text:
Origin of dramatic oxygen solute strengthening effect in titanium
Qian Yu1,2,*,†,
Liang Qi1,*,‡,
Tomohito Tsuru3,
Rachel Traylor1,
David Rugg4,
J. W. Morris Jr.1,
Mark Asta1,
D. C. Chrzan1,
Andrew M. Minor1,2,§
1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
2National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
3Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, Japan.
4Rolls Royce, Derby DE24 8BJ, UK.
↵§Corresponding author. E-mail: aminor{at}berkeley.edu
↵† Present Address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, China.
↵‡ Present Address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Qian Yu
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Liang Qi
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Tomohito Tsuru
Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki, Japan.
Rachel Traylor
David Rugg
Rolls Royce, Derby DE24 8BJ, UK.
J. W. Morris
Mark Asta
D. C. Chrzan
Andrew M. Minor
For correspondence: aminor@berkeley.edu
Screw dislocations: A hard case to crack
The motion of dislocations or defects in a metal influences its strength and toughness. If these defects can be "pinned" by adding alloying elements, it should be possible to create a stronger alloy. It was thought that there shouldn't be much of an interaction between screw dislocations and any alloying elements. However, Yu et al. show that for α-Ti, the profound hardening effect of oxygen is due to the strong interactions with the core of the dislocations. First-principles calculations reveal that distortion of the interstitial sites at the dislocation core creates a very strong but short-range repulsion for oxygen atoms.
Science, this issue p. 635
Structural alloys are often strengthened through the addition of solute atoms. However, given that solute atoms interact weakly with the elastic fields of screw dislocations, it has long been accepted that solution hardening is only marginally effective in materials with mobile screw dislocations. By using transmission electron microscopy and nanomechanical characterization, we report that the intense hardening effect of dilute oxygen solutes in pure α-Ti is due to the interaction between oxygen and the core of screw dislocations that mainly glide on prismatic planes. First-principles calculations reveal that distortion of the interstitial sites at the screw dislocation core creates a very strong but short-range repulsion for oxygen that is consistent with experimental observations. These results establish a highly effective mechanism for strengthening by interstitial solutes.
Solutes are intentionally added to pure metals so as to engineer their mechanical properties but may also be present because they are incorporated naturally during processing or service. The strengthening effect of such solutes ordinarily is due to their resistance to dislocation motion, which is conventionally attributed to the elastic interaction between the respective lattice strains of the solute atoms and the dislocations. In isotropic elasticity theory, however, a perfect screw dislocation results in only a shear stress field and does not interact with a solute atom that creates an isotropic volume change (1, 2). The interaction remains relatively weak even when anisotropic elasticity, anisotropic solute strain, and the "modulus effect" of the solute are taken into account. It follows that solution hardening is not ordinarily expected to be an effective hardening mechanism in metals with mobile screw dislocations.
First-principles calculations suggest that under appropriate conditions, there may be a strong, specific structural interaction between solute atoms and the dislocation core that is not captured by the continuum elastic field (3, 4). This raises the possibility that solution hardening may be effective when mobile screw dislocations are present.
The present work addresses solution hardening by small oxygen additions to hexagonally close-packed (HCP) α-Ti. This is a particularly attractive system for such studies both because of its technological importance and because of the dramatic hardening effect of small oxygen additions (5–9). We exploit recent advances in aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in situ small-scale mechanical testing, three-dimensional (3D) dislocation analysis, and first-principles computational modeling to clarify solution-hardening in this system. The experimental evidence discussed below documents strong solution-hardening by oxygen, shows substantial solute pinning of screw dislocations, reveals the incorporation of oxygen atoms in the dislocation core, and illustrates interesting features of dislocation motion and reconfiguration in the presence of oxygen. The parallel first-principles calculations clarify the crystallographic source of the oxygen interaction with the screw dislocation core. The distortion of the interstitial sites at the dislocation core creates a very strong but short-range repulsion for oxygen atoms. As a result, dislocations can only move via a "mechanical shuffle" of the oxygen interstitial or by a local cross slip that creates immobile dislocation segments. Both mechanisms effectively pin the dislocation near the oxygen interstitial.
The experimental samples include nominally pure α-Ti with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 weight percent (wt %) O additions. All of the materials are solid solutions (their chemical compositions are shown in table S1), although a few precipitates were observed in the Ti-0.3 wt % O sample. Details of the sample preparation are provided in the supplementary materials. In hexagonal α-Ti, the primary mobile dislocations are believed to be <a>-type dislocations on the prismatic plane (1, 10), although perpendicular screw dislocations are also active. To characterize dislocations and image the oxygen in their immediate neighborhood, we used the Transmission Electron Aberration-Corrected Microscope (TEAM) 0.5 microscope, a double-aberration-corrected (scanning) TEM capable of producing images with 50-pm resolution (11). The types of the dislocations were first determined at low magnification by using standard g·b analysis. We found that a majority of the "near-edge" dislocations were not pure <a>-type; they demonstrated weak contrast under the [0002] reflection, indicating <c> components. This mixed character was also confirmed through further high-resolution STEM (HR-STEM) studies. Shown in Fig. 1A are typical dark-field and bright-field STEM images of a "near-edge" dislocation core, in which the Burgers circuit in green shows both <a> and <c> components. The segregation of oxygen atoms at the HCP octahedral sites was observed on the tension side of the edge dislocation core. The atomic structure of edge dislocation cores was similar for both the Ti-0.1 wt % O and Ti-0.3 wt % O samples.
Fig. 1 Imaging of oxygen interstitials and their effect on the dislocation cores in Ti.
(A) High-angle annular dark-field scanning (HAADF)–STEM image of an edge dislocation core in a Ti-0.1 wt % O sample. Zone axis is
. At right are shown higher-magnification HAADF-STEM (top) and the corresponding bright-field STEM image (bottom) of the same edge dislocation core. Oxygen atoms can be seen at the interstitial positions and segregated to the tension side of the dislocation core. (B) HAADF-STEM image of a screw dislocation core in Ti-0.1 wt % O (left) and Ti-0.3 wt % O (right). Beam direction is
. The in-plane displacement vectors are plotted where each blue vector represents the actual physical displacement of Ti atoms, and the presence of an arrowhead without a tail indicates that the vector is less than or equal to the length of the arrowhead. The blue arrowheads point to the ideal position of the atoms. (Right) The black arrows point to the oxygen atom columns around the screw dislocation core.
In contrast, the core structures of screw dislocations changed substantially as the oxygen content increased, as illustrated in Fig. 1B. Focusing on screw dislocations with Burgers vector 1/3
, we plotted the in-plane core atom displacement vectors for the screw dislocation in both Ti-0.1 wt % and Ti-0.3 wt % O samples. We found that the projected view of the screw dislocation core has an extended in-plane displacement field in the Ti-0.1 wt % O sample. However, the screw dislocation core is smaller in projection for the Ti-0.3 wt % O sample, with a narrow displacement field averaging ~0.5 nm in width. Oxygen interstitials are more frequently observed near the core of screw dislocations in the Ti-0.3 wt % O samples, where they occupy octahedral sites, and the displacements are tightly confined to the core, as suggested by the first-principles calculations described in the supplementary materials. The high-resolution TEM observations seem to establish a direct interaction between oxygen interstitials and screw dislocation cores that becomes more apparent as the oxygen concentration increases.
To quantify the impact of such oxygen-dislocation interactions on the mechanical properties, we performed in situ TEM nanocompression tests in which the real-time mechanical response and the evolution of the deformation microstructure were monitored simultaneously. Nanopillars oriented along
were prepared from Ti-0.1, Ti-0.2, and Ti-0.3 wt % O bulk polycrystalline samples, respectively, by using focused ion beam milling and Ar+ cleaning. The pillars were ~150 nm in diameter. Potential Ga damage in the fabrication of the nanopillars was studied (a HR-STEM image of the edge of a nanopillar is shown in fig. S1) and is considered as negligible. These tests isolate the solid solution strengthening effect from any competing influence of precipitation hardening. The dimensions of the pillars are less than the average spacing between oxide precipitates, and the samples were observed to be free of such precipitates. Quantitative nanocompression tests were performed in a JEOL 3010 TEM by using a Hysitron (Eden Prairie, MN) picoindenter in displacement-control mode. The load was applied along the
direction. Prismatic slip should be the primary deformation mode in this orientation. The size, orientation, and initial microstructure of the pillars, as well as the structure of the edge dislocation cores, were quite similar across the different samples. Thus, the observed differences in the mechanical properties and deformation microstructure with increasing oxygen content are expected to be mainly due to the enhanced interaction between the solute atoms and screw dislocations as the concentration increases.
Shown in Fig. 2A are typical engineering stress-displacement curves from nanocompression tests of pillars of varying oxygen concentrations. It is observed that the Ti-0.1 wt % O pillars exhibited the lowest strength, but with substantial work hardening upon yielding. The average yield strength of the Ti-0.3 wt % O pillars was ~2.5 GPa, which is almost 8 times greater than the average yield strength of Ti-0.1 wt % O pillars (~320 MPa). The yield strength of Ti-0.2 wt % O pillars was intermediate between these two samples, as expected. However, the increase in yield strength was not linear with the increase of oxygen concentration. For comparison, bulk compression tests were also performed on these same three alloys at the millimeter scale, with details described in the supplementary materials (fig. S3). It is observed that the oxygen strengthening effect in the nanopillars is stronger than that in bulk samples in which the collective deformation mechanisms are more complex.
