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HomePosts tagged 'Printers and Business Practices'
Printers and Business Practices
February 25, 2022 February 17, 2022 Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update Advertising Revenue, Connecticut Courant, Ebenezer Watson, Overdue Payment for Advertising, Printers and Business Practices
Connecticut Courant (February 25, 1772).
"No Advertisements will for the future be published in this paper, without the money is first paid."
Colonial printers frequently inserted notices into their newspapers to advise subscribers to make payments or face legal action. Usually those were empty threats. After all, printers depended on subscribers, even those who did not actually pay, to bolster circulation and, in turn, make their newspapers attractive places to run advertisements. Many historians assert that the most significant revenues associated with publishing newspapers in colonial America came from advertising rather than subscriptions. That has prompted some to assume that printers required advertisers to pay upfront even though they extended credit to subscribers. That may have often been the case, but in many of their notices printers did call on subscribers and others indebted to the printing office (perhaps including advertisers) to settle accounts.
Ebenezer Watson, printer of the Connecticut Courant, inserted a notice that directly addressed paying for advertising in the February 25, 1772, edition. He advised the public that "No Advertisements will for the future be published in this paper, without the money is first paid, unless it be for such persons as have open accounts with The Printer." In so doing, he did not invoke a blanket policy. New advertisers, perhaps colonizers unknown to Watson prior to placing advertisements in his newspaper, had to submit payment at the same time that they provided the printing office with the copy for the advertisements. Existing customers, however, those advertisers who "have open accounts," could apparently continue to publish advertisements with the intention of paying later.
Such business practices likely differed from newspaper to newspaper. Notices published in newspapers reveal some of the particulars, but printers' records still extant likely help to tell a more complete story. Like Watson's notice in the Connecticut Courant, however, account books require careful examination to reconstruct relationships to determine how printers actually put policies into practice. Further investigate should incorporate working back and forth between ledgers and newspapers to compare dates advertisers made payments and dates their notices appeared in the public prints.
December 8, 2021 December 8, 2021 Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update Amos Throop, Edward Thurber, Notations in Advertisements, Printers and Business Practices, Providence Gazette, To Be Continued
What was advertised in a colonial American newspaper 250 years ago this week?
Providence Gazette (December 7, 1771).
"(T. b. c.)"
Did printers require advertisers to pay for their notices in advance? They frequently extended credit to subscribers and regularly placed their own notices threatening to sue subscribers who had not paid for months or years, though they rarely seemed to follow through on those threats. Did printers offer such leeway to subscribers because they more strictly enforced policies that advertisers had to pay before seeing their notices in print? After all, advertising had the potential to generate significant revenue, eclipsing subscriptions.
John Carter, the printer of the Providence Gazette, included his policy in the colophon at the bottom of the last page: "ADVERTISEMENTS) of a moderate Length (accompanied with the Pay) are inserted in this Paper three Weeks for Four Shillings Lawful Money." Did he enforce his own policy? Some evidence suggests that he did not always do so, especially for advertisements placed by customers who established good relations with the printing office.
Last week, I examined a notation, "(T. b. c.)," that appeared on the final line of George Olney's advertisement. That advertisement ran for eight weeks, for the first four weeks without the notation and for the final four weeks with the notation. I suggested that "(T. b. c.)" meant "to be continued," a signal to the compositor to continue inserting the notice until instructed otherwise by the advertiser. How did that correlate with paying for advertisements in advance? I hypothesized that since the notation did not initially appear in Olney's advertisement that he paid for several weeks and then Carter extended credit for the remainder of the advertisement's run.
Today, I am testing that theory against two other advertisements that featured the "(T. b. c.)" notation, one for a "compleat assortment of English and India GOODS" placed by Edward Thurber and the other for "DRUGS and MEDICINES" placed by Amos Throop. Thurber's advertisement ran without the notation for three weeks (November 2, 9, and 16, 1771) and then ran for ten weeks with the notation. In addition, Thurber ran a different advertisement for three weeks in October that did not have the "(T. b. c.)" notation as well as other advertisements earlier in the year that similarly did not include the notation. If Thurber did indeed pay for inserting those advertisements in advance, then Carter very well could have extended credit for his "(T. b. c.)" advertisements.
Throop's advertisement ran for six weeks in November and December 1771, each time with "(T. b. c.)" on the final line. That deviates from Olney and Thurber first running their advertisements without the notation and then with it. However, Throop had recently inserted another advertisement that ran for three weeks (September 28 and October 5 and 12) without the "(T. b. c.)" notation. He also ran other advertisements earlier in the year, establishing a recent history with Carter. That may have been sufficient for the printer to extend credit when Throop submitted an advertisement to appear for the first time on November 23. It made its final appearance on December 28, perhaps as part of an agreement that credit would not extend into the new year.
Newspapers were important vehicles for disseminating information (via news accounts, letters, editorials, advertisements, and other features) in the era of the American Revolution, so much so that the business practices of printers merit scrutiny. Notices placed by printers make clear that they extended credit to subscribers, but sometimes those notice made more general references to "customers" instead. Those customers may have purchased advertisements, job printing, books, stationery, or a variety of other goods and services commonly available at printing offices. Even though some printers declared that advertisements must pay in advance, it seems likely that they extended credit to some advertisers that they knew well.
November 30, 2021 November 28, 2021 Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update George Olney, Notations in Advertisements, Printers and Business Practices, Providence Gazette
Providence Gazette (November 30, 1771).
For eight weeks in the fall of 1771, George Olney ran an advertisement for a "compleat Assortment of English and India GOODS" in the Providence Gazette. His advertising campaign commenced on October 12 and concluded on November 30. From week to week, an identical notice appeared in the public prints, with one exception. The last four insertions included an additional line with a notation, "(T. b. c.)," that was not part of the original advertisement. Readers likely passed over that notation, realizing that it was intended for the compositor and other workers in John Carter's printing office.
Similar notations appeared at the end of advertisements in many colonial newspapers, many of them listing issue numbers that corresponded to the first and last appearance so compositors could easily determine whether to include advertisements when preparing the next edition. Other notations require more systematic attention to multiple advertisements published over the course of weeks or months to decode. What did "(T. b. c.)" mean? Perhaps it meant "to be continued" until the advertiser decided to discontinue the notice. In that case, Olney likely initially paid to have his advertisement run for four weeks and then requested that it continue until he instructed otherwise. That, however, would have run contrary to the policy that Carter stated in the colophon: "ADVERTISEMENTS of a moderate Length (accompanied with the Pay) are inserted in this Paper three Weeks for Four Shillings Lawful Money." Carter did not seem inclined to extend credit to advertisers, but the notation on Olney's advertisement suggests that the printer may have exercised some discretion for those who paid for an initial run.
Consulting ledgers and account books might reveal practices in the printing office that deviated from the policy in the colophon, but in their absence an examination of other advertisement with the same notation might establish a pattern. Other advertisements in the Providence Gazette bore the "(T. b. c.)" notation. Next week, the Adverts 250 Project will examine another of those advertisements to determine when in its run it acquired the notation. That may help to outline some of the likely business practices adopted by Carter as he managed advertising in his newspaper.
July 1, 2017 June 16, 2017 Carl Robert Keyes Daily Advert Update Georgia Gazette, James Johnston, Printers and Business Practices, Subscriptions Not Paid
Georgia Gazette (July 1, 1767).
"The printer of this paper entreats his customers to pay their subscription monies."
In the period before the American Revolution, printers regularly inserted notices asking newspaper subscribers to "pay their subscription monies," as James Johnston did in the July 1, 1767, issue of the Georgia Gazette. His notice was particularly short; others went into greater detail in their attempts to get customers to settle their account, some suggesting that many subscribers were in arrears not for weeks or months or rather for years. If colonial readers did not make timely payments for their newspapers, that helps to explain why advertising was considered such an important means of generating revenues for newspapers.
This raises a question about printers and their business practices. Did advertisers pay for their notices before they were inserted in the newspaper? Or, did printers extend credit to advertisers as well as subscribers?
Printers certainly encouraged newspaper advertising. The colophon of the Georgia Gazette indicated that it was "Printed by JAMES JOHNSTON, at the Printing-Office in Broughton-Street, where Advertisements, Letters of Intelligence, and Subscriptions for this Paper, are taken in." This was fairly standard for publications that included colophons that ran across all the columns at the bottom of the final page. That same week, several printers included similar language in their colophon, including Sarah Goddard and Company (Providence Gazette), William Goddard (Pennsylvania Chronicle), John Holt (New-York Journal), James Parker (New-York Gazette: Or, the Weekly Post-Boy), Alexander Purdie and John Dixon (Virginia Gazette), and Robert Wells (South-Carolina Gazette and Country Journal). Two of them, Holt and Purdie and Dixon, even indicated the costs of advertising, but neither indicated that they needed to be paid in advance.
