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Home/News Analysis
Balancing Hormones
19 June 2019 by Kirsty-Anne Jasper
Caster Semenya's ruling by the IAAF highlights a difficult question for sport's governance professionals
The issues surrounding sex and gender in sport have given those in sporting governance significant challenges for quite some time. World athletics governing body, the IAAF, has suffered significant criticism for the way that it's dealt with these in relation to Caster Semenya's case, with three global organisations that promote women's sport having written to the IAAF, to say its rules for intersex athletes are "discriminatory" and "enforce gender inequality."
As noted by ICSA's Policy Officer, not for profit, Craig Beeston, in his article this month, gender, diversity and inclusion are all big topics to be addressed both currently and in the future, by sports governance officials. Developments in science, inclusive thinking and social norms mean that gender is no longer the binary consideration it once was, and is causing quite the headache for officials who strive to achieve fairness without being discriminatory.
Semenya's case has thrust the issues, which have been bubbling under the surface for some time, into the limelight with international sport's highest court, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (Cas), ruling that it was acceptable for some athletes to be banned from competing unless they took medication to reduce their testosterone levels.
Not a binary matter
The case was brought by Semenya, the South African Olympic champion, who has long faced speculation and controversy about her sex. In 2009 the IAAF asked her to take a sex verification test to ascertain whether she was female. At the time the IAAF says it was "obliged to investigate" after she made improvements of 25 seconds at 1500m and eight seconds at 800m – "the sort of dramatic breakthroughs that usually arouse suspicion of drug use." The sex test results were never officially published, but speculation abounded and some results were leaked in the press and widely discussed.
The leaks resulted in unsubstantiated claims about Semenya having an intersex trait. Although the exact nature of Semenya's genetic makeup is unknown to the public, what is accepted is that she is hyperandrogenic (she has a much higher level of testosterone than most women). The IAAF has defined athletes like her as having "a difference of sexual development (DSD)". Their hormones, genes and reproductive organs may be a mix of male and female characteristics, which can lead to higher levels of testosterone - a hormone that increases muscle mass, strength and haemoglobin, which affects endurance. People with a DSD do not develop along typical gender lines.
In 2018, the IAAF introduced regulations forcing such athletes to reduce their testosterone levels if they wished to compete in certain events. It was this which Semenya challenged in court and lost. She has since insisted that she will carry on racing in middle distance events (for which the IAAF does not require a reduction in hormone levels), but that she will not take testosterone-reducing medication.
Discriminatory, but fair
Cas themselves are clear that the ruling offers no simple, or perfect, solution, describing the IAAF rules as "discriminatory". But, adding that such discrimination is "necessary, reasonable and proportionate."
The ruling offers much food for thought. Most people accept the case for separate male and female categories in sporting events but how 'male' and 'female' is determined is not as clear cut as one may assume. Various methods of categorisation have been mooted and trialed, from self identification, physical examination, to genetic testing. None have provided a universally satisfying conclusion.
The IAAF's decision to use functional testosterone levels to determine which side of the male/female line one falls on, is merely the latest way. In many respects it makes complete sense. After all, generally speaking testosterone levels in women are, in most circumstances, lower than in men.
As always the issue becomes complicated, in the cases which don't fall into such neat boxes – such as Semenya's. While all male elite athletes lie in the high testosterone band and most female athletes fall into the lower testosterone class, a few women, such as Semenya (who identifies firmly as female), have elevated levels that take them into the "male" category.
The IAAF suggests that excluding such women, or forcing them to reduce testosterone levels, helps create a level playing field and protects the integrity of women's sports. It is this reasoning which led Cas to accept the IAAF regulations as "necessary, reasonable and proportionate", even if they are discriminatory.
Broader implications
It's easy to see where this ruling has the potential to have further application – and controversy. The arguments raised about hyperandrogenic athletes are strikingly similar to those which have raged about trans athletes. Dame Kelly Holmes, Paula Radcliffe, Sharron Davies and Martina Navratilova have all faced backlash after raising similar concerns about the fairness of transwomen competing in
female sports.
Although the contexts are very different, after all Semenya was born and raised as a female – only discovering her heightened testosterone levels once she was already an adult and established athlete – the debate is a familiar one.
Radcliffe questioned whether it was "fair for a biological man to compete alongside women" after a heavy push from trans activists, who argue that anyone who identifies as female should be allowed to compete in women's sport, for sport to be more inclusive. Transgender athletes, such as the cyclist Rachel McKinnon, were born and lived as males but have transitioned to living as women, have attracted criticism from some feminist groups who believe they have a biological advantage and run the risk of taking hard-fought for opportunities away from female-born athletes.
The latest International Olympic Committee regulations mirror the findings in the Semenya case, allowing transgender women to participate, so long as they have undertaken hormone therapy to reduce their testosterone level to below a set figure for at least a year.
Both positions are fraught with difficulties in balancing concerns of marginalised groups. The term 'fairness' is frequently used by both sides. But isn't any type of biological advantage in sport always unfair? Not just in terms of testostrone levels, but in terms of height, strength, or speed? Swimmer Michael Phelps produces half the lactic acid of a typical male athlete. Lactic acid causes fatigue. This therefore means that his endurance levels are higher than other athletes.
Unlike Semenya, Phelps' genetic advantage has been presented as a gift, and there's never been a suggestion that he should have to take medication in order to reduce his natural levels of lactic acid. One may argue that this is unfair, but is having to artificially change his biology any fairer? There are no easy answers but these are the tough questions that sport's governance professionals must continue to struggle with.
Kirsty-Anne Jasper is Deputy Editor of Governance and Compliance
Current magazine issue
Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS, United Kingdom


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It was the general Town Hall meeting for the State Department and amidst the rounds of discussions pertaining to crucial issues, the Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton found herself being hit by a rather amusing question. Quite amusingly she was asked what should offices do in regard to the slow update process that they have to bear with the Internet Explorer. Internet Explorer currently is the preferred browser for the global offices.
Amidst the ripple of laughters arising from such an unexpected question, the response of Clinton appeared as a music to the ears of Internet giant company Google. Clinton said that the state department shall start using Google Chrome soon. The installation of the same has begun since February 14th.
It appears to be a great opportunity for Google, if the government officials start using and endorsing its products. Google currently is hopeful that the state departments would start using Google Apps suite for various purposes like emailing, managing documents and calendars etc. and getting officials to use its browser is the first step in the right direction for Google.
However, the problem is that some of the existing software may not be perfectly compatible with the Google chrome browser and hence the officials would still have to employ Internet Explorer. Though one thing is sure, Google's Chrome and its various other products have a flourishing opportunity to carve a niche amidst government official. And though Internet Explorer may not be dead as of now, but it sure does not look like a pretty site for Microsoft.
Google browser RIP Internet Explorer
Google Implemented New Privacy Policy Today, Take Control Over it With Two Simple Steps
Top Crowdsourcing Sites on March 2, 2012
Nice article. I am amaze to hear that US States Dept. and others niches are quitting their browsing issues with Internet Explorer and moves to the Google Chrome. Such a competitive situation for Microsoft to make strategic plans to bring good state of their programs.
