text:
Q: use ngmodelchange in a component that use another component I'm looking to use a change event in a component A  that use another component B , in the component B  where I have the mat-select to ckeck .
I tried this , but Ii does not call the change method.
Component A:
<ng-template #matCellTypeTemplate let-row="row" let-index="index">
  <ng-container *ngIf="!row.editing">
    <mat-form-field [formGroup]="row.form" [attr.types_serveur]="index" >
      <mat-select formControlName="types_serveur" [compareWith]="matSelectCompareWithId" multiple >
        <mat-option *ngFor="let type of row.form.value.types_serveur | sortBy:['ordre','libelle']" [value]="type" [disabled]="true" >
          {{ type.libelle }}
        </mat-option>
      </mat-select>
    </mat-form-field>
  </ng-container>
  <ng-container *ngIf="row.editing">
  <div (change)="doSomething($event)">
    <app-custom-mat-select-search
      [options]="typesServeur | sortBy:['ordre','libelle']"
      [selectFormGroup]="row.form"
      [selectFormControlName]="'types_serveur'"
      [selectCompareWith]="matSelectCompareWithId"
      [selectPlaceholder]=""
      [selectDataAccessor]="matSelectDataAccessorByLibelle"
      multiple
      >
    </app-custom-mat-select-search>
  </div>

  </ng-container>
</ng-template>

Component B :

<mat-form-field [formGroup]="selectFormGroup">
  <mat-select [formControlName]="selectFormControlName"
              [compareWith]="selectCompareWith"
              [placeholder]="selectPlaceholder"
              [multiple]="multiple"
              #select>
    <mat-option>
      <ngx-mat-select-search  [formControl]="filterCtrl"
                              placeholderLabel="Rechercher..."
                              noEntriesFoundLabel="'Aucun résultat'">
        <fa-icon icon="times" class="icon" ngxMatSelectSearchClear ></fa-icon>
      </ngx-mat-select-search>
    </mat-option>
    <mat-option *ngFor="let data of filteredData | async" [value]="data" >
      {{selectDataAccessor(data)}}
    </mat-option>
  </mat-select>
</mat-form-field>

A: <div (click)="doSomething($event)">


The American company Vizio sells TVs, although it does not develop TVs and does not have its own production facilities. TVs are produced as a rule in China, but eventually come to the North American market under the brand Vizio.
Vizio positions its TVs as TVs with progressive parameters, which is very suspicious. For example, LG and Samsung say that their TVs only of the top-end series have a 10bit image depth support. Vizio in almost all televisions declare the support of the color depth in 10bit. At the same time, many models of TVs have HDMI 1.4 ports (outdated standard).


Quick Key NavXT, providing a new way to navigate between posts and archive pages.
Disable any previous version of this plugin or Quick Key NavXT.
Continue onto the Usage section, or follow instructions given by your theme (if applicable).
In most cases using Quick Key NavXT is a simple as enabling it in the Plugins page. For Quick Key NavXT to work, each post containing <div> must be of the class post. This is the case for most themes, including the default WordPress theme and berry. The key "J" moves the view to the next post and on to the next page if necessary. The key "K" moves the view to the previous post and on to the previous page if necessary.
Quick Key NavXT is released under the GNU GPL 2.0 license and comes with absolutely no warranty. By downloading Quick Key NavXT you agree to the terms of the GNU GPL 2.0 license.


I initially used a Macbook Air as my main machine for university work and therefore also for the Operating Systems course. Now, you will probably be aware of this, but the Air is not the fastest laptop in town. Given that it was necessary to run the SWEB, the given operating system via qemu in a Linux virtual machine, things were already quite slow.
Furthermore, testing my group's Swapping implementation was one of the slowest things I came across and I desperately wanted to work with a faster setup. I learned that at one point in the past SWEB had been compilable and runable on OS X.
I even stumbled across Stefan's build scripts on the SWEB wiki. Those were written for a system that had been migrated from several older versions all the way to OS 10.6. My machine had 10.7 as of the time of my first trials and there was no more Apple provided build of gcc available since Apple had moved on to use clang as part of their switch to LLVM.
Back then I spent two evenings with Thomas trying to get a cross compiler up and running to compile on OS X. We failed on that. Soon after that I spent some time together with Daniel who is the main person responsible for the Operating System practicals and we managed to successfully and reproducably build a working cross compiler. With that, one could build and run SWEB on OS X. Some modifications to the build scripts as well as minor modifications to the code base were necessary, but after writing those patches, one could check out and build the system provided by the IAIK.
And, well… I didn't take the course that year, the course staff updated things in the code base and nobody bothered to check if the Mac build was indeed still building. Suffice to say another round of small fixes was required and I sat together with Daniel again. He's the expert, I'm just the motivated Mac guy. I was asked whether I'd finally try the course again, given that I'm preparing the Mac build again. My answer was that I'd do so if we get it working before the term started and we did, so there's that.
Feel free to skip ahead to the next section if you know how to install those things.
Download and install Xcode from Apple. If you don't have differing requirements, the stable version is strongly suggested.
Apple stopped shipping its command line tools by default with Xcode. These are necessary to build things with our third party package manager of choice, homebrew. Install them via the wizard triggered by the following command in Terminal.app.
Unfortunately OS X does not ship with a package manager. Such a program is quite helpful navigating the world of open source software – we use homebrew to install the dependencies of SWEB as well as the cross compiler I have prepared with extensive help from Daniel.
Install homebrew via the instructions at their site - it's easy. Again, you're instructed to paste one line into Terminal.app.
Since the main architecture your SWEB runs on is i686-linux-gnu you will need a toolchain that builds its executables for said architecture.
The cross-compiler we provide is based on gcc Version 4.9.1 and precompiled packages are (mostly) available for the current stable version of OS X. Should it be necessary or should you wish to compile it yourself, expect compile times of more than 10 minutes (Model used for measurement: Macbook Pro, 15-inch, Late 2013, 2,3 GHz Intel Core i7, 16 GB 1600 MHz DDR3).
After running these commands you should see many lines with different colors in your main Terminal and a second window with the qemu emulator running your SWEB.
While the way described in the previous section is certainly enough to get you started there a some things you can do to make your workflow speedier.
Using a command line option for make allows you to either specify the amount of threads the program should use for the compilation process or instruct it to be "greedy" and use as many as it sees fit.
The downside to this is that since the process is not threadsafe, your terminal output will be quite messy.
SWEB ships with a very handy make target called mrproper. This script deletes your intermediate files and runs cmake SOURCEFOLDER again. Since you need to run the cmake command for every new file you want to add, this can save some time.
When asked whether you want to really do this, some popular UNIX tools allow you to hit ENTER to accept the suggestion in capital letters; the same behaviour is enabled for this prompt.
You probably already know this, but shell commands can be chained. Use && to run the next command only if the previous command succeeded and use ; to run the next command in any case.
Using this technique you can simply build and run with two button presses: The arrow key up to jump through your shell history and the ENTER key to accept.
Since you will be writing and reading a lot of small files again and again and again from your disk, it might be beneficial for both performance as well as disk health to have at least your build folder in a virtual disk residing completely in your RAM. Personally I have not done that, but since the course staff recommends that, instructions can be found here.
As you can see, RAM Disks can offer power users an amazing level of performance, but it cannot be stressed enough the dangers of using volatile memory for data storage.
If you prefer a GUI for this task, the original author of this tip offers one free of charge.
Please make sure you always, always commit AND push your work if you're working in RAM. Changes will be lost on computer shutdown, crash, freeze, etc.
Working on OS X natively when developing SWEB is indeed possible for the usual use case. Developing and testing architectures different from i686 however, e.g. the 64-bit build or ARM builds will still require you to use Linux (or asking your group members to work on those parts).