Although printers frequently advertised that subscribers needed to settle accounts, they did not make similar requests of advertisers. There are at least two possibilities to explain this. Possibly advertisements had to be paid in advance. Alternately, printers may have considered advertising valuable content that helped to attract readers who would (eventually, hopefully) pay for their subscriptions. They may have been more lenient with advertisers who fell behind with their accounts as a result. This is a question that I would like to pursue in greater detail the next time I have a chance to consult printers' records.


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Dwayne Johnson releases first teaser trailer of DC film 'Black Adam'
By IANS On Oct 17, 2021 0
Image credit-IANS
Los Angeles: Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson treated his fans to the first teaser of 'Black Adam', the anti-hero film from the DC Extended Universe directed by Jaume Collett-Serra and co-written by Sohrab Noshirvani of 'The Mauritanian' fame. Collett-Serra directed Johnson most recently in Disney's hit film, 'Jungle Cruise'.
Describing the character he had first signed up to play in 2014, Johnson tweeted on Saturday: "He is ruthless. He is unstoppable. He is the reason the hierarchy of power in the DC UNIVERSE is about to change."
Johnson's Seven Bucks Productions has co-produced the movie with DC Films, New Line Cinema and FlynnPicture Co, which has made a number of films starring the wrestler-actor, including 'Skyscraper'.
Along with Johnson's character, according to Variety.com, 'Black Adam' also focuses on the members of the Justice Society: Aldis Hodge as Hawkman, who can fly thanks to his special metal wings; Noah Centineo as Atom Smasher, who can control his molecules and thereby change his size, density and strength; Quintessa Swindell as Cyclone, who can control the wind; and Pierce Brosnan as Doctor Fate, an archaeologist who becomes a powerful sorcerer while wearing the Helmet of Fate.
The film is slated to be released in the United State on July 29, 2022.
Dwayne JohnsonEntertainmentHollywood
India adds 14,146 new Covid cases, over 97 Cr vax doses given: Union Health Ministry
Miscreants loot cash, jewellery worth lakhs from house in Bhubaneswar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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CLAREMONT, CA. – The Pomona-Pitzer Men's Water Polo Team dominated Saturday's doubleheader, taking down the Occidental College Tigers in the morning 14-7 followed by a lopsided 20-5 victory over La Verne.
Season Impact: The Sagehens are now 15-7 overall and undefeated in the SCIAC with an 8-0 record.
The Sagehens managed to pull past the Occidental Tigers in the first game of Saturday's doubleheader thanks to their well-balanced offense. Adam Ward led the Sagehens offense with four goals and had one assists while Noah Sasaki added three goals. Sam Sasaki scored two and recorded two assists while Dylan Elliott led the defense with three steals.
The home side wasted no time getting ahead, scoring 12 seconds into the match as Elliott found the net off a pass by Sam Sasaki. Sam followed two minutes later with an unassisted goal to double the lead. Elijah Havens cut the Sagehens' lead in half, scoring the Tigers' first goal with 2:34 left, but 14 seconds later, Sam Gorcey-Biblowitz made it 3-1 on an unassisted show. The Sagehens lead 4-1 after the first period.
The Tigers battled back, starting off hot in the second period with two consecutive goals to cut the deficit to one. However, Ward came through with two straight goals and Sam Sasaki capped a 3-0 run with power play goal to make it 7-3 at halftime.
Pomona-Pitzer never looked back in the third period, as Ward scored twice to extend the lead 9-3. From 3:47 left in the third period to 2:27, Noah Sasaki overwhelmed the Tigers with a hat trick in that short time to put the game out of reach with the Sagehens ahead 12-4. The Sagehens added a pair of goals in the final period as they finished the first game of the doubleheader 14-7.
The second game of the doubleheader yielded a more lopsided result as the Sagehens throttled La Verne with a huge scoring clinic. Jacob Niskey led the team with four goals while Ward and Adam Gross added three goals each. Elliott had another excellent game on both sides of the pool with two goals and three steals.
Ward opened up the scoring a minute and thirteen seconds into the first period but Danilo Lugli of La Verne quickly equalized it 45 seconds later. The deadlock didn't last for long as a goal by Gorcey-Biblowitz and a pair from Niskey helped the Sagehens pull away 4-1. Elliott and Gross capped the first period with a goal each to help the Sagehens lead 6-1.
After the Leopards scored once to open up the second period, the Sagehens continued to unleash a flurry of goals, going on a 5-0 run while James Kelbert made a handful of spectacular saves to stifle the Leopards' offense. The Sagehens led 11-2 at halftime.
The Leopards never mustered much of a comeback while the Sagehens picked up where they left off. They went on to win easily 20-5.
Up Next: The Sagehens will travel to Orange, CA on Wednesday, October 24 to face Chapman University at 7:00 p.m.


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Posted on March 16, 2015 March 17, 2015 by Unbelievably
A Guide To March Madness Bracketology!!
Every year, in March, when the college basketball brackets are released, there are people all over the country analyzing teams and players, trying to fill out the perfect bracket. There is no record that a person has ever filled out a perfect bracket. There is no sure fire method to the madness, but here is a guide that can help you make intelligent decisions when it comes time to fill out your bracket.
(Technically it is the 2nd Round, but for clarity we will be referring to it as the 1st Round since it is the 1st Round in the bracket)
1 Seed vs. 16 Seed
A 16 seed has never beaten a 1 seed in the history of the NCAA Division One Basketball Tournament. This is not a bet that you will want to make, take every 1 seed to the 2nd round. A 1 seed makes it into the sweet sixteen 88% of the time and the elite eight 71% of the time.
A 15 seed has beaten a 2 seed seven times in history. This rarity is a possibility and has happened three times in the past three years. In 2012, Norfolk State beat Missouri and Lehigh beat Duke, then in 2013 Florida Gulf Coast beat Georgetown en route to the sweet sixteen being the only team to ever be in the sweet sixteen as a 15 seed. It is still a huge gamble and probably shouldn't be done unless you have some very strong evidence that it is a possibility.
Only eighteen times in history has a 14 seed beaten a 3 seed. If you are trying to win your bracket pool this risk might not pay off unless there is a strong contender against a team that has possibly been overrated. Just recently, in 2014, Mercer beat Duke and in 2013 Harvard beat New Mexico. If you pick all of the 1, 2, and 3 seeds to advance to the next round your bracket will be looking pretty good!
A 13 seed has beaten the 4 seed twenty-five times in the history of the NCAA Division One Basketball Tournament. In the last ten years there have been nine, 13seeds that have beaten the 4 seed, so keep this in mind if you are looking to pick a 1st round upset. However, since there are four 1st round games, where a 4 seed plays the 13 seed, the challenge is figuring out which game is it going to happen in, if it happens at all. In 2014 not one 13 seed beat a 4 seed, although in 2013 LaSalle defeated Kansas State in a stunning upset.
Now this is where the madness happens folks. There have been forty-two times that a 5 seed has beaten a 12 seed. Since the year 2000 at least one 12 seed has beaten a 5 seed every year except for in 2007. Unbelievably in 2013 and 2014, three of the four 12 seeds advanced to the 2nd round. This definitely seems like a gamble that could pay off. It is almost a guarantee that at least one 12 seed will advance and this is where watching a lot of College ball pays off. The last three years have been particularly impressive with 12 seeds posting an 8-4 record. SFA moved on to the 2nd round last year as a 12 seed and is once again a 12 seed this year. They might be a team worth taking to the 2nd round. Notably, Montana beat Nevada to advance in 2006.
Surprisingly only forty-one 11 seeds have beaten a 6 seed, which is one less than the 12 seeds that have beaten 5 seeds. In the last ten years at least one 11 seed has advanced to the next round every year. Most recently in 2014, Dayton beat Ohio State and Tennessee beat UMASS.
The 10 seed has beaten a 7 seed fifty-seven times in history, which is about 40% of the time. It is a bit of a toss up on whether to pick the 10 seed or the 7 seed. It is best, in this situation, to not base your pick on rankings but to instead pay attention to who you think has been a strong contender through out the regular season.
8 Seed vs. 9 Seed
You will be hard pressed to find a harder decision while filling out your bracket than whether to pick the 8 or the 9 seed to advance. An 8 seed beats the 9 seed 52% of the time. Even though the 8 seed seems to have a slight advantage, this match up is virtually a toss up. You should base your picks on is a team has had a really hot player or finished their season really strong. Rankings seem to have little to no predictability when it comes to the 8 and 9 seed.
Additional Facts That May Help You
Like I stated earlier, a 1 seed makes the sweet sixteen 88% of the time, 2 seeds make the sweet sixteen 68% of the time, 3 seeds make the sweet sixteen 60% of the time and the 4 seeds make the sweet sixteen 58% of the time.
The last five times that Georgetown has been in the tournament, they have lost to a team ranked at least five spots worse than they were. So they could be one team to choose for an upset against Eastern Washington.
Although all of the 1 seeds are a heavy favorite, there has only been one year in history, 2008, that all of the 1 seeds made the final four. Only six times in history has the championship game featured two 1 seeds. Only three times in history, most recently in 2011, has a final four not featured a 1 seed.