Keith on March 2, 2012
I wish I could say it's about time, but that would have only been true 5 years ago. It's past time 🙂
Fabiola Vittitow on March 8, 2012
Very nice post, I certainly love this website, keep on it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


He was and is a beautiful, beautiful boy!
Wonderful story. Initially, I wasn't going to read this update, thinking that I didn't have time but I was moved to tears. Thank you for sharing this with us.
9lb 6oz … I was moved to tears too lol.


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The Mackinac Center for Public Policy is broadening the debate on issues that has for many years been dominated by the belief that government intervention should be the standard solution. Center publications and programs, in contrast, offer an integrated and comprehensive approach that considers:
All Institutions. The Center examines the important role of voluntary associations, business, community and family, as well as government.
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Committed to its independence, the Mackinac Center for Public Policy neither seeks nor accepts any government funding. It enjoys the support of foundations, individuals, and businesses who share a concern for Michigan's future and recognize the important role of sound ideas.
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It was up to Nathan on how to use this information. After some deliberation, Nathan decided to negotiate with Big Software Co this week. But first, he needed to prepare for it by comparing his current compensation to other companies' offers.
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Nathan went back to looking at Small & Smart.
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Nathan felt he was prepared for an interview if he decided to do it. He now was at an advantage over other candidates. He could negotiate for his true worth and more. He could even work with a recruiter to help him. This was great information to have, to use in the future.
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Michigan Couple Arrested for Supplying Pot Butter to Police Officers
After being arrested — and later pleading guilty — for supplying officers with their own homemade "pot butter" earlier this year, Timothy and Alyssa Scherzer have recently opened up to the media about their case.
According to FOX 17 West Michigan, the Scherzers were discovered to have been supplying their own legally obtained medicinal marijuana to people not authorized to use medical marijuana — four of whom were either working for or connected to the Kent County Jail.
Timothy Scherzer explained to FOX 17 that he and his wife had been offering their medicinal marijuana to people close to the couple who complained of illnesses and ailments that marijuana is known for treating.
"It was more or less just for my family — my cousin, for her relief of her Crohn's disease," Scherzer said. "Then, with my brother-in-law Tim, with the number of back surgeries and neck surgeries he's had with fusions and stuff, (it was) an alternative way for him to try to get some pain relief. … I did get relief with the edibles and I thought it would be worthwhile to pass that on to other people."
The Scherzers' illicit caregiving operation was discovered in March, when U.S. Postal Service workers inspected a package that Timothy tried to send to a disabled cousin and found more than two ounces of marijuana.
In the hours after the Postal Service's discovery, a search warrant was issued and police were soon inspecting the couple's home.
"It's hard to sit by and watch a loved one suffer," says Dr. David Imrie of the Medical Marijuana Association. "Were they right to care? Yes. Were they wrong to break the law? Yes. It's about time the Law was changed to change the caring "criminal" to a committed caregiver."
The "pot butter" in question was a form of marijuana-infused butter that Scherzer made for his "patients." As edibles are prohibited by Michigan state law, this was another charge brought against the couple, according to FOX 17.
Tim Scherzer was ultimately given five years' probation and a fine after pleading guilty to charges of delivery of marijuana and maintaining a drug house, FOX 17 reports. Alyssa Scherzer also pleaded guilty to maintaining a drug house and was sentenced three years' probation and a fine. Both Scherzers are now prohibited from using marijuana and acting as caregivers.
Posted in frontpage Legal
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Sales of Certified Pre-owned Vehicles Remains Strong Throughout 2014


Joe Alagna shared an article about preparing for the new gTLD domain names, and in the article, he wrote, "Although I like most of the vertically targeted domains, I am concerned about a few like .plumbing and .contractors. I was recently tasked with writing an article about each of those two TLDs. Forgive me, but as I sat at my computer, I couldn't recall if the TLD was .plumbing, .plumber, or .plumbers." It appears that the BBC has this very issue.
As Joe Alagna predicted, the BBC confused the .plumbing extension with .plumbers, which does not exist, nor is their an application for this extension. Perhaps in the future, someone will apply for the .plumbers extension, but until that point in time, it's going to be a typo, and likely a costly typo for companies who do use .Plumbing domain names.
When a searcher accidentally types in a url that has a suffix that doesn't exist, they will likely be taken to a Google search page or an ISP error page. Perhaps they will realize they made an error, but if they are confused about the TLD and don't notice the error, they may just start at square one and do a Google search for something else where they may or may not end up on the intended brand's website. In fact, if someone is searching for Boston.Plumbing and they type in Boston.Plumbers, unless that website ranks very well in Google, other competitors will likely show up first.
At the very least in the short term, there will be confusion about new gTLD extensions. Some will be more confusing than others, but it is interesting to observe how this all plays out.
Thanks to Matthew Riches and Kevin Murphy for pointing this out.
I suppose my point is not to forget how adaptable to change humans actually are!
I don't think it's that terrible, tbh. Maybe they're in a local marketing campaign, who knows.
Confusion is good for business.
Hey Sir Elliot, the domaininvesting.com is not displaying well on Firefox…anybody got that problem?
Just had a hosting upgrade at GoDaddy, so there might be some propagation issues for a little while.
You See Elliot, I am good for something …..am watchin your back!
Didn't know people from 'that' side of the Atlantic too watch, talk about BBC!


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Jagdeo suggests UN conducts Guyana's elections
Opposition Leader, Bharrat Jagdeo
By admin On Sep 6, 2018
Opposition Leader, Bharrat Jagdeo has suggested that the United Nations (UN) conduct elections in Guyana, a move that could be cheaper and quell concerns of rigging.
"Maybe we should just contract it out…get the United Nations," he proposed at a news conference Thursday, adding that there can just be oversight from Guyanese.
The Leader of the Opposition explained that this is not a proposal he is advocating for but the entire issue about the conduct of elections can be discussed when he meets President David Granger for high-level political talks.
Jagdeo noted that the option may be favourable since it could add some credibility to the elections process since "many Guyanese fear that APNU [A Partnership for National Unity] will rig the elections."
The former President indicated that the People's Progressive Party (PPP) may not support the idea of having the Constitution of Guyana amended to give the National Assembly the power to select Commissioners to serve on the seven-member Guyana Elections Commission (GECOM), a concept which has found favour with President Granger.
Article 161 of the Constitution already lays out a process for the appointment of GECOM Commissioners, a structure which was recommended by former US President Jimmy Carter – which Jagdeo believes guarantees fairness.
It stipulates that three Commissioners be appointed by the President, three by the Opposition Parties and the Chairman be selected by the Head of State from a list of candidates submitted by the Opposition Leader.
"Right now there is no other model in the game expecting what is in our Constitution and President Granger has to respect that and he has disrespected that," he said, referring to the unilateral appointment of Justice James Patterson as the GECOM Chairman.
Public officers undergo training to deal with Venezuelan migrants
Update: Teachers back to work from Monday as strike called off


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Eric has worked in the industry since 1990. Prior to joining Barings in 2013, he served as Head of Market and Institutional Risk for Wells Fargo, was on the company's Management Committee and was a member of the Board of Directors of Wells Fargo Securities. Before the acquisition of Wachovia, Eric worked in Wachovia's Global Markets Investment Banking division and served on the division's Operating Committee, where he held various leadership positions, including Head of Wachovia's Global Leveraged Finance Group.
