane oder East Pilbara Granite Greenstone Terrane, ist neben dem Kaapvaal-Kraton das einzige Terran mit 3600 bis 2500 Millionen Jahre alter Kruste im Originalzustand. Zusammen mit dem West Pilbara Terrane bildet es in der Pilbara-Region den Pilbara-Kraton. Magnetfeld- und Schwerkraftsmessungen ergeben eine Ausdehnung von 250.000 Quadratkilometer für den Kraton, von denen aber nur 60.000 Quadratkilometer im nördlichen Drittel offen anstehen. Der Rest wird von diskordant aufliegenden, neoarchaischen bis paläoproterozoischen Gesteinen verdeckt, die das Fortescue-Becken, das Hamersley-Becken und das Turee-Creek-Becken aufbauen (Fortescue Group, Hamersley Group und Turee Creek Group der Mount Bruce Supergroup). Im Norden und Nordosten grenzt das East Pilbara Terrane an das Canning-Becken, von dessen paläozoischen Sedimenten (Silur bis Devon) es diskordant verdeckt wird. Am Ostrand steht das Terran mit dem proterozoischen Paterson-Orogen in Kontakt.

Seismische Profile lassen erkennen, dass die Krustendicke generell von 28 Kilometer im Norden auf 32 Kilometer im Süden zunimmt. Die Mächtigkeit der Sedimentbedeckung wächst jedoch keilförmig von Ost nach West.

Im Wesentlichen besteht das East Pilbara Terrane aus mafischen und ultramafischen Metamorphiten der Grünstein-Assoziation, intrusiven granitischen Domstrukturen und vulkanischen Sedimenten. Die Grünsteine, deren Metamorphosegrad von unterhalb der Grünschiefer- bis hin zur Amphibolitfazies reicht, werden vorwiegend als Überreste ehemaliger Vulkangürtel angesehen, ihr Ursprung bleibt aber weiterhin Gegenstand zahlloser wissenschaftlicher Auseinandersetzungen. Terrane wie beispielsweise Isua und Barberton mit vergleichbaren Lithologien wurden entweder als Akkretionsgürtel entlang einer Subduktionszone oder als Produkt von vertikalen Ausgleichsbewegungen interpretiert. Der Unterschied ist fundamental, denn er entscheidet, wann und wie Plattentektonik auf der Erde begann.

Lithologischer Aufbau
Das East Pilbara Terrane lässt sich lithologisch (und auch zeitlich) in zwei sehr unterschiedliche Abschnitte unterteilen:

 Frühe Krustenbildung zwischen 3800 und 3530 Millionen Jahre BP
 Intrusive Granitdome mit dazwischenliegenden Grünsteingürteln im Zeitraum 3530 bis 3230 Millionen Jahre BP (Ablagerung der Pilbara Supergroup)

Paläoarchaische Kruste
Überbleibsel der paläoarchaischen Kruste des East Pilbara Terrane finden sich in verschiedenen Granitkomplexen. So werden beispielsweise 3580 Millionen Jahre alte Xenolithen aus gabbroischem Anorthosit im Shaw-Granit angetroffen. Der Warrawagine-Granit enthält 3660 bis 3580 Millionen Jahre alte Einschlüsse von jetzt als Gneise vorliegenden Biotit-Tonaliten. Überdies erbrachten detritische Zirkone Alter von 3800 bis 3600 Millionen Jahren BP. Dies deutet auf die Anwesenheit und Erosion kontinentaler Kruste rund 300 Millionen Jahre vor Bildung der heute ältesten Grünsteine.

Granitdome und Grünsteingürtel

Ein überwiegender Teil der Lithologien im East Pilbara Terrane werden von Granitdomen und den Grünsteingürteln der Pilbara Supergroup beherrscht. Die Granitdome sind in ihrer Zusammensetzung typische TTG- oder TTG-ähnliche Gesteine – Tonalite, Trondhjemite und Granodiorite. Folgende Granitdome lassen sich unterscheiden:
 Carlindi-Granitcomplex
 Corunna-Downs-Granitkomplex
 Mount-Edgar-Granitkomplex
 Muccan-Granitkomplex
 Shaw-Granitkomplex
 Warrawagine-Granitkomplex
 Yule-Granitkomplex

In den Grünsteingürteln der Pilbara Supergroup werden vor allem stark veränderte komatiitische Basalte, tholeiitische Basalte und vulkanosedimentäre Gesteine angetroffen. Der Chemismus dieser Vulkanite reicht von ultramafischen über mafischen bis hin zu sauren Edukten. Als Beispiele für ultramafische Gesteine mögen neben Komatiiten auch relative seltene Dunite angeführt sein. Bei den Grünsteingürteln werden unterschieden:

 Coongan-Grünsteingürtel
 Kelly-Grünsteingürtel
 Lalla-Rookh-Grünsteingürtel
 Marble-Bar-Grünsteingürtel
 McPhee-Grünsteingürtel
 Mosquito-Creek-Grünsteingürtel
 North-Pole-Grünsteingürtel
 North-Shaw-Grünsteingürtel
 Pilgangoora-Grünsteingürtel
 Pincunah-Grünsteingürtel
 Shay-Gap-Grünsteingürtel
 Soanesville-Grünsteingürtel
 Wodgina-Grünsteingürtel

Die Pilbara-Supergroup kann wie folgt untergliedert werden (vom Hangenden zum Liegenden):

 Sulphur Springs Group
 Kelly Group
 Warrawoona Group

Fossilgehalt
Fossilien sind in der Pilbara Supergroup relativ zahlreich und kommen in verschiedenen Ablagerungsmilieus vor. In den die vulkanogenen Zyklen abtrennenden Sedimenten treten Stromatolithen, Mikrobenmatten und Mikrofossilien auf. Hydrothermale Habitate, wie sie in der Nähe von heißen Quellen oder Black-Smoker-Röhren zu finden sind, waren hierbei bevorzugt – Beispiele hiefür finden sich in der 3480 Millionen Jahre BP alten Dresser-Formation oder in der 3240 Millionen Jahre BP alten Kangaroo-Caves-Formation. Berühmtheit haben die Mikrofossilien des Apex-Chert als ältester Fossilfund überhaupt erlangt, die von J. William Schopf beschrieben wurden. Ihre Authentizität ist aber nach wie vor umstritten (Brasier-Schopf-Debatte).

Die Stromatolithen der Strelley-Pool-Formation (< 3426 Millionen Jahre BP) sind flachmarinen Ursprungs und repräsentieren einen erstmaligen Karbonatschelf. Paläorchaisches Leben ist möglicherweise auch in Bändererzen (BIF) zu suchen, da zur Ausfällung des zweiwertigen Eisens oxidierende Bakterien oder photosynthetisierende Mikrobiota benötigt werden. Der älteste BIF-Horizont der Pilbara Supergroup findet sich in der Coucal-Formation.

Lakustrine Stromatolithen finden sich im neoarchaischen Fortescue-Becken in Karbonatlagen in der Kylena-Formation (um 2741 Millionen Jahre BP), in der Tumbiana-Formation (2727 bis 2715 Millionen Jahre BP) sowie in Flachwasser-Chertlagen an der Basis der Jeerinah-Formation (um 2690 Millionen Jahren BP). Im Hamersley-Becken war die Wassertiefe für ein Gedeihen von Stromatolithen zu bedeutend, eine Ausnahme stellt der Carawine Dolomite dar, ein stromatolithenreicher Flachwasserdolomit. Der Wooly Dolomite (um 2031 Millionen Jahre BP) der Lower Wyloo Group und der Duck Creek Dolomite der Upper Wyloo Group sind ebenfalls Stromatolithen-führend.

TTG-Gesteine
TTG-Gesteine sind ein Amalgam aus Tonaliten, Trondhjemiten und Granodioriten, die aus der Aufschmelzung von unter hohem Druck stehender mafischer Kruste hervorgegangen sind. Wegen ihrer geringen Dichte und ihrer intrusiven Natur sind diese Gesteine von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Bildung archaischer Grünsteinkomplexe. TTG-Gesteine erscheinen auch in anderen archaischen Grünsteingürteln wie z. B. in Isua und in Barberton. Ihre Entstehung ist aber nach wie vor umstritten. Einige Autoren knüpfen den Entstehungsprozess an Subduktionsvorgänge, wohingegen andere TTG-Schmelzen durch das Aufdringen von Manteldiapiren erklären. Die Debatte um die Entstehungsweise von TTG-Gesteinen nimmt eine zentrale Stellung bei der Festlegung des Beginns der Plattentektonik ein.

Lagerstätten
Die sehr verschiedenen Mineralisationen im East Pilbara Terrane sind an die durch Manteldiapire ausgelösten magmatischen Intrusionen gebunden. Folgende Lagerstättentypen können angetroffen werden:

 Kupfer-Zink-Blei-Baryt-Vererzungen des VHMS-Typus
 Hydrothermaler Baryt als Quarz-Baryt-Adern und als das Ausgangssediment verdrängende Chert-Baryt-Ablagerungen
 Polymetallische und Basismetallablagerungen in sauren Porphyren
 Kupfer-Molybdän-Vererzungen des Porphyry-Copper-Typus
 Mesothermische Goldmineralisation in Granitdome umlaufenden Scherzonen

Einige dieser paläoarchaischen Lagerstätten sind die weltältesten ihres Typus:

 Baryt in der 3480 Millionen jahre alten Dresser-Formation
 VHMS in der 3465 Millionen Jahre alten Duffer-Formation
 Polymetallische Mineralisation mit Cu-Pb-Zn-Au-Ag in einem 3450 Millionen Jahre alten sauren Porphyrstock
 Epigenetische Goldadern, die mit 3400 Millionen Jahren datiert wurden.