Among active coaches in the NCAA tournament this year, Duke's coach Mike Krzyzewski has won 4 championships, followed by Louisville's coach Rick Patino and North Carolina's coach Roy Williams and they have both won two. Other active coaches in the tournament that have won a championship include SMU's Larry Brown, Kentucky's John Calipari, Michigan State's Tom Izzo and Kansas's Bill Self.
A 1 seed has won the championship five of the last six years. A 2 seed has not won a National Championship since 2004.
A 5 seed has never won a National Championship. Only four times in history has the winner of the National Championship been worse than a 4 seed, in 2014 Connecticut as a 7 seed, in 1988 Kansas as a 6 seed, in 1985 Villanova as a 8 seed and in 1983 North Carolina State as a 6 seed.
A 12 seed or worse has never made the final four and has only once made the elite eight, which happened when 12 seed Missouri made it in 2002.
Of the teams in this years NCAA tournament, nineteen of the sixty-eight teams have won a National Championship in their school history. UCLA has won eleven championships, Kentucky has won eight and North Carolina and Indiana have both won five National Championships.
Although Kentucky is a heavy favorite, only three times in the last twenty years has the topped ranked team in the country won it all. However the last time it happened was in 2012 and Kentucky was ranked #1 and won the tournament, so there is a good chance that they will do it again this year.
What follows is a link to where you can go to print off a bracket. There are so many outlets out there where you can enter into bracket pools that you should have ample opportunity to have some fun this march madness season. I hope this breakdown of odds will help you when making your predictions. Good Luck!!
Heavy Printable Bracket
Picture: http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s–kzvK5rfo–/dm0ur8jfldjbed4uc8w5.jpg
Link: http://www.scribd.com/doc/258835764/Heavy-Printable-Bracket
http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/
http://statsheet.com/mcb/index/stats
http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/ncaa-tournament/history
CategoriesBasketball, College, Events, Interesting, March Madness TagsBasketball, Bracketology, College Hoops, March Madness, NCAA, NCAA Championship Tournament
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My journey as an Alzheimer's Society funded researcher
Early career researchers are the future of dementia research and at Alzheimer's Society we have prioritised nurturing this community to drive dementia research forward. We spoke with Dr Ryan West, a researcher who has been supported by the Society throughout his career.
Sian Gregory, Research Information Manager
@SianGregory7
medium read
At the heart of the dementia research community are its talented, dedicated researchers.
To make the progress in dementia that we so desperately need, we need to make sure that more researchers are supported to work in dementia, and that they can continue their careers and develop new skills.
It takes years of training and research for researchers to become established and set up their own research lab. Researchers start off with a PhD studentship and then move on to postdoctoral research projects and fellowships. Each project requires funding so that the researcher has the tools and equipment they need to carry out their research.
Investing into the careers of dementia researchers keeps the brightest and best minds in dementia research. The funding Alzheimer's Society studentships and fellowships provide is vital in building and maintaining dementia research capacity in the UK.
5 pieces of career advice for dementia researchers from leaders in the field
We spoke to leading researchers, Professor Nick Fox and Dr Carole Sudre, to discuss grant-writing tips, staying motivated and what it is like to be an Alzheimer's Society funded researcher.
Dr Ryan West is a researcher we have supported since the beginning of his career in dementia research. He specialises in research that aims to understand frontotemporal dementia.
Recently, Ryan and colleagues have published early stage, but exciting research into a liver drug which may be able to protect brain cells from the damaging effects of frontotemporal dementia.
What inspired you to start a career in dementia research?
'Alzheimer's Society has funded me my entire career. There have been periods where I haven't had funding from the Society, but from day one of my PhD to now I've either had funding from or have been affiliated with Alzheimer's Society.
'I remember right back at the start when my PhD supervisor mentioned that my PhD would be Alzheimer's Society funded and there would be interaction with the Research Network volunteers. That really appealed to me.
'And then during my PhD, my grandmother was diagnosed with vascular dementia and subsequently since then my other grandmother has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and my uncle with Parkinson's disease.
'Having that family connection and seeing how my grandmothers are living with dementia and how we are coping with it as a family really reinforced things for me. It let me step back and see why I'm doing what I'm doing as a dementia researcher.'
How has Alzheimer's Society played a role in your research career so far?
'During my PhD in particular, being funded by the Society gave me opportunities that my peers and friends also working in research didn't have at the time.
'Now students are given more opportunities and are encouraged to share their research outside of academia but at the time that wasn't the norm. When I was a student I was asked to contribute to Living with dementia magazine (now known as Dementia together magazine) and supported a Christmas appeal in the Yorkshire Post.'
'You just don't get to do those sorts of things as part of a non-charity funded PhD.'
'Again, for me that was really important; to have that connection between the niche, specialised research I was doing and the reality of the wider research you're a part of.
'Another thing I liked was the fact that the Alzheimer's Society Annual Conference has a range of people who are interested in dementia but aren't scientists and researchers. For me as a researcher, it's great because you get to talk to people during the conference and see what your research actually means to them.'
What has been the biggest highlight of your career?
'Being awarded my Alzheimer's Society fellowship. It represented a real stepping stone between being a post-doctoral researcher and starting to set up my own, fully independent research lab.
'I don't think without that opportunity I would have been offered my current position at the University of Sheffield to really establish my research group.'
'There's flexibility in Alzheimer's Society fellowships.'
'For me, it gave me the opportunity to have support from bigger research labs whilst also starting to become an independent researcher myself.
'Perhaps my job now is a bigger achievement in terms of my Academic career but I don't think without my Society fellowship I would have had that chance.'
What's your biggest motivator when your research feels at its most frustrating?
'There are really tough research days, where you wonder why you do it. But ultimately I really enjoy the science and enjoy the puzzle that is my research.'
'A big motivator is the hope that what I do is meaningful and is part of a bigger picture.'
'Especially now that I am working in such a large Institute at Sheffield.
'There are so many people all working on dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases you really feel like you're a part of that bigger picture.
'I'm committed to my research because I enjoy it and because hopefully my research is making a difference.'
Research at risk
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US, Japan may unveil progress on trade deal in August
14:08 | 28/05/2019 Cooperation Follow Ven.vn on
U.S. President Donald Trump said Monday he needs to correct a "tremendous" trade imbalance with Japan while meeting with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, suggesting there may be a major announcement on the issue in August.
U.S. President Donald Trump meets with PM Shinzo Abe on May 27 - Photo: AFP
"Trade-wise, I think we will be announcing some things probably in August that will be very good for both countries," Trump said at the outset of the leaders' meeting in Tokyo, adding both countries will work to rectify what the U.S president sees as a lack of fairness in his country's economic relationship with Japan.
Abe is hosting Trump on a four-day state visit seen largely as ceremonial rather than substantive, hoping to showcase their close personal relationship.
The U.S. leader is being received as the first state guest of Reiwa, Japan's new imperial era, and his meeting Monday with Emperor Naruhito, who ascended the throne on May 1, and Empress Masako was one of the highlights.
"I'd like to have in-depth discussions over global challenges such as North Korea, the U.S. and Japanese economies, and coordinate bilateral efforts toward a successful Group of 20 summit" in Osaka in late June, Abe said.
Trump, sitting alongside Abe, said the bilateral relationship has "never been better than it is right now" as both nations are "committed" to each other.
Behind the projection of personal rapport, bilateral tensions over trade are simmering as negotiators have so far failed to bridge the wide gap between them and reach a deal as pursued by Trump, who told Japanese business leaders in Tokyo, including the president of Toyota Motor Corp., that he wants a fair and reciprocal relationship.
Japanese and U.S. officials have downplayed the prospect of a major breakthrough at the summit -- the second of three planned over a three-month period.
Trump's comments came after he tweeted Sunday that "great progress" has been made in trade negotiations but added, "Much will wait until after (Japan's) July elections where I anticipate big numbers!"
Japan has secured some breathing space as the United States delayed higher duties on cars and auto parts for up to six months, though there is a persisting concern that the Trump administration will take advantage of the threat of levies and import quotas to pressure Tokyo into making concessions.
As American farmers have become less competitive due to Trump's aversion to multilateral free trade agreements, such as a revised Trans-Pacific Partnership from which the U.S. leader withdrew, Washington is urging Tokyo to cut tariffs on farm products such as beef, pork and wheat.
Japan, for its part, has been calling for the removal of U.S. duties on imported industrial products.
Besides the sensitive issue of trade, Abe and Trump will likely agree on the need to coordinate policy on North Korea and to promote a free and open Indo-Pacific region in the face of China's growing clout...
Trump plans to visit Japan again for a Group of 20 summit in Osaka on June 28 and 29.
Mainichi.jp
Lao mission in Geneva joins Vietnamese counterparts on Lunar New Year festival
07:04 | 30/01/2023 Vietnam and ASEAN
Ambassador Latsamy Keomany, Head of the Lao Permanent Mission to the UN, WTO and other international organisations in Geneva, has extended best wishes to Vietnamese Ambassador Le Thi Tuyet Mai and staff on the occasion of Tet (Lunar New Year) festival.
