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The Doctrine of Frustration: Development and Limitations under English Contract Law.
By LLT - July 05, 2021
Pacta sunt servanda is a fundamental and universally accepted concept of contract law. As a matter of principle, each party must adhere to the letter of the agreement. Lord Hope recently expressed the opinion that "the maxim pacta sunt servanda [...] lies at the root of the whole contract law".1 Since effective economic activity is not possible without reliable promises, the importance of the precept is indeed paramount.2
Nonetheless, the principle of sanctity of contract is not considered to be absolute. Practice has demonstrated that strict application of the doctrine might lead to an immensely impractical and wholly outrageous result. Situation existing at the conclusion of an agreement might have subsequently changed so significantly that any reasonable party would not have entered into the contract or would have stipulated for a different one, had it known the future occurrence.3 In response to the need for a feasible solution, the English system has developed the doctrine of frustration, which is an embodiment of the Roman clausula rebus sic stantibus.
It will be argued herein that the doctrine of frustration is, at most, a well-confined exception to the principle of pacta sunt servanda, applied only in a very limited manner. Sanctity of an agreement is still the cornerstone of the modern contract law. First, the theories as to the conceptual basis of the doctrine of frustration will be presented in order to demonstrate the varying degree of interference of that notion with the principle of pacta sunt servanda depending on the justification preferred. Secondly, limits of the doctrine of discharge will be analysed with the aim of showing care with which the courts apply it to the cases before them.
CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF THE DOCTRINE OF FRUSTRATION
It is submitted that should the "implied term" theory be regarded as the foundation of the doctrine of frustration, there would be no conflict between that concept and the principle of pacta sunt servanda. Classic formulation of the idea of sanctity of contract can be found in Paradine v Jane, where it was held that once a contracting party assumed a duty it was bound to fulfil it.4 In Taylor v Caldwell, however, the court employed the term of an implied condition in order to introduce the doctrine of frustration into English law. It was decided therein that an agreement was to be construed "as subject to an implied condition that the parties shall be excused in case, before breach, performance becomes impossible [...] without default of the contractor".5 Lord Loreburn in Tamplin stated that the court would not regard an obligation as absolute if the parties did not intend it to be such.6 Provided they "made their bargain on the footing that a particular state of things should continue to exist, a term to that effect will be implied".7 Therefore, a court adjudging frustration of a contract does nothing more than giving effect to an unexpressed, albeit presumed or, perhaps, imputed, intention of the parties. Whether it is possible or not is a matter beyond the scope of this paper.8 Applying strictly the "implied term" theory, there can thus be no violation of the principle of pacta sunt servanda, as contravention is circumvented by resort to yet another fundamental concept of contract law, namely the autonomy of the parties' will.
Nonetheless, the "implied term" theory as to the basis of the doctrine of frustration appears to have been rejected by some in preference to a different conceptual foundation. Lord Radcliffe opined in Davis Contractors that "it would be simpler to say that frustration occurs whenever the law recognises that a contractual obligation has become incapable of being performed because the circumstances in which performance is called for would render it a thing radically different from that which was undertaken by the contract. Non haec in foedera veni. It was not this that I contracted to do".9 According to Professor Treitel, this statement is to be taken as supporting the so called "construction theory".10 In fact, both Blacburn J. and Lord Loreburn in Taylor v Caldwell11 and Tamplin12, respectively, indicated that the ultimate success of a plea of frustration is dependent upon the interpretation of a contract as a whole. This view was endorsed in a long line of authority.13 Consequently, whether an agreement has been frustrated is to be determined by examination of the spirit of the accord with regard to the common actual intention of the parties. Such an approach to the issue of frustration is at ease with the principle of pacta sunt servanda, since a contract is discharged because this is what the contractors intended in the situation which eventuated.
However, the "construction" theory too seems to have been dismissed by few in favour of an extremely vague notion of "just solution". Some view the doctrine of frustration as "a device by which the rules as to absolute contracts are reconciled with the special exceptions which justice demands".14 Lord Wright famously remarked that the judiciary has indeed invented it in order to supplement any defect of the actual contract.15 His Lordship subsequently added that the court should be guided by what is fair and reasonable when assessing whether an agreement has been frustrated.16 With respect, such an arbitrary application of the doctrine of frustration has the potential to interfere considerably with the principle of sanctity of contract, excusing each party from performance in circumstances which do not warrant discharge of their respective obligations.
Bearing in mind that none of the theories presented above attracted a universal approval, it is difficult to determine whether the doctrine of frustration de facto challenges the validity of the principle of pacta sunt servanda. It is submitted that this depends upon which one of them is preferred, with the first two being relatively noninvasive, if at all, and the third having a potential to be remarkably intruding. Forthcoming analysis should, therefore, focus upon the limits of the doctrine of frustration in order to ascertain the extent to which it is likely to interfere with the sanctity of a contract.
LIMITS OF THE DOCTRINE OF FRUSTRATION
It is submitted that Blackburn J. in Taylor v Caldwell rather unfortunately formulated the doctrine of frustration in a way immensely permissive of expansion.17 Further development could sweep the principle of pacta sunt servanda away from the horizon of contract law. English law has, however, since accepted the occurrence of frustration in cases where a thing required for the performance of contractual obligations was permanently, or even temporarily, requisitioned or unavailable18, or where the impossibility affected only the mode of performance.19 Interestingly, a door was opened for the doctrine of frustration where the supervening event had not rendered performance by either party impossible at all, merely defeating the purpose of the contract. In Krell v Henry, which is said to be the leading case in the string of jurisprudence related to the coronation of King Edward VII, an agreement was frustrated even though performance was not physically or legally impossible and there was no express reference in the contract to the coronation of the king.20 Accordingly, the doctrine of frustration was thereby extended to cover "the cessation or non-existence of an express condition or state of things going to the root of the contract and essential to its performance".21 Such a development of the doctrine of discharge can rightly be criticised for challenging the sanctity of a contract in the fullest sense. It might lead to misapplication of the concept, allowing a party to escape fulfillment of a duty purely because an event subsequent to the conclusion of the contract turned the agreement into a poor bargain.
Nevertheless, the courts were careful to restrict the ambit of the exception to the "very narrow limits".22 In The Nema Bernard Rix, as he then was, appearing as counsel for the charterer, having stated that "frustration runs counter to the maxim pacta sunt servanda", attempted to convince the Court of Appeal that it should be "examined carefully and closely [...] to see that it works fairly and mutually".23 Upon appeal to the House of Lords, Lord Roskill seemed to have appreciated this contention, asserting that the doctrine was "not lightly to be invoked to relieve contracting parties of the normal consequences of imprudent commercial bargains".24 It is now generally accepted that "an increase of expense is not a ground of frustration".25 For instance, performance of the contract of sale by shipping the goods via the Cape of Good Hope was "not commercially or fundamentally different from" shipping them via the Suez Canal, though the cost of such deviation might be substantial.26 Neither can "disappointed expectations lead to frustrated contracts".27 Lord Hailsham L.C. in National Carriers Ltd v Panalpina Ltd described as "untenable" the "proposition that the doctrine was not to be extended".28 Still, his Lordship opposed the idea of allowing an event which temporarily prevented a tenant of a warehouse from putting it to the intended use to frustrate the contract. It is also worth noting that only two of the so called "Suez Canal" cases, which arose out of the crisis of 1956, were concluded by a finding of frustration, both being subsequently overruled.29 Cumulatively, these cases may be taken to stand for the proposition that where a performance was not made impossible, but merely had become more onerous for the party alleging frustration, the court would not allow operation of the doctrine, holding the party to the contractual bargain it had made instead. Moreover, where it is clear from the contract that one party was intended to assume the risk of the alleged frustrating event, the court can imply such a term.30 As shown above, the scope for invoking the doctrine of frustration is very narrow due to the importance attached by the courts to the principle of sanctity of contract.
Furthermore, an express provision in the contract dealing with a certain event might prevent the application of the doctrine of frustration.31 Since the concept is concerned with an occurrence of an unforeseen circumstance, it cannot be applied if the one in question is enshrined into the agreement. As a result, a force majeure clause would preclude the application of the doctrine of frustration provided that the alleged frustrating event was one enlisted under the provision.32 Equally, a price-escalation clause in a contract is likely to discourage the court from concluding that a sudden and rapid increase in price has frustrated the agreement.33 Nonetheless, unequivocal and clear wording must be used in order for such a provision to be effective in excluding the possibility of frustration.34 By upholding an express clause, the court is affording the principle of pacta sunt servanda paramount importance through limiting the ambit of the doctrine of discharge.
In addition, if the court is prima facie satisfied that the parties foresaw the allegedly frustrating event despite there being no express provision related to that occurrence, it might not apply the doctrine of frustration.35 Even if the event was foreseeable, albeit not actually foreseen by the parties, it is might still be held not to have frustrated the contract.36
It was demonstrated in the course of this paper that the doctrine of frustration is, in general, at odds with the principle of pacta sunt servanda. Degree of invasion upon the fundamental concept of contract law is dependent on the conceptual basis adopted as justification for the former idea. Nonetheless, as presented above, the courts have been careful in limiting the outreach of the doctrine of frustration so as to avoid the clash with the cornerstone precept of sanctity of a contract. Therefore, it is submitted that the challenge posed by the doctrine of frustration to the validity of that principle is no more than necessary for achieving a just outcome in a particular case.
1 Lloyds TSB Foundation for Scotland v Lloyds Banking Group plc [2013] UKSC 3, [47].
2 See D Maskow, Hardship and Force Majeure (1992) Am. J. Comp. L. 657, 658.
3 See Schmitthoff CM, Schmitthoff's Export Trade (8 ed. OUP 1986) 146.
4 (1646) Aleyn 26, 27.
5 (1863) 3 B. & S. 826, 839 (Blackburn J.).
6 Tamplin Steamship Co Ltd v Anglo-Mexican Petroleum Products Co Ltd [1916] 2 AC 397, 403-404
8 See, in particular, Denny, Mott & Dickson v James Fraser [1944] AC 265, 275 (Lord Wright).
9 Davis Contractors v Fareham UDC [1956] AC 696, 729.
10 Treitel G, Frustration and Force Majeure (2nd edition, Sweet & Maxwell 2004) 643.
11 See n 5, 833-834.
12 See n 6, 404.
13 See, for instance, Shell UK Ltd v Lostock Garages Ltd [1976] 1 WLR 1187, 1196, Atisa SA v Aztec AG [1983] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 579, 586; FC Shepherd & Co Ltd v Jerrom [1987] QB 301, 322; J Lauritzen A/Z v Wijsmuller BV (The Super Servant Two) [1989] 1 Lloyd's Rep 145, 154; and Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd (The Great Peace) [2002] QB 697, [73].
14 See Hirji Mulji v Ceong Yue SS Co Ltd [1926] AC 497, 510 (Lord Sumner). See also Denny, Mott & Dickson v James Fraser [1944] AC 265.
15 Denny, Mott & Dickson v James Fraser [1944] AC 265, 275.
16 Joseph Constantine Steamship Line Ltd v. Imperial Smelting Corp. Ltd [1942] AC 154, 186.
17 See n 10, 46.
18 See, for instance, Re Shipton, Anderson & Co [1915] 3 KB 676, Bank Line Ltd v Arthur Capel [1919] AC 435, Jackson v Union Marine Insurance Co Ltd (1874) L.R. 10 C.P. 125
19 See, for instance, Nickoll & Knight v Ashton Edridge & Co [1901] 2 KB 126.
20 [1903] 2 KB 740, 748.
22 Tsakiroglou & Co Ltd v Noblee Thorl GmbH [1962] AC 93, 115.
23 Pioneer Shipping v BTP Tioxide (The Nema) [1980] 1 QB 547, 556.
24 Pioneer Shipping v BTP Tioxide (The Nema) [1982] AC 724, 752.
25 See n 22.
28 [1981] AC 675, 689.
29 See Carapanayoti & Co Ltd v ET Green Ltd [1959] 1 QB 131 – overruled in Tsakiroglou & Co Ltd v Noblee Thorl GmbH [1962] AC 93 – and Soc Tunisiene d'Armement v Sidermar SpA (The Massalia) [1961] 2 QB 278 – overruled in Ocean Tramp Tankers Corp v V/O Sovfracht (The Eugenia) [1964] 2 QB 226.
30 Larrinaga & Co Ltd v Societe Franco-Americaine des Phosphates de Medulla Paris (1923) 39 TLR 316.
31 See, for example, Joseph Constantine Steamship Line Ltd v. Imperial Smelting Corp. Ltd [1942] AC 154, Kuwait Supply Co v Oyster Marine Management (The Seafeer) [1994] 1 Lloyd's Rep. 637, and Bangladesh Export Import Co Ltd v Sucden Kerry SA [1995] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 1.
32 See, in particular, Schmitthoff's Export Trade: The Law and Practice of International Trade (10th edition OUP 2000).
33 Wates Ltd v G.L.C. (1983) 25 Build LR 1.
34 See, for instance, Beale HG, Chitty on Contracts. Volume I: General Principles, (30th edition, Sweet & Maxwell 2008), [23-058].
35 See, for instance, Paal Wilson & Co A/S v Partenreederei Hannah Blumenthal [1983] 1 AC 854.
36 See Edwinton Commercial Corp v Tsavliris Russ (Worldwide Salvage & Towage) Ltd (The Sea Angel) [2007] EWCA Civ 547, [127].
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Case Analysis of Royal Brunei Airlines v Tan, an important Equity and Trusts law case on breach of trust and liability for dishonest assistance.
By LLT - March 23, 2021
In Royal Brunei Airlines v Tan 1 , Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead, delivering the advice of the Privy Council, marked a significant shift away from the requirement of knowledge as a necessary ingredient of a claim against a person who assisted in a breach of trust. Instead, a concrete foundation for judicial development of a civil law test based on dishonesty was laid down. Even though the decision was merely of persuasive authority, it was welcomed by both practitioners and academics, as disposing of the "tortuous convolutions" which had thus far characterised the "knowing assistance" jurisprudence. 2 Nonetheless, what appeared to be a straightforward definition of "dishonesty" was unnecessarily tampered with in subsequent case law. This paper seeks to provide an analysis of the judgment with particular emphasis being placed upon the meaning afforded to the crucial concept of dishonesty. In brief, the defendant, Philip Tan, was the managing director of Borneo Leisure Travel (BLT), a tra
Why is the enforcement of the s.33 statutory contract under the Companies Act 2006 so complex?
By London Law Tutor - March 05, 2021
Introduction The birth of a company, though arguably not as precious as that of a child, can be a truly special moment in the eyes of the entrepreneur. Sentiments aside, the formation of a company requires certain formalities that will govern the existence of the company throughout its gifted life – such as the requirement for company articles and a constitution. 1 The constitution of the company is a vital document that regulates the activities, rights, and duties of those involved within the company. 2 Section 33 of the Companies Act 2006 (hereinafter CA 2006) plays a vital part in the constitution's life in that it states that "[t]he provisions of a company's constitution bind the company and its members to the same extent as if there were covenants on the part of the company and of each member to observe those provisions". This essay evaluates how the s.33 works to limit the ambit of the company's constitution. It is con
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The Highlands and Islands Since 1880
Product code: AXXMV
The Highlands and Islands Since 1880 (Paperback)
Ewen A. Cameron
This is a rounded history of Gaelic Scotland from the land wars of the 1880s to the present day. This book analyses the history of Gaelic Scotland since 1880 through a series of thematic chapters. The way in which the land wars of the 1880s drew on the memory of the clearances and established new themes which would themselves be remembered and reinterpreted over the next century is the central feature of the book. The discussion deals with key topics including, emigration, linguistic change, the martial tradition of the Highlands, its religious history and the way in which its environment, economy and society has been shaped by major interventions by the British state. Sometimes these have been short-sighted and with disastrous consequences. At other times they have generated institutions - the crofting system or the 'Hydro Board' - which have been venerated by the people of the highlands. Recent developments, such as land reform and the advent of community ownership of estates and the development of Gaelic-Medium Education are set in their historical contexts over the period since the late 19th century. The experience of Gaelic Scotland is compared and contrasted with that of Ireland and other areas and the Gael is followed around the world to Canada, Australia and other emigrant destinations. The book presents a rounded view of the history of Gaelic Scotland since the late-Victorian period. This is the first overview of the highlands and islands since 1880. Bringing together of economic, cultural, social and political history of Gaelic Scotland. it sets recent debate about community ownership and land reform in historical context. It examines Gaelic-Medium Education in the context of developments since 1882. It re-examines relationship between the British state and the Scottish Highlands.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Associate in Arts in Anthropology for Transfer Degree (AA-T in Anthropology) is a 60 unit program which is designed to provide lower division education to students planning to transfer to a CSU institution in pursuit of a baccalaureate degree in Anthropology. Students who complete this program will be able to apply scientific methodologies, including descriptive, quantitative, or qualitative; and demonstrate a holistic perspective on cultural, environmental, and/or biological systems that addresses cultural values, change, and interactions.
the California State University-General Education-Breadth pattern (CSU GE-Breadth); OR the Intersegmental General Education Transfer Curriculum (IGETC) pattern.
a minimum of 18 semester or 27 quarter units in the major or area of emphasis as determined by the community college district.
Students are not required to complete the information competency requirements, PE requirements or cultural diversity requirements found in other degrees at the College.
CSU transferable elective courses are required when the major units plus transfer GE units total is less than 60.
Apply scientific methodologies, including descriptive, quantitative, or qualitative.
Demonstrate a holistic perspective on cultural, environmental, and/or biological systems that addresses cultural values, change, and interactions.