Die ökonomisch wichtigsten Lagerstätten des Pilbara-Kratons befinden sich im De Grey Superbasin. Eisenerze aus verschiedenen Niveaus im Gorge-Creek-Becken (3050 bis 3020 Millionen Jahre BP) werden seit über 50 Jahren abgebaut. Die Croydon Group enthält rund 2950 Millionen Jahre alte VHMS und an mehreren Lokalitäten stratiforme Blei-Zink- und Kupfer-Vererzungen. Ultramafisch bis mafische Lagenintrusionen (2950 bis 2920 Millionen Jahre BP) sind ihrerseits reich an Nickel-Kupfer- und Vanadium-Titan-Magnetit-Vererzungen. Die letzte Mineralisation im eigentlichen Ost Pilbara Terrane stand im Zusammenhang mit der Intrusion der Split Rock Supersuite (2890 bis 2830 Millionen Jahre BP). Sie führte am Rande der postorogenen Granite zu Anreicherungen von Zinn und Tantal.

Das Hamersley-Becken ist weltberühmt für seine an die Bändererze gebundenen Eisenvorkommen. Insbesondere die Marra Mamba Iron Formation (2630 bis 2597 Millionen Jahre BP) und die Brockman Iron Formation (2481 bis 2454 Millionen Jahre BP) zählen mit örtlicher Anreicherung bis zu 60 % Fe zu den weltgrößten Eisenlagerstätten.

Dom- und Kiel-Strukturierung

Die Dom-und-Kiel-Strukturierung ist charakteristisch für das East Pilbara Terrane. Sie findet sich in vergleichbarer Weise auch im Barberton-Grünsteingürtel in Südafrika. Ihre Entstehungsweise wird durch Dichteinversion ausgelöste, teilweise konvektive Umwälzung erklärt. Auf Satellitenbildern lässt sich das Muster aus hellen Granitdomen umringt von dunklen Grünsteingürteln sehr gut erkennen. Auf Profilen tritt die steilstehende, eingeengte Natur der zwischen den Granitaufwölbungen (Antiklinalen) gefangenen Synklinalen gut zutage. Das Innere der Granitdome ist meist nur wenig verformt, ihr Randbereich und die umgürtenden Grünsteingürtel zeigen aber einen hohen Grad an Deformation. Der Metamorphosegrad steigt hierbei mit Annäherung an die Kielstrukturen.

Teilweise konvektive Umwälzung

Mit teilweiser konvektiver Umwälzung lässt sich Geologie und Strukturierung des East Pilbara Terrane gut erklären. Damit die Konvektion in Gang kommen kann, muss eine Dichteinversion vorliegen. Bedingt durch eine initiale Instabilität beginnt dann kaltes, dichtes Gestein (Grünsteine) in heißeres, leichteres Material (Granite) einzusinken. Im Gegenzug steigt in einer Ausgleichsbewegung das leichtere Material dann dom- bzw. säulenartig nach oben. Es entsteht somit eine charakteristische Antiklinen-Synklinen-Struktur, wobei die in den Synklinen eingesunkenen Grünsteine dem höchsten Verformungsgrad ausgesetzt sind. Das neben stehend abgebildete Schema zeigt die Entwicklung in zwei Stufen. In Stufe 1 wird die vom teilweise geschmolzenen Granit gelieferte Wärme von der kühleren Grünsteindecke abgeschirmt, die Instabilität ist in Gang gekommen und der Grünstein beginnt abzusinken. In Stufe 2 haben sich die vielen sporadischen, kurzwelligen Absenkungen zu einer größeren Struktur aus Kiel und Dom vereint. Das Endergebnis ist eine Strukturierung, wie sie jetzt im East Pilbara Terran vorliegt und die auch unter dem Begriff der Vertikaltektonik bekannt ist.

Geodynamische Entwicklung
Nach Bildung des paläoarchaischen Mikrokontinents setzte gegen 3525 Millionen Jahre BP die Grünsteinsedimentation mit mindestens acht vulkanischen Zyklen ein. Als Ursache werden aufdringende Manteldiapire angenommen, welche an der Grenze zur Unterkruste durch Druckentlastung zu schmelzen begannen. Die Zyklen lieferten ultramafische-mafische-saure Magmenfolgen, ihre individuelle Lebensdauer erstreckte sich über etwa 10 bis 15 Millionen Jahre. Aus den gelieferten Magmen ging die 15.000 bis 20.000 Meter mächtige Pilbara Supergroup hervor, eine suprakrustale Abfolge vorwiegend vulkanischen Ursprungs. Die Pilbara Supergroup kann in drei, durch Diskordanzen voneinander getrennte Gruppen unterteilt werden (vom Hangenden zum Liegenden):

 Sulphur Springs Group – 3255 bis 3230 Millionen Jahre BP
 Kelly Group – 3350 bis 3315 Millionen Jahre BP
 Warrawoona Group – 3525 bis 3426 Millionen Jahre BP

Die beiden Diskordanzen entsprechen einem Hiatus von 75 bzw. 60 Millionen Jahren. Diesem sehr lang anhaltenden Aussetzen der vulkanischen Tätigkeiten waren in beiden Fällen Deformation und Metamorphose vorausgegangen, begleitet von subaerischer Erosion und der Sedimentation klastischer Flachwassersedimente. Beispiele hierfür sind die bis zu 1000 Meter mächtige Strelley-Pool-Formation an der Basis der Kelly Group und die bis zu 3900 Meter mächtige Leilira-Formation an der Basis der Sulphur Springs Group.

Während der Ablagerung der Pilbara Supergroup war es zu intrusivem, teils subvulkanem TTG-Magmatismus gekommen, der in vier Phasen vonstattenging:

 Cleland Supersuite – 3270 bis 3230 Millionen Jahre BP
 Emu Pool Supersuite – 3320 bis 3290 Millionen Jahre BP
 Tambina Supersuite – 3460 bis 3420 Millionen Jahre BP mit Deformationsphase D 2
 Callina Supersuite – 3530 bis 3460 Millionen Jahre BP mit Deformationsphase D 1

Dieser Magmatismus ist, wie oben bereits ausgeführt, für die Dom-und-Kiel-Strukturierung des East Pilbara Terrane verantwortlich.

Die geodynamische Positionierung der Pilbara Supergroup ist nach wie vor umstritten. Da mittelozeanische Rücken und Inselbögen wegen Sedimentmächtigkeit und Chemismus offensichtlich ausscheiden, wird gegenwärtig ihre Entstehung als Flutbasalte an mächtigen ozeanischen Plateaus wie beispielsweise das Kerguelen-Plateau befürwortet.

Weitere geodynamische Entwicklung nach Ablagerung der Pilbara Supergroup
Gegen 3230 Millionen Jahre BP hatte sich eine dicke kontinentale Kruste im Pilbara-Kraton etabliert. Zwischen 3230 und 3160 Millionen Jahre BP setzte Dehnungstektonik ein, es entstanden Riftbecken und der Kraton wurde in mehrere Teile zertrennt. So spaltete sich am Südostrand des East Pilbara Terrane das Kurrana Terrane und am Nordwestrand das Karratha Terrane ab. Zusammen mit den etwas später entstandenen Regal Terrane (3160 bis 3070 Millionen Jahre BP) und dem Sholl Terrane (3130 bis 3110 Millionen Jahre BP) bildet das Kurrana Terrane das West Pilbara Terrane, das bedingt durch nordwestlich-südöstliche Einengung aus den einzelnen Terranen um 3070 Millionen Jahre BP hervorging. Die Einengung ging aber weiter, so dass das West Pilbara Terrane (ebenfalls um 3070 Millionen Jahren BP) schließlich in der Prinsep Orogeny an das East Pilbara Terrane andockte.

Nach der Orogenese kam es in der Andockungszone (Central Pilbara Tectonic Zone) zu Subsidenzerscheinungen und es entstand zwischen 3050 und 2930 Millionen Jahre BP das diskordant aufliegende De Grey Superbasin. Im De Grey Superbasin können im West Pilbara Terrane drei durch Diskordanzen voneinander abgetrennte Beckenserien unterschieden werden:

 Gorge Creek Basin (3050 bis 3020 Millionen Jahre BP)
 Whim Creek Basin (3010 bis 2990 Millionen Jahre BP)
 Mallina Basin (2970 bis 2940 Millionen Jahre BP)

Am Südostrand des East Pilbara Terrane bildete sich zwischen 2980 und 2930 Millionen Jahre BP das Mosquito Creek Basin. Nach Eindringen der granitischen Split Rock Supersuite zwischen 2890 und 2830 Millionen Jahre BP in die Sedimente des De Grey Superbasin kehrte im East Pilbara Terane bis ungefähr 2780 Millionen Jahre BP Ruhe ein. Ab 2780 Millionen Jahre BP folgten dann die eingangs bereits erwähnten Ablagerungen der Fortescue Group (bis 2630 Millionen Jahre BP), der Hamersley Group (2630 bis 2450 Millionen Jahre BP) und der Turee Creek Group (2420 bis 2300 Millionen Jahre BP). Mit dem nordwärts vordringenden Faltengürtel der Ophthalmian Orogeny um 2300 Millionen Jahre BP endet die Sedimentation im Turee Creek Basin.

Der Orogenese folgte ein Hiatus von 90 Millionen Jahren. Es entstanden dann im neu gebildeten Ashburton Basin die Sedimente der Lower Wyloo Group, die sich diskordant über die Sedimente des Hamersley Basin legten. Die Sedimentation endete gegen 2030 Millionen Jahre BP nach Ablagerung des Wooly Dolomite. Nach erfolgter Doleritintrusion (Gangscharen) kam es gegen 2000 Millionen Jahre BP zur Panhandle Orogeny. Die abschließende Upper Wyloo Group sedimentierte im Zeitraum 1830 bis 1790 Millionen Jahre BP nach einer langen Schichtlücke diskordant über der Lower Wyloo Group. Die gegen 1786 Millionen Jahre BP vorrückende Orogenfront der Capricorn Orogeny beendete die Entwicklung im Ashburton Basin und führte zur Kontinentalkollision zwischen dem Pilbara- und dem Yilgarn-Kraton.