Eric holds a B.S. in Finance from the University of Virginia.
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Election Recap – 2010
MONTGOMERY COUNTY 2010 ELECTION RECAP
The 2010 Republican wave predicted by the polls became a reality on November 2nd. We knew Governor Perry was predicted to win a third term, but not many thought the wave would reach down the ballot to include a record number of Republican wins in races for State House of Representatives, including five new Hispanic members, and wins for county-level offices across the State.
After the 2008 election, Republicans held seventy-seven of the one- hundred-fifty State House of Representative seats, eleven seats fewer than the high water mark of eighty-eight in 2002. On November 2nd, Republican wins included all incumbents, plus twenty two new House seats, for a total of ninety-nine, one short of a two-third majority or a quorum. At the county- level, every Republican on the ballot won in neighboring counties such as Liberty, Chambers and even Jefferson County.
This wave was led by an overwhelming number of straight-Republican ticket voters. This was especially true in Montgomery County, where the Party's Get-Out-The-Vote campaign completed over 20,000 phone calls to Republican households, representing over 60,000 voters. During the early voting period, 35,767 straight-Republican ticket votes were counted, and on election-day 24,668 were counted, a total of 60,435. This vote total represented 84.8% of all straight-Party ticket votes and 52.2% of the 115,869 votes counted on election night. The 84.8% was the highest percent among the top fifteen counties in the State with the largest voter registration. Denton County with 74.5% was second. There were 10,276 Democrat-straight ticket votes cast in Montgomery County, 8.9% of the total votes cast. 61.5% of all ballots cast in the County were straight-Party ticket votes.
Voters of the County gave Governor Perry a 60,230 vote margin of victory over Bill White while garnering 75.2% of the vote. State Comptroller Susan Combs received the highest number of votes in the County, 95,465. The average vote total received in the County by the thirteen Republican statewide candidates on the ballot was 91,859 (76.9%) and the average vote total for the ten Democrat statewide candidates was 18,852 (10%). Republican County Judge Alan Sadler and 9th Court of Appeals Republican Justice Charles Kreger easily won re-election. The voter turnout percentages for the State and County are as follows:
State………37.5% State……….33.7% State………36.3%
County….…46.4% County………36.4% County……..38.3%
In 1964 when I became Republican County Chairman, electing a Republican official was no more than a pipe dream. It was not until 1961 that a Republican was elected to the United States Senate. He was an obscure college professor from Wichita Falls named John G. Tower. By 1974, Texas Republicans held only two seats in the U. S. Congress, three seats in the State Senate and sixteen seats in the State House of Representatives.
Finally, in 1978 the first Republican Governor in Texas since Reconstruction, William P. Clements, was elected. He would serve two terms as Governor, 1978-1982 and 1986-1990. Even after President Ronald Reagan's re-election in 1984, Republicans held only one U. S. Senate seat and no statewide offices, but had increased State Senate seats to six and House seats to fifty-two. With the election of George W. Bush as Governor in 1994, the Party increased its seats in the U. S. Congress to eleven, its seats in the State Senate to fourteen and its seats in the State House of Representatives to sixty-one.
In Texas, Republicans currently hold two U. S. Senate seats, twenty-seven statewide offices, twenty-three of thirty-two U.S. Congressional seats, nineteen of thirty-one State Senate seats and ninety-nine of one-hundred-fifty House of Representatives seats along with countless County offices, including every district, county and precinct office in our County. Montgomery County Republicans are proud to call Montgomery County the most Republican County in the most Republican State in the Nation.


We love chili recipes and we know you do too. This one use butternut squash as an unexpected twist. The subtle sweetness from the squash goes great with the traditional chili flavors.
We used ground beef, but you could easily use ground turkey instead. Butternut squash works perfectly, but other squash types like delicata, kabocha, or even pumpkin would also work well.


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Home Food & Drink Wine & Spirits Mas des Brun: A Dream-Come-True Vineyard in Bandol
Mas des Brun: A Dream-Come-True Vineyard in Bandol
By Kristin Espinasse -
The family during the life-changing harvest at Châteauneuf-du-Pape
When Guy Hibbert, France Today's editor-in-chief emailed me, mentioning that he'd planned a press trip to Provence and asking whether he could visit our vineyard, Mas des Brun, I panicked. Vineyard was suddenly a very big word! How exactly did it translate in my would-be visitor's mind? Did it conjure up an image of elegant iron gates, beyond which a gravel path led up a hill dotted with vines, each row decorated with a heritage rosier?
At the end of this manicured chemin, would Guy spot a courtyard lined with topiaries? Would his eyes, tickled by the sculpted trees, then feast on a Provençal bastide? And would the chatelaine then gracefully appear, before immense carved-wood doors flanked with antique urns and some sort of noble moss flowing out. Indeed, is moss noble?
I don't know. But there is such a thing as noble rot! And that's how we ended up here, in this vineyard by the sea. But let us step away from the excitement of the moment – follow me, now, back to Châteauneuf-du-Pape, where a life-changing harvest was underway…
"That's noble rot!" exclaimed Uncle Jean-Claude, who waved his clippers as a sign to go ahead and drop the mouldy grapes into my bucket. We were picking the classic '13 cépages' at my in-law's vineyard, the Domaine du Banneret. It was September of 1995 and my second vendange.
"Keep them! They're the best grapes!" my husband shouted, relaying the message down the line of pickers – a motley crew of family members, ranging from our firstborn, Max, to Jean-Claude's mother, Marinette, who wore a floral-printed apron and kept an eagle-eye on everyone.
I can still hear the thunk of metal handles hitting the sides of the buckets each time we set them down beside another heavily-laden vine. The trunks being goblet-shaped, we had to crouch down, level with the smooth galets. The stones were heated by the afternoon sun, but we were freezing from the ankles up as the Mistral wind tore through the vineyard, carrying off our sunhats and whirling my hair around my head, effectively blinding me.
"Watch your fingers!" my husband, Jean-Marc, called out. I could barely see him through my sun-bleached blindfold. The girl next to me, who would become godmother to our unborn child, spit windblown hair out of her mouth, and swore, "This is my first and last harvest! Quelle torture!"
I spied my husband one row over, tending an old Grenache vine. The look of rapture on his face was unmistakable. The realisation hit: there would not be a last harvest for me, ever…
Jean-Marc quit his fluorescent-lit auditor's office in Marseilles for the sunlit campagne Aixoise. Over the coming years he would work as sales director for two prestigious wineries. His new career involved travelling outside of Provence, where he met cavistes, restaurateurs, importers and other key figures in the wine world.
Switching wineries in 1998, we now lived in the grounds of a 12th century château, a stone's throw from Saint-Tropez, where our apartment overlooked orchards and vine fields. Our children – we now had a beautiful baby girl – would spend the next few years chasing each other through the vines and playing cache-cache among the olive trees. On lazy family walks around the domaine, Jean-Marc often paused to tuck an errant branch into place along the wire or pull a greedy weed from the foot of an ageing syrah. It was clear just where in the world of wine he needed to be: at ground level!
