text:
Resident Doctor Dr Poonam Tayde talks about General Medicine course, what is General Medicine and other details about a Career in General Medicine.
Dr Poonam Tayde | Resident Doctor | Smt Kashibai Navale Medical College & General Hospital
What is General Medicine?
A Career in General Medicine is very interesting. One should first understand What a Career in General Medicine entails before investing time and effort to figure out How to start a Career in General Medicine. Just like you would normally not trust a non Doctor with names of medicines, you should also not trust opinions about General Medicine from non professionals.
Resident Doctor Dr Poonam Tayde has 6 years & 7 months of professional experience in General Medicine. Resident Doctor Dr Poonam Tayde defines General Medicine as:
General medicine is the medical specialty concerned with preventing, diagnosing and treating diseases in adults.
How Resident Doctor Dr Poonam Tayde got into General Medicine?
After completing MBBS from NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences (2007), I started working with Smt Kashibai Navale Medical College and General Hospital and I am a Resident Doctor.
Resident Doctor Dr Poonam Tayde's Talk on General Medicine
1) General Medicine
Next, it covers Education. In this Talk Education was discussed as theoretical topics needed to excel at General Medicine, and not as Qualifications needed to enter General Medicine. It defines Education in terms of following items for General Medicine:
2) Anatomy
3) Physiology
4) Bio-Chemistry
5) Pharmacology
6) Pathology
7) New Technologies
8) Clinical Practice
Then, the Talk focuses on the most important component that is Skills. 90% success in General Medicine depends on Skills. It is crucial to understand these. It details these topics within Skills for General Medicine:
10) Patience
11) Mental Alertness
12) Focus
Positives of General Medicine are quite interesting. This Talk defines Positives in terms of following items for General Medicine:
13) Service to Humanity
14) Respect
It is important that one develops a fair understanding of the Challenges of General Medicine:
15) No Social Life
16) Harassment
In the final section of the Talk, Dr Poonam Tayde talks about How a day goes in a Career in:
17) General Medicine Doctor
(for Free) Watch Resident Doctor Dr Poonam Tayde's full General Medicine Career Talk
(for ₹ 100 or ₹ $ 1.4) Do a Self Assessment on General Medicine to calculate your Dream Index, which is defined as:
According to Dr Poonam Tayde your chances of success in General Medicine is __%
General Medicine?
If you are want to get into General Medicine, start by investing in a Career Plan.
The 14 hour process, guided by a LifePage Career Advisor, will help you introspect and check whether your interest in General Medicine is merely an infatuation or is it truly something you wish to do for the rest of your life.
Next, your Career Advisor will help you document how you can get into General Medicine, what education and skills you need to succeed in General Medicine, and what positives and challenges you will face in General Medicine.
Finally, you will get a Career Plan stating which Courses, Certifications, Trainings and other Items you need to do in the next 7 years to become world's best in General Medicine.
Resident Doctor Dr Poonam Tayde's LifePage:
https://www.lifepage.in/page/drpoonamtayde
LifePage Career Talk on General Medicine
https://www.lifepage.in/careers/general-medicine-5
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48zv_Hywrtk
(General Medicine, Dr Poonam Tayde, Smt Kashibai Navale Medical College and General Hospital, Resident, Physiology, Doctor, Physician)
Dr Avantika Singh
Intensivist | Max Hospital, Saket
An intensivist, also known as a critical care physician, is a medical doctor with special training and experience in treating critically ill patients.
"I did MBBS and PG in Anaesthesiology from Era Lucknow Medical College. Currently, I am working with Max Hospital, Saket and doing fellowship in intensive care medicine."
Dr R K Jain
Director | CMI Hospital
Internal medicine or general medicine (in Commonwealth nations) is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists, or physicians (without a modifier) in Commonwealth nations.
"I did my schooling in Dehradun where he excelled in studies and I was awarded certificate of merit by Ministry of education Govt. of India for securing high position in exams. I have set up a 25 bedded nursing home at Dehradun in 1991 specializing in intensive care, cardiology and medicine and it was the hospital catering to medical emergencies and treatment. I have also established the first dialysis unit for whole of western UP and Uttarakhand in 1991 and also set up a paramedical educational institute in the state which again was the first to offer recognized graduate degrees in Nursing to meet the increasing demands of health manpower needs in the state. In the year 2008 I have been awarded Padma Shri by the President of India for my distinguished services in the field of medicine. In the year 2010 I have been appointed as the health advisor to the Government of Uttarakhand."
Medical Counselling
Dr Annu Dhir
Regional Doctor | VLCC
Counselling is a type of talking therapy that allows a person to talk about their problems and feelings in a confidential and dependable environment. Its also to change the lifestyle of people.
"I am a Gyneacologist. I have joined VLCC 5 years back and I am regional doctor of VLCC."
Dr Shilpa Verma
Internal Medicine Physician | Opera House Clinic Pvt Ltd
Internal medicine Physician is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists.
"After completing my school, I did my MBBS from Rajiv Gandhi Medical College and after that did my major certifications like ECFMG, DNB Internal medicines. After doing FICM from Apollo Hospital in 2014, since then I have been associated with various Hospitals in Mumbai like Sir H. N Reliance Foundation Hospital, Bhatia Hospital and Dalvi Hospital."
Dr Narendra Singh Rajput
General Physician | Indira Fertility Care & Dental Care Division
Internal medicine or general medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists or physicians. A general physician is a medical doctor who specialises in many diseases affecting the body, whose primary treatment does not involve surgery.
"After completing my schooling from Jaipur and graduation from Rajasthan University, I did Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery from Lucknow University. I have been practicing as Ganaral Physician since 2007 as well as running my own clinic called Indira Fertility Care & Dental Division."
Vijay P Wadhawan
Doctor | Surbhi Hospital
General surgery is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal contents including esophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, appendix and bile ducts, and often the thyroid gland (depending on local referral patterns).
"After my graduation and post graduation in Medicine from Agra University, I worked with various Hospitals as a general surgeon. I am working with Surbhi Hospital, Noida since 2007."
Dr Rekha Khanna
Doctor | Various Hospitals
Medical Counselling is a broad term which describes the process through which healthcare professionals attempt to increase patient knowledge of health care issues. Such counseling may be verbal or written performed on an individual basis or in groups, and provided directly to the patient or caregiver. The process provides for the exchange of information between the patient & health practitioner.
"I completed my graduation in Medicine with specialization in Ayurvedic Medicine. I also did diploma in Reproductive and Child Health. Since 1999, I have been working as a Ayurvedic Doctor and Gynaecologist. In addition to that, since the past one year, I have also been working as a Medical Counsellor to provide information, advice and assistance to patients suffering from various diseases."
Dr Ashok Sharma
Physician | Own Practice
General medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in general medicine are called physicians. Physicians are skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes.
"After completing my MD, I started practicing in Delhi in 1991 as a Physician. I have been handling my own clinic as well as handling the responsibility of visiting doctor at various hospitals."
Dr Subhash Shalya
Sr. Consultant | Various Hospitals
Internal Medicine or General Medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists or physicians. General Medicine is also termed as the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and (nonsurgical) treatment of diseases of the internal organs (especially in adults) internal medicine.
"After completing my MBBS from SNMC, BR Ambedkar University Agra, I did my MS in Orthopedics & then a second MS in Surgery from SN Medical College Agra. Thereafter in 1994, I did my PGCR in Rehabilitation from All India Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mumbai. I have worked as a Sr. Consultant for various hospitals and later joined as a Senior Consultant Orthopedic Surgeon at Indraprastha Apollo Hospital. In 2005, I started my own clinic & rehabilitation centre named 'Bone Joints Care Foundation of India' which is an NGO, working in the field of rehabilitation of pediatric and geriatric patients suffering from disabilities and deformities. I am also associated with Fortis C-Doc Hospital, Max Hospital & NMC Hospital as a visiting Sr. Consultant Orthopedic Surgeon."
UX/UI Designing
Teaching Political Science
Aneesh Singh
Owner | Monkey Fist
Arjun Singh Bartwal
Head Of Development and Alumni Relations | The Doon School
Wingedbird | NULL
Career in Wood Product Design:
https://articlesmaker.com/?p=315568&preview=true&_preview_nonce=17c9ac42a8
Career in RMC Quality Control:
https://www.civil-engineering.space/2019/12/how-do-i-start-career-in-rmc-quality.html
Career in Rotating Equipment Engg:
https://www.mechanical-engineering.space/2019/12/how-do-i-start-career-in-rotating.html
Career in Cosmetology:
https://www.noidacareers.xyz/2020/03/what-is-career-in-cosmetology.html
Career in Live Stage Anchoring:
https://www.anchoring.space/2019/12/how-much-can-i-make-in-career-in-live.html
Career Counselling in Manama
Career Counselling in Musoma
Career Counselling in Alwar


text:
package translator

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/golang/glog"
	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
	v3 "google.golang.org/api/monitoring/v3"

	"github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/k8s-stackdriver/prometheus-to-sd/config"
)

const (
	// Built-in Prometheus metric exporting process start time.
	processStartTimeMetric = "process_start_time_seconds"
)

var supportedMetricTypes = map[dto.MetricType]bool{
	dto.MetricType_COUNTER:   true,
	dto.MetricType_GAUGE:     true,
	dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM: true,
	dto.MetricType_UNTYPED:   true,
}

const falseValueEpsilon = 0.001

// TimeSeriesBuilder keeps track of incoming prometheus updates and can convert
// last received one to Stackdriver TimeSeries.
type TimeSeriesBuilder struct {
	config *config.CommonConfig
	cache  *MetricDescriptorCache
	batch  *batchWithTimestamp
}

type batchWithTimestamp struct {
	metrics   *PrometheusResponse
	timestamp time.Time
}

// NewTimeSeriesBuilder creates new builder object that keeps intermediate state of metrics.
func NewTimeSeriesBuilder(commonConfig *config.CommonConfig, cache *MetricDescriptorCache) *TimeSeriesBuilder {
	return &TimeSeriesBuilder{
		config: commonConfig,
		cache:  cache,
	}
}

// Update updates the internal state with current batch.
func (t *TimeSeriesBuilder) Update(batch *PrometheusResponse, timestamp time.Time) {
	t.batch = &batchWithTimestamp{batch, timestamp}
}

// Build returns a new TimeSeries array and restarts the internal state.
func (t *TimeSeriesBuilder) Build() ([]*v3.TimeSeries, time.Time, error) {
	var ts []*v3.TimeSeries
	if t.batch == nil {
		return ts, time.Now(), nil
	}
	defer func() { t.batch = nil }()
	metricFamilies, err := t.batch.metrics.Build(t.config, t.cache)
	if err != nil {
		return ts, time.Now(), err
	}
	// Get start time before whitelisting, because process start time
	// metric is likely not to be whitelisted.
	startTime := t.getStartTime(metricFamilies)
	metricFamilies = filterWhitelistedMetrics(metricFamilies, t.config.SourceConfig.Whitelisted)
	metricFamilies = filterWhitelistedLabels(metricFamilies, t.config.SourceConfig.WhitelistedLabelsMap)

	for name, metric := range metricFamilies {
		if t.cache.IsMetricBroken(name) {
			continue
		}
		f, err := translateFamily(t.config, metric, t.batch.timestamp, startTime, t.cache)
		if err != nil {
			glog.Warningf("Error while processing metric %s: %v", name, err)
		} else {
			ts = append(ts, f...)
		}
	}
	return ts, t.batch.timestamp, nil
}