Fig. 2 In situ TEM nanocompression tests of Ti with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 wt % O, respectively.
(A) The engineering-displacement curves of pillar compression tests at different oxygen concentrations. A schematic of the sample and crystallographic orientation is shown bottom right, where the loading direction is along
. (B) Corresponding TEM images of the pillars before and after compression. g vector is along
. The Ti-0.1 wt % O and Ti-0.3 wt % O samples were tested under bright-field TEM mode, whereas this Ti-0.2 wt % O sample was tested under dark-field TEM mode.
As shown in Fig. 2, there were changes in the microstructural deformation pattern as the oxygen content increased. Shown in Fig. 2B are before and after images corresponding to the tests documented in Fig. 2A. As shown in Fig. 2B, most of the pillars contained few preexisting <a>-type screw dislocations. After compression, localized primary shear was commonly observed in Ti-0.1 wt % O pillars. Because the pillars were loaded along
, the shear traces can be considered to be associated with prismatic slip. However, as the oxygen concentration increased to 0.2 wt %, localized shear was not typically observed. In the Ti-0.3 wt % O pillars, the plastic deformation was almost homogenous; the pillars eventually deformed into "mushroom" shapes, with no obvious shear localization.
We then matched the in situ TEM movies to the real-time mechanical response of the samples. The results showed that dislocation activity in the Ti-0.1 wt % O pillar shown in Fig. 2B originated from the top of the pillar at about 300 MPa. Localized shear began at ~750 MPa on a prismatic plane that contained one visible preexisting dislocation and continued along this prismatic plane, indicating that the dislocation generation and glide on this plane dominated the deformation. In contrast, pillars with higher oxygen concentrations yielded with a "burst" of dislocations. In the Ti-0.3 wt % O pillar that is shown in Fig. 2B, the stress for the "dislocation-burst" event was ~2.5 GPa, indicating that strong barriers opposed dislocation motion. Moreover, these dislocations were quickly repinned. Eventually, a complex dislocation network developed and filled the volume of the pillar, producing a much more homogenous deformation. These observations are attributable to the increasing oxygen-screw dislocation interaction as the oxygen content was raised.
The results from the pillar tests demonstrate that oxygen interstitials act as extraordinarily strong obstacles for the activation of dislocation glide, with the consequence that an addition of only 0.1 wt % O increases the yield stress several times. In addition, the strong pinning effect of oxygen on screw dislocations is reflected in the 3D development of the dislocation deformation microstructure. To investigate the latter phenomenon in more detail, we used a combination of electron tomography and g·b analysis to characterize the evolution of screw dislocation arrays. The technique involves the recording of a series of 2D projections of a sample volume at regular intervals over a large angular range, to produce a 3D reconstruction of the sample state. We compared the evolution of screw dislocation arrays that had similar initial configurations and Burgers vectors of b = ±
in 0.1 and 0.3 wt % O pillars. The tilt series were collected using g =
, as detailed in the supplementary materials. Both the Ti-0.1 and Ti-0.3 wt % O samples were then loaded in tension by using a Gatan straining holder ex situ. The samples were loaded to similar displacements, which given the similar sample geometries generates a comparable level of strain. The tilt series were then collected again in the deformed samples, and the changes of the 3D structure of the same dislocation arrays were recorded. Shown in Fig. 3, A and B, are the tomograms of the dislocation arrays before and after strain. After strain, the same location is imaged, and the dislocation arrays found at this location demonstrate that the basic structure of the screw dislocation array was maintained in the Ti-0.1 wt % O samples, whereas some other dislocations, with kinked structures, glided into the nearby region. A tilted view of the original dislocation array shows that the dislocations remained on the same crystal plane. In contrast, the structure of the screw dislocation array (in terms of the average spacing between dislocations and the arrangement of dislocations) was substantially changed during deformation in the Ti-0.3 wt % O samples. In this case, the dislocation array broke up into groups, each containing several dislocation lines with defined pinning points. From the tilted view, it is clear that some groups had slipped onto other crystal planes, promoting the development of a more homogenous deformation pattern. Together, the nanopillar and dislocation tomography experiments demonstrate strong interactions between oxygen interstitials and screw dislocations.
Fig. 3 Tomograms shown the 3D evolution of screw dislocation arrays in Ti-0.1 and Ti-0.3 wt % O, respectively.
(A) The structure of the dislocation array is similar before and after deformation in Ti-0.1 wt % O. (B) The dislocation array has become tangled and moved to different planes after deformation in Ti-0.3 wt % O.
Turning to the theoretical analysis, we began from the observation that solute-dislocation interactions arise from two primary mechanisms: elastic interactions mediated by the long-ranged strain fields produced by a dislocation, and shorter-ranged interactions with the dislocation core that are generally referred to as "chemical" interactions (4, 6). The former are generally weak (on the scale of ~0.1 eV per solute atom); in fact, symmetry constraints have the consequence that there should be no linear elastic interaction at all between oxygen interstitials at octahedral sites and a straight <a> screw dislocation in the hcp structure (details are provided in fig. S6, and the corresponding analysis is in the supplementary materials). On the other hand, short-range interactions can change the dislocation core structure and influence dislocation mobility by changing the restoring force due to lattice slip. This effect can be described indirectly in terms of the generalized stacking fault (GSF) energy (12–14)—the energy as a function of the relative displacement of two half crystals parallel to a slip plane—and can be found directly by computing the energetics of the dislocation core structure. Consequently, we used first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations (15) to find the effects of oxygen interstitial atoms on the GSF energy for slip along the
direction on the Ti prismatic plane and on the core structure of an <a> screw dislocation in the Ti lattice.
The calculated results for GSF energy as a function of slip distance are shown in Fig. 4A. Two features of the results are immediately apparent. First, if the O interstitial is located at an octahedral site on the slip plane ("path I"), the calculated GSF energy is much higher than that for pure Ti. Second, as shown in Fig. 4B, the original octahedral site on the slip plane gradually disappears during slip and transforms to a tetrahedral site with much lower interstitial volume when slip is close to 0.5 a. At the same time, a new octahedral site is formed on the basal plane of the Ti structure. Transfer of the O atom from the original octahedral site to this newly formed interstitial site reduces the energy by as much as 1.6 eV (fig. S4) (16). The GSF energy also can be computed with O at the basal-plane interstitial site ("path II"). As shown in Fig. 4A, this path leads to lower energies than path I once the slip displacement is larger than approximately a/4. The barrier for oxygen to shuffle (hop) from the original site in path I to the new site in path II varies from between 0.42 to 0.95 eV, depending on the magnitude of the slip displacement, which is consistent with the large diffusion barrier for oxygen in the bulk hcp Ti structure (17). Within the classical Peierls-Nabarro model (18), variations in the restoring force on the GSF surface can change the Peierls stress (the minimum stress required to move a straight dislocation at zero temperature) exponentially. The large increase in the GSF energy, coupled with the large barrier (at least 16 times the thermal energy at room temperature) for oxygen shuffle due to lattice slip, qualitatively explains the strong strengthening effects observed in the in situ experiments.
Fig. 4 Simulation results showing the crystallographic source of the oxygen interaction with the screw dislocation core.
(A) GSF curves for
slip system in (2a × 1c) supercell in Ti with oxygen at different interstitial sites on the slip interface. (B) In path I, oxygen is near the original octahedral site in the perfect lattice as the left part figure; in path II, oxygen is at the new octahedral site on Ti basal plane when lattice slip is close to 0.5 a (right part). (C) Distribution of interstitial volume near <a> screw dislocation core. Yellow dots stand for the position of Ti atoms, and the red asterisk in the center is the geometric center of dislocation core. The interstitial volume is defined as 1/6 × π × d3, where d is the distance between one point to its nearest Ti atom. (D) A schematic of local dislocation cross slip when <a> screw dislocation encounters oxygen interstitials.
The large changes in GSF energy associated with the presence of oxygen on the slip plane can be correlated with the changes in interstitial volume induced by the slip displacements. These changes are also observed in direct simulations of the core structures of <a> screw dislocations in α-Ti, as shown in Fig. 4C. In the bulk hcp structure of Ti, the octahedral site has the largest interstitial volume. Near a screw dislocation core, the interstitial volumes of these octahedral sites decrease by approximately 50% at the geometric center of the dislocation core. On the other hand, a new interstitial site is formed on the basal plane near the core. These changes agree with the change of atomic structure found from the GSF calculations. In addition, the most pronounced changes in the volumes of the interstitial sites are observed on one prismatic plane, on which the core structure of <a> screw dislocations in Ti is spread [the spreading of screw dislocation cores on prismatic planes found here is consistent with previous theoretical studies (19)].
We also calculated the interaction energies between oxygen interstitial atoms and the dislocation core using DFT. In these calculations, oxygen is inserted into every octahedral site near the dislocation core (details are provided in the supplementary materials), and for each site, the change in energy with respect to placing oxygen far from the dislocation is computed. The results show that the interaction energies are very weak (0.06 eV or smaller) as long as the oxygen is on a prismatic plane other than the one including the dislocation core, or as long as the oxygen is at a distance larger than c/2 from the center of the core on the same prismatic plane. The relatively small magnitude of the interaction energies for sites away from the core is consistent with the predictions of the linear theory described above. On the other hand, if oxygen is inserted into the small core region on the same prismatic plane as the dislocation, there is a strong repulsive interaction, which is associated with the small interstitial volume shown in Fig. 4C. In the calculations, this interaction is so strong that the dislocation core is observed to displace from its original position, partially cross slipping onto an adjacent prismatic plane (fig. S5) during the atomic relaxations. In contrast, if the oxygen is inserted into the interstitial site on the Ti basal planes within the core, there is only a small repulsive energy (~0.05 eV), which is consistent with GSF calculations.
The computational results summarized above suggest two effects associated with the interaction of a screw dislocation and oxygen interstitial. First, interstitial oxygen atoms may be forced to move away from their original sites to nearby Ti basal planes because the shear dramatically decreases the volume of the octahedral site. Consistent with this expectation, we have observed by means of HR-STEM oxygen interstitials located on basal planes in some lightly deformed samples (fig. S2); these observations suggest that after the passage of a dislocation, oxygen atoms may become "stuck" in the basal-plane sites rather than hop back to the lower-energy bulk octahedral positions. Second, as shown in Fig. 4D, the presence of oxygen interstitials near the core may force part of the dislocation line to cross-slip to the nearest neighboring prismatic plane. This has the effect of producing two short dislocation edge segments that connect the screw dislocation segments on the two neighboring prismatic planes. These segments can only glide on the basal planes perpendicular to the prismatic planes, and they should thus have very low mobility owing to the larger GSF energy on basal planes (20). Additionally, the resolved shear stress for the edge segments is zero under stress conditions that cause motion of the <a> screw dislocation along the <c> direction on the prismatic plane. The net result is expected to be a pinning of the dislocation core near the oxygen interstitials as shown in Fig. 1B, resulting in strong strengthening effects. The local cross-slipping due to oxygen interstitials is consistent with the tomograms of the dislocation arrays in Ti-0.3 wt % O samples in Fig. 3B. The classical solid solution strengthening model that neglects these two effects may not provide an accurate description of oxygen strengthening in α-Ti (details are provided in the supplementary materials).
The present work establishes a direct connection between the pronounced strengthening effect of oxygen in hcp-structured α-Ti and the strong interactions between these solute atoms with screw dislocation cores. The strongly repulsive solute-dislocation interaction energies, the large barriers for the "mechanical shuffle" of oxygen atoms in the core, and the local cross-slip induced by oxygen interstitials combine to result in a strong pinning effect on screw dislocations. We suggest that these results provide a well-documented, prototypic example of solid solution strengthening by solute interaction with screw dislocations. This type of crystallographically induced strengthening mechanism should also exist for other types of dislocations, depending on the corresponding dislocation core structures and the mobility of solid solute atoms.
www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6222/635/suppl/DC1
Tables S1
References (21–39)
Movies S1 to S7
J. P. Hirth, J. Lothe, Theory of Dislocations (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982).
H. Neuhäuser
, Problems in solid-solution hardening. Phys. Scr. T49B, 412–419 (1993). doi:10.1088/0031-8949/1993/T49B/005
G. P. M. Leyson,
W. A. Curtin,
L. G. Hector Jr.,
C. F. Woodward
, Quantitative prediction of solute strengthening in aluminium alloys. Nat. Mater. 9, 750–755 (2010). doi:10.1038/nmat2813 pmid:20676087
J. A. Yasi,
D. R. Trinkle
, First-principles data for solid-solution strengthening of magnesium: From geometry and chemistry to properties. Acta Mater. 58, 5704–5713 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2010.06.045
Metals Handbook (ASM International, Metals Park, OH, ed. 10, 1990), vol. 2.
H. Conrad
, Effect of interstitial solutes on the strength and ductility of titanium. Prog. Mater. Sci. 26, 123–403 (1981). doi:10.1016/0079-6425(81)90001-3
G. Lutjering, J. C. Williams, Titanium (Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, ed. 2, 2007).
W. R. Tyson
, Solution hardening of titanium by oxygen. Scr. Metall. 3, 917–921 (1969). doi:10.1016/0036-9748(69)90241-5
M. L. Wasz,
F. R. Brotzen,
R. B. McLellan,
A. J. Griffin
, Effect of oxygen and hydrogen on mechanical properties of commercial purity titanium. Int. Mater. Rev. 41, 1–12 (1996). doi:10.1179/imr.1996.41.1.1
F. D. Rosi,
C. A. Dube,
B. H. Alexander
, Mechanism of plastic flow in titanium— Determination of slip and twinning elements. Trans. Am. Inst. Mining Metall. Eng. 197, 257 (1953).
C. Kisielowski,
B. Freitag,
M. Bischoff,
H. van Lin,
S. Lazar,
G. Knippels,
P. Tiemeijer,
M. van der Stam,
S. von Harrach,
M. Stekelenburg,
M. Haider,
S. Uhlemann,
H. Müller,
P. Hartel,
B. Kabius,
D. Miller,
I. Petrov,
E. A. Olson,
T. Donchev,
E. A. Kenik,
A. R. Lupini,
J. Bentley,
S. J. Pennycook,
I. M. Anderson,
A. M. Minor,
A. K. Schmid,
T. Duden,
V. Radmilovic,
Q. M. Ramasse,
M. Watanabe,
R. Erni,
P. Denes,
U. Dahmen
, Detection of single atoms and buried defects in three dimensions by aberration-corrected electron microscope with 0.5-Å information limit. Microsc. Microanal. 14, 469–477 (2008). doi:10.1017/S1431927608080902 pmid:18793491
S. Kibey,
J. B. Liu,
M. J. Curtis,
D. D. Johnson,
H. Sehitoglu
, Effect of nitrogen on generalized stacking fault energy and stacking fault widths in high nitrogen steels. Acta Mater. 54, 2991–3001 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2006.02.048
G. Lu,
N. Kioussis,
V. Bulatov,
E. Kaxiras
, Generalized-stacking-fault energy surface and dislocation properties of aluminum. Phys. Rev. B 62, 3099–3108 (2000). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.62.3099
V. Vítek
, Intrinsic stacking faults in body-centred cubic crystals. Philos. Mag. 18, 773–786 (1968). doi:10.1080/14786436808227500
G. Kresse,
J. Furthmüller
, Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 54, 11169–11186 (1996). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.54.11169 pmid:9984901
M. Ghazisaeidi,
, Interaction of oxygen interstitials with lattice faults in Ti. Acta Mater. 76, 82–86 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2014.05.025
H. H. Wu,
, Direct diffusion through interpenetrating networks: Oxygen in titanium. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 045504 (2011). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.045504 pmid:21867020
B. Joós,
M. S. Duesbery
, The Peierls stress of dislocations: An analytic formula. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 266–269 (1997). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.266
, Core structure of a screw dislocation in Ti from density functional theory and classical potentials. Acta Mater. 60, 1287–1292 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2011.11.024
X. Z. Wu,
R. Wang,
S. F. Wang
, Generalized-stacking-fault energy and surface properties for HCP metals: A first-principles study. Appl. Surf. Sci. 256, 3409–3412 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.12.042
U. Dahmen,
C. Ksielowski,
M. D. Rossell,
P. Denes
, Background, status and future of the Transmission Electron Aberration-corrected Microscope project. Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 367, 3795–3808 (2009). doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0094 pmid:19687066
L. Qi,
K. Chen,
R. K. Mishra,
J. Li,
A. M. Minor
, The nanostructured origin of deformation twinning. Nano Lett. 12, 887–892 (2012). doi:10.1021/nl203937t pmid:22239446
Z. W. Shan,
X. Huang,
L. Xiao,
J. Sun,
E. Ma
, Strong crystal size effect on deformation twinning. Nature 463, 335–338 (2010). doi:10.1038/nature08692 pmid:20090749
J. P. Kacher,
G. S. Liu,
I. M. Robertson
, Visualization of grain boundary/dislocation interactions using tomographic reconstructions. Scr. Mater. 64, 677–680 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.12.020
J. Furthmuller
, Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set. Comput. Mater. Sci. 6, 15–50 (1996). doi:10.1016/0927-0256(96)00008-0
P. E. Blöchl
, Projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 50, 17953–17979 (1994). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.50.17953 pmid:9976227
D. Joubert
, From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B 59, 1758–1775 (1999). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.59.1758
J. P. Perdew,
K. Burke,
M. Ernzerhof
, Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865–3868 (1996). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.3865 pmid:10062328
H. J. Monkhorst,
J. D. Pack
, Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations. Phys. Rev. B 13, 5188–5192 (1976). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.13.5188
M. Methfessel,
A. T. Paxton
, High-precision sampling for Brillouin-zone integration in metals. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 40, 3616–3621 (1989). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.40.3616 pmid:9992329
M. S. Daw
, Elasticity effects in electronic structure calculations with periodic boundary conditions. Comput. Mater. Sci. 38, 293–297 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2006.02.009
J. R. K. Bigger,
D. A. McInnes,
A. P. Sutton,
M. C. Payne,
I. Stich,
R. D. King-Smith,
D. M. Bird,
L. J. Clarke
, Atomic and electronic structures of the 90° partial dislocation in silicon. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2224–2227 (1992). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.2224 pmid:10046430
W. Cai,
V. V. Bulatob,
J. P. Chang,
S. Yip
, Periodic image effects in dislocation modelling. Philos. Mag. 83, 539–567 (2003). doi:10.1080/0141861021000051109
Y. T. Chou
, Interaction of parallel dislocations in a hexagonal crystal. J. Appl. Phys. 33, 2747 (1962). doi:10.1063/1.1702541
J. Friedel, Electron Microscopy and Strength of Crystals, G. Thomas, J. Washburn, Eds. (Interscience, New York, 1963).
R. Labusch
, A statistical theory of solid solution hardening. Phys. Status Solidi 41, 659–669 (1970). doi:10.1002/pssb.19700410221
F. R. N. Nabarro
, The theory of solution hardening. Philos. Mag. 35, 613–622 (1977). doi:10.1080/14786437708235994
R. L. Fleischer
, Solution hardening by tetragonal dist ortions: Application to irradiation hardening in F.C.C. crystals. Acta Metall. 10, 835–842 (1962). doi:10.1016/0001-6160(62)90098-6
T. Tsuru,
Y. Udagawa,
M. Yamaguchi,
M. Itakura,
H. Kaburaki,
Y. Kaji
, Solution softening in magnesium alloys: The effect of solid solutions on the dislocation core structure and nonbasal slip. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 25, 022202 (2013). doi:10.1088/0953-8984/25/2/022202 pmid:23220883
Acknowledgments: We gratefully acknowledge funding from the U.S. Office of Naval Research under grant N00014-12-1-0413. Work at the Molecular Foundry was supported by the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. T.T. acknowledges the financial support of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research in Innovative Areas "Bulk Nanostructured Materials." We thank J. Kacher for dislocation tomography training and Timet (Exton, PA) for the production of the high-purity model alloys used in this study.
You are going to email the following Origin of dramatic oxygen solute strengthening effect in titanium
By Qian Yu, Liang Qi, Tomohito Tsuru, Rachel Traylor, David Rugg, J. W. Morris Jr., Mark Asta, D. C. Chrzan, Andrew M. Minor
The strengthening of titanium is due to the interaction of oxygen solutes with the core of mobile screw dislocations.