Many passengers escaped death when two trains collided in Lagos on Wednesday.
Four people were however injured.
It was learnt that the accident was due to the absence of signal operator at the Mushin Station terminus in Lagos.
An eyewitness, who identified herself simply as Bisi, said when one of the trains, which was coming from Ijoko in Ogun State got to the terminus, it stopped for passengers to disembark.
Bisi added that as the Iddo-bound train driver was waiting to be cleared, the train coming from Iddo rammed into it.
It was gathered that the signal operator had gone to defecate and asked his assistant to take over but his assistant forgot, leading to the collision.
A trader near the rail track, Ngozi Nelson, told PUNCH Metro that the accident occurred because the train operators were not properly guided.
She said, "The train from Iddo was coming with high speed unknown to the driver that there was another train on the track.
A tailor in the area, who craved anonymity, said the impact of the accident threw the entire neighbourhood into chaos.
"We thought it was a bomb blast. It was when we got there that we found out it was train collision. Some passengers sustained injuries. But I do not think anybody died," he said.
The man, who looked downcast, said the accident was unfortunate.
"The trains have been removed as you can see. It was not as serious as people exaggerated," he said.
As at 2pm when one of our correspondents was leaving the terminus, officials of the corporation were clearing some of the debris of the accident.
Meanwhile, the management of Nigerian Railway Corporation has confirmed the accident.
The NRC Assistant Director Public Relations, Mr. David Ndakotsu, in a statement on Wednesday, said no one died in the accident.
He said, "The two trains involved in the accident at Mushin Railway Station were mass transit trains, one coming from Iddo to Ijoko and the other from Ijoko to Iddo.
"There were no fatalities. However, three out of the four injured persons were treated at Railway Clinic and have since been discharged.
What an accident, thank God that no life was lost.