The North American Data Documentation Initiative Conference (NADDI) is an opportunity for those using metadata standards and those interested in learning more to come together and learn from each other. Modeled on the successful European DDI User Conference, NADDI is a two day conference with invited and contributed presentations, and should be of interest to both researchers and data professionals in the social sciences and other disciplines. A full day of training sessions precedes the conference.


2009 Ride of Love Date Set!
The 2009 Ride of Love for Camp Smile A Mile has been set for Saturday, May 16th, 2009! Mark your calendars!
What a great event. Needless to say, it did not turn out like I had wanted. I started off a very strong ride, averaging 22 miles per hour. At exactly mile 20 of the ride after climbing a moderate hill, I had a spoke break on my rear wheel. When the Bike Support finally made it to take a look, they did not have a tool to fit my Roval Fusee Star Wheels, so my ride was over, just after it had started. These wheels are brand new and including today only had 40 miles on them. Luckily the Bike Support were from Bobs Bikes, so they took the wheel with them to see if it could be fixed, or if Specialized will replace them. He said looking at it, I would probably get new wheels. Makes no difference to me, because the ones I currently have are new, I just want them fixed and I also want to be able to depend on these wheels. I can say they did make a difference cutting through the wind on the flats. I wish I could have tried them out on the steeper climbs, but oh well. I guess it's better the spoke broke when it did and not when I was coming down one of those hills at 40+ mph!!!
I can't wait for the Ride of Love! Don't forget it's coming up May 17th!!!
Really pushed myself today and rode a hard 20 miles. I feel really good afterwards and my knee feels as strong as ever. I also started to diet today so I was concerned before the ride how far I might go before the effects of the salad I ate today hitting me, but it didn't.
I figured with all the rain we have received the past two days, I needed to ride as soon as it stopped. Well, it finally cleared up some today, so I got in 24 miles with 1357 ft of climbing in just under 1 hour 20 minutes for an average of 18 miles per hour. It was very hot today. I'm saving up to get a new cycling computer for my bike so that I can get more accurate averages and distances without having to calculate them manually. I don't want to use my old GPS that I used on my Trek because it's too big and bulky. Hopefully within the week, I'll have a new computer on my bike with lot's of new bells and whistles!
I rode today with the usual Thursday club. We leave out of Winn Dixie on Morgan Road and ride anywhere from 17 to 25 miles. Today, I rode about 18 miles averaging right at 17 miles per hour. Not too shabby after riding 40 miles yesterday. I plan on riding a good bit on Saturday, although I haven't determined how far just yet!
My knee felt really good today, no problems at all. I'm icing it down right now just in case, because I'm ready to get the knee stronger so that I can ride more during the week. I would like to get my weekly mileage total to somewhere around 100-150 miles ridden per week. The two August rides are coming up soon and I want to be ready for both of them. It's going to be really hard to do 2 100 mile rides on back to back weekends, so I'm going to see closer to time if I need to go shorter on one, or not ride one all together. Today's the Fourth of July, I think I will go swimming with the boys and eat some bbq!Today's the Fourth of July, I think I will go swimming with the boys and eat some bbq!Until next time….
We finally received some rain today, and it's thundering right now, so hopefully it will rain some more tonight. I was still able to get about 6 miles in today. My knee acted up a little during the ride, but felt fine after the ride was over. I plan to start working out with weights to help strenghen the muscles in my leg and knee. I need to get into gear to get ready for my next attempt at a century ride, which is coming up in August. It's the Hot 100 (http://www.druidcity.org) in Tuscaloosa. There are several different ride options, so I'm going to start out with 100 in mind, but know I can do less if needed. I'm ready to be off work Wednesday. Today was pretty rough at work, so a mid-week break sounds good about right now. I'm glad I was able to blow some steam off this afternoon with the ride.


text:
Conwy Catchment
Flood Alert Info - Conwy Catchment
Areas around the river Conwy from Dolwyddelan to Conwy.
We can provide a Flood Insurance Quote for properties in the Betws-Y-Coed area
In addition to the area detailed, some localised flooding problems may result from surface water. River levels are above normal. We will continue to monitor the situation.
Flood Alert issued on 30 Dec 2021 03:12
Flood Alert issued on 8 Dec 2021 02:41
River levels are above normal. We will continue to monitor the situation.
We will continue to monitor the situation.
Flood Alert issued on 20 May 2021 19:59
Flood Alert issued on 3 May 2021 18:21
Flood Alert issued on 18 Nov 2020 15:48
Flood Alert issued on 3 Sep 2020 05:13
Flood Alert issued on 25 Aug 2020 11:28
Flood Alert issued on 5 Aug 2020 07:51
Flood Alert issued on 3 Jul 2020 16:57
In addition to the area detailed, some localised flooding problems may result from surface water. River levels are above normal. We will continue to monitor the situation. This message remains in force until further notice.
Flood Alert issued on 9 Mar 2020 22:29
Flood Alert issued on 2 Apr 2018 21:01
No additional information available
Flood Alert issued on 10 Jun 2017 16:31
Flood Alert issued on 8 Jun 2017 06:02

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


– Most autos are intended to have various occupants, generally with four or 5 seats. Automobiles with 5 seats usually seat two travellers from the front and 3 during the rear. Comprehensive-measurement cars and trucks and huge sport utility automobiles can often carry six, seven, or maybe more occupants with regards to the arrangement with the seats. Then again, sporting activities cars are most often made with only two seats. The differing wants for passenger capacity as well as their baggage or cargo Area has resulted in the availability of a big number of overall body kinds to fulfill specific client specifications that include, among Some others, the sedan/saloon, hatchback, station wagon/estate, and minivan.
In keeping with investigate carried out by Julian Allwood with the College of Cambridge, world-wide Electricity use may very well be heavily minimized by using lighter automobiles, and a median pounds of 500 kg (one,100 lb) continues to be reported being very well achievable. In a few competitions like the Shell Eco Marathon, typical automobile weights of 45 kg (ninety nine lb) have also been reached. These autos are only single-seaters (however falling throughout the definition of an auto, Though 4-seater automobiles tend to be more typical), Nonetheless they nevertheless reveal the quantity by which car weights could even now be diminished, and the next reduce gas use (i.e. as much as a gas use of 2560 km/l).
The automotive market layouts, develops, manufactures, marketplaces, and sells the earth's motor vehicles. In 2008, more than 70 million motor automobiles, such as cars and trucks and industrial autos ended up generated around the globe.
, In 2007, a complete of 71.9 million new cars were sold around the world: 22.9 million in Europe, 21.4 million inside the Asia-Pacific Area, 19.four million while in the United states of america and Canada, 4.4 million in Latin America, two.4 million in the center East and 1.four million in Africa. The marketplaces in North The us and Japan were stagnant, though All those in South America and also other parts of Asia grew strongly. Of the major markets, China, Russia, Brazil and India observed essentially the most swift development.
. About 250 million autos are in use in the United States. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and trucks and light-weight vans around the highway in 2007; they melt away about 260 billion US gallons (980,000,000 m3) of gasoline and diesel gasoline annually. The numbers are expanding quickly, specifically in China and India. Inside the viewpoint of some, urban transport programs primarily based across the car or truck have proved unsustainable, consuming extreme Electricity, affecting the wellbeing of populations, and providing a declining degree of company Even with growing investments. A lot of of those negative impacts slide disproportionately on These social teams who are minimum more likely to individual and drive vehicles. The sustainable transportation motion concentrates on methods to these problems.
In 2008, with promptly climbing oil rates, industries including the automotive sector, are encountering a mix of pricing pressures from Uncooked content fees and improvements in customer buying habits. The industry can also be going through growing exterior Competitors from the general public transportation sector, as individuals re-Examine their personal automobile utilization. About 50 percent with the US's fifty-one light-weight car plants are projected to permanently near in the approaching several years, Along with the lack of A different 200,000 Careers in the sector, on top of the 560,000 jobs lost this 10 years. Coupled with sturdy expansion in China, in 2009, this resulted in China turning into the biggest car or truck producer and industry in the world. China 2009 sales experienced increased to thirteen.6 million, an important improve from a million of domestic automobile income in 2000. Since then however, even in China together with other BRIC international locations, the automotive output is once again falling.
. Cars are usually fitted with several different types of lights. These consist of headlights, which happen to be utilised to illuminate the way in advance and make the car obvious to other users, so the motor vehicle can be used during the night; in some jurisdictions, daytime jogging lights; pink brake lights to point in the event the brakes are used; amber transform signal lights to indicate the transform intentions of the driver; white-coloured reverse lights to light up the realm driving the car (and show that the motive force will probably be or is reversing); and on some motor vehicles, extra lights (e.g., side marker lights) to enhance the visibility of the vehicle. Interior lights to the ceiling of the car are usually equipped for the driver and travellers. Some vehicles also have a trunk gentle and, a lot more almost never, an engine compartment mild.