Mindfulness is a way of being. In this workshop, we will talk about how we can introduce and practice the tools of Mindfulness within our relationships; old or new.
introduction and a stepping stone for further building a foundation of Mindfulness & Meditation.
Whether you are new to Mindfulness or Meditation, have begun your own home practice, or you are looking for a community to inspire consistency, you are more than welcome to join us for this mindfulness workshop!
Helen Clare Rozario graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Communications and Media Management, and went on to work in various dynamic industries including lifestyle, home and fashion, food and beverage, and entertainment and events.
helped Helen tremendously and she believes it was one vital component in her journey of recovery and basically saved her life. Through a life-changing incident, Helen gained the clarity and motivation to realise that she needed to do something more purposeful, and the idea of Nirvana Mind was born. She is a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Teacher in training with University Of California San Diego's Medical School's Center for Mindfulness.
Helen has been in a long term relationship with her husband Arron for over 15 years and is a mother to a 16 month old baby girl named Sophie Clare.
Helen wants to share the wholesome benefits of Mindfulness & Meditation, by making it accessible for everyone.


text:
Poumai Women condemns rape & murder attempt in Mumbai, demand justice
NTIMES 6JUL: Senapati, 5th July, 2012: Strongly condemning the rape and murder attempt made on an innocent Poumai girl by two Naga youths in Mumbai some time back, the Poumai Naga Women's Union has demand immediate justice for the victim and punishment of the two accused. The statement reads, "It is unfortunate and shocking to learn our own Naga sister has been attempted to rape, murder and denied justice".
Such act of committing crime against our own people is condemned in strongest term and that, the PNWU demand the arrest and punishment of two accused identified as Ishmael Khayar from Longpi Khullen villages Ukhrul Dist. and Justice from Chingai villages Ukhrul Dist, Manipur. Their inhuman and shameless act of robbing off the chastity and modesty of their own Naga girl and displaying cheapest dignity of women should be condemned by all. The victim has been identified as Ms.Theresa of Liyai Khullen village under Paomata sub-division, Senapati District.
The PNWU also condemns the "immature and bias judgment" of Naga Students' Union Mumbai (NSUM) who initiated a cheap and lenient compromise process to the heinous and inhuman crime. The organization will not recognize such judgment but react in all out efforts to book the culprits and deliver justice to the innocent victim. Poumai Women will not tolerate to watch butchering of it own women's ignorance and innocence by flesh hungry beast.
The body while sharing the pains and inconsolable insults inflicted by the culprits, it also extends its solidarity and assurance to pursue for deliverance of justice to the victim and punishment to those accused.
Meanwhile, the Liyai Villages has also strongly condemned the attempt to rape and murder its own daughter by two Naga youths in Mumbai and has demand the concerned authorities to punish the culprits without leniency. Hornbill Express
Naga girl attempt to rape Case in Mumbai 2012	Leave a comment
Case of two Naga boys, who attempted to rape the modesty of a Naga girl (Original NSUM PR)
Case of two Naga boys, who attempted to rape the modesty of a Naga girl
Mumbai, 02 July 2012
NAGA STUDENTS' UNION MUMBAI
Flat no-4/73A Narvada Housing
Soceity Kalina Santacruz (E)
Email:nsum1971@gmail.com
Motto:-To Arm with Knowledge
Ref No.Nsum 01/2012
Date 02/07/2012.
Greetings from Naga Student's Union Mumbai (NSUM)! We would like to thank you for publishing our press releases in the past. This time again, we take the altruistic and compassion of your esteemed daily for this press release. We remain ever grateful to you for the same.
Sir, this press release is in regard to the case of two Naga boys, who attempted to defile or rape the modesty of a Naga girl on 10th June, 2012.
The NSUM on 23rd July, 2012 held a sitting for the adjudication and settlement of a complaint. The complaint letter Dated 20-06-2012 was received from a Naga girl accusing two Naga boys who attempted to rape and defile her modesty and requesting NSUM to take stringent action against the two Naga boys. The NSUM therefore, summoned both the parties for adjudication of the complaint. The NSUM also formed an Action Committee especially for the present case. The elders and senior members were invited.
Both the parties present in the meeting with one elder and four elders accompanied the boys and the girl respectively as their representative guardian. Thus, the House of the sitting for the adjudication was attended by the parties and their representative guardian, the Action Committee members, the NSUM executive members with the advisor, the Naga elders and senior members of NSUM.
The House heard both the parties in length and detail. Pragmatic analysis and discussion was done among all the members of the house on each claim, assertion, statement, allegation and defense of both the parties. Views and opinions from the party as well as the elders and senior members were sought for a peaceful and undisputable settlement without jeopardizing both the parties.
After, through hearing, discussion, opinion of both the party and their representative guardian, elders and senior members the house finally concluded that according to the their statements both the parties have exceeded in their acts and deeds of decent moral living expected by a prudent and humble person.
However, the boys having been accepted before the House the claim of the girl and her elders on her behalf ordered the two boys to pay her the said claim as demanded. The House also accepted her second claim of an immediate apology to her and NSUM. Thus, the boys were ordered to apologize in the meeting itself. The boys accepted both the claims and fulfilled so. The NSUM, as demanded by the girl and her representative guardian dispatched letter of "immoral and criminal acts and deeds" of the boys to their respective parents and churches.
The NSUM further under the resolution passed by the house on the same day and with the counsel of elders warned all the parties to refrain from such indecent and immoral acts failing which the NSUM will be compelled to take stringent actions.
(Mr. Thunglamo Odyuo)
(Mr. Songam Raikhan)
OFFICIAL STATEMENT TAKEN BY THE NSUM.
On the 10th of june around 5.am in the morning the two boy called up her to have a party a party, so she came out from her resident (after she came back home from her work at 4 am) to meet them and they went to the place where they planned to have the party. But since it was too early so the Guys who stay there refused to permit them, so they departed.
Teresa went back to her room. Now one of the guy called up his cousin who stay at Lower parel (which is 13 Km away from Kalina) asking if his flat was available to have party. The cousin accepted the request so they called Teresa again and together they left for lower parel at 6.am. The two accused and the victim were all working for the same company that is how they came to know each other.
Girl (victim)
1. She went to the party organized by the two accused
2.The Party happened in Lower Parel at one of the guys cousin's Flat.
3. The two accused along with the Cousin was there.
4. They had wine.
5. They asked her to drink Rum.
6. They were forcing her
7. She refused but gave in to their demands.
8. She only had one cup of rum with coke.
9. She took a nap and woke up.
10. She went out bought chicken.
11. They had lunch together.
12. After lunch the owner left for work.
13. After that the two ACCUSED said they were going to drink again.
14. They poured her beer but she threw it in the sink.
15. One guy was watching TV and other called her into the room, she was forced to have oral sex.
16. The guy tried to have sex with her and forced her to strip.
17. Another guy stripped her and strangled her, threatened to kill her.
18. She ran and screamed for help.
19. She was carried into the room.
20. One guy held her hand and the other strangled her.
21. She pleaded not to spoil her name.
22. The guy didn't listen to her plea.
23. *** tried to wrestle her down.
24. Her mobile rang but she was not forced to speak.
25. Afterwards she got the mobile and hid it.
26. They tried to rape her again.
27. She ran towards the window.
28. She screamed and dialed the police station.
29. She didn't know the address and screamed for help.(got the address from the neighbor)
30. Neighbours saw the happenings and gathered in the room.
31. Waits for the police.
32. Went to the police station, says she was one of the accused GIRLFRIEND.
33. She doesn't understand hindi, and the police didn't understand English.
34. She was forced to write the resolved letter to the police since owner would be in trouble.
35. The girl was let go first.
36. The cops took some bribe from the guys and let them go.
Boy(accused)
1. They were working for the same call centre.
2. They met and had plans for a party.
3. Planned it on Sunday (June 10)
4. The two guys were at a friend's place, bought some drinks and having there.
5. Since the place was just next to her so they called up her.
6. They decided to call up one of the cousin asking if his flat was free because that particular place was not allowed to them.
7. So they went to their cousin's place and they had MC with coke TOGETHER.
8. After it got over they went out again to purchase Rum and beer.
9. Another guy was asleep.
10. One guy and the girl were cooking, they all had lunch together.
11. Their cousin left for work.
12. And it was digene that was offered to her the tablet which she mentioned.
13. The Guy and the girl were in the room and they had oral SEX, the other guy was in the living room watching a movie.
14. She refused to have sex though, saying she didn't want any unwanted pregnancy.
15. Now the guy went to the living room and gave to other guy who was in the living room and went to give her tops.
16 so he gave it back to her.
17. At that time one guy went and pick up his slipper, she thought they were trying to do something to her and started screaming.
18. The guys had no such intention and told her so.
19. She runs towards the window and shouts for help, saying the two boys were trying to rape her.
20. She started screaming under the influence of alcohol.
21. The guys panicked and gagged her mouth while the other held her hand.
22. She called the police
23. One guy said it was the neighbours who called the police and not her.
24. They were all taken to the police station.
25. They resolved the matter there itself.
Another Boy(ACCUSED)
1……………………….the same thing………………… as the Guy.
12. Both of them were inside the room while he was watching a Movie in the living room.
13. He has no idea what they were doing inside the room.
14. She was undressed, and was putting her cloth on whn he entered the room..
15. IT WAS THE NEIGHBOUR WHO CALLED THE POLICE.
* This Press Release was sent by Naga Students Union Mumbai
The sender can be contacted at nsum1971(at)gmail(dot)com
This PR was webcasted on July 02 , 2012 and later updated on July 5 2012.
Source: e-pao.net
Naga Students' Union Mumbai clarifies on 'attempted rape' case in Mumbai
DIMAPUR, JUL 2 (NPN) : In connection with the case of two Naga boys who attempted to "defile" the modesty of a Naga girl on June 10 in Mumbai, Naga Students' Union Mumbai (NSUM) Monday said that it took a resolution on June 23 with the counsel of elders and warned all parties to refrain from such "indecent and immoral acts" failing which the union would be compelled to take stringent actions.
In a statement, NSUM president Songam Raikhan and secretary Thunglamo Odyuo said that the union held a meeting on June 23 to settle a complaint filed on June 20 by a Naga girl accusing the two Naga boys who attempted to "rape and defile her modesty" and requesting the NSUM to take action against the two.
NSUM stated that it summoned both the parties for "adjudication of the complaint" and also formed an 'Action Committee' comprising elders and senior members to deal with the case.
The 'house' heard both the parties in length. NSUM said that after a "through" hearing/discussion based on their statements, it was concluded that both the parties "exceeded in their acts and deeds of decent moral living".
On having accepted the accusation of the girl, the boys were ordered to "pay her" the claim as demanded by her and also to issue an immediate apology to her and NSUM.
The union also dispatched letter of "immoral and criminal acts and deeds" of the boys to their respective parents and churches as demanded by the girl and her representative guardian.
According to NSUM, on June 10 early morning the two boys and the girl who were working in the same company went for a party at Lower Parel where one of the cousins of the boys stayed. The union also provided the snippets of the statements of both the parties.
The statement of the girl said the boys had drinks and forced her to have the same. After lunch, the boys drank again. One of the boys attempted to "have sex with her and forced her to strip".
Despite pleading to leave her alone, one of the boys "held her hand and the other strangled her" and tried to rape her. When she shouted, neighbours came ang later they went to police station. According to the statement, the girl was let go by the police and the police also took some money from the guys and let them go.
One of the boys, however, said that though he had intimate relation with the girl, she refused to have "sex" with him as she did not want "unwanted pregnancy".
According to him, she suspected that the boys were trying to do something to her and started screaming under the influence of alcohol that the two boys were "trying to rape her".
He said that the matter was "resolved" in the police station. The other by said he was watching a movie in the living room and had no idea what the two were doing inside the room. When he entered the room, she was "undressed and was putting her cloth", he said.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
[ARCHIVED] Health concerns cancel Moonlight Movies
Health concerns cancel ever-popular Moonlight Movies
Sounds at Sundown moved to summer 2021
MURPHY (May 5, 2020) The City of Murphy has decided to cancel this year's Moonlight Movie series, long a staple of family outdoor entertainment, as part of the current efforts to impede the transmission of the coronavirus.
The cautious approach adopted by the City in slowing the spread of the COVID-19 disease, which has largely spared Murphy, has resulted in the cancellation of the showings scheduled for May 15 and 29, Toy Story 4 and Frozen 2 respectively.
Officials are hoping that an alternative to the cancellation may yet be found, and work is continuing on developing scenarios that could possibly allow the movies to be shown. The movies, which have attracted and entertained multi-generational members of local families, are generally shown outdoors at the Central Park amphitheater. Any scheduling or venue changes will be shared via social media and other methods.
"We, of course, want to ensure the safety of our residents and staff during these times," says Kayla McFarland, Special Events Coordinator. "We appreciate the understanding of the community and can't wait to see them at our events again in the future!"
Also experiencing change as a result of the pandemic is the summer concert series, Sounds at Sundown, which usually presents local musical performers each Friday in June. However, the 2020 version is being canceled and the series will pick up in June of 2021.
The City's response to the pandemic is tied directly to the orders, declarations, and directives emanating from Collin County and the state of Texas.
"We will continue to keep residents updated on the event changes on the City of Murphy Facebook pages, and other social media sites," said McFarland.
Questions or comments regarding the event changes can be directed to events@murphytx.org.
The pandemic response has already caused the cancellation of the spring Clean & Green event and the Tunes, Tails, and Ales craft beer festival.