On behalf of Steven J. Moore, LLC posted in White Collar Crimes on Wednesday, September 24, 2014.
Adherence to the regulations enforced by the Environmental Protection Agency is an important responsibility for all businesses. But as the number of regulations designed to promote the well-being of the environment has increased, so too have the penalties against those who are found to be in violation of those regulations. More than ever, businesses could find themselves the target of federal investigations conducted by the EPA.
The National Association of Manufacturers commissioned a report, the results of which demonstrate the economic stress these regulations are inflicting on businesses. More than 37,000 regulations have been given finalization by the federal government through the past decade. Particularly hard hit by these regulations are manufacturers.
The economists who analyzed the statistics contained in the NAM report point out that small manufacturers are bearing the heaviest brunt of the regulations. One of the economists also stresses that the report only covers data through 2012. Subsequent to that time, the EPA has created even more regulations.
The situation is such that running afoul of the EPA could happen quite easily. Rapid changes in regulations could leave a business in a precarious situation. Some regulations may require costly upgrades that may take time to implement. A business could be placed under great strain if it is forced to cease or curtail operations while making changes to satisfy new regulations. Further, fines levied against a company can add to this burden, and may even serve to sink the business completely.
If your business is the subject of a warning or you have been issued charges for environmental crimes, you might want to consider forming a legal response. A Louisiana attorney, who handles cases involving environmental crimes, may be able to act on your behalf to resolve your issues.


Papendrecht city is a town in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland, along the River Beneden Merwede. Papendrecht is a typical dike town. The city's perfect location helped the early inhabitants to settle down mainly along the river and benifitted trade and work, such as shipyards, cane cultivation and fishing for food and trade. The city has developed at the end of the nineteen fifties when it evolved into its present form. Due to this development Papendrecht hasn't got a historical centre.
In the past Papendrecht city has been functioning as the link between the important city of Dordrecht and its surroundings. In the old days monks (papen) took passengers across the river the Merwede, Drecht is a place where the river can be crossed. The little statue of Aaichie symbolises the history of Papendrecht, Aaichie is peeling peas, an activity of the poor peasants in the past. Peeling peas made them a little extra money. It gave the Papendrecht people their nickname: pea-peeler.
Tourists can enjoy touring along the pependrecht tourist attraction of dlike and river Merwede, with a beautiful view over Dordrecht, the oldest town in Holland. pependrecht tourist attraction for the visitors is a historical museum, run by a private foundation 'Stichting Dorpsbehoud Papendrecht'.


While retail may not seem the place to pitch politics, sometimes brands recognise their power as a platform for change. In light of the current political uncertainty surrounding Trump's presidency, beauty company, Illamasqua, have taken a stand against what they see to be a threat to their values and identity.
22/02/2017 in Beauty, Brand Perception, Brand Spotlight, Retail Radar.
It was announced this week that the Nokia 3310 – perhaps the definitive mobile of our time, bar the iPhone – is being reissued. While it may seem surprising, it's just the latest brand to capitalise on the nostalgic trend, with a stream of seemingly defunct names and products enjoying resurgence.
17/02/2017 in Advertising, Logos, Retail Radar.
Innovative online grocer, Ocado, is currently testing both a 'robot hand' and a humaoid robot that could see it picking and packing products in its warehouses. We dig deeper….
15/02/2017 in Retail Radar, Robots, Spotlight On Retail, Technology.
Founded by Soap & Glory's creator, beloved by British Vogue and dubbed 'the Netflix of beauty', Beauty Pie – a subscription service that unlocks make-up at factory prices – certainly has all the hallmarks of an innovative, successful brand. But it is too good to be true? Here's our analysis.
10/02/2017 in Beauty, Brand Perception, Retail Radar, Spotlight On Retail.
You are what you eat – or so the saying goes. But how true is this for beauty? In an age of Insta-selfies, Facebook gym check-ins and Veganuary, what you put into your body is just as important as what you put on it.
06/02/2017 in Beauty, Product Predictions, Retail Radar.


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Home » baseball player » Wib Smith Net Worth 2018: What is this baseball player worth?
Wib Smith Net Worth 2018: What is this baseball player worth?
Wib Smith was a pro baseball player who played Catcher. Smith was born on August 30, 1886, in Evart, Michigan. Smith died on November 18, 1959, in Fargo, North Dakota. This page will take a closer look at Wib Smith's net worth.
Wib Smith Career, Earnings
Smith batted Right and threw Right. Smith debuted in the MLB on May 31, Baseball year1909 for the St. Louis Browns. In all, Smith played for the St. Louis Browns. Smith's career ended with the St. Louis Browns in Baseball year
Some of Smith's most prominent statistics in the MLB included a Batting average stat of .190, a Home runs stat of 0, and a Run batted in stat of 2.
Wib Smith Net Worth 2018
Baseball compensation can range widely. In professional baseball, the median pay is approximately $3 million annually. Top MLB players can receive $25 million or more per year, and less successful players make $1 million or less. In the minor leagues, most contracts are worth less than $10,000 a year.
Wib Smith net worth: baseball salary distribution
So what was baseball player Wib Smith's net worth at the time of death? Our estimate for Wib Smith's net worth at death is:
Want to see some related net worth articles? Check out these: Betty McKenna, Matt Murton, Walt Lanfranconi, Gene Bagley, Maurice Archdeacon, Lefty James, Jug Thesenga, Logan Forsythe, Eric DuBose, Rich Gale, and Bo Jackson.


Man Utd fell to a 4-0 aggregate defeat against Barcelona in the Champions League quarter-final at the Nou Camp.
The defeat came as a harsh reality check for Ole Gunnar Solskjaer and his side as the gulf in quality between the two teams was made glaringly apparent to see.
The Scotland international showed his class with two composed performances on the pitch, and he continued to showcase it off the field too.
Twitter user 'mufcaways_' uploaded a screenshot of an exchange with McTominay on social media in which the midfielder thanked supporters for their incredible support.
The 22-year-old had been sent an image from the away end at the Nou Camp along with the message 'from the heavens!'.
McTominay then replied by saying: "Thanks for the support bro. That one hurt big time last night but we've got a big week ahead."
Along with a love heart emoji.


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Q: Show that energy for the wave equation does not increase with time
Define the energy $E(t)$ as
  $$E(t)= \frac{1}{2} \iiint u_t^2 + c^2(u_x^2 + u_y^2 + u_z^2)\,dx\,dy\,dz$$
  where the integral extends over all of space.
  Show that the energy for the wave equation with dissipation
  $$u_{tt} = c^2(u_{xx} +u_{yy} +u_{zz} −u_t)$$
  does not increase with time, assuming that the solution $u$ tends to zero as $x, y,$ and $z$ tend to infinity.
  Is it possible for $E(t)$ to be constant for a solution of this equation?