// OmitComponentName removes from the metric names prefix that is equal to component name.
func OmitComponentName(metricFamilies map[string]*dto.MetricFamily, componentName string) map[string]*dto.MetricFamily {
	result := make(map[string]*dto.MetricFamily)
	for metricName, metricFamily := range metricFamilies {
		newMetricName := strings.TrimPrefix(metricName, fmt.Sprintf("%s_", componentName))
		metricFamily.Name = &newMetricName
		result[newMetricName] = metricFamily
	}
	return result
}

// DowncaseMetricNames downcases metric names.
func DowncaseMetricNames(metricFamilies map[string]*dto.MetricFamily) map[string]*dto.MetricFamily {
	result := make(map[string]*dto.MetricFamily)
	for metricName, metricFamily := range metricFamilies {
		newMetricName := strings.ToLower(metricName)
		metricFamily.Name = &newMetricName
		result[newMetricName] = metricFamily
	}
	return result
}

// FlattenSummaryMetricFamilies flattens summary metric families into two counter metrics,
// one for the running sum and count, respectively
func FlattenSummaryMetricFamilies(metricFamilies map[string]*dto.MetricFamily) map[string]*dto.MetricFamily {
	result := make(map[string]*dto.MetricFamily)
	for metricName, family := range metricFamilies {
		switch family.GetType() {
		case dto.MetricType_SUMMARY:
			if len(family.Metric) < 1 {
				glog.V(2).Infof("Summary metric %v does not have metric data associated, ignoring", family.Name)
				continue
			}
			result[metricName+"_sum"] = sumMetricFromSummary(family.GetName(), family.Metric)
			result[metricName+"_count"] = countMetricFromSummary(family.GetName(), family.Metric)
		default:
			result[metricName] = family
		}
	}
	return result
}

// sumMetricFromSummary manipulates a Summary to extract out a specific sum MetricType_COUNTER metric
func sumMetricFromSummary(name string, metrics []*dto.Metric) *dto.MetricFamily {
	n := name + "_sum"
	t := dto.MetricType_COUNTER
	newMetrics := make([]*dto.Metric, 0, len(metrics))
	for _, m := range metrics {
		s := m.Summary.GetSampleSum()
		newMetric := &dto.Metric{
			Label: m.Label,
			Counter: &dto.Counter{
				Value: &s,
			},
		}
		newMetrics = append(newMetrics, newMetric)
	}
	return &dto.MetricFamily{
		Type:   &t,
		Name:   &n,
		Metric: newMetrics,
	}
}

// countMetricFromSummary manipulates a Summary to extract out a specific count MetricType_COUNTER metric
func countMetricFromSummary(name string, metrics []*dto.Metric) *dto.MetricFamily {
	n := name + "_count"
	t := dto.MetricType_COUNTER

	newMetrics := make([]*dto.Metric, 0, len(metrics))
	for _, m := range metrics {
		c := float64(m.Summary.GetSampleCount())
		newMetric := &dto.Metric{
			Label: m.Label,
			Counter: &dto.Counter{
				Value: &c,
			},
		}
		newMetrics = append(newMetrics, newMetric)
	}
	return &dto.MetricFamily{
		Type:   &t,
		Name:   &n,
		Metric: newMetrics,
	}
}

func (t *TimeSeriesBuilder) getStartTime(metrics map[string]*dto.MetricFamily) time.Time {
	// For cumulative metrics we need to know process start time.
	// If the process start time is not specified, assuming it's
	// the unix 1 second, because Stackdriver can't handle
	// unix zero or unix negative number.
	startTime := time.Unix(1, 0)
	if family, found := metrics[processStartTimeMetric]; found && family.GetType() == dto.MetricType_GAUGE && len(family.GetMetric()) == 1 {
		startSec := family.Metric[0].Gauge.Value
		startTime = time.Unix(int64(*startSec), 0)
		glog.V(4).Infof("Monitored process start time: %v", startTime)
	} else {
		glog.Warningf("Metric %s invalid or not defined for component %s. Using %v instead. Cumulative metrics might be inaccurate.", processStartTimeMetric, t.config.SourceConfig.Component, startTime)
	}
	return startTime
}

func filterWhitelistedMetrics(allMetrics map[string]*dto.MetricFamily, whitelisted []string) map[string]*dto.MetricFamily {
	if len(whitelisted) == 0 {
		return allMetrics
	}
	glog.V(4).Infof("Exporting only whitelisted metrics: %v", whitelisted)
	res := map[string]*dto.MetricFamily{}
	for _, w := range whitelisted {
		if family, found := allMetrics[w]; found {
			res[w] = family
		} else {
			glog.V(3).Infof("Whitelisted metric %s not present in Prometheus endpoint.", w)
		}
	}
	return res
}

func filterWhitelistedLabels(allMetrics map[string]*dto.MetricFamily, whitelistedLabelsMap map[string]map[string]bool) map[string]*dto.MetricFamily {
	if len(whitelistedLabelsMap) == 0 {
		return allMetrics
	}
	glog.V(4).Infof("Exporting only whitelisted label values: %v", whitelistedLabelsMap)
	res := map[string]*dto.MetricFamily{}
	for metricName, metricFamily := range allMetrics {
		var filteredMetrics []*dto.Metric
		for _, metric := range metricFamily.Metric {
			labels := metric.GetLabel()
			for _, label := range labels {
				if whitelistedLabelValues, found := whitelistedLabelsMap[*label.Name]; found && whitelistedLabelValues[*label.Value] {
					filteredMetrics = append(filteredMetrics, metric)
				}
			}
		}

		if len(filteredMetrics) > 0 {
			res[metricName] = &dto.MetricFamily{
				Name:   metricFamily.Name,
				Help:   metricFamily.Help,
				Type:   metricFamily.Type,
				Metric: filteredMetrics,
			}
		} else {
			glog.V(3).Infof("Whitelisted label values for metric %s not found in Prometheus endpoint.", metricFamily)
		}
	}
	return res
}

func translateFamily(config *config.CommonConfig,
	family *dto.MetricFamily,
	timestamp time.Time,
	startTime time.Time,
	cache *MetricDescriptorCache) ([]*v3.TimeSeries, error) {

	glog.V(3).Infof("Translating metric family %v from component %v", family.GetName(), config.SourceConfig.Component)
	var ts []*v3.TimeSeries
	if _, found := supportedMetricTypes[family.GetType()]; !found {
		return ts, fmt.Errorf("metric type %v of family %s not supported", family.GetType(), family.GetName())
	}
	for _, metric := range family.GetMetric() {
		t := translateOne(config, family.GetName(), family.GetType(), metric, startTime, timestamp, cache)
		ts = append(ts, t)
		glog.V(4).Infof("%+v\nMetric: %+v, Interval: %+v", *t, *(t.Metric), t.Points[0].Interval)
	}
	return ts, nil
}

// getMetricType creates metric type name base on the metric prefix, component name and metric name.
func getMetricType(config *config.CommonConfig, name string) string {
	if config.SourceConfig.Component == "" {
		return fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", config.SourceConfig.MetricsPrefix, name)
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s", config.SourceConfig.MetricsPrefix, config.SourceConfig.Component, name)
}

// assumes that mType is Counter, Gauge or Histogram
func translateOne(config *config.CommonConfig,
	name string,
	mType dto.MetricType,
	metric *dto.Metric,
	start time.Time,
	end time.Time,
	cache *MetricDescriptorCache) *v3.TimeSeries {
	interval := &v3.TimeInterval{
		EndTime: end.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339),
	}
	metricKind := extractMetricKind(mType)
	if metricKind == "CUMULATIVE" {
		interval.StartTime = start.UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
	}
	valueType := extractValueType(mType, cache.getMetricDescriptor(name))
	point := &v3.Point{
		Interval: interval,
		Value: &v3.TypedValue{
			ForceSendFields: []string{},
		},
	}
	setValue(mType, valueType, metric, point)

	mr := getMonitoredResourceFromLabels(config, metric.GetLabel())
	glog.V(4).Infof("MonitoredResource to write: %v", mr)
	return &v3.TimeSeries{
		Metric: &v3.Metric{
			Labels: getMetricLabels(config, metric.GetLabel()),
			Type:   getMetricType(config, name),
		},
		Resource:   getMonitoredResourceFromLabels(config, metric.GetLabel()),
		MetricKind: metricKind,
		ValueType:  valueType,
		Points:     []*v3.Point{point},
	}
}

func setValue(mType dto.MetricType, valueType string, metric *dto.Metric, point *v3.Point) {
	if mType == dto.MetricType_GAUGE {
		setValueBaseOnSimpleType(metric.GetGauge().GetValue(), valueType, point)
	} else if mType == dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM {
		point.Value.DistributionValue = convertToDistributionValue(metric.GetHistogram())
		point.ForceSendFields = append(point.ForceSendFields, "DistributionValue")
	} else if mType == dto.MetricType_UNTYPED {
		setValueBaseOnSimpleType(metric.GetUntyped().GetValue(), valueType, point)
	} else {
		setValueBaseOnSimpleType(metric.GetCounter().GetValue(), valueType, point)
	}
}

func setValueBaseOnSimpleType(value float64, valueType string, point *v3.Point) {
	if valueType == "INT64" {
		val := int64(value)
		point.Value.Int64Value = &val
		point.ForceSendFields = append(point.ForceSendFields, "Int64Value")
	} else if valueType == "DOUBLE" {
		point.Value.DoubleValue = &value
		point.ForceSendFields = append(point.ForceSendFields, "DoubleValue")
	} else if valueType == "BOOL" {
		var val = math.Abs(value) > falseValueEpsilon
		point.Value.BoolValue = &val
		point.ForceSendFields = append(point.ForceSendFields, "BoolValue")
	} else {
		glog.Errorf("Value type '%s' is not supported yet.", valueType)
	}
}

func convertToDistributionValue(h *dto.Histogram) *v3.Distribution {
	count := int64(h.GetSampleCount())
	mean := float64(0)
	dev := float64(0)
	var bounds []float64
	var values []int64

	if count > 0 {
		mean = h.GetSampleSum() / float64(count)
	}

	prevVal := uint64(0)
	lower := float64(0)
	for _, b := range h.Bucket {
		upper := b.GetUpperBound()
		if !math.IsInf(b.GetUpperBound(), 1) {
			bounds = append(bounds, b.GetUpperBound())
		} else {
			upper = lower
		}
		val := b.GetCumulativeCount() - prevVal
		x := (lower + upper) / float64(2)
		dev += float64(val) * (x - mean) * (x - mean)

		values = append(values, int64(b.GetCumulativeCount()-prevVal))

		lower = b.GetUpperBound()
		prevVal = b.GetCumulativeCount()
	}

	return &v3.Distribution{
		Count:                 count,
		Mean:                  mean,
		SumOfSquaredDeviation: dev,
		BucketOptions: &v3.BucketOptions{
			ExplicitBuckets: &v3.Explicit{
				Bounds: bounds,
			},
		},
		BucketCounts: values,
	}
}

func getMetricLabels(config *config.CommonConfig, labels []*dto.LabelPair) map[string]string {
	metricLabels := map[string]string{}
	for _, label := range labels {
		if config.SourceConfig.PodConfig.IsMetricLabel(label.GetName()) {
			metricLabels[label.GetName()] = label.GetValue()
		}
	}
	return metricLabels
}

// MetricFamilyToMetricDescriptor converts MetricFamily object to the MetricDescriptor. If needed it uses information
// from the previously created metricDescriptor (for example to merge label sets).
func MetricFamilyToMetricDescriptor(config *config.CommonConfig,
	family *dto.MetricFamily, originalDescriptor *v3.MetricDescriptor) *v3.MetricDescriptor {
	return &v3.MetricDescriptor{
		Description: family.GetHelp(),
		Type:        getMetricType(config, family.GetName()),
		MetricKind:  extractMetricKind(family.GetType()),
		ValueType:   extractValueType(family.GetType(), originalDescriptor),
		Labels:      extractAllLabels(family, originalDescriptor),
	}
}

func extractMetricKind(mType dto.MetricType) string {
	if mType == dto.MetricType_COUNTER || mType == dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM {
		return "CUMULATIVE"
	}
	return "GAUGE"
}

func extractValueType(mType dto.MetricType, originalDescriptor *v3.MetricDescriptor) string {
	// If MetricDescriptor is created already in the Stackdriver use stored value type.
	// This is going to work perfectly for "container.googleapis.com" metrics.
	if originalDescriptor != nil {
		// TODO(loburm): for custom metrics add logic that can figure value type base on the actual values.
		return originalDescriptor.ValueType
	}
	if mType == dto.MetricType_HISTOGRAM {
		return "DISTRIBUTION"
	}
	if mType == dto.MetricType_UNTYPED {
		return "DOUBLE"
	}
	return "INT64"
}

func extractAllLabels(family *dto.MetricFamily, originalDescriptor *v3.MetricDescriptor) []*v3.LabelDescriptor {
	var labels []*v3.LabelDescriptor
	labelSet := make(map[string]bool)
	for _, metric := range family.GetMetric() {
		for _, label := range metric.GetLabel() {
			_, ok := labelSet[label.GetName()]
			if !ok {
				labels = append(labels, &v3.LabelDescriptor{Key: label.GetName()})
				labelSet[label.GetName()] = true
			}
		}
	}
	if originalDescriptor != nil {
		for _, label := range originalDescriptor.Labels {
			_, ok := labelSet[label.Key]
			if !ok {
				labels = append(labels, label)
				labelSet[label.Key] = true
			}
		}
	}
	return labels
}

func createProjectName(config *config.GceConfig) string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("projects/%s", config.Project)
}

func getMonitoredResourceFromLabels(config *config.CommonConfig, labels []*dto.LabelPair) *v3.MonitoredResource {
	if config.SourceConfig.CustomResourceType != "" {
		return getCustomMonitoredResource(config)
	}
	container, pod, namespace := config.SourceConfig.PodConfig.GetPodInfo(labels)
	prefix := config.MonitoredResourceTypePrefix

	if prefix == "" {
		return &v3.MonitoredResource{
			Type: "gke_container",
			Labels: map[string]string{
				"project_id":     config.GceConfig.Project,
				"cluster_name":   config.GceConfig.Cluster,
				"zone":           config.GceConfig.Zone,
				"instance_id":    config.GceConfig.Instance,
				"namespace_id":   namespace,
				"pod_id":         pod,
				"container_name": container,
			},
		}
	}

	resourceLabels := make(map[string]string)
	for k, v := range config.MonitoredResourceLabels {
		resourceLabels[k] = v
	}
	if _, found := resourceLabels["project_id"]; !found {
		resourceLabels["project_id"] = config.GceConfig.Project
	}
	if _, found := resourceLabels["cluster_name"]; !found {
		resourceLabels["cluster_name"] = config.GceConfig.Cluster
	}
	if _, found := resourceLabels["location"]; !found {
		resourceLabels["location"] = config.GceConfig.ClusterLocation
	}

	// When MonitoredResource type is not "k8s_*", default "instance_id" label to GCE instance name.
	if prefix != "k8s_" {
		if _, found := resourceLabels["instance_id"]; !found {
			resourceLabels["instance_id"] = config.GceConfig.InstanceId
		}
	}

	// When namespace and pod are unspecified, it should be written to node type.
	if namespace == "" || pod == "" || pod == "machine" {
		// When MonitoredResource is "k8s_node", default "node_name" label to GCE instance name.
		if prefix == "k8s_" {
			if _, found := resourceLabels["node_name"]; !found {
				resourceLabels["node_name"] = config.GceConfig.Instance
			}
		}
		return &v3.MonitoredResource{
			Type:   prefix + "node",
			Labels: resourceLabels,
		}
	}

	resourceLabels["namespace_name"] = namespace
	resourceLabels["pod_name"] = pod
	if container == "" {
		return &v3.MonitoredResource{
			Type:   prefix + "pod",
			Labels: resourceLabels,
		}
	}

	resourceLabels["container_name"] = container
	return &v3.MonitoredResource{
		Type:   prefix + "container",
		Labels: resourceLabels,
	}
}

func getCustomMonitoredResource(config *config.CommonConfig) *v3.MonitoredResource {
	resourceLabels := config.SourceConfig.CustomLabels
	applyDefaultIfEmpty(resourceLabels, "instance_id", config.GceConfig.InstanceId)
	applyDefaultIfEmpty(resourceLabels, "project_id", config.GceConfig.Project)
	applyDefaultIfEmpty(resourceLabels, "cluster_name", config.GceConfig.Cluster)
	applyDefaultIfEmpty(resourceLabels, "location", config.GceConfig.ClusterLocation)
	applyDefaultIfEmpty(resourceLabels, "node_name", config.GceConfig.Instance)
	return &v3.MonitoredResource{
		Type:   config.SourceConfig.CustomResourceType,
		Labels: resourceLabels,
	}
}

func applyDefaultIfEmpty(resourceLabels map[string]string, key, defaultValue string) {
	if val, found := resourceLabels[key]; found && val == "" {
		resourceLabels[key] = defaultValue
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
from temboo.core.choreography import Choreography
from temboo.core.choreography import InputSet
from temboo.core.choreography import ResultSet
from temboo.core.choreography import ChoreographyExecution

import json

class UpdateKey(Choreography):

    def __init__(self, temboo_session):
        """
        Create a new instance of the UpdateKey Choreo. A TembooSession object, containing a valid
        set of Temboo credentials, must be supplied.
        """
        super(UpdateKey, self).__init__(temboo_session, '/Library/Xively/APIKeys/UpdateKey')

    def new_input_set(self):
        return UpdateKeyInputSet()

    def _make_result_set(self, result, path):
        return UpdateKeyResultSet(result, path)

    def _make_execution(self, session, exec_id, path):
        return UpdateKeyChoreographyExecution(session, exec_id, path)

class UpdateKeyInputSet(InputSet):
    """
    An InputSet with methods appropriate for specifying the inputs to the UpdateKey
    Choreo. The InputSet object is used to specify input parameters when executing this Choreo.
    """
    def set_APIKey(self, value):
        """
        Set the value of the APIKey input for this Choreo. ((required, string) The API Key you would like to update.)
        """
        super(UpdateKeyInputSet, self)._set_input('APIKey', value)
    def set_AccessMethods(self, value):
        """
        Set the value of the AccessMethods input for this Choreo. ((conditional, string) Comma-separated input containing one or more allowed HTTP methods that the key is allowed. Valid values: get, put, post, and/or delete. Ex.: "put,post". Required unless writing your own CustomKey.)
        """
        super(UpdateKeyInputSet, self)._set_input('AccessMethods', value)
    def set_CustomKey(self, value):
        """
        Set the value of the CustomKey input for this Choreo. ((optional, any) Optional Custom key to sent to Xively. Type and format depends on CustomType. Please see documentation for more information on constructing your own body. If used all other scalar inputs are ignored.)
        """
        super(UpdateKeyInputSet, self)._set_input('CustomKey', value)
    def set_CustomPermissions(self, value):
        """
        Set the value of the CustomPermissions input for this Choreo. ((optional, any) Optional custom permissions for advanced configuration. Type and format depends on CustomType. If specified ignores SourceIP, ResourcesData and AccessMethodsData.)
        """
        super(UpdateKeyInputSet, self)._set_input('CustomPermissions', value)
    def set_CustomType(self, value):
        """
        Set the value of the CustomType input for this Choreo. ((optional, string) The datatype that is being input if adding custom permission objects. Valid values are "json" (the default) and "xml".)
        """
        super(UpdateKeyInputSet, self)._set_input('CustomType', value)
    def set_Label(self, value):
        """
        Set the value of the Label input for this Choreo. ((conditional, string) A label by which the key can be referenced. Required unless writing your own CustomKey.)
        """
        super(UpdateKeyInputSet, self)._set_input('Label', value)
    def set_MasterAPIKey(self, value):
        """
        Set the value of the MasterAPIKey input for this Choreo. ((optional, string) Specify a MasterAPIKey with more permissions if the APIKey you would like to view does not have sufficient (write) permissions.)
        """
        super(UpdateKeyInputSet, self)._set_input('MasterAPIKey', value)
    def set_PrivateAccess(self, value):
        """
        Set the value of the PrivateAccess input for this Choreo. ((optional, string) Flag that indicates whether this key can access private resources belonging to the user. To turn on, input "true", leave blank for "false".)
        """
        super(UpdateKeyInputSet, self)._set_input('PrivateAccess', value)
    def set_ResourceFeedID(self, value):
        """
        Set the value of the ResourceFeedID input for this Choreo. ((optional, string) Specify a particular FeedID that the APIKey should have access to. If not specified, the APIKey permissions will apply to all feeds you are authorized to access.)
        """
        super(UpdateKeyInputSet, self)._set_input('ResourceFeedID', value)
    def set_SourceIP(self, value):
        """
        Set the value of the SourceIP input for this Choreo. ((optional, string) An IP address that, when specified, limits incoming requests to that specific IP address only.)
        """
        super(UpdateKeyInputSet, self)._set_input('SourceIP', value)

class UpdateKeyResultSet(ResultSet):
    """
    A ResultSet with methods tailored to the values returned by the UpdateKey Choreo.
    The ResultSet object is used to retrieve the results of a Choreo execution.
    """

    def getJSONFromString(self, str):
        return json.loads(str)

    def get_ResponseStatusCode(self):
        """
        Retrieve the value for the "ResponseStatusCode" output from this Choreo execution. ((integer) The response status code returned from Xively. For a successful APIKey update, the code should be 200.)
        """
        return self._output.get('ResponseStatusCode', None)

class UpdateKeyChoreographyExecution(ChoreographyExecution):

    def _make_result_set(self, response, path):
        return UpdateKeyResultSet(response, path)


text:
Short report | Open | Published: 05 March 2015
Trichuris spp. infecting domestic cats on St. Kitts: identification based on size or vulvar structure?
Jennifer K Ketzis1
On St. Kitts, a high number of cats are found to be infected with Trichuris. Necropsies have shown pathologic changes related to the infections. In order to determine if these changes were related to a particular Trichuris species, a review of the original identifications of Trichuris campanula and Trichuris serrata was conducted.
Based on the review of published descriptions of T. campanula and T. serrata, it is hypothesized that the presence or absence of a vulvar projection and a bacillary band can be used to differentiate the two species and these criteria are more accurate than nematode or egg size. The Trichuris in cats on St. Kitts were similar in size to the description of T. campanula, but had both a vulvar projection and bacillary band.
Based on the morphological characteristics, all of the Trichuris found in twelve domestic cats were determined to be T. serrata. Cats without pathologic changes are required to further investigate if the changes are species or strain related.
Two species of Trichuris in domestic cats, Trichuris serrata and Trichuris campanula, were originally described by von Linstow 1879, 1889, respectively. The number of worms used in these original descriptions, isolated from cats in Brazil, was limited and no whole male was available for T. campanula. In 1923, Urioste described specimens from Brazil and asserted that there was only one species infecting cats, T. serrata (Cameron 1937; Clarkson and Owen 1960). However, his description was later combined with von Linstow's original description of T. campanula to provide a more complete description of the species (Clarkson and Owen 1960; Ng and Kelly 1975). Descriptions of the two species were expanded by Cameron (1937), Clarkson and Owen (1960), Kelly (1973) and Ng and Kelly (1975). Neither of these species has been described using molecular methods.
There is some debate regarding if there really are two species of Trichuris in cats or just one species (Bowman et al. 2002). However, according to the original descriptions by von Linstow (1879 and 1889), a description of T. serrata by Cameron (1937) and descriptions of both species by Kelly (1973) and Ng and Kelly (1975), the distinguishing characteristic between the species is the presence of a finger-like projection on the vulva of T. serrata versus two inconspicuous longitudinal lips on the vulva of T. campanula. In addition, Ng and Kelly (1975) used the absence of a bacillary band in T. campanula to distinguish it from T. serrata. The eggs, in all of these identifications, have been described as typical Trichuroid (light brown, lemon shaped with biopolar plugs and a morula) with no particular distinguishing morphological characteristics.
In other identifications, size of the adult worms and the eggs have been used to distinguish the two species, with T. campanula adult worms being slightly smaller and the eggs being slightly larger than those of T. serrata. When Clarkson and Owen (1959) first described Trichuris from cats in the Bahamas, they described the size as that of T. campanula and the finger-like projection as that of T. serrata. An archived specimen of T. campanula was obtained from Dr. G. Hatwich of the Zoological Museum in Berlin (no T. serrata specimens were available) to assist Clarkson and Owen (1960) in their identification. The archived specimen also had the finger-like projection, and therefore, the Bahaman species was considered T. campanula. Based on this, both T. campanula and T. serrata have the projection and size is the distinguishing characteristic. There was no mention regarding the presence or absence of bacillary bands in either of the specimens (that from the Bahamas or that from Berlin). Also, the measurements of the Berlin specimen are not included in the description by Clarkson and Owen (1960).
Since the identification by Clarkson and Owen (1960), feline Trichuris identification often has been based on egg or adult size, by referencing the description provided by Clarkson and Owen, and with no mention in regard to a vulvar projection or the bacillary band (Hass and Meisels 1978; Beldomenico et al. 2005). The exception to this is the identification by Kelly (1973) and Ng and Kelly (1975) who, as previously stated, relied on the presence or absence of the vulvar projection and the bacillary band for identification. A summary of the morphological characteristics of the two species are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 Morphological descriptions of Trichuris campanula and Trichuris serrata
On St. Kitts, an island in the West Indes, as many as 71% of feral cats and 22% of owned cats are infected with Trichuris (Krecek et al. 2010; Ketzis and Shell 2015). In necropsies performed on cats euthanized due to ill health (e.g., Feline immunodeficiency virus positive) or accidents (e.g., dog attack, hit by car), lesions related to Trichuris infections have been seen grossly in some of the cats and via histopathology in other cats. Some of the lesions are similar to those described by Kirkova and Dinev (2005) in Trichuris vulpis dog infections. Based on the literature, T. serrata and T. campanula occur in the Caribbean; therefore, either species could be the cause of the lesions seen on St. Kitts. Since species and strain differences in parasites can be related to their virulence and pathogenesis, this study was undertaken to determine the Trichuris species infecting cats on St. Kitts using the published morphological descriptions.
The number of Trichuris recovered ranged from 1 to 117 with 96 male and 113 female adults collected (Table 2). All of the female worms had a finger-like projection on the vulva and all of the worms had a bacillary band (Figures 1a and b and 2a and b). The length of the male worms (twelve measured) ranged from 17 to 32 mm and the female worms (twenty two measured) ranged from 14 to 31 mm (Table 1). The eggs ranged in size from 60–75 × 30–40 μm (38 measured; two to five per cat) and were typical Trichuroid (Figure 3a and b).
Table 2 Trichuris from domestic cats on St. Kitts used for identification
a and b Vulvar projection (200x) of two female Trichuris from different St. Kitts' cats.
a and b Bacillary band (100x and 200x) of two female Trichuris from different St. Kitts' cats.
a and b Trichuris eggs (100x) of different sizes seen with a fecal flotation from one St. Kitts' cat.
Based on the presence of the finger-like projection and bacillary band, the Trichuris in cats on St. Kitts is T. serrata. However, if size is used for classification, then the parasite is more likely to be T. campanula. The eggs, on the other hand, are similar in size to both species with none of the eggs as large as some of the descriptions for T. campanula nor as small as some of the descriptions for T. serrata.
One of the difficulties in distinguishing the two species of Trichuris in cats is that few whole male and female worms were used in the original descriptions by von Linstow and there are only two researchers that have described both species: Kelly (1973) with eight male and six female adult worms identified as T. serrata and Ng and Kelly (1975) with an unspecified number of adult male and female worms identified as T. campanula; and Hass and Meisels (1978) with six adult worms from Florida identified as T. campanula and one non-intact male from Wisconsin identified as T. serrata. Ng and Kelly used the von Linstow (1879 and 1889) descriptions and Hass and Meisels (1978) used Clarkson and Owen (1960) as the reference for species identification.
Another difficulty in identification of the species is the description of T. campanula provided by Clarkson and Owen (1960). While this is the only description of T. campanula with a finger-like vulvar projection, this description was instrumental in distinguishing the parasites by size. The discrepancy created by Clarkson and Owen might be due to the projection not being seen in the originally identified T. campanula (i.e., both species have it), an omission in the first description of T. campanula since it was described after T. serrata or the archived specimen used might have been mislabeled. The drawings provided by Clarkson and Owen almost perfectly match those of Cameron's T. serrata and the description provided by von Linstow of T. serrata.
If mislabeling occurred and only T. serrata has a projection, this does not address the issue of the size difference between Clarkson and Owen's specimens and those of other T. serrata specimens. While the T. serrata described by Cameron (1937) also was quite small and Ng and Kelly state that size is not definitive, these adult Trichuris are much smaller than the original description by von Linstow. Explanations for the size difference include: natural variation; a high larval exposure resulting in smaller adults; repeat infections in the host with host immunity decreasing adult worm size; and the number of adult worms present with population density regulating size (McKellar 1993; Stear et al. 1997; Walker et al. 2009; Luong et al. 2011). All of these effects have been seen in different gastro-intestinal species with variations in adult size being specifically noted with Trichuris muris and Trichuris suis (Michael and Bundy 1989; Kuchai et al. 2013). If these explanations are correct, they support Ng and Kelly's statement that the use of the existence or absence of the finger-like projection on the females is a better means of distinguishing the species versus using parasite size.
Frequently egg size is used for identification, especially in prevalence and treatment studies. However, the egg sizes overlap for the two species. Also, in other Trichuris species, it has been demonstrated that egg size can significantly vary between adult worms and within adult worms (Yoshikawa et al. 1989; Areekul et al. 2010). Hence, egg size does not appear to be a reliable determinant of species.
Since neither of the species has been molecularly characterized, this method could not be used to identify the species on St. Kitts. Molecular characterization will be useful for differentiating the species when specimens matching the description of T. serrata and T. campanula are available.
After a review of the literature on the identification of Trichuris in cats, it is concluded that the species on St. Kitts is T. serrata. While the size more closely matches the T. campanula described by Clarkson and Owen (1960), it is hypothesized that the vulvar projection only occurs in T. serrata and parasite size is not a reliable criterion for distinguishing the species. To determine if the pathology associated with these infections on St. Kitts is species or strain related, morphological descriptions and molecular characterization of Trichuris from cats without pathologic changes are required; this might potentially impact the importance of treating Trichuris infections in cats world-wide.
The large intestine was collected from twelve cats euthanized due to health issues between February 2013 and March 2014. The large intestine was opened, soaked in saline at approximately 36°C for 1 h and then washed over a 50 μm sieve to collect the adult Trichuris. All of the intact adults collected were examined for a bacillary band. All female adults were examined for a finger-like vulvar projection. One to four adult male (representing five cats) and one to four adult female worms (representing eleven cats) were morphologically examined in more detail: length of the male and female worms, length of the esophagus and length of the spicule were measured. The number selected was based primarily on the ability to separate whole undamaged worms. Lastly, eggs harvested from the female worms and eggs retrieved from the feces were measured from nine of the cats. An Olympus SZX16 with a microscope mounted camera (Olympus DP73) was used for photographing the parasites and these photographs with a stage micrometer were used for subsequent measuring of the parasites. Photographs of the vulvar projection, bacillary band and eggs were obtained using an Olympus BX41 with a microscope mounted camera (Olympus DP73). Eggs were measured using an ocular micrometer.
All procedures in regards to the decision to euthanize the cats from which the Trichuris were harvested were approved by the Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory and study animals were followed.
Areekul P, Putaporntip C, Pattanawong U, Sitthicharoenchai P, Jongwutiwes S (2010) Trichuris vulpis and T. trichiura infections among schoolchildren of a rural community in northwestern Thailand: the possible role of dogs in disease transmission. Asian Biomed 4:49–60
Beldomenico PM, Kinsella JM, Uhart MM, Gutierrez GL, Pereira J, Ferreyra HV, Marull CA (2005) Helminths of Geoffroy's cat, Oncifelis geoffroyi (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Monte desert, central Argentina. Acta Parasitol 50:263–266
Bowman DD, Hendrix CM, Lindsay DS, Barr SC (eds) (2002) Feline Clinical Parasitology. Iowa State University Press, Ames, pp 348–350
Cameron TWM (1937) Studies on the endoparasitic fauna of Trinidad mammals. V. Further parasites from the Ocelot. Can J Res 15:24–27
Clarkson MJ, Owen LN (1959) The parasites of domestic animals in the Bahama Islands. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 53:341–346
Clarkson MJ, Owen LN (1960) The species of Trichuris in the domestic cat. J Helminthol 34:319–322
Hass DK, Meisels LS (1978) Trichuris campanula infection in a domestic cat from Miami, Florida. Am J Vet Res 39:1553–1555
Kelly JD (1973) Occurrence of Trichuris serrata von Linstow, 1879 (Nematoda: Trichuridae) in the domestic cat (felis catus) in Australia. J Parasitol 59:1145–1146
Ketzis JK, Shell L (2015) The prevalence of Trichuris spp. infection in indoor and outdoor cats on St. Kitts. J Infect Dev Ctries 9:111–113
Kirkova Z, Dinev I (2005) Morphological changes in the intestine of dogs, experimentally infected with Trichuris vulpis. Bulg J Vet Med 8:239–243
Krecek RC, Moura L, Lucas H, Kelly P (2010) Parasites of stray cats (Felis domesticus L., 1758) on St. Kitts, West Indies. Vet Parasitol 172:147–149
Kuchai JA, Ahmad F, Chishti MZ, Dar JA, Tak H (2013) On morphology and morphometry of Trichuris ovis Abildgaard, 1795 recovered from ruminants of Ladakh, India. J Buffalo Sci 2:49–52
Luong LT, Vigliotti BA, Hudson PJ (2011) Strong density-dependent competition and acquired immunity constrain parasite establishment: Implications for parasite aggregation. Int J Parasitol 41:505–511
McKellar QA (1993) Interactions of Ostertagia species with their bovine and ovine hosts. Int J Parasitol 23:451–462
Michael E, Bundy DAP (1989) Density dependence in establishment, growth and worm fecundity in intestinal helminthiasis: the population biology of Trichuris muris (Nematoda) infection in CBA/Ca mice. Parasitol 98:451–458
Ng BKY, Kelly JD (1975) Isolation of Trichuris campanula von Listow 1889 from Australian cats. Aust Vet J 51:450–451
Stear MJ, Bairden K, Duncan JL, Holmes PH, McKellar QA, Park M, Strain S, Murray M (1997) How hosts control worms. Nature 389:27
von Linstow OFB (1879) Helminthologische Untersuchungen. Jh Ver Vaterl Naturk Wurttemb 35:313–342
von Linstow OFB (1889) Helminthologisches. Arch Naturgesch 54:235–246
Walker M, Hall A, Anderson RM, Basáñez MG (2009) Density-dependent effects on the weight of female Ascaris lumbricoides infections of humans and its impact on patterns of egg production. Parasites Vectors 2:11–28
Yoshikawa H, Yamada M, Matsumoto Y, Yoshida Y (1989) Variations in egg size of Trichuris trichiura. Parasitol Res 75:649–654
This study was funded by Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine. The author would like to thank Dr. Dwight Bowman with assistance in obtaining some obscure articles, Dr. Michael Dryden with assistance in interpretation of descriptions of Trichuris and Janel Cawthra for assistance with worm collection. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
Jennifer K Ketzis
Search for Jennifer K Ketzis in:
Correspondence to Jennifer K Ketzis.
The author declares that she has no competing interests.
Trichuris spp
Trichuris serrata
Trichuris campanula

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Women's stella mccartney barricade 17 tennis shoes which the upper is composed of a mesh rpu at 360 degrees for lightness and increased support. The inner insole is made out of a adiprene foam and at the front plate, the shoe possesses adiprene to maximize propulsion. The 3D torsion system also ensures stability and support. Abrasion-resistant adituff™ wraps around the toe and medial forefoot. adidas by stella mccartney logo on tongue and heel. Adiwear™ 6 outsole offers the ultimate in high-wear durability.


text:
– seria anime wyprodukowana przez studio Production I.G, w reżyserii Kenji Kamiyama, projekt postaci Chika Umino.

Opis fabuły
10 listopada 2010 – dziesięć pocisków spada na Japonię, nie powodując widocznych ofiar w ludziach. Atak ten nazwany Nieostrożnym Poniedziałkiem wkrótce zostaje zapomniany. Akcja anime rozpoczyna się 3 miesiące później. Młoda kobieta, Saki Morimi, przebywająca w Ameryce z okazji ukończenia szkoły, wpada w kłopoty, z których ratuje ją nagi mężczyzna – Akira Takizawa. Człowiek wydaje się nic nie pamiętać, posiada przy sobie tylko broń trzymaną w jednej ręce i telefon komórkowy w drugiej z 8,2 mld jenów na koncie.

Bohaterowie

Główni

 Urodziła się 6 stycznia 1989 roku, ma 22 lata. Jej rodzice zginęli, mieszka ze swoją siostrą, szwagrem i ich dzieckiem. Przebywa wraz z rodziną i przyjaciółmi w Ameryce z okazji ukończenia szkoły. Tylko ona spotyka Akira Takizawa, który wyciąga ją z kłopotów.

Higashi no Eden

Selecao

Inne

Lista odcinków
Premiera serialu miejsce 9 kwietnia 2009 roku na antenie Fuji TV w bloku Noitamina.

Linki zewnętrzne

Noitamina
Production I.G

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Start the New Year with a new you and restore your inner balance for the year ahead. Boost your mental wellbeing and clear your mind of the clutter that has accumulated over the festive period with a few small changes.
Begin 2019 with a positive outlook, creating small goals, aspirations and challenges to help focus and stimulate your mind.
No matter where you are on your wellness journey, it can be difficult to reduce stress and enhance mental clarity with our busy work schedules and life's little distractions, but spending time by yourself to refresh can help you feel centred and less anxious. Curl up in an armchair with your favourite book and take time out from your day – for a more immersive experience switch on your aroma diffuser and choose a rich and comforting fragrance.
Our family and friends play an important role in our lives and can impact how we think and feel. By considering their wellbeing, it can have a positive effect on our own. Enhance your family's wellness by reducing stress and promoting serenity. Spend quality time together, whether you're catching up over coffee or watching a film – it is important to take time to re-connect with the people we love.
Feeling stressed and anxious? Create a calming atmosphere to help clear your mind and reset for the rest of your day with Zen on the Go®. Choose your favourite calming essential oil and take time to enjoy the fragrance dispersing from your aroma diffuser. The ideal way to achieve clarity in the midst of a gruelling day at the office or to soothe your soul whilst on the move.
Enjoy an indulgent moment to truly relax and unwind. Try painting or practicing yoga – do something you really love, to ensure you reset your mind and release your worries to prepare for a new day. If you're struggling to wind down consider listening to music, taking a bath or switching on your aroma diffuser and immersing yourself in gentle mood lighting and delicate fragrances.
Our quality of sleep can impact our health and wellbeing, affecting our mood and concentration, which in turn can cause unnecessary stress. Start the day feeling nourished and content after a deep and blissful sleep, which can help focus the mind and lift your mood. If you are finding it difficult to drift off, limit how much time you spend on electronic devices before bed and consider using scent to aid your sleep with an aroma diffuser. Let your body relax into a fragrance enriched slumber to soothe and revitalise your mind, body and soul.
Lavender, Ylang Ylang and Cedarwood are all fragrances that promote restful sleep and have a calming effect when you are feeling stressed or worried.


text:
About Alba
Line 6 Expansion Project
SPL Treatment Plant
Standard Ingots
Rolling Slabs
Foundry Alloy Ingots
Extrusion Billets
T-Ingots
Calcined Coke
Global Ambassador
Bahrainisation
Metal of the Future
Global Corporate Responsibility
Alba Share Prices
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Customer eTrack
SPL Project
Alba's Line 6: Paving a New Era of Growth and Prosperity
View Arabic version (PDF)
"24 November 2019 is a historical day for Alba as we were honoured with the presence of His Majesty King Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa, the King of the Kingdom of Bahrain, for gracing us with His Majesty's presence to officially inaugurate Line 6 Expansion Project and accompanied by His Royal Highness Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa, the Crown Prince, First Deputy Prime Minister and Deputy Supreme Commander", said the Chairman of Alba's Board of Directors, Shaikh Daij Bin Salman Bin Daij Al Khalifa, in a statement issued during the fourth quarterly Board meeting for 2019, held on Sunday 01 December 2019 at Alba.
Adding further, Shaikh Daij Bin Salman Bin Daij Al Khalifa stated:
"Aluminium Bahrain B.S.C. Alba's Line 6 Expansion Project is a game-changer and marks a turning point for Alba and a new era of growth and prosperity for the Kingdom of Bahrain. His Majesty's official inauguration of Alba's mega project places Alba in the lead within the aluminium industry with its transformation - making it the world's largest smelter ex-China. I also take the opportunity to thank all our partners on this project: Emirates Global Aluminium (EGA) for using the proprietary DX+ Ultra Technology in Line 6, Bechtel - EPCM contractor for Reduction Line 6, GE and GAMA Consortium - the EPC contractor for Power Station (PS) 5 and Siemens - the Power Distribution System contractor for PS 5 and all the contractors involved in this Project, specifically to the local contractors who have all contributed towards the success of this Project.
With Line 6 fully on stream, we are now actively seeking to expand our products' portfolio and increase our sales with a major emphasis on the US market.
In addition, we aim to have a strong finish in 2019 as our production will top 1.35 million metric tonne, for the first time in Alba's history thanks to the safe and progressive ramp-up of Line 6, while at the same time, we intend to achieve 15 million working-hours without Lost Time Injury by year-end 2019."
During this meeting, Alba's Board of Directors approved the minutes of the previous meeting, which was held on 25 September 2019 as well as reviewed the reports of the Executive Committee, Board Audit Committee and the Nomination, Remuneration and Corporate Governance Committee. In addition, the Board approved the 2020 Annual Operating Plan and Q3 2019 Financial Statements. Updates were also given by the Executive Management on Safety, Operational and Financial Performance on the back of current market conditions and Project Titan – Phase IV as well as overall Industry Outlook.
In addition to the Chairman of the Board, Shaikh Daij Bin Salman Bin Daij Al Khalifa, the Alba Board of Directors comprises six directors appointed by Bahrain Mumtalakat Holding Company – Mr. Yousif Abdulla Taqi, Mr. Osama Mohammed Al Arrayedh, Mr. Yaser E. Humaidan, Dr. Mohamed Kameshki and Mrs. Suha Karzoon. The two directors appointed by Sabic Industrial Investments Co. (SIIC) are Mr. Ahmed Mohammad A. Al Jabr and Mr. Ali Al Shamrani and two elected directors, Mr. Omar A. Al-Amoudi and Mr. Mutlaq Al-Morished.
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Atlanta was practically in our backyard when we lived in Georgia but we never really got a chance to explore it. So when Ady invited me down to help with a photography workshop, I had to figure out how to see Atlanta in 48 hours!
After landing in ATL, I headed over to Concourse D to check out Chicken + Beer. Obviously I wasn't having beer on this trip (18 weeks preggers) but I couldn't wait for some southern comfort food.
The vibe was really chill and relaxed and the staff was more than accommodating. Seriously, they were the definition of southern hospitality.
I ordered the Chicken and Waffles, one of their specialties, and was super excited to try it. But when I went to cut into what I thought was a chicken strip, I realized it was a wing. I'm not a fan of wings so I didn't really eat the chicken and strictly enjoyed the waffles. But the experience was wonderful and I highly recommend checking it out. I mean, it IS Ludacris' restaurant after all!
I partnered with Mazda for the weekend and they put me in a CX-3 to explore the city. It was perfect for all of the exploring we had planned; compact, high tech and yes I'm going to say it, cute. It was also really good on gas!
For dinner, we had reservations at McCray's Tavern in Midtown. It had a super rustic, industrial vibe which I loved and I would definitely say it's a good place for people of all ages.
We ordered the Buffalo Chicken Rolls for an appetizer (amazing!) and then I ordered a Turkey Reuben for my meal. Service was great, prices were reasonable, and it was perfect for a relaxed Friday night meal with friends.
We began our Saturday morning at Kiehl's at Lenox Square. They've rolled out a super exciting product, their Apothecary Preparations and we were able to get a consultation and try the product! The service is completely customized to YOU and YOUR skin. So they tested the hydration level of my skin (which was low at 27.5%… a good level is 30%-50%) and looked at what my trouble spots were.
I left with a nighttime serum focusing on wrinkles and discoloration and will be sharing more on this topic soon!
We worked up an appetite by this point so we headed to D.B.A BBQ in the Virginia Highlands neighborhood. I mean, I had to get some southern BBQ while I was there, right? We tried a few different things on their menu, the mac and cheese being my favorite! My meal was actually incorrect when it came out but they fixed it within minutes and it was great!
There was indoor seating and outdoor (covered) seating which ended up getting super hot and humid since the windows weren't open for a breeze. But if you're looking for traditional southern BBQ, check out D.B.A!
The day wasn't over yet… not even close! Next we headed to Sugarcoat in Chastain, the newest location. It was an absolutely beautiful space. White and bright, clean, and the staff was super friendly and professional. They offer a ton of different nail services as well as blowouts! And their prices are super affordable.
We went home to get ready to snap a few pics around the city, including stops in Midtown, Buckhead, Westside Provisions and ending at the Jackson Street Bridge. It was PACKED but it's a beautiful shot of the city so I can see why. And it's the spot where The Walking Dead picture from season 1 was taken. So kind of cool, right?
And last but not least, we stopped for dinner at The Deep End. It was right across the street from Ponce City Market which I didn't get a chance to check out, but this would be an absolute must on your trip. There are a ton of restaurants, a park on the rooftop, and much more! So sad I didn't get to check it out this time but there's always next time, right?
So The Deep End felt more like a bar than a restaurant and unfortunately, there were no drinks for this mama haha but the food was primarily mexican; tacos, quesadillas, Ranchero eggs, etc. They were getting ready for a DJ or band and were sound checking so it was super loud. The manager told us it's a pretty popular spot later in the night and I could definitely see that! We were there around 7 p.m. but I wouldn't recommend going for dinner much later, unless you sit outside on the patio or don't mind it being loud.
We were exhausted by this point so we called it a night. I had an early flight to catch! Overall I saw a lot of the city and made it to a ton of the major neighborhoods in the area.
While I would have loved a few more hours to squeeze in some more activities, I loved checking out these different neighborhoods, restaurants, and experiences. It was also the perfect time of year to visit; sunny and 75! I would say avoid the summer months like the plague… that Georgia humidity is nothing to mess around with!
If you've been to Atlanta, what neighborhoods, restaurants and attractions do you recommend?! Would love to hear suggestions for my next trip!
I've been to ATL a million and one times and never once taken a pic on Jackson street bridge! I'm adding it to my list of things to do the next time we're there! And Ponce City Market is a must… so many great things to eat and see!
It was a super cool view! Definitely recommend it!
I have never been to ATL!! I can't wait to go!! Those Chicken and Waffles are calling my name!
You killed it! I love my city so much and I'm so happy you were able to jam pack so many fun things in 48 hours!
Atlanta seems fun! I've never been to visit, only passing through!
The food looks delish! I just love ATL!
Girl I don't know how you did it being pregnant and hitting up so many places within in 48 hours lol But I do love how pretty and inviting these restaurants are.
Looks like you had an amazing time! Also, DROOLING over the food! YES please to chicken and waffles.
SO much fun!!! One of my best girl friends lives in ATL and I LOVE visiting her because life there is just the best LOL. I can't wait to get back and try some of these fun things!


Nagaland's Hornbill Music Festival, which hosts India's biggest government-sponsored rock contest, is expanding its ambit to include more genres. This year, for the first time, the popular North-East cultural event will host a beatboxing championship from December 6th-8th.
From the 100 entries received from across India, 32 were selected by a panel of judges comprising MC Eucalips (finalist of American Beatbox Championship and CEO of Beatbox Without Borders), entrepreneur Vineeth Vincent and Sri Lankan beatboxer Julius Mitchell.
The 32 finalists will now battle it out in front of thousands at the Hornbill Music Festival. Apart from winning the judges over, they will also need to impress two other eminent personalities—former champion of Beatbox World Championships, the French artist Alem, and Pepouni, from the beatbox collective Swissbeatbox. As a warm-up exercise, all finalists will get an opportunity to attend a workshop with the judges a day before the competition.
On the day of the contest, every participant will be given 60 seconds to amaze the judges. Participants will be judged on technique, originality and musicality.


Some philosophical musings on defence from "down under".
I preface these comments with my prejudices. Though creaking and groaning in ever decreasing increments as I enjoy my last 20 or so years of effective life on this planet – a few comments from one who has on a number of occasions needed to fight for life against human predators who for whatever social reason wanted to take advantage without consideration the well being of myself or others.


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A femme fatale ( or ; ), sometimes called a maneater or vamp, is a stock character of a mysterious, beautiful, and seductive woman whose charms ensnare her lovers, often leading them into compromising, deadly traps. She is an archetype of literature and art. Her ability to enchant, entice and hypnotize her victim with a spell was in the earliest stories seen as verging on supernatural; hence, the femme fatale today is still often described as having a power akin to an enchantress, seductress, witch, having power over men. Femmes fatales are typically villainous, or at least morally ambiguous, and always associated with a sense of mystification, and unease.

The term originates from the French phrase femme fatale, which means 'deadly woman' or 'lethal woman'. A femme fatale tries to achieve her hidden purpose by using feminine wiles such as beauty, charm, or sexual allure. In many cases, her attitude towards sexuality is lackadaisical, intriguing, or frivolous. In some cases, she uses lies or coercion rather than charm. She may also make use of some subduing weapon such as sleeping gas, a modern analog of magical powers in older tales. She may also be (or imply that she is) a victim, caught in a situation from which she cannot escape. A younger or underage version of a femme fatale is called a fille fatale, from the French phrase for 'deadly girl'.

In American early 20th-century films, a femme fatale character was referred to as a vamp, a reference to The Vampire, Philip Burne-Jones's 1897 painting, and Rudyard Kipling's later 1897 poem, and the 1909 play and 1915 film A Fool There Was.

Female mobsters (including Italian-American Mafia or Russian Mafia) have been portrayed as femmes fatales in films noir. Femmes fatales appear in James Bond films.

History

Ancient archetypes

The femme fatale archetype exists in the culture, folklore and myths of many cultures. Ancient mythical or legendary examples include Inanna, Lilith, Circe, Medea, Clytemnestra, Lesbia, Tamamo no Mae, and Visha Kanyas. Historical examples from classical times include Cleopatra and Messalina, as well as the biblical figures Delilah, Jezebel, and Salome. An example from Chinese literature and traditional history is Daji.

Early Western culture to the 19th century
The femme fatale was a common figure in the European Middle Ages, often portraying the dangers of unbridled female sexuality. The pre-medieval inherited biblical figure of Eve offers an example, as does the wicked, seductive enchantress typified in Morgan le Fay. The Queen of the Night in Mozart's The Magic Flute shows her more muted presence during the Age of Enlightenment.

The femme fatale flourished in the Romantic period in the works of John Keats, notably "La Belle Dame sans Merci" and "Lamia". Along with them, there rose the gothic novel The Monk featuring Matilda, a very powerful femme fatale. This led to her appearing in the work of Edgar Allan Poe, and as the vampire, notably in Carmilla and Brides of Dracula. The Monk was greatly admired by the Marquis de Sade, for whom the femme fatale symbolised not evil, but all the best qualities of women; his novel Juliette is perhaps the earliest wherein the femme fatale triumphs. Pre-Raphaelite painters frequently used the classic personifications of the femme fatale as a subject.

In the Western culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the femme fatale became a more fashionable trope, and she is found in the paintings of the artists Edvard Munch, Gustav Klimt, Franz von Stuck, and Gustave Moreau. The novel À rebours by Joris-Karl Huysmans includes these fevered imaginings about an image of Salome in a Moreau painting:

In 1891, Oscar Wilde, in his play Salome: she manipulates her lust-crazed uncle, King Herod, with her enticing Dance of the Seven Veils (Wilde's invention) to agree to her imperious demand: "bring me the head of John the Baptist". Later, Salome was the subject of an opera by Strauss, and was popularized on stage, screen, and peep show booths in countless incarnations.

She also is seen as a prominent figure in late 19th- and 20th-century opera, appearing in Richard Wagner's Parsifal (Kundry), Georges Bizet's "Carmen", Camille Saint-Saëns' "Samson et Delilah" and Alban Berg's "Lulu" (based on the plays "Erdgeist" and "Die Büchse der Pandora" by Frank Wedekind).

Other considerably famous femmes fatales include Isabella of France, Hedda Gabler of Kristiania (now Oslo), Marie Antoinette of Austria, and, most famously, Lucrezia Borgia.

20th-century genres

Early 20th century

Mrs Patrick Campbell, George Bernard Shaw's "second famed platonic love affair", (she published some of his letters) and Philip Burne-Jones's lover and subject of his 1897 painting, The Vampire, inspired Burne-Jones's cousin Rudyard Kipling to write his poem "The Vampire", in the year Dracula was published.

  The poem, which began: "A fool there was ...", inspired Porter Emerson Browne to write the play, A Fool There Was, becoming a 1909 Broadway production, and leading to the 1915 film, A Fool There Was starring Theda Bara, as "The Vamp".

The short poem may have been used in the publicity for the 1915 film. 1910s American slang for femme fatale was  vamp, for vampire.

Another icon is Margaretha Geertruida Zelle. While working as an exotic dancer, she took the stage name Mata Hari. She was accused of German espionage during World War I and was put to death by a French firing squad. After her death she became the subject of many sensational films and books.

The 1913 film The Vampire by Robert Vignola, contains a "vamp" dance. Protagonist Alice Hollister was publicised as "the original vampire".

Femmes fatales appear in detective fiction, especially in its 'hard-boiled' sub-genre which largely originated with the crime stories of Dashiell Hammett in the 1920s. At the end of that decade, the French-Canadian villainess Marie de Sabrevois gave a contemporary edge to the otherwise historical novels of Kenneth Roberts set during the American Revolution.

Film villainess often appeared foreign, often of Eastern European or Asian ancestry. They were a contrast to the wholesome personas of actresses such as Lillian Gish and Mary Pickford. Notable silent-cinema vamps include Theda Bara, Helen Gardner, Louise Glaum, Valeska Suratt, Musidora, Virginia Pearson, Olga Petrova, Rosemary Theby, Nita Naldi, Pola Negri, Estelle Taylor, Jetta Goudal, and, in early appearances, Myrna Loy.

Post World War II

During the film-noir era of the 1940s and early-1950s, the femme fatale flourished in American cinema. Examples include Brigid O'Shaughnessy, portrayed by Mary Astor, who murders Sam Spade's partner in The Maltese Falcon (1941); manipulative narcissistic daughter Veda (portrayed by Ann Blyth) in Mildred Pierce who exploits her indulgent mother Mildred (portrayed by Joan Crawford) and fatally destroys her mother's remarriage to stepfather Monte Barragon (portrayed by Zachary Scott); Gene Tierney as Ellen Brent Harland in Leave Her to Heaven (1945), and the cabaret singer portrayed by Rita Hayworth in Gilda (1946), narcissistic wives who manipulate their husbands; Phyllis Dietrichson (Barbara Stanwyck) in Double Indemnity (1944), Ava Gardner in The Killers and Cora (Lana Turner) in The Postman Always Rings Twice, based on novels by Ernest Hemingway and James M. Cain respectively, manipulate men into killing their husbands.

In the Hitchcock film The Paradine Case (1947), Alida Valli's character causes the deaths of two men and the near destruction of another. Another frequently cited example is the character Jane played by Lizabeth Scott in Too Late for Tears (1949); during her quest to keep some dirty money from its rightful recipient and her husband, she uses poison, lies, sexual teasing and a gun to keep men wrapped around her finger. Jane Greer remains notable as a murderous femme fatale using her wiles on Robert Mitchum in Out of the Past (1947). In Hitchcock's 1940 film and Daphne du Maurier's 1938 novel Rebecca, the eponymous femme fatale completely dominates the plot, even though she is already dead and we never see an image of her. Rocky and Bullwinkle Natasha Fatale, a curvaceous spy, takes her name from the femme fatale stock character.

1980s to the present

The femme fatale has carried on to the present day, in films such as Body Heat (1981) and Prizzi's Honor (1985) – both with Kathleen Turner, Blade Runner (1982) with Sean Young, Blue Velvet (1986) with Isabella Rossellini, Fatal Attraction (1987) with Glenn Close, The Witches with Anjelica Huston, Basic Instinct (1992) with Sharon Stone, Damage (1992) with Juliette Binoche, The Last Seduction (1994) with Linda Fiorentino, To Die For (1995) with Nicole Kidman, Lost Highway (1997) with Patricia Arquette, Devil in the Flesh (1998) and Jawbreaker (1999), both with Rose McGowan, Original Sin (2001) with Angelina Jolie, Femme Fatale (2002) with Rebecca Romijn, and Jennifer's Body (2009), with Megan Fox. In 2013, Tania Raymonde played the title role in Jodi Arias: Dirty Little Secret. In 2014, Eva Green portrayed a femme fatale in Sin City: A Dame to Kill For and Rosamund Pike starred in Gone Girl.

Academy Award-winning actress Marion Cotillard has frequently played femmes fatales, in such films as A Private Affair (2002), A Very Long Engagement, The Black Box, Inception, Midnight in Paris, The Dark Knight Rises and Macbeth. Nicole Kidman has also played a few femmes fatales in films as To Die For, The Paperboy, Moulin Rouge! and The Northman.

The archetype is also abundantly found in American television. One of the most famous femmes fatales of American television is Sherilyn Fenn's Audrey Horne of the David Lynch cult series Twin Peaks. In the TV series Femme Fatales, actress Tanit Phoenix played Lilith, the host who introduced each episode Rod Serling-style and occasionally appeared within the narrative. In the Netflix TV series Orange Is the New Black, actress Laura Prepon played Alex Vause, a modern femme fatale, who led both men and women to their destruction.

Femmes fatales appear frequently in comic books. Notable examples include Batman's long-time nemesis Catwoman, who first appeared in comics in 1940, and various adversaries of The Spirit, such as P'Gell.

This stock character is also often found in the genres of opera and musical theatre, where she will traditionally have a mezzo, alto or contralto range, opposed to the ingénue's soprano, to symbolize the masculinity and lack of feminine purity. An example is Hélène from Natasha, Pierre and the Great Comet of 1812.

Use in criminal trials
The term has been used by the media in connection with highly publicised criminal trials, such as the trials of Jodi Arias and Amanda Knox.

See also

References

Further reading
 Dominique Mainon and James Ursini (2009) Femme fatale, . Examines the context of film noir.
 Giuseppe Scaraffia (2009) Femme fatale,
 Julie Grossman (2020) The Femme Fatale, . A brief history of the femme fatale in cinema and TV.
 Toni Bentley (2002) Sisters of Salome, . Salome considered as an archetype of female desire and transgression and as the ultimate femme fatale.
 Bram Dijkstra (1986) Idols of Perversity: Fantasies of Feminine Evil in Fin-De-Siecle Culture, . Discusses the Femme fatale-stereotype.
 Bram Dijkstra (1996) Evil Sisters: The Threat of Female Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Culture, .
 Elizabeth K. Mix Evil By Design: The Creation and Marketing of the Femme Fatale, . Discusses the origin of the Femme fatale in 19th-century French popular culture.
 Mario Praz (1933) The Romantic Agony, . See chapters four, 'La Belle Dame Sans Merci', and five, 'Byzantium'.
 Julie Grossman (2009) Rethinking the Femme Fatale in film noir: Ready for her close-up, . Tries to bring about a more nuanced and sympathetic reading of the "femme fatale" in film criticism and popular culture commentary.

Female stock characters
Women and psychology
Cultural depictions of women
Persian literature by genre


A new study by industry analysts Plimsoll Publishing has identified a group of 52 emerging companies in the UK Orthopaedic Equipment industry. In the last year these companies have increased sales by an average 14% and are taking further control of the market as we start 2012.
The new Plimsoll Analysis provides a full financial analysis on the Top 549 companies in the UK Orthopaedic Equipment industry. Their full financial performance over the last 4 years is presented in the publication. The analysis is designed for the busy manager who needs to spot trends in the overall market, identify and understand threatening competitors. For those looking for quick growth, the analysis can also be used to seek out acquisition prospects.
Contact Christopher Evans at chris@plimsoll.co.uk or visit www.plimsoll.co.uk for more information.


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Der Holzfisch (japanisch mokugyo , , koreanisch moktak) ist ein Aufschlagidiophon aus Holz, das zu den Schlitztrommeln gehört. Wie der praktisch baugleiche Tempelblock und der einfachere Holzblock ist der Holzfisch durch einen Schlitz oder eine runde Bohrung teilweise ausgehöhlt. Er wird in verschiedenen Mahayana-Traditionen des Buddhismus vor allem in Japan, China, Korea und Vietnam als Begleitinstrument bei Rezitationen verwendet. Im Zen/Chan-Buddhismus wird er auch als Signal zum Beginn und zum Ende einer Meditationseinheit verwendet und im Amitabha-Buddhismus auch als Begleitung zu Amitabha-Gesängen.

Bedeutung und Form

Das koreanische Wort moktak hat zwei Teile: mok bedeutet Holz und tak schlagen. In Japan wird dieses Instrument mokugyo genannt, was übersetzt "Holzfisch" bedeutet. Diese Bezeichnung kommt von der ursprünglichen Form des Instruments, das an einen Fisch mit offenem Mund erinnert. Da Fische nicht schlafen, sind sie im Buddhismus ein Symbol unter anderem für Wachsamkeit. Das mokugyo soll also die Rezitierenden daran erinnern, mit ihrer ganzen Konzentration beim rezitierten Sutra zu sein. Es gibt mokuyos in unterschiedlichsten Größen: von zehn Zentimetern bis über einem Meter.

Heute sind mokugyos meist nicht mehr in Form eines Fischkopfes gefertigt, sondern haben nur eine kugelige Form mit Verzierungen. Eine spezielle Form wird jedoch in buddhistischen Klöstern in Japan verwendet um die Mönche morgens und mittags zum Essen zu rufen. Dabei handelt es sich um ein mokugyo in der Form eines ganzen Fisches.

Entstehung

Es gibt viele Legenden über die Entstehung dieses Musikinstrumentes, die meisten davon spielen in China.  Eine dieser Legenden erzählt von einem chinesischen Buddhisten, der nach Indien ging um buddhistische Texte (Sutras) zu erhalten. Auf seinem Weg nach Indien musste er einen breiten Fluss überqueren, hatte aber weder ein Boot noch war eine Brücke vorhanden. In diesem Moment schwamm ein großer Fisch an die Oberfläche. Der Buddhist setzte sich auf seinen Rücken und der Fisch brachte ihn sicher an das andere Ufer. Der Fisch erzählte anschließend, dass er in seinem früheren Leben als Mensch eine schlechte Tat begangen hat, die er nun versucht wiedergutzumachen und bittet den Buddhisten den Buddha zu fragen, ob der Fisch ein Bodhisattva werden könne.

Der Buddhist willigte ein und setzte seine Reise fort, die insgesamt siebzehn Jahre dauerte. Nachdem er die buddhistischen Texte erhalten hatte, machte er sich auf den Rückweg nach China. Als er wieder den Fluss überqueren wollte, kam wieder derselbe Fisch. Wieder half er dem Buddhisten den Fluss zu überqueren. Der Buddhist hatte jedoch sein Versprechen vergessen. Als der Fisch das erfuhr, wurde er wütend und warf den Buddhisten samt den Sutras in den Fluss. Ein Fischer, der zufällig in der Nähe war, rettete den Buddhisten. Die Sutras waren jedoch unglücklicherweise in den Fluten verschwunden.

Als der Buddhist nach Hause kam war er voller Zorn. Die Reise von siebzehn Jahren war umsonst. Er schnitzte voller Ärger aus einem Stück Holz einen Fischkopf. In Erinnerung an sein Schicksal schlug er mit einem Holzhammer auf diesen Fischkopf. Zu seiner Verwunderung öffnete der hölzerne Fisch bei dem Schlag sein Maul und sagte einen Buchstaben des Sutra. Von nun an schlug er auf den Fischkopf so oft er Zeit fand und konnte so nach ein paar Jahren die verloren geglaubten Sutras Buchstabe für Buchstabe wiedererlangen.

Literatur
 Alan R. Thrasher: Muyu. In: Grove Music Online, 28. Mai 2015

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Zen
Amitabha-Buddhismus
Buddhistische Musik
Schlagidiophon
Traditionelles chinesisches Musikinstrument


Home Topics Blended & Personalized Learning Digital Learning Now!
Our vision is an education that maximizes every child's potential for learning, prepares every child with the knowledge and skills to succeed in college and careers, and launches every child into the world with the ability to pursue his or her dreams. By unleashing the power of digital learning, America has the ability to realize that vision today.
Digital learning can customize and personalize education so all students learn in their own style at their own pace, which maximizes their chances for success in school and beyond. With digital learning, every student – from rural communities to inner cities – can access high quality and rigorous courses in every subject, including foreign languages, math and science.
This summer, the governors convened the Digital Learning Council with leaders in education, government, philanthropy, business, technology and think tanks to define the actions that lawmakers and policymakers must take to spark a revolution in digital learning. More than 100 people from across the nation invested countless hours and energy in this rapid virtual policy development process.
As Governor Wise frequently points out, America faces an achievement gap, a teacher gap, and a financial gap. These gaps can only be closed by expanding access to learning online and by encouraging schools to incorporate the best of online and on-site learning.
1. Student Eligibility: All students are digital learners.
*State ensures access to high quality digital content and online courses to all students.
*State ensures access to high quality digital content and online courses to students in K-12 at any time in their academic career.
2. Student Access: All students have access to high quality digital content and online courses.
*State does not restrict access to high quality digital content and online courses with policies such as class size ratios and caps on enrollment or budget.
*State does not restrict access to high quality digital content and online courses based on geography, such as school district, county, or state.
*State requires students take high quality online college-or career-prep courses to earn a high school diploma.
3. Personalized Learning: All students can customize their education using digital content through an approved provider.
*State allows students to take online classes full-time, part-time or by individual course.
*State allows students to enroll with multiple providers and blend online courses with onsite learning.
*State allows rolling enrollment year round.
*State does not limit the number credits earned online.
*State does not limit provider options for delivering instruction.
4. Advancement: Students progress based on demonstrated competency.
*State requires matriculation based on demonstrated competency.
*State does not have a seat-time requirement for matriculation.
*State provides assessments when students are ready to complete the course or unit.
5. Content: Digital content, instructional materials, and online and blended learning courses are high quality.
*State requires digital content and online and blended learning courses to be aligned with state standards or common core standards where applicable.
6. Instruction: Digital instruction and teachers are high quality.
*State provides alternative certification routes, including online instruction and performance-based certification.
*State provides certification reciprocity for online instructors certified by another state.
*State creates the opportunity for multi-location instruction.
*State encourages post-secondary institutions with teacher preparation programs to offer targeted digital instruction training.
*State ensures that teachers have professional development or training to better utilize technology and before teaching an online or blended learning course.
7. Providers: All students have access to multiple high quality providers.
*State has an open, transparent, expeditious approval process for digital learning providers.
*State provides students with access to multiple approved providers including public, private and nonprofit.
*States treat all approved education providers- public, chartered and private – equally.
*State provides all students with access to all approved providers.
*State has no administrative requirements that would unnecessarily limit participation of high quality providers (e.g. office location).
*State provides easy-to-understand information about digital learning, including programs, content, courses, tutors, and other digital resources, to students.
8. Assessment and Accountability: Student learning is the metric for evaluating the quality of content and instruction.
*State ensures a digital formative assessment system.
*State evaluates the quality of content and courses predominately based on student learning data.
*State evaluates the effectiveness of teachers based, in part, on student learning data.
*State holds schools and providers accountable for achievement and growth.
9. Funding: Funding creates incentives for performance, options and innovation.
*State funding model pays providers in installments that incentivize completion and achievement.
*State allows for digital content to be acquired through instructional material budgets and does not discourage digital content with print adoption practices.
*State funding allows customization of education including choice of providers.
10. Delivery: Infrastructure supports digital learning.
*State is replacing textbooks with digital content, including interactive and adaptive multimedia.
*State ensures high-speed broadband Internet access for public school teachers and students.
*State ensures all public school students and teachers have Internet access devices.
*State uses purchasing power to negotiate lower cost licenses and contracts for digital content and online courses.
*State ensures local and state data systems and related applications are updated and robust to inform longitudinal management decisions, accountability and instruction.
Over the coming year, Digital Learning Now, a project of the Foundation for Excellence in Education, and partner organizations will provide support to state policy makers to guide the historic pivot from print to personal digital learning.
American K-12 education is facing it's "GM moment" when it must do more with less. Digital Learning Now offers a road map to meet the academic and financial challenges of the future.
The council has done well with items 1 and 2, but how does our system tackle the critical numbers 3 and 4?


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Rise Against Announce New Album & Title Track; "Nowhere Generation"
Rise Against has announced their first new album in four years with Nowhere Generation and have released the title track which, in true Rise Against form, has something to say.
"Today there is the promise of the American Dream, and then there is the reality of the American Dream", says singer/guitarist Tim McIlrath.
"America's 'historical norm' that the next generation will be better off than the one that came before has been diminished by an era of mass social, economic, and political instability and a sell-out of the Middle Class. The brass ring that was promised by hard work and dedication no longer exists for everyone. When the privileged climb the ladder of success and then burn it from the top, disruption becomes the only answer."
Nothing Nowhere will be released June 4th on Loma Vista Recordings. You can pre-order/pre-save the album here.
Rise Against – Nowhere Generation Album Artwork
Romantic Homicide
By d4vd
Welcome To My Island
By Caroline Polachek
Highway Tune
By Greta Van Fleet
Even Flow
By Pearl Jam
By I Prevail
We've Got A Big Mess On Our
By The Academy Is...
Taste The Money
By Fidlar
My Cheating Heart
By Love Fame Tragedy
Did I Make You Up?
By Half Alive
Tiny Indoor Fireworks
By Biffy Clyro


When I first came to know about Tai Chi, my impression was old people in the parks moving their hands and feet (very slowly). I had some reservations.
On the other hand, my Dad/Teacher seemed pretty fanatical about it. So I thought: what the hell, let me try it out myself and see what's this all about!
My understanding of Tai Chi is summed up by the term, 'Dot Tai Chi'.
How do we enter the Tai Chi State?
Entering the Tai Chi State can be simple. And it can be complicated.
It is simple because we can enter the Tai Chi State by being relaxed. If there is one principle in Tai Chi that you take away, then simply take away this: Relax (放松).
Well that sounds simple. How do we 'Relax'?
That is the complicated part – How do we relax?
To be relaxed, we have to create suitable conditions in our body, so that our body can be relaxed. We have to have a Stable Body Structure (框架稳定).
Without a stable body structure, our body will tense up. We cannot enter the Tai Chi state when we are tense. We cannot create a building without first building the foundation. Likewise, we must create suitable conditions in our body to enter the Tai Chi State by being relaxed.
In other words, to Relax, we must first have a Stable Body Structure.


A last minute company presentation by G4S who are offering Business & IT Graduate and Placement opportunities. I am trying to promote it via as many channels as possible as it is this Thursday!
Download their presentation here to obtain more information about the company.
If you are interested in this post – please contact the placements office.
Job: Clarkewood Consulting – Offering Employment for 8 Graduates!!
Lee Clarke, Managing Director at ClarkeWood Consulting Ltd recently came to the University of Gloucestershire to deliver a seminar to 2nd year students, giving them a little overview of the job market.
I met a company in Gloucestershire on Friday who need 8 entry level support developers. Could you ping out my details to your year 3 grads who will be looking for work now and hopefully, I can gain employment for a number of them.
The role is supporting customers who use an ecommerce application online with Amazon, eBay and other online markets. The candidates will need good understanding of Google, HTML, FTP and other web application protocols/languages.
The role involves supporting customers via, skype, email and telephone, working as part of a team, learning the company's software applications inside out. The company offers an excellent working location and intensive training and would suit any graduate from an IT related degree background.
This is a brilliant opportunity for graduates to get involved in a first time job and experience within the field of IT communications and web developement.
To apply, please contact Lee Clarke directly.
LN-CC is a London based retail concept consisting of an online platform and 5,000sq ft store space in East London.
LN-CC combines the tangible roots of traditional retail with a progressive approach to the online market. We believe in achieving everything on our own terms, continually striving to push things forward. This project is more than a store, it's an evolving platform of curated ideas encompassing clothing, music and art in both a physical and digital environment.
We're a small team but growing rapidly. Our offices are based in East London. We have a fantastic work environment, with tea and coffee on tap, table tennis in the back yard and regular evenings in the pub.
The ideal candidate will be working towards a relevant degree, with a genuine interest in fashion and design.
Nerv and looking for 2D animators primarily (with good Adobe After Effects skills, Illustrator and Photoshop). On the other hand they are flexible, so anyone good enough with 2D and 3D they're happy to consider.
It is a 3 month unpaid internship and starting time is ASAP. When reached the end of the internship, the candidate will be reviewed and if their contribution to the company has been successful, the candidate will be considered for a full-time position.
Nerv's previous experience with animation interns has led to to employing them, so it is an excellent opportunity for one or potentially two interns. If nothing else, it is excellent experience for your CV. Contact robin@nerv.co.uk for more information.
Salter's Hill (near Ledbury) charity member Peter Scott visited the University of Gloucestershire recently.
"Music company Supajam (http://www.supajam.com) are looking for an animator to create a viral video to promote a competition currently running.
We are looking for a short and quite basic 2D animation that we can post onto our Youtube channel and share on our social media sites.
However there is an extremely quick turnaround needed for this animation, so you would need to be extremely good at deadlines.
This would suite a student or graduate looking to build their portfolio and get experience working to a brief for a company.
Another job ad through – get your CV's up to date and apply early! If you need advice about how you should be presenting yourself upon applying – come and talk to one of the staff members.
The successful applicant will require skills in PHP and SQL. MVC skills desirable but not compulsory.
You will be required to create and manage websites and assist in IT and web based development. You must be either within commuting distance of Cirencester or be prepared to relocate.
I am writing to let you know that we have a great job opportunity that would suit 2012 graduates. We are specifically looking for Interactive and UX Design graduates as the role involves testing website to assure the top quality of our service.
Could you please kindly circulate this job description among your students and alumni? The position is for an immediate start but we would wait for a right candidate. The salary is negotiable but the job is for permanent basis.
Your assistance is highly appreciated. Should you require any additional information, please do not hesitate to contact me directly via jobs@cyber-duck.co.uk.
For more information about the job – see the PDF job description here. Alternatively – get directly in contact with Kaorlina using the details below (click the image to go to their official web site).
The COMX11 Exhibition is now over! Congratulations to all the prize winners. Check the awards page on the COMX11 web site to see who won which prize!
The exhibition saw one of the best turn outs of all COMXs, with over 150 visitors through the doors including representatives of 25 businesses. This added great opportunity for all students to show off their skills and who were ready for employment.
Well done to everyone who participated and the very best of luck to all those who are graduating this year!
Check out the COMX11 gallery below to see the day's progress!
What's it like on a placement?
Take a look at Aaron Sullivan's blog – a Multimedia student currently on placement.
Find out about his experience and the inside story at Trigger Software, Cheltenham.
Another Multimedia student – Rachel Brooks – is also on placement.
Find out how she's getting on at Content Master, Wotton-Under-Edge.