Einzelnachweise

Geologie Australiens
Präkambrium


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It's starting to look a lot like late August. The cicadas are humming again, the late-summer sun has that intensity that only happens this time of the year, and –though I could've been just imagining it– I happened to catch a tree on my drive yesterday just about to glow itself from green to yellow.
And, for the first time in a couple years, I'm not prepping my car for five-day-a-week long drives, loading my backpack for another semester of studies, buying books for another year. I'm missing the rise of energy inside that always comes this time of the year.
Kind of hard to believe –I mean, yes, I'm still doing grad school, but this year I'll be studying from home. Granted, I've been a card-carrying (mortgage-holding, tax-paying) citizen of the Real World for twenty five years now, so the transition back home shouldn't be this hard …but it is. So, since I can't go back, I thought I'd send my greetings and wish you a great year and, true to my character, give you a few things to think about.
If you've been through this "going back to college" ritual a few times, you know how it goes. By mid-October, all the magic will have worn off and it'll be back to the hard work of the every day student. You'll have adjusted to a new living situation, gotten settled, and you might feel tempted to start to let the days slide into each other.
Whether it's your first year or your fourth (or more), when your feet hit the floor in the morning, try something different this year: greet the Lord, take a deep breath, and place the next twenty-four hours in His hands. Do it whether it feels silly or not. Because these four years are going to be some of the fastest years of your life. Yes, it's hard, yes, it's sometimes amazingly so full of joy you feel like your body can't contain it, sometimes it's so full of sorrow you aren't sure how you manage to breathe –but it goes so fast.
Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be pleasing in Your sight.
I believe that little ritual saved my life a few times. It definitely eased a few difficult days and made me more aware that in every moment, He is present, and the things that seem insurmountable can be taken one moment at a time more easily when you realize this story you're living isn't written by yourself.
So, off you go. Have a wonderful year. Know that you are not alone, that the work you do every day matters, whether you "use" that major you're working on or not. The things you learn here will travel with you through your entire life.
Don't waste a moment of it. Know that you are loved far beyond the reaches of your fear, and let your voice echo beyond the four years you're at this place.


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text:
About Brother James
RTU people past and present
Articles and Quotes
Add a message from RTU people past and present
Add a message from India
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Donate to Brother James's Tribute Fund
Welcome |
Contents |
About Brother James |
RTU people past and present |
Family members |
Rest of World |
Articles and Quotes |
Messages from India
Dear Friends/Family, I would like to share a contribution page with you which has been created in the $bookTitle$ book. To view the page please click on the following link: $findContributionLink$ Online Book for Brother James Kimpton https://www.theonlinebookcompany.com/OnlineBooks/Kimpton/Contributions/Find/India/mrpdeenadayalansecretaryofmaitriandboardmemberofrtu
https://www.theonlinebookcompany.com/OnlineBooks/Kimpton/Contributions/Find/India/mrpdeenadayalansecretaryofmaitriandboardmemberofrtu
Mr P Deenadayalan, Secretary of MAITRI and board member of RTU
India | 30 Nov 2017
I am sure that whenever we look back to our memories they will surely make us smile or laugh. The old year, 1988, that was the first time I met this gracious man Brother James Kimpton, will not be forgotten. He was a strong supporter of MAITRI; in fact he only laid the foundation stone to our Children's Village, which has now grown as a banyan tree. He will always be remembered as a great supporter of our children. Remembering you Brother, for your love and compassionate attitude towards helpless people. We and our children stand as witness for that. His contributions to the field of child development are unquestioned, and are reflected in his outstanding reputation and many awards and honours. I'll stop here, but honestly, I could go on for far, far longer. I remember an elegy that says: "God looked around his garden And He found an empty place. He then looked down upon this earth, He put his arms around you And lifted you to rest. God's garden must be beautiful He always takes the best". We certainly believe that " He lived to Die, but Died to Live Eternally". P Deenadayalan, Secretary of Maitri in Koduvilarpatti and board member of RTU
Dear Friends/Family, I would like to share a contribution page with you which has been created in the $bookTitle$ book. To view the page please click on the following link: $findContributionLink$ Online Book for Brother James Kimpton https://www.theonlinebookcompany.com/OnlineBooks/Kimpton/Contributions/Find/India/brjosephfernandofscpresidentofthedelegationofdelasallebrothersinindia
https://www.theonlinebookcompany.com/OnlineBooks/Kimpton/Contributions/Find/India/brjosephfernandofscpresidentofthedelegationofdelasallebrothersinindia
Br Joseph Fernando, FSC, President of the Delegation of De La Salle Brothers in India
India | 7 Dec 2017
THE INSPIRING LIFE OF BROTHER JAMES KIMPTON My first interactions with Br James Kimpton were back in 1971 as a young bother, just two years into vowed religious life. My reflections are based on my personal interaction and observations since then. Br James had deep convictions in the providence of God. His constant quote has always been "God will provide." Br James had many discouraging moments as the administrator of Boys' Town, Boys' Village and RTU. But all through, his faith in God's providence continued to sustain him. His Devotion to Mother Mary was as strong as his faith in God's providence. He never missed any opportunity to set up grottos to honour Her. He placed all his initiatives under her powerful protection. He publicly claimed that it was Mother Mary who helped him to accomplish his projects towards the poor and needy. The special prayer of consecration of the De La Salle Brothers in the Delegation of India to Our Lady was composed by him and is regularly prayed at the end of every Delegation Chapter once in three years. Apart from St John Baptist De La Salle, who inspired him towards his religious commitment, he was also inspired and devoted to St Joseph, who dutifully fulfilled the responsibility as the foster father of the Child Jesus. The role of St Joseph in the life of Jesus inspired Br James to take care of the children who suffered due to parental negligence, malnutrition, and female infanticide. He was also a great admirer and devotee of St Mother Theresa of Kolkata, from whom he drew a lot of inspiration for his charitable behaviour towards others. Br James was a religious with deep convictions to be at the service of others. Since 1985, he had been given special permission to live as a single religious at RTU. However he kept to his religious commitment, duties and responsibilities as a religious. He was in constant contact with his major superiors both within the Delegation of India, and others in Rome. He made sure that he was present for all important gatherings and discussions that took place within the Delegation, sharing his views on issues that affect the Lasallian mission of the Brothers in India. Br James's humane attitude towards the poor and needy was incomparable. Poor with every kind of need – food, shelter, health care, education, self employment, socially outcast, orphaned children, especially female children – were received with extra ordinary compassion, taken care of temporarily and settled permanently. Due to his complete dedication, RTU became a beacon of hope for thousands of people without any discrimination. Over the years he has fostered a group of dedicated men and women who have and are willing to carry on the noble service he has initiated. His genuine and extra ordinary love for poor and neglected children has enabled him to set up children's homes in many places, and thereby catering to their educational and personal development. He was completely localised in adapting to local conditions not only in his life style, but called proudly called himself 'Kallupattikaran' thus identifying himself with the local villagers. His last wish to be buried within RTU among his beloved children is the ultimate expression of his caring love towards all RTU beneficiaries. Br James Kimpton is no more physically present in this world. But the values he cherished and expressed in his life will continue to inspire many more generous individuals to reach out to the poor and needy far beyond RTU and Kallupatti. RTU as an organization now has a heavenly advocate in Br James, constantly interceding to God for the blessings on all its activities of reaching out to the needy. Brother Joseph Fernando, FSC, President of the Lasallian Delegation of India
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We set our goal. 35.
Back2School is an effort by Ace in the City to help prepare local students for the school year ahead. Every August at the Back2School Bash, Ace distributes hundreds of backpacks (filled with supplies) into the hands of students in a way that preserves the dignity of both students and parents. It's a day filled with free haircuts, inflatables, food, and tons of smiles and laughter.
UC is helping in a few ways, one of which, is committing to 20 backpacks, collecting now until Sunday, August 5th!
These backpacks will then be filled with quality, brand-specific school supplies and sold at the Bash at a reduced cost. All proceeds from the event will directly benefit the ongoing work of Ace in the City.
Where Do I Bring 'Em?
Bring your backpacks (empty!) to UC anytime between now and August 5th. (Look over there -->) is a list of suggested backpacks for your trip to the store.
EXTRA: Throw in another 20. Dollars.
If you slip a $20 bill in the backpack, you have just "filled" the backpack with supplies. 100% of your $20 pays for the supplies to fill each of these backpacks.
July 9th - Backpack Collection Begins!
Aug 6th - Backpack Collection Ends at UC Block Party!
Aug 12th - Back2School Bash in Powderhorn Park!


Publisher: Atria Books, Simon & Schuster, Riverside, NJ, U.S.A.
A compilation of speeches, essays, and other writings by the late performer and civil rights activist includes such examples as a monologue from his 1961 play Purlie Victorious, his eulogies for Malcolm X and Louis Armstrong, and the speech "The English Language Is My Enemy." 30,000 first printing.
Ossie Davis appeared in numerous Broadway and Hollywood productions, including I'm Not Rappaport, The Defenders, The Stand, Jungle Fever, Evening Shade, and The Client. He was also the author of several plays, teleplays, and children's books. He passed away in February 2005, still active in his work at the age of eighty-seven.