A: With
$u_{tt} = c^2(u_{xx} + u_{yy} + u_{zz} - u_t) = c^2 (\nabla^2 u - u_t), \tag 1$
and the energy defined as
$E(t) = \dfrac{1}{2} \displaystyle \int_{\Bbb R^3} (u_t^2 + c^2 u_x^2 + c^2 u_y^2 + c^2 u_z^2) \; dV = \int_{\Bbb R^3} (u_t^2 + c^2 \nabla u \cdot \nabla u) \; dV, \tag 2$
we have
$E_t = \dfrac{1}{2} \displaystyle \int_{\Bbb R^3} (2u_t u_{tt} + 2c^2 u_x u_{xt} + 2c^2 u_y u_{yt} + 2c^2 u_z u_{zt}) \; dV$
$= \displaystyle \int_{\Bbb R^3} (u_t u_{tt} + c^2 \nabla u \cdot \nabla u_t) \; dV; \tag 3$
we may substitute (1) into (3)
$E_t = \displaystyle \int_{\Bbb R^3} (c^2 u_t (\nabla^2u - u_t) + c^2 \nabla u \cdot \nabla u_t) \; dV = c^2 \int_{\Bbb R^3}(u_t \nabla^2 u + \nabla u \cdot \nabla u_t - u_t^2) \; dV$
$= \displaystyle c^2 \int_{\Bbb R^3}(u_t \nabla^2 u + \nabla u \cdot \nabla u_t) \; dV - c^2 \int_{\Bbb R^3} u_t^2 \; dV; \tag 4$
examining the first integral on the right-hand side, we recall the identity
$\nabla \cdot (u_t \nabla u) = u_t \nabla^2 u + \nabla u \cdot \nabla u_t; \tag 5$
in light of this, (4) may be written
$E_t = \displaystyle c^2 \int_{\Bbb R^3} \nabla \cdot (u_t \nabla u) \; dV - c^2 \int_{\Bbb R^3} u_t^2 \; dV. \tag 6$
Now let $B(R)$ be the closed ball of radius $R$ centered at the origin in $\Bbb R^3$, and let $S(R) = \partial B(R)$ be it's boundary, a $2$-sphere of radius $R$, also centered at $(0, 0, 0)$.  The divergence theorem yields
$ \displaystyle c^2 \int_{B(R)} \nabla \cdot (u_t \nabla u) \; dV = \int_{S(R)} u_t \nabla u \cdot \vec n \; dS, \tag 7$
where $\vec n$ is the outward normal to, and $dS$ the area element of, $S(R)$; now if
$u_t \nabla u \to 0 \; \text{sufficiently rapidly as} \; R \to \infty, \tag 8$
then we have
$\displaystyle c^2 \int_{\Bbb R^3} \nabla \cdot (u_t \nabla u) \; dV =  \lim_{R \to \infty} \int_{B(R)} \nabla \cdot (u_t \nabla u) \; dV =  \lim_{R \to \infty} \int_{S(R)} u_t \nabla u \cdot \vec n \; dS = 0, \tag 9$
and thus,
$E_t = - c^2 \displaystyle \int_{\Bbb R^3} u_t^2 \; dV \le 0, \tag{10}$
which shows that $E(t)$ does not increase with time under these conditions (9); indeed, as long as $u_t \ne 0$ somewhere, $E(t)$ is a strictly decreasing function of $t$. (I assume here that $u$ and its derivatives are continuous functions of $x, y, z, t$.)  If $E(t)$ is a constant, then according to (10),
$u_t = 0, \tag{11}$
and hence
$u_{tt} = 0; \tag{12}$
(1) thus becomes
$\nabla^2 u = 0, \tag{13}$
and $u$ is a harmonic function which does not depend on $t$ at all.
In closing we note that if $u(x,y, z, t)$ is compactly supported, that is, it vanishes outside of some bounded set, then (9) and hence (10) both apply.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Sam Neil's Oamaru Speech
By: New Zealand Labour Party
Published: Thu 15 Sep 2005 08:22 AM
Sam Neill's speech to a public meeting in Oamaru this evening in support of Otago MP David Parker.
Oamaru Speech
It hasn't always been comfortable, but I have stood up to be counted this election. I want to say that I don't belong to the Labour Party and I certainly don't speak on their behalf.
I speak for myself.
I've been amused by some of the flak I've taken in the past few weeks. It seems that some are of the view that being an actor disqualifies you from having views on politics. And that perhaps only journalists are qualified or brainy enough to pass judgement on serious matters. Well, I may only be a thick actor but I'll tell you this. If nothing else, a few years of showbusiness teaches you how to spot the clowns!
Actually, I've been surprised at some of the unpleasant ways this campaign has been fought. National's campaign I have to say takes the biscuit – the iwi/kiwi poster is utterly disgraceful.Now I see one that characterizes Helen Clark and Don Brash as more personal attacks versus less personal tax. The hypocrisy is breathtaking.
But I don't want to attack Dr Brash. He is after all a man of impeccable manners.
I have to tell you I've met Helen Clark a few times, and I like her a lot. She is warm, lively and amusing and one of the striking things about her is that she has impeccable manners.
But I am not voting for Helen Clark because of her good manners – I am voting for the calibre of her leadership – she is easily the best leader in this contest.
I think Labour has been very kind to Dr Brash in this. He was after all a top bureaucrat. That is to be respected. But he has never been elected to anything except by his own party. He now wants to lead this country. So we should at the very least inspect him closely. He may have our future in his hands, and he certainly wants to.
But first I want to talk about our Government. I'm not going to pretend there is such a thing as a perfect government. No government can be all things to all men, and certainly there have been things about this government that have irritated me, and I have said as much.
But I think it's fair to say that this is by and large a fair minded and sensible government. And that the country now is in pretty good shape. Good shape; economically and socially. Crime is down, and unemployment at a record low. And I credit Helen Clark's government for that.
I think the alternative is pretty stark.
I want to talk about tax cuts, a big issue in this election.
Look – all of us would like to pay less tax. Of course! And let's not forget that Labour has promised just that, but cuts that can be sustained by Michael Cullen's carefully maintained surplus. National (and ACT) on the other hand are offering us huge tax cuts. "Don't let them take your money", they say. But at what cost? At what cost to you, to your family, to your country?
Perhaps we should look at somewhere else where they recently used the time-old bribe of tax cuts, and see how it worked. In 2000 George Bush, under the reasonable sounding "compassionate conservatism" offered huge tax cuts. And he delivered.
Take a look at America now. The rich are certainly richer, but the economy is in the tank, a healthy surplus has been converted into a massive deficit, and the US is a place that cannot even afford the basics. Like maintaining levees in low lying Louisiana. Might I suggest that tax cuts led indirectly to the flooding of New Orleans?
How will National pay for these tax cuts? In the same way that Bush has – by running down social services, and by borrowing – putting the country into massive debt. Inevitably health will suffer, education will suffer.
Dr Brash is a banker, so he undoubtedly loves the idea of mortgaging the country. I hate it.
Who will be asked to repay the mortgage? Probably not you and I. More likely our children – the taxpayers of the future. To me it is immoral and plain wrong to ask our children to pay for our tax cuts [to ask our children to pay for putting Dr Brash into power].
I want to talk about Foreign Policy. Amazingly this has become a secondary issue in this election. To me it is the most crucial.
The greatest achievement of this government is that they kept us out of the war in Iraq. Let's make no mistake about this – this war is a bloody mess, and a terrible blunder, with disastrous consequences for the future.
Helen Clark had the foresight, the common sense and the guts to say no, and to stay out of it. Don Brash would have gone there. This alone should disqualify him from ever leading this country.
It would be a mistake to see Dr Brash as some kind of harmless, well mannered twit. He is not a harmless twit. Although his manners are impeccable.
We know that Dr Brash despises our nuclear free policy. We know that he and Lockwood Smith would like to see us align our foreign policy to that of the Pentagon, in the vain hope that that might lead to some kind of free trade deal.
Frankly, I think they are deluded.
Helen Clark's government (and David Lange's twenty years ago) have shown us that independence in thought and action is what keeps us secure, respected in the eyes of the world, and makes us friends rather than enemies.
Our old friends in America and Australian and Britain by contrast, are up to their necks in trouble at the moment. National's mentor, John Howard, has Australia mired in Iraq with no idea how to get out. He has utterly compromised Australia's security and independence, and history will judge him harshly.
Dr Brash would do the same for us. He is not a harmless twit.
Dr Brash has transformed the National Party. A great achievement some would say.
Yes, it is transformed. And it is no longer I fear the party I remember. The party of decent, moderate men – the party of Jack Marshall, Brian Talboys, Duncan McIntyre, Philip Burdon, Doug Graham,or even Bill English.
The National Party is now nothing more than ACT in a different dress.
"Know a man by the company he keeps", or as they say in Greece, "show me his friends and I will show you the man". We have learnt in the last few weeks who Brash's political mates are:
the hard right
the intolerant religious right
and the same people who flogged our national assets in the 80s and 90s and robbed this country blind
I want to talk about Maori. The National Party has made a lot of traction since Brash's Orewa speech. The tenor of Orewa was, as I read it, that there is a kind of Maori 'problem', that Maori are somehow unfairly advantaged in this country.
Let me be clear about this, when we talk about Maori, I don't see a 'problem'. We're talking about my family, my friends, my community, my country.
There are many things that give me great pride in New Zealand. Here are some of them;
our great New Zealand artists like Colin McCahon (from Otago), Ralph Hotere (from Mitimi – now Otago), or Janet Frame (from Otago, none other than Oamaru!)
the All Blacks (personally, I think the new haka led by the amazing Tana Umaga at Carisbrook was one of the defining moments of modern New Zealand history).
the landscape of Otago, of our electorate
our nuclear free policy
And there is something else that gives me pride in New Zealand – the Waitangi process.
Over the years I've spent a lot of time in Australia. It's a great country with wonderful, generous people. But the uncomfortable truth is that race relations in Australia are a disgrace. While White Australia prospers, black Australia, unseen, lives in fourth world squalor. Their government refuses to acknowledge this, or a past that includes wholesale theft of land and even massacres of their native people. They refuse to even say sorry.
We do things differently here. And we should take pride in that. The uncomfortable truth is, and even a cursory reading of history will tell you this, that bad things happened here too. It's a fact that Maori were cheated and forced off their land time and time again.
But in New Zealand we have the honesty and guts to own up to that, and the Waitangi Tribunal is an honest attempt to make some reparation and to work towards reconciliation.
Yes, of course the Waitangi process should, and will, come to an end. But it should only finish when justice has been done. It is a gross distortion to characterise Waitangi compensation as kind of pigs-back rort. The plain fact is that the total money that has been distributed is roughly equivalent to a couple of years Telecom profit!
In the wider scheme of things, that's five-eights of not very much.
Yes, we are one people, but we are also many. And I for one sleep better at night knowing that I live in a country that acknowledges its past, and in doing so allows us to walk together into a brighter and clear future.
As for Maori seats – the National Party would abolish them. Our forebears also did many wise things. And Maori seats were introduced to ensure there would always be at least some Maori representation in Parliament. It seemed only fair. National want to abandon this fair principle and in doing so, I believe, wish to marginalise Maori even further. Well, I say no to that.
Finally, I want to talk about David Parker, our MP.
David has impressed me as an intelligent and conscientious advocate for Otago, with a comprehensive knowledge of the issues that most closely affect us in this part of the country.
We had a "meet the candidates" debate in Queenstown a couple of weeks ago, Some of you will be aware that what worries us up in the hills is that over-development threatens to overwhelm and wreck one of New Zealand's, indeed the world's, most beautiful areas. I have to tell you that the National candidate caused some consternation when quizzed about our concerns. As best as we could understand, her answer to Queenstown's problems seemed to consist in part, to make more land available to developers and the consent process even easier. I am not convinced she has a thorough grip on the realities of Otago.
That is why I am endorsing David Parker, a decent man who listens and who has our best interests at heart.
And the interests of the nation. Helen Clark calls him "quality". He deserves our vote.
And in this most crucial of elections I believe Labour deserves our vote.
And I believe Helen Clark deserves our vote. She is a clear sighted and independent world leader; a calm voice for moderation in a world increasingly given to extremes, and a leader with a clear vision of a fair and united New Zealand.
National's vision such as it is, is I believe narrow and somewhat mean-spirited and is dedicated to the laughable proposition that if the rich get richer it is somehow good for all of us. It is a vision above all guided by self interest and after "Orewa" carries the slight but unmistakable whiff of something darker altogether.
Labour's vision is entirely different and is dedicated to the idea that all of us: Maori, Pakeha, Pacific Islander, or Asian; immigrant or indigenous; young or old; are entitled to a fair deal. They believe that investment in health and education are key to a fair and prosperous future. And that an independent foreign policy is key to a safe and secure future. And they understand that a sensible moderate consensus driven government is key to a peaceful and prosperous country.
Ladies and gentlemen – the Labour candidate for Otago – our MP, David Parker.