text:
© 2019 Nancy Van Iderstine
NANCY VAN IDERSTINE
WRITING RÉSUMÉ
PRIMARY FILM INDUSTRY CLIENTS
• 20TH CENTURY FOX & FOX HOME ENTERTAINMENT
• BUENA VISTA HOME ENTERTAINMENT
• WARNER BROS. HOME ENTERTAINMENT • DREAMWORKS STUDIOS
• MGM STUDIOS
Drawings – Short film Dixie Venus -- Short film
Cat Logic – 1/2-hour animation pilot Averyville – one-hour TV pilot
Love Connection – Reality TV Show Broads With Blazers – 1/2-hour cable series
Author: "Twentieth Century Fox: The First 75 Years" – Twentieth Century Fox
Contributor: "No Kidding: Women Writers On Bypassing Parenthood" – Seal Press
Contributor: "The Total Cat Manual" – Weldon Owen Publishing
Editor: "State of Mind" Sci-fi/thriller novel by Sven Davison – Bedouin Press
Author: "Vegan & Gluten-free Recipes To Live For" – Self-published
Researcher: "MGM: When The Lion Roars" by Peter Hay – Turner Publishing
COPYWRITING/EDITING
FOX HOME ENTERTAINMENT – As a freelancer with Fox since 2000, I've created digital copy (iTunes, Amazon, Google, etc.), headlines & taglines, Blu-ray/DVD packaging, booklets, print ads, TV & radio spots, online, mobile, scripts for trade show presentations and letters to fans from celebrities, producers & other VIPs, point-of-purchase, banners, billboards, greeting cards and other collateral for hundreds of films/TV shows for this $1 billion-a-year industry.
Film title list includes: Booksmart, Bohemian Rhapsody, If Beale Street Could Talk, Destroyer, The Kid Who Would Be King, Love, Simon, The Post, The Mountain Between Us, The Shape of Water, Goodbye Christopher Robin, The Greatest Showman, Step, Kingsman: The Golden Circle, Hidden Figures, The Revenant, Gone Girl, Birdman, The Fault In Our Stars, 12 Years A Slave, True Story, Poltergeist, Star Wars franchise, the Alien franchise, Agent 47, Paper Towns, Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, Mirror Mirror, Desert Dancer, We Bought A Zoo, The Sound Of My Voice, Avatar, Crazy Heart, Rio, There Be Dragons, Diary of a Wimpy Kid franchise, the Alvin and the Chipmunks franchise, Gulliver's Travels, Rio, Unstoppable, Black Swan, 127 Hours, Percy Jackson and the Olympians franchise, the Night at the Museum franchise, X-Men franchise, Water For Elephants, Ice Age franchise, Juno, Predators, Slumdog Millionaire, Little Miss Sunshine, Sideways, hundreds of studio classics and catalog titles, including extensive DreamWorks & MGM titles.
TV shows include: The Orville, This is Us, Wayward Pines, Empire, The X-Files, Archer, Maron, Glee, The Killing, Witches of East End, Those Who Kill, How I Met Your Mother, Sleepy Hollow, New Girl, Transporter, 24, Sons of Anarchy, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Modern Family, Raising Hope, White Collar, Prison Break, Stargate Atlantis, Arrested Development and Futurama, among others.
Publications: My ads have appeared in Rolling Stone, Premiere, Entertainment Weekly, The Hollywood Reporter, Vibe, Vanity Fair, Vogue, People, The New York Times, New York Post, US Weekly, Maxim, Wired, Star, Spin, The WSJ, The Washington Post, Cosmo, GQ, Esquire, The Smithsonian, TV Guide, Parents, Parade & many more.
BUENA VISTA HOME ENTERTAINMENT – As a staff writer for a year prior to working with Fox, I created copy for packaging, consumer and trade ads, radio spots and other collateral, namely for Toy Story 2, Dinosaurs, 101 Dalmatians (2000 remake), Fantasia 2000, and others.
Warner Bros. Home Entertainment -- packaging, including booklets for Blazing Saddles 40th Anniversary Blu-ray set, and the Friday the 13th Anthology.
JOURNALISM/COLUMNS
• San Fernando Valley Pet Examiner for Examiner.com: 2010 – 2015
• The Scratching Post Online Newsletter for Stray Cat Alliance: 2011 – 2014
Chicago Manual of Style, AP Stylebook, MLA, APA.
STAGE/LIVE PERFORMANCE
"Larry's Story" – produced at 26 venues for Homeward LA, a program to benefit Midnight Mission in Downtown L.A.
"7 Years I Could Have Spent In Vermont" – produced for the stage by HBO
"Simple Air," "Fixing Randy, ""Dating Sucks" – Produced by Neo Ensemble Theatre
OTHER INDUSTRIES:
Real Estate/Property Management
MedicaL (Including Holistic)
TECHNICAL SKILLS – Google Docs, Microsoft Suites (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook), Keynote, WordPress, BOX, some Adobe Suites, including some Photoshop, iMovie, Audacity, GarageBand, some Pro Tools.
• Social Media, including life tweets
• UX verbiage creator
• Sales decks
• Promo videos
• Headlines/taglines
• Brochures
• Work extremely well under pressure
• Social media savvy
• Multitasker
• Results-oriented self-starter
• Leader/manager
• Detail oriented
• Flexible
• Finesse in working with celebrities & other high-profile clients
• Able to manage metadata (digital and otherwise) on a large scale
Copywriting Samples Menu
News & Live Events
Photos & More


text:
Q: Discord Bot not responding after first command So I am having some issues with creating my bot. All I am trying to have it do, is keep track of a list of players that type the command "+me" to join a "waiting list", "-me" in order to be removed from the list, and "?list" in order to display the list. I plan to add other commands later.
The issue I am having, is that the command works fine to add someone to the list, however after the first command the bot stops responding to commands. This leaves me able to add myself to the queue, but then not able to leave, no one else able to join, not able to list it, etc.
Also if you could mention a way to move the for loop I am using to display the list into a seperate function I would greatly appreaciate it. I am new to Javascript and my attempts are crashing it for some reason.

const Discord = require('discord.js');
const {prefix, token} = require('./config.json');
const client = new Discord.Client();
var rankedList = []; // Initialise an empty array

client.login(token);

client.once('ready', () =>{
    console.log('Ready!');
})

client.once('message', message =>{
    // Add to queue
    if(message.content.startsWith(`${prefix}me`)){
        console.log(message.author + "added to queue.");
        message.channel.send(message.author + " added to queue.");

        var temp = message.author;
        rankedList.push(temp);  // the array will dynamically grow

        // Show queue after adding
        //for (var i = 0; i < rankedList.length; i++) {
        //  message.channel.send(i+1 + "- " + rankedList[i]);
        //}
        message.channel.send(`${rankedList.map((player,index) => `${index+1} - ${player}`).join('n')}`);
    }

    // Remove from queue
    if(message.content.startsWith(`-me`)){
        console.log(message.author + "removed from queue.");
        message.channel.send(message.author + " removed from queue.");

        for( var i = 0; i < rankedList.length; i++){
            if ( rankedList[i] === message.author) {
                rankedList.splice(i, 1);
                i--;
            }
        }

        // Show queue after removing
        for (var i = 0; i < rankedList.length; i++) {
            message.channel.send(i+1 + "- " + rankedList[i]);
        }
    }

    if(message.content.startsWith(`?list`)){
        console.log(message.author + "displayed the queue.");

        // Show list
        for (var i = 0; i < rankedList.length; i++) {
            message.channel.send(i+1 + "- " + rankedList[i]);
        }
    }
})

A: The issue could be you have used "once" instead of "on". The latter triggers event every time, while the former listens once.
// Add to queue
client.on('message', async (message) => {

   // It's good practice to ignore other bots. This also makes your bot ignore itself and not get into a spam loop
    if(message.author.bot) return;

    if(message.content.startsWith(`${prefix}me`)){
        var temp = message.author;
        rankedList.push(temp);  // the array will dynamically grow
        console.log(message.author + "added to queue.");
        message.channel.send(`${message.author} added to queue.
        ${rankedList.map((player,index) => `${index+1} - ${player}`).join('
n')}`);
    }
});

You are basically sending the entire message at once. I could see that the send() function is asynchronous [ https://discord.js.org/#/docs/main/stable/class/DMChannel?scrollTo=send ]and should not be chained in a for loop like above. The above code is also more concise
I have used template literals [ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Template_literals ] to remove multiple concatenation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Laboratoire des Intuitions (The Intuitive Laboratory) is funded by the French Ministry of Culture. A multidimensional platform, it brings together artists and theorists who work in many fields of experimentation and knowledge with an aim to building dynamic links between forms of thought, through art, philosophy, semiology, mathematics, physics, etc.
The Laboratoire des Intuitions (LDI) has two objectives: to analyse drawing practices and representation in all fields of knowledge; and to work with artists to develop new dynamic practices for rolling out projects. These new practices require writing intentions specific to developing forms. Examples could include transcription or writing a performance's space-time continuum or the diagram as an image in the thought process as opposed to the diagram as a demonstration during a conference. The programme questions the notion of intuition in different fields of knowledge including the physical and mathematical sciences. The goal is to evoke the diagrammatic constructs shared between artistic, philosophical, scientific practices, and to expose singular forms and spaces from this observation of theory/practice nodes which are constantly deconstructed and reinvented through art.
The links from art to theoretical physics through philosophy, the social sciences and mathematics are partly drawn by hand. The LDI addresses the graphic practices that accompany, provoke, highlight and model thought. After all, the layout, diagram or sketch scribbled on a tablecloth are all a common language where thought is organised spatially and becomes visible with a stroke, a summarising gesture which instantly captures the attention whether one is giving visual shape to a theoretical system or thinking about the layout for an exhibition.
This concerns both art and science. When an artist questions how a shape may relate to our scientific knowledge of space and then asks the physicist about this apparent contrast, both end up drawing together. Several LDI experiments in recent years have reached this conclusion. Rising to or coming down from an intuitive level should not lead one to research theories of knowledge, the science of the mind or cognitive psychology. Rather, it is a matter of identifying a common practical plan where any thought, regardless, is visually presented as a form in motion and through being viewed drives a new thought process.
LDI is now undertaking systematic research into graphic thought practices as it has been identified that they are real laboratories for intuition. That is where the hypothesis or pertinent evidence, the unproven or demonstrable knowledge is tested and expanded to find its visual and self-reflective language and dialogue. It is also the first step in questioning the results of a theory. Will truth prevail over its own image, its translation into a graphic gesture? Where does this lead reflection?
Le Laboratoire des intuitions


Planning for your retirement? Many Americans aren't financially prepared for how long they may live.
Lisa Walke, chair of geriatric medicine at Penn Medicine, speaks with patient Mary Ann Lancaster Tyler outside of the Penn Ralston Center.
There are lots of good, practical reasons why you might want to know how long you're going to live.
Sure, it would be nice to know when you need to get your emotional life in order. But the mysterious future also figures into important financial decisions that older adults have to make, often when they still feel pretty young. How on earth can you know at 60 how much money you'll need in old age if you don't know whether you'll live 15 more years or 40?
Which form of Medicare should you choose? When should you retire? When should you downsize? Your lifespan can also be important for medical decisions. Is it time to stop screening for a particular cancer? Would surgery do more harm than good?
Christine Arenson is a geriatrician at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital.
Doctors are loath to make predictions, partly because they're not very good at it and partly because they know too well that life is unpredictable. Everyone knows a health nut who died young of cancer. We've all heard the stories of centenarians who credit their long lives to whiskey or cigarettes.
Christine Arenson, a geriatrician at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, especially cautions against assuming that you won't live long because your parents died relatively young, or because you have health issues. She says the biggest problem she sees in how Americans think about retirement is "we aren't preparing to live long enough."
The Social Security Administration says that, if you're 65 now, you have, on average, 19 more years of life if you're a man and 21 if you're a woman. The agency's calculator is a crude instrument based purely on averages. You can find multiple online calculators, some of which are tied to financial products, that purport to fine-tune an individual's prediction based on such risk factors as overall health and functioning, weight, education, and family history. One even includes the age of menopause because women who enter menopause late tend to live longer.
In general, you can guess you'll live at least a little longer than average if you've embraced a healthy lifestyle and avoided chronic health problems, and less if you haven't. People with more money and more education tend to live longer, likely the result of better health choices and better access to medical care. If you're in your early 60s and you're sedentary, overweight, or sleep-deprived and you smoke, "you'll be lucky if you make it to 75 or so …. and, if you do, you're going to be doing it with a lot of chronic conditions," said Lisa Walke, chair of geriatric medicine at Penn Medicine.
How long your parents lived is less important than you'd guess, experts said, unless your family members tend to be exceptionally long-lived. For both men and women, the mother's longevity is a better predictor of their own than a father's, said Jay Olshansky, a biodemographer at the University of Illinois at Chicago and a board member of the American Federation for Aging Research (AFAR).
Steven Austad, AFAR's scientific director and a biologist at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, said that only about 25 percent of a person's lifespan is inherited. That means that the remaining 75 percent is largely up to you.
Even if your family is riddled with early deaths, it may not be because of genetic flaws. "It may just be that everyone has bad habits," said Robb McIlvried, a Geisinger Health geriatrician.
Plus, treatments for cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and many other chronic conditions are improved over what they were in previous generations, so things that killed your grandparents or parents might not kill you.
Estimates of how much a particular bad or good habit can affect your lifespan differ. As Austad pointed out, this is an area that's difficult to study well. Unlike lab mice, humans don't stick to particular diets well and they may lie about how much they exercise or smoke. That makes it hard to know how substantial a role a particular behavior plays.
Lyle Ungar, a computer and information science professor at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop a lifespan calculator meant to help people choose healthier behaviors, said quitting smoking could add about five years to a life, as could starting to work out regularly instead of having a sedentary lifestyle. Having good relationships instead of being socially isolated can also add years.
Just asking how long you'll live is probably the wrong question.
"The main reason to take care of yourself is not so you can live longer," Austad said. "It's so you can be healthy longer."
The good news is that, even if you've made a lot of health mistakes, you can still bend the curve late in life.
"It's never too late to develop a healthy lifestyle," said Eric Widera, a geriatrician at the University of California, San Francisco, who helped develop ePrognosis, a calculator for assessing risk of death.
Changing your lifestyle now can lengthen your life, Arenson said, but its more dramatic effect will likely be on the number of healthy years.
Widera said the average woman experiences 4.5 years of disability at the end of life compared with 2.9 years for men. Healthy lifestyles can reduce that period of disability.
If you're prioritizing, you'll likely get the biggest benefit from quitting smoking. After that, Walke said "without a doubt, it's going to be exercise. I know no one wants to hear that."
Exercise — she recommends 30 minutes five times a week — can help with mood, sleep, and blood pressure, she said. People of any age can build muscle with weight training, and that can reduce the risk of falls.
Walke's patient Mary Ann Lancaster Tyler is taking her doctor's advice to heart. Tyler is 81 and has no chronic health conditions. She climbs the stairs in her Northwest Philadelphia home several times a day and purposely chooses distant parking places so she'll have to walk farther to stores. She's a healthy eater and reads a lot. A lively woman who is active in her community, she's planning to live to 100 and hopes her husband, Robert, 83, will, too.
Still, Walke suggested some changes in Tyler's lifestyle if she wants to reach her goal. Tyler is planning to return to line dancing and to start swimming, so she'll get more exercise. She's also planning to start playing pinochle again to keep her brain even more active. "I feel like I'm spiritually grounded, so the final, absolute decision is not mine," she said.
Lisa Walke speaks with patient Mary Ann Lancaster Tyler outside of the Penn Ralston Center.
Austad and Olshansky said that there are some medicines on the horizon that might lengthen life but that they're not yet proven to work. At least in animals, a very low-calorie diet adds to lifespan, but Austad is not willing to try it. As a college wrestler, he had experience with cutting weight, and it's not for him. "All I did was think about food all the time," he said. Plus, it makes heart numbers look great, but he has concerns about what it does to bone health.
"It's easy to shorten your life. Lengthening it, that's another story."
I'm healthy. What kind of Medicare should I choose?
Many are faced with what may be an irrevocable decision as soon as they sign up for Medicare.
Will they pick regular Medicare and buy a Medigap policy to cover copays and deductibles, or go with Medicare Advantage? Once you choose Advantage, there may be no going back if you have — or develop — pre-existing conditions.
Medicare Advantage typically has lower monthly costs and may cover more than Medigap plans, but copays can really add up — the current max is $6,700 a year — and medical networks are often small. If you're really sick and want highly specialized care from a specific doctor or health system, you may not be able to get it.
How should perceptions of your current and future health figure into the decision?
James Long, a health insurance agent at Young's Insurance Services Inc. in Eagleville, likens the Medicare decision to the one you have to make about when to start Social Security payments. "There is an unpredictability, but you play the odds," he said.
If you're in good health and have reason to think you'll live a long life, he thinks, Medicare Advantage is the way to go. Monthly costs are lower and healthy people likely won't have huge costs for co-pays. Yes, you'll lose money in the last four or five years of life, but you'll likely save overall, he said.
Tricia Neuman, senior vice president and director of the Kaiser Family Foundation's program on Medicare policy, said it's a complicated decision. "It's a hard call," she said. "Nobody can really predict the future."
Some people with lower incomes may believe that they can't afford the higher premiums for Medigap insurance. Choosing Medicare Advantage doesn't seem to be that big of a deal when they're new to Medicare and healthy, said Neuman, who doesn't make specific recommendations. When they're older, she said, their income is likely to be smaller in real terms and out-of-pocket spending will rise. They may wish for the predictability of a monthly Medigap premium.
Even healthy people, she said, should consider worst-case scenarios. "Anything can happen to someone at a moment's notice," she said.
Her eyes were opened when a friend on Medicare went to an emergency room after an accident while mountain biking. He recovered from the accident, but doctors discovered a tumor at the back of his neck.
The surgeon available to him through his Medicare Advantage HMO network didn't have much experience with removing this type of tumor. Her friend wanted a more experienced surgeon who was not in the network. He thought he could switch to regular Medicare during open enrollment but discovered that none of the Medigap plans would accept him; the tumor was a pre-existing condition. Her friend found another Medicare Advantage plan that included the preferred surgeon and had the procedure. After that, he switched out of Medicare Advantage.
Regardless of your current health or predicted lifespan, that's a cautionary tale if you're the kind of person who's likely to want the doctor or hospital with the best reputation in town when faced with a serious illness.


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Q: Bibliography and citations with Xaringan and RMarkdown I'm using the R package xaringan to produce nice slides using RMarkdown. The package RefManageR works quite well in combination with xaringan to handle the bibliography. However, when rendering slides to show all references, I have to specify where to split the bibliography by using something like on a first slide
PrintBibliography(myBib, start = 1, end = 10)

and then
PrintBibliography(myBib, start = 11, end = 20)

Do you know a way to automatically split the bibliography so that it shows all references, with let's say  10 references on each slide ?
Thanks for your help


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From Garden to Table - Geo Washington's (1732-1799) Slave Chef
Painting by Frederick Kemmelmeyer (c 1755-1821) of George Washington Reviewing the Western Army 1794
Hercules: Master of Cuisine, Slave of Washington
The Philadelphia Inquier February 21 & 22, 2010 by Craig LaBan, Restaurant Critic
He was one of the first great chefs of Philadelphia - in fact, of the young nation. The chief cook in President George Washington's home here in 1790 had only one name: Hercules.
In the mansion's open-hearth kitchen, where elaborate banquets were prepared, where spitted meats sizzled and "fricaseys" simmered in cast-iron pans over hickory fires, underlings scurried to execute the orders of Hercules, "the great master-spirit," according to one account, who seemed to be everywhere at once.
To Washington, however, Hercules was what he called that "species of property" - a slave. And though his talents would earn Hercules extraordinary privileges, including an income, fine clothes, and freedom to roam the city, Washington also went to great lengths to maintain the bondage of his prized cook - with deception, slave catchers, and, eventually, an attempt to stash him at Mount Vernon.
Recent controversy over the President's House, at Sixth and Market Streets, has renewed interest in Hercules and the lives of the other eight slaves who worked for Washington during his presidency in Philadelphia from 1790 to 1797. Their story surged into the international spotlight with the 2007 dig that unearthed the kitchen foundation and an underground passageway leading to it, obviously used by servants. Ironically, the kitchen where Hercules toiled was just in front of the new Liberty Bell Center.
The attention, along with queries from The Inquirer, led to a reexamination of historical documents regarding Hercules' life and especially his escape in 1797, when he disappeared, never to be captured again.
One document, a Mount Vernon farm report, has established new facts: Hercules did not escape from his privileged post in Philadelphia in early March, as had been widely believed. He fled Washington's Virginia plantation, where he had been transferred and put on hard labor - and his disappearance was discovered on his master's 65th birthday.
Thus, the saga of Hercules has emerged as compelling historical drama - his rise from plantation slave to respected chef in the president's kitchen, his appearance as a loyal servant trusted to stroll the city's boulevards in fine clothes, and his clever escape...
Through the eyes of George Washington Parke Custis, the president's stepgrandson, who grew up in his Philadelphia home, Hercules was a "celebrated artiste" in the kitchen, "as highly accomplished a proficient in the culinary art as could be found in the United States." He also was the family's beloved "Uncle Harkless" and a gilded boulevardier, the "veriest dandy" of his age, Custis wrote in his 1860 memoir.
But contemporary historians such as Mary V. Thompson of Mount Vernon, Anna Coxe Toogood of Independence National Historical Park, David R. Hoth of the Washington Papers at the University of Virginia, and Edward Lawler Jr. of the Independence Hall Association have gone beyond Custis' memories to tease the outlines of Hercules' narrative from household account books, correspondences, and Mount Vernon farm reports.
"It helps people understand . . . freedom for whites was often built on the backs of enslaved people," says Gary B. Nash, a professor emeritus of history at the University of California, Los Angeles. "Slavery is liberty's evil twin brother. We think of them as polar opposites, and yet they're joined at the hip."
But who, in fact, was Hercules, and what is his legacy? Chef-patriot? Early African American hero? Or was he simply a man bent on finding his freedom despite being a favored servant of the nation's great hero? And what was it like for a Virginia slave to land in the cosmopolitan Philadelphia of the 1790s? It was not only the new nation's political center, but also the nexus of its abolitionist movement, not to mention the gastronomic capital of colonial America.
The Custis reminiscences provide ample color to stoke the quaint legend of the dandy chef, who, once those "savory viands" were served to the "masters of the republic," would shed his white apron for the black silks and polished shoe buckles of his evening promenade. The porter would bow low, Custis said, as Hercules passed through the mansion's front door with his hat cocked and a gold-headed cane in hand, then headed down High Street to join "his brother-loungers of the pave."
But on these jaunts about town, Hercules was most likely exposed to possibilities of life beyond slavery in Philadelphia, the "North Star" of American abolitionism, according to Nash's 1988 book, Forging Freedom.
"When Hercules went to market to buy fish or meat, he'd find himself amidst hundreds of free black Philadelphians," Nash says. "It must have been wonderful."
It must have also been confounding for a man of such great status who remained a slave.
A look through the kitchen window of the President's House, however, provides a picture of Hercules' life beside the blazing hearth that is far from a leisurely stroll.
George Washington was no gourmet. Unlike his political rival Thomas Jefferson, forever a foodie after his diplomatic years in France, Washington was steeped in the ritual of simple tastes. He ate hoecakes for breakfast at 7, the white corn-mush patties swimming in butter and honey (to soften them for his famously sore teeth), with three cups of black tea. For his informal Saturday evenings, the fish-loving Washington regularly ate a humble hash of boiled beets, potatoes, onions, and salt fish (conveniently supplied by New England's congressional delegation) covered with fried pork scraps and buttery egg sauce.
But the president could also host in capital style, with regular feasts for 30 or more guests: senators, foreign dignitaries, Indian chiefs. And he needed a kitchen that could carry it off.
Hercules, the brawny and charming father of four, was Washington's choice. Little is known about his early life; Washington is believed to have purchased him in 1767, when Hercules was a 13-year-old ferryman. But Hercules clearly learned his kitchen craft well at Mount Vernon from Martha Washington's longtime slave cook, Old Doll. By the time Hercules was about 36, the president tapped him to come north to Philadelphia. The white cooks who worked at the previous presidential residence in New York were "dirty figures," Washington wrote to his private secretary, Tobias Lear. They would "not be a pleasant sight in view (as the kitchen always will be)."
Washington was keenly aware of the political importance of dining room ceremony, and his regular Thursday dinners with members of Congress would set an impressive standard for the nation's first power meals.
These were the nights, Custis wrote, "when Uncle Harkless shone in all his splendor."
The kitchen staff, having toiled from the fire-stoking before dawn until the 4 p.m. service, would typically produce more than two dozen dishes laid out over two courses, plus a finale of fruits, walnuts, and sweet wines. The elegantly mirrored pedestal adorned with spun-sugar figurines was surrounded with puddings, soups, boiled meats, smoked gammon ham, game birds, fish, seasonal vegetables, jellies, and cakes.
With the president scooping pudding for guests and leading the meal in toasts, his wife the consummate hostess, and servants in the family's red-and-white livery, these were dignified affairs awash in Madeira, porter, cider, and French claret, but deliberately shy of aristocratic Euro pomp.
Addressing an incoming steward, Washington directed "that my table be handsomely, but not extravagantly, furnished." He had carefully logged each purchase coming into the house for seven weeks, in part because of overspending by the previous steward.
These detailed colonial logs, recently made available by Mount Vernon and never before published, provide a rare seven-week view into the president's larder and the sheer magnitude of this kitchen's task. With Congress drawing to a close and talk of avoiding another war with Britain likely swirling around the table, May 1794 brought forth a presidential gush of banquets.
During the week of May 19, for instance, the kitchen prepared 293 pounds of beef, 111 pounds of veal, 54 pounds of mutton, 129 pounds of lamb, 16 pounds of pork, calves' feet (for sweet colonial Jell-O), 44 chickens, 22 pigeons, 2 ducks, 10 lobsters, 98 pounds of butter, 32 dozen eggs, myriad fruits and vegetables, 3 half-barrels of beer, 20 bottles of porter, 9 bottles of "cyder," 2 bottles of Sauternes, 22 bottles of Madeira, 4 bottles of claret, 10 bottles of Champagne, and 1 twenty-eight-pound cheese.
Working in an 18th-century kitchen was backbreaking, with heavy iron pots swinging on cranes, whole animals turning on spit jacks, and tin reflector ovens beside the roasting-hot fires. Even the basic tasks, such as purifying sugar from large loaves, were a lengthy chore.
But the meat - regularly more than a quarter-ton each week, give or take a pig - was an astounding amount for a staff of roughly seven to butcher, boil, roast, or fry into "fricaseys," "ragoos," pastry-wrapped "coffin crust" pies, and scallopini-like "collops" rolled "olive-style" around forcemeat.
At least Hercules did not bake desserts. And contrary to Custis' image of him, he may not have always been in charge, either. The steward oversaw all the marketing, inspected each morning by Martha Washington after breakfast. The account books also contain numerous records of professional white cooks who worked for the household for various durations.
But while the hired cooks and stewards came and went, Hercules was the mainstay in the kitchen. And the Washingtons rewarded him with tokens of their approval. There were tickets to see a play at the Southwark Theater (The Beaux' Stratagem) and the spectacular riding acrobatics at Ricketts' Circus (America's first), according to account books. There were bottles of rum to mourn the death of his wife, Lame Alice, an enslaved Mount Vernon seamstress. A reluctant Washington also granted Hercules the favor of bringing his 13-year-old son, Richmond, to Philadelphia as a kitchen scullion and chimney sweep.