Hong Kong pioneers a sustainable future for an 'Asian century'
06:01 | 23/01/2023 Cooperation
Hong Kong wants to grasp green financing and sustainable investment opportunities across Asia. Dr. Patrick Lau, deputy executive director of the Hong Kong Trade Development Council (HKTDC), spoke with VIR's Luu Huong about how Hong Kong could make progress in the new era.
How can green trade with EU benefit Vietnam?
(VEN) - Green trade with the EU will benefit Vietnam. In the opinion of economists, however, both enterprises and government agencies must make a sustained effort to adopt green trade standards.
Strong partnership and cooperation moving forward
(VEN) - "Vietnam and Sweden continue to see good prospects for bilateral trade and investment cooperation, especially joint efforts towards green transition and sustainable development," Swedish Ambassador to Vietnam Ann Mawe told Vietnam Economic News' Hoa Quynh & Thu Trang on the occasion of the 2023 Lunar New Year.
Rosy prospects for Vietnam-Argentina trade
06:00 | 04/01/2023 Vietnam and other regions
(VEN) - Commercial ties between Vietnam and Argentina are expected to expand in 2023. Ahead of the New Year, Argentine Ambassador to Vietnam Luis Pablo Mara Beltramino spoke with Vietnam Economic News' Hoa Quynh and Thu Trang.
Expanded trade opportunities with US
(VEN) - US companies are seeking new suppliers to minimize risks in supply chains, creating more opportunities for Vietnamese businesses in the post-pandemic era. However, the opportunities also face challenges.
Efforts underway to boost trade with UK
(VEN) - Both capital and production technology of domestic enterprises remain modest, it is necessary to connect resources in order to help businesses efficiently take advantage of the UK-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (UKVFTA), said Ngo Chung Khanh, Deputy Director of the Ministry of Industry and Trade's (MoIT) Multilateral Trade Policy Department in a talk with Vietnam Economic News' Hoa Quynh.
Potential remains for Vietnam's exports to EU
The Ministry of Industry and Trade (MoIT) on December 27 organized a conference to review the implementation of the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) over the last two years.
FTAs boost Vietnam-Latin America trade
(VEN) - Trade between Vietnam and Latin America has experienced impressive growth thanks to efficient implementation of free trade agreements (FTAs).
Key milestones in Vietnam-Indonesia strategic partnership
Below is key milestones in the Vietnam-Indonesia diplomatic relations.
EVFTA: Opportunities and challenges
(VEN) - Since the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) came into effect in August 2020, the economic-trade relations have become a bright spot of bilateral cooperation between Vietnam and the EU with remarkable results.
Saskatchewan enhances cooperation with Vietnam
Trade and Export Development Minister Jeremy Harrison led Canada's Saskatchewan's delegation to Vietnam to discuss trade and economic partnerships.
Key timelines of ASEAN-EU diplomatic ties
Leaders of the European Union and ASEAN member States will gather in Brussels on Wednesday for a summit commemorating the 45th founding anniversary of the ASEAN-EU relations.
Vietnam, Philippines boost economic cooperation
(VEN) - National Assembly (NA) Chairman Vuong Dinh Hue led a high-ranking delegation to visit the Philippines from November 23-25, promoting legal policies for increased economic cooperation between the two countries.
Business awareness of EVFTA advantages grows
(VEN) - The EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) has significantly contributed to promoting Vietnam's exports to the international market over the past two years. However, the business community is urged to be more proactive in seeking information about the EU market to maximize the advantages of the agreement.


As the Nov. 3 municipal election draws closer and closer, more candidates have begun to outline their promising-yet-possibly-unattainable campaign promises.
For Kristin Seguin, it just makes sense to come to WienerFest Montreal.
Here's a summary of some of the places that keep their prices low without sacrificing quality.
The first time I went to a show by myself was in Vancouver, at St. James Hall.
The National Women's Show rolled into town recently, bringing with it the kind of old school sexism that dominated the 1950s.
I like to think I'm sort of on top of my life occasionally, and I've been on the job hunt safari in the deep, twisted jungle of Craigslist.
The one year anniversary of the March 22 day of action saw a few hundred demonstrators take to the streets of Montreal.
Who are the candidates? What's their platform? The Link has your answers.
A few hundred protestors took to the streets Friday to demonstrate against police brutality.
With Concordia facing budget cuts, the fine arts department will suffer losses.
Photos from the demonstrations against the Quebec Summit on Higher Education.
Photos from last Friday and Saturday's Plan Nord demonstrations.
The Stingers' Tina Mpondani makes a move on McGill's Helene Bibeau in Concordia's 71-66 win over the Martlets last Friday.
Concordia's Kaylah Barrett passes the ball to a teammate in the Stingers' 60-46 loss to the McGill Martlets last Thursday.
Igloofest heats up in Montreal.
Stingers forward Andrew Bryan fights for the ball in Concordia's 1-1 draw against the Montreal Impact Academy last Sunday in the Stinger Dome.
Close to 1,000 Montrealers took to the streets on Friday, Jan. 11 to participate in Idle No More's global day of action.


High blood pressure (also known as hypertension) is a condition in which the pressure in your arteries is higher than is normally needed to keep blood moving round the system.
This gives the heart extra work and over time the pressure can damage sensitive organs like the eyes, kidney and brain.
Blood pressure in the movies!
No, not movies that explain what is high blood pressure! But, have you ever seen one of those films in which someone is injured, resulting in a pulsating jet of blood? Usually someone is struggling to staunch the flow unsuccessfully. Not a pleasant image perhaps but it does happen in real life and it is a graphic demonstration of the pressure of blood in arteries.
To pump blood around the body, the heart squeezes, then relaxes, squeezes again and so forth. It is moving blood around the body to where it is needed.
If you were given a hand pump to push blood around a body you would probably be out of breath before too long, it's a lot of work.
When pumping a fluid through tubes, how hard you have to push will depend on how wide the tubes you are pushing it through are. Narrow tubes will create resistance as you pump and you would have to push harder to keep the blood flowing. Wider tubes will allow easy flow. The main determinant of the pressure in the system is therefore the resistance.
To understand high blood pressure, you need to know that your heart pumps blood to the body through arteries. The resistance it has to push against is determined by the state of these blood vessels - arteries have muscular walls that can tighten and make the vessels smaller.
The main abnormality in hypertension is that the blood vessels (arteries) are providing more resistance than they should. (It helps to understand why, but we'll talk about that later). As a result the heart has to pump harder and the blood in the arteries is under higher pressure.
Research has determined a level of blood pressure that can be taken as average or 'normal'.
If your pressure is just over normal, with time it could rise further until you are in the high blood pressure category. This is called pre-hypertension. It is also associated with an increased risk of complications.
If you have pre-hypertension, prudent lifestyle changes or alternative remedies can help keep your pressure down.
Blood pressure is a continuum and it can be misleading to talk of a fixed line demarcating what is normal from what is high blood pressure and pre-hypertension. Many people have levels much lower than 'normal' and don't have any problems.
How does an individual know what is high blood pressure, if their measurements go up and down during the course of 24hrs? It is low during sleeping hours and rises very high during exercise or in situations of anxiety or emotional stress. It can be high from discomfort or climbing a few stairs, after a hot coffee or a big meal.
Generally speaking, everyone has a fairly constant pressure when relaxed and at rest, and that is what we are concerned with when discussing and measuring blood pressure.
Essential Hypertension - do you have to have it?
The commonest form of high blood pressure by far, is known (to doctors) as primary hypertension, or essential hypertension. (I am not sure why the latter phrase stuck - its not compulsory as far as I know!). Now you know, you won't be confused when you come across the term.
No one is sure why blood pressure begins to rise with age. The mechanisms are well known, but not what actually gets the process going.
What is known for sure is that allowing your blood pressure to remain high can take years off your life and put you at risk of serious complications.
Delicate (and very important) organs such as kidneys, eyes, and the brain are at risk of damage. Of course your heart suffers too.
It is up to you therefore to be as determined as you can in finding ways to reduce your blood pressure and keep it down.
I discuss complications of high blood pressure in more detail here.
This is high blood pressure that is related to a distinct underlying disease, such as kidney disease, some cancers etc.
A very unusual form of high blood pressure is called orthostatic hypertension. This is a rise in blood pressure that occurs only on standing up. Usually, on standing, blood pressure drops very slightly. The change in posture causes more blood to end up in the leg veins, and creates a greater height for the heart to pump blood to. There is therefore a brief drop in blood pressure and then the body control mechanisms react fast to boost blood pressure back to, or close to, its previous level.
In orthostatic hypertension it is thought that the control mechanisms overcompensate with the result that blood pressure is reset to a higher level.
Conditions associated with this, in addition to essential hypertension, include diabetes, and a group of disorders of the nervous system called autonomic dysfunction.
This is discussed in detail here.
What is high blood pressure that appears only in the clinic? Read about white coat hypertension here.
You have high blood pressure when the pressure of blood in your arteries is higher than average. (Over 140/90).