A Vignoble Quest
Jean-Marc wanted his own vines and he knew exactly where. A boyhood spent swimming in the calanques and hunting oursins, or sea urchins, along the Mediterranean held a trance over him. He set his sights on a modest vignoble in Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer, but we soon learned that buying a vineyard in France wasn't a straightforward procedure.
All agricultural transactions had to go through SAFER (Sociétés d'Aménagement Foncier et d'Établissement Rural), the government entity which controls all farmland purchases. We were assigned a representative, who seemed to favour our profile. Thus encouraged, we began sketching where the cellar would go and scouting the countryside to see where our kids would be schooled and where we would buy our morning baguette. But our hopes were dashed when a call came from SAFER: the buying rights would be given to a local farmer. The next months were bumpy – Jean-Marc was let go at work, but the good news was that his lawyer succeeded in winning him damages for unfair termination.
It was while perusing a viticulture journal that Jean-Marc noticed vines for sale at Sainte-Cécile-les-Vignes in the Vaucluse – prime Côtes du Rhône terroir. The grapes were being sold to the co-op, but once we purchased the property – 23 investors and a bank loan later – Jean-Marc created a winery-sur-place, naming it the Domaine Rouge-Bleu, after our Franco-American union.
The salesman-turned-farmer learned from the ground up, living the emotional highs and quirky lows of winemaking. The wind broke his vines, the locals stole his compost and the tractor nearly cost him his life when the brakes went out, sending him and a ton of grapes hurtling downhill toward traffic! However, the newbie winemaker persevered and put a price tag on his first bottles which made area winemakers jealous. And when they snickered at his unusual ideas, calling him an hurluberlu, or nut, for practicing biodynamics – he was steeping horsetail plant tea for his vines and concocting field sprays made of cow manure – Jean-Marc was too busy receiving the good news to care. His first vintage, 'Mistral 07', received a gold medal from the Paris International Agricultural Show and 91 points in The Wine Spectator!
Towards Provence…
However, after five years in the Rhône, that soulful yearning for la mer returned. We began looking for a vineyard in Bandol, a search which proved impossible until a local winemaker gave us a tip about a unique property. There was just one catch – it only had olives, no vines.
The 20-acre domain safeguarded an ancient oliveraie. Historical restanques – or stone terraces – ascended the hillside, whispering the property's raison d'être. Here was an amphitheatre for the grapes that would make Jean-Marc's very own Bandol wine! He wrote to the owner, introducing himself, his family and our collective dream. Encouraged when the propriétaires responded, supporting our project, we began – once again – to envisage our dream estate, the children's school, the morning baguette… when another hope-dashing call came!
By progressing with our plans, we'd somehow set off an alarm at SAFER headquarters and now the French government was interested in the property, too! Irony of ironies, for it was their job to help us locate farmland and now they might take our finding away and, according to buying rights legislation, provide it to a "fitting" candidate.
Our situation was all but hopeless and there was nothing to do but cooperate. After all, each party had something to lose: if SAFER bought the property then they risked not being able to sell it right away as the farmer they had in mind didn't want the house that belonged with the land. In the end, we came to an agreement: the two best parcels would be sold to the local. We could now buy les restes…
Let me now return you to the opening scene of our story, at our budding vineyard, where we're anxiously anticipating the visit of our editor-in-chief, in the middle of a storm. On the upside, it was too dark and grey outside to tell whether we have a manicured courtyard or just some old wine barrels hosting a gaggle of daisies. And as for the antique door and heritage roses, well, our honoured guest hurried in out of the rain so fast that he didn't realise they were missing! In any case, at that point, our collective attention was focused upon the kitchen door, beneath which a flood was rushing in.
"Bonjour, Monsieur Hibbert!" Throwing Guy some towels, I explained that we'd just need to stem the flood until Jean-Marc arrived. Just where the devil was he, I thought? He was due here an hour ago for this interview! In the meantime, our eminent guest looked relaxed, even amused – if a bit damp – as we sloshed wet towels around the makeshift tasting room.
Although I'd tried to imagine the perfect setting for this crucial meeting, the eventual disaster possessed a charm all of its own. And when Jean-Marc appeared in time to dig a trench – re-routing the torrent to a future vine field – Guy may have recognised him as a true paysan, ever at the mercy of the weather and French bureaucracy, but who – if worth his wine – is willing to labour through all such uncertainties.
Kristin Espinasse writes the French Word-A-Day blog, where she chronicles life at Mas des Brun, the dream-come-true vineyard that she and her family call home.
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Kristin Espinasse
http://french-word-a-day.typepad.com
The American-born author and photographer lives with her French husband, Jean-Marc, and their two children on a vineyard and olive farm near Bandol in Provence. She's the author of "Words in a French Life: Lessons in Love and Language from the South of France" and runs the French Word-a-Day blog and newsletter.
French Champagne vs. California Sparkling Wine
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Virtual Tourism: The Boom in French Food and Drink Courses
Ken Hogan July 1, 2015 at 5:17 pm
Engaging, non-religious.


Have you ever wrestled with a problem for far too long, before realizing that the solution was actually really simple? I love to point and laugh when this happens to other people, but yesterday it happened to me.
A long time ago (on a server far, far away), I installed Lighttpd, and set up a very simple site. The config file was only a few lines long – it pointed at the index page, and had the required mime-types for PHP and HTML. For what I wanted at the time, that was fine.
I left the server for a long time, and completely forgot about how it was set up.
I decided to change the page that was on the server to a more useful wiki. I installed MediaWiki, and everything looked OK until the installer completed, and I was greeted with an un-styled front page.
My first thought was that the paths were wrong. I checked to make sure that there were no .htaccess rules that would affect how the page looked. Lighttpd stores URL rewriting rules in config files (lighttpd.conf, or a mysite.conf file for each site), rather than in .htaccess, so checking that you've converted all the rules over to Lighttpd's syntax is a good first step.
As far as I could see, everything was correct. So, to me, the next obvious issue was folder permissions. Everything in the /www folder should, in theory be owned by the wwwdata group and www user. However, in this case I had used wget to download MediaWiki while logged in as an unrelated user, and I had chgrp / chown-ed the folders afterwards. I thought that I may have made a mistake with the file permissions.
That turned out not to be the case. After that, my troubleshooting skills failed me. I tried re-installing Media Wiki, I even re-set up the site in Lighttpd – basically anything but checking that one darn config file.
Of course, after wasting far too much time on the problem, I went back to basics, and guess what – adding the mime information for .css files fixed the problem. Yes, you can point and laugh now!
So, the moral of today's story is – sometimes the most obvious things are worth looking at.
I've been using Ubuntu off and on for quite a while now. My first distro was Gutsy (before then I was mostly using Debian). Over the last year or so, I've become increasingly involved with the community, and I've learned about Ubuntu Membership.
Ubuntu Members are people who are actively involved in the community, and have made a "significant and sustained" contribution to the community. The wiki suggests that you should have been active for a couple of months before applying, but I've noticed that most people wait a lot longer than that.
One person recently welcomed as a member, Alan Bell, made an interesting post to the Ubuntu-UK mailing list about his involvement in the community, and the path to membership. You can read this on Amber's blog, along with her thoughts about membership.