Most telling, though, was allowing Hercules the right to sell the kitchen "slops" - the remaining animal skins, used tea leaves, and rendered tallow that would have been compost on the plantation. In the city, these were lucrative leftovers, an income-producing perk traditionally bestowed on top chefs, including James Hemings, Jefferson's Paris-trained slave chef, who was paid a salary and soon to be freed.
For Hercules, that meant annual earnings of up to $200, if Custis is accurate, as much as the Washingtons paid hired chefs. That income was no doubt what allowed Hercules to buy his dapper wardrobe, his velvet-collared blue cloth coat with bright metal buttons, and a pocket watch dangling from a long fob.
He was dressed for adventure in a city that, for a country kitchen slave, must have been astounding on many levels.
As a food artisan, he found himself walking in what was the culinary capital of the United States, bursting with politicians and international diplomats, and a vibrant port that welcomed boats weekly from Europe, New England, and the Caribbean. That same week of May 19, 1794, according to the Philadelphia Gazette, there were casks of raisins and hogsheads of Tenerife wines from the Canary Islands waiting at the Walnut Street wharf, Grenadan rum just landed at Dock Street, Boston mackerel and "country gin" at Front and Spruce Streets, and, at 117 S. Front St., French hams, olives, brandied fruit, baskets of anisette, and Gruyère cheese.
According to local food historian William Woys Weaver, the bustling High Street market with arcaded stalls was teeming from the river to Fourth Street with local bounty: river shad, passenger pigeons, famously delicate salt-marsh mutton, Chester County cream cheese, and the yellow dessert apples Washington was known to covet. Ladies sold hot buckwheat cakes for breakfast, and black street vendors like Flora Calvil made spicy West Indies pepper pot stew.
The Caribbean and French influence grew exponentially during Hercules' stay in Philadelphia, as the Haitian slave rebellion and the French Revolution flooded the city by 1793 with well-trained European cooks. It's hard to imagine these exotic new flavors didn't have some influence on Hercules and the fashion-conscious Washingtons. Their cuisine was largely rooted, with plenty of Virginian embellishments, in English influences such as their well-thumbed edition of The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy, by Hannah Glasse.
Use of the tomato, Weaver says, was becoming widespread in Philadelphia. And the ornately fluted ice creams known as "fromage glaces," made by Victor Collet at 127 N. Front St. in 1795, would become nationally renowned. The Washington account book for June 25 that year shows an ice cream mold purchased for $7.
Undoubtedly, Hercules also had ample opportunity to talk kitchen shop with Hemings, a fellow Virginia slave whose training in France under the chef of Prince Louis-Joseph de Bourbon gave then-Secretary of State Jefferson's table, just blocks away, a special sophistication.
But there was likely another topic simmering in the air between them, too: freedom.
Hemings could have claimed his liberty in France, where slavery was outlawed. But he returned with Jefferson on the promise that he would be freed if he passed his knowledge of French cookery onto Monticello's kitchen staff. Jefferson made good on that promise, freeing Hemings in 1796.
Pennsylvania had already become the first government in the New World to begin the abolition of slavery with its Gradual Abolition Act of 1780. And with the Quaker-backed Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery and Free African Society working on their behalf, there were 1,805 free blacks in the city in 1790, while only 273 remained enslaved, according to the federal census as noted in Nash's book. By 1800, the slave number had dropped to 55 among a black population of 6,436, about 10 percent of the city's population.
The Washingtons were deeply concerned.
To circumvent the Gradual Abolition Act, which allowed citizens of other states to hold slaves only six months before the slaves could claim their freedom, the Washingtons regularly and illegally shuttled their slaves across state lines before the deadline expired, thus resetting their residency at zero. And Washington wanted to keep it secret at all costs - even if it meant a lie.
"I wish to have it accomplished under the pretext that may deceive both them and the public," he wrote to Lear. ". . . This advise may be known to none but yourself and Mrs. Washington."
It wasn't long before the slaves figured out why they were being shuffled back and forth between Philadelphia and Virginia by stagecoach and boat, but Hercules, Lear wrote Washington in 1791, was "mortified to the last degree to think that a suspicion could be entertained of his fidelity or attachment to you."
"So much did the poor fellow's feelings appear to be touched that it left no doubt of his sincerity."
But was he? Or was Hercules, in fact, setting the Washingtons up for his own flight?
Martha Washington showed her trust by allowing Hercules to stay, at least once, beyond the six months. But the president clearly never relaxed.
He signed the Fugitive Slave Act that Congress had overwhelmingly approved in 1793, which allowed slave owners to retrieve their runaways anywhere, even if captured in non-slavery states. Then, after Martha Washington's maid, Oney Judge, escaped while the family was eating dinner in Philadelphia on May 21, 1796, Washington went on high alert.
There was cannon fire in Philadelphia on the morning of Feb. 22, 1797, as 16 rounds of salute - one for each state - rang out in celebration of the nation's greatest hero.
It was the 65th birthday of George Washington, the "man who united all hearts," as John Quincy Adams called him. And with Washington's final weeks as president ahead, the event was celebrated with "more sincere joy" than ever, according to the Philadelphia Gazette. People of all classes paraded to the President's House at Sixth and Market. At the ball that night, there were so many splendid dancing ladies and gentlemen "the room appeared like a grove of moving plumes," the paper wrote.
At Mount Vernon, however, Washington's birthday began with a sobering discovery: Hercules was gone.
Hercules had been the president's prized cook, a charismatic slave whom Washington had handpicked to come north to Philadelphia, where he prepared celebrated feasts for the Washingtons and their stream of high-profile guests.
But recent revelations in historic farm reports from Mount Vernon have turned up a new twist to the 213-year-old story of Hercules and his escape.
Contradictory to long-held beliefs, the chef did not flee from his vaunted position in Philadelphia at the end of Washington's second term. He had landed in distinctly less comfortable circumstances that miserable winter.
Washington was on guard to prevent another escape during his final months in Philadelphia, where in the spring of 1796 Martha's maid, Oney Judge, had run away. So when he returned to the capitol that fall, Washington left Hercules in Virginia.
Runaways from Washington's estate weren't uncommon, and though some managed to flee to the British during the Revolution, most failed, writes Wiencek. Four men escaped in 1761, only to be recaptured. A slave named Sam was caught several times trying to run away. One named Tom was caught and sent away in handcuffs to be sold in the West Indies. Hercules' literate contemporary Christopher was caught when a note to his wife detailing his escape plans was discovered.
Oney Judge proved Philadelphia was a risk. But back at Mount Vernon, surely, Hercules would be secure.
The once-trusted chef, also noted for the fine silk clothes of his evening promenades in Philadelphia, suddenly found himself that November in the coarse linens and woolens of a field slave. Hercules was relegated to hard labor alongside others, digging clay for 100,000 bricks, spreading dung, grubbing bushes, and smashing stones into sand to coat the houses on the property, according to farm reports and a November memo from Washington to his farm manager. "That will Keep them," he wrote, "out of idleness and mischief."
When Hercules' son Richmond was then caught stealing money from an employee's saddlebags, Washington made his suspicions of a planned father-son escape clear in a letter: "This will make a watch, without its being suspected by, or intimated to them . . ."
By February, after several days of working in the damp chill, Hercules had had enough. Before dawn on Feb. 22, 1797, he launched his quest for freedom.
The recent discovery by Mount Vernon historian Mary V. Thompson of this key detail in the weekly farm report from Feb. 25, 1797 - "Herculus absconded 4 [days ago]" - has finally solved two long-held mysteries: the place and timing of Hercules' flight.
Hercules' rough confinement at Mount Vernon reinforces the complexity of Washington's struggle with slavery. Ultimately, he would be the only Founding Father to free his slaves, an act he added to his will in the last year of his life, historian Henry Wiencek wrote in An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America.
It was a decision born both of Washington's evolving moral battle with the paradox of human bondage after the War for Independence and of the increasing failure of his plantation as a viable slave business. His slaves, however, were not to be free until the president and his wife were dead.
That Hercules chose his master's big day, Feb. 22, as the moment to escape has been greeted with cheers of poetic justice.
"Happy birthday, George!" Wiencek said of the news. "Hercules is a lot gutsier than we even thought. It was a lot harder to get out of Virginia than Philadelphia."
"The irony is absolutely perfect," said lawyer Michael Coard, a founder of the Avenging the Ancestors Coalition, an activist group dedicated to bringing attention to Washington's nine slaves at the President's House. It plans to hold a Hercules Freedom Day there today at noon. "It couldn't have been scripted better," he said.
Escaping Mount Vernon was no small feat. The estate where Washington's mansion overlooks the Potomac was an 8,000-acre plantation encompassing five farms with at least 316 slaves. And the dreary weather that February was bone-chillingly damp, according to farm reports, alternating between rainy 40-degree days and snow at night.