Solve for Alberta, solve for the world.
Calling all exceptional problem-solvers! The ATB Datathon brings together Canada's leading minds in the fields of data science, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other disciplines, to foster diverse discussions and problem solving. By uniting cross-industry communities for a weekend of friendly competition, we can solve problems impacting the lives of everyday Albertans; uncovering solutions with potential for global impact.
Alberta is perfectly positioned to solve some of the world's most significant challenges with the help of the smartest minds and today's most disruptive technologies. It's home to world-renowned universities, research and application of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Together, we aim to establish Alberta as a testbed for the best and brightest ideas.
Utilizing aggregated datasets from a variety of sources, combined with a wide variety of data science tools, teams will converge to solve compelling challenges and compete for prizes. This event is open to participants from across Alberta at any level of expertise, from data newbie to seasoned professional.
Visit ATB Alphabeta for more information.
Mental Wellbeing - Our mental health plays a significant role in our ability to enjoy a happy and productive life. Utilizing public demographic data, interactions with digital devices and social media, for example - what insights can be discovered to reinvent how support for mental wellbeing or stress-related issues are addressed?
Precision Agriculture - For Canadian farmers, even the slightest of business decisions can play a profound role in crop yield, quality to market, and overall profitability of the farms themselves. How can we use machine learning, satellite imagery, weather data and historical reports to create end-to-end intelligence that could have a substantial impact on our farmers, today?
Customer of "One" - Meeting customer demands for services and experiences (over products) is creating a new mix of consumer behaviours. Using public data and virtual customer data from our internal virtual bank, create a model that allows banks to deliver more innovative, tailored experiences that can better meet their needs; today, and in the future.
Register online through our eventbrite page. No team? No problem. Select "individual registration" and we'll connect you with a pod.
Join the slack channel. Once you're registered you'll receive an email with a link to join. It's really important that you do, because this is where you'll be able to connect with your team, ask questions and access data relevant to your challenge.
Watch for our emails. We'll be releasing more information as the event draws nearer, including important updates and information on pre-event workshops.
A pod is a small team of participants focused around solving a specific challenge. Consisting of three to eight participants, each pod should identify a team leader responsible for registering their team and keeping activities on track.
Registered teams will be assigned to challenges based on their identified preferences. Individuals will be assigned to pods based on personal experience, challenge preference and time of registration.
Ultimate bragging rights for winning Alberta's biggest Datathon!
Personalized award certificates - a great addition to any resume!
Impact - how relevant is the problem statement/solution in solving a key issue?
Originality - is your idea/solution unique?
Structure - is the solution well organized? Does it make sense?
Accuracy - how close are your predictions?
Quality of visualizations - were your visuals clear and well-organized? Are they visually attractive and easy to read?
Communication - were you clear and precise?
Personality - it's all about the pitch! This is your time to shine.
9:30 a.m. - Data-diving begins!
For information on getting there, visit the event page on Alphabeta. Round-trip buses from Calgary to Edmonton for the event are available - reserve your spot when you register for the event above!
I'm coming from out of town. Where can I stay?
For our out-of-town guests, we recommend The Coast Hotels Edmonton as the nearest option to the venue. We're excited to be working with The Coast to provide a group rate of $112 per night (single or double occupancy). Call (780) 423-4811 to reserve your room now, while available!
No. While you do need a team to compete, individuals can register on Eventbrite and we will assign you a pod based on your challenge preferences.
What kinds of data will we be using?
Teams will use a combination of anonimized data provided by ATB and publicly available datasets. It is each pod's responsibility to ensure they have the appropriate data to solve their problem!
The total cost for entering the datathon is $35 per person, or $20 for students. This includes your food for the entirety of the weekend. Sign up and pay via our Eventbrite page.
Do I need to be a data scientist or advanced analytics expert to enter?
This event is open to anyone with an interest in data, from any background or skill level. We do recommend, though, that each team have at least one individual familiar with data science tools and processes to ensure a smooth weekend.
Do I need to attend the entirety of the datathon?
Since the event lasts for the entire weekend, you are welcome to come and go as you please. However, we do recommend you stay and participate in the entire event. To be eligible for a prize your entire team must present to the judges on Sunday afternoon.
All food and non-alcoholic beverages will be covered by your $35 sign-up fee. Let us know when you register if you have any dietary restrictions.
No. This event is open to all ages for those interested in participating.
Please note that outside food/alcohol is not allowed in the venue. If you have any special dietary needs please let us know upon registration.
Nope! We will be checking everyone in by name at the event.
Tickets are transferrable up to two weeks in advance of the event. This gives your team the chance to adjust for your absence before the weekend. To transfer your tickets to another name, send a detailed email to cbourgeois@atb.com with your name, pod, and the contact information of the person taking your spot.
Who will own intellectual property created during this event?
Participants will retain all intellectual property created during this event.
Please contact Claire Bourgeois at cbourgeois@atb.com if you have any questions.


Meet my Linda Feels Loving mirror. Back in the day when Marcos was out of town for a few weeks in Canada I skipped over to a girlfriend's house, and she introduced me to the art of collage (From the French: coller, to glue). It was actually kind of tricky at first to figure out how to arrange and lay the overly sticky, thin scraps of magazine down onto the edge of the mirror, but watching my two dollar find from the thrift store metamorphose in front of my very eyes was satisfying, to say the least.
The Linda Feels Loving mirror has a lot of me involved in it. The first image that sang to me was the tall Wonderwoman on the left, who completely deserved to have a card from a kid's game blast her off. And then came little girl Linda from a vintage child's book to balance out Wonderwoman's kick-trash presence. The Zorro-like picture on the bottom had to be included because I am currently quite smitten with Zorro and want to name my first born son (or daugher, let's be frank) "Zorro". Then other things like "Hello my name is Independence" and the B&W New York City skyline just really topped it off, along with an old European stamp and some satisfying textures. This was the first of many creative projects that will come out of this summer. I'll keep you posted!
What do you have in your home that inspires you?
ooooooo I like this mirror. This is a cool project.


text:
Þ, het IJslandse en Engelse schriftteken
Thorn (Limburg), een plaats in Limburg (Nederland)
Abdij van Thorn, een vroegere abdij in Thorn
abdijvorstendom Thorn, een onafhankelijk rijkje in Midden-Limburg, bestaande uit de abdij en enkele omliggende dorpen
Toruń, een stad in Polen, ook wel bekend als Thorn
Thorn (film), Deense film uit 2017

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Okay, so, everyone knows the game 'Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon', right? Well, this is sort of like that.
The deal is, one person says a name and the next person has to connect it to a Gilmore Girls actor or actress using no more than six people total, including the GG actor and the person you're supposed to link them.
Lauren Graham plays Lorelai Gilmore.
But you must use the (ep first episode they were in together/various episodes) if they were in multiple episodes together.
If the person was only in one episode, you switch (various episodes) with (ep episode name). Got it?
You can use IMDb, but please don't use any star linkers or things that do the work for you and try to limit the IMDb usage.
EDIT: No family relations, no friendships and no marriages.
Oh, I love this game! I have no idea who Ben Feldmen is, so I'll just have to look him up. Gomen!
Ben Feldmen was in The Perfect Man with Hilary Duff.
Amber Tamblyn was in Sisterhood Of the Travelling Pants with Alexis Bledel, Rory in GG.
Sean Astin was in Harrison Bergeron with Eugene Levy who was in New York Minute with Jared Padalecki.
"Would you just stand still?"
and Mark was on Conrad Bloom with Lauren Graham!
All hail the brilliant Amy Sherman-Palladino... Don't leave us! Come back, Amy! Come back!
Give Lauren Graham an Emmy!
Er ... um ... Cher!
Cher was in If These Walls Could Talk with Demi Moore, who is married to Ashton Kutcher, who was in Cheaper by the Dozen in which Jared Padalecki was an uncredited extra.
And Ms. Theron appeared in Sweet November with that ever-lovin' Lauren Graham.
Copperboom! - You used too many people. You can use six people including the beginning and end links.
AND NO MARRIAGES this time, people.
Rhys Ifans was in Vanity Fair with Resse Witherspoon who guest-starred on Friends, on which Matthew Perry stars, who was in Celebrity Poker Showdown episode: "Tournament 2, Game 4" (episode # 2.4) with Lauren Graham.
Rhys Ifans was in Vanity Fair with Reese Witherspoon.
Sarah Michelle Gellar played Buffy in an episode which Amber Tamblyn guest starred in.


Acne is a frequent skin problem suffered by most of the people to a varying degree. It specially occurs during the teen years. But it can not be said that the disease limited to any age group. Early adulthood and middle age people may have acne. Some people believe that acne is common therefore proper treatment is not required. But these beliefs are wrong.
If person ignore this skin disease, he is doing serious mistake. It is always better to take advice from good skin specialist and go for treatment to enhance appearance and self esteem, and avoid the development of lifelong scars. According to medical research, acne could be simply considered as a hormonal disease. The hormones are responsible for the maturation of the oil glands in our skin.
Because of this reason, children are not susceptible to acne. Practically, the hormones may simply become unstable almost at any time because of more or less simple causes, there are also these specific periods when hormones get unbalanced. These particular stages are puberty, pregnancy, menopause when acne could attack on our bodies.
Many Research reports demonstrate that the hormonal imbalance which leads to acne is mostly observed in women and also in teenage boys. Sometimes doctors advice women to take birth control pills, which in small doses and joined by other topical remedies also, can be used in reducing blemishes by keeping the androgens steady. But female should not attempt even considering using such type of treatment on her own without previously seeing a physician.
They should not research on their body when some hormonal changes are taking place. If women follow advice of untrained people, it can lead to dangerous consequences.
Increasing hormone levels during adolescence cause enlargement and over activity of the oil glands in the skin.
There is a redness in affected areas which comes from the swelling of the skin in response to the infection. When the oil from the sebaceous gland merges with the dead skin cells, it blocks the hair follicles. This makes the skin bacteria to grow very fast. This infection develop swollen and redness in the skin, which becomes visible. Forehead, face, back, chest and arms are the areas where acne is mostly noticeable.
Acne is not a very serious disease and people do not think that it is not curable. Recently, many effectual therapies have been developed. Dermatologists want to prevent scars that acne can leave. It has been noticed that people are not aware of acne and untreated acne can leave a permanent mark on a person's face and can have an effect on his or her self-image. Acne is usually controllable. Since acne has many forms, dermatologist provides treatment individually to care for successful control. The course of therapy will differ according to factors as type of acne, its severity and extent, and the patient's day-to-day activities.
Acne Surgery: By this procedure, acne is cleared and improves appearance by manually removing blackheads and whiteheads. A round loop extractor is used to apply uniform smooth pressure to dislodge the material. Inserting a pointed instrument to carefully expose the contents loosens lesions that offer resistance. This may be combined with microdermabrasion, which facilitates to remove dead skin on the face and open up smaller blocked pores. Another therapy is intralesional Corticosteroid Therapy. If there are one or several painful acne cysts, this procedure will provide fast relief. Each cyst is given a single injection of a dilute cortisone solution, using a very tiny needle. It is to be noted that acne can not disappear with in a day or two. It is long process. Continuous treatment must be taken if the disease is to be controlled effectively. It is necessary to follow instructions of dermatologist to eradicate problem If people spend the time and effort to control acne, they will definitely get positive result.
Nutritious and balanced Diet is helpful in the treatment of acne. It is established by expert that unhealthy diet can trigger acne. Some people argue that that diet has no role in most cases of acne. While many Dermatologists still consider this to be true. But many people agree that eating the wrong things can let loose the wrong kind of hormones. These hormones activate the oil glands in face. High levels of hormones are present in cow's milk, since most dairy cattle are pregnant. Milk is an important part of diet. But nutrients like calcium, vitamin D and protein can easily get from other foods, or from supplements. It may take 6 months off all dairy products before any improvement can be seen. Another assumption is that sugar and excess carbohydrates leads to acne. These push body to pump out insulin, which can throw off other hormones as a result. Some obese women with acne have hormone imbalances and excess insulin. In these women bringing the insulin level down corrects the hormone levels and acne. While there is no evidence that sugar and carbohydrates are important in most cases of acne, there is also no doubt sugar and unnecessary carbohydrates are not good for people. But developing good eating habits is the best approach to control acne. Some people blame particular foods for their acne such as chocolate and nuts, but these foods are not responsible for developing acne. The importance of diet may differ from individual to individual. It is recommended that before following any treatment, individual must take doctor's advice. Note: This information is just for knowledge of disease. If such type of medical condition develops, consult your doctor.