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When it comes to arcade games for mobile devices, the key factor in any such title is the level of fun they offer. Run Or Hunt is a new mobile release on Google Play and it provides loads of fun to anyone who tries it. In the game, the players are tasked with taking on the role of a soldier that has to take on waves of alien enemies.
The gameplay of Run Or Hunt is not just fun, but borderline addictive because it offers a range of features and exciting elements. All of them do a lot to make the game unique and always changing in the eyes of the players. That is why players will be able to overcome numerous levels using many game modes, employ both aliens and pets as their allies, avoid traps, and collect a range of items. These include alien keys, guns, coins, and much more. All of this is set in a very colorful and well-designed world of action and science fiction.
Finally, the game offers the possibility of reaching the Reborn state. Here, the players will be able to fight even more deadly enemies and climb the ranking board that shows the results from players across the world. To do this, they will be able to unlock different soldiers, all with their special abilities.
Run Or Hunt is a fantastic mobile game that provides a lot of content for all players of arcade and action titles. If you're one of them, check out the same title on its Facebook Fan page and get the game on Google Play for free and enjoy it today!


I belong to the Kayastha caste and am looking for a match from the same community. I reside in the beautiful city of Kolkata. To describe about my family, we are a nuclear family with strong traditional values. I'm successfully employed as a Executive in a private firm.
I am working as a Executive in the Private sector. I have completed my B.A.. I grew up in a Middle Class class, Nuclear family with Traditional values.
My name is Swatik Dutta and I am working as a Executive in the Private sector. I have completed my B.Sc.. I grew up in a Upper Middle Class class, Joint family with Traditional values.
My son has a Bachelor's degree and he is employed in Private Sector as an Executive currently based in Delhi. We come from a Middle class, Joint family background with Moderate values.