This morning Little Miss and I had breakfast in the park for the first time. We have a little park three minutes from our house but we decided that the park in town was the best one for a breakfast picnic.
We left the house just after 8am. A quick stop at Lidl for their freshly baked pastries and then Costa for coffee and hot chocolate and we were ready for the park. Ayscoughfee park is a stunning park with a hall, duck pond, little maze, tennis courts, bowling green and cafe.
We had a breakfast by the duck pond and then played in the park until Little Miss was ready to leave. Most of the time we had the park to ourselves and we stayed there for almost and hour an a half.
It was such a nice morning and I didn't spend a lot. I could have taken a flask of tea but its nice to have treat. I have promise BG we will take her with us next week for another one.


Introducing new arrival of the distinguished design Luxury Private Pool Villas idyllically nestled with serene nature of lush tropical and exotic surroundings of peaceful Lamai Area.
Conveniently accessible with only few minutes to major tourist sightseeing, supermarket, convenient stores, pharmacies, and the world's renowned Lamai Beach or 20 minutes to Samui Airport or Nathorn Ferry Pier.
Copyright © Apartt Villa 2015. All rights reserved.


Romano Law has been protecting the rights of men and women throughout southeast Michigan and the Detroit area since 1993. Our practice is focused on providing comprehensive representation to victims of police brutality, false arrest or false imprisonment, government negligence, motor vehicle accidents and other forms of personal injury.
We understand how important it can be to talk to your attorney as soon as possible, so we make ourselves accessible, taking calls 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. We handle all cases on a contingency fee basis, and we only charge attorney fees if we recover compensation on your behalf.
To learn more about our lawyers' practice history, click on the links below to see our profiles.
For a free initial consultation, contact our office or call us toll free at 888-479-0605 to schedule an appointment. Our office is open Monday through Friday, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. We are conveniently located close to all major freeways, with plenty of free parking.
Spanish translators are available upon request.


text:
Q: Retrieving readings from a website and input in laravel So from the guidelines given in the comment section, my progress so far is as shown below, can someone tell me whether I'm doing it right?
Under the kernel.php, I created a task schedule for every minute,
 $schedule->exec('public/js/jsonp.js')->everyMinute();

basically I want to execute the jsonp.js that I created every minute.
jsonp.js
var public_key = 'LQL4w78xVwSmbGoapmj3';
 $.ajax({
   url: 'http://data.sparkfun.com/output/' + public_key + '.json',
   jsonp: 'callback',
   cache: true,
   dataType: 'jsonp',
   data: {
     page: 1
   },
   success: function(response) {
     // response will be a javascript

     console.log(response[0].temperature);
   }
 });

Unfortunately, the console doesn't display the temperature value taken every minute. Can someone guide me in telling which part of my code is wrong and how should I do it instead? Thank you so much.

A: First you need to know how to retrieve data from Sparkfun, give a look to the documentation .
Using Laravel's task scheduling you can execute a task for example every 10 minutes. This task has to retrieve data from Sparkfun using PHP Curl and then insert resulting data into database.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A-ha! So this is what schizophrenia sounds like! The Welsh trio S.K.W.A.D. plays a mix of alternative punk pop which is very melodic, to the point of being beautiful and touching, but at the same time insanely progressive, chaotic and violently abrupt. It`s like Placebo with ADHD.
The fact that the French youth has a flourishing metal underground, besides riots with warming campfires of Peugeots standing around, show young bands over and over again. Sachta are one of many and are rolling with the common trend of Metal/Deathcore.


Louisiana is known for hot sauce, crawfish, the blues scene and Mardi Gras celebrations. Anyone who has wandered the streets of New Orleans or puttered through the bayous knows Louisiana is a state like no other.
It is also a highly vulnerable state. Much of the state's land was created out of silt washed down the Mississippi river, so a great portion of the real estate is marshy, low-lying and delicate. Louisiana is often affected by tropical cyclones and hurricanes, including the infamous Hurricane Katrina.
Louisiana is known for its good Southern cooking, but it's also known for its obesity rates. Louisiana ranks third in the nation when it comes to obesity; 34.7 percent of the population is obese (1). Social workers are becoming more and more involved in the fight against obesity, whether working with a school to develop a healthy exercise program, or as a clinical social worker, advising a client on healthy habits (2) (3). The state of Louisiana has earnestly undertaken this challenge, creating multiple task forces to address this problem (4).
Louisiana also has the 19th highest drug overdose mortality rate in the country (5). While the state's number of deaths attributed to drug overdoses has been declining steadily, the state only scores as a six out of a possible ten on the government's policy report card for Promising Strategies to Curb Prescription Drug Abuse (6). Alcohol use typically begins at a younger age and juvenile alcohol use is higher than the national average in Louisiana (7). If you want to work in the area of adolescent substance abuse prevention or recovery, Louisiana is a state that could benefit from such an effort.
According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the state has a slightly higher than average percentage of people diagnosed with mental illness (19.28 percent, as compared to the national average of 18.19 percent), but a lower than average percentage of people diagnosed with severe mental illness (8).
According to the 2014 US News & World Report graduate school rankings, Tulane University's School of Social Work is ranked number 44 in the nation. Three other social work graduate schools in the state rank in the top 200 schools in the nation (9).
Tulane School of Social Work is unique in that it offers a dual-degree program that enables students to combine the study of social with disaster resilience leadership. The program requires five semesters of study to prepare social workers to provide disaster recovery services to vulnerable communities after natural or man-made disasters. Many students also choose to pursue certificates in global social work or disaster mental health social work (10).
You might want to check out the loan forgiveness programs available to social workers working in "Health Professional Shortage Areas" (HPSA). If you are willing to work in a position that supports an underserved population, you may be eligible for loan forgiveness of up to $20,000 a year for two years, for a total of $40,000 of loan forgiveness. Check out the requirements of both the National Health Service Corps (NHSC) and the Louisiana State Loan Repayment Program (LSLRP).
According to the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS), healthcare social workers are going to be in the highest demand in Louisiana. In 2010, approximately 1570 healthcare social workers were employed in the state. Experts predict a job growth rate of 28% between 2010 and 2020 (11). Mental health and substance abuse social worker positions are also supposed to become increasingly available, with job growth predicted at a rate of 19 percent from 2010 to 2020 (12).
If you are interested in a job in academia, you may wish to seek out a position as a postsecondary social work educator. As of 2010, 100 people were working as professors of social work in Louisiana. It is predicted that this number will rise by 15 percent by the year 2020. Postsecondary social work teachers in Louisiana make an average of $66,800, which is higher than the national average of $64,300 (13).


