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Educação & Realidade
Educ. Real. vol.43 no.1 Porto Alegre Jan./Mar. 2018 Epub Oct 05, 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-623665370
The Teacher's Work in PNLD (Brazilian Textbook Program) Proposals Regarding the Portuguese Language Teaching
Ana Lúcia Horta NogueiraI
Maísa Alves SilvaII
Silmara Regina ColomboII
IUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas/SP - Brazil
IIUniversidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto/SP - Brazil
This study discusses how some proposals of Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD - Brazilian Textbook Program) reflect, represent and influence the teacher's work. Through a brief history of PNLD and PNLD-Dicionários (PNLD Dictionaries), as well as a discussion about the context of textbooks production, it aims at understanding how such proposals were developed and are currently presented. The analyses of 1st grade textbooks, 5th grade dictionaries and guidance for the teachers indicate a gap between the textbooks' orientations and the teacher's work, and the necessity of reconsidering and reformulating the proposals, so that they can contribute for the knowledge development by the student and the organization of the teacher's work.
Keywords: Brazilian Textbook Program (PLND); PNLD Dictionaries; Production Context; Teacher's Work
O artigo problematiza como algumas propostas do Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD) podem constituir e impactar o trabalho do professor. A partir de breve retomada histórica dos programas PNLD e PNLD - Dicionários e da análise do contexto de produção dos livros didáticos, discute-se como tais propostas foram concretizadas e são atualmente apresentadas. A análise de atividades dos livros didáticos do 1º ano do ensino fundamental e do PNLD - Dicionários para o 5º ano e de orientações ao professor indicam o distanciamento com relação ao trabalho docente e sugerem a necessidade de repensar as propostas, a fim de que possam contribuir para o processo de elaboração de conhecimento pelo aluno, bem como para a organização do trabalho docente.
Palavras-chave: Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD); PNLD Dicionários; Contexto de produção; Trabalho do Professor
Introduction: do textbooks mediate the work of the teacher?
Currently, all Brazilian public schools receive books from Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD - Brazilian Textbook Program), composed of varied materials and proposals, such as textbooks, educational literary books, dictionaries and guides for the teacher5, such as Guia de Livros Didáticos PNLD and glia Dicionários elm Sala de Aula. In addition to the almost constant presence in the classroom, which would already justify the study of the program, textbooks and guides for teachers are object of our attention due to the centrality they occupy in the organization of the educational work carried out by the teacher, since they convey a certain selection and sequence of the content to be taught, suggest methodological procedures, generate expectations of pathways and learning rhythms (Silva; Nogueira, 2015).
In view of this scenario, and knowing that the massive presence of these materials can be a risk factor to reduce the teacher's role in the organization of educational work, the purpose of this study is to know the content of the guidelines of some manuals and textbooks and to problematize their implications for the teacher's work.
We understand that the work of the teacher is mediated by "[…] material or symbolic instruments, insofar as the worker appropriates artifacts socially constructed and made available to him by the social environment" (Machado, 2007, p. 91). Among the many instruments that measure the teaching activity, along with the beliefs and conceptions, theories and proposals in the field of teaching and didactic methodology and professional tradition (Amigues, 2004), textbook orientations occupy a privileged place in this process, due to their remarkable presence and, perhaps, to the detailing and systematization of the presented activities.
Thus, there is an almost perverse dynamic between the textbooks authors and editors and the teachers and education professionals: as programs and textbooks begin to elaborate and detail the sequence and format of teaching activities, teachers are, little by little, being deprived of the work of conception and organization of the teaching. Taking this dynamics to the extreme, the detailing of the orientations presented to the teacher can place us in front of two situations:
[…] from a total concealment or negation of the teacher's work, or in the construction of his 'figure' as a simple adjuvant or instrument of a process that presents itself as having an ineluctable and almost mechanical character, since it would suffice that the teacher would apply the principles suggested by the prescriptions, so that the objectives of the activity could be achieved (Machado; Abreu-Tardelli, 2009, p. 113-114).
Also, because of this dynamic, we reiterate that the teacher's work may be restricted to follow the guidelines and prescriptions of the instruments, not knowing that the complexity of the teaching activity is precisely in the continuous selection, transformation and re-elaboration of orientations and means of work, articulated to the needs and characteristics of each of their students (Clot, 2006; Machado, 2007). That is, "[…] the activity of conception and organization of a work environment is certainly oriented to the activity of the students, but also to the teacher, who will be the executor of its own conception" (Amigues, 2004, p. 45).
And it is this understanding of the complexity of the professional activity that sustains, in this article, our option to consider the implications of the manuals and textbooks. In an analysis about the scientific production on the subject, Batista and Rojo (2008, p. 43) point out how school books are taken as object of study.
A complex object, resulting from a production process that involves economic, technical, social, political and educational dimensions, the school literature demands and allows the study of these different dimensions. In spite of the recent emergence of new thematic and methodological approaches, the determination of the interest of Brazilian research on only one of these dimensions - on the educational one, and particularly on its didactic facet, in its contents and methodology - therefore shows the need to overcome this strong imbalance and to assign to the school literature a specific status, that is, of the need to take this phenomenon not only as a medium for the study of contents and teaching methodology, but also as an object of investigation.
It is exactly in the space indicated by the authors, taking the didactic books as the object of investigation, that we try to inscribe our reflections about some PNLD proposals.
PNLD is a program of the Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação (FNDE - National Fund for Educational Development), which is responsible for the evaluation, selection and distribution of didactic books to all Brazilian public schools. Besides the distribution of the books, the program also develops other proposals, among them, the PNLD Dicionários (PNLD Dictionaries). Given the broad scope and capillarity of the program, we consider it essential to understand how the proposals that come to school affect the work and the autonomy of the teacher.
Thus, for the purposes of this article, we propose the retrieval of the guidelines addressed to teachers in activities for the 1st grade in Elementary Education (EE), focused on the literacy process, in some textbooks selected by PNLD - 2013, and guidelines for proposals for EE 5th grade by the Guia Dicionários em Sala de Aula (Rangel, 2012), which integrates the PNLD Dicionários.
PNLD and PNLD Dicionários: a brief history of the programs
It is believed that in 1929 what we now know as PNLD was born (Freitag; Motta; Costa, 1989), with another denomination and a different form of execution. At that time, the Instituto Nacional do Livro (National Book Institute) was created in an attempt to give greater legitimacy to national textbooks, as well as to expand its production. In order to control the production and circulation of the textbook in Brazil, in 1938, the Comissão Nacional do Livro Didático (National Commission of the Textbook - CNLD) was created (Batista, 2003). Since then, federal government programs for textbooks have been perfected and gained new formats until 1985, when PNLD was established, with the denomination that we know today, but still with a different execution from the current one.
From its beginnings, the State textbook programs have always aimed at improving the production of textbooks, as well as regulating it. What has not changed since its creation, however, is the participation of private publishers and the choice of books by teachers (a relative choice, which is not always respected). Regarding the dictionaries, in the last two editions of the program - 2006 and 2012 -, the works reached the schools in pre-selected collections, without allowing the teacher to choose.
The current format of PNLD was developed in 1996, when the Brazilian Ministry of Education (MEC) established the evaluation process of textbooks available to public schools. The process of enrollment and selection of textbooks in the program occurs as follows: as provided for in the public notice, with characteristics, rules and evaluation criteria of the program, the publishers register their works, which undergo an evaluation process carried out under the coordination of the Department of Elementary Education of MEC6. Only the approved works are described by Guia do Livro Didático, and only the textbooks that integrate this document can be chosen by the teachers and sent by MEC to the public schools of the whole country.
The issue of the 'quality' of the textbook, defended by the Ministry of Education, is very explicit: as a guarantee of 'good choice' by the teacher, the teaching system (represented by MEC) performs a 'pre-selection' of this material. The result can be found in Guia do Livro Didático (Brasil, 2001), which contains reviews of all recommended books, grouped by areas of knowledge (Martins; Sales; Souza, 2009, p. 16).
Since its creation, the PNLD has undergone changes related to evaluation criteria, comprehensiveness and extension (at the beginning of the program, only EE initial-grade books were assessed; all levels of elementary education are now being assisted, except for Early Childhood Education) as well as gaining new modalities, such as the PNLD Dicionários, which in 2000 reintroduced dictionaries into official teaching materials' programs after almost two decades of absence.
The inclusion of dictionaries in the program was considered relevant, since the "systematized knowledge about the lexicon that the dictionary provides has a relevant role to play in the school (re)construction of knowledge concerning Portuguese language and language in general" (Rangel, 2012, p. 18). In fact, although the conceptions of language teaching depart from the consensus between linguists and grammarians, there is a point where there are no divergences: all agree on the importance of dictionaries as a support for learning both mother tongue and foreign language.
In the 2000-2004 editions, lexicographic works were inscribed and evaluated along the same lines as the options available for the textbook, with the distribution of one mini-dictionary per student, according to the title chosen by the school. Among the dictionaries approved in this period, the Mini Aurélio Século XXI Escolar (Ferreira, 2001) was the only one classified in the Guia de Livros Didáticos as "recommended with distinction" for presenting, among other characteristics, "simple and precise language", "good vocabulary selection", as well as because "there are no prejudices in the book" (Brasil, 2003, p. 35). Thus, the Mini Aurélio, with about 30,000 entries, became synonymous with a school dictionary when adopted by the vast majority of Brazilian public schools guided by the classification that the dictionary received in Guia, considered as work in total compliance with the common and specific analysis criteria used by the Program.
However, contrary to official expectations, it was observed a widespread disuse of these dictionaries in the school. Because they were designed for an adult schooling audience, the works required the EE Cycle I student to have the skills of an experienced user. In addition, the classic lexicographic definition is unfriendly even to the literate and experienced public in consultations. Another obstacle was the lack of a school tradition of systematic use of the dictionary, which prevented many professors, although motivated, from assuming the development of the proficiency in consultation as a necessary content of teaching. Directly or indirectly, this general framework was the basis of the changes introduced in PNLD 2006, which established parameters for the development of dictionaries that are more committed to the student profile and the objectives of the first EE segment (Rangel, 2011).
With the reformulation of PNLD Dicionários carried out in 2006, maintained in the following edition of 2012, the distribution of one mini-dictionary per student was replaced by the adoption of lexicographic collections, between three and seven titles per collection/class, with works adapted to the level of education, accompanied by the guide functioning as a Teacher's Manual. Thus, dictionaries that were previously available as individual materials for student use, both at school and at home, became available only in the school environment and in a reduced number of volumes for collective use of such works, which obliges the teacher to make loan of collections of other classes when the objective is the work with all the students.
That is, within the last two editions of the PNLD Dicionários, instead of one dictionary per student, always with the same title, MEC considered more appropriate to the school demands to distribute collections composed of dictionaries, for collective use in the school, from different publishers, which currently have the following categories:
- Type 1: three titles with 500 to 1,000 entries, for EE 1st grade;
- Type 2: seven titles with 3,000 to 15,000 for the period between EE 2nd and 5th grades;
- Type 3: five titles with 19,000 to 35,000 for the second EE segment;
- Type 4: four titles with 40,000 to 100,000 for high school.
Thus, in view of the titles approved to compose the Guia de Livros Didáticos, the composition of the dictionary collection, and especially the guidelines formulated for the teacher, we now turn to the context of the production of the materials to understand the possibilities that these materials offer for the teacher's work.
Why Analyze the Textbooks' Production Context?
In a study on textbook collections, Lerner (2004) proposes as categories of analysis the conception of the object of teaching, the representation of the student as subject of learning and the representation of the teacher as recipient of the guidelines and prescriptions of the teacher's manual.
Considering, therefore, the last category, it is relevant to highlight that through the analysis of textbooks' production context, it was possible to make explicit the conceptions that are conveyed, but above all, to explain the different recipients and the voices present in the orientations to the teacher: in what production context are the textbooks and manuals for the teacher produced? What other texts are articulated and to which ones do they answer? (Machado, 2007).
Addressing textbooks, PNLD and its developments requires more comprehensive analysis than the book itself because, from the broader context, it is possible to elaborate hypotheses about the authors in the most immediate production situation (Ferreira, 2011). Thus, it is fundamental to analyze the production context in which it is inserted and to explain the different voices and interlocutors that circulate within these books. The analysis of the production context of didactic books allows seeing them in a dialectical way, highlighting the integrative, interactional and multidimensional character of educational practices (Saujat, 2004).
We do not look at the book only, but at the book within the society, as part of a program that is developed in different proposals, marked by forms of representation of the school, the teacher, the teaching-learning process. Thus, we focus on the context of textbook production that involves authors and editors who respond to the PNLD public notice, which is ruled by specific norms for enrollment and assessment of the collections.
The production conditions of PNLD Dicionários are somewhat different. After defining the collections of each type, the suggestions for activities are prepared by authors invited by MEC to compose the Guia Dicionários em Sala de Aula (Dictionaries in Classroom Guide), marked by the conceptions and foundations they assume. In this case, the teacher is not called upon to make a choice, since the collections are already pre-defined and the guide is unique. In this situation, MEC assumes the prerogatives of preparing a single program to be proposed and implemented in Brazilian public schools, which does not guarantee the establishment of complementary relations with the textbooks indicated by the teachers among those approved by PNLD.
Considering, therefore, the process of evaluating collections, selecting dictionary collections and developing guidelines for teachers, we highlight the presence of different spheres, different subjects that elaborate educational proposals and orientations for the teacher, different statements about the textbook. Subjects who represent and talk about the book, so that their different voices echo in their constitution, retrieving statements already spoken and renewing them, in such a way to reinforce certain visions about the school operation and its members. Thus,
[…] what we are talking about is only the content of speech, the theme of our words. [...] But the discourse of others constitutes more than the theme of discourse, it can enter into discourse and its syntactic constitution, so to speak, 'in person', as an integral unit of construction. Thus, the quoted discourse preserves its structural and semantic autonomy without, however, altering the linguistic fabric of the context that integrated it (Bakhtin, 2004, p. 144).
We understand that discourses are permeated by the discourse of others, by other voices, they are polyphonic. The voices of the PNLD public notice and the evaluators are dialogically present in the textbooks, they cross the proposals and guidelines, because the authors and the entire editorial body are in intense dialogue with these voices. Therefore, in this production context, all the interlocutors participate in the polyphonic discourse on the didactic book and other modalities of the program: With whom does the author/editor dialogue? Is the teacher his first, real interlocutor? Or would the teacher be the intended recipient, and the real interlocutor is the commission of evaluators of the PNLD? How is the teacher represented in this process? Who is the teacher so that the author/editor addresses him in a certain way? What does the author/editor intend when speaking to a teacher/evaluator in a certain way? (Geraldi, 1997).
In the process of analyzing the collections, we noticed the presence of several recipients, even when the guidelines of the textbook are addressed to the teacher, they are addressed to the evaluators of PNLD, in response to the requirements of the registration announcement. Even before being attractive and interesting for the teacher to choose a specific collection, authors and editors are focused on getting PNLD approval, a condition to reach the school for a possible indication by the teachers. Regarding PNLD Dicionários, there is a discussion about the lack of articulation between the materials that compose the same program, which includes the textbook, the dictionaries of the collections and the Guia Dicionários em Sala de Aula. The Guia proposes activities that do not fit the reduced number of entries of Types 1 and 2 dictionaries, and suggests that the proposed activities should be complemented with a textbook that rarely brings activities that require a dictionary consultation.
We highlight, therefore, the complex dynamics between authors, publishers, PNLD evaluators and teachers in their work. This dynamic is even more intricate if we remember the commercial interests present. It is important to emphasize the significant growth of the volume of books produced in Brazil in the recent decades, when a significant part of the publishing market turns to the elaboration and provision of didactic books to attend the programs of the federal government, producing some distortions and problems7.
Governmental programs for the acquisition of textbooks have a significant importance for the Brazilian publishing market. Estimates indicate that the didactic industry represents about 54% of the national book industry. Regarding the concentration of the segment, there is, on the demand side, almost monopsony (in the elementary school, for example, the State accounts for the acquisition of approximately 90% of the published books); on the provision side, there is an oligopoly (few publishers have been concentrating the largest volume of FNDE purchases over time) (Britto, 2011, p. 12).
As we can see from the data presented, publishers have great interest in submitting and having their works approved by the PNLD, given the guarantee of sale of a considerable number of copies, when chosen by the teachers. This chain of conflicting interests - with varying expectations on the part of the PNLD managers and evaluators, the authors and the publishers of the books - can result in the lack of knowledge of the interests and needs of the teachers to develop educational practices in the classroom appropriate to the real conditions. Thinking about the relationships between these various spheres helps to understand the process of producing textbooks and developing guidelines for teachers. Thus, considering the context of production of the PNLD proposals here indicated, we now turn to the discussion of some guidelines and their implications for the work of the teacher.
The Guidance of the Manuals and the Work of the Teacher
In a recently completed research (Silva, 2015), we present the didactic manuals of four collections approved in the PNLD 2013 for EE first grade, each belonging to one of the four major groupings indicated by the Guia, which divides the works considering the literacy time provided in each book. Our analysis allowed us to understand that textbooks follow this logic: although the teacher appears as a declared interlocutor and named in the statements of the didactic manual, this place is also filled by other interlocutors to whom the authors seek to answer and convince. That is, the first readers/interlocutors of the books, the ones who approve them, who include them in the list of indicated books and legitimate them are the PNLD evaluators. We have understood, therefore, that the teacher is the supposed recipient of the textbooks, while the actual recipients are the PNLD evaluators.
Authors and publishers of the textbooks are concerned with responding to the demands of these interlocutors in such a way that the didactic collection is approved, within this immense array of voices and discourses. What we find in the manuals is a response to what has already been discussed about the functioning of the school and the teaching work, a dialogical process in which the teacher remains idealized and marginalized, without becoming the major interlocutor.
Our analyses suggest that the manuals of teacher-directed textbooks already seek to meet the requirements of the application, by presenting to the teacher those themes already highlighted by the authors of the textbooks, according to the evaluation criteria presented in the Guia. In this context, what authors point out to teachers is strongly marked by the emphases of the document, as it can make explicit the analysis of a section of the Guia de Livros Didáticos PNLD 2013 (PNLD 2013 Textbook Guide), listing the requirements for structuring the teacher's manual, and the summary section of the Teachers' Book of the Viraver collection, analyzed by us.
Source: Brazil (2013, p. 17)
Figure 1 Excerpt of the item Princípios e Critérios Estabelecidos para a Avaliação das Coleções de Língua Portuguesa Destinadas ao EF (Principles and criteria established for the evaluation of collections of Portuguese language aimed to EE)
Source: Miranda; Micarello; Schapper (2012)
Figure 2 Summary of the Viraver Collection Teacher's Book
As the aforementioned documents indicate, in compliance with the evaluation criteria indicated by the Guia, the teacher's manual follows the topics and items pointed out as of essential importance. Our analyzes indicate that, instead of addressing the teacher and students, the editors and authors of the textbooks need to adequately respond to the PNLD's evaluators, the public notice and the norms of the programs for their approval. These are, therefore, the main interlocutors and protagonists in the production of the school book, and the teacher, who occupies a definite place in the concretion of the conditions of the school, occupies a secondary place.
And which problems can this cause to the teacher's work? We believe that writing manuals for the teacher, but with the focus on PNLD approval, creates a mismatch between expectations and what is said to the teacher and program evaluators. We will exemplify it with an activity of the Porta Aberta collection, one of the collections analyzed by us.
According to the Guia de Livros Didáticos, it is essential that the entire teacher's manual presents the theoretical basis for the proper use of the material by the teacher, since there is where teachers will find the conceptions of teaching, learning, literacy, among others that guide the textbook with which they are working. To meet this PNLD requirement, all textbooks seek to provide the theoretical foundation. In the manual of Porta Aberta book, aimed at the EE 1st grade, we find the following:
The sounds that letters represent, that is, the relationships between phonemes and graphemes are, in turn, a fundamental knowledge. It is worth mentioning that, at the beginning of the literacy process, sound (the phoneme) is a very abstract reality for the child. Children tend to deal with larger units, which they hear and can speak more easily. Thus, it is understandable that you choose to use units like the syllable and even the words (Bragança; Carpaneda, 2011, p. 6).
However, in the same textbook, we find the following activity.
Source: Bragança; Carpaneda (2011, p. 52)
Figure 3 Activity Proposal - Porta Aberta Collection
In the proposed activity, students in the initial phase of literacy are called upon to compare words - fruit names - without dealing with larger textual units, but they will need to understand the grapheme/phoneme relationship, seen as difficult at the beginning of the literacy process, or do the simple relation between the writing of the word CAJU (cashew) and the other fruits. Thus, we understand that not always the information that the teacher finds in the Manual, considered by the Guia de Livros Didáticos as important for the use of the book, will effectively be contemplated by the proposed teaching activities.
The activity leads the child to compare and recognize the relationships between graphemes and phonemes, a fundamental aspect during the literacy process. However, the main problem is the predominance of activities like this, to the detriment of activities that present written texts. The presence of such activities can be understood by the teacher as a desirable and appropriate proposal for working with written language, and may reiterate the idea that teaching of aspects regarding the functioning of writing prevail over its functions and social uses.
The work with the texts cannot be ignored, instead, the student should be given the opportunity to think the language in movement, in a constant game between signifiers and meanings. However, in the school, these activities are reduced to the location of rhymes, of words that have similar sounds (Romão; Pacífico, 2006). Therefore, we understand the significant importance of making the student to reflect on the language and its various uses, concerning textual genres, linguistic variations, the specificities of the language oral or written form.