High Blood pressure means that your heart is doing extra work - over the years it can cause cumulative damage.
Your blood vessels are under more pressure than necessary, with the blood inside pushing against the walls - this too over the years can store up trouble for you.
It is in your interest to keep your blood pressure within the normal range.


Can Pets Boost Social Skills in Kids with Autism?
This review talks about the best guinea pig cage in 2019, and why the choice was made. Guinea pig cages basically serve the function of housing your pet, just like we require the availability of a house to keep us safe.
In this review, you would find out the features which the best guinea pig cage has. Have you ever thought of the defining basis for the best guinea pig cage? The reply to this would be found in this review and buying guide of the best guinea pig cage. At the end of this guinea pig cage review, you would see the best guinea pig cage in 2019, its features and benefits.
Where Should You Keep Your Guinea Pig Cage?
Depending on the cage you opt for, some can be kept either outside or inside the house.
What Kind Of Wood Is Safe For Guinea Pigs?
Willow wood is best for guinea pigs, while cedar, eucalyptus, white willows and pine wood is not advisable.
Can Guinea Pigs Climb Out Of Their Cage?
Yes, they can. This is why there needs to be a deep bottom pan which would prevent them from doing so.
How Do You Get Your Guinea Pig To Exercise?
The best way to do this is to go for one of the large guinea pig cages for sale which can avail them the opportunity of racing to and from one place to another.
The cost of this best cage is quiet on the high side, and it has all the needed accessories which the pet would need. There is a balcony in place, a food dish, water bottle holder amongst others.
It can also be used inside the house and outside.
This best cage comes as one which is meant for a sole guinea pig. It has a lying space of 8 feet, which is the recommended area by animal health specialists. The removable mesh safeguards the guinea pig from predators, and also makes sure that it does not climb out. There is also a PVC lined canvas which performs multiple functions such as maintenance, easy cleanup, traction for the guinea pig's feet.
This best cage has a variety of features which ensures a comfortable housing for your pet. There is a deep bottom pan and the top which is steel-coated. The ventilation and visibility are okay. You can easily assemble the unit in the shortest possible time. There are front and back doors which makes accessibility easy.
This cage can be likened to a mansion for guinea pigs. You can assemble and disassemble units without using any tool. There is a unit for drinking and feeding which the cage comes with. There is also a deep plastic pan of about 8.5 inches which is effortless to clean.
This best giant guinea pig cage is for guinea pigs which are playful in nature, so there are platforms where they can rest and play, and also a hiding place for them. The deep base prevents bedding and litter from falling out. Also, the deep pan keeps the pets safe from all forms of elements. Now, let's see more guinea pig cages for sale!
This cage has the capacity to house many pigs, it is the type you would require when there is big space either outdoors or indoors. So, no matter how playful your guinea pig could be, this cage has enough room for that. It is one of the best guinea pig cage for 2.
Housing a guinea pig is not as easy as some people perceive it to be. There are some best cages which are not suitable enough for housing guinea pigs, due to the fact that they do not afford them much space and they also contain certain circumstances which are not favorable.
At the very first instance, pets were housed in the best aquariums, and even till now, some people still put it to use, because they do not carry out enough research before making a purchase. An aquarium looks like an ideal choice based on the fact that it is very affordable. It is made of glass, so it is advised that it is handled with care, to prevent breakage. It is also easy to clean during and after use. However, one of the downsides of using Aquariums is, the guinea pig would have little or no access to air circulation because the sides are solid. A standard aquarium cannot suffice for just one pet, as they are social animals which thrive better when they are together.
It is conventional for you to see pet stores put up for sale, all sorts of cages which would cut across commonly found animals. However, considering the number of animals which exists, having a specific cage for an animal is not common. Some cages do not meet the recommended size for guinea pigs, so it is essential that if you want to patronize pet stores, much money would have to be spent to get the required size. You could even opt for two cages and create something like a makeshift tunnel which would connect two cages together, thus giving more room for your pet to race across the cages.
Best cages which are made from cubes are one of the required standards of guinea pig lodging, they enable the guinea pig to play around, and it also enables the user to clean up easily. The grids for the cages are held with a good connector and strengthened with cable ties.
For cages such as these, you would need a lid, in order to prevent predators from gaining entry. You can easily spot cube grids at large box shops.
Best Guinea Pigs Cage: Buying Guide - What to Look At?
One of the most essential choices which you have to make when you want to purchase a guinea pig is the kind of cage which you want to buy.
Even the best guinea pig cages for sale should have in stock at least 7.5 square feet of free space which can contain more than one guinea pig, and there should be an additional space of 1.5 square feet for an extra guinea pig. If your cage is suitably sized, it would not get dirty rapidly, as it would make sure that the amount of ammonia which is produced is reduced, in order to maintain the health state of your pets. Also, they would be able to carry out exercises all by themselves. This would, in the long run, increase their lifespan and lessen the chances of overweightness which is not healthy enough.
There are all sorts of good guinea pig cages which are available for sale on the market. However, some of them are smaller and might not be able to contain them. So, ensure you get cages which have the ideal layout.
It would be a proper idea for you to lace the floor of the cages with wires so that droppings can have a passage route. This would ensure that the house of the guinea pig is kept safe. However, there could be injuries such as bumblefoot, which occurs when their feet are on the wire for a long period of time. This injury is painful and could get swollen, alongside getting infected. To eliminate the possibility of this happening, go for the best cage which has a soft bottom.
If you have the best cage for your guinea pig, it should last for a very long period of time. For this to be possible, go for a firm base pan made from plastic, and a top made of steel which would be effortless to coat. The pan should be cleaned easily and bleached putting asides worries of cracking. Materials which are coated with powder or with PVC steel can be regarded as being durable.
The cage should be big enough to allow you to feed, water and clean. The door also has to be one which can be easily locked. If there are extra openings, make sure they do not give room for the pets to escape.
Even big guinea pig cages for sale would have a bar spacing of 1 inch. However, smaller guinea pigs can force their way through. So to solve this, install a deep bottom pan which would prevent the guinea pigs from climbing out, or you can opt for best cages which have less than 0.5-inch bar spaces.
Guinea pigs find it hard to climb or jump, hence, a top lid might not be needed, except if there are small kids around. A cage which is outdoor would certainly need a lid for protection against stealing and predation.
A great deal of care needs to be taken when you go for the best cage which has multiple levels, you have to make sure that they do not fall off heights which could cause injury. Each level must have walls which would stand in place of guard rails, to protect the pigs from falling.
Having gone through all the awesome guinea pig cages in this review, you would observe that they all have their own uniqueness. Nonetheless, it is essential that we select the best guinea pig cage based on diverse features and essential options. Choosing from the best guinea pig cages for sale in this review, our pick is Living World Deluxe HABITAT, as it serves the double purpose of being utilized both outdoors and indoors.
There you go! You've found the best guinea pig cage 2019 for your needs!
We've had multiple guinea pigs growing up and always enjoy it when they run around. But we feel like their space is limited when its a one tier cage. We tried to build a multi level guinea pig cage, but they aren't as sturdy and can be dangerous if you don't know how to stabilize the platforms. That's why we purchased a multi-tier cage instead.


We believe in total customer care at Convenient Carpet Cleaning. Because of this , we have support service representatives available 24/7 in Middletown, Connecticut for rug cleaners. In case you have questions regarding our services, need a quote or want to schedule an appointment, give us a call today. One of our representatives is waiting to provide assistance. We can certify that you will be astounded by our carpet cleaning professionals and in the improbable event of an issue, we will address the situation and make sure that you leave satisfied. We promise that your carpets will be stain-free and you'll be ecstatic with the services-simply ask one of thousands of our loyal and repeat clients.
Our carpet cleaning gurus use industry leading processes for carpet cleaning in Middletown. Warm water and carpet shampoo penetrates the carpet to clean deep down within the fabric with a carpet extraction machine. Your carpets will be pristine and water-less due to an internal vacuum in the extraction machine. We can remove most any type of discoloration you have including: oil based, dye based, or pet odors. Our carpet cleaners have been cleaning carpets so call us today if you have an unsightly area in your carpets!
Rug cleaning by Convenient Carpet Cleaning has the abilities to clean at any type of location. If you want a carpet cleaning service in a enormous commercial building we can be your main supplier. We provide mass reductions for commercial clients and are able to schedule a maintenance rug cleaning program where we can come back every few months to conduct the service at a low cost.
I heard I need to have my carpets cleaned every 3 months in Middletown, CT. Is this correct?
The frequency of carpet cleaning in Middletown, CT completely depends on many variables like the area of the house, traffic, type and color of the carpet, and the number of kids or pets. You ought to clean your carpets about once every 3 months if they are located in places where people walk everyday like the foyer or stairwells. You might also want to clean your carpets routinely if you have light colored carpets because staining can be seen a lot easier than on dark colored carpets. For those who have little ones that eat and make other messes in every room of the household then you should consider upholstery cleaning every three months.
If you have kids or animals, it is practically impossible to prevent stains on your carpet.