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We ARE – Manifestations of one consciousness R...
Think, Act, Create
I forgive myself for living with fears
The book: Us Awakening…
The First Messages
#ExpansiveEnergy
Meir Schneider http://www.self-healing.org/
Peter Russel: www.uazone.org/naph/PRussell.html
Michio Kaku: http://mkaku.org/
"Big Mind Big Heart" Mediation: www.genpo.org
Bruce Lipton: www.brucelipton.com
Masaru Emoto: https://www.hado.net
Mirificent Books: http://www.mirificent.com (All below on this page.)
"Big Mind Big Heart" Meditation, from GENPO ROSHI
Originally recommended by Alan Davidson, I discovered this powerful meditation to regain control of our life. Genpo Roshi, a certified Zen master, introduces an ancient Eastern meditation method, adapted to the Western civilization, to allow us to identify the numerous voices in our mind, and to simply get them under control and discover our "Big Mind" and "Big Heart".
You can participate in a live seminar or simply watch Genpo Roshi's sessions on DVD from your own home.
From Genpo Roshi's website , here is his brief bio:
Is it any surprise that a modern Zen Master would find a way for modern people to experience Zen?
Genpo Roshi is a man who has accomplished over 35 years of Zen meditation practice, a man who's a certified Zen Master. He's also been a champion athlete, and is a devoted husband and father, a successful businessperson, and the respected author of five books. He is the creator of the Big Mind•BIg Heart practice, and is the Founder and Abbot of Kanzeon Zen Center and Kanzeon Sangha International. His whole adult life has been dedicated to raising consciousness
Mirificent Illustrated Books
My friend Yossi introduced me to a group of Canadian artists who put a series of illustrated books together, depicting our common awakening process through life. These beautiful, poetic and truth carrying books touch children and adults alike. Here is an introduction of themselves by the Mirificent team:
The inspiration of these works of Love is the transformation of Being. With the understanding that through the greatest challenges comes the most sublime victories, we explore what it means to become free of our fears by embracing the wisdom of our own living experience through these *mirificent illustrated stories. They exist to create a bridge, and to offer a life-line, between the two halves of our separated selves, guided by imagination, with wholeness, clarity, and freedom as our intent. *mirificent means to cause wonder. Illustrated is used in every sense of the word (i.e : to explain, serve as an example, make something clear, illuminate, shed light upon, with pictures).
Mirificent Rabbit invites the reader on a journey through challenge to the birth of courage, and a new, wondrous perspective of themselves. This is where loving success is achieved by becoming aware of the very real power we each possess to choose our own path. Whether dreaming in our sleep, or sleeping in our dream, this tale of self remembrance, and life beyond fear, is everyone's. The Chicken of Freedom, who pulls no punches to get out of its shell, takes the reader on a kaleidoscopic trip towards truth through the fear that keeps us locked away afraid of our own potential; all the while aiming to 'break free' of self-imposed limitations to soar towards the fulfillment of personal freedom.
Check out the Mirificent Website: http://www.mirificent.com/
Support the Mirificent team with their message of hope for humanity. Buy the beautiful printed books, they will attract every one's curiosity.
Question: What Are the Elements in the Human Body?
Answer: Most of the human body is made up of water, H2O, with cells consisting of 65-90% water by weight. Therefore, it isn't surprising that most of a human body's mass is oxygen. Carbon, the basic unit for organic molecules, comes in second. 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of just six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.
1. Oxygen (65%)
2. Carbon (18%)
3. Hydrogen (10%)
4. Nitrogen (3%)
5. Calcium (1.5%)
6. Phosphorus (1.0%)
7. Potassium (0.35%)
8. Sulfur (0.25%)
9. Sodium (0.15%)
10. Magnesium (0.05%)
11. Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine, Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron (0.70%)
12. Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon, Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine (trace amounts)
Dr Meir Schneider
School for Self Healing
At the 2005 Conference on Science and Consciousness, I met Dr Shneider, and participated in a one-hour session of how to heal our vision through simple physical exercises. The lesson is in patience, our body uses time to adapt.
Dr Schneider is happy, he is funny, and he knows what he is talking about as he talks from experience. Try to turn one by one each of your toes, clock wise and counter clockwise, just by themselves… ha-ha! Well, Dr Schneider did it in front of my eyes, and it is in part by his self-discipline and body training that he has regained vision from legal blindness.
For example, check this page for simple exercises that help with our daily muscle straining. http://self-healing.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=87
Here is his short bio from his website: http://www.self-healing.org/
"Meir Schneider was born with cataracts and other serious vision problems. After five unsuccessful surgeries on the lenses of his eyes, which left them shattered and filled with scar tissue, doctors pronounced his condition hopeless and he was certified legally blind. The boy performed his reading and schoolwork in Braille.
At age 17, Meir learned the Bates Method of eye exercises. He practiced them with a diligence that probably no one had ever applied to them before, up to 13 hours a day, undeterred by the skepticism of family and friends. To this he added his own regimen of self-massage and movement. Within six months, he could recognize visual objects for the first time; within 18 months, he could read print without glasses. His vision continued to improve, and today is 20/80. He holds a current unrestricted California driver's license."
Mathematician, Theoretical Physicist, UK recognized specialist on the psychology of meditation.
For those curious and already aware, I invite you to click here for more information (http://www.uazone.org/naph/PRussell.html ) on Peter including a website with Abstracts from his writings in plain English.
Here is his bio from the same website:
Peter Russell, M.A., D.C.S., F.S.P.
Peter Russell studied mathematics and theoretical physics at the University of Cambridge (UK) – supervised for a while by Stephen Hawking. Then, as he became increasingly fascinated by the mysteries of the human mind he switched to experimental psychology, gaining a first class degree in the subject. Pursuing this interest, he traveled to India to study meditation and eastern philosophy, and on his return to the UK took up the first research post ever offered in Britain on the psychology of meditation.
He also has a post-graduate degree from the University of Cambridge in computer science, and conducted there some of the early work on 3-dimensional displays, presaging by some twenty years the advent of virtual reality.
In the mid-seventies he joined forces with Tony Buzan and helped teach "Mind Maps" and learning methods to a variety of international organizations and educational institutions. Since then his corporate programs have focused increasingly on self-development, creativity, stress management, mind sets and environmental strategies. Clients have included IBM, Apple, Digital, American Express, Barclays Bank, Swedish Telecom, ICI, Shell Oil and British Petroleum.
His principal interest is the deeper, spiritual significance of the times we are passing through. He has written several books in this area — The TM Technique, The Upanishads, The Brain Book, The Awakening Earth (published in the USA as The Global Brain), Passing Thoughts, The Creative Manager, The White Hole in Time, and The Global Brain Awakens
As one of the more revolutionary futurists Peter Russell has been a keynote speaker at many international conferences, in Europe, Japan and the USA. His multi-image shows and videos, The Global Brain and The White Hole in Time have won praise and prizes from around the world. In 1993 the environmental magazine Buzzworm voted Peter Russell "Eco-Philosopher Extraordinaire" of the year.
Current projects include a new book "Reality: A Grand Illusion?" that he is writing on-line.
https://www.brucelipton.com
When I talked to Bruce eye to eye face to face, I felt a surge in energy. Bruce speaks non stop, and I don't know if he even stops to take a breath. Bruce's scientific knowledge, perspective on life and clarity of communication allows him to pass a positive message, that inspires.
Here is Bruce Lipton, as he introduces himself on his own website:
"We all somehow "know" that the mind/body connection is key to real health. Are you tired of trying to find the words that describe how the mind and body are related, and why their relationships are important for proper health?
A renaissance in Cell Biology now provides the cutting edge science – real science – to prove how holistic health therapies work! Research scientist Bruce Lipton, Ph.D., introduces a long-awaited paradigm shift in the biomedical sciences. The new science will inspire your spirit, engage your mind and challenge your creativity as you comprehend the enormous real potential for applying this information in your life and in your profession."
I recommend to read the Biology of Belief, the book, so you can read at your own pace. If you have enough energy to stay focused and follow Bruce through his fast paced clear and simple scientific demonstrations, then watch the videos. I say this as a compliment to Bruce.
CLICK HERE for: Biology of Belief, Unleashing the Power of Consciousness, Matter and Miracles.
CLICK HERE for: Spontaneous Evolution: Our Positive Future (And a Way to Get There from Here)
CLICK HERE for: The Honeymoon Effect: The Science of Creating Heaven on Earth
Bruce is also partnered with Rob Williams, MA, the originator of PSYCH-K™.
To demonstrate the effect of thoughts on cells, look at the example from "The Hidden Messages in Water". Mr Emoto was a keynote speaker at the 7th International Conference on Science and Consciousness in Sante Fe, NM, USA, April 2005.
Extract from the inside cover Masaru Emoto's other book: "The True Power of Water, HEALING AND DISCOVERING OURSELVES":
"Masaru Emoto is an internationally renowned Japanese researcher who has gained worldwide acclaim. Emoto is a graduate of the Yokohama Municipal University's department of humanities and sciences focus on International Relations, and he received certification as a Doctor of Alternative Medecine from the Open International University.
Emoto's research has visually captured the structure of water at the moment of freezing, and through high-speed photography he has shown the direct consequences of destructive thoughts and the thoughts of love and appreciaction on the formation of water crystals. The revelation that our thoughts can influence water has profound implications for our health and the well-being of the planet.
Masaru Emoto has written many books, including "New York times" best sellting "The Hidden Messages in Water," and his book have been published in twenty-four languages"
Images speak for themselves.
Crystal of water that have been exposed to the words "Thank you"
Crystallized water exposed to traditional Japanese folk music
Crystallized water from untreated distilled water
I would get Mr Emoto's books even if it was just for the water crystal pictures, it can be a beautiful original gift.


Great educators have great stories. This series gives a glimpse of the ideas, practices, and experiences of the recipients of the NEA Foundation's California Casualty Awards for Teaching Excellence. Today, we're sharing the words of Anthony Pitts, a language arts educator at Ridgeland-Hardeeville High School in Ridgeland, S.C..
Advocacy for my profession and for public education extends well beyond the school and classroom. I am heavily involved in my communities with organizations like Big Brother, Big Sister; Habitat for Humanity; 100 Black Men of Savannah/Charlotte; Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc.; and a host of local governing boards.
In these capacities, I bring the platforms of education to the forefront in illustrating how policies and practices in education directly affect each and every aspect of our society. In most cases, I am given the "bully pulpit" to address key issues in the face of those who may seek to adversely alter public education.
I welcome these challenges and hardlined discussions because these are the opportunities to engage in the fight to protect public schooling for all.


Spartan Race was brought to China in 2016. This sport's property focusing on participation, team spirit and family has become a naturally appealing event for middle and high-end individuals, groups and families.
It felt like a basketball festival in China with FIBA and the NBA both coming to China with the CBA joining their celebrations later announcing more news about the 2018-2019 season.
We had a chance to sit down with Mr. Idriss Akki at the summit to listen to his views about African football and football sponsorship, to learn from his rich experience and successful career and to talk more about football and football sponsorship on the African continent.
Schalke 04 have been coming to China every summer for three consecutive years. Last month we interviewed them when they were here visiting Kunshan, Beijing and Langfang.


The use of computers in graphic design, page layout, social media, and computer art makes computer technology very important in today's world. It is important that students learn how to use the computer as a tool. All sophomores will take Intro to Graphic Design. Students may select an additional computer course during their junior and/or senior year as an elective.
Intro to Graphic Design will introduce students to many aspects of design and its various applications on the computer. The Adobe suite of software will be introduced to students. This includes Photoshop, Fireworks, Dreamweaver, Illustrator and InDesign. Students will also be exposed to Apple software such as Pages, Numbers and Keynote. In this full year course students will create many print projects (posters, graphic advertisements, magazine covers) and also work with many online applications (fully functional hosted websites, flash animations). This class is a required course for graduation and is taken during the sophomore year.
Students will explore the world of graphic arts as it relates to advertising and marketing in the real world. All aspects of Photoshop and scanning will be covered. Photographic retouching, collage creations, mock publications and advertisements will also be covered in Photoshop.
Students will explore advanced Photoshop features working with layers, adjustment layers, masking, texturizing and more. Fully interactive websites will be created. Students will use Adobe Dreamweaver to create attractive web pages and organize them into professional quality. All work will be posted to the internet.
The world of web animation will be explored through the use of Adobe Flash. Students will create original animations which will be posted on our website. Students will use Adobe InDesign to create advanced print projects including booklets, calendars and novelty print items.Students will also experiment and explore movie making utilizing iMovie and HD video cameras found in our lab. Students must have completed the Intro course in order to take AGD.
The Notre Dame Yearbook is created in-house during the school year in this class. Yearbook is an elective class available to juniors and seniors. Students will learn Adobe InDesign and utilize the iMac lab for the creation of the yearbook. They will be expected to master Herff-Jones (our yearbook company) software. Students will write copy, take photographs, create an overall graphic look, and layout the entire yearbook.
Notre Dame Catholic High School is committed to providing an up-to-date technological education. In completing this goal, we have four computer areas available for student use. All classrooms have computers connected to our network and the Internet. The number of computers in our school has grown to exceed 200. All computers are connected to a Novell Netware network using four servers. ND has three classroom labs, 1 of them with 30 computers running in a Microsoft Windows XP environment, and two labs equipped with Apple iMacs. Each computer is linked to our school Local Area Network, which allows each computer to access common files off the school servers. All computers have direct Internet access and e-mail connections. All computers are connected to networked printers. Students have access to Hewlett Packard and Dell LaserJet printers, available in both color and black & white, in each lab. Scanners are readily available for student use in both the computer labs and the library. Regular classes can be held in the computer labs for special instruction such as S.A.T. prep courses, mathematics programs, student presentations and Internet research use in all disciplines.
A fourth computer area is open during the entire school day for student use. The 40 computers in the library have the same software as each of the classroom labs, allowing students to continue working on their projects when not in class. Students may use the Internet in the Library for research and personal use. Parents can feel safe because we use Surf Control as an Internet filter to watch all connections and sites used on the Internet. Our school has an "Acceptable Use Policy" for the use of our computers and network. Novell BorderManager provides a secure firewall preventing outside hackers from accessing our network. Our proxy cache accelerates users' access to information on the net. Notre Dame has SMART Boards available for teacher and student use permanently mounted in all classrooms. A SMART Board is an interactive whiteboard that is connected to a computer and a data projector. The interactive electronic whiteboard is great colorful tool for demonstrations.