text:
By Lisa Eramo | September 5, 2017
Accepting Medicare is one of many ways in which physicians can expand their practices. (See my previous article on the Pros and Cons of Medicare for Independent Practices.) That's because even despite often having a lower fee schedule, Medicare tends to pay consistently and promptly, making it easier for practices to grow.
However, choosing to accept Medicare isn't a 'one and done' decision. Instead, it requires a thoughtful approach to ensure that practices are paid appropriately, maintain adequate cashflow, and safeguard revenue so auditors don't try to eventually recoup that money.
Frank Cohen, director of analytics at Doctors Management, LLC in Spring Hill, Florida, provides these six tips for practices that are new to Medicare:
1. Hire a nurse practitioner or physician assistant
The cost-to-revenue ratio is significantly lower when non-physician practitioners (NPP) treat Medicare patients, says Cohen. This means it's ultimately more profitable when NPPs see these patients. This strategy also allows physicians to fill their schedules with patients whose insurance pays more per relative value unit. This allows the practice to accept and treat Medicare patients without having to drain all of the physician's time and resources.
2. Be strategic when scheduling patients
For example, set aside a certain number of daily slots for patients with Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance. Because Medicare often pays the lowest, consider setting strict limitations for the number of Medicare patients seen in a single day or week, says Cohen. Balancing the schedule in this way creates a cashflow equilibrium.
3. File clean claims every time
"Do it right on the front end so you're not subject to an audit three years down the road," says Cohen. "Clean claims are the secret to not only making—but keeping—money in this industry."
Filing clean claims may require physicians to hire a certified medical coder. They'll also need to budget for that individual's ongoing continuing education. If the physician can't afford a certified coder, then it's best to outsource the coding function to a reputable company, says Cohen.
Here's a checklist to help you decide on your medical billing needs:
4. Establish a compliance plan—and follow it
The Office of Inspector General (OIG) provides guidance for individual and small group physician practices to help them conduct internal monitoring, implement practice standards, develop corrective action and more. Following a documented compliance plan helps physicians stay on track, and it mitigates risk for denials and recoupments, says Cohen.
5. Work with your practice management vendor
Because Medicare's National Coverage Determinations, Local Coverage Determinations, and National Correct Coding Initiative edits are completely transparent, physicians are most successful when they work with their practice management vendors to ensure that this information is loaded on the front end. This enables practices to validate claims prior to submission. Many systems also offer coding checks that validate procedural codes and modifiers.
It's difficult to implement this same type of checks and balances with private payers, says Cohen. "The problem with private payers is that there's still a lot of black box editing that goes on," he says, adding that he recently had to look 22 pages deep into a payer's website to find its payment policy.
6. Hire an external auditor annually
Under these self-disclosure and payback policies, the government and private payers are expecting physicians to hire an external auditor, says Cohen. External auditors can easily identify billing and compliance risk that could be potentially catastrophic when left unaddressed, he adds.
Choosing to accept Medicare can help physicians grow their practices, but only when implementing a strategic approach to stay profitable. This includes careful consideration of staffing, scheduling, billing and auditing.
Submitted by Lisa Eramo on Tue, 09/05/2017 - 15:52
Lisa A. Eramo
Lisa A. Eramo, BA, MA is a freelance writer specializing in health information management, medical coding, and regulatory topics. She began her healthcare career as a...
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text:
District Water Sports Championship concludes in Srinagar
SRINAGAR: Secretary, Youth Service & Sports (YSS), Sarmad Hafeez today distributed medals among the winners of District Championship 2018 for Water Sports at Water Sports Centre, Nehru Park, here.
Around 370 athletes participated in water sports games which include Kayaking, Canoeing, Dragon Boat, Canoepolo on a concluding day today.
The championship was organized by J&K State Sports Council. On the occasion, Secretary congratulated the winners and participants as well and said that only winning medals in sports activities is not important but participation is important as well. He said sports teach discipline and help in better channelizing of energy.
Sarmad Hafeez said it is for the first time that such a district-level championship was organized which acted a talent hunt which needs to be nurtured and harnessed so that the budding sports persons bring laurels for the state and the country in future competitions.
He appreciated the participation of girls in the championship and assured them of all possible support. He also said that Governors Administration is also taking a slew of measures to upgrade sports infrastructure like constructing Indoor Sports Hall at district levels. He further said that by joint efforts Sports fields will be developed at block and village level as well.
Secretary urged upon the organizers that those who ride Shikaras should be involved in the water sports by nurturing their talent as they are familiar with such activities.
Director General Sports, Dr Saleem-UL-Reman, Secretary State Sports Council, Dr Naseem Javaid Chaudhary, OSD to Advisor K. Vijay Kumar, Anil Sharma, and other officials of the Council and a large number of spectators were present at the event.