Just to keep your carpeting looking the best it can, it is advisable to seek out the solutions of a corporation that does carpet cleaning in Middletown, CT. The most important thing to do is to take the necessary cleaning steps as soon as the stain happens. This is vital in minimizing the damage. Contact Convenient Carpet Cleaning in Middletown, and they'll find you a cost-effective and efficient company to work with. For more info, view some of our service areas: Genoa, OH carpet cleaning.
There are several different kinds of spots and stains, but there are 5 general kinds of household stains you have to watch out for.
The stains that occur the most frequently are water based and easily removed. These can include food, crayon, many different drinks like sodas or liquor, grime, baby formula and more. Where are fruit juices classified? Because of the dye and different materials, they are grouped with other dye stains.
For adults a widespread spill on the carpet is wine, which also falls into this category. Pet stains, as we all know, include natural materials such as urine or feces, plus vomit which can go unnoticed for days and cause a lot of damage to carpet. Both coffee and tea can pose some unique problems when exposed to soft fabrics like carpeting, rugs, or upholstery. One of the most complicated stains to get rid of is an oil based stain. This can be anything from a crushed crayon to lipstick in the recliner. Our experts can handle all that for you.
Knowing what kinds of stains you're working with will help you learn how to fight them. You can find many different types of cleaners that can clean different kinds of stains best. Having this knowledge before the stain takes place can help you to remove the stain right away. To find out more, find out more about some of our service areas: Lakeside Marblehead, OH Carpet cleaning.
We've been providing Middletown, CT for several years now with high quality carpet cleaning solutions. We now have the knowledge and experience to solve any of your stain removal requirements Contact us today at 888-608-6064.


Photo Transfer App for iPhone, iTouch, iPad & iPad mini Easily transfer photos between iPhone or iPad and your computer as well exchange photos from and to another iPad�... During the initial setup, it will ask you 'if you would like to automatically backup photos and videos that you take on iPad to OneDrive'. Tap 'Ok' button to turn ON automatic upload. If you ignored to turn it ON during the initial setup, then you can turn it ON from 'Settings'. All the photos and videos will be backed up at their original sizes when you are on a Wi-Fi network.
3. Touch Music icon to add music to the video project.You can add more than one songs as background music. Touch the clock icon, you can sync video to music to make video time match music time.... During the initial setup, it will ask you 'if you would like to automatically backup photos and videos that you take on iPad to OneDrive'. Tap 'Ok' button to turn ON automatic upload. If you ignored to turn it ON during the initial setup, then you can turn it ON from 'Settings'. All the photos and videos will be backed up at their original sizes when you are on a Wi-Fi network.
When you can effortlessly convert photos or videos to GIF with a single shortcut on your iPhone or iPad running iOS 12, why create two separate hacks.
Among the options that the iOS camera will let you use are panorama, square, photo, video, and the featured time-lapse. Scroll up through the options to access the time-lapse feature, here on our iPad, it should be the last one at the top.


The Sims: Unleashed is the fifth expansion pack developed for The Sims. Unleashed introduces pets into the game. While dogs and cats are treated as sims, other pets are treated as objects. However, they cannot be controlled directly like human Sims are. Furthermore, Unleashed introduced gardening, allowing sims to grow and nurture plants that could later be harvested and consumed. In Unleashed, the original ten-lot neighborhood that was featured in all previous games is now expanded to over forty and there is now an option to re-zone lots into residential or commercial. In commercial lots, one can build shops of numerous types and restaurants which sims can visit by calling the Old Town trolley to take them there. The theme of the game is considered to be Cajun or Zydeco. One could compare it to New Orleans' French Quarter with voodoo shops and jazz musicians appearing on commercial lots.
What's your user review score for The Sims: Unleashed?
Please login to add your score for The Sims: Unleashed Graphics played on the pc.
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The Sims: Unleashed has been added to Game-Debate but does not currently have the The Sims: Unleashed system requirements.


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News - Railway History
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A rationale for the Peckforton Light Railway
Updated Wednesday, 8 January, 2020 by riksrailway.blogspot.com
In reality, there are two rationales for the Peckforton Light Railway - the real one and the imaginary one. The real rationale explains why I set about building a railway in my garden and the imaginary rationale gives an account for why a narrow gauge railway might have been constructed in the Cheshire countryside at the turn of the 20th century to serve the local community.
The Real RationalePreambleI can't remember how or why I became interested in railways - I just am. My first proper model railway was constructed by me when I was eleven years old using Triang 00 track and rolling stock bought from pocket, birthday and Christmas money. I then progressed to 00n3 narrow gauge, 009 narrow gauge and then back to 00 mainline model railways.
Right from the start, I was fascinated by goods traffic handling. All my model railway layouts had one thing in common - they involved freight handling with varying degrees of sophistication; from simple dice rolling to, ultimately, a semi-randomised computer freight management program determining which wagons were moved and where.
One of my 00 layouts with punched cards and dice for managing freight movements
So, when I eventually moved out into the garden, it was inevitable that there would be a focus on freight traffic and it also provided me with an opportunity to satisfy a long held desire to construct a complete narrow gauge railway system.
The layoutMy overarching rationale for the the layout was the need for:
a continuous run, to allow me to have something running while entertaining guests or doing the gardening or just for those occasions when I wanted to sit in a deck chair and watch at train trundling round;
some sort of end-to-end or out-and-back running, for when I wanted to run it like a real railway;
at least two stations, so I could run passengers trains and marshal freight to go to and from somewhere;
future expansion, so the railway could be extended in phases as finances and time permitted.
My initial design was for a terminus with a return loop and a continuous run with one intermediate station. My thinking was that I could run trains out of the terminus around the main circuit a few times and then, via the return loop back into the station where they would be run round and shunted. The rest of the railway system would be imaginary.
However, I tired of this very quickly. There was very little additional operating potential beyond what I had had in the house with a terminus and fiddle yard.
So, I added another two intermediate stations - one which became Beeston Castle Station .......
...... and another which became Peckforton Station.
This added more operating opportunities as wagons could be transported to and from a wider range of origins and destinations.
However, the limitations of freight handling at the terminus very soon became apparent. The two sidings available simply weren't enough with my rapidly increasing amount of goods rolling stock. I therefore decided to extend the railway down the side of the garden to another (larger) terminus. This also provided me with an opportunity to add quarry/mine sidings with a 'hidden' link to the main terminus thereby enabling empty wagons to be exchanged for loaded ones - a cunning ploy which I had evolved on one of my 00 layouts.
The copper mine sidings with the 'hidden' connection to Beeston Market Station
So, this meets all my criteria with the added bonus that (apart from the storage roads at each end of the line), the whole railway system is visible - nothing is hidden (apart from the link to the mine sidings).
I kept the layout of each station fairly simple. The main terminus has plenty of goods sidings plus an engine shed. It is assumed that carriages are stored on the platform roads overnight. The three intermediate stations each have a passing loop and at least one siding, though these have grown in number over the years. Although not planned, all the original sidings were facing the Down direction of the line, which meant that shunting operations at the intermediate stations were best done as goods trains travelled Up the line. I have since learned that this was common practice on branch lines. Now I have added more sidings facing the Up direction, there is scope for shunting to be conducted in either direction.
New Up facing siding at Bulkeley
Goods trafficSimultaneously with the expansion to the second terminus, I hit upon the idea of setting my railway in a real location. Whilst on a walk along the Sandstone Trail through the Peckforton Hills, it dawned on me that the area would be ideal for a narrow gauge railway, to link the now redundant copper mines with the mainline railway station at Beeston Market. Not only would there be opportunities for mine traffic, the area has a couple of castles, natural springs and pleasant scenery - just the sort of attractions which would appeal to tourists from nearby Chester, Crewe, Liverpool and Manchester. (see The railway gains an identity)
The site of the PLR's Beeston Market Station
I did some research into goods traffic and rolling stock on various narrow gauge railways across the country (see What sorts of rolling stock did narrow gauge railways have?), and arrived at the unsurprising conclusion that the type of stock was dependent on the traffic which was carried and the number of each type of wagon was dependent on the volume of traffic.
I then set about deciding on the sorts of traffic which the line might have been expected to carry and bought, converted or constructed goods rolling stock to meet the projected traffic needs.
A pick-up goods train from the early days of the PLR
As a consequence (see Stock List), the PLR now has 77 items of freight rolling stock. The number of wagons has grown steadily over the years as more sidings, more lineside industries and hence the demand for goods traffic has expanded.
When I first built my railway, I opted for 45mm gauge and off-the-shelf 'G Scale' models as I was in demanding full time employment and so needed something I could get up and running with the minimum of effort and time. At that time, Accucraft had not started production of their UK outline 16mm scale models and so I had to either make do with kits or modify non UK ready-to-run (RTR) models, or construct my own. It was apparent that open wagons were the mainstay of most railway rolling stock rosters and so, after constructing a couple from plasticard, I felt that casting the main components from resin would be a lot more cost- and time-effective (see How I made resin cast open wagons). I created a few closed vans by bashing LGB RTR models and using Garden Railway Specialists (GRS) conversion kits (see How I bashed an LGB closed van and A closed van and open wagon from a GRS combi-kit).