Alan makes a good point that membership is a way of you fellow members recognizing that you are contributing to the community. Membership can be earned in a number of ways; by helping your fellow users, promoting Ubuntu and other F/LOSS projects, bug triaging, translation, art and design. If you use Ubuntu and want to help the project grow, there's probably something that will suit your skills. In my opinion, the hardest part of earning membership is documenting the things that you're doing on the wiki page, and plucking up the courage to ask your friends in the Ubuntu community for sponsorship!
I'm considering applying to become an Ubuntu Member at some point next year, although I may follow the developer's MOTU process instead. Becoming a MOTU automatically means that you're a member, so if I can get a handle on packaging and the Ubuntu process for that sort of thing, it's an appealing route.
I've seen a lot of people coming in to #ubuntu-bugs and #ubuntu-motu on Freenode and asking how they can get given membership. My question to people who are so desperate to become a member is "why?". There are very few privileges attached to becoming a member, so it's not as if you need the status to be able to contribute to the Ubuntu project.
If you're a new developer, then your initial uploads will need checked and sponsored, and once you've proven that you're reliable, your sponsor will probably suggest that you apply for MOTU status. Bug triagers have a similar route with BugSquad (that doesn't grant membership, AFAIK, but showing that you've worked on bug triaging for a sustained period will probably help). For other work, you can do it all without having a fancy name tag. After all, you're doing it because you love the OS, right?
I've had a VPS for a couple of months now, and I hate to admit it, but I've only moved over three of my domains. My main business domain is still on a shared hosting account, because I want to make sure that the VPS is running smoothly, and can cope with the bandwidth and load demands that the business domain will create.
One of the last things I wanted to set up was a good groupware server. After a little research, I decided to try out Citadel.
The VPS was originally running Ubuntu 6.06, which is LTS, so is still getting security updates, but is otherwise pretty out of date, and I ended up in dependency hell trying to install Citadel. I upgraded to Intrepid. To Ubuntu's credit, the upgrade was fast and easy. Citadel installed, but wouldn't start as a service.
After a few support requests on the Citadel and Ubuntu community boards – which recieved some helpful suggestions, but in the end didn't resolve the problem, I ended up trying Citadel in a CentOS VM. It proved to be exactly what I was looking for. So, I asked my host to re-image the VPS to CentOS. That's not a reflection on Ubuntu as a sever, just that there was something about the VPS's configuration that Citadel didn't like, and at such an early stage, with a deadline looming, it was easier to start from scratch with something that was known to work.
So far, CentOS is running well. It's taking a while to get used to where it puts all the config files, but Apache and PHP are up and running, as is an FTP server. I still need to sort out phpMyAdmin though.
Citadel is up and running, accepting mail for two domains. I'm liking the Jabber feature, and looking in to setting up Funambol for push email. The only thing I need now is to find a good email client for Windows that can understand GroupDAV.


MEGAN McKenna has hinted that she had a boozy, sizzling Valentine's night, but hasn't shared the identity of her mystery companion.
The former Towie star took to Snapchat to show fans that she wasn't alone on the most romantic night of the year.
She posted a video to Instagram of her sipping a cocktail in the same bar, sitting at a low table wearing a striped jumpsuit.
Taken by her guest, the video shows her winking at the camera with a small gift bag at her side.
She later teased her followers on Snapchat with a picture of a bed with a pile of rose petals arranged into the shape of a heart, a clock showing the time was coming up to 1.am, and illustrated it with a glowing heart.
Megan ended her rocky relationship with her former Towie co-star Pete Wicks in October.
Whilst he has been pictured cosying up to Love Island's Amber Davies, The Sun previously reported that Megan had secretly rekindled her relationship with ex-boyfriend Harry Eden just days after her high-profile split.
The pair had dated before Megan found fame on reality TV, but reportedly cooled their romance once again at the end of last year.
She then spent Boxing Day out with Mike 'Muggy Mike' Thalassitis on a night out in London.
It's been a good week for Megan, as earlier this week she announced the biggest date in her singing career so far.
She'll be on the same bill as Alanis Morrisette, Pixie Lott and Mavis Staples at Cornbury festival in Oxfordshire this July.
Megan's singing talents first came to light when she auditioned for Britain's Got Talent in 2009 as part of music duo Harmony.
But she put her musical talent on the back burner when she took part in series three and four of MTV's Ex On The Beach.
She went on to take a central role in Towie in 2016 but quit the show last year to pursue her musical career.


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The € Argues for Europe's Future
The energy-consumption cycle, otherwise known as the Kondratieff cycle, has been discussed in Predictions and in this Newsletter. It specifies a wavy pattern for the worldwide economy with periods of boom and major recession appearing rather regularly, every 56 years. In Exhibit 3 we see that the last four peaks in energy consumption (1968, 1912, 1856, 1800) indeed coinciding with economic booms, at least in the country that played the major role in the world economy at the time.
Exhibit 3. The idealized variation of energy consumption from a natural-growth pattern (S-curve), as reported in Predictions. Peaks in energy consumption coincide with economic booms and valleys with major recessions. Each one of the last four cycles has been associated with a western power dominating at the time.
As a matter of fact, the country that dominated the world economy changed as we moved from peak to peak. Two hundred years ago it was France that dominated the European scene with Napoleon imposing his rule on most of Europe. But following the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815, the Napoleonic era came to an end and power was transferred from the French to the British. The British dominance (1828-1884) came to an end when the Germans began playing a prominent economic role with new technologies such as chemicals, automobiles, airplanes, and electric power (1884-1940). But the outcome of World War II transferred power from the Germans to the Americans who began developing such new technologies as plastics, transistors, antibiotics, organic pesticides, jet engines, and nuclear power.
A new economic cycle began around the mid 1990s. According to the paradigm of Exhibit 3 one may expect a yet another shift in the world economic center. Where could this one be?
Europe began uniting at about the same time. This unification process culminated on January 1, 2002 with the introduction of a unique currency for 300 million people. Moreover, the collapse of Communism has liberated another as many people, next-door neighbors to the European Union, all of them eager to develop, grow, and consume. Could it be that the conditions are appropriate for the European Union to wrestle power away from the Americans during the next 56 years?
It is certainly a possibility. Europeans have been catching up technologically with the Americans. For example, concerning Information Technology—a traditionally American stronghold—there exist today exemplary applications in the Swedish and German industries, unparalleled in the US. And the adoption of mobile telephony in the E.U. has from its beginning surpassed that in the US.
It has been argued that Asian markets—still mostly dormant—are more important than those of the West, and should eventually dominate the world economy. It may well be the case, but probably not before one more economic cycle, i.e., expected boom around 2080. Fort what concerns the next 20 years, economic dominance is likely to stay with the West, and the appearance of the Euro precludes an American-European alternative sharing dominance.
As if the $ and the € were genes belonging to different species!


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Book - Handbook of Pathological Anatomy 2.1
Embryology - 18 Jul 2019 Expand to Translate
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العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations)
Meckel JF. Handbook of Pathological Anatomy (Handbuch der pathologischen Anatomie) Vol. 2. (1812) Leipzig.