Spent the (relatively) quiet weekend updating the links section of this blog. Give it a check-out for links to sites related to all aspects of archaeology within Southeast Asia. With this update, I've only covered half of the links on "pending" list – perhaps in another quiet weekend of evening I'll be able to update the rest of the links on my list. If you have any links to suggest, fee free to email me.
thanks for the mention of the Asian Studies Toolbar.
Suggestions for additions always welcome.


text:
Tag: author adapting own book
Side Job (彼女の人生は間違いじゃない, Ryuichi Hiroki, 2017)
Posted on April 22, 2018 by Hayley Scanlon1 Comment
Fukushima has become a focal point for recent Japanese cinema, not just as a literal depiction of an area in crisis but as a symbol for various social concerns chief among them being a loss of faith in governmental responsibility. Side Job (彼女の人生は間違いじゃない, Kanojo no Jinsei wa Machigai ja Nai) has the distinction of being helmed by a Fukushima native in Ryuichi Hiroki who also wrote the original novel from which the film is adapted. Typical of Hiroki's work, Side Job is less an ode to the power of perseverance than a powerful meditation on grief, inertia, and helplessness. Though he offers no easy answers and refuses to judge his protagonists for the ways they attempt to deal with their situations, Hiroki does allow them to find a kind of peace, at least of the kind that allows them to begin moving forward if not quite away from the past.
Five years after The Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011, Miyuki Kanazawa (Kumi Takiuchi) is still living in a cramped prefab house with her widowed father, Osamu (Ken Mitsuishi). Miyuki's mother was lost in the storm and her body never found, leaving the pair bereft and with an unanswered question. Having lost his farm to the exclusion zone, Osamu is left with nothing much to do and mostly spends his time idly playing pachinko and drinking much to the consternation of Miyuki who has a regular job with the city council.
Miyuki may well be angry about the way her father fritters away their money, but that doesn't quite explain why she boards an overnight coach every Friday and spends her weekends in Tokyo engaging in casual sex work. She appears not to like the work very much and it is occasionally dangerous, but she does seem to have built up a kind of friendship with her "manager" as he drives her around the city to her various clients. Miura (Kengo Kora) claims to enjoy his work because it gives him an opportunity to observe human nature in all of its complexity though if he harbours any conflict about his role as a dispatcher of sometimes vulnerable young women, he is slow to voice it.
The "side job" of the title provides a kind of escape from a boring, conventional life in rural Iwaki, equal parts self-harm and quest for sensation. Miyuki, like many of those around her walks around with an air of irritated blankness, angry at so many things she doesn't quite know where to begin. Yet for all that she's also emotionally numbed, held in a state of suspended animation, longing to feel something, anything, even if that something is only shame. Through her double life Miyuki is able to find a sense of control and equilibrium that eluded her in grief-stricken Iwaki. Her manager, Miura, promises to "protect" her, though he makes clear that there are many women he feels a duty to protect rather than just Miyuki. Just as it seems Miyuki has come to depend on him, Miura drops a bombshell of his own though it maybe one which spurs Miyuki on towards a new beginning.
Everything in Iwaki is, in a sense, temporary. Miyuki and her father still live in the tiny prefab house in the hope of one day being able to go "home" while Osamu attends occasional meetings with the farming collective to try and find out what's going on with his fields. Held in a kind of limbo, repeating the same daily tasks with relentless monotony, Miyuki and Osamu are trapped by a sense of helpless dread, forever waiting for something to happen but having lost the faith that it ever will.
While the pair struggle on, others find themselves unable to bear the weight of their tragedies. The spectre of suicide haunts Miyuki and her father from the woman next-door (Tamae Ando) who has become depressed thanks to the stigma surrounding her husband's job with the decontamination programme, to the window at the agency which no longer opens following the suicide of one of the employees. Pushed to the edge by financial strain, there are also those who find themselves befriending the vulnerable with an intent to defraud, but it is in the end genuine human relationships which light the way for each of our struggling protagonists. Osamu bonds with an orphaned little boy through playing catch, Miyuki finds strength in Miura's decision to break with his old life and build a new one, and her assistant at the city council, Nitta (Tokio Emoto), grows into the responsibility of being a big brother while attempting to do the best he can for the people of Fukushima.
What each of them finds isn't an answer or a "cure" for their trauma but a path towards accepting it in such a way as it allows them to begin moving forward. New seeds are planted in the expectation of a coming future, new lives are celebrated, and the past begins to recede. Memory becomes a still frame, bottled and in a sense commodified but held close as a kind of talisman proving nothing is really ever "lost". Filmed with an eerie sense of listless beauty, Side Job is an unflinching yet not unforgiving exploration of life after tragedy in which the only possible chance for survival lies in empathy and simple human connection.
Screened at the 20th Udine Far East Film Festival.
Posted in Japan, Udine Far East Film Festival 2018
Tagged 2010s, 2017, Atsushi Shinohara, author adapting own book, book to film, Ena Koshino, Japan, Japanese, Kazuki Namioka, Ken Mitsuishi, Kengo Kora, Kumi Takiuchi, Masahiro Toda, Misako Renbutsu, Ryuichi Hiroki, Shuri, Tamae Ando, Tokio Emoto, Udine Far East Film Festival, Udine Far East Film Festival 2018


With Drive at the fair: Frank Kronmüller, Executive Vice President at R+W, Steffen Herter, Head of Poppe + Potthoff's "Drive Technology" division, to which R+W belongs, and Dr. Christian Potthoff-Sewing, CFO and President of Poppe + Potthoff.
R+W impressed at the Hanover Fair with its R+W App and Virtual Reality.
R+W Antriebselemente presented its extended coupling portfolio at the Hanover Fair (Hall 25, Stand C30). For the first time, a variant with integrated cooling lubrication feedthrough was also shown. This offers valuable advantages to manufacturers of machine tools with a long spindle set-up.
When everything revolves around the industry at the world's largest investment goods fair, couplings can't be missing. R+W presented its high-precision components not only in real: An app enables to view every detail of the drive elements in Augmented and Virtual Reality – and this digital showroom remains open at all times.
In Hanover, R+W presented a new disc pack coupling with integrated cooling lubrication feedthroughs.
The Poppe + Potthoff subsidiary recently supplemented its portfolio by flexible tooth couplings (series BZ) for high torques and new ranges of industrial safety couplings (series ST). In addition, disc pack couplings (LP series) are now available with integrated cooling lubrication feedthroughs.
This allows customers to direct the cooling lubricant directly into the tool even over long distances. Symmetrical cone clamping hubs as well as special balances guarantee a very high level of stability and good balancing quality, as reported by the HMI's fair newspaper.
For more information, see: www.rw-couplings.com.


text:
Browse · Search News/Activism
Topics · Post Article
Skip to comments.
Peru Says FARC Growing Coca in Peru
Reuters ^ | February 20, 2004 | Monica Vargas
Posted on 02/21/2004 9:26:48 AM PST by Tailgunner Joe
AYACUCHO, Peru (Reuters) - Colombia's largest rebel group is growing coca -- the raw material for cocaine -- over the border in northern Peru, an area that has not typically been used to grow coca, Peruvian Defense Minister Roberto Chiabra said on Friday.
"There is an increase in cultivation of coca leaf in our territory which requires an operation (to prevent it)," he said during a visit to the southern city of Ayacucho.
"If we allow it to grow, it's going to create a big problem because we know it's a source of funds for the FARC," he added, referring to the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, the biggest rebel group in the world's No. 1 cocaine producer.
The FARC make a living from taxing the cocaine trade. A U.S.-backed war on drugs and the rebels who profit by them has forced some production over the border into Peru, the world's No. 2 cocaine producer, officials and experts say.
Much of the drugs produced in the Andean region finds its way to U.S. streets via Mexico and Central America.
Chiabra said the coca crops in the northern Putumayo border area were new. "There weren't these types of crops in the area before and it's strange because it's not a (coca) producing area. That's what caught our attention," he said.
Chiabra, a retired general and former commander in chief of the army, said Peru's deadliest rebel group, Shining Path, was also becoming more active in the drugs trade and had adopted a similarly drugs-backed method of raising cash.
"Shining Path have been sowing (coca) for some time. Although they started their activities to finance themselves -- providing security to drugs traffickers, their plantations and their clandestine airstrips, now they sow, harvest, produce and sell (cocaine)," he said.
He said Shining Path was involved in drugs in the Vizcatan region near Ayacucho, south of Lima. Around 200 to 300 rebels were involved, but only 20 to 30 were armed, he added.
Shining Path virtually died out after the 1992 capture of its leader, Abimael Guzman, and the group -- one of Latin America's bloodiest insurgencies at its height -- is reduced to a few hundred diehards holed up in Andean and jungle areas, officials say.
"They don't have the capacity they had before to rally people and to kidnap people to join their ranks. They are smaller, but we can't lower our guard," Chiabra said.
He called for joint action to combat the rebel-backed coca trade from Peru, Colombia and neighboring Brazil. Peru says official data show that the amount of land devoted to growing coca is at its lowest for 20 years after a surge in voluntary eradication of coca crops late last year.
Independent experts cast doubt on the official picture, saying it fails to include new crops that are being sown.
Coca growers have been meeting in Lima this week demanding more state support for legal uses of their crops.
TOPICS: Crime/Corruption; Extended News; Foreign Affairs; Front Page News; News/Current Events; War on Terror
KEYWORDS: farc; latinamerica; peru; shiningpath; wod
1 posted on 02/21/2004 9:26:48 AM PST by Tailgunner Joe
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | View Replies]
To: Tailgunner Joe
FARC is branching out throughout Latin America because Colombia is having considerable success in stamping them out at home, and because Chavez is supporting them heavily.
2 posted on 02/21/2004 9:32:10 AM PST by livius
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]
FARC is the Latin version of Al Quaida.
3 posted on 02/21/2004 9:33:32 AM PST by ServesURight (FReecerely Yours,)
To: livius
Complicated situation down there. The Montesinos trial should explain a lot of it.
4 posted on 02/21/2004 9:37:04 AM PST by steve50 ("Every decent man is ashamed of the government he lives under." -H. L. Mencken)
Thank goodness we've cleared the way for these poor groups to get into the narcotics trade. Without our War on Drugs, nefarious multinational corporations would dominate the industry and leave no room for the little guy.
</sarcasm>
5 posted on 02/21/2004 9:44:54 AM PST by Redcloak (¡LIBERE EL QUESO! ¡LIBERE EL QUESO! ¡LIBERE EL QUESO! ¡LIBERE EL QUESO! ¡LIBERE EL QUESO!)
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.
FreeRepublic, LLC, PO BOX 9771, FRESNO, CA 93794
FreeRepublic.com is powered by software copyright 2000-2008 John Robinson


The Mrs. Rosehip pleated leather bags are unique. For the pleated part of the bag leather three times the size of the unfolded leather is needed. This makes the bag sturdy and gives it an unique appearance. The pleating of the leather is done in a traditional way by selected craftsmen. The cow- and lambleather is selected from the finest skins. Working with pleated leather is an exceptional complicated process, meticulously mastered by Mrs. Rosehip.


At your request, we will send a highly trained member of our staff out to assist you with all of your installation needs. Watch your profits grow with our high quality products.
Take care of all of your AIB food audits, security gates, and man doors with us.
The best way to get products in and out of your company is with a properly installed docking system. Make your job easier by letting us install the proper equipment. Save time and money starting today!


Here are some good clear views of how the folded lily grass looks from all angles.
You can see that perfection is not necessary - it's the overall effect that counts.
Keep in mind that these loops (and later the loops of added steel grass) are meant to be seen as a part of the final design.
Don't extend your flowers out so far that they conceal the beautiful look of this natural collar.


text:
Q: jQuery UI dialog reloads the page when you click on close button. What is wrong? In my dialog have two buttons. If I click on the close button the dialog box closes and page reloaded. How to close dialog without page reloading?
My code:
add_bankday.dialog({
            autoOpen: false,
            width: 400,
            buttons: [{
                id: 'submit',
                text: <?php echo json_encode('Add'); ?>,
                click: function(event){

                    if ($('#password').val() != calendar.resource.password){
                        $('#error').text(<?php echo json_encode('Wrong password'); ?>).css('visibility', 'visible');
                        return;
                    }

                    $.ajax({
                        type: 'POST',
                        url: 'ajax.php',
                        async: false,
                        data: {
                            op: 'add_bankday',
                            day: $('#new_bank_day').val(),
                            password: $('#ab_password').val()
                        },
                        success: function(res){
                        }
                    });
                }
            },
            {
                id: 'bank_close',
                text: <?php echo json_encode('Close'); ?>,
                click: function(){
                    $('#new_bank_day').val('');
                    $('#add_bankday').dialog('close');
                }
            }]
        });

A: Just an idea: Since it look like you're using ajax requests make sure you have disabled any normal html form submission controls and use plain html buttons!


text:
Public Release: 31-Oct-2016
UCI study finds acupuncture lowers hypertension by activating natural opioids
University of California - Irvine
IMAGE: The UCI study shows that repetitive electroacupuncture evokes a long-lasting action in lowering blood pressure in hypertension. view more
Credit: Chris Nugent / UCI
Irvine, Calif., Oct. 31, 2016 -- Researchers with the UCI Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine have found that regular electroacupunture treatment can lower hypertension by increasing the release of a kind of opioid in the brainstem region that controls blood pressure.
In tests on rats, UCI cardiology researcher Zhi-Ling Guo and colleagues noted that reduced blood pressure lasted for at least three days after electroacupuncture by increasing the gene expression of enkephalins, which one of the three major opioid peptides produced by the body.
Their study, which appears in the Nature's Scientific Reports, presents the first evidence of the molecular activity behind electroacupunture's hypertension-lowering benefits.
Last year, the UCI team reported patients treated with acupuncture at certain wrist locations experienced drops in their blood pressure. The present study shows that repetitive electroacupuncture evokes a long-lasting action in lowering blood pressure in hypertension, suggesting that this therapy may be suitable for treating clinical hypertension.
Hypertension affects about one third of the adult population of the world, and its consequences, such as stroke and heart attacks, are enormous public health problems, and the potential advantages of acupuncture over conventional medical therapy include few, if any, of side effects.
The open access study is available at: http://www.nature.com/articles/srep35791. It was supported by NIH grants HL-072125, AT009347 and AHA 10POST4190125.
Tom Vasich
tmvasich@uci.edu
@UCIrvine
http://www.uci.edu
Electroacpuncture (IMAGE)
http://www.ucirvinehealth.org/news/2016/10/acupuncture-lowers-hypertension-by-activating-natural-opioids/
More in Medicine & Health
The Lancet: Fewer than half of US clinical trials have complied with the law on reporting results, despite new regulations The Lancet
Blood test for eight gene signatures can predict onset of tuberculosis University College London
Scurvy is still a thing in Canada McMaster University
Ingestible medical devices can be broken down with light Massachusetts Institute of Technology
View all in Medicine & Health


For those of us who just don't want to look older, avoiding sun damage is the number one way to stay wrinkle-free. That means wearing your sunscreen every time you're outdoors. The body actually makes its own vitamin D from sun exposure, but wearing sunscreen cuts vitamin D production almost entirely. So, what's a wrinkle-phobe like me supposed to do? Take a vitamin D supplement. I take at least 2,000 IU per day.
1. Don't smoke. In addition to ruining your heart and lungs and increasing your risk for almost every disease, smoking also causes nasty wrinkles and makes you look far older than your years.
3. Eat plenty of brightly colored fruits and vegetables. The antioxidants in fruits and vegetables fight inflammation and its aging effects. Having all of those antioxidants on board is like an internal sunscreen. It basically decreases inflammation and can help fight the inflammation caused by eating the wrong things. I eat LOTS of fruits and vegetables.
4. Avoid sugar and white flour. I avoid them like the plague! They cause inflammation that comes out in the skin in the form of wrinkles. I have a lot of really skinny friends, but I can tell in a nanosecond just by looking at their skin if they're eating the right things. If not, they look 10 years older than they actually are. If I'm going to eat something sweet, I go with dark chocolate covered almonds—I'll have three (you can get them at Costco). Never milk chocolate, always dark chocolate. If you're going to do the wrong thing, remember: think of your skin, and use my 3-bite rule.
5. Water. You must drink it. Your skin LOVES to be hydrated from the inside out. You can use all of the expensive moisturizers and creams you want, but skin loves to be hydrated with water. At least 6-8 glasses a day–I don't care how you twist it. You just have to do it!
6. Eat prunes, or dried plums (Ha ha! We all know it's a prune, but they're trying to improve the image and have started calling them dried plums—but, we all know a prune is a prune and it's good for you). Really! Not only will prunes keep your digestive system running well, but they may also help keep your skin soft and supple.


text:
Email: g.castellano@utoronto.ca
Bio and Research
Giuseppe Carlo Castellano is a Postdoctoral Fellow working with Professor Seth Bernard on the SSHRC-funded project, "An economic history of the Roman conquest of Italy, 500–200 BCE." With one foot in North America and the other in Europe, Dr. Castellano has lived and been educated between London, Rome, and New York, and several places besides. He was formerly a Postdoctoral Fellow of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Engaged Scholar Initiative. Dr. Castellano received his BA in Classics from Columbia University in 2009 and both his MA and PhD in Classical Archaeology from the University of Texas at Austin (in 2016 and 2019 respectively) with a dissertation entitled "A Dialogue in Metal: Silver, Bronze, and Cross-Cultural Currencies in Italy and Sicily."
Dr. Castellano's primary scholarly focus is on cultural contact through material culture in the ancient Western Mediterranean, with particular interest in Italy and Sicily. More specifically, Dr. Castellano studies how the indigenous inhabitants of Italy and Sicily, for example the Etruscans and Italic peoples, interacted with new arrivals like Greeks and Phoenicians through the trade in metal and the exchange of metallic currencies.
Dr. Castellano takes an interdisciplinary approach that includes traditional numismatic methods, history, archaeology, data and statistical analysis, archaeometallurgy, and other digital and scientific methods. Other interests include: ethnicity and identity in the ancient world; ancient economy; military history; élite networks, material culture, and self-presentation; Italian urbanism; the longue durée and Bronze to Iron Age continuity in Italy; antiquarianism and the history of collecting.
Archaeology and history of Italy and Sicily; Italic peoples and the Etruscans; Greek colonization; cultural contact; numismatics; élite self-representation; metallurgy and the metal trade; Italian urbanism; military history; digital humanities; antiquarianism and the history of collecting
Trapezites: currency conversion & marketplace simulator site
Detailed CV


text:
Star Hobsons mother is a victim of toddlers murder claims barrister
The mother of toddler Star Hobson is herself a victim of her daughter's murder, her barrister has told a judge.
Frankie Smith is being sentenced for causing or allowing 16-month-old Star's death alongside her former partner Savannah Brockhill, who was found guilty of the youngster's murder.
Addressing Bradford Crown Court, Zafar Ali QC, for Smith, said: "She is herself a victim of the murder count, having lost her daughter.
"She was plainly unaware of the seriousness of the assaults being inflicted on her daughter."
Bouncer and security guard Brockhill, 28, was branded "pure evil" by Star's family, who said she "ascended from the bowels of hell" after she was on Tuesday found guilty of murdering the youngster.
A jury heard Star endured months of assaults and psychological harm before suffering "utterly catastrophic" injuries in her home in Keighley, West Yorkshire.
Smith, 20, was cleared of murder but was convicted of causing or allowing the toddler's death – an offence with a 14-year maximum prison sentence.
On Wednesday, Mr Ali asked judge Mrs Justice Lambert to take a number of things into account before sentencing Smith, including that she has no previous convictions and is "remorseful for her wilful ill-treatment of Star".
Kath Goddard QC, for Brockhill, said her client had written to the judge on Wednesday morning but the content of this note was not read to the court.
She explained how Brockhill's arrest had put her whole family in danger and described how her brother-in-law had been subject to an "extremely violent assault", leaving him with a fractured skull.
Ms Goddard said: "The wider Brockhill family have been, and I anticipate they will continue to be, subjected to intimidation or, at the very least, unpleasant behaviour which they do not deserve.
"Miss Brockhill is extremely conscious that she had brought this on her family."
Ms Goddard said her client collapsed at the beginning of the trial and suffered three seizures and two cardiac arrests.
She said she discharged herself from hospital so the trial could continue but the cause of this illness has not yet been determined.
Tuesday's verdicts came in the wake of the widespread outcry over the abuse and murder of six-year-old Arthur Labinjo-Hughes, and the Star case was described by Boris Johnson as "shocking and heartbreaking".
The Prime Minister said: "We must protect children from these barbaric crimes and ensure lessons are learned."
Star's great-grandfather, David Fawcett, led the questions over why social services and police did not act despite five different family members and friends raising concerns with the authorities.
The first to contact officials, eight months before Star died in September 2020, was Smith's friend Hollie Jones, who was the regular babysitter for the toddler.
Ms Jones told the BBC that when social workers rang to say they were visiting, Smith spent an hour cleaning Star and covering up bruises.
The Bradford Partnership, which includes the agencies which had contact with Star during her short life, said on Tuesday: "We need to fully understand why opportunities to better protect Star were missed."
The safeguarding partnership said a review into the case will be published next year, but it "deeply regrets" that "not all the warning signs" were spotted.
Bradford Council leader Susan Hinchliffe said Star was "let down".
Keighley and Ilkley Tory MP Robbie Moore said Bradford Council leaders should "hang their heads in shame" and resign.
The Department for Education said Star's death was "deeply disturbing" and that it would "not hesitate" to remove children's services control from Bradford Council "if necessary".
Smith cried uncontrollably when the verdicts were delivered as she and Brockhill stood in the glass-fronted dock.
Star was taken to hospital from the flat where she lived with Smith in Wesley Place, Keighley, on September 22 2020, but her injuries were "utterly catastrophic" and "unsurvivable", prosecutors told the two-month trial.
Jurors heard Smith's family and friends had growing fears about bruising they saw on the little girl in the months before she died.
In each case, Brockhill and Smith managed to convince social workers that marks on Star were accidental or that the complaints were made maliciously by people who did not like their relationship.
Prosecutors described how the injuries that caused Star's death involved extensive damage to her abdominal cavity "caused by a severe and forceful blow or blows, either in the form of punching, stamping or kicking to the abdomen".
Jurors also heard there were other injuries on her body which meant that "in the course of her short life, Star had suffered a number of significant injuries at different times".
The jury was shown a series of video clips which prosecutors said showed Star being assaulted, abused or humiliated.
Brockhill, of Hawthorn Close, Keighley, and Smith, of Wesley Place, Halifax Road, Keighley, will be sentenced on Wednesday afternoon.