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Leid Stories—After Five Flint Officials Charged in Toxic-Water Scandal, City Braces for A Flood of Civil Lawsuits; The Philando Castile: Killer Cop Goes Free—06.19.17
Barely a week after five Flint, Mich., officials criminally were charged with involuntary manslaughter for knowingly allowing toxic, lead-laced water to be distributed throughout the city's water system, Leid Stories has learned that the city is soon to be bombarded with individual and class-action lawsuits seeking compensation for those harmed by the city's negligence.
Curt Guyette, an investigative reporter with the American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan, broke the story of the Flint toxic-water scandal and has been updating Leid Stories ever since. He files his latest report.
On Friday (June 16), when Officer Jeronimo Yanez was acquitted of all charges in the shooting death of Philando Castile, 32, during a traffic stop in Falcon Heights, Minn., just outside St. Paul, he was fired.
But that is of no consolation to Castile's family and the larger community, who question the integrity of the trial and want a Department of Justice review.
Leis Stories listeners react to the verdict.


For some people, their lawn is a source of pride, and for others, caring for their lawn is a chore. Yet for an increasing number of people, turf care is a cause of ecological anxiety. In Lawn People, author Paul Robbins, asks, "How did the needs of the grass come to be my own?" In his goal to get a clearer picture of why people and grasses do what they do, Robbins interviews homeowners about their lawns, and uses national surveys, analysis from aerial photographs, and economic data to determine what people really feel about-and how they treat-their lawns.
Lawn People places the lawn in its ecological, economic, and social context. Robbins considers the attention we pay our turfgrass-the chemicals we use to grow lawns, the hazards of turf care to our urban ecology, and its potential impact on water quality and household health. He also shows how the ecology of cities creates certain kinds of citizens, deftly contrasting man's control of the lawn with the lawn's control of man.
Lawn People provides an intriguing examination of nature's influence on landscape management and on the ecosystem.
Paul Robbins is Associate Professor in the Department of Geography and Regional Development at the University of Arizona. He is the author of Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction.


Uncle Howard tells the story of Howard Brookner, a potent filmmaker lost to AIDS in New York in 1989, leaving his nephew Aaron inspired to make films and investigate the mystery of his uncle's past. We follow the documentary unfold as Aaron discovers an astounding amount of never-see-before footage unveiling the New York his uncle left behind and the artists he was surrounded by including Madonna, Jim Jarmusch, William Burroughs and Andy Warhol to name a few.
Premiering at Sundance Film Festival and the Berlinale in 2016, the film has received high praise from Vice, the New York Times, the Guardian, Variety, British Council and many more.
The soundtrack displays an equally rich and impressive roster of artists, ranging from musicians part of the NY 80s scene, to revisited songs from Howard's films, and contemporary indie artists, notably from Barry Hogan's ATP Recordings, who gladly supported the project. These included The Pretenders, Duke Ellington, NEU!, Mogwai, Younghusband, Nils Frahm, Vision Fortune, Rowland Howard amongst many others.
Uncle Howard was nominated for Best Film Soundtrack at the 2016 Music Week Sync Awards, Best 10 Documentaries of 2016 (Hollywood Reporter), and 10 Best LGBT Films of 2016 by QueerGuru.


The Commission of Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration has order a KZN-based textile company to a R17 million fine for non-compliance with the provisions of the National Textile Bargaining Council's wage provisions. This is one of, if not the highest fine imposed on a non-compliant employer.
The order was made in an arbitration award issued by CCMA Commissioner Mr Jabulani Ngwane, following an arbitration hearing held on 10 June 2008, at the Durban offices of the CCMA. The arbitration award was released on 15 July 2008.
In the arbitration award, Commissioner Ngwane finds the company (Tai Yuen Textiles (Pty) Ltd guilty of a wage underpayment of 393 employees from 12 February 2007 to 27 April 2008, amounting to R11.5 million. In addition, the Commissioner finds that the company has unlawfully failed to pay provident fund contributions and order it to pay back almost a R1 million in unpaid employer provident fund contributions. The company was also ordered to pay the workers just over R1 million in unpaid annual bonuses, to pay arrear bargaining council levies of R49 000, the union's HIV/Aids levy of just over R2 000.
The company was ordered to pay more than R5 million in interest for all the under- and non-payments (R2.9 million interest at 25% as defined in the Act for the wage underpayments and R2.3 million for the non-payment of the provident fund and other payments).
The Southern African Clothing & Textile Workers Union (SACTWU) has taken note of this important arbitration award and will engage the company on this matter, if need be.
SACTWU also calls for continued strong action against non-complaint employers whi flout our country's laws by not granting workers the rights and benefits which accrue fromcollective agreements legitimately negotiated under and in terms of the provisions of the Labour Relations Act.
If comment is required from SACTWU, kindly contact our National Organising Secretary, Mr Wayne van der Rheede on cell number 082 8007143 or office: 021 4474570.


The debut episode of WWE NXT UK aired tonight on the WWE Network, with the first episode coming from the Cambridge Corn Exchange.
The main event of that episode saw the Bruiserweight, Pete Dunne face off against the Scottish Supernova, Noam Dar for the United Kingdom Championship. Noam won a Number One Contender's spot for the championship way back at the United Kingdom Championship Tournament at the Royal Albert Hall in London when he made his unannounced return in a fatal-4-way against Flash Morgan Webster, Travis Banks and Mark Andrews.
The two competitors made their entrances after an introduction from NXT UK General Manager, Johnny Saint. They got announced NXT-style with the arena being black with a spotlight and they got ready to fight.
After a hellacious battle between the two, Pete Dunne finally hit the Bitter End and pinned Noam for the 1-2-3. After the match, the two shared a mutual respect not by shaking hands but raising their pinkies giving off the "Pinky Party" sign.
You can view the match here on the WWE Network.


Festus Keyamo, spokesman of the Muhammadu Buhari Campaign Organisation, says anyone who promises to restructure the country between six to 12 months is telling "the biggest lie".
Abubakar Atiku, presidential candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), had said he would restructure in six months if elected president.
Both Buhari and Abubakar recently unveiled their proposals for the next four years if either wins the presidential election in 2019.
Referring to Abubakar's claim, Keyamo said Buhari will not engage in deceit by promising what cannot be achieved.
He said the time span given by Abubakar cannot work with the constitutional provisions for amendments that will allow restructuring.
"In the campaign manual, the president has not said that he will object to a constitutional amendment. He has not engaged in a deceitful nature to say I want to restructure when he knows he cannot in six months," Keyamo said.
"Anybody that tells you that restructuring is something that should be done outside the amendment of the constitution is a lie. Restructuring is about devolution of powers, fiscal federalism. You cannot do that without amending the constitution.
"We call it the restructuring farce by the opposition. It is a farce because there is a clear procedure in the constitution for amending the constitution.
"So, anybody that comes and says I want to restructure Nigeria in 6 months, in one year, Nigerians should know that it is the biggest lie that they are telling them right now.
Asked how the Buhari administration plans to fund the projects listed to be completed in four years, Keyamo said: "They will find a way. It is important to have a plan on the table, expecting resources to come.
"There must be a plan on the table so that when money comes, you know exactly where to plot it into.


A red flag warning has been issued by The National Weather Service for parts of northeast Wyoming including Sheridan County, parts south central and all of southeast Montana, and parts of northwest South Dakota.
Dry conditions combined with low relative humidities in Sheridan, and in Montana in from Harlowton to Columbus to Billings with those high winds up to 35 mph creating critical fire conditions Tuesday.
Red flag warnings are issued when critical fire weather conditions caused by a combination of strong winds, low relative humidity and warm temperatures create "explosive fire growth potential", according to the NWS.
Temperatures are forecast to reach 92 degrees in Sheridan today, with highs of 92 again on Wednesday and Thursday. Friday highs are predicted to be in the 80s.
Gusty winds are expected to subside tonight, and the warning is in effect until 9 pm.