An LGB US style boxcar converted to a UK style closed van
A couple of rakes of LGB tipplers were slowly acquired through eBay and weathered to serve the needs of the copper mine (see How I weathered some LGB skips). Some cattle wagons were scratch built (see How I made a couple of cattle wagons) and some timber wagons adapted from LGB stake wagons (see How I created wagon loads). Further wagons have been added over the years (eg flat wagons and a gunpowder van) until I have now reached the stage where I feel the line is fully equipped to meet the demands of its goods traffic. However, there is room for future expansion as further lineside industries are added (eg a Bone Works or a Brickworks - see Real Rationale below).
LocomotivesOne advantage of of creating a hypothetical railway is that I have carte blanche when it comes to motive power. However, I have decided to set my railway in the early 1930s which restricts the range of locos to those which predate that period. I opted for early 1930s as I wanted an excuse for ex-Southwold locos to be running on my line (the SR closed in 1929). Other locos have been added to the roster as fancy takes me - though I have tried to ensure there is a plausible reason for each to have been acquired by the railway (see Real Rationale below).
Ex Southwold Sharp Stewart loco in PLR livery
As with the rolling stock, when I started out in the garden the range of off the shelf UK based locos was restricted primarily to live steamers and maybe a couple of diesel outline locos - all of which seemed horrendously expensive for my meagre budget. Fortunately, GRS produced a small range of kits which enabled me to get started. However, after building a couple of their kits on LGB 0-4-0 ToyTrain motor blocks I reckoned I could have a go at making a loco from scratch - provided I used another LGB ToyTrain motor block as my success with making my own mechanisms was mediocre.
My first scratchbuilt loco - my interpretation of what a 3' gauge Fowler DM loco might have been like
After constructing a diesel outline loco, I moved on to making a steam outline loco - and then another until I now have eighteen locomotives which are all battery powered and radio controlled, and have been kitbuilt (x7), converted from RTR models (x3), scratchbuilt (x5) or kitbuilt by others (x3). See Loco roster (as of Summer 2015)
PowerInitially, the railway was track-powered using a couple of DC transformer controllers. Despite moving over to a radio controller system, I found trying to run even three locos independently to be quite complicated as the LGB pointwork I was using wasn't self-isolating. This meant, for example, I couldn't have one train crossing another on a passing loop without having to install switched isolated track sections on each loop. So, I bit the bullet and invested in LGB's MultiTrain DCC system (See Digital Developments). This solved the problems of running more than one loco independently on the same tracks but didn't solve the another problem of unreliable and hesitant running associated with trying to draw power through the track.
My DCC set-up as of Summer 2008
While installing power buffers in the locos (see How I installed power buffers in DCC equipped locos) alleviated the problems to a certain extent, I was still less than happy with the limitations of track-powered locos and so I started exploring the potential of battery power and radio control.
The only place I could find room for batteries in one of my smaller locos
I think the fact that I sold my DCC equipment and now have all fifteen locos equipped with battery power and radio control speaks for itself. I have not regretted the move for one second!
OperationBut why go to all this trouble, you might ask? Quite simply because, as indicated above, freight handling and hence shunting are what gives me the greatest satisfaction when running my railway. For me, the locos and stock are the means to an end, and not the end in themselves. Whilst I do derive great satisfaction from watching a train meandering slowly at a scale speed of ten miles per hour through the miniature landscape, I gain even more enjoyment from figuring out the logistics of shunting wagons at each station as the daily pickup goods wends its way Down and Up the line whilst at the same time ensuring that the passenger services run more or less to schedule, interwoven with the passage of regular ore trains to and from the copper mine and, more recently, trains of sand hopper wagons to and from the sand quarry.
Now I have converted all my locos to battery power, I can focus on their slow and realistic movement through the pointwork at each station in the confident knowledge that I have absolute and precise control. I'm not saying that I have eliminated occasional derailments or mistakes when I turn the knob on the handheld controller the wrong way, but I do find that I can while away a good two or three hours of total concentrated effort in running my railway in what I consider to be a reasonably realistic way.
It takes me around two full days to run through one day's operations on the railway. It can take a good couple of hours to set up the railway at the start of a session and an hour to clear everything away at the end. Whereas, it takes only fifteen minutes for a passenger train to travel from one end of the line to the other, including stopping time at each station, I am usually running two, three and sometimes trains at the same time. I am only human and so, rather than trying to run all the trains simultaneously, I end up running them sequentially. Hence, I'll send a passenger train on its way and follow it to the next station, I might then return to the main station and shunt the pickup goods to assemble its train. I'll then turn my attention back to the passenger train and take it on to the next station. I might then focus on the loaded ore train and take it from the copper mine to Bulkeley. Then take the goods train to the first station and do some shunting. The move the passenger on two more stations, before going back to the ore train ........ and so on. In reality, those trains would have been moving simultaneously rather than taking turns. Hence, a hypothetical day's operation can easily stretch out to two real days. This means I have to find a couple of consecutive days of fine weather so I can leave the stock outside overnight to enable me to resume operations the following morning.
InfrastructureOne of the problems of constructing a complete railway system is that there is a lot of infrastructure which has to be built. Landscaping the garden and laying the track is only the first part of the process. Building the infrastructure surrounding the railway is a major undertaking - particularly as in my case most of the buildings have been scratchbuilt, though the majority of station buildings were kitbuilt.
A recent addition to the line - a brewery at Beeston Castle station - made from PVC foamboard
It has taken me just over fifteen years to reach the present state of the railway. I suppose, if I hadn't constructed fifteen locomotives and the majority of the 77 wagons, six coaches and three brake vans, I could have spent that time constructing a few more buildings and lineside structures. However, imagination is an extremely valuable tool in the modeller's kit of equipment. For eleven years, I have imagined there was a sawmill adjacent to the sidings at Peckforton. Similarly, the mill siding was in situ for nine years before an actual water mill building appeared. A plank took the railway over the entrance to the patio for twelve years before a viaduct took shape beneath it. I like running trains and I enjoy shunting wagons, and so the infrastructure has been allowed to evolve over time. I was too busy doing other things.
The plank bridge before.......
..... and after.
Don't get me wrong. I do think the infrastructure contributes to the overall ambience of the railway, but for me it's the last thing on the agenda. A good, non railway enthusiastic, friend of mine said on seeing the railway for the first time in its early stages - "There is a railway in your garden, rather than a garden in your railway." And I suppose that has always been my rationale. I wanted the railway to be integrated into the garden rather than take it over. I don't want to construct another Bekonscot. I like a bit of infrastructure around each station, but the gaps in between are there for the garden to take precedence. For the trains to become lost in the flora and reappear on occasions as the track emerges between bushes and small trees.
The gardenI am not a serious gardener. My mum and dad were. My mum looked after the flowers while my dad concentrated on the vegetables. I picked up a modicum of their expertise, but only in passing. My garden has evolved on Darwinian principles. If a plant is in the right place it will survive and if it doesn't it's clearly not in the right place!
After landscaping the garden to accommodate the railway, I sought inspiration from other people's gardens and one which really took my fancy was planted out primarily with heathers and dwarf conifers. In the early stages, the garden was thus planted out.
Over the past fifteen years I have experimented with all manner of plants placing them wherever there seemed to be a space. My guiding principles have always been to choose plants which I think will not look out of place beside a 1:19 scale model train. As a consequence, I now have:
Lonicera bushes which have been crudely trimmed to look like trees;
Dwarf conifers which have survived from the first phase of planting;
Hebe bushes which resemble miniature trees;
Areas of groundcover, primarily Mind Your Own Business;
Rocks covered in moss - which flourishes naturally in my north facing shady garden;
A few miniature rhododendrons, which look like miniature flowering trees;
A few alpines such as Herb Robert and Saxifrage which are a bit bush-like and have only very small flowers;
Ferns which thrive in the shady corners;
Ivy, which would take over the entire garden if not trimmed back periodically.
As can be seen, I have deliberately focused on non-flowering plants which means that the trains pass through scenery which is primarily green. A few bulbs such as miniature daffodils emerge in the spring but these are relatively short-lived.
The Imaginary RationalePreambleThe Peckforton Light Railway is situated in the Cheshire countryside and runs between Beeston Market station where there is an interchange connection with the main Crewe to Chester Railway, and Bickerton at the foot of the Peckforton Hills.
The line was constructed in 1896 as a three foot gauge Light Railway, principally to carry ore from the copper mines at Bickerton to mainline railway interchange sidings at Beeston and Tarporley Station. Spoil is also carried from the mines and loaded into canal boats at Beeston Castle Wharf on the Shropshire Union Canal.
When the line opened it had three steam locomotives - a Hunslet 0-4-0, a Pecket 0-4-0 and a Barclay 2-4-0. A Fowler diesel mechanical locomotive was acquired in 1926 to handle the increasing traffic from the copper mine when another rich seam was discovered. In 1930, two former Southwold Railway locomotives joined the line following the closure of the Southwold Railway.