In this paper a general introduction to basic concepts for the geometric description of Euclidean "Flat-Space" Geometry and Non-Euclidean "Curved-Space" Geometry, and Spherically Symmetric Metric equations which are used for describing the causality and motion of the "Gravitational" interaction between mass with vacuum energy space, and the mass interaction with mass.
This paper gives a conceptual and mathematical description of the differential geometry, of flat and curved space, space-time, or gravitational fields, using the "metric theory" mathematics of Euclidean, Minkowski, Einstein, and Schwarzschild, Spherically Symmetric metrics, and geodesic line elements.
This paper postulates a "Vacuum Energy Perfect Fluid" model and a "Dark Matter Force and Pressure" associated with the Non-Euclidean Spherically Symmetric metric equations, and also gives a conceptual and mathematical description and rationale, for selecting the Schwarzschild Metric over the Einstein Metric, as a physical description of the gradient gravitational, field surrounding a localized net inertial mass/matter source.
This paper also gives a new generalized mathematical formalism for describing "Non-Euclidean" Spherically Symmetric Metrics, of space, space-time, or the gravitational field, using a generalized "Metric "Curvature" Coefficient".
This work is written to physicists that are interested in understanding from a conceptual view, the rationale for selecting "Flat Geometry" Euclidean Space, or selecting a "Curved Geometry" Non-Euclidean Space; as causality for gravity, and motion of the "Gravitational" interaction between mass with vacuum energy space, and the mass interaction with mass.
In this paper, I do weave some of my own theory, ideas, and mathematics into these well established physics concepts and mathematics; therefore, this work is written for those that have a very good basis and understanding, of the concepts of differential geometry, and General Relativity; to be able to distinguish what is newly proposed, and what is being discussed in general throughout this paper.
Likewise this work is written to physicists that are interested in understanding why a Schwarzschild Spherically Symmetric Metric ( ), is preferred over the Einstein Spherically Symmetric Metric ( ); which is based on a particular choice of "pressure" and "density" in the universe, and on the surface of the Black Hole Event Horizon, source of a localized gradient gravitational field.
A "Spherically Symmetric Metric" ( ) is used for describing the "flat" or "curved" Differential Geometry of Space, Time, & Surfaces, of spherically symmetric space, space-time, or gravitational field, in the presence or absence of condensed matter.
In this work I have limited the discussion only to the: Euclidean, Minkowski, Einstein, and Schwarzschild Spherically Symmetric Metrics of space, space-time, or the gravitational field, however there are many other geometric "metric" equations, and theories of gravitation, that are accepted by the mainstream physics. And there are many "Spherically Symmetric Metrics" that are in use in physics today.
In a paper written by M.S.R. Delgaty and Kayll Lake (1998) "Physical Acceptability of Isolated, Static, Spherically Symmetric, Perfect Fluid Solutions of Einstein's Equations", they describe various "Spherically Symmetric Metrics" ( ) equations.
And likewise in a paper by, Petarpa Boonserm, Matt Visser, and Silke Weinfurtner (2005) "Generating perfect fluid spheres in general relativity" , they describe that there are over 127 solutions to the "Spherically Symmetric Metrics".
But only nine (9) of those "metric" equations satisfy the criteria for predicting actual physical measurable results.
The various "Spherically Symmetric Metric" ( ), equations which are either Euclidean or Non-Euclidean, describes physical and observable results of gravitational interaction between mass and space, and between mass and mass, predicts that the vacuum energy, and inertial matter in motion interact, through a space, space-time, or gravitational field, that is either flat or curved, and surrounding a localized gravity source, that is either matter dependent, or matter independent, is described in the following sections of this paper.
My goal is to bring into correlation, the concepts of "Gravitational Force" of the Newtonian style, and the concepts of Non-Euclidean geometric "curvature of space-time" as described by the mathematical differential geometry of the "Spherically Symmetric Metric" ( ) of space, space-time, or a gravitational field, and due to the presence or absence of mass or matter as the source of a gradient gravitational field, in a localized region of the universe.
Also I will introduce a new generalized mathematical formalism for describing the "Spherically Symmetric Metric" ( ), by expression of a term known as the "Metric "Curvature" Coefficient" ( ). The "Metric "Curvature" Coefficient" ( ) is term and quantity, used for describing the "amount of curvature" due to motion through a perfect fluid vacuum energy, and the presence or absence of mass or matter as the source of a gradient gravitational field, in a localized region of the universe.
The Non-Euclidean "Spherically Symmetric Metric" ( ) which describes the actual physical geometry of space, space-time or a gravitational field, is used to describe space where there is condensed matter, mass, and energy; as will be described in following section of this paper.
The goal of this section is to describe an algorithm for describing a general "Spherically Symmetric Metric", which can predict Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Metrics, in a "flat" or "curved" space, space-time, or gravitational field.
For any surface, embedded in a Euclidean space of three (3) dimensions or higher, it is possible to measure: the length of a curve ( ) on the surface, the angle ( ) between any two curves on the surface, and the area ( ) of a region on the surface. This concept is extended into greater than three dimensions with Bernhard Riemann Geometry (1826 – 1866).
This surface embedded (mapping one surface to another surface) structure to any space, space-time, or gravitational field, is encoded infinitesimally in a generalized spherically symmetric metric, on the surface, through geodesic line elements ( ) and area elements ( ).
Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777 – 1855) in his "Theorema Egregium" , which is Latin for "remarkable theorem", states that Gaussian curvature of a surface can be determined from the measurements of length ( ) on the surface itself.
This "extraordinary" result shows that the Gaussian curvature of a surface can be computed solely in terms of a "Metric" ( ), and is thus an intrinsic invariant of the surface. The Gaussian curvature is invariant under isometric deformations of the surface.
Gaussian curvature can be used to describe the position, location, or a change in position or location, of any object on a surface in space.
The "remarkable" result predicted by Gauss, is that the curvature does not depend on its surface embedding, and in spite of all bending and twisting deformations, undergone during rotations; a surface can be determined from the measurements of length ( ) on the surface itself, which is described by a Metric ( ).
The Gaussian curvature of a surface is independent of any embedding (mapping one surface to another surface) and is unchanged under coordinate transformations. In general the isometrics of all surfaces preserve Gaussian curvature, during bending, twisting, deformations, and rotations; which is described by a Metric ( ).
In Riemannian geometry, Gauss's lemma predicts that any small sphere centered at a point in any surface or Riemannian manifold, is perpendicular to every geodesic through the point. The geodesic is describes by a Metric ( ) with line element ( ) on the surface of a space, space-time, or gravitational field; that is either a "flat space" geometry or "curved space" geometry.
Getting a good understanding for what a metric describes is crucial for describing the space and time considerations of Special Relativity (SR) and General Relativity (GR). In (SR) and (GR) the concept of the "Metric" ( ), is used to describe a line element ( ) on the surface of a space, space-time, or gravitational field; that is either a "flat space" geometry or "curved space" geometry.
A "Euclidean" Metric ( ), in Newtonian Gravitation (NG), describes a gravitational field as a "flat space", and may be thought of as a concept where mass attracts mass, from across the vastness of empty "flat space".
A "Non-Euclidean" Metric ( ), in General Relativity (GR) may be thought of as a generalization of the gravitational field, in a "curved space or space-time". The curvature is a form of "attraction" and is a result of the presence of the mass bodies in interaction; with a similar analogy to the Newtonian gravitation attraction concept.
The Metric ( ) captures all the geometric and causal structure of space, space-time or a gravitational field, which are used to define notions such as distance, volume, curvature, angle, future and past.
This introduces a conceptual difference between the straight lines of the Euclidean geometry, and the curves of Non-Euclidean geometry, which physically bend in space. This "bending" property of space is not a property of the "Euclidean" or "Pseudo-Euclidean" lines elements and mathematics; but is only described by the "Non-Euclidean" lines elements and mathematics.
Thus Euclidean geometry describes straight lines in flat space geometry, and Non-Euclidean describes hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry in curved space geometry.
· In Euclidean "flat" geometry the lines in a space, space-time or gravitational field remain in a "flat space" at a constant distance from each other, even if extended into infinity, and are known as parallels.
The Euclidean "flat" geometry is independent of any condensed "mass" or "energy" in that "flat space".
In Non-Euclidean "open" hyperbolic geometry the lines in a space, space-time or gravitational field "curve away" from each other, increasing in distance as one moves further from the points of intersection with the common perpendicular.
The Non-Euclidean "open" hyperbolic geometry is "curvature" that is dependent of the condensed "mass" or "energy" in that "curved space".
· In Non-Euclidean "Closed" elliptical geometry the lines in a space, space-time or gravitational field " curve toward" from each other, decreasing in distance as one moves towards the points of intersection.
The Non-Euclidean "Closed" elliptical geometry is "curvature" that is dependent of the condensed "mass" or "energy" in that "curved space".
The "Spherically Symmetric Metric" ( ) which describes the actual physical geometry of space, space-time or a gravitational field, can be used to describe space where there is condensed matter, mass, and energy.
In the differential geometry of theoretical physics, the Minkowski space is often contrasted with Euclidean space because they are both considered "flat space" geometry for space, space-time, or the gravitational field.
In the differential geometry of theoretical physics, the Euclidean space describes the "ordinary" triangle distance given by the Pythagorean calculation, on a flat space, and describes the physical space, between two points that one would measure with a ruler, and using the Pythagorean formula.
The Euclidean space has only space-like dimensions, and a Minkowski space has the space-like dimensions and one time-like dimension. On an orthonormal basis the Euclidean Space is a four-dimensional real vector space with signature (+, +, +), (x, y, z).
The Euclidean Metric ( ) is a Spherically Symmetric Metric that describes the differential geometry of "Flat" space/space-time; and is defined as the "net sum" of a square differential radial ( ) component, and the "invariant" or "co-variant" square differential surface component ( ), of a "Flat" space/space-time.
The Euclidean Metric ( ) is independent of the mass or energy present in a localized space, space-time, or gravitational field.
with signature (+, +, +), (x, y, z).
The Minkowski Metric ( ) is a Spherically Symmetric Metric that is considered "Pseudo-Euclidean". The Minkowski Metric ( ) describes the differential geometry of a "Flat" space-time; and is "net difference" between the square differential radial ( ) "flat" space-time component, and the "light cone" "space-time square differential surface component ( ), of a "Flat" space-time.
The Minkowski Metric ( ) is independent of the mass or energy present in a localized space, space-time, or gravitational field.
On an orthonormal basis the Minkowski Space is also a four-dimensional Cartesian vector space with signature (−, +, +, +), (-t, x, y, z).
The Euclidean space has three ordinary dimensions of space, that are combined with a single dimension of "time" that is "space-like"; to form a four-dimensional manifold for representing a flat space-time.
In Euclidean space, two vectors are said to be orthogonal in a flat space. But Minkowski space differs by including hyperbolic-orthogonal actions in that flat space.
Hermann Minkowski (1864 – 1909) in his work "The Fundamental Equations for Electromagnetic Processes in Moving Bodies" , describes space-time has having three ordinary dimensions of space, that are combined with a single dimension of "time" that is "time-like"; to form a four-dimensional manifold for representing a space-time.
The Minkowski space is then considered a pseudo-Euclidean space, where the orthonormal rotation is also a representation of a hyperbolic rotation.
The Euclidean and Minkowski space, points in space, correspond to events in space-time; and events not on the light-cone are classified by their relation to the apex, of the space, as space-like or time-like.
Both the Euclidean and Minkowski space describe physical systems, over finite distances of a "flat space" geometry for space, space-time, or the gravitational field. Likewise, both the Euclidean and Minkowski space are typically applied to the weak Newtonian gravitational fields, and in the absence of, or independent of a large mass, which is a source of the gravity field.
When the Euclidean or Minkowski space, is being applied to strong gravitational fields, this is still considered "flat space". The Euclidean or Minkowski space, is a condition of space, space-time, or the gravitational field where mass and the vacuum of space do not interact.
In a region of weak gravity fields, the Minkowski or Euclidean space space-time in that region becomes "flat" not just locally to the source, but is flat extended out to great distances very far away from the weak gravity source.
For this reason Euclidean and Minkowski space is often referred to as "flat" space or "flat" space-time. The Euclidean and Minkowski space is "flat" in the presence of mass and weak gravity fields, and in that same region the space-time is described by a curved 4-dimensional manifold for which the tangent space to any point is a 4-dimensional Minkowski space.
The Pseudo-Euclidean Spherically Symmetric Metrics, predicts that there is a "Speed of Space or Space-time" ( ), and a Speed of Light ( ) constant.
Although the Euclidean and Minkowski space describes "flat space" it is still a good description for describing the "curvature" of space, space-time, gravitational fields, and gravity forces. Thus the structure of Euclidean and Minkowski space is still valid in the general description of gravitational fields given by General Relativity (GR).
In Einstein's  mathematical description of curvature of space-time of General Relativity Theory, the terms "metric" and "square of a line element" are used interchangeably.
The "Metric Coefficient" terms ( ), can take on values of one (1) to four (4). The value of one (1) represents "space", the value of (2) represents "latitude direction space", the value of three (3) represents "longitude direction space", and the value of four (4) represents "time".
According to the above "metric" equation, the "line element" describes information about the causal structure of the space-time.
The "metric" or "squared line element" is "time-like" when the Minkowski/Einstein Metric ( ).
The "metric" or "squared line element" is "light-like" when the Minkowski/Einstein Metric ( ).
The "metric" or "squared line element" is "space-like" when the Minkowski/Einstein Metric ( ).
In the case where there is a significant gravitational field present, and in the presence of a large mass, the space-time becomes curved or warped, in the local vicinity of the condensed matter, mass or energy.
Likewise, in the case where there is a significant gravitational field present, you have to abandon the "flat space" Euclidean and Minkowski, space of Special Relativity (SR), in favor of the "curved space" Einstein, Schwarzschild, and Riemannian, space of General Relativity (GR).
Thus in general there are the "flat space" metrics of Euclid and Minkowski, and the "curved space" "Non-Euclidean" metrics of Einstein and Schwarzschild.
The figure below describes a Euclidean Metric ( ), and various Spherically Symmetric Minkowski Metrics ( ); at various "speed of space (Vacuum Energy Velocity)" versus "speed of light" ratios ( ).
The larger the "speed of space" to the "speed of light" ratio ( ), the more closely the Minkowski space-time follows exactly the Euclidean space-time!
Next, will be presented a graph that shows the Euclidean Metric, in contrast with the Minkowski/Einstein Metrics at different values of ( ).
The Euclidean and the Minkowski "Metrics" ( ) and geodesic "line elements" ( ), are "mass independent" equations that describe the causality of "flat" space, space-time, or the gravitational field.
The graph of the Euclidean and Minkowski Metrics ( ), showing the radial integration limits, which extend from the center of the gradient gravitational field ( ), and into infinite distances ( ), is given in this classical form below.
It this section, it will be described a "new" generalized mathematical formalism for the Schwarzschild and Einstein "Non-Euclidean" Spherically Symmetric Metrics ( ). A "Non-Euclidean" Spherically Symmetric Metric ( ) is used to describe the causality of "gravity" or curvature of space, space-time, or gravitational field, in the presence of condensed matter, mass, and energy.
The above equation is an analogue of the classical Newtonian theory of gravitation, which corresponds to the gravitational field around a matter source; and in the classical Gauss theory of electricity, which corresponds to the electric field around a charge source.
In Newtonian ( ), "Euclidean Flat Space" Gravitation Theory, the gravitational field, and the attraction between bodies, of differing masses, causes the smaller mass body to orbit the larger mass body; and the smaller mass, has a greater acceleration towards the center of the gradient gravitational field system body.
In Schwarzschild Metric ( ) "Non-Euclidean Curved Space" Gravitation Theory, it similarly describes the gravitational field, and the attraction between bodies of differing mass, is caused by the curving or warping of space, space-time, or a gradient gravitational field, by the net inertial mass ( ), of the gravitation system, "carved" out by the inertial mass ( ) of the system.
The curvature and gradient gravitational field described by the Schwarzschild Metric ( ), and warping of space caused by the net inertial mass ( ) of the system, and this "forces" the smaller mass body to orbit the gradient gravitational field following a geodesic, in the curved space, space-time, or the gradient gravitational field.
The curvature described by the Schwarzschild Metric ( ), also predicts that the closer a test mass body is towards the center of the gradient gravitational field, the greater the "acceleration" the test mass ( ) experiences towards the center, of the system.
The Schwarzschild Metric ( ) is a mathematical equation which describes a "geodesic" world "line element" ( ), with spherically symmetric curvature of space-time, in the "presence" of matter or the Net ( ) Mass, of a localized gradient gravitational field; whose space-time extends from the surface of the Black Hole radius ( ) and into infinite ( ) distances of that localized space-time gravity field.
The Schwarzschild Metric ( ) predicts that the curvature of space surrounding a "Black Hole" gravity source is equivalent to an Inhomogeneous Gradient Gravitational Field which also obeys the three (3) laws of motion of Keplerian Mechanics, of the gradient gravity field.
The gradient gravitational field, described by the Schwarzschild ( ) Metric is comprised of an infinite series of "spherical shell potentials", that originate at the "Black Hole Event Horizon" spherical volume, and extends into infinite distances, relative to the "Black Hole" source, and center of the gradient gravitational field. This model of the gradient gravity field is also a vortex system.
In general, each and every one of the concentric spherical shells, or energy potentials of the "inhomogeneous" gradient gravitational field, of the gravitational vortex, is a "homogeneous" gravitational field.
The Schwarzschild Metric ( ), has a Black Hole Event Horizon, at the center of the gravitational field, with a fixed volume ( ) and Schwarzschild Semi-Major Radius ( ) of the inhomogeneous gradient gravitational field.
The Schwarzschild Metric ( ) predicts that the source of the inhomogeneous gradient gravitational field is given by Net inertial Mass ( ), and is directly proportional to the "Black Hole" Schwarzschild Semi-Major Radius ( ), and likewise is directly proportional to a localized infinite series, of extended inhomogeneous gradient gravitational field accelerations ( ), relative to the center of the Black Hole Event Horizon.
The exterior solution of the Schwarzschild Metric ( ), and exterior condition describes the curved physical space of the inhomogeneous gradient gravitational field, which extends, from the surface of the Black Hole Schwarzschild radius ( ), and extends away from the source, into infinite ( ) distances of space, space-time or the gravity field.
The Schwarzschild Metric ( ) solution comes in two (2) forms, one is an "exterior solution" gradient gravitational field solution, and the other is an "interior solution" gravitational field solution.
The Exterior solution corresponds to the space outside of the Black Hole Event Horizon, and Schwarzschild Semi-Major Radius ( ).
The Interior solution corresponds to the space within or inside the Black Hole Event Horizon, and Schwarzschild Semi-Major Radius ( ).
The Schwarzschild and Einstein "Metrics" ( ) and geodesic "line elements" ( ), are "mass dependent" equations that describe the causality of "curved" space, space-time, or the gravitational field. The Schwarzschild Metric ( ) is described below.
In all of the "modern literature" written on General Relativity, the Schwarzschild Metric ( ) yields predictable results in the "exterior solution" gravity field region; which extend from the Black Hole Event Horizon of the gradient gravitational field ( ), and into infinite distances ( ), is given in this classical form below.
And there is a second "Coordinate Singularity" located at the Black Hole Event Horizon, Schwarzschild Radius ( ) – ( ).
Because the Schwarzschild Metric ( ) predicts the "Physical Singularity" located at zero radius ( ), and the "Coordinate Singularity" located at the Black Hole Event Horizon, Schwarzschild Radius ( ), of the gradient gravitational field, this has caused the mainstream physics community to reject the Schwarzschild Metric ( ), in favor of: Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates, Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates, and Rindler coordinate; and which neither have a "Coordinate Singularity".
Below is a graph of the Schwarzschild Metric ( ).
The Schwarzschild Metric ( ) predicts the "Physical Singularity" located at zero radius, is a value that approaches zero, as the radius approaches zero. The "Physical Singularity" is a natural artifact for any Non-Euclidean metric.
The "Coordinate Singularity" is not a natural artifact for any Non-Euclidean metric. My goal is to find a solution to the "Coordinate Singularity" located at the Black Hole Event Horizon, Schwarzschild Radius ( ), of the Schwarzschild Metric ( ).
The Schwarzschild "Non-Euclidean" Metric ( ) describes a "dynamic" differential geometry metric, and a line element, that describes the curvature of space, space-time, and the gravitational field; and must be used in conjunction, with a fluid mechanical model, Perfect Fluid "Dynamic" Vacuum Energy Solution for the causality gravitation.
The "Schwarzschild Metric" Spherically Symmetric gradient gravitational field vortex system body, describes a dynamic "Refraction/Condensing Pressure" ( ), which changes in direct proportion to one third, the Inertial Volume Mass Density ( ), of the gradient gravitational vortex system body.
The "Schwarzschild" Spherically Symmetric Metric ( ) corresponds to a gradient gravitational vortex system, where the, "Refraction/Condensing Pressure" ( ) on the exterior surface, of the Black Hole Event Horizon, is zero; ( ).
Therefore I believe that the Schwarzschild Solution is the correct solution where the, "Refraction/Condensing Pressure" ( ) on the exterior surface, of the Black Hole Event Horizon, is zero; ( ); and is non-zero everywhere else.
The Perfect Fluid "Dynamic" Vacuum Energy Solution above satisfies the Schwarzschild Spherically Symmetric Metric ( ) and "line element" ( ); which is a "mass dependent" equation that describes the causality of "curved" space, space-time, or the gravitational field. The Schwarzschild Metric ( ) is described below.
Next, we will discuss the Albert Einstein, Spherically Symmetric ( ) Metric. The Einstein Metric ( ) is given by the Static Vacuum Energy Solution and condition.
The Einstein "Non-Euclidean" Metric ( ) describes a "static" geometry and a line element, that describes the curvature of space, space-time, and the gravitational field; and must be used in conjunction, with a fluid mechanical model, Perfect Fluid "Static" Vacuum Energy Solution for the causality gravitation.
The Einsteinsolution, predicts that the Isotropic Aether Gravitational Field Pressure ( ) varies in direct proportional to one third the Inertial Volume Mass Density ( ) of the gradient gravity field; and varies inversely proportional to the cube of the distance ( ), relative to the center of the gradient gravitational field of a vortex system body.
In the Einstein Metric ( ) Static Vacuum Energy Solution the gradient "Rarefaction Pressure" ( ), is inhomogeneous and distributed in a normalized density gradient, of an infinite series of spherically symmetric shells, of potential energy; including on the surface of the Black Hole Event Horizon.
The "Einstein" Spherically Symmetric Metric ( ) corresponds to a gradient gravitational vortex system, where the, "Refraction/Condensing Pressure" ( ) on the exterior surface, of the Black Hole Event Horizon, is non zero; ( ).
The fluid mechanical model, Perfect Fluid "Static" Vacuum Energy Solution describes a condition where there is inhomogeneous gradient "Inertial Volume Mass Density" ( ), equal to a "static" fixed value, at the Black Hole Event Horizon.
In the Static Vacuum Energy Solution this condition is described by the Spherically Symmetric, mathematics of the Einstein Metric ( ).
The Einstein Metric ( ) solution comes in two (2) forms, one is an "exterior solution" gradient gravitational field solution, and the other is an "interior solution" gravitational field solution.
The Einstein Metric ( ) must also fit the new mathematical formalism, when using the space-time relations, for the speed of light, and the speed of space; given below.
The Einstein Metric ( ) must also fit must also fit the new mathematical formalism, when the "Speed of Space (Vacuum Energy Velocity)" is equal to the "Speed of Light"; and using the space-time relation ( ).
The Einstein Metric ( ) yields predictable results in the "exterior solution" gravity field region; which extend from the Black Hole Event Horizon of the gradient gravitational field ( ), and into infinite distances ( ), is given in this classical form below.
Because the Einstein Metric ( ) predicts a "Physical Singularity" located at zero radius ( ), and a "Coordinate Singularity" located at the Black Hole Event Horizon, Schwarzschild Radius ( ), of the gradient gravitational field, this has caused the mainstream physics community to reject the Einstein Metric ( ), in favor of: Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates, Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates, and Rindler coordinate; and which neither have a "Coordinate Singularity".
Below is a graph of the Einstein Metric ( ).
The Einstein Metric ( ) predicts the "Physical Singularity" located at zero radius, is a value that approaches zero, as the radius approaches zero. The "Physical Singularity" is a natural artifact for any Non-Euclidean metric.
This work was written to physicists that are interested in understanding from a conceptual view, the rationale for selecting "Flat Geometry" Euclidean Space, or selecting a "Curved Geometry" Non-Euclidean Space; and whether to choose the Einstein Metric or the Schwarzschild Metric, as description for causality of gravity, or general motion in a gravitational field.
This paper described the conceptual and mathematical description of the differential geometry, of flat and curved space, space-time, or gravitational fields, using the "metric theory" mathematics of Euclidean, Minkowski, Einstein, and Schwarzschild, Spherically Symmetric metrics, and geodesic line elements.
This paper also gives a new generalized mathematical formalism for describing "Non-Euclidean" Spherically Symmetric Metrics, of space, space-time, or the gravitational field, using a generalized "Metric "Curvature" ( ) Coefficient".
It was demonstrated that the Non-Euclidean Spherically Symmetric Metric ( ) equations predicts that there is a "Physical Singularity" located at zero radius ( ), and a "Coordinate Singularity" located at the Black Hole Event Horizon, Schwarzschild Radius ( ), of the gradient gravitational field, in consideration.
The "Physical Singularity" is the approaching of an infinity small number as "space and time" approaches zero in the center, of gradient gravitational field of any isolated and localized, gravitational vortex system body, and is a natural artifact of a Non-Euclidean space, space-time, or gravitational field.
The "Coordinate Singularity" is a "problem", and is the approaching of an infinity large number as "space and time" approaches the Black Hole Event Horizon, Schwarzschild Radius ( ), of the gradient gravitational field, of any isolated and localized, gravitational vortex system body. The "Coordinate Singularity" is an anomaly, in the mathematics of a particular choice of Non-Euclidean Spherically Symmetric Metric ( ) equation, used to describe the localized space, space-time, or gravitational field, in consideration.
In another paper I will present a solution to this "Coordinate Singularity" problem!
The Schwarzschild and the Einstein "Non-Euclidean" Metrics ( ) as discussed in this paper, describes the causality and geometry, of the curvature of space, space-time, and the gravitational field, and is used in conjunction, with a fluid mechanical model, Perfect Fluid "Static or Dynamic" Vacuum Energy Solution for the causality gravitation.
In the next paper, I will discuss the specifics of the "Vacuum Energy Perfect Fluid" model and a "Dark Matter Force and Pressure" associated with the Non-Euclidean Spherically Symmetric metric equations.
 Robert Louis Kemp. "Super Principia Mathematica – The Rage To Master Conceptual & Mathematical Physics – The General Theory of Relativity." ISBN 978-0-9841518-2-0, Flying Car Publishing Company, July 2010, pp. 20-21.
This entry was posted in The General Theory of Relativity and tagged Aether Gravitational Force, Black Hole Event Horizon, Condensation of matter, Coordinate Singularity, Cosmology, Dark Energy Gravitation, Dark Matter, Einstein Field Equation, Einstein Metric, Euclidean Geometry, General Relativity, Gravitation, Gravitational Field, Gravitqational Pressure, Minkowski Metric, Non-Euclidean Geometry, Perfect Fluid, Physical Singularity, Rarefaction, Schwarzschild Metric, Self Gravitational Force, Space-time, Spacetime Metric, Special Relativity, Spherically Symmetric Metric. Bookmark the permalink.