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Ian McKellen as Norman
Anthony Hopkins as Sir
Emily Watson as Her Ladyship
Vanessa Kirby as Irene
Sarah Lancashire as Madge
Edward Fox as Thornton
Tom Brooke as Oxenby/Edmond
Matthew Cottle as Albany
Ian Conningham as Kent
Helen Bradbury as Regan
Writer (based on the play by)
Ronald Harwood
Ben Smithard
Stephen Warbeck
| Peter Sobczynski
Anyone attempting to do a new screen version of something that has already been filmed before must at some point face the inevitable comparisons with the earlier take on the material. In the case of "The Dresser," a new version of the 1980 Ronald Harwood play that was originally produced for British television and which will be appearing in the U.S. on the Starz cable network, that is especially daunting because the previous screen incarnation was a 1983 film that went on to receive five Oscar nominations, including Best Picture, Adapted Screenplay for Harwood, Director for Peter Yates and two Best Actor nods for co-stars Albert Finney and Tom Courtenay (the latter reprising his role from the original stage production). Those are some mighty big shoes to fill and while the end result may not quite live up to the reputation of the earlier film, it is still a reasonably entertaining work that offers viewers the pleasure of seeing two of the great actors of our time, Anthony Hopkins and Ian McKellen, working together for the first time in their illustrious careers.
Set during World War II, the film is centered around the relationship between an aging Shakespearean actor known only as Sir (Hopkins) and Norman (McKellen), who is nominally his dresser but who appears to have devoted his life to taking care of virtually every aspect of Sir's life in order to get him out on stage for yet another performance of one of the Bard's classics. As of late, however, accomplishing that has become more of a challenge as Sir, who is already a monstrously self-absorbed ham who cruelly ignores both his wife (Emily Watson), who has sacrificed her own once-promising career in order to play an increasingly age-inappropriate Cordelia to her husband's Lear, and the stage manager (Sarah Lancashire) who clearly dotes on him while leching away at the company's ingenue (Vanessa Kirby), appears to be slipping into what we would nowadays call dementia. There was a recent incident in which he began taking off his clothes and orating in the middle of Market Square during an raid and when he does arrive at the theater, determined to go on with the night's production of "King Lear," he starts putting on the makeup for Othello, whom he played the night before.
Norman gets him out of those jams and indeed, there are times when it seems as if he is more determined to get Sir on the stage than Sir himself. That night's performance begins on a precarious note when Sir refuses to make his first entrance, leaving the other actors to desperately vamp new lines to one of the most famous plays of all time before he finally comes on stage. Despite the backstage drama and the air raid sirens that can be heard blaring outside, it seems as if Sir is giving the performance of his career this night but things prove to be just as dramatic behind the scenes as Norman does everything in his power to keep Sir going, fortifying himself along the way with a steady stream of cutting remarks and nips from his ever-present flask. What exactly it is that he gets out of his increasingly codependent relationship with Sir is difficult to say but after a series of unexpected events, Norman is finally forced to face exactly what he and his unceasing devotion to Sir have earned him in return with devastating results.
Considering that it is about the theater and the ways in which those who practice stagecraft manage to pull themselves together to put on a show night after night, it is no wonder that Harwood's play, which was inspired by his own experiences working as a dresser for Shakespearean actor Sir Donald Wolfit, has managed to attract so many top actors over the years. It certainly isn't for the play itself, which is never quite as deep or profound about either the stage or the human condition as it clearly thinks itself to be. The previous film version managed to work around this by opening the film up from its stage bound setting in ways that allowed viewers to get a taste of the life that was passing by the performers as they were slogging through yet another production for crowds that are by now probably more concerned about getting home before the net air raid. (It also provided the film's single most memorable scene, in which Finney's Sir manages to stop a train from pulling away in a crowded station using nothing but the power of his magnificent voice booming out "STOP THAT TRAIN!!!"). This time around, Harwood, who has adapted his play again, and director Richard Eyre have stripped away those outside moments in order to keep all the action contained to the backstage area of the theater, save for a few precious moments of the stage where we see Sir in action. This approach isn't necessarily a bad idea in theory but it doesn't quite come off in practice—instead of suggesting just how isolated this troupe truly is from the world, it just feels, for better or worse, like a filmed play and nothing more.
While the visual presentation of "The Dresser" may be somewhat lacking in sparks, it more than makes up for that with the undeniably fiery and entertaining turns from both Hopkins and McKellen. In recent years, both actors have appeared in so many comic book epics and silly spectacles that have used their names and reputations to help burnish the schlock in question that it is sometimes easy to forget just how good they can be when given material worthy of their talents. The roles of Sir and Norman are parts created specifically for actors who can bluster and roar with the best of them as well as handle the smaller and more nuanced moments as well and Hopkins and McKellen are both more than up to the task. Their characters are by turns funny, repellent, sympathetic, cruel and eminently pitiable throughout and they embody them in ways that genuinely make you feel the long relationship between the two characters and all of their attendant quirks. (There is an especially delightful moment in which the name of the so-called "Scottish Play" is uttered backstage and the two go through a number of rituals so as to avoid any possible jinxes.) "The Dresser" may not make anyone forget the previous film version by any means but as long as Hopkins and McKellen are on screen showing their stuff, it is worth watching.


ABS-CBN Lifestyle caught the trio shooting their latest commercial for Greenwich Pizza, a screen "barkada" of which Enrique is the newest member. Behind the scenes, we presented them with this theoretical summer scenario in relation to flings: You meet someone amazing over the summer. Things are great, and you really like this person. How do you know when you're ready to take it to the next level?
Unsurprisingly, they have no summer flings as of late. Yassi is steady with her love life. Robi is happily dating his non-showbiz girlfriend Maiqui Pineda, as is Enrique with on and off-screen partner Liza Soberano. What was surprising, however, were their thoughts on the matter.
Robi's answer was rather straightforward. "If hindi na summer and you still like the person," he said. But after listening to Enrique, he also described how dissimilar his approach would be from that of the Alone/Together star. "[With Enrique] when you're scared, you get more attached. Ako, when you're more comfortable and you still want to be with that person…parang that's a different thing," he reflected.
ALSO READ: Hot Stuff: Beware Of Some Major Heat Wave With Our #ABSCBNLifestyleHotshos 2019 A-Comin'!


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Q: CircleCI + Nightwatch: Tests time out So I'm trying to make Nightwatch.js tests work on CircleCI. During configuration process on CircleCI I ... update Node to most recent version (as we have node server), npm install our packages, download chrome (on which our tests run), successfuly build our code, start prod server, and then run the tests.
Everything is fine when I do this locally, but when I run it on CircleCI VM, all tests time out.
Might it be becouse CircleCI VM doesn't have any graphical interface in which could be browser opened? I don't want to use stuff like PhantomJS as our tests should really test user experience on a specific browser (chrome).
Another tip is that I should create speacial environment for tests. Currently I'm running my tests --env default. If I should, what kind of environment I should define for CI?
Any ideas? Thanks
EDIT: Ok I found out the problem is not with a browser, but becouse localhost is not returning anything. In my CI config a manually start the server with my "npm" script, however for some reason I cannot connect to it. ping is returning "unknown host". Any ideas?
EDIT2: Alright, so the server is running. When I curl localhost:8080 i get custom 404. However when I try to curl actual module (via redirect on "hosts" file that I've made) reponse is... Empty reply from server returned exit code 52. Why?

A: Alright so the problem was that environment variables were set badly, so config of the app was kind of lost.
In circleCI I needed to state my env vars without quotes "" as circleCI automatically inserts them for you.


A new development on Bob's Lake, just 20 minutes from Perth, Ontario presents a great opportunity for anyone wanting their own bit of waterfront in the region. Nordlaw Cottages has been redeveloped on a site that was home to the former Nordlaw Lodge.
Sitting on 6.5 acres, this new cottage community includes 1,350 feet of waterfront and includes 18 lots of varying sizes in the design plan.
Residents would share common elements including main driveway, boat launch, beaches, docks, parking, etc.
At this point, the offering is also being packaged with a range of simple cottage designs. An 800-850 sq ft cottage would be approximately $250k.
Interested to know more? See video, development map, site plan and contact info below.


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Use daily for at least 45 days. Massage vigorously on scalp at night before going to bed. Leave overnight. Lotus Herbals is a reputed, trusted and valued natural products brand.


I am a student here in Korea, and since there is only 1 mosque in the city where I live in and it is very far therefore, we students conduct jamat on our own here in the university. The student who leads us is an Ahl-e-Hadith, and despite of all the advises that I gave him about not discussing matters where the scholars have disputed, he continues to do so. He keeps on discussing matters where Hanafis have different opinion. Now, the thing is I do not feel good praying behind him due to these issues. Most of the other students do not poses the enough knowledge about these difference of opinions therefore they have no issue in praying behind him and I think if I start raising this issue then this might create a fitnah. Therefore, I wanted to ask if my heart is not satisfied regarding praying behind this Imam due to his attitude mentioned above, what should be preferable for me, praying behind him in jamat or praying alone?
In the above mentioned case you should offer salah alone, and should not offer behind that Ghair Muqallid (so called Ahl Hadith) imam.