text:
ART IN IRAN iii. Achaemenid Art and Architecture
ART IN IRAN, History of
iii. Achaemenid Art and Architecture
The time of Cyrus the Great.
The genealogy of the Achaemenid family which has been accepted by most scholars follows Cyrus' cylinder inscription from Babylon, combined with Darius' rock inscription from Bīsotūn; a "Kuraš, king of Parsumaš," mentioned by Assurbanipal, was added to this picture by E. F. Weidner (Archiv für Orientforschung 7, 1931 32, pp. 2, pp. 1ff.; see also ACHAEMENID DYNASTY). Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Persian empire, would in this reconstruction be the great great grandson of Achaimenes, the second of his name. There are, however, at least, two more possible reconstructions: H. Winckler in 1889 (Untersuchungen zur altorientalischen Geschichte, Leipzig, 1928) pointed out that Cyrus himself does not mention Achaimenes. He has been followed by G. Cameron, P. de Miroschedji (forthcoming) and, most detailed, J. Wiesehöfer, who conclude that Cyrus was not an Achaemenid at all; Darius only pretended to be his relative and consequently must have falsified all the inscriptions at Pasargadae where Cyrus is proclaimed "descendant of Achaimenes" (Kent, Old Persian, p. 116). The third possibility is offered by the long genealogy given by Herodotus (7.11.2); here Cyrus again appears as an Achaemenid, the third of his name; thus all the inscriptions contain correct, albeit shortened genealogies (H. H. Schaeder, OLZ 41, 1938, pp. 105 ff., followed by W. Eilers, P. Calmeyer, W. Nagel). Fortunately, the date of only a few of the buildings and reliefs of the period is involved in this discussion.
No work of architecture or art can be attributed with certainty to an Achaemenid earlier than Cyrus the Great. Only a cylinder seal, now lost, but several times used on later bullae at Persepolis, can possibly have belonged to an older member of the family: it bears the inscription "Kuruš, the Anzanite son of Teïspes," and a combat scene in the style of the latest Elamite or proto Achaemenid seals (see above); the owner may have been Cyrus' grandfather as crown prince, or an unknown prince of the same family, as ancient Mesopotamian civilization seals were often reused long after their owner's death (even royal ones, e.g., that of Ibi Sin of Ur in an Old Assyrian colony).
With the monuments of Pasargadae we are for the first time within the realm of history. On the basis of written sources E. Herzfeld was able to identify the site of Mašhad e Morḡāb with Pasargadae (Pasargadae, Inaugural Dissertation, Berlin, 1907, pp. 7ff.); from other Greek sources we know that it was founded by Cyrus the Great to commemorate his victory over Astyages at that place, and bilingual and trilingual, inscriptions point to Cyrus as the owner and builder of the three palaces (Figure 34). The significance of the inscriptions would be the same, even if they were actually written in the time of Darius I. Moreover, the building technique of all the main constructions at Pasargadae is definitely pre Persepolitan, as shown by C. Nylander and D. Stronach; the strong Ionian influence makes a date after the capture of the Lydian kingdom plausible. This is also the case with the buildings without inscriptions: the fortress "Taḵt e Mādar e Solaymān" which apparently was left unfinished for a long time after Cyrus; the two plinths in the "Sacred Precinct" west of the palaces, but in the center of the fortified city area (Stronach, Pasargadae, pp. 138 ff.; cf. fig. 3) probably once crowned by fire "altars" (more correctly: hearths, i.e., Greek eskhárai); and the tomb, which until a few years ago was venerated as that of Solomon's mother and formerly used as a mosque (W. Kleiss, AMI 12, 1979, pp. 281ff., pl. 44); G. F. Grotefend's identification of it with the Greek descriptions of Cyrus's tomb has at times been questioned (A. Demandt, Archäologischer Anzeiger, 1968, pp. 520f.), but has now been convincingly defended by D. Stronach (op. cit., pp. 24ff.), who was the first to notice a raised disc in the center of the gable in the form of two concentric rosettes. This symbol was first noticed in the seventeenth century by J. A. Mandelslo (A. Sh. Shahbazi apud P. Calmeyer, ZA 70, 1980, pp. 299 n. 12) and has been explained as the sun disc, several times connected with the name of Cyrus, and as a further Ionian element (H. von Gall, AMI 12, 1979, pp. 271ff., pls. 39ff.).
The "Zendān e Solaymān," a tower shaped, enigmatic structure, forms an exact counterpart of the "Kaʿba ye Zardošt" at Naqš e Rostam, with elements inherited both from Urartian (D. Stronach, JNES 26, 1967, pp. 278ff.) and Ionian art (A. Demandt, op. cit.; C. Nylander, Ionians in Pasargadae, Uppsala, 1970, pp. 139ff.). A small fragment of an inscription found there has so far been of little use; it may contain the word Ku u ša, in which case it must be later than the capture of Ethiopia by Darius.
In the area of the palaces (Figure 34) D. Stronach excavated several watercourses, a bridge, and two pavilions; the three main buildings, baptized P ("Pfeiler"), S ("Saule") and R ("Relief") by E. Herzfeld, are much better understood now: the most important find was that of the stone substructure of a throne in the southern portico of P, which we may now, confidently, call the residential palace; furthermore, the throne gives a raison d'être for its ground plan, the huge portico, and the non symmetrical doorways (P. Calmeyer, ZA 70, 1980, pp. 300ff.). The reliefs, a king and an attendant standing on either side of each door, are iconographically and stylistically counterparts of those in the Persepolis tačara. According to many scholars the inscriptions "by Cyrus" on those reliefs are actually later than Cyrus, so the reliefs must be dated on the basis of their own features (Farkas, Achaemenid Sculpture; Stronach, Pasargadae, pp. 93ff.; E. Porada in Highlights of Persian Art, ed. R. Ettinghausen and E. Yarshater, Boulder, 1979, pp. 69ff.; and others). Only W. Nagel (MDOG 111, 1979, pp. 82ff.) explains the style by assuming two sculptor's schools, one at Bīsotūn and another, working first at Pasargadae, much ahead of its time, and then at Persepolis. It is beyond doubt, however, that the inscriptions correctly identify the owner of this palace as Cyrus, to be venerated on occasion of the royal investiture (Plutarch, Artoxerxes 3.1) by all his successors.
The southernmost "palace" R, with the famous winged genius (Figure 35), can be compared with the monumental gates at Persepolis and Susa (Stronach, op. cit., pp. 44ff.). That is also the case with the reliefs in the main doorways: winged bulls in the southeast—facing the outer world—and probably bulls with human faces facing the palaces (Herzfeld's drawings: P. Calmeyer, AMI 14, 1981, pp. 27ff.). The only extant relief, the four winged genius, combines Elamite garments and a Syrian/Egyptian crown (R. D. Barnett, Mélanges de l'Université Saint Joseph 45, Beirut, 1969, pp. 416ff.); it faces inwards (Stronach, op. cit., p. 48 n. 34), and must, together with its counterparts in the other side doors, have protected the king or his statue within the building.
Palace S is the most difficult building to understand. There is no trace of a podium of a throne, and it is hard to imagine one in the midst of a hall open to all sides. On the other hand, the sculptures suggest a highly representational function: The main door, leading to the northeastern main facade, again in the form of a wide portico, was guarded by human figures and the side doors by mythical creatures, facing outwards as usual; the back door shows feet of bulls and men, as if going from the main hall into the southwestern (smaller) porch. The columns were crowned by protomai of lion dragons and perhaps horses (P. Calmeyer, AMI 14, 1981, pp. 31ff. The originals were believed to be lost but some have now been found in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem, and will be published by R. Merhav). All these sculptures are definitely pre Persepolitan in style and Babylonian/Assyrian in iconography (Farkas, op. cit., pp. 10ff.). In this building, on the way between gate and throne portico, gifts to the king may have been solemnly deposited.
The architecture and the sculpture of this period have been shown to be highly eclectic: The use of different kinds of stone, the false windows, and the quadrangular tower came from Urartu; the multicolumn halls from Urartu via Media; the porticos attached to these halls in many variations (perhaps better called "stoai"), the bases and shafts of the columns from Greece; and the form of the "altars" from Media. Oriental types are perhaps seen in the monumental gates (without stoai) and tents. In iconography Elamite, Syrian, and Babylonian/Assyrian prototypes have been cited; workmanship and style of the reliefs are (with the exception of those of palace P) more Neo Babylonian than anything else.
Aside from Pasargadae it is only at Borazjān, 50 km from Bandar e Būšehr (Bushire), that relics of a palace or pavilion in Cyrus' style have been found (A. A. Sarfarāz, Bastan Chenassi va Honar e Iran 7/8, 1971 , pp. 22 ff.). From the "cylinder inscription" (11.33 34) we know that Cyrus "brought back the gods … to their places and made them enter their eternal abodes," i.e., among other places, to Susa and the land Gutium. Of this building activity nothing has been found yet. Bibliography: Pending. See in print ed., EIr. II/6, London and New York, 1986, p. 572.
Bibliography : The generally accepted genealogy was first outlined by P. Cauer, "Achaimenidai," in Pauly-Wissowa, I/I, 1883, cols. 200 ff.; the different interpretations are most fully treated by J. Wiesehofer, Der Aufstand Gaumātas und die Anfänge Dareios' I, Habelts Dissertationsdruck 13, Bonn, 1978, pp. 179 ff., with good bibliography; cf. W. Eilers, Kyros, Beiträge zur Namensforschung 15, 1964, pp. 180 ff.; idem, Indogermanische Forschungen 79, 1974, pp. 54 ff.; P. Calmeyer, AMI, N.F. 7. 1974, p. 49 n. 3; 9, 1976, pp. 89 f.; W. Nagel, "Herrscher," in RIA IV, 1972-75, pp. 354 ff. The Cyrus seal will be published together with other impressions, a few in proto-Achaemenid, mostly in Early Achaemenid style, by M. Cool Root. R. T. Hallock in Seals and Sealings in the Ancient Near East, ed. McG. Gibson and R. D. Biggs, Malibu, 1977, p. 127, no. 93; the drawing in W. Hinz, Darius und die Perser [I], Baden-Baden, 1976, pp. 52 ff., fig. 17. is probably not quite correct; the photograph fig. 16 is excellent. Less optimistic about our knowledge of the earliest Persians and their immigrations than Hinz and R. Ghirshman (Village perse-achémenide, MDAFI 26, Paris, 1954; idem, Terrasses sacrees de Bard-è Néchandeh et de Masjid-i Solaiman, MDAFI 45, Paris, 1976) are some recent articles: L. D. Levine, Iran 12, 1974, pp. 106 ff.; D. Stronach, Iraq 36, 1974, pp.239ff; P. de Miroschedji, CDAFI 12, 1981, pp. 35 ff., 149 ff.; idem, RA 76, 1982, pp. 51 ff. (on glyptics); idem, ZA (forthcoming; rather late date of settlement in Fars); P. R. S. Moorey, Iran 20, 1982, pp. 81 ff. (on metalwork); P. Briant, Iranica Antiqua 19, 1984, pp.7I ff., esp. 78 ff.
D. Stronach, Pasargadae. A Report on the Excavations Conducted by the British Institute of Persian Studies from 1961 to 1963, Oxford, 1978, is a final publication of all the monuments on the site. The former excavations, by E. Herzfeld and ʿAlīl Sāmī, have been published only insufficiently or not at all; E. Herzfeld, AMI 1, 1929, pp. 1 ff.; cf. F. Krefter, AMI 12, 1979, pp. 15 f.; Ali-Sami, Pasargadae. The Oldest Imperial Capital of Iran, tr. R. N. Sharp, Shiraz, 1956; idem, Gozarešhā-ye bāstān-šenāsī 4, 1960, pp. 1 ff. The intricate discussion concerning the date of the Pasargadae inscriptions, the invention of the Persian script and the meaning of § 70 of the Bīsotun inscription (DB 4.88.92), cannot be presented here. Most important for the chronology of the buildings and the reliefs is C. Nylander's refutation of an alleged earlier phase of buildings R and S on account of the royal titles ("Who wrote the Inscriptions at Pasargadae," Orientalia Suecana 16, 1967, esp. pp. 162 f). The argument by W. Hinz, ZDMG 93. 1939, p. 380 about the late form of the Old Persian sign that divides the words is still worth considering, but his reconstruction of Darius' name in an inscription (ZDMG 109, 1959, pp. 117f., together with R. Borger) has been refuted: G. Cameron, Iran 5, 1967, p. 9; I. Gershevitch in A. Farkas, Achaemenid Sculpture, Leiden, 1974, p. 17 n. 52; cf. Stronach, Pasargadae, pp. 99 f. Another fragment probably belongs to a statue of Darius (ibid., p. 101, pl. 83b). The related question of the date of the reliefs in Palace P and their relation to Greek art is crucial for our understanding of the development of Achaemenian style and has been hotly debated for a long time: it was first raised by A. Moortgat, Mitteilungen der altorientalischen Gesellschaft 2, 1, Berlin, 1926, pp. 1 ff. The first to argue a late date was H. Frankfort, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, Harmondsworth, 1954, pp. 217, 226 f., recently followed by A. Farkas, op. cit., pp. 14 ff. (with a critical review of the debate) and D. Stronach, op. cit., pp. 93 ff.; idem in Camb. Hist. Iran II, 1985. pp. 845 f. They have been contradicted by C. Nylander, Ionians in Pasargadae, Uppsala. 1970, pp. 122 ff., and M. C. Root, The King and Kingship, pp. 51 ff., 285 ff. The most important observation in the recent discussion is probably that of toothed chisel marks in the portico of Palace P. (Stronach, op. cit., pp. 90 f., 99 f., pl.87c, d). Nylander (op. cit.) was the first to use evidence based on the social role of Greek artists and the technical progress in Achaemenian stone work as well as architectural typology (cf. M. Roaf, "Texts about the Sculptures and Sculptors at Persepolis," Iran 18, 1980, pp. 65 ff.; T. C. Young, "Thoughts on the Architecture of Hasanlu IV," Iranica Antiqua 6, 1966, pp. 48 ff; H. v. Gall, Gnomon 44, 1972, p. 705; idem. "Das persische Konigszelt und die Hallenarchitektur in Iran und Griechenland," In Festschrift für Frank Brommer , Mainz, 1977, pp. 119 ff).
The time of Cambyses and Bardiya.
In the plain between Persepolis and Naqš e Rostam there is an unfinished structure known as "Taḵt e Rostam" or "Taḵt e Gohar" (Stronach, op. cit., pp. 302ff.). E. Herzfeld interpreted it as the tomb of Cambyses II/III, a nearly exact copy of that of Cyrus. Inside, two secondary, small burials were excavated (F. Krefter, AMI 12, 1979, p. 24). It was restored recently by G. Tilia, and close to it the remains of an unfinished palace of Pasargadae type were found. The two structures have exactly the same orientation (A. B. Tilia, Studies and Restorations at Persepolis and Other Sites of Fārs II, Rome, 1978, pp. 73ff.). Cambyses, however, seems to have been buried correctly after his corpse had been "brought to Persia" (Ctesias apud Photius 37b.15f.): presumably to Pasargadae where a tomb for him must have been prepared. Are the remains at "Dašt e Gohar" those of the capital of Bardiya?
Darius I: Phase A (Bīsotūn).
The rock relief at Bīsotūn (Diodorus: Bagistana) is the most minutely dated and most thoroughly interpreted Achaemenian monument. Eleven of its fourteen figures are identified by captions: Darius himself, Gaumāta, eight gentile kings who rebelled during Darius' first year and a ruler of the "Scythians with pointed hats" whom Darius captured in his third year; this last event is recorded in an additional paragraph of the inscription, so the other events must have taken place earlier. The order in which figures, captions, and the four versions of the Bīsotūn inscription were carved has been clarified by Luschey and Trümpelmann. W. Nagel has argued that the second last figure, named Frāda by the caption, because of his Elamite garment, must originally have been intended to represent Attamaïta and have been added to the original eight kings after the second year. However, in DB 4.2 31 (par. 52) Frāda is one of the Nine Pretenders (the number nine may have a magical significance: C. Nylander apud Root, op. cit., p. 201 n. 55; cf. also the nine kings on the Oxus sheath: Figure 46) and there was no rock left to carve the rope connecting Araka with Frāda. The two figures behind Darius, without captions, have been interpreted as Hystaspes and Arsames, wearing royal diadems (W. Nagel in RIA IV, pp. 358, 365). Similarly ornamented crowns (mitrai), however, are worn by attendants and guards in the tačara (A. B. Tilia, op. cit., pp. 63ff. figs. 10 12). The eclectic nature of the relief has been stressed by Root (op. cit., pp. 196ff.); it contains elements known from Sar e Pol and Assyrian reliefs as well as from Late Elamite Weapon bearers and the Urartian divine figure in the winged disc (P. Calmeyer, Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 94, 1979, pp. 362ff., fig. 12). Near the palace in Babylon there stood a copy of the relief (or part of it) in smaller size with the long text (or part of it) on its back (Figure 36).
Bibliography: The basic publication of the rock relief is H. Luschey, "Studien zu dem Darius-Relief von Bisotun," AMI, N.F. 1, 1968, pp. 63 ff. For the chronology of reliefs and inscriptions: L. Trumpelmann, Archäologischer Anzeiger, 1967, pp. 281 ff.; W. Hinz, AMI, N.F. 1, 1968, pp. 95 ff.; H. Luschey in Fifth Congress of Iranian Art and Archaeology, Tehran, 1972, pp. 295 ff.; W. Nagel in Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte der Achdmenidenzeit und ihr Fortleben, AMI Erganzungsband 10, Berlin, 1983, pp. 182 ff. Style: Luschey, op. cit.; A. Farkas, Achaemenid Sculpture, Leiden, 1974, pp. 30 ff.; idem in Camb. Hist. Iran II, 1985, pp. 828 ff. Prototypes: P. Calmeyer in La civilisation de Mari, XVe rencontre assyriologique Internationale, ed. J. Kupper, Paris, 1967, pp. 168 ff.; M. C. Root, The King and Kingship in Achaemenid Art, Acta Iranica 19, Leiden, 1967, pp. 58 ff., 182 ff. Copy in Babylon: U. Seidl, AMI, N.F. 9, 1976, pp. 125 ff.
Darius I: Phase B.
Probably the work at the Persepolis terrace had already started in Darius' first years (E. F. Schmidt, Persepolis I, p. 39); the earliest dateable monument, however, is the inscription on the southern terrace wall (Figure 37): in the Elamite version of it (DPg) Darius tells that he built "this fortress where none had been built before;" in the Old Persian version (DPe) he calls it a "house" (viθam); the enumeration of peoples is similar to that of Bīsotūn (P. Calmeyer, AMI 15, 1982, pp. 122, 124ff.) and definitely predates the Saka campaign. The earliest entrance was probably close to the inscriptions, another one further to the east (no. 5 on Figure 37); they were closed later (A. B. Tilia, "The Terrace Wall of Persepolis," in Studies and Restorations at Persepolis and Other Sites of Fārs II, Rome, 1978, pp. 3ff.). On the way to the palaces there is a second terrace wall with reliefs of Median guardsmen, unfinished and partly destroyed by the building of Xerxes' "Harem" (Schmidt, op. cit., p. 61, fig. 23, pp. 260f. figs. 111f.; P. Calmeyer, Iran 18, 1980, p. 59, pl. IIIa), apparently the oldest reliefs at Persepolis. In the area of the palaces, the tačara (Figure 37: "Darius' Palace") must have been the first building to be constructed. Three reliefs of the "royal hero" from the private rooms are more archaic than the others (Schmidt, op. cit., p. 226 n. 37, pls. 144 146) and related to the Bīsotūn style (H. Luschey, AMI, N.F. 1, 1968, pp. 89f.).
The date of the beginning of the work at Susa is not known; the oldest inscription is probably DSm, written on bricks, i.e., on walls, long after the foundation of the terrace (for the date see P. Calmeyer, AMI 15, 1982, pp. 124ff.). The same technique, employing glazed bricks, was used for the reliefs adorning the wall of the residence and the apadāna (Figure 38, Figure 39), decorated with ornaments, plants, lions, griffons, and human headed lions (R. de Mecquenem, MDAFI 30, Paris, 1947, pp. 47ff.; A. Farkas, Achaemenid Sculpture, Leiden, 1974, pp. 38ff.); among these reliefs, only the famous guardsmen (Figure 38) can be shown to belong to the earliest stage: the vertical folds of the dresses are not hanging down in the central axis of the figure, but nearer to the left leg, which is put forward; this feature becomes somewhat accentuated if the figure is seen from its left or right side (Figure 38: count the squares on the left or middle figure). This is never a feature on later reliefs of standing Persians, and it is found only once more, namely on the Palace P reliefs at Pasargadae (see above), which by the criterion belong to the same phase (P. Calmeyer, AMI 14, 1981, pp. 40f., pls. 4f.). At Susa, at least the western courtyard of the palace of Elamite type must have been completed at this time (Figure 37; J. Perrot in 150 Jahre Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Mainz, 1981, pp. 79ff., pl. 37).
Darius I: Phase C.
The foundation tablets under the apadāna of Persepolis (Figure 37) and from Hamadān (DPh and DH) both mention the "Sakas beyond Sogdia" and Lydia as the confines of the empire, which suggests a date after the Saka campaign (ca. 513 B.C.) and perhaps at the beginning of the Ionian revolt (AMI 15, 1982, pp. 123ff.). In the apadāna foundation deposits, coins only of a Lydian type ("Croeseïds") were found: The darics were issued later. The building itself was finished only in the time of Xerxes (XPg: on the walls of the apadāna towers). The statue from Susa with the people's representatives in Egyptian style (D. Stronach et al., CDAFI 4, 1974, pp. 61ff., 73ff., 161ff., 181ff.) has also been dated to the beginning of the Ionian revolt (W. Hinz, AMI, N.F. 8, 1975, pp. 118ff.; Figure 40).
Darius' tomb in the rock of Naqš e Rostam (DNa: between the Saka campaign and the Ionian revolt is not much older). According to Ctesias (apud Photius 38a, 38 44) the king's parents were killed when visiting the tomb, so probably the work started earlier in his reign; however, the elegant style of the slim figures in the relief is different from the stiff, half archaic movement in phase B.
The only other monuments completed by Darius himself were the Treasury and the tačara, his private palace (Figure 37) as shown by numerous small inscriptions. Two of the monuments, in the main doorway, depict Xerxes as crown prince: His outfit is exactly like that of his father (XPk; Schmidt, op. cit., p. 223, pls. 126, 138f.; E. Benveniste, JA 239, 1951, pp. 261ff.; P. Calmeyer, AMI, N.F. 9, 1976, pp. 80f.). It is with good reason that these reliefs can be classified as "Classic Achaemenian" art (E. Porada in Camb. Hist. Iran II, pp. 793ff.): They served, stylistically as well as iconographically, as prototypes for the court art of Darius' successors.
Xerxes I.
The son and former co regent of Darius carefully explains in his inscriptions that he completed his father's work at Van (XV), added the southern staircase to the tačara (XPc), the towers to the apadāna (XPg) and the monumental gate (XPa; the last two after their plans had been changed: Figure 37); in the hadiš, his private palace, he devoted one of the reliefs and an inscription (DPbH according to A. Sh. Shahbazi, Corp. Inscr. Iran. , pp. 12ff.) to his father. At a later stage, he apparently did not feel obliged to mention his father's buildings any more: on the foundation tablets of the Harem and on the staircases of the apadāna. A pattern emerges in which the staircase with its reliefs and inscriptions is always the last part to be completed; this is also true for the staircase of the main entrance where the clamps used, according to C. Nylander's findings (Ionians in Pasargadae, p. 9), are of a definitely late type.
The style of the reliefs continues that of Darius' last, "classic," phase; especially in Xerxes' later works, there is a tendency towards larger and heavier proportions and more volume of the figures. Iconographically, there are also some changes: Xerxes has given up the guardsmen in the doorways and has introduced the topic of Persian and Median servants with gifts or food climbing the staircases (Figure 41). The most important composition, that of the apadāna facades, is also completely new: Only the topic of a foreign delegation bringing gifts to the king was adopted from the Assyrians; the reliefs, depicting rulers, court, and ruling class, are used at Persepolis to present an elaborate picture of the empire.
On cylinder seals, the Bīsotūn motif, the king triumphant, was shown in a more specific way: the king (in one case a nobleman) victorious over one nation. Greek hoplitai are the victims on a seal used probably during Xerxes' time both in the treasury and by the owners of houses outside of the terrace (Figure 42); the type is still current in the time of Artaxerxes (III?) (E. F. Schmidt, Persepolis II, p. 29, pl. 9, no. 28, with other examples; M. C. Root, The King and Kingship, pp. 182ff.).
According to Herodotus, Darius "coined money out of gold refined to an extreme purity" (4.166), but we do not know whether he ever abandoned the "Croeseïd" type of lion and bull which he employed in the foundation deposits of the apadāna. If he did, he must have introduced the type showing the king half length which we know so well from early cylinder seals. The characteristic figures on Achaemenid coins, the running "archers" (in three different designs), were introduced either in Darius' last years or, more probably, by Xerxes (S. P. Noe, Numismatic Notes and Monographs 139, 1956, pp. 25ff.; E. S. G. Robinson, NC 18, 1958, pp. 187ff.; P. Calmeyer, AMI 12, 1979. pp. 303ff.; M. C. Root, op. cit., pp. 116ff.).
Artaxerxes I to Artaxerxes III.
After the reign of Xerxes I, no new form or idea of any kind was introduced into the architecture and art of the Achaemenid court. While in Greece and especially in Achaemenian Anatolia artistic space, syntaxis of forms, and realism developed rapidly, at Susa, Babylon, Ecbatana, and Persepolis the masons and sculptors repeated the topics and forms of the classic phases: Darius C and Xerxes. From this moment onwards, imperial art had but one message: the rulership of the Achaemenids was to be the same forever.
It is therefore difficult, often impossible, to distinguish styles within the art of the later six generations of Achaemenids. Even when there is a sequence of well preserved monuments, as in the case of the royal tombs, these tend to be a series of replicas: Only the rock coffins seem to be adapted to the number of members of the royal family; all the reliefs display the same order and extension of the empire, regardless of the real development (in vivid contrast to the constant changes during the first three generations: P. Calmeyer, AMI 15, 1982, pp. 105ff., 170ff.). The tombs are therefore less well dated than is commonly assumed (idem and W. Kleiss, AMI, N.F. 8, 1975, pp. 81ff., 88ff., 94ff., 110ff.; Figure 43).
A small, elegant palace of the apadāna type was built by one of the three kings named Artaxerxes at Susa outside of the royal terrace ("basileia"), where fragments of fine painting and reliefs have been found (A. Labrousse and R. Boucharlat, CDAFI 2, 1974, pp. 61ff.). An unknown king built an excellent, large palace at Jīn Jān (Čīn ū Čīn), opposite Kūrāngūn (K. Atarashi and K. Horiuchi, Fahlian I. The Excavations at Tape Suruvan, Tokyo, 1963). Artaxerxes II repaired the main apadāna at Susa and built three other palaces (inscriptions A2Sd; A2Sc). Artaxerxes III added staircases to an unknown palace at Susa and to the tačara (Figure 44). At Babylon a rather irregular building has been excavated, containing fragments of excellent painted brick decoration (Farkas, op. cit., pp. 37ff.).
There are, perhaps, two exceptions to this uniformity: Among the dated works of Artaxerxes I (Hundred column hall, Tripylon, Palace H: all at Persepolis) we find a group of reliefs of the highest quality, perhaps products of the same workshop, in a soft style and rich in details, in spite of the small size of the figures (for the facade H: A. B. Tilia, Studies and Restorations, pp. 265ff.; idem apud Farkas, op. cit., pp. 132ff.; for the date of the Tripylon: P. Calmeyer, AMI, N.F. 9, 1976, pp. 71ff., pls. 18f.; idem, ibid., 15, 1982, pp. 139ff., pls. 20 24; M. Roaf, Iran 21, 1983). On tomb VI as well as on Artaxerxes III's staircase to the tačara we find a crude style with clumsy proportions, sharp lines, and archaizing details. Perhaps we may recognize here products of two workshops, of the mid fifth and of the mid fourth centuries B.C. A considerable change must have taken place on the Persepolis terrace: The above mentioned works of Artaxerxes I were left unfinished to a greater extent than usual (A. B. Tilia, East and West 19, 1969, pp. 9ff.); apparently the place remained in this state up to Artaxerxes III or his predecessor, when it was used mainly for royal burials (unfinished tomb VIII; W. Kleiss and P. Calmeyer, AMI, N.F. 8, 1975, pp. 81ff.; then tombs V and VI), probably following an ancient Babylonian custom (see on the "Old Palace" P. Calmeyer, ibid., pp. 107ff.).
Bibliography: Most of the literature is not devoted to distinct periods, but to sites. The first volume of E. F. Schmidt, Persepolis I-III, Oriental Institute Publications 68-70, Chicago, 1953, 1957, 1970, contains the best account of the Achaemenids' building activity, the second volume the most reliable information on sealing (cf. E. Porada, JNES 20, 1961, pp. 66 ff.) and small finds; the third is devoted to the royal tombs, also those at Naqs-e Rostam, and their iconography. Later excavations: Akbar Tajwīdī, Dāmestanīha-ye novīn dar bāra-ye honar wa bāstān-šenāsī-e ʿaṣr-e Haḵāmanešī, bar bonyād-e kavošhā-ye panj-sāla-ye Taḵt-e Jamšīd. Salha-ye 2527-2532 Š. [šāhānšāhī], Tehran, 2535 [= 1355 Š./I975]. Architecture: F. Krefter, Persepolis. Rekonstruktionen, Teheraner Forschungen 3, Berlin. 1971; idem, AMI, N.F. I, 1968, pp. 99 ff.; D. Stronach, "The Evolution of the Early Iranian Fire Temple," Acta Iranica 25, Leiden, 1985, pp. 605 ff. The most important observations after Herzfeld and Schmidt have been made by G. and A. B. Tilia, (Studies and Restorations at Persepolis and Other Sites of Pars I, Rome, 1972), especially on technique and on the "Treasury reliefs" having originally been part of the apadana facades; its date: E. Porada in Studies in Classical Art and Archaeology. A Tribute to P. H. von Blanckenhagen, Locust Valley, 1979, pp. 37 ff., pis. VII-IX. The chance finds at Ecbatana of several bases are mostly unpublished, e.g., an excellent griffin capital; a local museum is in preparation. For a bull's head see L. Vanden Berghe, Archéologie de I'lran Ancien, Leiden, 1959, pp. 110, 190, pl. 137d; cf. P. Calmeyer in RIA IV, pp. 64 ff. s.v. Hamadan. The new excavations at Susa, directed by J. Perrot, are not yet fully published: Syria 48, 1971, pp. 36 ff.; JA 260, 1972, pp. 235 ff., 241 ff., 247 ff., 253 ff. (the statue). CDAFI 2, 1972, pp. 13 ff.; 4, 1974, pp. 15 ff.; 10, 1979, pp. 19 ff. For the iconography: M. C. Root, The King and Kingship in Achaemenid Art, Acta Iranica 19, Leiden, 1979; P. Calmeyer, OLZ 79, 1984, pp. 66 ff.; idem, Iran 18, 1980, pp. 55 ff.; idem, AMI 15, 1982, pp. 105 ff. Style: H. Frankfort, AJA 50, 1946, pp. 6 ff.; A. Farkas, Achaemenid Sculpture, Leiden, 1974; H. Luschey, Iranica Antiqua 2, 1975, pp. 113 ff.; M.Roaf, Iran 21, 1983. Inscriptions: Corp. Inscr. Iran. I/I, Portfolio 1, Old Persian Inscriptions of the Persepolis Platform, ed. A. Sh. Shahbazi, London, 1985. Of considerable relevance for questions of chronology is the depiction of the headdress, especially the royal kidaris: H. von Gall, AMI, N. F. 7, 1974, pp. 145 ff.
Geographical Range of the Achaemenid Style; Applied Arts.
Outside of the capitals Susa, Babylon, Ecbatana, and Persepolis, the court style was propagated mainly by metalwork (by way of mutual presents?), and by gold and silver coins. The latter, the famous darics and sigloi, had been introduced rather late (see above: Xerxes), after minting had been invented in Lydia; hoards of sigloi from eastern Anatolia, Egypt, and Palestine show the range of their value as means of exchange; two hoards from central Mesopotamia (E. S. G. Robinson, Iraq 12, 1950, pp. 44ff.; G. K. Jenkins, British Museum Quarterly 28, 1964, pp. 88ff. on sigloi mixed with cut silver ("Hacksilber") and similar pieces in the Kabul Museum show that the eastern half of the empire continued with this Median/Assyrian form of payment (Nūš e Jān: A. D. H. Bivar, Iran 9, 1971, pp. 97ff.). If silver vessels and jewelry could be cut into pieces to provide small change (Robinson, op. cit.), sets of plate as well must have served as "gifts," on a more sumptuous level, as depicted on the apadāna facades (G. Walser, Die Völkerschaften auf den Reliefs von Persepolis, Teheraner Forschungen 2, Berlin, 1966). In this form the court style reached the most distant provinces. The treasure of the Oxus in the east, Tell al Masḵuta in Egypt, and a find of silver vessels from the vicinity of Uşak (Ankara Museum, unpublished; perhaps the material in The Metropolitan Museum, New York, belongs to the same hoard: D. von Bothmer, Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres. Comptes rendus, 1981, pp. 194ff.) bear witness to this as well as the finds from Thracian tombs; jewelry hoards have been found in Vouni (Cyprus), Sardis, and Akhalgari (Caucasus). The Greeks regarded possession of such tableware (Herodotus 7.190, 9.80) and of personal ornaments (idem, 8.83, 9.80) as characteristic of the empire's upper class (Schmidt, Persepolis II, p. 165). Many of these luxury goods were produced locally: votive plaques on the Oxus (Figure 45) and a bottle with Ionian style decoration in western Anatolia can not have traveled far; a local workshop is portrayed in the Petosiris tomb in Egypt. Carved ivories represent a third class of objects in pure court style that have been found in Egypt (R. A. Stucky, Antike Kunst 28, 1985, pp. 7ff.).
Stone reliefs from many western centers, most notably Daskyleion, Lycia, and Sidon, are more or less of Greek workmanship, but the motives are sometimes influenced by the classical Achaemenid art (H. Borchhardt, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 18, 1968, pp. 1ff.; F. J. Tritsch, Journal of Hellenic Studies 62, 1942, pp. 39ff.; A. Sh. Shahbazi, The Irano Lycian Monuments, Tehran, 1973; I. Kleemann, Der Sairapensarkophag von Sidon, Istanbuler Forschungen 20, Berlin, 1958; V. v. Graeve, Der Alexandersarkophag und seine Werkstatt, ibid., 28, Berlin, 1970). The only monumental relief in true Achaemenid court style in Anatolia was found near Mersin (E. Laroche and M. A. Davesne, Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres. Comptes rendus, 1981, pp. 356ff., fig. 2): a procession of cup bearers.
Similarly, the coins of cities, satraps, and local rulers are more Greek than anything else. On account of their style, many cylinder seals and most of the stamp seals and finger rings are, with good reason, called "Greco Persian." Artaxerxes III and his satraps imitated Athenian coins (O. Mørkholm and A. F. Shore, NC 7, 14, 1974, pp. 1ff.). Towards the end of the empire, the treasury at Persepolis contained coins only of Greek cities, mostly from Athens; an obviously late Achaemenian gold sheath from the Oxus sanctuary (Figure 46) shows a blend of Greek fourth century style and archaizing, pseudo Assyrian details.
Bibliography: Apart from the above mentioned articles ("Xerxes") only the Greek and Phoenician coins have been studied in detail: D. Schlumberger, L'argent grec dans l'empire achemenide in MDAFA 14, Paris, 1953; further literature, a general survey, and especially the problems of the non-coined currency: A. D. H. Bivar in Camb. Hist. Iran II, Cambridge, 1985, pp.610 ff., 914 f. Metalwork: C. D Curtis, Jewelry and Goldwork, Sardis 13, Rome, 1925; J. I. Smirnov, Der Schat: van Achalgori, Tiflis, 1934; O. M. Dalton, The Treasure of the Oxus, London, 1926; 3rd ed., London, 1964; H. Luschey, Die Phiale, Bleicherode, 1939; idem, Archäologischer Anzeiger, 1938, pp. 760 ff.; H. Frankfort, JNES 9, 1950, pp. 111 f.; G. Bussagli, East and West 7, 1956, pp. 41 ff.; P. Amandry, Antike Kuns t 1, 1958, pp. 1 ff.; 2, 1959, pp. 38 ff.; O. W. Muscarella, "Excavated and Unexcavated Achaemenian Art," in Ancient Persia: The Art of an Empire, ed. D. Schmandt-Besserat, Malibu, 1980, pp. 23 ff.; P. R. S. Moorey in Camb. Hist. Iran II, Cambridge, 1985, pp. 856 ff., 927 ff. Influence on Thrace: Fr. Fischer and H. Luschey in Beiträge zur Altertumskunde Kleinasiens. Festschrift für K. Bittel, Mainz, 1983, pp. 191 ff., 313 ff.
Concluding remark. Achaemenid art was developed in a relatively short time; it was then kept, without any intentional change, as a symbolical expression of Achaemenid rule. With the exception of metalwork, it did not reach very far beyond modern Iran. Sometimes the style, more often the motives, have been revived, especially in Sasanian architecture and in late Qajar and modern (Pahlavi) decoration.
Bibliography: Most of the general outlines of Achaemenian art and architecture are thoroughly outdated by the special studies quoted above, with the exception of the outstanding work by E. Herzfeld, Iran in the Ancient East London, 1941; only the most recent accounts should be used: H. Luschey in Die Griechen und ihre Nachbarn, ed. K. Schefold (Propylaen Kunstgeschichte I). Berlin, 1967, pp. 291 ff.; P. Amiet in Acta Iranica1, Leiden, 1974, pp. 163 ff.; P. Amandry in Mélanges offerts à K. Michalowski, Warsaw, 1966, pp. 233 ff.; E. Porada in Camb. Hist. Iran II. Cambridge, 1985. pp. 793 ff. A. Farkas, "Is there Anything Persian in Persian Art?" in Ancient Persia: The Art of an Empire, ed. D. Schmandt-Besserat, Malibu, 1980, pp. 15 ff., and P. R. S. Moorey, "The Iranian Contribution to Achaemenid Culture," Iran 23, 1985, pp. 21 ff. discuss the specifically Iranian contribution to Achaemenid art and : culture. See also E. Porada, The Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University 8, 1976, pp. 67 ff. esp. 77 ff.; L. Vanden Berghe, B. de Wulf, and E. Haerinck, Bibliographie analytique de I'archéologie de I'lrān ancien, Leiden, 1979; P. Calmeyer, AMI (annually from N.F. 7, 1974); Studia Iranica. Supplement (annually, Leiden, 1978-); I. Luschey-Schmeisser and D. Metzler in Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte der Achämenidenzeit und ihr Fortleben, ed. H. Koch and D. N. Mackenzie (AMI Ergänzungsband X), Berlin, 1983, pp. 267 ff., 289 ff.
(P. Calmeyer)
Vol. II, Fasc. 6, pp. 569-580
ART IN IRAN
ART IN IRAN i. NEOLITHIC TO MEDIAN
ART IN IRAN ii. Median Art and Architecture
ART IN IRAN iv. PARTHIAN Art
ART IN IRAN v. SASANIAN ART
ART IN IRAN vi. PRE-ISLAMIC EASTERN IRAN AND CENTRAL ASIA
ART IN IRAN vii. ISLAMIC PRE-SAFAVID
ART IN IRAN viii. ISLAMIC CENTRAL ASIA
ART IN IRAN ix. SAFAVID To Qajar Periods
ART IN IRAN x.1 Art and Architecture of the Qajar Period
ART IN IRAN x.2 Qajar Painting
ART IN IRAN xi. POST-QAJAR
ART IN IRAN xii. IRANIAN PRE-ISLAMIC ELEMENTS IN ISLAMIC ART
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How 20 Years of Google Has Changed Technology and Engineering
by: Sunette Van Aarde
On: 27, Sep 2018
Billions of people use Google every single day. It is the biggest search engine in the world, the first port of call for almost any problem, and is so successful that its name became a verb. Thanks to Google, we have a wealth of information about any topic that we access almost instantly. Through it, we're more connected than ever, allowing for colleagues, friends, and family to stay in touch and build ever-expanding networks. Nowadays, it is hard to imagine life without Google.
Google is monolithic in the online world, a world ruled by the 2.5 quintillion bytes of data created daily. Every minute, Google delivers results for 3.6 million searches, making Google unparalleled in its ability to sift through massive amounts of data and find the specific answer to your specific question.
Today marks Google's 20th Birthday, and in the past two decades Google has revolutionised not just the internet, but the way people find and think about information. Beyond that, Google has defined the cutting edge of technology, and the level of skill, precision, and ingenuity required to be an engineer in today's world.
How Google Has Changed Technology:
1. Google Changed How We Gather and Organise Information
Google obviously revolutionised the way we go about finding information, allowing us to find answers, articles, and guides in mere seconds. But it's also changed the way we think about that information. We instinctively place values on things, and knowledge is consistently near the top of those valuations. We now view information as so accessible that we must codify it into different categories. The more we use services like Google, the more our brains organise the world in an index-based way.
2. Google Changed How We Collaborate
Google sheets, docs and drives allow for seamless collaboration across teams and projects. With folders, word documents, spreadsheets, PowerPoints and more, all accessible and editable in real-time, teams can work and collaborate on anything, at any time, for hugely increased productivity.
3. Google Changed How the Internet Works
In a way, Google keeps the internet organized. Thanks to its ever-changing algorithm, Google orders how search results rank per any given query and displays them accordingly. As Google refines its system, it should theoretically get better and better at predicting what we want to see. The Google RankBrain project utilises machine learning in a way that almost no other company in the world can compete with, setting the standard for AI technology. RankBrain can link clusters of words and their meanings together to understand what you're asking for, even if none of the words you use are in your search query!
Lessons Engineers Can Learn from the Google Work Ethos:
1. Keep Things Simple
Ever since its inception on the web, Google has kept things simple: a search bar and two buttons. While Google has since diversified and expanded its product range, Google's core search engine service remains at its heart an incredibly streamlined experience that absolutely anyone can use. Engineering projects can be incredibly complex, with many diverse teams, parts, and functions. But the end result, the finished product, should always be simple for the user. Google is a great example of an engineering project that is staggeringly complicated, sophisticated, and highly technical, yet when it comes to use, is easy.
2. Quality First, Always
Google maintains strict conventions on how to code if you're working on their projects. This keeps things standardized, uniform, and understandable to anyone, in any department who might look at the code. This focus on quality can be applied to any technology or engineering design. As more technologies emerge into an already crowded market, the ones that work the best are the ones that will rise above.
3. With Enough Data, You Can Do Anything
Data can be collected and analysed in many different ways, but how you use that data can help make things more efficient. The infrastructure you impose on that data can make your analysis more insightful, allowing for a deeper understanding of the task at hand, and can lead to newer, better practices. On a fundamental level, the more data you have, the more you know.
Technical engineering is a field that demands only the best, so there's always something new to learn. Read about the skills you'll need to become an engineer.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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One station crew heads home, another preps for launch – Spaceflight Now
Japanese astronaut Norishige Kanai (higher left), Russian commander Anton Shkaplerov (backside), and NASA flight engineer Scott Tingle (proper) are set to return to Earth Sunday aboard the Soyuz MS-07 spacecraft. Credit: NASA/JAXA
With three area station fliers heading house Sunday after a 168-day mission, three contemporary crew members made remaining preparations for launch three days later to spice up the lab's crew again to 6 in a rapid-fire rotation that can forestall any main interruption of analysis exercise.
Soyuz MS-07/53S commander Anton Shkaplerov, NASA flight engineer Scott Tingle and Japanese physician-astronaut Norishige Kanai plan to strap into their ferry ship and undock from the station's Earth-facing Rassvet module at 5:16 a.m. EDT (GMT-Four) Sunday, leaving Expedition 56 commander Drew Feustel, Ricky Arnold and Oleg Artemyev behind.
Launched final Dec. 17, Shkaplerov and his crewmates plan to fireside their braking rockets for 4 minutes and 40 seconds beginning at 7:47 a.m., slowing the ship by 286 mph and dropping the far facet of the orbit deep into the ambiance
If all goes nicely, the central crew module will make a parachute-and-rocket-assisted landing on the steppe of Kazakhstan close to the city of Dzhezkazgan at eight:40 a.m. After preliminary medical checks, Tingle and Kanai shall be flown again to the Johnson Space Center in Houston whereas Shkaplerov will head to Star City close to Moscow for debriefing.
"I can't believe that Expedition 55 is already over," Tingle wrote in a current weblog entry. "Last night we had our last movie night. The entire crew gathered in Node 2 and watched 'Avengers Infinity Wars' (sic) on the big screen. We enjoy each other's company … and this was a welcome break from the daily grind of trying to complete the required stowage, maintenance and science activities while preparing for departure."
During his final full weekend in area, Tingle mentioned, "I gave myself a haircut. We usually clean our spaces each weekend to make sure we can maintain a decent level of organization, efficiency and morale. This weekend is no different, and it is time for me to vacuum out all of our filters and vents. You'd be amazed at what we find!"
During a quick change-of-command ceremony Friday, Shkaplerov thanked Feustel's crew for its help and turned over a ceremonial key to the outpost.
"It's been three months since we started Expedition 55 (when) I took command of the space station," Shkaplerov mentioned. "We are going to return to the Earth. … I want to say thank you very much, Drew, Ricky and Oleg, for your friendship, for your help every day. My crewmates, my space brothers, I'm very proud to be part of our Soyuz crew."
Feustel thanked Shkaplerov in return "for welcoming us to the ISS, taking care of us, making sure we were ready to work when we arrived, you made the transition seamless."
"We appreciate your patience and your guidance and your leadership, and we look forward to a safe and soft landing for you," he added.
With landing, Tingle and Kanai, each finishing their first spaceflight, can have logged 168 days in area throughout a voyage spanning 2,688 orbits and 71.2 million miles since launch. Shkaplerov, a veteran of two earlier station visits totaling a full yr, can have logged 532 days off planet.
All three males carried out a single spacewalk every throughout their keep, welcomed 4 visiting autos — one Soyuz and three unpiloted cargo ships — and oversaw the departure of a like quantity, together with finishing up a full slate of scientific analysis.
With the departure of Shkaplerov and his crewmates, Feustel, Arnold and Artemyev, launched to the station March 21 aboard the Soyuz MS-08 spacecraft, can have the lab to themselves for simply 5 days earlier than a contemporary crew arrives.
Soyuz MS-09/55S commander Sergey Prokopyev, German flight engineer Alexander Gerst, representing the European Space Agency, and NASA physician-astronaut Serena Auñón-Chancellor are scheduled for launch from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, 250 miles southwest of Dzhezkazgan, at 7:12 a.m. (5:12 p.m. native time) Wednesday.
NASA astronaut Serena Auñón-Chancellor, Soyuz commander Sergey Prokopyev, and European Space Agency astronaut Alexander Gerst are set for launch Wednesday from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Credit: NASA/Victor Zelentsov
Climbing straight into the airplane of the area station's orbit, the Soyuz shall be launched from its provider rocket eight minutes and 45 seconds after liftoff. Over the subsequent two days, Prokopyev and Gerst will monitor an automatic rendezvous, catching up with the area station early Friday. They plan to dock at Rassvet round 9:07 a.m.
After a conventional video chat with family and friends again in Moscow, the brand new arrivals shall be given a security briefing earlier than all six crew members get all the way down to work.
Gerst spent 165 days aboard the station in 2014, however Prokopyev and Auñón-Chancellor shall be making their first flights.
Auñón-Chancellor, a veteran flight surgeon, initially was assigned to a mission later this yr, however she was moved as much as the Soyuz MS-09 crew after one in all its unique crew members, astronaut Jeanette Epps, was all of the sudden bumped from the Prokopyev-Gerst crew in January.
NASA offered no rationalization for the late crew swap, Epps had no public remark and Auñón-Chancellor would solely say she deliberate to be prepared for launch regardless of an accelerated coaching schedule and that she already was on good phrases together with her new crewmates.
"It's a relatively short amount of time from the crew assignment, but I've known these guys for a very long time," she mentioned. "Alex and I have been chosen in the exact same (astronaut) class and even from the start, after I began coaching in Russia, I'd additionally met Sergey. So, for us, in all honesty, that is like one large household. It was not uncomfortable in any respect, it was extraordinarily easy.
"I feel like I've been working with these guys forever," she added. "It's been very easy. … Our families have gotten together several times. It's been a lot of fun."
Auñón-Chancellor got here to NASA in 2006, working as a contract flight surgeon. She spent greater than 9 months in Star City supporting medical operations with area station crew members and took part in water survival coaching in Ukraine.
After choice as a NASA astronaut in 2009, she spent two months in Antarctica looking for meteorites as a part of a scientific expedition and later served as an aquanaut aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory.
In a satellite tv for pc interview with CBS News throughout remaining coaching in Moscow shortly earlier than departing for Baikonur, Auñón-Chancellor mentioned she was nicely ready and looking out ahead to launch.
"The Soyuz is a wonderfully robust and redundant vehicle," she mentioned. "The great thing is the Russians have been flying a very long time, just like we have, and we've been flying together for a very long time. They do a great job here in Star City preparing an international crew … to act in an operational environment and follow all the same rules and procedures to make sure that mission is successful."
As for the security and reliability of the Russian ferry ship, "I have complete faith in the Soyuz," she mentioned. "It is a wonderfully robust vehicle."
Gerst mentioned he was enthusiastic about getting a second probability to fly in area.
"Everybody who's flown to space wants to go back," he mentioned. "Being in space is such a special feeling, you can't even put it down to only one thing. It's not only the floating, it's not only the looking out at this beautiful planet, it's not only the perspective that we have, it's more knowing where we are."
Before his first flight, he mentioned, "I saw space as something very special, I thought this is a very special place to go to. When I was up there, I actually learned it was the opposite. Space is everywhere out there, the universe is gigantic, it's black and empty. Of course, there are quite a few interesting places to go, like moon and Mars, and we will go there, but most of it is empty."
"So the real special place, and that's what you realize in space, is actually our planet Earth," Gerst mentioned. "Seeing that from the outside, seeing that from a step back, made me realize that. That was a very beautiful thought."
Auñón-Chancellor mentioned she appeared ahead to conducting a wide range of medical analysis to learn the way she personally is affected by the pains of the area setting.
"You hear all these stories about how people feel, the fluid shift they feel in their bodies, everything in those first few days of flight," she mentioned. "So the first kind of big experiment is almost my own case study where I look at myself and see how I react and maybe compare that with those of my colleagues."
She is also desirous about learning imaginative and prescient modifications in astronauts who spend lengthy durations in weightlessness, a comparatively current discovery.
"I think we don't give the body enough credit for how well it does with very low-level chronic insults," she mentioned. "What I mean by that is how well the body is with adapting to low-level radiation, levels of carbon dioxide that are maybe a little higher on station than they are on Earth, a change in nutrition, microgravity itself. The body does a fantastic job adapting, but you still see markers of that. So what markers are we missing?"
Gerst, who holds a Ph.D. in geophysics, is also a fan of organic analysis, particularly an experiment designed to chart modifications in mind construction earlier than, throughout and after a long-duration area flight.
"When we're up there in the space station it's a little bit like what people suffer after having a stroke, which is certain regions of the brain are not working properly anymore," he mentioned. "For us up there in space, that's the sense of balance, our orthostatic senses are not completely working anymore, the brain has to compensate for that."
It compensates by getting orientation cues from the eyes.
"That switch over is very similar to what people experience when they have a stroke and have to re-learn how to walk, to speak, all those things," Gerst mentioned. "The processes are similar, and we hope to study them. … For us, luckily, (those changes are) reversible, but we hope we can use that to develop a treatment for people on Earth."
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A long-sought goal in genetics has been to develop therapies that can use correctly functioning genes to replace genes with defects. If we had the technology to predictably modify our genomes, we would have the ability to cure many diseases instead of having to place people on medications for their entire lives.
For a long time, gene therapy has remained an elusive dream. But, in the past few years the dream has come closer to reality, especially in the case of ten children, who live because of researchers who kept that dream in sight (1).
The New York Times had a great article a couple of days ago on the need for personalized medicine to become more than a catchy phrase. As we're learning more about the interaction between genes and drug metabolism, we're also learning that large numbers of people are either taking the wrong drug or taking drugs that won't work.
Mosquito-borne diseases, like Dengue and Malaria, are serious problems in many parts of the world. While some people are working on treatments for mosquito-carried disease, others are looking at ways to treat the mosquitoes.


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Home About Our Church The Holy Family in Egypt
The Holy Family in Egypt
Written by Synodical Committee of the Coptic Orthodox Church
The advent of the Holy Family to Egypt, seeking refuge, is an event of the utmost significance in our mother country's long history.
Moved by the spirit of prophecy, Hosea foresaw the flight from Bethlehem where there was no safe place for the Christ Child to lay his head, and the eventual return of the holy refugees from their sanctuary in Egypt, where Jesus had found a place in the hearts of the Gentiles, when he uttered God's words: "Out of Egypt I called My Son" (Hosea I I : 1) . In the Biblical Book of Isaiah, the prophet provides us with a divinely inspired prediction of the effect the Holy Infant was to have on Egypt and the Egyptians: "Behold the Lord rides on a swift cloud, And wilt come into Egypt; The idols of Egypt will totter at His presence, And the heart of Egypt will melt in its midst" (Isaiah 13:1)
Christ in Egypt
The authority of Old Testament prophecy , which foretold the crumbling of idols wherever Jesus went, further foreshadowed the singular blessing to be bestowed upon Egypt, for its having been chosen as the Holy Family's haven, and upon its people for having been the first to experience The Christ's miraculous influence. God's message also delivered through the prophetic utterance of Isaiah "Blessed be Egypt, My people" (Isaiah 19:25), was an anticipation of the coming of St Mark to our country, where the Gospel he preached took firm root in the first decades of Christianity. Isaiah goes on to prophecy: "In that day there will be an alter to the Lord in the midst of the land of Egypt and a pillar to the Lord at its border. And it will be for a sign and for a witness to the Lord of hosts in the land of Egypt" Isaiah 19:19-20)
According to the traditions of the Coptic Church, the altar mentioned is that of the Church of the Virgin Mary in AIMuharraq Monastery, a site where the Holy Family settled for a period of more than six months; and the altar-stone was the bed, upon which the Infant Savior lay. Al-Muharraq Monastery is located, literally, "in the midst of the land of Egypt" ... Standing at its exact geographical center. As for the "pillar at its borders ... which will be for a sign and for a witness ..." surely there can be no more demonstrable, concrete proof of the fulfillment of this prophecy than that the Patriarchal See of the Apostolic Church in Egypt was established by St. Mark himself. It is situated in Alexandria, on Egypt's northern borders.
Last Updated ( Friday, 10 July 2015 )
The Coptic Orthodox Statement of Faith
Coptic Orthodox Church History


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Home/Featured/Brewers Host Dodgers for NLCS Opener
FeaturedMLB
Brewers Host Dodgers for NLCS Opener
Dirty Follow on Twitter October 12, 2018
2018 NLCS Shows Promise of a Classic
The 2018 NLCS features the "Never Give Up' Milwaukee Brewers and the Home Run Crazy Los Angeles Dodgers.
It didn't take long for the Milwaukee Brewers (96-67, plus-23.13 betting units) to sweep the Colorado Rockies out of the National League playoffs. The Los Angeles Dodgers (92-71, minus-22.83 units) had to put in a little more work against the Atlanta Braves.
NHL Eastern Conference Finals Preview: Tampa Bay Lightning (0-1) vs. New York Rangers (1-0)
Major League Baseball Preview – Chicago Cubs vs. St. Louis Cardinals
They still got the job done in four games.
TV: 8:09 p.m. ET, Fox Sports 1; Odds: Dodgers -155-moneyline favorites. Total is 7 Under -123.
Milwaukee is on a roll with 11 consecutive victories. That is including a three-game sweep of the Colorado Rockies in the NL Division Series. They own home-field advantage after posting the best record (96-67) in the NL.
Los Angeles will try to grab the early lead behind left-hander Clayton Kershaw. He who tossed eight innings of two-hit shutout ball during a victory in the NL Division Series against the Atlanta Braves.
The Dodgers smacked eight homers during their four-game series against the Braves with shortstop Manny Machado and infielder Max Muncy each hitting two.
Pitching Matchup
Dodgers LH Clayton Kershaw (1-0, 0.00 ERA) vs. Brewers LH Gio Gonzalez (regular season: 10-11, 4.21).
Kershaw put together one of his top postseason performances in the win over Atlanta. He improved to 8-7 with a 4.08 ERA in 25 career appearances (20 starts).
The 30-year-old was 1-1 with a 2.25 ERA in two turns against Milwaukee this season and stands 6-5 with a 2.86 ERA in 14 career starts against the Brewers.
Gonzalez went 3-0 with a 2.13 ERA in five starts after being acquired from the Washington Nationals. He hasn't pitched since Sept. 30. The 33-year-old hasn't earned a decision in six career postseason starts. He has given up 19 walks in only 26 1/3 innings.
This and That for the NLCS
But has fared well against the Dodgers by going 4-1 with a 1.89 ERA in six career outings.
The Dodgers went 4-3 against the Brewers in the regular season and smacked seven homers in a 21-5 home victory Aug. 2.
Los Angeles 1B Cody Bellinger, who hit a grand slam in the August blowout win, is hitless in 11 at-bats during the postseason.
Christian Yelich batted .433 with two homers, one triple and four doubles in 30 at-bats against the Dodgers this season.
PREDICTION: Dodgers 4, Brewers 2
NLCS Betting Odds & Trends
Dodgers is 7-1 ATS in its last 8 games
LA Dodgers is 7-1 SU in its last 8 games
LA Dodgers is 4-1 ATS in its last 5 games on the road
Dodgers is 4-1 SU in its last 5 games on the road
The total has gone OVER in 4 of LA Dodgers's last 6 games on the road
LA Dodgers is 5-2 SU in its last 7 games when playing on the road against Milwaukee
The total has gone OVER in 8 of LA Dodgers's last 12 games when playing on the road against Milwaukee
Mil is 4-1 ATS in its last 5 games
Milwaukee is 5-0 SU in its last 5 games
The total has gone UNDER in 4 of Milwaukee's last 5 games
Milwaukee is 5-0 SU in its last 5 games at home
The total has gone UNDER in 7 of Milwaukee's last 10 games at home
Milwaukee is 2-5 SU in its last 7 games when playing at home against LA Dodgers
The total has gone OVER in 8 of Milwaukee's last 12 games when playing at home against LA Dodgers
Get your MLB odds at Bovada today.
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Dirty has been an employee or owner of some of the top online sports gambling forums since 1998. He worked at EOG.com from it's inception until 2008 when he left and opened GamblingIQ and then in 2012 opened Handicappers Hidaway. He has written hundreds af articles over the years and always has his "Dirty Dozen" College Football poll up starting the first week of October.
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In the words of General Kenobi: Hello there! You're probably sitting there wondering, who's this mad patter vacuum? Well, wonder no longer, for some I go by the title of 'Le croquet Monsieur de la mer', or you can just call me Mac. My good self and my loyal and hungry co-host, Sam, are a pair of loveable dolts who decided we were sick of eating cans of cold baked beans and wanted to chase that mad ad revenue. So I dropped out of a safe law degree to chase my film dream – bit thick right – and called up my good buddy to start a film and TV podcast, on which we cover all things P O P C U L T U R E, capeshit and kino alike, but with our own sense of charming cynicism, and a massive superiority complex.
So give it a bash, click the link, try something new, and take a chance. You might like it, you might loathe it, but you'll never know unless you try eh? Oh, and on a side note, from now on you can look forward to some movie news right here on Blinkclyro.com, from us, the dynamic douchebags. Stay tuned.


Thank you to the Year 9 students of King Ethelbert School for receiving our team from Breaking The Cycle with exceptional attentiveness and hospitality. Today's assembly at your school inspires us to keep working to help young people like yourselves choose the positive path. We hope the stories of John and Glenn are an encouragement to you, and that they help you choose forgiveness and nonviolence in the difficulties you may face. All the very best for this school year!


Numerology is the study of numbers which depicts you fait in one's life; in the same ways that astrology uses extraterrestrial bodies to predict ones past and future. So numerology – how can it help you? Being the study of number and their relation between numbers and each individual person, the study uses specific important dates determined by your name a, date of birth and other important events in your life to d to determine what a person will encounter during his life time.
Numerology can help you if you want to predetermine predict life events in advance, since each number associated to a person has a significant meaning, strength, weakness, or power associated to it. Numerology is based on the number 1-9 and specific calculations are used to pinpoint the number a person is associated with. People who follow numerological predictions base or associate events that happened or would happen totally reliant on the numbers and go a step further be determining different occasions according to the number predictions.
Numerology is more closely followed by more people around the world that any other form of prediction since it associated numbers with future events that will be happening or may happen. Many followers associate the numbers with events that happened. When one visits a numerologist he begins by determining the number associated with a person and moves on to tell the person about numbers that will be positive in his life and numbers that bill be associated with negativity in a person's life.
Chaldean Numerology, Kabbalah Numerology, Western Numerology, Chinese Numerology, Tamil/Indian Numerology.
Chaldean numerology: this form of numerology originated in the kingdom of Babylon and is the oldest form of numerology. The numbers were broken down in to two categories, whereby single digit numbers were associated to the outer personality were as the double digit were associated with the inner personalities. The number 9 was also associated to holiness and people were advised to avoid the number if they were to have better fortunes.
Kabbalah Numerology: this form of numerology developed from Judaism and since they believed that everything had energy the numerology was more concentrated on identifying each energy for rather than using the number to determine future events. The numerology has been evolving as time passed and newer versions were modified to cater for changes that were made as civilizations changed.
Western Numerology: also know as Pythagorean numerology this form is most famous and also the easiest to get started with. It basically involves calculation of a person's number using his name to determine future events that may unfold.
Chinese numerology: has been dated back 4000 years and is still strongly used in china by many of the locals. They also use dates of birth to determine your name which corresponds to the dates and future predictions that may happen in one's life.
All these forms of prediction revolve around a form of calculating numbers to determines a believer future since they have a chance to determining though the date of birth, date and time of appointments or meeting or any other thing whether the result shall be positive or negative. this gives the person using numerology the upper hand when it comes to making decisions concerning future events but this being an advantage it also makes many believers consider the dates before making a decision rather that considering the reality of the situation.


Image: What the batter looks like when you goof and leave the chocolate chips on the stove while the oven is warming. Whoops!
Update: I just made this for a second time and it tastes much better with 3 bananas. The banana and chocolate flavor is more balanced and not overpoweringly banana.
I found this recipe a while back and pinned it for later use since my son thinks bananas are the best thing ever. He eats one every day at breakfast and once climbed up the cabinets and stole 2 more and ate 3 in a row. Well, today is the day. It's in the oven now.
I'm posting the recipe here so I can edit it since there are some steps that should be more than one step and listing the amounts I used since some are suggestions in the original. I used Bob's Red Mill 1 to 1 Baking Flour and Enjoy Life mini chocolate chips which are gluten/dairy/nut free. I also used Earth Balance Soy Free spread (the red container) and lactose free milk since it was the only milk I had on hand and it only takes 2 tablespoons though I question if it is really needed my batter was so moist already.
* To save washing a second bowl I broke up the bananas into small pieces and they blended in well enough without mashing in a separate bowl. I then added the flour to the wet mixture to avoid having to wash a third wet, sticky bowl. Just rinse out the flour mix bowl and dry it.
Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Lightly grease a 9×5 inch loaf pan and it set aside.
In a large bowl, combine: flour, baking soda, baking powder, and salt, set aside.
In a separate bowl, cream together butter and sugar. Stir in: eggs, milk, vanilla, until well blended.
Break up bananas into small pieces blending them into the wet mix from Step 3 as you break them up. Add the chocolate chips.
Mix dry flour mixture into wet banana mixture until just moist.
Bake in preheated oven for 50 to 55 minutes, until a toothpick inserted into center of the loaf comes out clean.
**Note: I don't make anything from the links; I'm just sharing what I use as I learn more about this Fructose and FODMAPs life.


Now we just have to close (and close on the sale of my house)....keep sending that good energy all gods, goddesses, saints, family friends, acquaintances!!!
Real estate transactions..WOW is all I can say. I am sending you positive thoughts on successful closings for both. That is great that your offer was accepted, congrats on that!!!!


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Robert Gates, Sly Ironist
By Hendrik Hertzberg
The line in Robert Gates's memoir "Duty" that has come in for the gleefullest scorn appears on page 393. Gates has just finished describing an Oval Office meeting that was, by definition, super-confidential. He lists the eight participants and gives an account of some of the things that he himself said. For example, he draws the group's attention to the dire consequences of "a no-warning Israeli attack" on Iran. Also:
I told Obama I wanted to take several military steps by November 1, including deploying a second aircraft carrier there, adding better missile defense and radar capabilities, sending a third Aegis destroyer, and forward-positioning other equipment.
Prospective troop and naval movements are, of course, the gold standard of military secrets—the ultimate sensitive matters.
Then comes the money graf:
I was put off by the way the President closed the meeting. To his very closest advisers, he said, "For the record, and for those of you writing your memoirs, I am not making any decisions about Israel or Iran. Joe, you be my witness." I was offended by his suspicion that any of us would ever write about such sensitive matters.
At this, a great chorus of HYPOCRISY! went up from the pundit tabernacle choir, online and off. "Seriously?" asked a Washington Post columnist. "Gates was 'put off' and 'offended' by Obama's 'suspicion' that someone might write about … the meeting that Gates just wrote about?" (Ellipses hers, for dramatic effect.) Here, according to the columnist, was evidence that Gates is "resolutely unreflective about the moral implications of his actions." And the Post's White House correspondent, in a blog item headlined GATES TAKES OFFENSE AT OBAMA'S MEMOIRS COMMENT, THEN WRITES TELL-ALL MEMOIR, remarked, "Apparently, irony isn't something they teach at the Pentagon."
May I venture a contrary suggestion?
Gates may not be a laff riot, but he is simply too intelligent to be unaware that his huffy (and, at the time, doubtless quite sincere) indignation at Obama's suggestion that someone in the room might write a memoir in which "sensitive matters" are discussed at length, is—in retrospect, and precisely—ironic.
He is making a joke. And the joke, to his credit, is at his own expense.
Photograph by Saul Loeb/AFP/Getty.
Hendrik Hertzberg first joined the magazine in 1969. His books include "Politics" and "One Million."
More:ObamaRobert Gates
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Letter from Biden's Washington
There's Only One Thing to Call Biden's New Scandal: Political Malpractice
And that's assuming things don't get worse.
By Susan B. Glasser
Kevin McCarthy Is Not the Only Loser in the House G.O.P.'s Speaker Mess
Notes from a historic debacle on Capitol Hill.
"M3GAN," Reviewed: A Clever, Hollow A.I. Spin on "Frankenstein"
The robot's mental life—and its mounting megalomania—are the most absorbing aspects of this enjoyable meld of science fiction and horror.
Q. & A.
The Origins of Joe Biden's Document Mess
At the end of his Vice-Presidency, all official documents should have been transferred to the National Archives. How did some end up elsewhere?
By Isaac Chotiner


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Police must act fast to protect First Amendment rights: Robert Shibley
The deliberate decision by local and campus leaders to let violence start serves the interests of those who would squelch debate.
Police must act fast to protect First Amendment rights: Robert Shibley The deliberate decision by local and campus leaders to let violence start serves the interests of those who would squelch debate. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: https://usat.ly/2wdmXID
Robert Shibley, Opinion contributor Published 10:22 a.m. ET Aug. 17, 2017 | Updated 10:24 a.m. ET Aug. 17, 2017
In Charlottesville, Va., on Aug. 13, 2017.(Photo: Tasos Katopodis, epa)
Americans were shocked by the naked political violence we saw this weekend in Charlottesville, Va. Commenters on the left and the right immediately blamed the usual suspects. The right blamed identity politics. The left blamed entrenched racism. But an obvious cause of injury and death is once again being overlooked: the fact that the violence was allowed to get underway at all.
State, local, and even college campus leadership appear to be telling police to stand by while some degree of unlawful violence takes place right before their eyes. Yet when that violence predictably spirals out of control, the authorities profess their inability to have done anything to stop it. Meanwhile, those inclined to violence are emboldened, secure in the knowledge that the publicity payoff is high and the odds of punishment low.
More: Three homeland security lessons from Charlottesville: Michael Chertoff
More: Trump Tower presser proved our president is far worse than a racist
This must stop. Freedom of expression is what gives us the ability to hash out societal issues through argument instead of physical conflict, but it is only meaningful when people are reasonably confident that they will be physically safe while they speak and listen. When the authorities simply stand by and let political violence occur, even in the hope of the conflict somehow "de-escalating" itself, they send the message that both sides have a free hand to violently attack their opponents. This makes a mockery of the First Amendment rights to free speech and assembly.
After the riot that successfully prevented Milo Yiannopoulos from speaking at the University of California, Berkeley, in February, many reported on the conspicuous lack of police involvement despite the injuries and destruction. I personally spoke to a woman who had come to see the speech. Having been pepper-sprayed and nearly blinded by a violent protester, she told me she crawled over three layers of crowd barriers to reach a building with dozens of police inside. Yet when she reached the door, the police refused her entry.
Likewise, CNN reported that in Charlottesville, "both sides agree that one group didn't do enough to prevent the violence as the crowds grew and tensions flared: the police." The organizer of the "Unite the Right" rally complained that "police purposefully created the catastrophe that led to a melee in the streets of Charlottesville," while a Black Lives Matter leader attending the counter-protest remarked, "It's almost as if they wanted us to fight each other."
More: Trump champion: Bury Confederate romanticism. It's indefensible and bad for GOP.
POLICING THE USA: A look at race, justice, media
It's hard to think of a more thankless task than riot policing. But when authorities fail at the basic task of preventing mob violence, both political and policy questions need to be asked. When the Huffington Post reports that "Several times, a group of assault-rifle-toting militia members from New York State … played a more active role in breaking up fights" than the police, law enforcement's response needs serious rethinking.
There is one group of people who have so far consistently benefitted when political violence has been allowed to take place: the politicians who lead our localities and the de facto politicians who run our campuses. They avoid the political fallout from images of police confronting violent protesters (who may also be their supporters), they get to blame whichever side they like less for causing the violence, and get to pretend to fulfill their responsibility to keep people "safe" by making it harder for controversial viewpoints to be expressed.
Ann Coulter had to cancel a speech at Berkeley after the school insisted it would not be safe for her to speak on campus. Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe blamed the ACLU of Virginia and a federal judge for blocking the city's attempt to revoke the rally's permit, saying "We've got to look at these permits." This week, Texas A&M and the University of Florida announced that safety concerns prevented them from hosting speeches by Richard Spencer that are several weeks away. In contrast, in the 1960s American Nazi Party founder George Lincoln Rockwell was able to speak at UCLA, Michigan State, Brown, and other colleges, before audiences containing people who might have fought — or lost loved ones to — actual German Nazis. How can it be that hosting a similar speaker is impossible now?
Trading our free speech rights for the opportunity to be victimized by political violence is tremendously foolish, as is turning the blame for it on our civil liberties or those who defend them. Benjamin Franklin famously told a curious Philadelphian that America's founders had given us "a republic, if you can keep it." This is exactly what he was talking about.
Robert Shibley, an attorney, is executive director of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE).
You can read diverse opinions from our Board of Contributors and other writers on the Opinion front page, on Twitter @USATOpinion and in our daily Opinion newsletter. To respond to a column, submit a comment to letters@usatoday.com.
Read or Share this story: https://usat.ly/2wdmXID


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was a Japanese video game developer best known for the Summon Night series of role-playing video games published by Banpresto. Founded in 1989, Flight-Plan began by developing the Black/Matrix series of tactical role-playing games, published by NEC Interchannel (later Interchannel Holon) in Japan. In January 2007, Flight-Plan began self-publishing some of its games, such as Dragon Shadow Spell and Sacred Blaze. Other clients of the company have included Sony, Nintendo, and Sega.

In August 2010, the company quietly closed its offices and ceased business, and their website was taken offline.

Games
Titles released outside of Japan have a * after their title.

Metamor Jupiter - (1993, Turbo CD)
CAL III: Kanketsuhen - (1994, Turbo CD)
Chiki Chiki Boys - (1994, Turbo CD)
Dōkyūsei- (1995, Turbo CD)
Dōkyūsei if - (1996, Saturn)
Dōkyūsei 2 - (1997, Saturn)
Refrain Love - (1997, Saturn)
NOel 3: Mission on the Line - (1998, PlayStation/Saturn)
Dragon Ball Z: Legendary Super Warriors* - (2002, Game Boy Color)
Dragon Shadow Spell - (2007, PlayStation 2)
Eternal Poison* - (2008, PlayStation 2)
Shining Force Feather - (2009, Nintendo DS)
Sacred Blaze - (2009, PlayStation 2)

Black/Matrix series
Black/Matrix - (1998, Saturn)
Black/Matrix AD - (1999, Dreamcast)
Black Matrix Cross - (2000, PlayStation)
Black Matrix Zero - (2002, Game Boy Advance)
Black Matrix 2 - (2002, PlayStation 2)
Black Matrix 00 - (2004, PlayStation)

Summon Night series
Summon Night - (2000, PlayStation)
Summon Night 2 - (2001, PlayStation)
Summon Night 3 - (2003, PlayStation 2)
Summon Night: Swordcraft Story* - (2003, Game Boy Advance)
Summon Night: Swordcraft Story 2* - (2004, Game Boy Advance)
Summon Night Craft Sword Monogatari: Hajimari no Ishi - (2005, Game Boy Advance)
Summon Night EX-Thesis: Yoake no Tsubasa - (2005, PlayStation 2)
Summon Night 4 - (2006, PlayStation 2)
Summon Night: Twin Age* - (2007, Nintendo DS)
Summon Night DS - (2008, Nintendo DS)
Summon Night 2 DS - (2008, Nintendo DS)
Summon Night X: Tears Crown - (2009, Nintendo DS)
Summon Night Gran-These - (2010, PlayStation 2)

Notes

References

External links
   (archived from the original)

Video game companies established in 1989
Video game companies disestablished in 2010
Defunct video game companies of Japan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Augustine J. Kellis, M.D.
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Congratulations to Dr. Augustine Kellis for being selected one of Castle Connolly's Top Doctors for 2019.
Congratulations to Dr. Kellis on being named one of the 10 Best Plastic Surgeons in Ohio by The American Institute of Plastic Surgeons.
Augustine J. Kellis is a board-certified ophthalmologist and fellowship trained oculoplastic surgeon. He is the founder and C.E.O. of Ophthalmology and Oculoplastic Surgery, Inc. located in Chardon, Ohio. Dr. Kellis is a well-respected physician with over twenty-five years in his chosen specialties. He has performed over twenty thousand intraocular procedures and well over one hundred thousand eyelid and facial plastic surgical procedures.
Dr. Kellis graduated from Steubenville High School in Steubenville, Ohio, as class valedictorian. His undergraduate studies were completed at Bethany College where he graduated Magna Cum Laude with a Bachelor of Science degree. His medical degree was obtained from Case Western Reserve University where he graduated with honors in seven different specialties. He completed his residency training in ophthalmology at the Mt. Sinai Medical Center in Cleveland, Ohio, and served as chief resident. The completion of his formal education was the Tenzel Oculoplastic Surgical Fellowship in Miami, Florida.
Dr. Kellis has served as chief of Ophthalmology and head of oculoplastic surgery at University Hospital's Geauga Medical Center from 1994 to 2009. He was also the medical director for the Center of Excellence in Ophthalmology at UHHS Geauga Medical Center for thirteen years until resigning in 2009. He was past director of oculoplastic and reconstructive surgery at Parschauer Eye Center in Sandusky, Ohio, and still serves as director of oculoplastic and reconstructive surgery at the Eye Care Associates in Youngstown, Ohio. Dr. Kellis is the president and managing partner of the Chardon Surgery Center, which was established in 2009 and is one of the leading multi-specialty ambulatory facilities in northern Ohio. He is an assistant clinical professor at Case Western Reserve University department of ophthalmology and also an assistant clinical professor at Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine. He has served as the director of the chief resident oculoplastic rotation at University Hospital's Eye Institute. Dr. Kellis is a fellow of the American College of Surgeons and the American Academy of Ophthalmology. He's been elected to Strathmore's Who's Who Among Medical Professionals. His peers have voted him into the prestigious Castle Connolly Top Doctors in Ohio eleven consecutive years. He was also voted one of the Top Docs in America and Top Cosmetic Surgeons in America. Recently, U.S. News and World Report selected Dr. Kellis as one of the top ophthalmologic and oculoplastic surgeons in America.
Dr. Kellis is the founder of the St. Michael's Eye Program, which provides eye care services to anyone in need at no cost. This program was established twenty-five years ago and has served the needs of thousands of patients in northern Ohio. Recently, Dr. Kellis was honored as the Eagle Vision Award recipient. This award is given by the charity, Sight for All, to the one eye care professional in northern Ohio who has provided the most charitable services over the course of a year. In addition, Dr. Kellis serves on the board of the Geauga Hunger Task Force. He helps to organize over six hundred thousand free meals given to the families of Geauga County on a yearly basis.
Dr. Kellis is well known for his exceptional medical and surgical expertise and his warm, personable bedside manner. Dr. Kellis is a former accomplished amateur bodybuilder and still engages in weight training and cardiovascular exercise, including cycling and power yoga. He enjoys spending time with his wife, Mary, and his twin daughters, Marina and Evangeline. He also enjoys traveling, jet skiing, boating, and snorkeling.
Our Eye Services
Our Services to give best care for your eyes
Obtaining a proper contact lens fitting is very important for good vision and the health of the eye.
Periodic eye and vision examinations are an important part of preventive health care.
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world, damaging your vision so gradually.
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Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book.
Is our procedure latest to technology?
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"Courage men! The human beings may yet defeat the politicians." Thus the late Alistair Cooke ended the foreword to Talk about America 1951-1968. For decades, I have been in awe of Cooke's skill with words, his style as an journalist and essayist. The series began in 1946 and continued weekly almost without a break until this week. Too few of the talks have been properly collected and printed. There are three books, Letters from America 1946-1951 (London, 1951), Talk about Americ 1951-1968 (London, 1968), and The American letters from America on our life and times, 1969-1979. Some of the talks are on the BBC website. Another book in similar style is his set of biographical essays Six men (London, 1997), about Charles Chaplin, Edward VIII, H.L. Mencken, Humphrey Bogart, Adlai Stevenson and Bertrand Russell. (All of these books were republished as Penguins.) In Memories of the great and the good, Cooke offers 23 more biographical pieces on worthies he has met, including Dwight D. Eisenhower, Winston Churchill, P. G. Wodehouse, Duke Ellington, Erma Bombeck, and Barry Goldwater.
Cooke was not a great, great, writer of classic prose; he was simply a master of the craft of words, an intriguing story teller, and very, very, good journalist, dedicated to his profession. In "Politics and the human animal", the prologue to the 1951-1968 collection, Cooke said: "let us take our stand on the Middle East, or Vietnam, or whatever, and in the process perhaps lose a friend or shoot a friend, or agree to differ and do neither. Then let us get down to life and living." Quite.


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Emoia impar är en ödleart som beskrevs av  Werner 1898. Emoia impar ingår i släktet Emoia och familjen skinkar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Skinkar
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1924 BENTLEY 3-LITRE TOURER - BONHAMS AUCTIONS The Goodwood Revival Sale Goodwood Motor Circuit, Chichester PO18 0PX Saturday 8th September 2018
Goodwood Motor Circuit, Chichester PO18 0PX
1924 BENTLEY 3-LITRE TOURER
Registration no. XU 205 Chassis no. 589
£ 200,000 - 250,000
€ 220,000 - 280,000
Original registration mark and engine
*In long-term BDC-member single ownership (1962-2000)
*Present ownership since 2000
*Well known in BDC circles
*Carefully maintained
*Substantial history file
With characteristic humility 'W O' was constantly amazed by the enthusiasm of later generations for the products of Bentley Motors Limited, and it is testimony to the soundness of his engineering design skills that so many of his products have survived. From the humblest of beginnings in a mews garage off Baker Street, London in 1919 the Bentley rapidly achieved fame as an exciting fast touring car, well able to compete with the best of European and American sports cars in the tough world of motor sport in the 1920s. Bentley's domination at Le Mans in 1924, 1927, 1928, 1929 and 1930 is legendary, and one can only admire the Herculean efforts of such giants as Woolf Barnato, Jack Dunfee, Tim Birkin and Sammy Davis, consistently wrestling the British Racing Green sports cars to victory.
W O Bentley proudly unveiled the new 3-litre car bearing his name on Stand 126 at the 1919 Olympia Motor Exhibition, the prototype engine having fired up for the first time just a few weeks earlier. Bentley's four-cylinder 'fixed head' engine incorporated a single overhead camshaft, four-valves per cylinder and a bore/stroke of 80x149mm. Twin ML magnetos provided the ignition and power was transmitted via a four-speed gearbox with right-hand change. The pressed-steel chassis started off with a wheelbase of 9' 9½" then adopted dimensions of 10' 10" ('Standard Long') in 1923, the shorter frame being reserved for the TT Replica and subsequent Speed Model. Rear wheel brakes only were employed up to 1924 when four-wheel Perrot-type brakes were introduced.
In only mildly developed form, this was the model that was to become a legend in motor racing history and which, with its leather-strapped bonnet, classical radiator design and British Racing Green livery, has become the archetypal Vintage sports car.
Early success in the 1922 Isle of Man Tourist Trophy, when Bentleys finished second, fourth, and fifth to take the Team Prize, led to the introduction of the TT Replica (later known as the Speed Model) on the existing 9' 9½" wheelbase, short standard chassis. Identified by the Red Label on its radiator, the Speed Model differed by having twin SU 'sloper' carburettors, a higher compression ratio, different camshaft and the close-ratio A-type gearbox, the latter being standard equipment prior to 1927 when the C-type 'box was adopted. These engine changes increased maximum power from the standard 70 to 80bhp and raised top speed to an impressive 90mph. Other enhancements included the larger (11-gallon) fuel tank and (usually) André Hartford shock absorbers. Bentley made approximately 1,600 3-Litre models, the majority of which was bodied by Vanden Plas with either open tourer or saloon coachwork.
Chassis number '589', registered 'XU 205' was completed in April 1924 and first owned by one W H B Moorehead. The car still retains its original engine, '591'. How long its first owner kept the Bentley is not known. Nevertheless, a photograph reproduced in the Bentley Drivers' Club's magazine shows 'XU 205' in Londonderry on VE Day, 1945 while in the ownership of the Heywood family (see copy and correspondence on file). Further BDC correspondence reveals that Members Lists record 'XU 205' as owned in August 1948 by Mr J V Sandbach of Sutton Coldfield, followed by Mr G C Pyle of Coventry (January 1955 list) and Maxwell Gilbert of Moseley (1963 list). The Bentley's next owner, Bob Ward, bought the car from Maxwell Gilbert in 1962, when he was 22 years old, and would keep it for the next 38 years. The Vanden Plas replica body dates from his period of ownership.
'XU 205' had been laid up for some considerable time when acquired, and with the assistance of fellow BDC Midland Region members, Bob Ward had it back on the road within two years. Bob Ward's 3-Litre would be campaigned extensively over the course of the succeeding decades, becoming very well known in BDC circles. He recalled: 'In the 60s and 70s XU 205 attended many, many BDC meetings both local and national...
'When my wife and I were first married we went everywhere in XU 205 including trips abroad, holidays in Cornwall, visits to her family in Norway and every BDC meeting we could find.
'In 38 years XU 205 has never let me down on the road. I guess this is due to the fact that when work was needed no expense was spared.'
In December 2000, Bob Ward offered the Bentley for sale at auction and it was purchased by the current vendor. The catalogue description at that time stated that the pistons had been replaced two years previously and that the car was fitted with a rare 6½-Litre rear axle. Since then the dynamo has been changed from three-wire to two-wire; an electronic voltage regulator fitted; and 12-volt LED lighting adopted. We are advised that the battery now charges when all the lights are on. The vendor describes the Bentley as in generally good condition - with a very good engine displaying excellent oil pressure - and says that it drives well.
As one would expect from a car that has been cherished and carefully maintained for the last 50-plus years, 'XU 205' comes with a most substantial history file (inspection recommended). A wonderful opportunity to acquire a well maitained 'W O' Bentley, benefiting from long-term BDC-member ownership.
SOURCE: https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/24878/lot/209/?category=list&length=10&page=14
Labels: 1924, 3-litre, Bentley, coming, Goodwood, revival\, to.auction, tourer