Ligaments: I. Trunk | II. Head | III. Extremities Muscles: I. Trunk | II. Head | III. Extremities Angiology: I. Heart | II. Body or Aorta Arteries | III. Body Veins| IV. Pulmonary Artery | V. Pulmonary Veins | VI. Lymphatic System | VII. A Comparison of Vascular System Nervous System: I. Central Nervous System
Online Editor
This historic 1812 textbook by J. F. Meckel, Professor of Anatomy at Halle, was translated firstly from German Into French (with additions and notes) by Prof. A. J. L. Jourdan and G. Breschet. Then translated again from French into English (with notes) by A. Sidney Doane.
Modern Notes: tendon
Musculoskeletal Links: Introduction | mesoderm | somitogenesis | limb | cartilage | bone | bone timeline | shoulder | pelvis | axial skeleton | skull | joint | skeletal muscle | muscle timeline | tendon | diaphragm | Lecture - Musculoskeletal | Lecture Movie | musculoskeletal abnormalities | limb abnormalities | developmental hip dysplasia | cartilage histology | bone histology | Skeletal Muscle Histology | Category:Musculoskeletal
Historic Musculoskeletal Embryology
1853 Bone | 1885 Sphenoid | 1902 - Pubo-femoral Region | Spinal Column and Back | Body Segmentation | Cranium | Body Wall, Ribs, and Sternum | Limbs | 1901 - Limbs | 1902 - Arm Development | 1906 Human Embryo Ossification | 1906 Lower limb Nerves and Muscle | 1907 - Muscular System | Skeleton and Limbs | 1908 Vertebra | 1908 Cervical Vertebra | 1909 Mandible | 1910 - Skeleton and Connective Tissues | Muscular System | Coelom and Diaphragm | 1913 Clavicle | 1920 Clavicle | 1921 - External body form | Connective tissues and skeletal | Muscular | Diaphragm | 1929 Rat Somite | 1932 Pelvis | 1940 Synovial Joints | 1943 Human Embryonic, Fetal and Circumnatal Skeleton | 1947 Joints | 1949 Cartilage and Bone | 1957 Chondrification Hands and Feet | 1968 Knee
Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages
Pages where the terms "Historic Textbook" and "Historic Embryology" appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms and interpretations may not reflect our current scientific understanding. (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)
1 Section I. Of the Ligaments of the Trunk
1.1 Chapter I. Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
1.2 Chapter II. Of the Ligaments of the Ribs
1.3 Chapter III. Of the Ligaments of the Sternum
Section I. Of the Ligaments of the Trunk
§ 819. The ligaments of the trunk are divided into those of the vertebral column , of the ribs, and of the sternum.
Chapter I. Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
§ 820. The vertebrae are attached to one another in all parts of their surfaces by fibrous or fibro- cartilaginous ligaments, and in some parts by capsular ligaments also; the former serve to retain these bones in their places and to confine their motions, while the latter facilitate their motions, but are also covered externally by fibrous ligaments.
The principal ligaments of the vertebral column are, 1st, the intervertebral fibro-cartilages , which are of all the modes, the strongest bonds of union ; 2d, the synovial capsules , situated between the articular processes and which facilitate their motions.
These two kinds of ligaments are strengthened, as in all parts, by fibrous fasciculi, placed directly upon them, or which are attached to the other parts of the vertebral column. These fasciculi are the anterior and the posterior vertebral ligaments, the accessory fibres of the capsular ligaments, the yellow ligaments, the interspinal , and the intertransverse ligaments.
We had better consider first the fibrous and fibro-cartilaginous ligaments, and then tire synovial capsules.
I. FIBROU8 AND FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS LIGAMENTS.
I. BETWEEN THE BODIES OF THE VERTEBRAE.
A. ANTERIOR VERTEBRAL LIGAMENT.
§ 821. The anterior vertebral ligament ( fascia longitudinalis anterior , ligamentum corpcrribus vertebrarum commune anterius ) covers the anterior and convex face of the bodies of the vertebræ. It extends from the centre of the anterior part of the large occipital foramen which Weitbrecht has wrongly disputed, to the last bone of the coccyx.
It is composed of longitudinal fibres which do not extend uninterruptedly from one extremity of the column to die other, but cover in fact only a single vertebra, and which unite above and below on the surface of the intervertebral ligaments with those of the adjacent vertebrae.
The fibres are thicker on the vertebra than in any other part ; they grow thinner and shorter as they approach the upper and lower faces of the bone. Hence the anterior surface of the vertebral column is more uniformly convex than it would be without this arrangement, since the bodies of the vertebrae are concave from above downward.
Besides the straight fibres, we also find many which are oblique ; these cross the former at a very acute angle.
This ligament is thicker, and its fibres are much closer in its centre than on tha sides. The fibres separate very much from each other on the two sides of the median line, while on the contrary they unite backward so that they form three bands, the central of which is the strongest while the two lateral bands are weaker.
The ligament covers all the anterior face of the bodies of the vertebræ ; it is not confined to the centre and to sending only irregular prolongations to the sides. Its lateral parts are composed of longitudinal fibres as regular as those of the central portion ; and they differ so little in their essential characters from the periosteum, that the ligament may be regarded as a periosteum more developed. We cannot at least refuse it this character in most of the vertebral column, especially in the dorsal, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygæal regions. In the cervical vertebrae, especially the upper two, the anterior ligament assumes still more the appearance of a very thick, rounded, and very projecting band, which covers only the centre of the anterior face, while the fibres on the lateral parts of the bodies are thin and irregular. This difference doubtless exists because the anterior face of the cervical region is covered with muscles, which are not found in the other regions of the vertebral column. The lateral part of the anterior ligament in these last, appears in the neck as the tendons of the anterior muscles of the neck. So too on the second lumbar vertebra, this ligament becomes the tendons of the diaphragm.
The narrowness of the anterior ligament on the upper cervical vertebras depends upon the great degree of motion possessed by these bones, and being formed in this manner their motions are not so much obstructed.
This ligament is not equally thick on all the vertebrae. Its thickest parts cover the upper cervical and dorsal vertebrae, the thinnest are found on the superior lumbar vertebrae.
It not only unites the bodies of the vertebrae forward, but also prevents the column from bending too much backward.
B, POSTERIOR VERTEBRAL LIGAMENT.
§ 822. The posterior vertebral ligament ( fascia , s. ligamentum commune posterius ) extends along the posterior face of the bodies of the vertebrae, within the medullary canal.
It diminishes in breadth from above downward ; in the cervical vertebrae it is as broad as the bodies of the vertebrae ; it is much thinner on the sides in the dorsal vertebrae, and finally disappears entirely in the lumbar regions, becoming a single waving band situated on the median line, being a little broader on a level with the upper and lower faces of the bodies of the vertebrae.
At the same time, it is attached to the intervertebral substance more firmly than to the posterior face of the bodies of the vertebrae.
Its relations with the vertebrae and with the dura mater are not exactly the same. In most of the vertebral column it is intimately connected with the bodies of the vertebrae, and it is attached to the dura mater only by a loose mucous tissue. But at the third cervical vertebra its relations with these vertebrae change, since the ligaments extending from the head to the cervical vertebrae form, between it and their posterior faces, a peculiar fibrous mass, the fibrous mass behveen the head and the cervical vertebræ, to which that ligament adheres but very slightly as far as the upper extremity cf the vertebral column.