All the collections analyzed by us highlight the importance of learning to reflect, interpret, and have a critical vision about the world in which we live, in such a way that the student's repertoire is always expanded. In this process, the oral language also acquires a certain prominence, so that the student can participate in the most distinct communicative situations.
We live in a literate society in which written situations and the standard norm are highly valued, in which linguistic variations and orality end up being less considered by the school, which could privilege reflection on the different uses of the language, but misses good opportunities for this to occur, as in the following proposal:
Source: Cedraz (2007 apud Miranda; Micarello; Schapper, 2012, p. 144)
Figure 4 Comics - Viraver Collection
The teacher's orientation emphasizes that the comics presents regional, northeastern characters. In addition, some words are written according to the oral language, and several of them not only refer to the pronunciation used in the northeast region, but to the oral form of language, such as qui, faiz, istranhá and tá, as well as some expressions such as ainda cai nessas do Saci.
We see here a great opportunity to reflect and learn the distinct aspects of language, as well as its variations, operation and use. However, as we observe below in Figure 5, the book does not explore the various possibilities for reflection on the use of language in different social situations and practices, aspects of linguistic functioning and the differences between oral and written language.
Source: Miranda; Micarello; Schapper (2012, p. 145)
Figure 5 Activity proposal - Viraver Collection
The exercises related to the comics do not address aspects of social use and linguistic variations. On the contrary, they bring some questions that demand seemingly obvious and non-challenging answers for the student. Moreover, the choice of activities such as this, reduced to the recognition of the writing of the characters' names, makes explicit a limited and misleading conception of what children in the literacy phase can learn and perform, as if, as long as they do not know how to read, they could only deal with isolated words and certain aspects of the functioning of writing - in this case, the written record of the names of the characters - to the detriment of the textual and discursive aspects of the language in operation in real situations of use.
In situations like this, which are quite common in textbooks, teachers not only find the reiteration of certain practices that they already know, but, above all, miss the opportunity to know other conceptions and alternatives for literacy practices. In this sense, we can say that the reduction and simplification suggested by the textbook have the effect of legitimizing certain literacy practices, in which the text remains only a pretext and source of isolated words, practices in which children have rare opportunities to reflect on the textual and discursive aspects of writing.
Finally, the constant presence of activities similar to this one in the literacy books and Portuguese language puts us in face of the subtleness of the problem: it is not only the presence of activities like this, but the absence of other proposals that bring a broader conception about writing.
Again, we find a mismatch between the claims suggested by the textbook and what the activities actually propose to discuss and teach. We believe that this may be due to the need for the manual to conform to the PNLD requirements for its approval, avoiding issues that are extremely important in the classroom context, both regarding the teacher's work and the student's learning. According to the program's public notice, the manual whose intended recipient is the teacher should highlight the educational work with orality, social practices, literacy, reflection on the language and participation in the most diverse social practices. Although comics allows us to explore linguistic variations, this appears only marginally in the proposed activity.
And it is precisely because we look at the book in its context of production and use in the classroom, and not only at the book itself, its structure, constitution, organization, topics evaluated by the PNLD (as the approval of didactic works present), that we can perceive these mismatches between what is indicated in the manual and what we actually find in the activities of the student's book.
The analysis of the impacts of the PNLD program on teacher's work is also the subject of research reflection in which we have studied the PNDL Dicionários (Colombo, 2016). As already mentioned, in addition to the dictionaries, all the collections are accompanied by the Guia Dicionários em Sala de Aula (Rangel, 2012), which brings to teachers a set of suggestions of activities using the collection exploring the alphabetical order, ability to find words, comparison of definitions, synonymy, homonymous words, spelling, among others.
The main purpose of the Guia Dicionários em Sala de Aula is to support the work with dictionaries of the collections, also working as a type of teacher's manual. For this, it is divided into two parts. The first aims to emphasize the importance of the dictionary in the process of developing written language understood as "a particular type of writing support - a genre of discourse" (Rangel, 2012, p. 44) and to describe the dictionaries of the collections that have arrived in the schools. "What kind of book is the dictionary exactly? What is it for? For what reason have the dictionaries become the subject of public policies in education?" (Rangel, 2011, p. 50) are some of the questions answered in the first part of the teachers' manual. Also, according to the author, it is possible to say that the PNLD induces to include the development of proficiency in consulting the dictionary as an object of the teaching-learning.
The second part of the guide considers that the use of the dictionary should be object of teaching and learning in school, since "both increase the degree of literacy of the subjects and deepens the social functioning of writing" (Rangel, 2012, p. 45). To do so, it proposes activities that meet different objectives that the teacher can select, adapt and complement according to the curricular contents targeted.
Still in relation to children's dictionaries, Humblé (2011) suspects that the fact that they present a few words unknown to the children may indicate that their main purpose is not to clarify meanings, but to symbolize the intention of the rulers to improve the quality of teaching by presenting a new object of knowledge. Possenti (2012), with whom we agree, questions the effectiveness of children's dictionaries and proposes comparing the same entry in a complete dictionary and in a children's dictionary so that it can be observed the misunderstanding of making the child believe that the word has only one or two meanings, without exploring polysemy and discursive functioning.
For Silva-Rodrigues and Pacífico (2007, p. 58), the non-exploration of polysemy is intentional:
[…] since it breaks with what is guaranteed, with the historically accumulated, it opens space for subjectivity; the paraphrase, indeed, is praised by most of the school institution, because it demonstrates stability, security - the illusion of unbreakable truth. This truth has even more prestige if it is regulated by grammar and orthographic norms.
In the following table, we take as an example the adjective cru [raw] in the Caldas Aulete dictionaries (Geiger, 2011a; 2011b; 2011c; 2011d), the only one with titles in the four categories of 2012 PNLD Dicionários.
Table 1: The Entry cru [raw] in Types 1 to 4 Dictionaries
Type 1 1,000 entries A raw food has not been cooked, or is not completely cooked. [The opposite of raw is cooked. ] (Geiger, 2011a, p. 57, authors' translation)
Type 2 6,183 entries a. 1 A raw food has not been cooked: raw meat. 2 fig. Something raw is also what has not been prepared or improved: This text is quite raw, I have to work harder on it. (Geiger, 2011b, p. 139, authors' translation)
Type 3 29,431 entries a. 1 What is not cooked (raw fish). 2 Not prepared (rawhide) 3 Fig. Inexperienced: The new employee is still quite raw. [Female: raw. ] [F.; From Latin. "Crudus", one, a. ]. (Geiger, 2011c, p. 238, authors' translation)
Type 4 75,756 entries a. 1 What is not cooked: I do not like sashimi because I do not like raw fish. [Ant.: cooked] 2 Not sufficiently cooked: Pass this steak over, it is still raw. 3 Said to be in a natural state, which was not prepared in any special process, such as tanning, dyeing etc. (rawhide, raw linen). 4 What did not undergo any process or interference that diminished the intensity, the brightness etc.: No cloud obscured the raw light of noon. 5 Fig. Inexperienced, immature: He is still too raw to handle this machine. [Ant.: experienced, mature] . 6 Still in the initial stage, not elaborate enough; INCIPIENT: This text is still quite raw, you have to work harder. 7 Without disguise or pretense: He spoke the truth naked and raw. [Ant.: disguised] 8 No finesse, euphemism or polishing (raw words); ROUGH, GROSS, HARSH 9 Gory, bloody, barbaric (raw war) . 10 Agonizing, distressing, painful [Ant.: delicate, gentle, soft. ] : "And that, of raw and ugly disease , The most that I have never seen... [Ant.: bearable, tolerant. ] 11 Scandalous, shocking (raw language) [Female: raw] a2g2n. 12 Which is according to the material that is done in a natural way (raw dress, raw cruse purses) 13 Said of this color: sheet of raw color. Male noun. 14 Lus. In Portugal, crude oil, crude oil [F.: Form lat. crudus Hom./Par.: (pl.) raw, crude (fem. noun.). A - No concealment or disguise. Being ~ on/in. To lack knowledge on, not be prepared to. (Geiger, 2011d, p. 421, authors' translation)
Source: Based on the mentioned dictionaries.
We can observe that in the passage from one type to another not only new meanings are added - from 1 to 14 -, but there is also an increase of metalinguistic information, among which the grammatical class stands out, indicating as adjective from Type 2, the gender flexion, indicated in types 3 and 4 as fem. of raw, the connotative use in figurative expressions, among other aspects present in the transcript of the Type 4 dictionary (Geiger, 2011d), which implies that such information is appropriate only to high school students for whom they are intended.
Therefore, according to Rangel, we can conclude that the PNLD expects from the selected dictionaries a character almost as didactic as that of the book. In this sense, similar to what happened with the textbook, PNLD became a reference source and model for the editorial production of school dictionaries. On the other hand, the principles and evaluation criteria for the dictionaries have repercussions on the Portuguese language textbooks that started to present more frequently activities of reflection on the vocabulary, often with references to the use of dictionaries.
Predicting difficulties due to the reduced number of entries in some of the collection books, one of the orientations is about the teacher's early verification that all words to be searched by the students are from the dictionaries, since the quality and appropriateness of the dictionaries "depend on how much they are in line with the objectives and the public of the Elementary Education and, therefore, to its students and teachers" (Rangel, 2012, p. 28).
The Guia suggests as a starting point for the selection of activities the survey of the lexicographic approach of the textbook adopted. In this way, the activities proposed by the mentioned document could be differentiated, complementing or expanding the work proposed by the textbook.
After changing the composition of the collections, with a copy of each title, the Guia Dicionários em Sala de Aula began to prioritize the use of this material in the classroom, where they are available for the students' consultation. Thus, broadening the typological framework of works available to students would reverse the absolute idea of mini-dictionaries as the only choice of school dictionary, which corroborates the idea that "there is not a specific category of school dictionary, but dictionaries suitable for school" (Krieger, 2006, p. 238).
However, changing the collections leads us to problematize whether such books - given the reduced number of entries in the Type 1 and Type 2 collections (from 500 to 15,000 words) - are adequate to the demands of the public to which they are aimed, students of EE 1st cycle. What entries do they register? What entries do they exclude? What are the possibilities that such collections give to the work of the teacher within the classroom?8
In our studies, we realize that the proposal does not always respond to the expectations created. It is worth remembering what Batista (2003) highlights about the existence of a mismatch between the expectations of teachers and the PNLD regarding what is a book that is appropriate to classroom practices. The same happens with the dictionaries and, more than the discontent of the teachers who did not participate in the choice of the titles, there is the dissatisfaction of the students, consultants of these works, who present frequent complaints about the absence of searched words. This fact could be observed from the recording and analysis of the impressions of about 50 students of EE 5th grade of a public school in the countryside of São Paulo state. Here are some of these impressions.
Initially, the differentiated graphic designs from the dictionaries of the collection awaken in the children the enchantment proper of the most seductive literary works through the call of well-known illustrations, such as characters from Sítio do Pica Pau Amarelo (Geiger, 2011a) or Turma do Cocoricó (Geiger, 2011b). However, when searching for a specific entry, students begin to realize that most of the time it is necessary to consult various titles available until they find what they are looking for, because in Types 1 and 2 dictionaries there is a reduction of entries and meanings in each entry. The original proposal for language adequacy in works for EE students was limited to simplifying it and adding illustrations.