Early view of Beeston Castle with Barclay and Fowler locos on duty
When a livestock market was opened at Beeston, the station changed its name to Beeston Market to differentiate it from Beeston Castle Station further down the line. The railway acquired some cattle wagons and increased the number of closed vans in anticipation of an increase in livestock traffic.
Soon after the railway's construction, it was recognised that there was considerable potential for tourism especially when an enterprising local businessman opened a hotel and spa at Bulkeley where natural springs had been providing water for the local populace since Roman times. Excursion trains from Crewe, Chester, Liverpool and Manchester were organised to enable visitors to sample the delights of the countryside, to walk the footpaths in the Peckforton Hills, to visit the ruins of Beeston Castle and to take the waters at the hotel.
Contemporary postcard showing Beeston Lodge, the entrance to Beeston Castle
The line flourished, even through the depression, and thanks to the patronage of Lord Tollemache, resident in Peckforton Castle, it acquired several more locomotives and stock as other narrow gauge railways sadly closed down.
The line was forced to close during the Second World War and rapidly fell into decline, particularly as its once loyal passengers and local tradesmen turned to road transport.
The last train ran in December 1945 and the track was lifted shortly afterwards.
Nature reclaiming the track after closure
The locomotives were scrapped though some of the rolling stock has survived to become sheds, hen houses and outbuildings on local farms and small holdings.
Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/61090099@N04/26102523402
Some of the trackbed is still extant, though most has now been subsumed into farmland. The wooden station buildings very quickly deteriorated and none now survive, though the concrete foundations of Beeston Castle Station form part of the visitor car park for Beeston Castle.
It was once rumoured that a preservation society might be formed to try and re-open a small part of the line but this has not been confirmed/
For more information see - A Short History of the Peckforton Light Railway
This article first appeared on riksrailway.blogspot.com
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HomeEducationEveryone's a winner at Viking Academy Trust Isolation Games
Everyone's a winner at Viking Academy Trust Isolation Games
July 15, 2020 Kathy Bailes Education 0
The Isolation Games
Dedication, enthusiasm, innovation and fun were the winners at this summer's Viking Isolation Games between children at Upton Junior, Ramsgate Arts Primary and Chilton Primary schools.
For the last two years the partner schools in the Viking Academy Trust hosted a week-long competition with children from each school divided into teams.
Determined not to let lockdown and partial return to class halt their games, the schools devised a series of 2020 challenges that lasted the whole of the summer term.
Children were able to enjoy activities at home, with families filming their efforts and submitting to the schools who ran an online blog with pictures and video. Children of key workers in school, and latterly other year groups when they returned from June onwards, also competed in school.
Viking Academy Trust executive head teacher Michaela Lewis said: "It was a fantastic success – and of course the real winner was our brilliant school community.
"So our PE leaders and staff have decided that the 2020 winners are all of the teams that took part – each school will have a trophy with the four team colour ribbons attached to celebrate our togetherness and determination to success during a difficult and unprecedented time for all of us.
"I am extremely proud of how the VAT schools, pupils, staff and families have enthusiastically forged ahead in all aspects of learning, and the summer games exemplifies our positive attitude."
Among the unusual and more traditional challenges were throwing a tea bag into a cup from different distances, running, cycling, star jumps, dribbling using pairs of socks instead of a football; standing up while balancing a toilet roll on their head. Activities also focused on the Olympic Games that were due to be held this summer.
Chilton
Anticipation built during this week as children in class and at home were encouraged to work out whether the red, green, blue or yellow teams had triumphed.
The announcement was made online simultaneously to all schools and to those at home.
The organisers were sports coaches Jenny Horrigan (RAPS), Emma Knight (Chilton) and Callum Noble (Upton). They said: "The expressions of joy and accomplishment shown by the children made us feel very proud we created the Viking Isolation Games.
"We are so proud of the children and they have really put all their enthusiasm into it. It has also been so encouraging to witness the brilliant level of support from the parents and adults, with many joining in with the activities."
Jenny added: "I have been so impressed with how the children at both home and school immersed themselves in the games, sending us videos and images showing how proud and happy they were as they achieved their tasks."
Callum said: "It was good to see that the children enjoyed all the tasks set and that they got involved which shows we did the right thing to continue with the Viking Games this summer. Well done to them all."
Emma said: "I have enjoyed seeing the children at school and really getting involved with the games, and it was fun joining in with them."
The isolation games were a big hit with pupils. Here are some of their comments.
Upton – Jesse liked "everything about the games" and added: "My favourite activity was balancing toilet roll on my head, having to lay down and get back up without it falling off."
Ava said: "My favourite was the equestrian as it was something different and fun. I also liked that we had to work as a team as well as individually."
Heidi thought the games were "fun and sporty." She said: "It meant that I could take part in team sports even though we were apart. I enjoyed the loo roll balancing challenge as it took a while to master, but felt great when I did it.
Jesse and Ava both agreed that "even though we were in isolation it was great to take part in activities as a school – it made us feel like Team Upton was back together."
RAPS – Mia from Year 3 said:- "I really enjoyed the games even though it was different than it usually is. The activities we had to do were fun and new every week."
Sienna, Year 2, added: "I loved doing the different challenges and found it really fun trying new sports that I hadn't done before."
Zuzia, also in Year 2, said: "It was different than usual but the teachers definitely made it fun for us," while Archie from Reception added: "I really enjoyed the weight lifting challenge when I had to lift the water can with water inside – it made me feel strong."
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(Bold mine)
From (April 28, 2015):
http://www.drroyspencer.com/2015/04/version-6-0-of-the-uah-temperature-dataset-released-new-lt-trend-0-11-cdecade/
Version 6 of the UAH MSU/AMSU global satellite temperature dataset is by far the most extensive revision of the procedures and computer code we have ever produced in over 25 years of global temperature monitoring.
The two most significant changes from an end-user perspective are
(1) a decrease in the global-average lower tropospheric (LT) temperature trend from +0.140 C/decade to +0.114 C/decade (Dec.78 through Mar.15); and
(2) the geographic distribution of the LT trends, including higher spatial resolution.
We describe the major changes in processing strategy, including a new method for monthly gridpoint averaging; a new multi-channel (rather than multi-angle) method for computing the lower tropospheric (LT) temperature product; and a new empirical method for diurnal drift correction.
We also show results for the mid-troposphere ("MT", from MSU2/AMSU5), tropopause ("TP", from MSU3/AMSU7), and lower stratosphere ("LS", from MSU4/AMSU9). The 0.026 C/decade reduction in the global LT trend is due to lesser sensitivity of the new LT to land surface skin temperature (est. 0.010 C/decade), with the remainder of the reduction (0.016 C/decade) due to the new diurnal drift adjustment, the more robust method of LT calculation, and other changes in processing procedures.
9), but the drifts and resulting adjustments are very small.
3. Final Comments
This should be considered a "beta" release of Version 6.0, and we await users' comments to see whether there are any obvious remaining problems in the dataset. In any event, we are confident that the new Version 6.0 dataset as it currently stands is more accurate and useful than the Version 5.6 dataset.
The new LT trend of +0.114 C/decade (1979-2014) is 0.026 C/decade lower than the previous trend of +0.140 C/decade, but about 0.010 C/decade of that difference is due to lesser sensitivity of the new LT weighting function to direct surface emission by the land surface, which surface thermometer data suggests is warming more rapidly than the deep troposphere. The remaining 0.016 C/decade difference between the old and new LT product trends is mostly due to the new diurnal drift adjustment procedure and is well within our previously stated range of uncertainty for this product's trend calculation (+/-0.040 C/decade).
We have performed some calculations of the sensitivity of the final product to various assumptions in the processing, and find it to be fairly robust. Most importantly, through sensitivity experiments we find t is difficult to obtain a global LT trend substantially greater than +0.114 C/decade without making assumptions that cannot be easily justified.
The new Version 6 files are located here:
Lower Troposphere: http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/data/msu/v6.0beta/tlt
Mid-Troposphere: http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/data/msu/v6.0beta/tmt
Tropopause: http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/data/msu/v6.0beta/ttp
Lower Stratosphere: http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/data/msu/v6.0beta/tls
My addendum (Sep 10, 2015):
Monthly reports about Global Temperature are available at nsst.uah.edu/climate/2015/july2015/july2015GTR.pdf (change month/year to look at other reports).
From the july2015 report:
"As part of an ongoing joint project between UAHuntsville, NOAA and NASA, Christy and Dr.Roy Spencer, an ESSC principal scientist, use data gathered by advanced microwave sounding units on NOAA and NASA satellites to get accurate temperature readings for almost all regions of the Earth. This includes remote desert, ocean and rain forest areas where reliable climate data are not otherwise available."
"The satellite-based instruments measure the temperature of the atmosphere from the surface up to an altitude of about eight kilometers above sea level. Once the monthly temperature data is collected and processed, it is placed in a "public" computer file for immediate access by atmospheric scientists in the U.S. and abroad."