In its first portion, it unites as usual to the dura mater ; but at the upper extremity of the vertebral column it is so closely connected with this membrane that some skill is required to separate them ; hence the separation between the fibrous membrane of the central portions of the nervous system and the largely developed periosteum of the vertebræ begins in this place.
In the same place the posterior vertebral ligament unites intimately with the fibrous mass between the head and the cervical vertebræ.
This ligament limits, to a certain extent, the flexion of the vertebral column forward.
C. INTERVERTEBRAL LIGAMENTS.
§ 823. The intervertebral ligaments (Lig. intervcrtebralia) are the principal means of uniting the bodies of the vertebræ, and the vertebræ generally ; for the attachments of these bones in other parts, are much looser and much less extensive.
These ligaments completely fill the spaces between the bodies of the vertebræ ; they form layers, the upper and lower faces of which are attached to the corresponding faces of two superimposed vertebræ.
They are formed of a considerable number of perpendicular and almost concentric layers, shaped like the circumference of the upper and lower faces of the vertebræ, and they are consequently annular. Their two edges are attached to the two faces of the vertebræ. Their layers are evidently fibrous ; in the external layers the fibres aie oblique, and almost horizontal in the internal. The oblique fibres of the external layers cross at acute angles. The layers adhere very firmly together by the fibres which extend from one to the other ; hence they form only a single dense scaly tissue.
Between the layers we find a softer, yellowish, gelatinous, and shapeless mass.
The nature, the relations, and the proportional quantity of these two substances, differ in all parts of the ligament.
In the circumference, and especially in its anterior portion, the layers much exceed the intermediate substance ; they are very compact and are evidently fibrous. Internally, they are much softer ; they separate from each other and finally disappear entirely, so that the nucleus, formed by the gelatinous substance, only remains. In what ever direction the vertebral ligaments are cut, this nucleus projects from the incision, being pushed out, by the elasticity of the fibrous layers.
These ligaments are thicker in the centre than on the circumference, because the bodies of the vertebrae are concave in this place.
They are very solid, so that the bones of the vertebral column will break before they tear.
From their great elasticity, the height of man varies at all periods of life, and diminishes or increases according as the vertebral ligaments have been for a longer or shorter time pressed down by the weight of the head and that of the vertebras upon each other ; hence man is taller in the morning than at night. This difference is not the same at all ages ; it is less evident in old than in young men. In general it amounts to about one inch.(l)
The intervertebral ligaments have not the same thickness in all parts. It diminishes from the cervical vertebræ to the lower extremity of the vertebral column, whence there is a difference in this respect of several lines. Between the lumbar, these ligaments are only three or four lines thick.
§ 824. There are no intervertebral ligaments between the first and second cervical vertebræ, nor between the first and the head, between the sacrum and the coccj^x, nor between the bones of the coccyx ; these bones are united in a looser manner.
§ 825. The intervertebral ligaments are strengthened directly by anterior and posterior vertebral ligaments (§ 822, 823), which cover most of their circumference, and pass before them in going from one vertebra to another.
IX. or THE FIBROUS AND FIBRO-CARTIL AGINOUS LIGAMENTS BETWEEN THE ARCHES AND THE PROCESSES.
A. YELLOW LIGAMENTS.
§ 826. The arches of the vertebræ are united by the yellow ligaments ( Lig . crurum vcl arcuum subfiava , s. flava), as their bodies are connected by the intervertebral ligaments. These two kinds of ligaments may then be compared to each other.
The yellow ligaments are yellowish, lustreless, and smooth ; they are formed of several perpendicular and very elastic fibres, of which the external are evidently of a tendinous nature. These external fibres, which have a more oblique direction, fill all the space between the arches of two adjacent vertebræ, from the roots of the transverse processes to the angle of union, which however remains unattached.
Their upper edge is always attached to the internal face, and never to the inferior edge of the arch of the vertebra above. The inferior is attached to the upper edge, and slightly to the external face of the arch of tho vertebra below. The vertebra are rough where these ligaments are inserted.
(1) Mem. de Paris, 1725, 1730.
The thickness, solidity, and elasticity of these ligaments are very considerable.
They fix the extent of flexion forward and backward in the vertebral column.
They are not perfectly similar in all parts of the spinal column. The smallest are in the dorsal region, those in the neck are larger, and the largest in the lumbar region. Those in the lumbar region are the thickest, and the thinnest are those of the cervical region. Their insertions also vary in extent in the different regions ; in the neck they are attached by a thin upper edge to a very narrow portion of the internal face of their arches, above their inferior edge. In the back and loins, this portion is a very broad surface, almost as high as the ligaments, and extends from the centre of the arches to their inferior edge.(l) These differences are worthy of remark, first, because anatomists have hitherto neglected the second ; secondly, because they serve to increase the power of the lower portions of the vertebral column and the mobility of its upper portions.
The yellow ligaments do not exist between the first and the second cervical vertebrae, nor between the first cervical vertebra and the occipital bone, or at least they are developed very feebly in these two parts.
B. IN TE BSP INAL MEMBRANES AND 0UPBAS PINAL LIGAMENTS.
§ 827. Between the spinous processes we find two kinds of fibrous ligaments, the inter spinal membranes ( membrance inter spinales), and the supraspinal ligaments (Lig. inter apices processuum spinosorum).
a. Interspinal membranes.
§ 828. The interspinal membranes are thin and broad, and are formed of irregular, and generally of horizontal fibres. They extend from the roots of the spinous processes to near their summits. They limit flexion forward and are destined especially for the insertion of the long muscles of the back.
b. Supraspinal ligaments.
§ 829. The supraspinal ligaments are small rounded bundles of longitudinal fibres, which attach the summits of the spinous processes of the vertebrae to each other, so as to form in fact but one ligament. They also serve to limit flexion forward.
(1) Weitbrecht is mistaken in saying of these ligaments (loc. cit. page 107), Margines prœdic/.orum crurum viz sensibiliter super scandunt , since they are every where attached much higher than the lower edge, and none of their fibres are inserted in the vertebrœ of the neck.
C. INTERTRANSVERSE LIGAMENTS.
§ 830. The intertransverse, ligaments ( Lig . recta processmim transv.ersalium v er lehr arum, s. inter transversaria) do not every where exist. They are found only between the transverse processes of the inferior dorsal vertebrae forward. They serve not so much to unite the vertebrae as to multiply the points of attachment for the sacro-lumbalis and the levatores costarum muscles.
II. CAPSULAR LIGAMENTS.
§ 831. We find on each side, between every two vertebrae, a capsular ligament, the ligament of the articular processes {Lig. capsulare processum obliquorum ) ; this arises from the circumference of the articular faces of the adjacent oblique processes by irregular bundles of fibres. In the dorsal and lumbar regions this ligament is strengthened anteriorly by the yellow ligaments.
These ligaments have not the same extent in every part. They are much looser and less tense in the neck ^han in the other parts of the vertebral column. The broadest, the thinnest, and the loosest, is that between the first and second cervical vertebrae.