Graduate Council recognizes that the mentoring of graduate students by faculty is an integral part of the graduate experience for both. Faculty mentoring is broader than advising a student about the program of study to fulfill coursework requirements, and is distinct from formal instruction in a given discipline.
Faculty members have a responsibility to mentor graduate students. Mentoring encompasses more than serving as a role model, however. The UC Davis Graduate Council has outlined mentoring roles to clarify the relationship between faculty members and graduate students.
While the major professor serves as the primary mentor throughout a student's career at UC Davis, program faculty other than the major professor may perform many of the mentoring functions defined below. An important corollary to this recognition is that faculty members must realize that much of their interaction with all students has an important mentoring component to it. Graduate students also have responsibilities to insure successful mentoring.
1. Providing a clear map of program requirements from the beginning, articulating the nature of the coursework requirements and qualifying examination, and defining a timeline for their completion.
2. Providing clear guidelines for starting and finishing dissertation or thesis work, including encouraging the timely initiation of the dissertation or thesis research.
1. Evaluating clearly the strengths and weaknesses of the student's research.
2. Encouraging an open exchange of ideas, including pursuit of the student's ideas.
3. Checking regularly on progress.
5. Providing and discussing clear criteria for authorship of collaborative research.
6. Assisting in finding sources to support dissertation research, such as teaching assistantships, research assistantships, or fellowships.
7. Being aware of each student's research needs, and offering assistance in obtaining required resources — for example, serving as the student's advocate for necessary desk and/or laboratory space.
1. Providing guidance and serving as a role model for upholding the highest ethical standards.
3. Encouraging and critiquing oral and written presentations.
4. Encouraging participation in professional meetings of regional groups as well as of learned societies.
5. Facilitating interactions with other scholars, on campus and in the wider professional community.
6. Assistance with applications for research funding, fellowship applications and other applications, as appropriate for the respective discipline.
7. Being the student's advocate in academic and professional communities.
8. Offering career guidance, specifically assistance in preparation of CV and job interviews, and writing letters of recommendation in a timely manner.
9. Recognizing and giving value to the idea that a variety of career options are available to the student in her or his field of interest, and accepting that the student's choice of career options is worthy of your support. Examples include guiding the student to teaching opportunities when appropriate for the student's goals.
I. Be aware of their own mentoring needs and how they change through their graduate tenure. Graduate students should discuss these changing needs with their mentors.
II. Recognize that one faculty member may not be able to satisfy all of a student's mentoring needs. Seek assistance from multiple individuals and organizations to fulfill the mentoring roles described above.
III. Recognize that their mentoring needs must respect their mentor's other responsibilities and time commitments.
IV. Maintain and seek regular communication with their mentors, especially their major professor.