Since they still do not completely understand the alphabetical order and/or are not absolutely sure about this domain, the students insist on the search for words that the dictionaries of the collection do not often register, causing great loss of time generated by the uncertainty about the absence of the word or the difficulty in finding it (Colombo, 2014).
Still, concerning the difficulties that the students encountered in carrying out the proposed activities, our observations suggest that the lack of metalinguistic mastery also constitutes an obstacle to their execution. Among them, the Equal, but different… activity (Rangel, 2012, p. 59) proposes the search for homonymous words (verb/noun) in the context of pre-defined phrases like I do not like John, he always mocks a lot of me! or I love music, but I do not sing very well, in which the words to be searched are the verbs mock and sing. By requiring more elaborate reflection on language - function, grammatical class and syntactic relationship between certain words in a sentence - the complexity of the activity for the student still in Cycle I is greater than what is often predicted. If the searched word is a verb, EE students will only learn to localize it if they know what a verb is and that this class of words is listed by the infinitive in dictionaries.
These aspects can be problematized from the situation experienced by a pair of EE 5th grade students when they looked in the dictionary for the word vela in the phrase O soldado vela pela segurança do palácio9 [The soldier takes care of the security of the palace]:
L. - Agora é qual?
M.- Vela (começam a procurar no dicionário).
L.- Deixa eu ver "vela pela segurança do palácio" (lê a frase dada na atividade e lê 'vela' - substantivo - no dicionário)
M. - Tem outra vela, sem ser isso?
L.- Ó, tem duas velas, mas eu já li a vela 2 e a vela 1. Na vela 2 tem "peça cilíndrica ou de outros formatos [...]" e na vela 1 tem "peça de lona ou de brim [...]"
(Ambas seguem em silêncio a sequência de entradas do dicionário e localizam o verbo velar. Leem juntas em voz alta).
L. e M. - Velar 1: "cobrir com véu, esconder tapando, escurecer, tornar-se secreto, ocultar". Velar 2: "passar a noite acordado [...]" (interrompem a leitura).
L. - (Com entusiasmo) Ah! Eu acho que é esse! (as duas riem felizes com a descoberta).
M. - Qual que é o velar?
L. - É esse daqui, ó (ainda sorrindo), é igualzinho.
M. - (repetindo devagar, enquanto copiam) "Passar a noite acordado". 2- "Estar alerta, vigiar".
Although the students had reached the expected response, the analysis of the activity of the two students showed that there was no reflection on the function of the word in the sentence, but rather the sequential reading of the dictionary entries that led to the correct answer: vela 1, vela 2, velame, velar 1 and velar 2.
For this activity, the Guia Dicionários em Sala de Aula (Rangel, 2012) brings a relevant observation about working with classes of words, indicating that the teacher shows that words appear in the same way in the sentence and in the dictionary when they are nouns, while when they are verbs, the dictionary only records the infinitive. Although this information was passed to the students, it had little value in the execution of the activity, since they lack the systematization of such linguistic analyzes.
The utmost benefit in the use of the dictionary is reached by the reader who understands how the language works and has linguistic knowledge to understand its description. For students to make the best use of the information contained in the entries and the degree of grammatical deepening of the dictionaries, they must have the opportunity to deepen and systematize this knowledge, a work that should also be provided by the textbook, a complementary material in PNLD.
The textbook adopted for the groups studied was A Aventura do Saber (The Adventure of Knowledge) (Ferronato; Silva, 2011), of the PNLD 2013-2015 triennium, which brings a single activity that mentions the use of the dictionary, proposing the work of producing sentences with the different meanings of a dictionary entry. In addition to this proposal, there are no data in the book to assist the student in looking up words in the dictionary, such as alphabetical order-related activities, verbs in the infinitive, or inflection in numbers, gender and grade, making it unfeasible for the teacher to articulate the activities of these two PNLD resources: textbook and dictionary. The units of the book are organized by thematic axis and therefore do not follow any previous sequence of contents, presenting grammatical aspects according to the possible analyzes in the texts presented.
The reduced number of entries can also hinder the work of teachers and students. We know that it is impossible for a dictionary to bring all the words of a living, constantly changing language. However, there is no justification for the dictionary of school use to not present words such as those of the Brazilian National Anthem - fúlgido, garrido e lábaro (brilliant, garrulous and labarum) - to privilege in its reduced entries words like glass, knife and lemon that, even for beginning readers and writers, do not offer doubts about the spelling, have no graphic accent and are characteristic of the active vocabulary of these students. We consider, therefore, the need for greater care, the revision and adequacy of textbooks and dictionaries, so that they become more and more suitable instruments for the organization of the teachers' work and the students' learning.
Despite the quality of the Guia Dicionários em Sala de Aula, which achieves its objectives of providing theoretical and practical support, when indicating activities that lead beyond the traditional use of the dictionary to ask questions of spelling and search for unknown meanings, such discrepancies between PNLD parameters, the guide and the dictionaries themselves suggest to those responsible for the program the need for greater care in evaluating the works to be approved.
Final Remarks: how can the guidelines dialogue with the teacher?
In order to understand the relationship between the textbook guidelines and the teacher's work, throughout this article we argue in favor of the analysis of the textbook production context and the implications of the textbook guidelines for the teacher's work. In this sense, we emphasize the need for managers and evaluators of PNLD to look beyond the book itself, being more attentive to the adequacy between the guidelines of the manuals and the textbook proposals and the effects of the guidelines of the manuals regarding the real conditions for the organization of teaching work in the classroom.
If the presence of textbooks is remarkable in the classroom, much is due to programs such as the PNLD, which, at the same time that seeks to guarantee and universalize the access to textbooks, ends up determining the way in which it is drawn up. Among the many voices that echo in the textbook, the voice of the PNLD is quite strong, in an attempt of the publishers to have their works approved, in face of the very profitable market that is the one of didactic books in Brazil. The teacher seems to be the stated interlocutor, not the actual interlocutor, a place that is occupied by the program's evaluators. The distance and the mismatch between the real and the imagined interlocutor can also be the cause of the distance that we find between the textbooks teacher's manual and what we actually find in the activities directed to the students in the classroom.
Regarding the PNLD Dicionários, issues such as those indicated here explain that, although the Guia brings suggestions of interesting and feasible activities, these were not thought focusing on dictionaries available in the collections, in such a way that they are not always adequate to what these works offer. The constitution of the collection with different titles does not consider moments in which it would be more significant to the learning process that all the students of the class use equal dictionaries. In addition, the reduced number of copies hinders the development of collective activities, and the need for constant mediation of the teacher does not favor the student's autonomy.
Considering our analyzes, we also emphasize that the textbook proposals can affect the teacher in a much deeper and more extended way, going far beyond the occasional use in the classroom, since this material has/would have the potential to provoke reflections on their educational conceptions and practices. That is, it is fundamental to consider how the teacher who follows the guidelines of a textbook can understand the concepts conveyed, the choice of certain contents, sequences and teaching procedures, instead of other possibilities. It was possible to indicate that, in the analyzed books, it still predominates teaching proposals that reproduce what the teacher already knows and usually does in the classroom. Thus, in addition to legitimizing and reiterating certain educational practices, and mainly because of the centrality they occupy in the organization of the didactic work, it is necessary to problematize how textbooks can contribute to the teachers' construction and effectiveness of practices that are more appropriate to the characteristics and needs of their students.
Therefore, in terms of the process of literacy and teaching of Portuguese language, it is worth asking: how can textbooks be able to address different social uses, the specificities of written language, discursive functioning, among many other aspects to be taught in school? We believe that, for this, it is important to consider teachers and students as interlocutors and paramount, protagonists, as well as assume the school context as a space for the polysemous processes of language, production and circulation of the most varied socially produced texts10.
Translated by Espaço da Escrita from Universidade Estadual de Campinas and Proofread by Ananyr Porto Fajardo
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Received: June 11, 2016; Accepted: March 03, 2017
Ana Lúcia Horta Nogueira is graduated in Pedagogy, received her MA and PhD in Education from the Universidade de Campinas, Brazil. Professor at the Educational Psychology Department, School of Education, Universidade de Campinas. Researcher in the Thought and Language Research Group (UNICAMP). From 2014 to 2017, she has been supported by FAPESP - São Paulo Research Foundation, Brazil (Research Grant - 2014/070386). E-mail: alhnog@unicamp.br
Maísa Alves Silva has a degree in Pedagogy and MA in Education from the School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), developing research related to didactics, children's development and teacher's work. FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation) Master's Degree Scholarship, from 2013 to 2015. (Research Grant - 2013/17591. E-mail: maalvessilva@hotmail.com
Silmara Regina Colombo is graduated in Letters from the Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá (Portuguese-English) and the Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (Portuguese-Spanish). Holds a MA in Education from the School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Teacher in the public school system, working in the area of Portuguese teaching in High School (SEE-SP) and in Elementary School (SE-Sertãozinho-SP). E-mail: silmaracolombo@live.com
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Salerno to Panarea Ferry
The Salerno Panarea ferry route connects Italy with Aeolian Islands. Currently there is just the 1 ferry company operating this ferry service, Alilauro. The crossing operates up to 2 times each week with sailing durations from around 4 hours 40 minutes.
Salerno Panarea sailing durations and frequency may vary from season to season so we'd advise doing a live check to get the most up to date information.
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Salerno Guide
The Italian city of Salerno is located on the Gulf of Salerno on the Tyrrhenian Sea, and is the capital of the Salerno region of Italy, and is close to the Amalfi Coast. The town is well known as the home of the first medical school in the world, the Schola Medica Salernitana. The city, which is the cultural hub of the region is popular with visitors who enjoy strolling around the city taking in the wonderful sights, many of which are located close to the city centre. The city is characterised by beautiful pedestrian street, large piazzas and lovely shops.
The city is located in the centre of a geographical triangle nicknamed the Tourist Triangle of the 3 P's, whose corners take in the towns of Pompeii, Paestum and Positano. Because of this there are many points of interest including the Lungomare Trieste (Trieste Seafront Promenade), the Castello di Arechi (Arechi's Castle), the Duomo (the Cathedral) and the Museo Didattico della Scuola Medica Salernitana (the Educational Museum of the Salernitan Medical School).
Panarea Guide
Panarea is an Italian island that lies off the north eastern coast of the island of Sicily and is the second smallest of the Aeolian islands which are a group of volcanic islands. The island is popular with tourists who go there to enjoy its beaches and lovely scenery and for a small island, it is surprisingly well equipped. San Pietro on the island's east coast is the landing beach for the island and is also where most services and facilities are located. There is also a small port that caters for ships, hydrofoils, fishing vessels and pleasure boats.
Among the beaches on the island are Cala Junco, in the south of the island and is accessible both by sea and by land along a path that leads to the beach. Along the road to Cala Junco you can also reach the beach of Cala degli Zimmari. These are the only two beaches on the island accessible by land.
The small port accommodates ferries departing to Napoli and Milazzo.
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Location: Panarea, Salerno to Panarea Ferry

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Samuel Mattison answered Uncle Sam's call hoping a tour in the Army would make life a bit easier. Even before his mother died when he was nine years old, survival had been a daily test of wills for young Sam. Nellie Mattison's death scattered her six children to orphanages in Columbus, Ohio. It was up to Sam to keep them all in contact and protect his older brother, Louieco Jr., who was impaired from a brain injury. He vowed never end up like his runaway father, Louieco Sr., whom he spotted one day foraging in a trash bin heaping with rotten vegetables. Mattison was driving a coal truck when he was drafted in March 1941, and while he wasn't eager to fight for a country that he believed didn't do right by his people, the military offered the stability he craved. And so Mattison found it particularly galling to discover an utter lack of order and respect where he most expected it. The constant racial slurs and petty abuse doled out by white Army officers left Mattison bitter and angry. "Black men ain't no men," he said seven decades after the war. "We were like little dogs."
Sam Mattison flips through photos of the barrage balloons that he flew in Tennessee, Britain and on Omaha Beach.


1999 Dodge 1500 half ton short wide bed standard cab, 318 with overdrive automatic, 355 rear gears, power steering, power brakes, power windows and locks, factory am/fm/cd player, cruise and a/c. Recent new tires on factory alloy rims. Has OE under rail bed liner and bug shield. Black with a light gray interior.
I used it as a daily driver and shop truck for over 2 years before a mouse got to a wire somewhere under the hood. Everything works but has no spark. It has since been replaced twice by other trucks and I have moved on, so am offering this truck along with another 99 shortbed sport truck in a 2-for-1 deal.
Second truck is a 360 Magnum parts truck. Its basically a good engine, frame with suspension and rear end stored in a truck body. Bad trans, no master cylinder, no seat, no radiator. Good doors/fenders/hood & grille. 4 factory alloy wheels, bed rust above wheels, no title. Was a driver before the transmission failed.


Elementar.io is a great .io game. You are a small star hurtling through space. Consume smaller stars and other players to gain in size and power. Can you grow into the biggest flaming ball of gas in the arena?


Jonathan Green & Sons, 12190 Coverage, Love Your Lawn Soil, 5000 sq. ft.
On Sale Now! Save 7% on the Jonathan Green & Sons, 12190 Coverage, Love Your Lawn Soil, 5000 sq. ft. by Jonathan Green at The Mirror Project. MPN: 12190. Hurry! Limited time offer. Offer valid only while supplies last. Jonathan Green & Sons, 12190 Coverage, Love Your Lawn Soil, 5000 sq.


We also like Bee's Costume Creations in Westland, MI. They carry a good selection of dance essentials like leotards, shoes and tights. They don't have a website but they are on Facebook and you can reach them by phone at (734) 728-7596. They are open most days from 11 AM to 7 PM.
Finally, since so many of us shop online Discount Dance is the place to get dance apparel delivered to your door. Find them at http://www.discountdance.com/. Check out their Free shipping offer.


text:
Sacramenta é um bairro de  Belém, Pará no Distrito Administrativo da Sacramenta (DASAC), que pelo nome, cujo bairro é a sede, próximo aos bairros: Barreiro, Maracangalha, Pedreira, Marambaia e Telégrafo. No bairro destacam-se pontos como o shopping IT center, a praça João dias Paes, conhecida como praça do Jaú, a feira da São Benedito, a Paróquia  de São Sebastião, a UPA da Sacramenta e na Lomas Valentinas, um centro comunitário que presta serviços à população das proximidades, com aulas para crianças, festividades  e aulas de capoeira. É um dos 71 bairros de Belém e tem esse nome em referência a rampa edificada no local.

Histórico
O bairro teve sua origem por volta dos anos 20 do século XX e seu nome provém da antiga rampa da Sacramenta, que se encontrava às margens da Baía do Guajará. Inicialmente pensado como um bairro residencial e construído sobre terrenos alagadiços, teve seu desenvolvimento urbano a partir de instalações de empresas como FACEPA, Gelar, Saveiro e Guaraná Simões, que produzia as suas próprias garrafas. Segundo relatos, sua primeira rua foi a Pedro Miranda, onde a linha de ônibus chegava até a Travessa Lomas Valentina e levava os trabalhadores ao centro. Durante a ditadura militar e principalmente na década de 1980 se constituíram fortes movimentos sociais urbanos que lutavam por melhores condições de vida da população da periferia. A Sacramenta era um dos bairros mais mobilizados à época.

Bairros do Marco e Sacramenta
"Na Sacramenta desde tempos longínquos, de antes mesmo do surgimento do bairro, um latifundiário chamado Clóvis Ferro Costa, advogado, rico, político de prestígio ao tempo da ditadura getulista, no âmbito do Norte, intitulava-se proprietário de uma extensa gleba, que se estendia da Senador Lemos e avançava pelo bairro da Pedreira (…) abrangiam as áreas por trás do Instituto Catarina Labouré, a partir hoje, mais ou menos, da Seccional Urbana, alcançando Antônio Everdosa, Pedro Miranda e, longitudinalmente, até, aproximadamente, a Lomas Valentinas (…) [no dia 12 de outubro de 1953, os irmãos Clóvis e Urbano Costa adquiriram a área pela importância de CR$ 600 mil]

Durante as décadas de 60 e 70, a comunidade foi desbravando e se alojando no local. Já no final de 70, quando quase toda a área estava habitada, começou a briga pela posse (…)"

[ Foto-mapa]

O trecho acima está no livro Sacramenta 90 anos de história, de João Guilherme de Araujo (2013), parte da área descrita está delimitada entre as linhas vermelhas na foto. Nota-se a grande dimensão do terreno. Lúcio Flávio Pinto dá notícia em seu Jornal Pessoal nº 615 (2ª Quinzena/Agosto 2016) de outra extensa área no bairro do Marco, aparentemente sem identificação com a anterior, mas com proximidade temporal.

Pontos de Referências
Fábrica Jaú, d. 1960 / Revista Belém 350 anos (1966)

"O progresso paraense tem hoje, como suporte, todo um complexo comercial-industrial, em íntima conexão com o desenvolvimento de sua super-estrutura social, consubstanciando o processo democrático brasileiro que vai nivelando as classes, suprimindo privilégios, identificando as diversas camadas sociais, como ademais, em tôda a extensão do imenso território nacional. E o que vemos é a distinção das categorias profissionais ou grupos sociais por uniformes convencionais, em substituição da indumentária individual não distinguindo, mas, diferenciando cidadãos. O abastecimento do mercado interno do Pará dos chamados uniformes com o desviar do Estado substanciais recursos que, aproveitados na região, poderiam ajudar seu desenvolvimento. E êste terá sido o espírito que moveu a criação da JAU - Indústria e Comércio S.A., que hoje tem um papel importante no parque industrial belenense, com o fabrico de uniformes tanto militares, como civis, tôda a linha de confecções em tecidos, antes importada, e mais, competindo em perfeição, com o melhor que se produz noutros centros industriais".

Revista Belém 350 anos (1966)

Rampa da Sacramenta, blv. Castilhos França. d. 1900 / Província do Pará de 13 de janeiro de 1979

"A foto retrata justamente uma faixa que não se pode conceber que tenha sido assim. A baía do Guajará ia até próximo aos velhos casarões do Boulevard [Castilhos França]. Procurando avista-se o Colégio Santo Antônio com a torre da igreja e logo em seguida o prédio onde foi a primeira sede do jornal 'O Liberal', seguindo-se os dois prédios iguais e mais baixos e um outro que não existe mais e hoje é a agência da Moore McCormack. Em seguida vem o prédio onde foi a Praticagem da Barra e outro junto onde era o escritório, ou ainda é do deputado Alacid Nunes.

Dois detalhes interessantes.

A embarcação maior atracada é a alvarenga 'Cangussu' da ENASA e que na época deveria pertencer a Amazon River (…) As embarcações pequenas devem ser as 'catraias' da época, que atendiam navios por falta de local para atracarem. Eram a remo".

Silio Bibas - Província do Pará de 13 de janeiro de 1979

O Regatão, av. Senador Lemos 3273 / Guia Turístico do Pará (c. 1970)

"Na mesma Senador Lemos, mais acima, 'próximo a Gelar' - a tradicional fábrica de picolé de Belém -, para quisesse forrar o estômago antes de mergulhar de vez na noite, havia o Regatão. Com seu anúncio de proa de barco a saudar o navegante noturno, muita água rolou sob o tombadilho desse bravo mascate culinário. A comida, se bem me lembro, não era das piores, longe disso (…)"

Elias Pinto - O mapa do tesouro da boemia dos tempos idos, Diário do Pará, 27 de janeiro de 2013

Principais Ruas

 Avenida Pedro Álvares Cabral
 Avenida Senador Lemos
 Travessa Mauriti
 Travessa Angustura
 Passagem Alferes Costa

Linhas de ônibus e Pontos
Na Av. Sen. Lemos, 3210 encontra-se o ponto de ônibus mais utilizado, atualmente o bairro conta com 19 linhas de ônibus(pode haver mais) que atendem as necessidades dos cidadãos que trabalham no centro, ou que vem do centro, dentre elas estão:
Sacramenta Nazaré
Sacramenta Humaitá
Telegráfo Ver-o-peso
TAPANÃ pte. Vargas
40 Horas
Cabanagem
CDP Providência
Águas Lindas
Tenoné
Conjunto Maguari
Canarinho

Sacramenta um Bairro de lutas
Fragmentos Belém
Memória e Território
Bairros de Belém (Pará)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Naturopath, Nutritionist, Iridologist & Health Coach. Special focus on brain & digestive health while achieving ideal weight. Sheridan is degree-qualified naturopath & nutritionist that specialises in guiding overworked professionals, executives and airline crew to find clarity of mind and renewed energy, so they can focus on what they want to achieve in life. She understands that tailoring programs for clients and recipes are essential for compliance, as is gut healing with supplements to address underlying nutritional deficiencies and boost brain function. She is a co-author on mental health of the Amazon best selling book (self-help/happiness section): "Rapid Change: For Busy Heart Centered Women Who Want To Be The Best Version of Themselves" After spending 15 years as flight attendant, mostly on long-haul routes, she intimately understands how to improve her client's health using the best from nature, no matter how hectic their schedule.


text:
Nexteer Automotive has turned toward the solar energy
The company known for its steering and driveline products has expanded its product portfolio with SunSteer, a solar-tracking actuator that turns solar panels toward the sun.
Nexteer said the device has positioning accuracy of less than one degree, and provides a cost effective solution to photovoltaic, concentrated photovoltaic and concentrated solar power.
Global automotive supplier Nexteer Automotive announced today it is expanding its product portfolio into the alternative energy market. The company's first product, SunSteer™, is a solar tracking actuator and will be built at the company's world headquarters in Saginaw Mich. Nexteer's engineering and manufacturing expertise was applied to the design and development of the device, allowing for world class reliability and performance in this emerging market.
"The team at Nexteer relied on our industry leading automotive technologies to develop a product for the renewable energy market that accurately positions solar arrays to follow the sun", said Vince De Zorzi, senior vice president and chief operations officer at Nexteer. "SunSteer™ is built right here in the U.S., with more than 90 percent U.S. content and greater than 50 percent of its content produced in Michigan, including the Great Lakes Bay Region."
SunSteer™ uses a precision built, high-efficiency ball screw/ball nut combination that provides operating efficiencies of up to 95 percent. This provides the ability to reliably move solar array loads with best-in-class energy consumption. Under normal operating conditions, SunSteer™ will accurately track the sun's position, while consuming less than $2.00 of energy per year. High-performance coatings developed under extreme vehicle testing environments are used on SunSteer™ to reduce corrosion and provide long life field performance of greater than 20 years in the field.
"We found that our products offered levels of reliability and efficiency that were in many cases unprecedented in the alternative energy markets," said David Westphal, executive director for the SunSteer™ program. "This has allowed us to develop new product applications that help provide long life expectancy and very low energy losses, both critical needs in the global pursuit of low cost energy."
SunSteer™ positioning accuracy of less than one degree provides a highly cost effective solution to photovoltaic, concentrated photovoltaic and concentrated solar power. Utilizing Nexteer's advanced electronic power steering technology, SunSteer™ requires no hydraulic fluids and provides high mechanical load capabilities with minimal environment risk or impact.
"SunSteer™ fits perfectly into the Great Lakes Bay Region's economic development partnership that focuses on the regional development of comprehensive solar solutions and manufacturers" added De Zorzi.
Nexteer Automotive is a multi-billion dollar global steering and driveline business solely dedicated to electric and hydraulic steering systems, steering columns and driveline products for original equipment manufacturers. Its 10,000 employees serve more than 60 customers in every major region of the world. The company has 20 manufacturing plants, five engineering centers and 15 customer service centers strategically located in North and South America, Europe and Asia. Nexteer Automotive's customers include GM, Fiat, Ford, Toyota, Chrysler and PSA Peugeot Citroen, as well as automakers in India, China, and South America.
www.nexteer.com
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More specifically, the following are a few examples of academic dishonesty which have been discovered at Purdue University.
Do not look around, particularly in the direction of other students' papers, during an exam since it may appear you are trying to copy from others.
When taking an exam, shield your answer sheet. If you feel someone is trying to copy from you, ask the proctor if you may move. This will alert the proctor to a potential problem and help remove suspicion from you as aiding the other student if a claim of cheating arises.
If you are allowed to take materials into a testing site, make sure no notes or materials are exposed or accessible that could cause one to believe you are using unauthorized aids (cribs).
Should there be any doubt, clarify with your instructor how much collaboration, if any, is permitted or expected when working on projects or assignments with other students.
Know that it is risky to electronically copy or transmit a computer program or file to other students. You could be implicated in a cheating incident if others alter that program and submit it as their own work.
Protect your computer log-in identifications and passwords. Other students could use them to access your work and subsequently implicate you in a cheating case.
Since it is impossible to write everything with complete originality, use quotation marks, footnotes, and parenthetical textual notes to acknowledge other people's words or ideas employed in your paper. Check with you instructor for proper techniques for citations and attribution if you have any doubts.
Do not include sources in a bibliography or reference list if you have not used the sources in the preparation of your paper. To list unused sources is called padding the bibliography.
Do not acquire previous papers, lab reports, or assignments used in a course with the intention of copying parts or all of the material. Consult with your instructor on how such materials may be used as general guides.
Keep rough drafts and copies of papers submitted in courses since other students may get access to your work and attempt to claim it as their own.
Do not leave copies of assignments in computer labs.
Do not share your current or former assignments, projects, papers, etc. with other students to use as guides for their work. Such a practice could lead to claims of collaboration if part or all of your work is lifted by another student. Sometimes friendly assistance may escalate into claims of blatant dishonesty.
Check with your instructor before turning in a paper or project you submitted in another course.
Do not give your homework papers, projects, or other assignments to other students to submit for you. They may use parts of your work.
When completing take-home exams, do not collaborate with other persons unless approved by the instructor.
Keep your student identification card in your possession or secured. Never loan your identification to anyone.
Do not make any marks on a graded exam if there is any chance you may submit it for a regrade. Make all notations on a separate paper.
Students who cheat gain an unfair advantage over honest students. Although reporting suspected or observed cheating may seem difficult, failure to do so hurts you as well as Purdue. Observations or knowledge of academic dishonesty should be reported immediately to course instructors. Even if your observations are reported anonymously, such information may encourage instructors to do further investigation, detect patterns of cheating or impose effective preventive measures. If you are uncomfortable speaking directly with an instructor, you are urged to consult with staff in the Office of the Dean of Students who will advise and assist you in addressing the problem.
Before any formal action is taken against a student who is suspected of committing academic dishonesty, the instructor is encouraged to meet with the student to discuss the facts surrounding the suspicions. If the instructor concludes that the student is guilty, the matter may be resolved with the student through punitive grading. Examples of punitive grading are giving a lower or failing grade on the assignment, having the student repeat the assignment and perhaps some additional assignment, or assessing a lower or failing grade for the course. The grade appeals system offers recourse to a student whose grade has been reduced unfairly for alleged academic dishonesty.
Additionally, instructors are encouraged to refer cases to the Office of the Dean of Students for adjudication and/or appropriate record keeping. The Office of the Dean of Students will follow established procedures as provided in the student code. If found responsible, possible sanctions include a warning, probation, probated suspension, suspension, or expulsion.


text:
Q: split array values into string value? I am getting an array of shapes as follow..
my code is...
responseElement = [[bodyElement childrenNamed:@"GET_AllProductFrameShapeResponse"] objectAtIndex:0];
    resultElement = [[responseElement childrenNamed:@"GET_AllProductFrameShapeResult"] objectAtIndex:0];

    for (SMXMLElement *eventElements in [resultElement childrenNamed:@"Get_FrameShape"])
    {
        NSMutableDictionary *dicEventsData = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];

        [dicEventsData setValue:[eventElements valueWithPath:@"FrameShape"] forKey:@"FrameShape "];

        [frameShapeResult addObject:dicEventsData];
    }
    NSLog(@"frameShape result %@", frameShapeResult);

so get following array having directory of shapes
frameShape result (
        {
        "FrameShape " = OVEL;
    },
        {
        "FrameShape " = Wayfarer;
    },
        {
        "FrameShape " = "Club Master";
    },
        {
        "FrameShape " = Aviator;
    },
        {
        "FrameShape " = Wayferer;
    },
        {
        "FrameShape " = Rectangle;
    },
        {
        "FrameShape " = Round;
    },
        {
        "FrameShape " = Oval;
    },
        {
        "FrameShape " = "Cat-Eye";
    },
        {
        "FrameShape " = "Cat Eye";
    },
        {
        "FrameShape " = ClubRound;
    },
        {
        "FrameShape " = Square;
    }
)

i want following into One array from given array.. Dont know How to do that..
OVEL
Wayfarer
Club Master"
Aviator
Wayferer
Rectangle
Round
Oval
Cat-Eye
Cat Eye
ClubRound
Square
Thanks for Any help in advance..

A: You can modify your code as follow to get only Array of shapes..
responseElement = [[bodyElement childrenNamed:@"GET_AllProductFrameShapeResponse"] objectAtIndex:0];
resultElement = [[responseElement childrenNamed:@"GET_AllProductFrameShapeResult"] objectAtIndex:0];

for (SMXMLElement *eventElements in [resultElement childrenNamed:@"Get_FrameShape"])
{
    [frameShapeResult addObject:[eventElements valueWithPath:@"FrameShape"]];
}
NSLog(@"frameShape result %@", frameShapeResult);

This will give you the exact result you want ..
Hope this help :)

A: Try this:
Space added in key
NSArray * FrameShape = frameShaperesult; // array of you result which contains dictionary objects.
FrameShape = [FrameShape valueForKey:@"FrameShape "]; // array that contains string objects which you mentioned in question

This final FrameShape array will contains only string as object and you can access each by for loop.
If you want all objects in one string try this:
NSString *str = [FrameShape componentsJoinedByString:@","]; // all object will join by ,(comma) you can change it as per your need.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In the last 12 months, the UK has seen an unprecedented rise in state-sponsored and private hacking.
When you are considering how prepared your company is for a potential cyber attack, you should have these eight questions in mind.
1. Have you set a budget?
A recent IBM security report found that 77% of companies do not have a consistent cyber response plan, and only 31% had set a realistic budget, both for staffing and the tools those employees require to do their job.
First Solution has a Security Operations Centre running 24 hours a day, seven days a week and we would recommend any cyber security business you choose to deal with should be the same. Threats like ransoms for data are an omnipresent risk factor for all businesses large and small, and attacks can happen at any hour of the day, on weekends, during holidays or any other inconvenient time.
2. Do you have an incident response plan with clear roles and responsibilities for your team?
Experiencing a cyber attack of any kind is not uncommon, but it is an extremely stressful time for leadership. In the aftermath of an attack or intrusion attempt, it is vital for your team to know who to turn to.
It is critical that in advance of an attack, your staff know who is in charge, and who either inside or outside of your organisation has permission to take control of your systems.
3. Are you looping your entire organisation into your cyber security plan?
Improving your general level of security always starts with your staff. However vigilant your cyber strategy is, the reality is that employees are always the biggest source of risk in any organisation.
At the minimum, your employees should at least be aware of your company's cyber security plans. Whether that's following basic security measures like encrypting outgoing emails or using a password management tool.
Adding in regular training to make them aware of common threats will have a target-hardening effect on your business. This will promote a culture of cautious security and reduce the risk that you will fall prey to the most routine attacks.
4. Are you meeting with employees on a regular basis to ensure your response plan is effective?
Every weak point in your plans is an opportunity for a criminal to take advantage. Hackers have been known to add insult to injury by posing as internal security teams in the aftermath of an attack, making a critical problem exponentially worse.
With this in mind, it is a sound idea to introduce your internal teams to any external contractors on a regular basis, so your staff are familiar with any cyber security defence teams tasked with the cleanup. Meeting regularly with staff can also help clear up any misconceptions about strategy and allow your leadership teams insight into how prepared the organisation truly is.
5. Are you refining your plan along the way?
A cyber incident response plan that is inflexible and set in stone is guaranteed to be ineffective. Security trends can change rapidly and there is always a new threat to take into account. The risks your company faces by not being able to contain a cyber attack are grave. Take for example credit data company Experian, who suffered drastic reputational and monetary loss from not having a thorough, dynamic plan in place when they were hit.
6. Are you documenting all response efforts from beginning to end?
There are three important parts to documenting response efforts. These should be as comprehensive as possible. First, incident response teams should notify all key stakeholders at the earliest possible opportunity. Second, they should offer real-time updates into how the effort to restore systems is proceeding. Third, they need to be able to write and disseminate a complete report that serves as a permanent record of the attack or intrusion. If your cyber security plan is correctly set up, the second and third sections should be triggered automatically.
7. Do you have effective password management policies in place in your business?
While it may sound simple, password management can make a huge difference to your cyber security strategy. As we mention above, your staff are the weakest point of your company's security and passwords that are too simple, easy to guess or obvious is akin to leaving the door open and inviting hackers in.
? Should staff be allowed to generate their own passwords?
? Should employees be using the same passwords across multiple systems or accounts?
? Would it make more sense to use a password manager that randomly generates long, hard-to-guess passwords?
? Should people store their passwords in encrypted folders in cloud storage?
8. Are your employees receiving regular cybersecurity training and phishing simulations?
While it may seem obvious to you how to tell a scam email from a customer query, or how to detect a phishing attempt, the same may not be true across all levels of your organisation.
You may be surprised how easy it is to fool the average worker, especially if they are distracted by other work, or not expecting to be targeted.
If you answered no to any of the above questions, it may be time to upgrade your cybersecurity strategy. Our team of security experts are here to support your business 24x7x365 to ensure that no matter what type of threat enters your network, we can help keep your business secure.


text:
Eugene Fuller (8 May 1858 - 1930), was an American surgeon and pioneer of the procedure of suprapubic prostatectomy.

References

American surgeons
People from Massachusetts
1858 births
1930 deaths


text:
super alignment
Products tagged with 'drainage'
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// BG ?? Mods to change button to Course Full if buy it now is turned off
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Drainage 2D - TUFLOW Interface
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Dynamic Drainage
Dates: 7th, 8th, & 9th March 2023
Time: 11am to 2pm (AEDT - Sydney time), with two 15-minute breaks, each day
Dates: 30th and 31st January, and 2nd February, 2023
Time: 11am to 2pm (AEDT - Sydney time), with a 15-minute break, each day