German stock exchange publication Börsen-Zeitung interviewed Partner Sebastian Jungermann on the latest decision from the European Commission to impose a €301.7 million fine on a cartel of high-voltage power cable producers. This decision highlights the Commission's determined efforts to hold investment firms and parent companies liable for the antitrust conduct of their portfolio companies.
A copy of the interview in German can be read here.


This content assumes some previous knowledge. These are good resources to get to speed.
Imperative Programming: A programming paradigm that uses statements that change a program's state (Wikipedia). In other words, a paradigm where the control flow involves statements like int x = 3; or y = "string" etc. and procedures/methods rule the world with side-effects during computation. Python will be the major example reflecting this paradigm in this post.
Functional Programming (FP): A style that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids changing-state and mutable data (Wikipedia). In other words, statements are non-existent, and functions are treated as values. Definitions/declarations like let x = 3 do not change the state of the world. OCaml will reflect this paradigm in this post.
While lambda calculus, which I would go as far as to call the basis of FP, has been around for more than 70 years , I was very intrigued by its succinctness and effectiveness in today's languages. A tutorial paper  even declares lambda calculus as "smallest universal programming language of the world". Lambda Calculus's effectiveness is highlighted by the fact that many imperative programming languages (e.g. Python, Java, C++ etc.) have readily adopted concepts that find their inception in FP. Some such FP concepts have been garbage collection, monads, type inference, higher-order functions etc.
More selfishly and importantly, FP concepts have aided my understanding and coding style immensely, and I will share some of those concepts in this post. Obviously, I won't make justice in doing so, and I will provide other resources in the end of the post to start or advance in this study. I think of FP as a combination of two paradigms: computational representation of formal mathematical arguments and immutability. I will encorporate the former in discussing higher-order functions and type-inference. Since the latter could be a separate post in itself, I'll not go in extreme depth of understanding immutable values in FP. I won't discuss the benefits or differences of FP and imperative programming because that would be an uninteresting and fruitless discussion.
I think it's more important that we focus on the game-changing concepts and alleviate drawbacks instead of endless comparative discussions (think: vim vs emacs). Why not objectively talk about their strengths and weaknesses?
Remember Python's interactive interpreter? It provides a simple terminal-based interface to test and program Python. If you have Python installed on your machine, and you know how to start the interactive interpreter that comes with it, then the Python VM can act as a nifty computer for programming. OCaml developers provide a similar top-level or utop where you can interactively play with OCaml.
I'll use Python's interactive interpreter and OCaml's utop for most examples in this post. You can also use this online resource to do OCaml.
It's ironical that we are discussing immutability when all classical computers are founded on mutable values and computation. Those Intel or AMD CPU chips only house a limited number of registers (memory units) to perform all required computations. Therefore, the chips must erase and rewrite registers with updated values to perform a new computation. These classical computers, which are based-off of the Von Neumann architecture , are inherently mutable and it is contradictory to talk about immutability in a programming language running on these chips. However, it is important to recognize the distinction here: immutability is a high-level concept that is situated at a higher-level of abstraction than mutable data values. It is true that immutability would be implemented using mutable computers that embody the Von Neumann architecture, but why do we need to remember all those nitty-gritty details about memory management? Immutability provides an abstracted representation of computers where people needn't care about memory management and can only ponder on the algorithms and computation. C++ stresses on efficient memory management with the new and delete operators, and C also requires programmers to manage memory in the heap (malloc and free). But FP works on a higher-level of abstraction and allows you to not worry a lot about these low-level details.
I like this idea. Read it again: people needn't care about memory management and can only ponder on the algorithms and computation. The internet overflows with posts about why functional programming is superior because of this advantage, and Prof. John Hughes of Glasgow University, U.K., even wrote a paper on a similar topic . I won't go in depth of the superiority, but immutability is a good idea that one could use while programming in any language, not merely in FP languages.
Where or Why Immutability is Good in Programming?
Many proponents of immutability argue that immutable values are easy to deal in multi-threaded programs . This advantage is often very clear from simple examples. Consider some code where a single memory location, referred to with a variable x, must be updated in a program. A single-threaded program wouldn't cause worrisome behavior, but a multi-threaded program would cause havoc.
In an list/array of length 3 or more and in a single-threaded run, this code would update data and data to values data and data respectively, where the second change would occur after the first one has completed. However, multiple threads trying to run this code might update values incorrectly. In an array [1, 2, 3, 4], a single-threaded program would expectedly update the array to [1, 1, 1, 4]. Whereas, a multi-threaded program could update the array to [1, 1, 2, 4] by updating data before updating data and thus committing an unforgivable sin. Such are the grave dangers in programming with mutable data values that immutability diligently avoids.
However, most FP languages don't provide syntactic structures to deal with single elements of the list. OCaml only allows access to the head and tail of the list. To get the nth element of the list, you would have to recurse down the list and obtain that nth head of the sub-list; you can also let the library function List.nth do the recursion for you. More importantly, OCaml won't easily allow you to mutate the values of lists.
When you're not allowed to mutate values, there is no way threads will be allowed to do so (given your language is implemented by reasonably-minded developers). Sure it comes with disadvantages, particularly when the program has memory constraints. However, when the computer could do memory management and garbage collection for you and/or memory capacity is abundant, why worry about memory allocation/deallocation? Immutability may not be an extremely game-changing idea, but I like that it tends to draw my focus to algorithms, away from low-level memory management.
This is a challenge, and I can't think of a way to achieve this to a satisfactorily level. This is partly due to the Von Neumann architecture foundations and partly because imperative languages are riddled with mutable data structures and variables. Even so, I prefer to avoid using the same variable name repeatedly and mishaps such as the one in the previous section. One could also embody immutability by conscious choice and just not intentionally update or mutate data values. Just create new ones and use them, and let Java and Python runtime VMs collect garbage! Memory is cheap at the moment, and gone is the age when 1 GB of RAM cost you approx. $6,000,000 .
Even so, immutability is hard when your language allows mutability.
Here we just don't give the credit of doubling to a named function double and let the hard-working anonymous function fun x -> 2 * x do its job and take the credit.
Wait, did I write lambda to define an anonymous function in Python? Another instance where imperative languages draw heavily from lambda calculus.
How is this idea useful? Let's say you want to apply a function to the first element of a list but would like to write many such functions.
The novice approach is more concise and less code-repetitive than the naive one. Why do I say that the last approach is legendary even when it is more lines-of-code than the novice? Think how much code you would have to write in the novice approach if you were to write a function that added n to List.hd lst. We have nble_fst in the novice approach to multiple n to List.hd lst, but we would have to write a similar addn_fst that adds n to List.hd lst. The legendary approach will be more concise when it comes to this. By using higher-order functions that take-in and return functions, we have abstracted the verbose implementation in modify_fst and can get any function that modifies the first element by passing the corresponding function to modify_fst. Truly legendary.
Python doesn't aid programmers to build functions that return functions easily. This is primarily because Python doesn't support partial application of functions. Although it's achievable, the code is more verbose due to Python's syntactic styles.
# Python can often be painful. It doesn't support partial application.
Higher-order functions enable programmers to think enormously more but code tremendously less. I know we don't need so many adverbs here, but higher-order functions are amazing. Consider this OCaml library function List.map which applies a function to all elements of the list. It uses recursion to operate on all elements of the list, but takes in an innocuous anonymous function on the surface.
Functions that adopt and produce functions prevent endangering my fascination for functions. As OCaml's top-level also says, they are <fun>!
I don't know about all FP languages, but OCaml provides powerful type inference schemes that remove the burden of type definitions on the programmer. All along this post, have you noticed how the OCaml top-level could determine the type of a definition/value? If you haven't already, take a look at this screenshot from the beginning of this post (Image 2). Notice how the top-level inferred 2 * 4 to be an int with value 8 and x to be of type string.
Not just for these straight-forward instances, but OCaml's compiler can also decipher types of our instance nble_fst as val nble_fst : int -> int list -> int list and modify_fst as val modify_fst : ('a -> 'a) -> 'a list -> 'a list. In the case of nble_fst, OCaml determines that nble_fst requires an int and an int list (read: a list of ints), and promises to return an int list. The case of modify_lst is a little more complicated, and I won't go in detail. This could be a brief aid: 'a is polymorphic, meaning that the type of the variable-identifier at that place could be anything; however, the restriction is that the type must be consistent for all 'as appearing in the type expression. Here's a more detailed analysis on such polymorphic types.
Now you may say, "Hey! Isn't Python great in this regard then?". No, not to a large extent.
Optional from the typing module tells me that add5 would either return None or an int. Similarly, n is preferred to be of type int (the Python interpreter can't natively enforce type checking). With such type annotations, Python looks more like Java and appeals to the programmer's eyes and mind. Robin Milner won a Turing Award for his work on type inference and ML, one of the early FP languages. There must be some importance of type systems if the CS community bestowed an award on relevant work.
Remember, OCaml knows your type.
Phew. Long post. I still haven't discussed pattern-matching, type polymorphism, proof assistants, and all the great stuff I learned in CS 3110 at Cornell. I am looking forward to learning more about this side of CS (in my view, it could very well be the light side).
I hope this was a good learning experience for you! I will appreciate any feedback on this post's content in the comments below. Send me a note if a feature of my website behaves awfully for you.
Miles, "Why care about Functional Programming?".