Historians such as David R. Hoth, associate editor at the Papers of George Washington, believe Hercules "almost for certain" would have first headed to Alexandria. The port city would have provided ships out of Virginia and the temporary safety of a community of free blacks.
But getting there would not have been easy. What today is a simple 15-minute drive north was in 1797 an arduous and winding route. To flee the hump of land that was Mount Vernon, surrounded by river, creek, and marsh, Hercules likely would have had to start veering northwest before connecting to River Road at Little Hunting Creek, says Pamela Cressey, Alexandria city archaeologist. He could have passed through woods, small paths, and fields on his way north. But there was likely only one ford across the Great Hunting Creek. Heading east then, he would have passed the high bluffs of Hoof's Run Creek into Alexandria, where there was an enclave of free blacks known as the Bottoms.
With the stormy weather and treacherous night travel, the journey would likely have taken at least two days, Cressey said. And for Hercules, the clock was ticking.
The Mount Vernon overseer would have noticed his absence at dawn, when slaves reported to work, says Thompson. "He only had a 12-hour head start, if that."
For more than two centuries, the supposed script of Hercules' escape has been different. Most historians believed he slipped away in Philadelphia, disappearing from the President's House on the morning in March 1797 when Washington left the presidency and headed home for Mount Vernon.
In a letter from March 10, 1797, the traveling Washington writes from Head of Elk, Md., to his secretary in Philadelphia, Tobias Lear: "I pray you to desire [steward Frederick Kitt] to make all the enquiry he can after Hercules, and send him round in the Vessel if he can be discovered & apprehended..."
But historians such as Thompson, Hoth, Ed Lawler, and Anna Coxe Toogood of Independence National Historical Park continued to tug at loose threads in the letters that didn't quite jibe.
Why would Washington, in a letter to dispatch his men to maintain the hunt for Hercules "at any expense," declare his certainty that the slave had "gone to Philadelphia" if it was from there he had escaped?
"The phraseology bothers me, too," Lawler wrote.
The mystery began to unravel when Toogood discovered in the farm reports references to Hercules digging clay at the time the president was hosting his farewell feasts in Philadelphia. Then Thompson, having learned of Toogood's finds from The Inquirer, turned to the farm reports again. She found what she was looking for in the 1797 report from Feb. 25: "Eureka!" she wrote in an e-mail.
The discovery changes much about the perception of Hercules' motivations. After years of being portrayed as a favored servant simply walking off into a Philadelphia famous for its abolitionist options, the revelation of his labors on the plantation lends a new poignancy to his escape.
"Hercules had occupied such a high position, this [hard labor] strikes me as a pretty severe punishment," Wiencek said. "It's certainly a humiliation. The community of slaves would all have looked up to him as tight with the boss, with the ability to earn his own money and live in the mansion with autonomy. And then he's just tossed down from the mountain, and he's one of the grunts."
Wiencek is one of several historians who has interpreted Hercules as a master manipulator, one of the few slaves who managed to negotiate privileges from Washington, including the perk to earn an income by selling kitchen "slops," and freedom to wander the city: "His competence gave him great value to the Washingtons."
Hercules may have also been "setting his masters up" with protestations of loyalty, Wiencek wrote in his book, noting a 1791 exchange when Hercules realized the Washingtons were concerned he would escape. Tobias Lear wrote the president that "he was mortified to the last degree to think that a suspicion could be entertained of his fidelity or attachment to you."
But the new information that Hercules did not escape from Philadelphia despite six years of opportunities may prove that he was more faithful than previously believed. Until, of course, he was put on clay-digging duty at Mount Vernon.
"That would have been a horrible, horrible circumstance," said historian Annette Gordon-Reed, author of a Pulitzer Prize-winning tome on Thomas Jefferson's slaves, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family. "Knowing he had a shot back in Philadelphia to become a free person, it had to have been a horrible feeling."
Family may have long been a factor delaying Hercules from leaving. He had at least four children at Mount Vernon who might have been punished. In a letter to his farm manager after Richmond's theft in 1796, Washington wanted Hercules' son to be "made an example of."
By the time Hercules fled in 1797, the three children he'd raised since his wife died 10 years earlier ranged from in age from 11 to 20. A fourth child, a daughter of 6, seemed to have understood her father's need to leave. A Mount Vernon visitor asked whether she was "deeply upset that she would never see her father again."
She replied, according to the future French king Louis-Philippe, in his Diary of My Travels in America: "Oh! sir, I am very glad, because he is free now."
There were northbound boats leaving Alexandria in early March 1797, according to Hoth, who cited the Columbia Mirror and Alexandria Gazette: The schooners Jerusha and Trial headed to Philadelphia, as did the sloops Dianna and Peggy. The sloop Polly left for Baltimore on March 2.
Either way, Hercules would have had to stow away, historians say, a difficult but not impossible task. Later in her life, Washington's runaway maid, Oney Judge, told a newspaper in New Hampshire that she had escaped from the President's House just eight months before Hercules, thanks to the abolition-minded sea captain John Bowles and her "friends among the colored people of Philadelphia."
If Hercules managed to reach Philadelphia, he could have accessed that network.
According to historian Gary Nash's book Forging Freedom, Philadelphia at the time had the largest free black population in the United States, with major clusters near Northern Liberties and Cedar Ward, near Fourth Street and modern-day South Street. Richard Allen, the pioneering abolitionist who founded the historic Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church at Sixth and Lombard Streets, also had a chimney-sweep business that did work at the President's House, according to account books.
It is also a good possibility, Wiencek says, that Hercules had set aside a stash of money and clothing.
"Hercules was much better prepared than most to not only escape but to stay escaped," Hoth agreed.
Washington, in his ever-evolving conflict over slavery, lamented to his nephew George Lewis in November 1797, that the "inconvenient" fleeing of his cook had him reconsidering his vow never to buy another slave.
But he was convinced of Philadelphia's hold on his former chef. He sent two notes to former steward Kitt the following January, nearly a year after the escape, urging him to hire men to keep up the hunt: "If proper measures were employed to discover (unsuspectedly, so as not to alarm him) where his haunts are . . . it would render me an acceptable service as I neither have, nor can get a good Cook to hire."
There was one hearsay sighting later that month, Kitt replied. But then, for the nearly two remaining years of Washington's life, Hercules was gone.
Where Hercules ultimately landed we may never know.
"Doubtless, he finished his days working for someone very rich because he could handle the demands of that scene very well," Weaver said.
But in the small world of colonial America, where Washington could track down Oney Judge in Portsmouth, N.H., it's possible, historians say, that Hercules believed the United States was no longer safe.
"Canada's a possibility," Nash said. "That's where [several] Mount Vernon slaves who fled to the British ended up, in Nova Scotia."
A supposed portrait of Hercules in full cook's regalia that has been attributed to Gilbert Stuart has become one of the iconic images of the slave memorial being built at the President's House and now scheduled to open this year.
Once attributed to Gilbert Stuart (1755–1828) Assumed to be a Portrait of Hercules, George Washington's Cook, 1797.
Along those lines, some, like Thompson, believe that a painting supposedly of Hercules purportedly by Washington's portraitist, Gilbert Stuart, might hold a clue, beginning with the aristocratic residences in Europe where it has hung, including the dining room of a famed socialite's Parisian mansion, a baron's manse in Gloucestershire, England, and its current home at the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Spain.
Legend has it that Stuart was so impressed by Hercules' talents in Philadelphia that he painted a portrait of the president's cook, too, said Gwendolyn DuBois Shaw, an associate professor of art history at the University of Pennsylvania who curated an exhibit with the painting Presumed Portrait of George Washington's Cook.
But questions regarding its provenance and age raise tantalizing possibilities of a later sitting and European journey for Hercules.
To begin with, Stuart experts do not acknowledge it as part of the artist's work.
"I'm familiar with it," said Ellen Miles, curator of painting and sculpture at the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery. "But it's never made it into the basic Stuart books."
The cut and fashion of the subject's white coat says late 18th century, Miles said. But his chef's hat is a tall toque that didn't become popular until the early 19th century, said Christine Crawford-Oppenheimer, a librarian at the Culinary Institute of America.
Could it have been painted after the cook settled in Europe, perhaps after joining the household of a British diplomat?
"It's possible," Nash said, citing a Russian portrait of Jean LaPierre, who he believes is the former slave "Negro John" who returned to Europe with Tadeusz Kosciuszko, the Polish military leader who fought as a colonel in Washington's Continental Army.
Either way, Hercules resurfaced at least once more in the United States. He was spotted in late 1801 by Col. Richard Varick, Washington's former recording secretary, who was then mayor of New York. In responding to his alert, Martha Washington wrote "to decline taking Hercules back again."
But the date is key. On Jan. 1, 1801, according to biographer Patricia Brady, Martha Washington decided to free all 123 of her late husband's slaves, despite his wish that they would not be freed until both he and his wife were dead.
Did the former slave know he'd been freed?
"Hercules," Nash chuckled, "was a clever, clever guy."
Labels: Food & Drink, Gardening's Reward, Slavery