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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<title>TMMService</title>
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com.google.android.glass.TMM

Class TMMService

java.lang.Object

Service

com.google.android.glass.TMM.TMMService

public class TMMService
extends Service

Service owning the LiveCard living in the timeline. The card contains a
 tooltip explaining to the user how to activate the raminder of the app.

Nested Class Summary

Nested Classes

Modifier and Type
Class and Description

private class
TMMService.BlinkLiveCardTask

The Class BlinkLiveCardTask.

Field Summary

Fields

Modifier and Type
Field and Description

private static java.lang.String
LIVE_CARD_TAG

The Constant LIVE_CARD_TAG.

private LiveCard
mLiveCard

The live card published by this service.

private boolean
running

A flag used to indicate whether the service is running or not, and act
 accordingly.

static java.lang.String
TAG

The Constant TAG.

Constructor Summary

Constructors

Constructor and Description

TMMService()

Method Summary

All Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods

Modifier and Type
Method and Description

IBinder
onBind(Intent arg0)

void
onCreate()

void
onDestroy()

int
onStartCommand(Intent intent,
              int flags,
              int startId)

private void
publishCard(Context context)

Publish the tooltip card to the timeline.

private void
unpublishCard(Context context)

Unpublish the tooltip card from the timeline.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait

Field Detail

TAG

public static final java.lang.String TAG

The Constant TAG. Used for the Android debug logger.

LIVE_CARD_TAG

private static final java.lang.String LIVE_CARD_TAG

The Constant LIVE_CARD_TAG. Used when creating the tootip card tag.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

running

private boolean running

A flag used to indicate whether the service is running or not, and act
 accordingly.

mLiveCard

private LiveCard mLiveCard

The live card published by this service.

Constructor Detail

TMMService

public TMMService()

Method Detail

onCreate

public void onCreate()

publishCard

private void publishCard(Context context)

Publish the tooltip card to the timeline.

Parameters:

context - The service's context. Used to publish the livecard.

unpublishCard

private void unpublishCard(Context context)

Unpublish the tooltip card from the timeline.

Parameters:

context - The service's context. Used to unpublish the livecard.

onStartCommand

public int onStartCommand(Intent intent,
                          int flags,
                          int startId)

onDestroy

public void onDestroy()

onBind

public IBinder onBind(Intent arg0)

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub