text:
\section{Introduction}
Graphene, a one-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, has outstanding electrical~\cite{Novoselov2004, CastroNeto2009} and mechanical~\cite{Liu2007, Lee2008} properties,
as well as high optical transmittance~\cite{Nair2008}. For this reason, many electronic and
photonic devices employing graphene, as either an active layer or a transparent electrode,
have been demonstrated, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs)~\cite{Meyer2014, Kim2011},
solar cells~\cite{Wang2011, Park2012}, field-effect transistors~\cite{Di2008},
photodetectors~\cite{Baierl2011}, touch screens~\cite{Bae2010}, terahertz wave
modulators~\cite{Sensale-Rodriguez2012, Gao2014, Li2015}, and Schottky junction
devices~\cite{Yang2012, Tongay2012}. In many such demonstrations, a graphene layer
has been deposited by transferring it onto a device substrate following the
conventional wet-transfer method, where a graphene--polymer bilayer floating on a water
bath is scooped by the substrate~\cite{Li2009}. And when the patterning of graphene
layers is required, it has mostly been performed after graphene transfer, typically
using photolithography followed by reactive-ion etch (RIE)~\cite{Lee2011, Shi2013}.
However, this method of obtaining patterned graphene layers -- the wet-transfer and
subsequent patterning process -- has only a limited range of applications, where
graphene layers must be deposited and patterned, when necessary, prior to deposition of
any material that is too fragile to withstand a wet, high-temperature, or plasma process.
Notable, practically important examples of such materials are organic semiconductors~\cite{Forrest2004} and organometal trihalide perovskite compounds~\cite{Snaith2013}

Attention, therefore, has been focused on development of dry-transfer techniques~\cite{Kang2012}.
For example, a graphene layer grown on a Cu layer on a donor substrate can be directly
transferred onto a target substrate, by delaminating the graphene--Cu interface
when the target substrate in contact with the graphene layer is peeled off from the donor substrate~\cite{Yoon2012}. However, for selective delamination, the target substrate
needs to be coated with an epoxy adhesion layer, which makes this technique
unsuitable for high-performance electronic devices: for example, it cannot be applied
to fabrication of an LED with a top graphene electrode, since the adhesion layer
in this case would be placed in the device interior, just beneath the graphene electrode,
impeding efficient charge injection. Another approach is to transfer-print a graphene
layer coated with a `self-release' layer from an elastomeric stamp onto a target
substrate~\cite{Song2013}, where reliable transfer is achieved by choosing
an appropriate self-release layer that assures the selective delamination at the interface
between that and the elastomer. Although the transfer process itself is dry,
removing the self-release layer transferred along with the graphene is typically
achieved with an organic solvent, ultimately limiting applications of this method.
Jung \textit{et al.} demonstrated a technique capable of transferring graphene
monolayers without an adhesion or a self-release layer~\cite{Jung2014}.
In this mechano-electro-thermal process, complete transfer, instead, requires
application of high temperature ($\ge$ \SI{160}{\degreeCelsius}) and voltage ($\ge$ \SI{600}{V})
while a graphene layer grown on Cu foil is pressed onto a target substrate.
\begin{figure*}[t]
\includegraphics[width=1.8\columnwidth]{process_schematic.png}
\caption{\textbf{Transfer-printing of a CVD-grown graphene monolayer.}
The process begins with a graphene monolayer grown on Cu foil (a).
After depositing a support layer composed of Au (b), the Cu layer is etched by floating the sample on a Cu etchant bath (c).
After transferring the resulting graphene--Au bilayer to a bath comprising a mixture of water and ethanol, the bilayer was scooped up with a PDMS stamp (d).
Next, the sample is dried using a N$_2$ gun (e), followed by heat treatment on a hot plate.
Removing the Au layer (f) completes the fabrication of the stamp coated with the graphene monolayer, which is then gently pressed onto a target substrate coated with a material that can be easily damaged by a wet process (g).
The graphene monolayer is transferred onto the substrate as the stamp is peeled off from the substrate (h).
Between (g) and (h), the stamp and substrate are kept in conformal contact for \SI{1}{\hour}, followed by heat treatment on a hot plate.}
\label{fig:process_schematic}
\end{figure*}

Here, we demonstrate a low-temperature, dry transfer process capable of transfer-printing a patterned
graphene monolayer onto a target substrate that can be damaged or degraded
by a wet, plasma or high-temperature process. In this process, a graphene monolayer
on Cu foil, which is grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and then patterned
using a conventional lithographic process, is transferred onto a stamp made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), and
subsequently transfer-printed from the stamp onto the target substrate.
The graphene transfer from Cu foil to PDMS is achieved using the conventional
wet-transfer process~\cite{Li2009}, with the following two modifications:
the use of Au, instead of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), as a material for the support
layer, and the decrease in surface tension of the liquid bath using a water-ethanol mixture.
These modifications are critical in preventing defect formation in a graphene monolayer
during its transfer onto a PDMS stamp, thereby leading to a minimum sheet resistance of
\SI{573}{\ohm\per sq} for a graphene monolayer transfer-printed onto a glass substrate.
Furthermore, we demonstrate transfer-printing of patterned graphene monolayers on
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and MoO$_3$,
which are representative examples of organic electronic materials and practically important metal oxides~\cite{Girotto2011}, respectively, that are usually damaged or
degraded when exposed to aqueous or aggressive patterning processes.
The morphological and elemental characterizations of the surfaces of transfer-printed
graphene show the existence of contaminants that are likely to be siloxane oligomers
transferred from the PDMS stamp. We discuss the current range of application of this
technique and possible means to expand it by eliminating the contamination problem.

\section{Transfer-Printing of a Patterned Graphene Layer}

To transfer a graphene monolayer onto a target substrate that can be damaged or
degraded by a wet or high-temperature process (Fig.~\ref{fig:process_schematic}),
we first transfer a CVD-grown graphene onto a PDMS stamp following the conventional
wet-transfer method (a to f): by scooping up, with the PDMS stamp, a graphene--support bilayer floating on liquid. After the support layer is removed by chemical
etching, the graphene is transfer-printed on a target substrate (g to h). The first part of this
process (a to f), although seemingly similar to the conventional wet-transfer technique~\cite{Li2009}, has two distinct features, which are crucial to obtain a high-quality
graphene monolayer on a target substrate.

First, as a support layer material, we use thermally deposited Au, instead of PMMA,
which is mostly widely used for this purpose in the wet-transfer method~\cite{Li2009a}.
PDMS, the material chosen for a stamp owing to its mechanical and chemical properties
suitable for various transfer-printing techniques~\cite{Xia1998}, swells when immersed in
an organic solvent~\cite{Lee2003} that can dissolve the PMMA support layer, such as
acetone and chloroform. When this occurs, the graphene monolayer cracks, creating a large number of defects (Supplementary Fig.~ S1). On the contrary, the use of a Au support layer allows one to obtain a high-quality
graphene monolayer on PDMS, since Au can be removed using an aqueous etchant,
which does not swell PDMS.

Second, for the liquid on which the graphene--Au bilayer floats and from which
it is scooped with a PDMS stamp [Fig.~\ref{fig:process_schematic}(d)],
we use an ethanol--water mixture, instead of water commonly used in the
conventional wet-transfer technique. This is to decrease the surface tension of the liquid.
In the conventional case, after the graphene--support bilayer is scooped with a hydrophilic substrate [as in Fig.~\ref{fig:process_schematic}(d)], a thin layer of water is present
throughout the graphene--substrate interface, providing sufficient lubrication
at that interface. As a result, when the sample is blow-dried using a N$_2$ gun,
the graphene and substrate form a conformal contact without wrinkles throughout
the substrate, as the water is laterally displaced [Supplementary Fig.~S2(a)].
Since the surface of a PDMS stamp is hydrophobic, which is favorable for
reliable transfer of a graphene monolayer onto a target substrate via stamping
(g to h in Fig.~\ref{fig:process_schematic}), the use of water bath in Fig.~\ref{fig:process_schematic}(d) leads to a discontinuous lubrication layer between
the bilayer and substrate, as schematically shown in Supplementary Fig.~S2(b).
Therefore, blow-drying in this case results into bursting of trapped water droplets,
tearing the graphene monolayer. This can be effectively prevented by using an
ethanol--water mixture as the liquid bath, which sufficiently wets the PDMS surface to
provide a continuous lubrication layer [Supplementary Fig.~S2(c)].

When patterning of graphene is required, a conventional patterning process, such as O$_2$ RIE of graphene using photoresist patterned by photolithography as an etch mask~\cite{Lee2011, Shi2013}, is performed before Step (b) in Fig.~\ref{fig:process_schematic}.
Then, performing the remaining processes [Step (b) to (h)], one can obtain a patterned
graphene monolayer on a target substrate. This pre-transfer patterning of graphene
allows one to avoid possible damage to the fragile material that is likely to occur,
when a process such as photolithography~\cite{Lee2011, Shi2013}, RIE~\cite{Lee2011, Shi2013}, or laser ablation~\cite{Kalita2011} is performed after the graphene is transferred to the target substrate.

\section{Results and Discussion}

\begin{figure*}[t]
\includegraphics[width=1.8\columnwidth]{water_vs_mixture.png}
\caption{\textbf{Effect of surface tension on the quality of transfer-printed graphene monolayers.} (a,b) Optical microscope images of graphene monolayers transfer-printed on Si substrates pre-coated with SiO$_2$. The bath used in step (d) in Fig.~\ref{fig:process_schematic} is composed of water in (a) and a water--ethanol mixture in (b). Along a line indicated by the arrow in (a), the graphene monolayer is folded, which arises from a corresponding wrinkle in the graphene--Au bilayer formed due to insufficient wetting of the PDMS surface by the bilayer. (c) Raman spectra of the graphene monolayers on the Si/SiO$_2$ substrates. (d) Optical transmittance spectra of the graphene monolayers transferred on glass substrates. Each curve was obtained by averaging over five samples.}
\label{fig:water_vs_mixture}
\end{figure*}

To show that the surface tension of a liquid used in Step (d) in Fig.~\ref{fig:process_schematic} is a critical factor determining the quality of
transfer-printed graphene, we transfer-printed a graphene monolayer on a Si
substrate coated with a 285-nm-thick SiO$_2$ layer following a process described
in Fig.~\ref{fig:process_schematic}, while varying the liquid bath: in one set of
experiments, we used water, and in the other, a water--ethanol mixture
(\SI{30}{\percent} water and \SI{70}{\percent} ethanol by volume). When water bath was used, although
the entire graphene sheet (\SI{1.3}{\centi\meter} by \SI{1.3}{\centi\meter}) was seemingly well-transferred,
a closer observation revealed that there are randomly distributed irregular-shaped
holes where graphene is absent, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:water_vs_mixture}(a).
The density of these defects is approximately \SI{10}{\per\centi\meter\squared}. When the PDMS stamp was observed by an optical microscope after Step (f) in Fig.~\ref{fig:process_schematic}, it was found that similar defects, albeit smaller in size,
were present (Supplementary Fig.~S3), indicating that the defects are formed while transferring the graphene layer onto the PDMS surface and are exacerbated during the transfer-printing onto the substrate.
As described in the previous section, the defects arise from insufficient wetting of
the PDMS surface by water. Since PDMS is hydrophobic, immediately after
a graphene--Au bilayer is scooped by a PDMS stamp, water dewets the PDMS surface
in several locations, making the bilayer form contacts to the PDMS surface that is only
locally conformal [Supplementary Figs.~S2(b) and S4(a)]. As the sample is blow-dried
using a N$_2$ gun, these locally conformal contacts laterally expand, generating
narrow wrinkles with water droplets trapped inside, as shown in the right image of
Supplementary Fig.~S4(a). We speculate that further application of N$_2$ pressure
causes the water droplets to burst, resulting into defects such as that shown in
Supplementary Fig.~S3. In fact, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:water_vs_mixture}(a),
the locations of many defects in the graphene transferred onto the substrate
seem to coincide with the intersection of the wrinkles, where relatively large water
droplets are expected to form: the linear regions in Fig.~\ref{fig:water_vs_mixture}(a)
indicated by the white arrow are where the graphene monolayer is folded, which
results from the wrinkles in the graphene--Au bilayer. In contrast, when the
ethanol--water mixture was used, its lower surface tension ($\simeq$ \SI{25}{dyn\per\centi\meter} at \SI{23}{\degreeCelsius}~\cite{Hansen1998} allows a continuous lubrication layer to form between
the graphene and PDMS surfaces, providing effective ``decoupling'' of the bilayer
from the PDMS surface. Therefore, no wrinkles, except a few with much smaller
heights, were observed in the graphene--Au bilayer on the PDMS stamp [Supplementary
Fig.~S4(b)]. We found that mild baking at \SI{40}{\degreeCelsius} removes these wrinkles,
resulting into the flat graphene--Au bilayer that is globally conformal to the PDMS stamp,
and consequently, successful transfer-printing of the graphene monolayer was
achieved without defects, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:water_vs_mixture}(b).

The sheet resistance ($R_\text{sh}$) was measured for graphene monolayers
transfer-printed on glass substrates, using the van der Pauw method~\cite{VanderPauw1958}. The size of the graphene monolayers are approximately
\SI{1.3}{\centi\meter} by \SI{1.3}{\centi\meter}. In the following, a graphene monolayer transfer-printed onto
a final substrate from a PDMS stamp onto which a graphene--Au bilayer was
scooped from a bath of water and the ethanol--water mixture are referred to as
$G_\text{H$_2$O}$ and $G_\text{EtOH--H$_2$O}$, respectively.
For $G_\text{H$_2$O}$, the sheet resistance, averaged over five samples
($\langle{R}_\text{sh}\rangle$) is \SI{3119}{\ohm\per sq}, with a minimum equal to
\SI{2664}{\ohm\per sq}.
In contrast, for $G_\text{EtOH--H$_2$O}$,  $\langle{R}_\text{sh}\rangle$ is \SI{914}{\ohm\per sq}, with a minimum being \SI{573}{\ohm\per sq}. Figure~\ref{fig:water_vs_mixture}(c) shows
Raman spectra of graphene monolayers shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:water_vs_mixture}(a)
and (b), where for $G_\text{H$_2$O}$ they
were obtained from defect-free regions. The spectra show that, for both cases,
(i) each Raman peak occurs at the same location (D: \SI{1344}{\per\centi\meter}, 2D: \SI{2686}{\per\centi\meter}, G: \SI{1588}{\per\centi\meter}), (ii) the height of the D peaks is negligible, and
(iii) the 2D/G peak ratios are larger than 2.7, confirming that
the transfer-printed graphene is indeed a monolayer~\cite{Ferrari2006}. This result indicates that
significantly larger values of $R_\text{sh}$ for $G_\text{H$_2$O}$, in comparison to that for $G_\text{EtOH--H$_2$O}$, are due not to the properties of graphene in defect-free regions, but to large-scale defects as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:water_vs_mixture}(a),
which has been prevented by decreasing the surface tension
in the case of $G_\text{EtOH--H$_2$O}$.

Figure~\ref{fig:water_vs_mixture}(d) shows the optical transmission spectra of
$G_\text{H$_2$O}$ and $G_\text{EtOH--H$_2$O}$ transfer-printed
on a 0.7-mm-thick glass substrate, averaged over five samples for each case.
Transmittance ($T$), plotted on the $y$-axis, is the intensity of the optical beam
transmitted through a glass/graphene sample normalized to that transmitted
through a glass substrate. The size of the optical beam at the sample location
was approximately \SI{2}{\milli\meter} by \SI{8}{\milli\meter}.
For both $G_\text{H$_2$O}$ and $G_\text{EtOH--H$_2$O}$, the values of $T$
are consistent with what was previously measured for a graphene monolayer
on a quartz substrate~\cite{Bae2010}.
The value of $T$ for $G_\text{H$_2$O}$ is slightly higher than
that for $G_\text{EtOH--H$_2$O}$, primarily because the absence of graphene
in the defects in $G_\text{H$_2$O}$ allow more light to be transmitted.
Under this hypothesis, the ratio of total area of the defects to the entire area
of the graphene sheet ($\alpha$), can be estimated as
$\alpha = (T_\text{H$_2$O} - T_\text{EtOH--H$_2$O})/(1-T_\text{EtOH--H$_2$O})$,
where  $T_\text{H$_2$O}$ and  $T_\text{EtOH--H$_2$O}$ are transmittance of
$G_\text{H$_2$O}$ and $G_\text{EtOH--H$_2$O}$, respectively.
The value of  $\alpha$ calculated at each wavelength in Fig.~\ref{fig:water_vs_mixture}(d)
ranges from \SI{6}{\percent} to \SI{8}{\percent}, which is consistent with our estimation based on optical
microscope images.

As expected, successful transfer-printing of graphene requires a defect-free
graphene monolayer that is globally conformal to a PDMS stamp.
Our proposed technique achieves this with the water--ethanol mixture,
which provides a continuous lubrication layer, and with an Au support layer,
which allows for its removal without swelling PDMS. Alternatively, one may
attempt to obtain a defect-free graphene monolayer on a PDMS stamp
by pressing the stamp onto a graphene layer grown on Cu foil and then etching away
the Cu foil by floating the Cu/graphene/PDMS on a bath of a Cu etchant.
Since the surface of Cu foil commonly used in CVD growth of graphene
typically has corrugations on the micron scale~\cite{Li2009a}, the PDMS attached
to the graphene in this case is in contact with the graphene only partially.
As a result, subsequent processes such as N$_2$ blow-dry and transfer-printing
tend to cause defects in the graphene layer, as shown in Supplementary Fig.~S5.
In fact, it was previously reported that $R_\text{sh}$ of a transfer-printed graphene
monolayer by this approach was \SI{4}{\kilo\ohm\per sq}, even with a self-release layer
inserted for reliable graphene transfer~\cite{Song2013}.

\begin{figure*}[t]
\includegraphics[width=1.8\columnwidth]{patterning.png}
\caption{\textbf{Characterizations of graphene monolayer patterns transfer-printed on materials that can be damaged by a wet process.} (a,b) Optical microscope images of graphene monolayer patterns transfer-printed on (a) MoO$_3$ and (b) PEDOT:PSS. The arrows in (a) and (b) indicate regions covered by graphene monolayers. (c, d) Raman spectra (red) of the patterned graphene on (c) MoO$_3$ and (d) PEDOT:PSS. Also shown are the Raman spectra of the substrates without graphene (black).
}
\label{fig:patterning}
\end{figure*}

To fabricate practical electronic devices where graphene is used as active layers
or electrodes, the patterning of graphene is required.
Our technique, described in Fig.~\ref{fig:process_schematic}, can achieve this
with a simple modification: the process begins with a patterned graphene on Cu foil
in Step (a), instead of an unpatterned graphene layer. In our current demonstration,
we first prepared a patterned graphene monolayer on Cu foil by etching
unpatterned graphene grown on Cu foil by O$_2$ RIE using a photoresist etch mask
patterned by photolithography. Next, the patterned graphene was transfer-printed on
a Si/SiO$_2$ substrate coated with MoO$_3$ or PEDOT:PSS,
both of which are susceptible to degradation when exposed to an aqueous condition
or aggressive patterning process. Figures~\ref{fig:patterning}(a) and (b) are optical
micrographs of the substrates, where patterned graphene monolayers were
transfer-printed in regions indicated by the arrows,
showing that the patterns defined on photomasks were replicated
in the transfer-printed graphene monolayers.
The widths of the smallest features -- lines in Fig.~\ref{fig:patterning}(a) and arcs in Fig.~\ref{fig:patterning}(b) -- are \SI{10}{$\mu$\meter} and \SI{15}{$\mu$\meter}, respectively,
which are identical, within the resolution of the optical imaging system used
($\sim$ \!\SI{0.5}{$\mu$\meter}), to those of the corresponding features on the photomask.
A closer observation of the pattern edge using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM)
 revealed that it is not straight on the nanoscale,
with an ``edge resolution'' of \SI{50}{\nano\meter}, which is probably attributed to the edge resolution
of the photomask patterns and/or limitation of the photolithography process
(Supplementary Fig.~S7).
From this, together with the fact that previously demonstrated transfer-printing-based
patterning techniques can create patterns whose size is well below
100~nm~\cite{Kim2002}, we expect that our technique is capable of creating
sub-micrometer graphene patterns, if a nanopatterning process,
for example electron-beam~\cite{Withers2011}, nanoimprint~\cite{Liang2010},
or nanosphere~\cite{Liu2011} lithography, is employed, instead of photolithography.
Raman spectra obtained from the graphene transfer-printed on the MoO$_3$
show the distinct G and 2D peaks, with the 2D/G intensity ratio of 2.5,
and the negligible D peak, suggesting that the quality of the graphene is comparable to
that in Fig.~\ref{fig:water_vs_mixture}(b).
For the case of the graphene transfer-printed onto the PEDOT:PSS,
the peaks associated with graphene, except the 2D peak, cannot be identified
due to the overlap with Raman spectra of PEDOT:PSS.

Next, we observed the surface of the transfer-printed graphene on
a Si/SiO$_2$ substrate, using a FE-SEM and an atomic force microscope (AFM).
As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:sem_afm}(a), irregularly shaped dark patches,
as enclosed by a white circle, are randomly distributed throughout the surface.
Also shown are the dark lines, as marked by the white arrow.
These two features, patches and lines, are commonly found in the transferred graphene CVD-grown on Cu foil -- with the former and latter attributed to graphene multilayers and wrinkles, respectively~\cite{Li2009a} -- and hence are not caused by our transfer technique.
It is also shown that in the patches, there are darker spots with diameters
of approximately \SI{150}{\nano\meter}.
\begin{figure*}[t]
\includegraphics[width=1.6\columnwidth]{sem_afm.png}
\caption{\textbf{Morphological characterizations of transfer-printed graphene monolayers.} (a, b) Scanning electron microscope images of the graphene surface before (a) and after (b) annealing at 400~$^\circ$C under H$_2$ and Ar. (c) Atomic force microscope image of the sample used in (a). (d) Height profile of the surface measured along the white dotted line in (c).}
\label{fig:sem_afm}
\end{figure*}
The surface profile measured using an AFM along the white dotted line in Fig.~\ref{fig:sem_afm}(c) shows that the spots have heights as high as
approximately \SI{7}{\nano\meter} [Fig.~\ref{fig:sem_afm}(d)].
To identify the origin of the dark spots, elemental analysis was carried out
using a scanning transmission electron microscope capable of energy dispersive
x-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS).
In order to prepare a sample for this analysis, a graphene layer was
transfer-printed from a PDMS stamp onto a Si/SiO$_2$ substrate coated
with a PEDOT:PSS separation layer, and then transferred onto a lacey carbon
TEM grid using the conventional wet-transfer method (see the Method Section for the experimental detail).
An EDS spectrum obtained from a region shown in Supplementary Fig.~S8(a) shows that, in addition to carbon, silicon atoms are present on the graphene surface [Supplementary Fig.~S8(b)].
Given many previous reports showing that uncured siloxane oligomers were present on PDMS surfaces~\cite{Glasmastar2003, Song2013}, it is highly likely
that the dark spots on the graphene surface are siloxane residues
that have been transferred from the PDMS stamp.
This speculation was further supported by the fact that the dark spots can be eliminated
by annealing the sample at \SI{400}{\degreeCelsius} under H$_2$ and Ar, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:sem_afm}(b)~\cite{Allen2009}.
The AFM measurements [Fig.~\ref{fig:sem_afm}(c) and (d)] show that the surface
in the background, that is, regions away from the patches and lines,
is much rougher than that of a clean graphene surface~\cite{Pirkle2011},
suggesting that the oligomer residues are also present throughout the surface,
not only on the multilayer regions.

The morphological and elemental characterizations of the surface of transfer-printed
graphene discussed above help determine the range of application of our technique
in its current form.
Since the oligomer residues are likely to be present only on the top surface, that is,
the graphene surface that used to be in contact with the PDMS,
our technique can be applied to fabrication of (i) devices where only the bottom surface of the graphene electrode is involved in injection
or collection of charge carriers, such as LEDs and solar cells, made of organic semiconductors~\cite{Beck2015} or organometal trihalide perovskite compounds~\cite{You2015}, with top graphene electrodes,
and (ii) devices whose graphene electrodes are used to establish electric fields
without charge carrier transport, such as thin-film transistors
with graphene gate electrodes~\cite{Park2011} and
terahertz wave modulators~\cite{Sensale-Rodriguez2012, Gao2014, Li2015}.
Meanwhile, when charge carrier injection or collection occurs
in both sides of the graphene layer, such as in tandem LEDs and solar cells
where it is part of the interlayers, our technique is not applicable.
Therefore, expanding the range of application of our technique
by eliminating the oligomer contamination, possibly with the following modification,
is important future work: replacing PDMS with other stamp material that can be
completely cured; or depositing a blocking layer on the PDMS surface to prevent possible transfer of uncured oligomers onto the graphene surface, with a potential candidate being a pressure sensitive adhesive layer~\cite{Choi2015, Kim2015}.

\section{Conclusion}

In summary, we have developed a low temperature, dry process capable of
transfer-printing a patterned graphene monolayer grown on Cu foil on a target substrate. Two features distinct from the conventional wet-transfer method~\cite{Li2009}
-- the use of a support layer composed of Au, instead of PMMA, and the decrease in surface tension of the liquid bath on which a graphene--Au bilayer floats --
allow one to obtain a graphene monolayer on a PDMS stamp without defects that would otherwise arise.
Subsequently, the graphene is transfer-printed from the stamp onto a target substrate.
The characteristics of a graphene monolayer transfer-printed using our technique are comparable to those obtained with the conventional wet-transfer method,
with a sheet resistance as low as \SI{573}{\ohm \per sq} and optical transmittance of
\SI{97.4}{\percent} at \SI{550}{\nano\meter}.
In addition, with pre-transfer patterning of graphene on Cu foil using conventional
patterning processes, our technique is capable of creating graphene monolayer
patterns on materials that are easily degraded when exposed to high-temperature processes, organic solvents, or aqueous chemicals.
As an example, using photolithography followed by reactive-ion etch to pattern graphene monolayers on Cu foil
and then transfer-printing them, we have obtained graphene monolayer patterns
on MoO$_3$ and PEDOT:PSS, with the smallest feature size and edge resolution of
$\simeq$ \SI{10}{$\mu$\meter} and \SI{50}{\nano\meter}, respectively.
Immediate application areas of this technique include organic electronic devices
whose top electrodes are composed of graphene.
Moreover, by eliminating siloxane oligomer residues on graphene
using alternate stamp material, the technique can be further applied to devices whose graphene electrodes are in their interiors, such as tandem LEDs and solar cells.
Finally, with possible appropriate modification, it may also be applied to dry-transfer of other two-dimensional materials, including boron nitride~\cite{Zhang2015} and molybdenum disulfide~\cite{Shi2012}.

\section*{Methods}

\subsection*{CVD-grown graphene monolayer}
A graphene monolayer on Cu foil was grown in a CVD system consisting of a tubular quartz reactor and a furnace.
Experimental details described in Ref.~\cite{Bae2010} were closely followed except the following: Cu foil was annealed under a 5 sccm flow of H$_2$ at \SI{20}{\milli Torr}, and during growth, the reactor was filled with a mixture of CH$_4$ and H$_2$ at a total pressure of \SI{150}{\milli Torr}, whose flow rates are 35 and \SI{5}{sccm}, respectively.

\subsection*{Low-temperature, dry transfer-printing process}
Low-temperature, dry transfer of graphene monolayers was carried out by following processes described in Fig.~\ref{fig:process_schematic}.
To form a support layer on a graphene monolayer on Cu foil, a 200-nm-thick Au layer was deposited by thermal evaporation in high vacuum (\SI[per-mode=symbol]{1}{\angstrom\per \second}, $\sim$\! \SI{d-7}{Torr}) (b).
To etch away the Cu foil, the Cu/graphene/Au multilayer was floated on an ammonium persulfate solution, prepared by dissolving \SI{10}{\gram} of ammonium persulfate (Sigma Aldrich) in \SI{500}{\milli\liter} of water (c).
After the etch was completed, the graphene--Au bilayer was scooped with a glass slide, and then transferred on a bath of water to remove residual ammonium persulfate.
Next, the graphene--Au bilayer was moved onto a bath composed of an ethanol--water mixture (70 vol \% ethanol and 30 vol \% water), from which the bilayer was scooped by and transferred onto a PDMS stamp (d).
The sample was then blow dried using a N$_2$ gun (e), and was further dried on a hot plate at \SI{40}{\degreeCelsius} for more than \SI{4}{\hour}.
The Au support layer was etched using an ammonium iodide solution (LAE-202, Cowon Innotech. Inc.) (f), after which the PDMS/graphene sample was rinsed with water.
After water droplets on the sample were blown away using a N$_2$ gun, the graphene-coated PDMS stamp was gently pressed onto a target substrate, inducing intimate contact throughout the substrate area (g).
Before separation of the stamp from the substrate, the sample was stored at room temperature for \SI{1}{\hour} under a pressure of \SI{9,9}{\kilo\pascal}, and then placed on a hot plate at \SI{70}{\degreeCelsius} for \SI{10}{\minute} without application of pressure.
Finally, the stamp was carefully peeled off from the substrate (h), resulting in the transfer-printed graphene monolayer on the target substrate.

\subsection*{Transfer-printing of patterned graphene layers}
In this process, a graphene monolayer on Cu foil was first patterned using conventional photolithography and reactive-ion etch, as described in Supplementary Fig.~S6.
A 1.5-$\mu$m-thick photoresist (AZ GXR-601, \SI{14}{cP}) was spin-coated on a Cu/graphene sample, and then patterned by photolithography.
The patterned graphene on Cu foil was obtained, when the graphene in the areas not covered by the photoresist was etched by reactive ion etch in O$_2$ (\SI{100}{W}, \SI{0.1}{Torr}, \SI{20}{\second}, \SI{50}{sccm}).
Performing the processes described in Fig.~\ref{fig:process_schematic} with this sample, rather than unpatterned graphene on Cu foil, we transfer-printed a patterned graphene monolayer on a target substrate coated with a 75-nm-thick PEDOT:PSS or a 20-nm MoO$_3$ layer.
The target substrate was a 500-$\mu$m-thick Si substrate pre-coated with a 285-nm-thick thermal SiO$_2$ layer, and the PEDOT:PSS (Heraeus) and MoO$_3$ (LTS Chemical Inc.) layers were deposited by spin-coating (\SI{3000}{rpm, \SI{30}{\second}}) and thermal evaporation in high vacuum (\SI[per-mode=symbol]{1}{\angstrom\per\second}, $\sim$\! \SI{d-7}{Torr}), respectively.

\subsection*{Sample preparation for the elemental analysis}
Samples for the elemental analysis were prepared following the processes described in Supplementary Fig.~S9.
After a graphene monolayer was transfer-printed from a PDMS stamp onto a PEPOT:PSS layer using our transfer method (a), a layer of PMMA was deposited on the graphene layer by spin coating at \SI{3000}{rpm} for \SI{30}{\second} (b).
The PMMA solution was prepared by dissolving PMMA (\SI{138}{\milli\gram}, Sigma Aldrich) into chlorobenzene (\SI{3}{\milli\liter}, Sigma Aldrich).
The sample was then immersed into a water bath, separating the PMMA--graphene bilayer from the Si/SiO$_2$ substrate as the PEDOT:PSS layer was dissolved (c).
Next, the bilayer was transferred to another water bath and kept floating on it for more than \SI{24}{\hour} to ensure that PEDOT:PSS remaining on the graphene surface was removed.
Then, the bilayer was scooped with a lacey carbon TEM grid (Ted Pella, Inc.)
(d), after which the grid was placed on a hot plate at \SI{40}{\degreeCelsius} for more than \SI{2}{\hour}.
Finally, the PMMA layer was removed by acetone (e), resulting in the graphene monolayer on the TEM grid (f).

\subsection*{Characterization of transfer-printed graphene layers}
The surface morphology of transfer-printed graphene layers was characterized using a FE-SEM (JSM-6700F, JEOL) and an AFM (Dimension Edge, Bruker).
The sheet resistance was measured using a source meter (2400, Keithley) and a multimeter (34410A, Agilent).
The Raman spectra were obtained using a confocal Raman microscope (inVia, Renishaw) with an excitation wavelength of \SI{514.5}{\nano\meter} emitted from an Ar laser.
An ultraviolet--visible spectrophotometer (Lambda 35, Perkin Elmer) was used to measure the optical transmittance spectra.
The elemental analysis was carried out using a STEM equipped with an EDS (JEM-2100F, JEOL).

\section*{Acknowledgements}
This work was supported by the Global Frontier R\&D Program on the Center for Multiscale Energy System (Grant No. 2011-0031561) and the Center for THz-Bio Application Systems (Grant No. 2009-0083512), both by the National Research Foundation under the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning, Korea.

\section*{Author contribution statement}
M.\,C. and C.\,K. conceived the main idea of the transfer-printing process, and designed the experiments; S.\,C. performed CVD-growth of graphene used in all experiments, prepared and characterized graphene patterns on MoO$_3$ and PEDOT:PSS, and performed AFM and SEM measurements, and elemental characterization;
S.\,C. and M.\,C. carried out the remaining experiments, except the acquisition of the Raman spectra, which was performed by J.\,H.\,K.; S.\,C., M.\,C., and C.\,K. analyzed the data; C.\,K, S.\,C. and S.\,L. wrote the manuscript.

\section*{Competing financial interests}
The authors declare no competing financial interests.

\bibliographystyle{apsrev4-1}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


We have three rooms at Fog's End, and each one has become a favorite to many return guests. While each room is unique, they all blend old world charm with modern sophistication. After a day of wine tasting or touring Hearst Castle, you'll look forward to returning to any of our three rooms.
Rose is the front room of the home. Named for the rose bushes which have grown out front for decades, it features a comfortable Queen-sized bed, and gorgeous 150 year old pine plank floors, re-milled from the original farmhouse. The bathroom for Rose has vintage tiled flooring, wainscoting and a beautiful clawfoot tub cast in 1914 with overhead shower. Like the other 2 rooms, it also has an antique armoire closet and a small antique desk.
Daisy has north-facing windows overlooking willow trees and a seasonal creek. It features a Queen-sized bed, and oak plank flooring. The bathroom has the charm of an old farmhouse, but is unmistakably modern. Large marble counter tops and an oval soaking tub with shower. An antique armoir, circa 1890, serves as the closet.
Starlight is the only room on the second floor. It's a large room featuring a King-sized bed, pine plank floors, a sofa/day bed with trundle, and a small antique desk and armoire closet. It has a North facing window and skylights. The bathroom Starlight features an oversized shower with rain shower head.


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Home>News And BLOG>Bristol News>Bristol City Council's Labour leaders deny slashing funding to hobble committee system
Bristol City Council's Labour leaders deny slashing funding to hobble committee system
Opposition Bristol city councillors have accused the ruling Labour group of deliberately trying to hobble the forthcoming committee system by slashing money needed to run it. But cabinet members refuted the claims that they are taking a "scorched earth approach", insisting no details about the new set-up, such as costs, structure or how it would actually work, had yet been provided and that sufficient funds would be given.
The row broke out at a council meeting over proposals to cut £500,000 from the mayor's office, which will become defunct when Marvin Rees's second term ends in May 2024 following the referendum result earlier this year to scrap the role of elected mayor. It will be replaced by decision-making committees made up of cross-party councillors with power shared among groups reflecting the authority's political balance.
Opposition members criticised the Labour administration at a budget scrutiny meeting on Wednesday, November 23, for cutting the mayor's office costs completely from 2024/25 but failing to include any money to support the new system. Labour deputy mayor for finance Cllr Craig Cheney said: "This is just about clearing the current system out and a new one needing to be designed and the cost of that needing to be factored into future budgets."
Read more: Bristol formally scraps elected mayor as councillors rubber-stamp referendum result
But Green Cllr Martin Fodor said: "Saying you're clearing out the costs could be reframed as saying there's a scorched earth approach being taken to clear it all out and not leave something there." He said the budget papers did not show funding for the committee system when it takes over from 2024/25.
"We haven't even been asked what's needed for that year, we've only been told 'Oh, that's to be decided somewhere else'," Cllr Fodor said. "So the proposals from this administration are basically cutting away support for whatever administration will come in, and that is disturbing."
Cllr Cheney said: "That is not a fair reflection of what's happening. It's certainly not a political clear-out of the support for a committee system because of course some of us will be members of the committee system too, so it's not in our interests to do that to ourselves or you or anyone else.
"This is about re-baselining budgets, so we need to be able to say the mayor's office used to cost this, the committee system will cost this, next year there will be a pressure in the budget which will be the cost of the committee system. We've no idea what that will be at all, we've got no structures designed, we don't know what the remuneration of committee members will be, we have no sight at all of what that cost will be."
Green Cllr David Wilcox said the referendum showed residents wanted the council to be more democratic and transparent and that proposed cuts of nearly £1million to legal and democratic services would harm the council's ability to webcast more meetings and other ways of being accountable. Labour deputy mayor for children's services, education and equalities Cllr Asher Craig replied: "Year after year you were telling us that we needed to trim our own fat in terms of mayor and democratic services – we're in November and you still have no idea about the committee system.
"So we can't put a finger in the air and say this is how much it's going to cost – you're going to tell us how much it's going to cost because we don't know what system you're going to put in place, and so all we can do is cut what's not going to be in existence from 2024/25. When are we going to know what kind of committee system and what price is going to be paid for that?
"There is no mischief making, there's no politicising, this has been tough for us and for staff that we've had to have the conversations with about the potential for what's happening. So until you make the decision, we don't know."
Marvin Rees's Bristol City Council cabinet branded 'toxic' in row over councillor no-shows
Thousands of Bristol's poorest families could be forced to pay council tax for first time in years
Bristol City Council Labour group vows to make committee system work
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Saving what is displayed in a leaflet popup When I plot an address in leaflet, I can display the value in my dataset that corresponds to the row that the polygon is found on. But how can I save this value?
Example:
I plot an address in leaflet and have the popup display the median age in that neighbourhood. To my knowledge; there is no way to save this value.
I tried using raster and sf_intersection - to no avail - so I am wondering if there is an easier way to do this directly through leaflet.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: If (stmt) > False > Eval next row I am trying to populate a table with SKU codes from another sheet in my workbook. I need to use an if statement that cycles through a column and passes over a value if it evaluates false. Essentially, I want to populate a second table with SKUS but absolutely NO blank SKUS - this is where the cycling comes in.
In Table 1 (T1), col A contains the line number that the SKUs run on. Col B of T1 contains the SKU code. T1 is not sorted and never will be so there are many different arrangements of lines and SKUs. T2 is set up the exact same way: col A is the lines and col B is the SKUs; however T2 is only concerned with lines 51 and 56. So, I need to populate the SKUs into col B of T2 by checking to see if col A of T2 matches col A of T1, if they match then I want col B of T1 to populate col B of T2 (only one cell not whole column), but if they don't match I don't want to populate 0 or a false SKU, I want the formula to keep checking down col A of T1.
I cannot find a way to do this non-macro and I need to avoid macros because the workbook will be passed down to people without knowledge to preserve/modify macros.
Following is my thought process:
=IF(A1 of T2 is found in col A of T1, B1 of T2 = B(row# of matching col A cell), skip to next row and evaluate all records in col A T1)


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Imitation is sincerest form of flattery
By Ken Letson
Published 5:41 pm Monday, July 16, 2012
By KEN LETSON / Guest Columnist
There's an interesting passage in the New Testament that always gets my attention, first for its audacity and then for its truth.
It came from the apostle Paul, writing to his new disciples in the church at Corinth. His words to those new Christ-followers: "Imitate me."
Actually, such a statement was not out of the ordinary at all from Paul.
In those early days in the life of the church, he found himself needing to instruct those new Christians who had either come from a background steeped in religious legalism, or from pantheistic paganism that had no moral restraints.
Rather than just offer them unfamiliar instruction to tell them how to live, he showed them.
He didn't just say "Do as I say," but "Do as I do."
On a number of occasions Paul wrote to those early Christians — in Corinth, in Thessalonica, and in Philippi — to follow his lead. Ultimately, he summed up his point in 1 Corinthians 11:1 when he wrote: "Be imitators of me, as I also am of Christ."
I have to admit, I'm pretty uncomfortable ever asking anyone to "be like me." I can hardly imagine instructing another Christian to do what I do, or say what I say. It's more than just some over-spiritualized sense of humility. I've lived with myself long enough that I know my example is rarely worth following.
But there is a great truth for us about setting an example and having an influence on our world, by modeling the behavior and character and values that reflect our faith in Christ.
Whether it be in parenting, where we're always being watched and regularly imitated, or in other relationships of influence, it's so very important that the model we set comes from the model we follow, which is Jesus.
It's been said, "Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery." It's also the sincerest form of genuine influence. That was Paul's method — "Follow me, as I follow Christ" — and that's what we say to our children and youth, and to those young in the faith who are looking for worthy Christian models to pattern their lives after.
May our lives truly reflect Jesus in all that we do, and may we live in such a way that we can boldly, and yet humbly, say "Imitate me, as I imitate Christ."
The Rev. Ken Letson is senior pastor of The Church at Shelby Crossings in Calera. You can reach him at kenletson@shelbycrossings.com.
Time to wake up: It's later than ever
By EDDIE BURCHFIELD / Guest Columnist A farmer had an old clock that was just about gone. One night it... read more


Dave is the co-founder and marketing head honcho for Koh Tao Crossfit.
Dave is one of the original founders of Koh Tao CrossFit and now takes care of the marketing. After spending 10 years on Koh Tao, he is the guy to give you advice and recommendations during your stay.
After playing Rugby most of his life, he now keeps fit at KTC and also enjoys swimming.
Claire is our only resident 'morning person' and can regularly be found dancing round the gym, or giving loud friendly encouragement when coaching a class.
Claire found her way to Koh Tao in April 2014 after escaping a hectic job in the real world, and now spends her days working out, coaching, keeping an eye on the KTC crew and chilling out in the sunshine.
Always having one foot in the gym, Claire worked in various customer service and service delivery roles within the private healthcare industry and brings over 10 years experience from the UK leisure industry.
Overseeing the day to day running at KTC and acting as assistant coach to Tomi, Claire has been working as a fitness instructor for over 5 years and is a certified CFL1 trainer.
Tomi is the coowner of Koh Tao CrossFit, Performance Director and DJ extraordinaire!
We could go on with the list, but thought we'd shed a bit of light in to less CrossFit side of Tomi as when he's not coaching or working out in the box you can usually find him behind a set of decks, giving the people of Koh Tao the perfect sunset mix to enjoy a few cocktails to.


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'Puta' Defined: 'Narcos' Stars Debate the True Meaning of TV's Most Popular Spanish Curse Word
"It's a very transcendent word," star Pedro Pascal said about the curse "puta," which is just one of the words that the "Narcos" team tries to make sure they get right in translation.
Liz Shannon Miller
@lizlet
Juan Pablo Gutierrez/NETFLIX
There's no limit on the language that Netflix's adult dramas can use on screen — something that "Narcos," which just premiered its third season, has fully embraced. This means that one of the most common words heard on the bilingual crime drama is "puta," which is used an awful lot, in a variety of ways. But while non-Spanish-speakers reading the show's subtitles will note that the word "puta" is typically translated as "motherfucker," there's no consensus on the direct translation of the swear word.
IndieWire asked cast members Pedro Pascal and Arturo Castro, as well as executive producer Eric Newman, how they personally defined the term — and why getting the use of swearing right was important to nailing the show's authenticity. "I took it to mean 'whore, slut, bitch,'" Newman said. "But not always sort of with a pejorative feminine connotation. It's one of those sort of catch-all insults. I think that there is a version also is sort of an affection version of it too."
Pascal, who plays DEA agent Javier Pena, had his own explanation, comparing it to "the way that we use 'motherfucking' — 'This motherfucking car doesn't work.' It's 'that puta coche no funciona.' So technically puta is 'bitch,' and yet put into a sentence it is more suited to 'motherfucking.' Even though it doesn't mean fucking your mother."
Castro has a more direct translation: "'Puta' literally is 'whore,' but you use it for when you stub your toe — you're like, 'puta'! It's an expression, it can be a surprise. You can engulf a lot into 'puta,'" he said, adding with a laugh: "'50 Shades of Puta' by Arturo Castro, a memoir."
"My character curses like a sailor," Castro added. "It was really fun to do. It's weird with translation sometimes. I think they do a great job of getting the idea behind it but some of these, 'mi patio hijo de puta,' all these things are just now hard to translate. You just feel it."
Castro might be best known to American audiences as Jaime, Ilana's effeminate roommate on "Broad City." Not only did playing David Rodriguez, the ruthless son of a Cali cartel kingpin, offer him the chance to take on a very different role, but it gave him the chance to act in Spanish for what he said was the first time in his professional career.
"It was so organic," he said. "There's something about your native language and how it connects to your body that is so pleasurable to do."
Of course, Spanish isn't just universally Spanish, especially when it comes to cursing. As Pascal pointed out, "The way they curse in Columbia is completely different to the way they curse in Mexico to Chile to Argentina. It's all regional."
In approaching Season 2 of the show, Newman said the writers aimed to "bring real authenticity to the language," and that with Season 3 they've gotten closer to that. Spanish-language scenes are originally written in English, and are then switched to Spanish by the show's Colombian translator, Andrés Baiz. (Baiz also serves as one of the show's directors, credited with nine episodes throughout the series run.)
Newman described Baiz as having "really been my creative partner on this show… He oversees that part of the process [the translation] so that it's authentic."
But there's one extra step: "We work a lot with the actors and given that it's another language, we defer to them: 'Is this the best way to say this?' It's a pretty fluid process, but for me, it's really always about the intent," Newman said.
For Pascal, what the subtitles say do match up with his personal definition for the word "puta." "It floats out very naturally on my tongue as 'motherfucker.' That is correct. I hope that's not too offensive.
The fact that the show is devoted to creating a truly bilingual experience has had had a real impact on the cast in general. "I feel very lucky about it," Castro said. "I was able to do a show in Spanish that I know people in the English speaking world will see too. A successful bilingual show and that's very rare."
Whatever "puta" might mean to them, one thing was clear — no matter what language you're doing it in, swearing can be a lot of fun. "I love fucking swear words," Pascal said, when IndieWire initially apologized for bringing up the subject. "I love them."
"Narcos" Season 3 is streaming now on Netflix.
This Article is related to: Television and tagged Narcos, Pedro Pascal


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18. Breath Of Life - The Reunion
By the end of 2000 rumour spread that the old MAGNUM members were planning a reunion. At first that seemed pretty far-fetched but - amazingly -there were no official denials. In March 2001 the rumours proved to be true! Bob Catley stated in several interviews that Tony had in fact phoned him and had suggested to work together again, because 2001 was the year of MAGNUM's 25th year in the business. Tony said that Derek Kemp, their manager, had convinced him that a market for MAGNUM still existed. So he had changed his mind concerning MAGNUM and that he wanted to do a new album. Bob told a journalist in an interview: "I can't tell you how glad I was when Tony suggested the reunion. Now I have got Gary and Tony, two great songwriters who want to work with me...". They contacted Mark Stanway, who immediately agreed to join them and set off to work on some demos in the Mad Hat studios.
Bob stated that the old magic was back at once and that the stuff was classic MAGNUM, but also with a new touch. He also announced that the new album was scheduled for October and that it would be called "Breath Of Life".
Mickey Barker was asked to join the band ,too, but that proved to be difficult. Mickey had meanwhile become rooted in THE BUSHBURYS and had recorded two studio albums and a live album with them. After a concert in Nuremburg/Germany in Summer 2001 he declared, that up to that time, he had not even been asked to join MAGNUM, whereas Bob and Tony had stated that Mickey's participation was still being negotiated. Mickey also said that at present he was not really interested in MAGNUM and called his former band "something that was in the past". So there were rumours around the new drum player that involved Mickey (would he change his mind?), Kex Gorin and Jim Simpson (would either of them come back?), Rob Barrow (Al's brother and drummer in HARD RAIN, who has meanwhile quit the music business altogether) and Nigel Glockler of SAXON, who was named by Mickey as a possible replacement. Tony finally met Mickey at the beginning of October and told him that they would love to have him in the band, but Mickey still wasn't able to give Tony his O.K. due to his engagement with THE BUSHBURYS. As time was short it was decided that Tony would do the drumming on the new record himself (with a little help from a computer), but also to ask Mickey to join MAGNUM on the following tour. However, it wasn't to be. In January it was announced that MAGNUM would present a new drummer on tour, Harry James from the disbanded THUNDER. However, Mickey's photo appeared in the booklet as he had played the drums on the bonus tracks which had been recorded before the split.
The only former member who was not interested at all in the reunion was Wally Lowe. As stated before, he had quit the music business on the day of the last MAGNUM concert in 1996 and was definitely not willing to come back. Al Barrow, HARD RAIN's and Bob Catley's solo project's bass player replaced him.
The new demos were sent out to several record companies to get a proper deal, but that procedure proved to take more time than expected. Compared with 1996 the situation for MAGNUM had changed to the better. Whereas they couldn't get a proper deal then, this time they even had several offers to choose from. Finally they signed a contract with SPV/ Steamhammer, a well-known German label, which had also marketed the "Last Dance" album. Since the new contract was not signed until September 2001, the release date was postponed from October to 25th February 2002.The album was published on CD in 16 European countries on that day and in the USA and Canada on the 26th of February. In 2014 a double-LP-version was commissioned and published by Nuclear Blast Records. The song titles were "Cry", "This Heart", "Everyday", "Still", "Dream About You", "Breath Of Life", "After The Rain", "That Holy Touch", "Let Somebody In", "The Face Of An Enemy", "Just Like January" and "Night After Night".
Bob described the songs as in the style of "Sleepwalking" and "Rock Art". A sound sample of "Still" placed on the official website in November gave an impression of what the fans could expect. It was an impressive mid-tempo song with a wonderful sing-along tune. More rockers like "This Heart" and "That Holy Touch" have an incredible drive and the two ballads "Dream About You" and "Let Somebody In" are just wonderful. "Night After Night" is an eight-minute anti-war song, which makes it a typical MAGNUM epic. All in all - The MAGNUM fans were in for a real treat!
The first edition of "Breath Of Life" was announced to be a double album with six older unreleased live and acoustic tracks on the second disc, which were "The Flood", "Back Street Kid", ''We All Need To Be Loved", "It Must Have Been Love", "Only A Memory" and "Born To Be King". In the end, only the first three of them survived as "Bonus tracks" for the European edition, only the Japanese version came out as a double CD.
The cover, designed by Al Barrow, showed a surrealistic picture with a huge stone block and some colourful open doors in front of a brown plain with some patches of water. The sun is just rising and you can see the "Wings Of Heaven"-logo on the stone block and in the lower right corner. There is also a hand painting a picture in an empty frame. MAGNUM is written in red letters across the black bar on top of the cover.
The critics hailed MAGNUM back with swell reviews and a lot of interviews. The album entered the German charts at No. 67, which was a considerable success.
Bob and Tony also stated that they were very serious about the reunion and that MAGNUM were here to stay. A full European tour was announced for March and April that covered the United Kingdom, Denmark, Holland, Germany and Switzerland. The band received a very warm welcome back by the fans and most venues were well-attended, if not sold out. The new setlist was: "Intro"/ "Vigilante"/ "Wild Swan"/ "Everyday"/ "Back Street Kid"/ "Les Morts Dansant"/ "Cry"/ "How Far Jerusalem"/ "Just Like January"/ "The Spirit"/ "Days Of No Trust"/ "Rockin'Chair"/ "Kingdom Of Madness"/ "Just Like An Arrow" and "Sacred Hour". MAGNUM were also booked to appear at the Sweden Rock Festival on 8th and 9th June and on the Bang Your Head-Festival in Balingen/Germany on the 29th and 30th of June 2002. In Sweden they did the full set except "Cry" and "Just Like January". The appearance at the Bang Your Head-Festival had to be cancelled due to a heart attack that hit Tony after the Sweden-gig. Although Tony had to stay in bed for some time, the UK Christmas-tour was staged as planned in December. The set was "Intro (The Prokofiev one)"/ "Vigilante"/ "Wild Swan"/ "Everyday"/ "Back Street Kid"/ "Les Morts Dansant"/ "The Tall Ships"/ "How Far Jerusalem"/ "The Lights Burned Out"/ "On A Storyteller's Night"/ "The Spirit"/ "Days Of No Trust"/ "Rocking Chair"/ "On Christmas Day"/ "Just Like An Arrow"/ "Kingdom Of Madness"/ "Sacred Hour". "The Tall Ships" had a new wonderful piano part by Mark but otherwise all songs were rendered in their well-known shape.


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Home US economy Apple warns Trump tariffs would hurt its competitiveness
Apple warns Trump tariffs would hurt its competitiveness
Apple has warned that proposed tariffs on imports of iPhones and its other flagship products from China to the US would "tilt the playing field" in favour of its overseas rivals and dent its multibillion-dollar contribution to the American economy.
In a letter to the US Trade Representative that was made public on Thursday, Apple urged the Trump administration to abandon its plans for tariffs of up to 25 per cent on products including iPhones, iPads, Macs, Apple Watch and AirPods, as well as parts used in device repairs. The duty could add hundreds of dollars to the cost of Apple's high-end products.
The warning follows a report in the Nikkei Asian Review this week that Apple has asked its suppliers to explore moving as much as 30 per cent of its production capacity out of China, as a result of the two countries' escalating trade dispute.
"We urge the US government not to impose tariffs on these products," Apple wrote in its letter to the USTR, as part of its consultation on the proposals.
The iPhone maker alluded to Chinese rival Huawei as it warned that competitors who do not have a "significant presence in the US market" would "not be impacted" by the tariffs. "A US tariff would therefore tilt the playing field in favour of our global competitors," it said.
Apple said that it is "on track" to make a $350bn "direct contribution" to the American economy over five years, a target first disclosed last year following the passage of US tax reforms.
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The Silicon Valley-based company, which says it is already the largest US corporate taxpayer, is opening new facilities across the country, including a new campus in Austin, Texas, and plans to add thousands of new jobs.
But those plans could be threatened if President Donald Trump proceeds with the tariffs. The escalating trade war has already hit iPhone sales in China, Apple warned earlier this year.
"US tariffs on Apple's products would result in a reduction of Apple's US economic contribution," it wrote.
Apple was just one of dozens of American businesses, large and small, that have written to the USTR to voice concerns about the tariffs.
The Consumer Technology Association, a trade group, warned that $167bn in annual imports from China among its members would be affected. The tariffs would undermine US efforts to increase access to digital technology and harm American companies' ability to lead in emerging fields such as augmented and virtual reality.
"It is not easy for CTA member companies to simply 'move' supply chains," the organisation warned.
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CONTRACT: Midfielder secures deal following successful trial spell
Sagaf puts pen-to-paper
Carlisle United are delighted to confirm that midfielder Mohammed Ali Sagaf has today signed a one-year contract [with a club option] which keeps him at Brunton Park until at least the summer of 2020.
Sagaf, 21, has spent a period of pre-season on trial with the Blues and featured in the friendly games against Tranmere Rovers and Ross County.
The playmaker has spent the bulk of his early career on the non-league circuit but enjoyed a brief spell with Ipswich, as well as attending trials with various football league clubs.
Manager Steven Pressley said: "He's the final piece of the midfield jigsaw and he falls into the category we've been looking at.
"We've been looking at young, hungry players to complement the experience we already have. For his size, he's a really tough kid and he's a good football player.
"He's the type of player we were looking for, and he brings something different to what we've already got, so we're really pleased.
"Although he was in the Ipswich academy, this is really his first step into first-team senior football and he'll be desperate to prove himself.
"He did really well in non-league last year, but this will be a step up again. From what I've seen in training and in the games he's played so far, he really does have the potential. Now it's up to him."
This deal remains subject to the clearance of all paperwork.
CONTRACT: Striker seals the deal
Carlisle United are delighted to confirm that striker Manasse Mampala has signed a one-year contract with the Blues which keeps him at Brunton Park until the summer of 2022.
BREAKING: Gunner completes loan move
Carlisle United have tonight secured the loan signing of Arsenal defender Jonathan Dinzeyi for the remainder of the 2021/22 season.
LOAN: Midfielder joins Gateshead
Carlisle United can confirm that midfielder Taylor Charters has joined Gateshead FC on a one-month loan deal this afternoon.
TRANSFER: Defender departure confirmed
Carlisle United can confirm that defender Aaron Hayden has today left the club to join National League side Wrexham on a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee.


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Have you ever given any thought to renovating for the needs of an aging parent (or for your own future needs)? Neither had we until recently! Birdz of a Feather is known for it's in-depth, hands-on DIY tutorials but today I'm stepping away and taking off my tutorial writing hat to switch it out for one that supports my role as a daughter.
By 2036, seniors in Canada will account for a quarter of the population. What can we do to improve the quality of life for this segment now? This is a subject that is near and dear to my heart because my own Mom is 'getting up there'. You know what they say about necessity being the mother of invention, right? Well I had never given any thought to renovating with the special needs of an aging population in mind until my Mom developed Alzheimers shortly after my Dad passed away.
Along with the early onset of Alzheimers came the falls. The first time my Mom fell it resulted in a broken neck and nose. She somehow fell forward flat on her face as she was getting out of bed one morning. In the aftermath, a rented bed was set up in the living room on the main floor of the house. We also hired round the clock care to make sure she didn't fall again as she was healing. I won't get into stories of how difficult it was to find good people to help with Mom's care but suffice it to say that it was during that time period that my youngest sister decided to quit her job and live-in to take care of Mom on a full time basis. My sister is a saint!
Then came a second fall shortly on the heals of the first. This time Mom broke her foot and again she couldn't navigate the stairs. My poor sister slept on a couch in the living room for months on end so she could be there every time Mom had to get up to go to the washroom. There was no way she'd be able to get up the stairs until she was fully healed – again – and not without the help of a chair lift.
Thankfully, in the interim, we were able to get assistance from our Local Health Integration Network (LHIN) an agency that provides home and community care services. They sent a home care provider to come in for an hour during weekdays to help my sister with Mom's personal care. It's a blessing to have this much-needed service and I can only hope that it doesn't succumb to budget cuts like so many supportive community programs and resources do.
Given Mom's back-to-back falls, something had to give. We thought about moving her into a one-level condo but ultimately, she didn't want to leave her house. Uprooting her like that, knowing she wouldn't be happy in unfamiliar surroundings, wouldn't solve anything but she couldn't go on residing on the main level of her house without a fully functioning bathroom forever! Wouldn't life be easier if we all lived in bungalows?
As we looked into getting a chair lift, my sister applied to a non-profit organization to help fund it. Somewhere along the way of the approval process, it was suggested to her that instead of a chair lift, we also had the option of converting the two piece bathroom on the main floor into a full 3-piece bathroom – and still get help with funding. A bathroom was the best way to go; Mom would be able to remain in her home!
We just heard back yesterday that we will get some financial help in the form of a grant so are thrilled with the news; every little bit helps. It's bittersweet though because, in order to qualify for funding, we have to step aside and hire a professional licensed and insured renovator: Hubs and I won't actually be doing any of the construction ourselves. However, rest assured we'll still be passing along valuable DIY information of the building process and innovative products as the work progresses!
While funding was still in the works, we went ahead and got the building permit issued to jump start the process. We thought it would be smooth sailing after that to find a caring and qualified contractor that has experience with curbless showers (no trip hazards for Mom!). Surpisingly it has taken longer than I ever imagined to find someone we feel comfortable with.
I have to admit that handing over the reins to a contractor is something new for us. If you're a regular Birdz of a Feather reader, you'll know that we've DIY'd our way through just about every part of our home – inside and out! Once we hire someone, it will be one of those rare moments when we can step back and let someone else take care of the grunt work for a change. As foreign as that will be to us, realistically I know it will all work out in the end!
There's a few aspects of this reno that I'm still taking charge of however: defining and finalizing the scope of work, plus the design and finishes in the space. Over the last few weeks my sister and I have been planning and looking for supplies like grab bars, a wall mounted vanity, tiles etc.. While I have to concede that we can't do the work, that doesn't mean the space can't be just as beautiful as other bathrooms we've worked on!
The only input from Mom is that it doesn't look 'geriatric' when it's done. To that end, we've already managed to source some great safety fixtures from Moen (i.e. grab bars and fold-up bench seat) that not only boast form and function, but are easy on the pocket book too! I can't wait to see it all come together.
Below is my design for Mom's curbless shower. We'll expand the powder room by taking over a closet space in the adjacent laundry room to add the shower. We found a lovely large format Arabesque tile to use as the feature wall and will keep the rest of the tiles simple and elegant (hopefully the tiles we chose are still available by the time we get to the contracting stage!). The bathroom itself is a tiny and compact space but we've designed the shower to be wide open: in the eventuality that Mom ever needs a wheelchair, we'll be 'ready for bear' as Hubs likes to say!
Whatever we do in Mom's bathroom will likely carry over into our own home eventually. We're not getting any younger and have to start thinking about what we can do to make our house liveable in the long term too!
Although we're not doing the physical labour, there's a lot to think about as we finalize the scope of work and gather quotes. Waterproofing for instance is an important thing to keep in mind – especially when there's no curb to hold back the water! But you'll hear more about those things soon enough. We can't wait to get started on the actual transformation of Mom's bathroom.
Mom is doing well now and is in good spirits but it's difficult to watch as her memories slip away. We're going to do everything in our power to make sure she ages gracefully in the comfort of her own home 🙂 I think there will be some valuable take-aways in our upcoming posts if you ever find yourself in a similar situation. It should be an interesting and enlightening experience over the next few months to see how it all pans out.
My advice to anyone reading this it to take on accessible-friendly projects while you're still young and healthy enough to do it. It may seem counterintuitive, but thinking through your long term plan and making smart changes over the course of the years spent in your home can help you remain there as long as possible. One of the improvements we recently made to our 'forever' home is to add pull-out drawers in our kitchen so we don't have to bend over to reach things. It's a DIY improvement you can easily do yourself.
If you've given any thought to renovating for accessibility or have undergone a renovation that takes that into consideration, leave us a comment. We'd love to hear about it.
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Today we're showing you how to maximize kitchen storage.
But first, a big thank you to everyone that supported our Amara Blog Award nomination as the Best DIY & Home Improvement Blog! Birdz of a Feather has been shortlisted!!
With any kitchen reno, there are some 'must haves' if you plan to stay long term – but storage is a biggie! In our last post, our kitchen was renovated with the intent of putting our house on the market. After deciding to stay, and living with the kitchen for a while, we got to work changing a few things to make it more liveable for us. Our kitchen is fairly small so storage is key. Our improved 'forever' kitchen was accomplished with three key features: better storage (pullouts and pot drawers), electrical placement and lighting. Electrical placement and lighting will be covered in a future post.
Standard cabinets with doors are fine for reselling a house, but are not great when you have a lot of stuff to store. Who wants to kneel down and dig around a cupboard that's so low to the ground? Not us! It's hard to reach items in the back and a nuisance to move all the things that are stacked on top of the one thing you really need! Pullout shelves not only help organize kitchen items behind closed doors, but put everything within reach!
Since we weren't sure if we were going to like pullouts as much as the pot drawers we had in our pre-reno kitchen, we only purchased enough to do a test run on the set of cabinets beside the dishwasher (and for the pantry).
Here is one of the pullouts; they're pretty shallow.
We removed the shelves and installed these drawer glides.
To install the pullout, the glides get fully extended, then the back goes in first.
Ensure that the front is properly connected by trying to lift the front. If it stays put, you're good to go!
Then you can start loading things in.
After testing out the pullouts for a while, we decided that we weren't fond of using them in the lower cabinets. Things kept getting knocked over because they were too shallow. We also didn't like having to open things twice: the doors and then the pull-outs. We made the decision to replace the doors on the next set of lower cabinets with pot drawers instead, as you'll see later.
Having said that, the one place we absolutely loved using pullouts was in the pantry.
Like the first set of lower cabinets, we switched out the shelves for pull-outs. To install them, you have to plan ahead by gathering the items you want to store in the pantry. That's so you'll know exactly where to set the height of each pullout. We started by installing the bottom one and placing the items into it, leaving adequate space above the tallest item and marking the approximate height of the next one.
Now, perhaps there's another way, but I developed a great little trick for installing the rest of the glides. For the next pullout, I inserted shelf pins closest to the height marked and temporarily reinstalled a stationary shelf. Since the shelf was level, I rested the glide hardware right on top of it while I marked the placement so we could drill (shown below). Easy peasy!
We continued in the same fashion until we reached the uppermost pullout.
The pullouts didn't necessarily give us more storage space, but it sure was a convenience to be able to slide a shelf out to get to our canned goods and appliances at the very back! We would absolutely recommend pullouts for a pantry!
For the rest of the lower cabinets, we removed the doors and shelves. Then we installed two pot drawers in each section for a total of four new drawers.
With all the practice on the pullouts, the pot drawers were just as easy to install. They're really just a deeper box with a drawer face on the front!
We replaced the door knobs that were on the old doors with the matching cup handles that were already on the upper drawers. We debated about whether to centre the handles on the drawer additions, but ultimately decided to position them near the top.
The large, deep pot drawers we swapped out are just the ticket for storing pots and pans!
Finally Tons of Storage – Yay!
In the two wide drawers, we were able to store Hubs' entire collection of Paderno cookware.
And no kitchen would be without a variety of non-stick pots and pans. Can you imagine what a mess this would be if we had to stack ALL OF THIS into a cupboard?
The pot drawers we added to the narrower bank of cupboards are great for storing glassware and a few other utensils.
You really can't beat pot drawers for being able to easily retrieve items.
Shallow drawers are perfect for storing spices. Don't forget about drawer organizers for inside the drawers! Although our spice drawer already had an Ikea insert, it still looked disorganized (it suffered from 'square peg/round hole' syndrome).
In contrast, I designed and printed spice labels then transferred our spices to the same-sized round jars (again, from Ikea) which made a big difference. The lack of visual clutter really helps and keeps all our spices at our fingertips!
Overall, the upgraded kitchen is not only beautiful, but it's super functional because of the addition of practical storage in the form of pullouts and pot drawers!
Even we didn't expect the plot twist at the end of our last post – when we decided to stay after our kitchen was specifically renovated to put it on the market. The improvements we made helped solidify our decision to stay!
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In progress!! These stripes to be unleashed soon on Birdz of a Feather.
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Sincere thanks to those who have already voted for us!!
Without a doubt, kitchens and bathrooms sell houses so when we were thinking of selling our house a kitchen renovation was a must! Unfortunately, the previous owner of our house didn't think that way. Below is the actual real estate picture of how the kitchen looked before I bought the house!
The kitchen sported the original 80's builder cabinets with some improvisation on the part of the previous owner. For instance, see that cabinet holding the toaster oven? It looked like something that had been dragged in from the curb. Not that there's anything wrong with upcyling (it's what Birdz of a Feather thrive on!), but it didn't even have a proper countertop – just a grungy piece of painted plywood.
The counter space was about the size of a postage stamp (between the sink and stove and beside the fridge). It was hardly a kitchen you'd enjoy cooking in!
If you've ever wondered what to do with that one last bloom from the garden as Fall sets in, grab an ink stamp holder the next time you're out hunting for those vintage treasures. I can promise this will be the fastest, easiest and cutest 5 minute project you'll ever do!
We were on the way back from a rare Saturday appointment when we stopped in at our favourite antique market much later than we would usually go. When you snooze you lose, but in this instance the timing was perfect because we probably would have overlooked this piece had we gotten there earlier!
I didn't know what I was going to do with the ink stamp stand until about 2 seconds after I purchased it. Inspiration didn't take long to hit!
We thought these teak chairs were beautiful as they were so instead of making them over, we gave them a 'makeunder'!
You know, the funny thing about DIY projects is that they somehow beget another one – often right on the heels of the project you're working on. After Hubs banished me from the house while he was stripping our staircase, I took a walk around the neighbourhood and stumbled on these teak beauties in the GARBAGE!


O Brasil está em processo de convergência de sua contabilidade pública em relação aos padrões internacionais desenvolvidos pela Federação Internacional dos Contadores (Ifac). A implementação de sistemas de informação contábil é geralmente realizada por meio das abordagens top-down ou bottom-up. Assim, este estudo tem por objetivos: 1) identificar a abordagem adotada pelo governo federal brasileiro; 2) descrever o modelo de implementação do sistema de informação contábil público no Brasil; e 3) mapear o fluxo de informações e atores envolvidos no processo de convergência. A abordagem qualitativa foi adotada utilizando a pesquisa documental e análise de conteúdo de documentos disponíveis para operacionalizar a pesquisa. Foi identificado que o Brasil utiliza a abordagem middle-up-down, que favorece a interação entre múltiplos atores no processo, diferentemente da abordagem top-down, que segue o modelo internacional divulgado.
Hunter, Mark D.; Varley, George C.; Gradwell, George R.
Although most ecologists agree that both top-down and bottom-up forces (predation and resource limitation, respectively) act in concert to influence populations of herbivores, it has proven difficult to estimate the relative contributions of such forces in terrestrial systems. Using a combination of time–series analysis of population counts recorded over 16 years and experimental data, we present the first estimates of the relative roles of top-down and bottom-up forces on the population dynamics of two terrestrial insect herbivores on the English oak (Quercus robur). Data suggest that temporal variation in winter moth, Operophtera brumata, density is dominated by time-lagged effects of pupal predators. By comparison, spatial variation in O. brumata density is dominated by host–plant quality. Overall, top-down forces explain 34.2% of population variance, bottom-up forces explain 17.2% of population variance, and 48.6% remains unexplained. In contrast, populations of the green oak tortrix, Tortrix viridana, appear dominated by bottom-up forces. Resource limitation, expressed as intraspecific competition among larvae for oak leaves, explains 29.4% of population variance. Host quality effects explain an additional 5.7% of population variance. We detected no major top-down effects on T. viridana populations. An unknown factor causing a linear decline in T. viridana populations over the 16-year study period accounts for most of the remaining unexplained variance. We discuss the observed differences between the insect species and the utility of time–series analysis as a tool in assessing the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up forces on herbivore populations.
Ochsner, Kevin N.; Ray, Rebecca R.; Hughes, Brent; McRae, Kateri; Cooper, Jeffrey C.; Weber, Jochen; Gabrieli, John D.E.; Gross, James J.
Emotions are generally thought to arise through the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes. However, prior work has not delineated their relative contributions. In a sample of 20 females, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare the neural correlates of negative emotions generated by the bottom-up perception of aversive images and by the top-down interpretation of neutral images as aversive. We found that (a) both types of responses activated the amygdala, although bottom-up responses did so more strongly; (b) bottom-up responses activated systems for attending to and encoding perceptual and affective stimulus properties, whereas top-down responses activated prefrontal regions that represent high-level cognitive interpretations; and (c) self-reported affect correlated with activity in the amygdala during bottom-up responding and with activity in the medial prefrontal cortex during top-down responding. These findings provide a neural foundation for emotion theories that posit multiple kinds of appraisal processes and help to clarify mechanisms underlying clinically relevant forms of emotion dysregulation.
Multiple stimuli present in the visual field at the same time compete for neural representation by mutually suppressing their evoked activity throughout visual cortex, providing a neural correlate for the limited processing capacity of the visual system. Competitive interactions among stimuli can be counteracted by top-down, goal-directed mechanisms such as attention, and by bottom-up, stimulus-driven mechanisms. Because these two processes cooperate in everyday life to bias processing toward behaviorally relevant or particularly salient stimuli, it has proven difficult to study interactions between top-down and bottom-up mechanisms. Here, we used an experimental paradigm in which we first isolated the effects of a bottom-up influence on neural competition by parametrically varying the degree of perceptual grouping in displays that were not attended. Second, we probed the effects of directed attention on the competitive interactions induced with the parametric design. We found that the amount of attentional modulation varied linearly with the degree of competition left unresolved by bottom-up processes, such that attentional modulation was greatest when neural competition was little influenced by bottom-up mechanisms and smallest when competition was strongly influenced by bottom-up mechanisms. These findings suggest that the strength of attentional modulation in the visual system is constrained by the degree to which competitive interactions have been resolved by bottom-up processes related to the segmentation of scenes into candidate objects.
Sidoli, Simone; Lin, Shu; Karch, Kelly R.; Garcia, Benjamin A.
Histone proteins are key components of chromatin. Their N-terminal tails are enriched in combinatorial post-translational modifications (PTMs), which influence gene regulation, DNA repair and chromosome condensation. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based middle-down proteomics has emerged as technique to analyze co-occurring PTMs, as it allows for the characterization of intact histone tails (>50 aa) rather than short (<20 aa) peptides analyzed by bottom-up. However, a demonstration of its reliability is still lacking. We compared results obtained with the middle-down and the bottom-up strategy in calculating PTM relative abundance and stoichiometry. Since bottom-up was proven to have biases in peptide signal detection such as uneven ionization efficiency, we performed an external correction using a synthetic peptide library with known peptide relative abundance. Corrected bottom-up data were used as reference. Calculated abundances of single PTMs showed similar deviations from the reference when comparing middle-down and uncorrected bottom-up results. Moreover, we show that the two strategies provided similar performance in defining accurate PTM stoichiometry. Collectively, we evidenced that the middle-down strategy is at least equally reliable to bottom-up in quantifying histone PTMs.
Top-down and bottom-up theorem proving approaches each have specific advantages and disadvantages. Bottom-up provers profit from strong redundancy control but suffer from the lack of goal-orientation, whereas top-down provers are goal-oriented but often have weak calculi when their proof lengths are considered. In order to integrate both approaches, we try to achieve cooperation between a top-down and a bottom-up prover in two different ways: The first technique aims at supporting a bottom-up with a top-down prover. A top-down prover generates subgoal clauses, they are then processed by a bottom-up prover. The second technique deals with the use of bottom-up generated lemmas in a top-down prover. We apply our concept to the areas of model elimination and superposition. We discuss the ability of our techniques to shorten proofs as well as to reorder the search space in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, in order to identify subgoal clauses and lemmas which are actually relevant for the proof task, we develop methods for a relevancy-based filtering. Experiments with the provers SETHEO and SPASS performed in the problem library TPTP reveal the high potential of our cooperation approaches.


text:
Q: Saving the edited image in camera roll I'm working on an Acne app in which I have to choose image from UIImagePicker and after adding subViews to it I want to save it in camera roll.
Problem: If I add UIImageView as a subView to the superView, the pickerImage does not save with subView.
And if I add that UIImage as subView to the Picker Image, I am unable to move the added UIImage Views.
I am using the following code for saving images:
-(IBAction)savePhoto
{

NSParameterAssert(imgToDisplayFromPicker.image);
UIImageWriteToSavedPhotosAlbum(imgToDisplayFromPicker.image, nil, nil, nil);

}

A: Finally Found the Solution :
CGRect contextRect = CGRectMake(6, 6, 302, 230);

UIGraphicsBeginImageContext(contextRect.size);

[self.view.layer renderInContext : UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext()];

UIImage *viewImage = UIGraphicsGetImageFromCurrentImageContext();

UIGraphicsEndImageContext();

CGImageRef imageRef = CGImageCreateWithImageInRect([viewImage CGImage], contextRect);

UIImage * newImage = [UIImage imageWithCGImage:imageRef scale:1.0 orientation:viewImage.imageOrientation];

UIImageWriteToSavedPhotosAlbum(newImage, nil, nil, nil);


text:
(function () {
  'use strict';

  angular
    .module('classregisters')
    .factory('RegistersForClassService', RegistersForClassService);

  RegistersForClassService.$inject = ['$resource'];

  function RegistersForClassService($resource) {
    return $resource('api/registersforclass/:registerclassId', {
      classregisterId: '@_id'
    }, {
      update: {
        method: 'PUT'
      },
        query:{
            method: 'GET',
            isArray: true
        }
    });
  }
})();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


TVS Apache has to be the most awaited motorcycle of all time. Thanks to TVS who always take lots of time in making one of the most sweetest machines out there in the market, it's sort of worth the time, but now its getting out of control when it comes to holding temptation. We all recently saw the TVS Apache 200 in its almost production form caught testing somewhere down in south India, where TVS is located.
We told you that the engine will have a SOHC, 4-valve, fuel-injected, liquid-cooled engine and could make around 30 BHP of power. Now TVS has confirmed the same. The technology bits mentioned above are the ones which are going to make it to the all-new TVS Apache.
200cc is the displacement which has been confirmed. However, apart from technology bits, power and torque figures have not been revealed. We expect it to be around 30 BHP and 25-26 Nm of torque from its engine.
It's very clear now. TVS Apache 200 is going head on against its arch rival the Pulsar 200. The Apache will go directly against the Pulsar AS200 as the NS has been discontinued. However, expect TVS to bring up numerous version of the 200cc engine equipped motorcycle just like Bajaj did as this is the norm for providing value to customers and profit to the company.
Good news for us all the way indeed as adventure, touring, sports and much more can be expected if that holds true. Pulsar and Apache rivals have never locked heads directly. The Apache 180 fought the old Pulsar 200 and then the Pulsar 220. The Apache was even put in context with the NS 200 as well but as we know that's isn't a real comparison because the real deal is coming soon!