Chapter II. Of the Ligaments of the Ribs
§ 832. The ligaments of the ribs are divided into three classes :
1st. Those situated between the ribs and the vertebrae.
2d. Those situated between the ribs and the sternum.
3d. Those which exist between the ribs.
I. LIGAMENTS BEWEEN THE RIBS AND THE VERTEBRAL
§ 833. The ligaments between the ribs and the vertebrae, are some of them synovial capsules, and others supplementary fibres, which unite the posterior parts of the ribs with the bodies and the transverse processes of the vertebrae.
A. LIGAMENTS OF THE HEADS OF THE RIBS.
§ 834. The ligaments of the heads of the ribs {Lig. capitulorum costarum ) are short capsules, which extend from the lateral articular facets of the dorsal vertebrae to the heads of the ribs. These capsules are strengthened in front by the oblique fibrous ligaments, which have two different directions ; the upper go from within outward, and from above downward, and the inferior in the opposite direction.
D. LIGAMENTS OF THE TUBERCLE, AND THE EXTERNAL TRANSVERSE LIGAMENTS OF THE RIBS.
§ 835. Short synovial capsules arise from the anterior face of the summits of the transverse processes of the dorsal vertebræ, and go to the circumference of the articular surface of the tubercles. These capsules are looser in the lower than in the upper ribs.
The quadrangular ligaments ( ligamenta transversaria costamm externa) are situated on them posteriorly, and proceed from the summits of the transverse processes of the vertebræ : they are formed of very strong, more or less transverse fibres. These ligaments are narrower from above downward than from without inward, and are longer in the inferior than in the superior vertebræ. Their fibres descend to the upper and ascend to the lower ribs, from the transverse processes of the vertebræ.
They serve to strengthen the articulations of the ribs with the vertebra.
C. INTERNAL LIGAMENTS OF THE NECKS OF THE RIBS.
§ 836. The internal ligaments of the necjks of the ribs, or the internal transverse ligaments ( Li g . cervicis costarum interna s. transversaria interna ) do not extend, like the former, from the vertebræ to the ribs, which are articulated with them ; but from the inferior edge of the transverse process of the vertebra above, to the neck of the rib below. They are formed of fibres, which proceed obliquely from above downward, and from without inward. Their form is rhomboidal, and they are thinner and more feeble than the former.
D. EXTERNAL LIGAMENTS OF THE NECKS OF THE RIBS.
§ 837. The external ligaments of the necks of the ribs (Lig. costarum cervicis externa) are situated opposite the internal, and are composed of fibres which proceed in an opposite direction, and also extend from the transverse processes of the vertebræ to the necks of the ribs next below. They are scarcely apparent, or in fact do not exist, between the two upper and the two lower ribs.
E. ACCESSORY LIAGMENTS OF THE RIBS.
§ 838. The accessory ligaments of the ribs (Lig. acccssoria coslarum ) are rounded bands situated beyond the articular heads, which, descend from the transverse processes of the vertebræ to the posterior extremities of the bodies of the ribs.
II. COSTO-STERNAL LIGAMENTS.
§ 839. The ribs unite to the sternum by the costal cartilages, in part directly, in part indirectly.
The cartilage of the first rib is attached to the handle of the sternum, and those of the other six true ribs unite to the articular depressions of this bone by very short capsular ligaments, on which pass strong tendinous fibres united to the periosteum. These ligaments radiate and extend very far, particularly on the anterior face of the body, so that those of one side intercross with those of the side opposite.
HI. INTERCOSTAL LIGAMENTS.
§ 840. If we except some tendinous fasciculi of the intercostal muscles which are situated between the bony portions of two adjacent ribs, and which are continuous posteriorly with the intertransverse ligaments of the vertebrae (§ 830), only the costal »cartilages are united by particular and constant ligaments. These ligaments are arranged in two ditferent ways.
A. ARTICULAR LIGAMENTS OF THE COSTAL CARTILAGES.
§ 841. The fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth costal cartilages are united by synovial capsules, on which are strong fibres passing obliquely from above downward, and from without inward. Instead of these capsules, we find between the two following ribs only short tendinous fibres ; and between the last ribs only the fibres of the intercostal muscles, and of the obliqui abdominis muscles.
B. FIBROUS LIGAMENTS OF THE COSTAL CARTILAGES.
§ 842. Narrower fibrous ligaments ( Li g . coruscantia) are situated perpendicularly or obliquely from above downward, ancrfrom without inward. They proceed forward, rarely backward, and unite together the costal cartilages, beginning with that of the third rib, except those of the four mentioned in the paragraph above.
Chapter III. Of the Ligaments of the Sternum
§ 843. Between the three pieces of the sternum is a fibro-cartilaginous mass formed of horizontal fibres, which go from before backward. This mass seldom disappears entirely, and never except at a very advanced age ; but it is effaced between the second and the third pieces more frequently than between the first and second. It may be compared with the intervertebral cartilages (§ 823).
On its surface, and also on the anterior and the posterior face of the sternum, are expanded firm tendinous bands, which unite to form membranous expansions termed the anterior and posterior sternal membranes ( membrana ossiam sterni anterior et posterior).
The posterior sternal membrane is formed almost entirely of perpendicular fibres, which are connected with the fibrous bands coming from the membrane of the costal cartilages, at the place where the latter unite to the sternum.
In the anterior sternal membrane , on the contrary, we see only at its inferior portion and on the median line, a narrow band formed of longitudinal fibres which arise from the fibres of the membrane of the cartilages of the inferior true ribs. Most of its fibres are formed of fanlike expansions, the summits of which correspond to the insertions of the costal cartilages in the sternum, and intercross with those of the posterior face of the sternum, partially covering the longitudinal fibres from the same origin, and partly covered by them.
These two sternal membranes evidently correspond to the two ligaments of the vertebral column (§ 821,822). They should' then', from analogy, be called the sternal ligaments.
I. Ligaments of the Trunk | II. Ligaments of the Head | III. Ligaments of the Extremities
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2019, July 18) Embryology Book - Handbook of Pathological Anatomy 2.1. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Book_-_Handbook_of_Pathological_Anatomy_2.1
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Historic Embryology


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The OC Woos Amazon With Legislative Tax Deal for New HQ
Dangling a potential billion-dollar tax break for Amazon, a state Republican lawmaker said Monday he will introduce legislation intended to lure the company's $5-billion new headquarters to California.
Nick Cahill / October 23, 2017
SACRAMENTO, Calif. (CN) – Dangling a potential billion-dollar tax break for Amazon, a state Republican lawmaker said Monday he will introduce legislation intended to lure the company's $5 billion new headquarters to California.
Assemblyman Bill Brough of Orange County hopes to repair the Golden State's image as a "non-business friendly state" by enticing the Seattle-based Amazon with 15 years of property tax cuts that could be worth up to a billion dollars. He said the tax package makes it easier for the e-retail giant to build its second headquarters in California, preferably in Orange County.
"I hope this legislation gets the attention of Amazon's CEO Jeff Bezos and gives Gov. Jerry Brown more leverage to finalize a deal," Brough said in a statement.
Amazon announced plans to build a second headquarters in September, setting off a bidding war among North American cities. It claims the new campus or "HQ2" will create 50,000 high-paying jobs with average annual salaries over $100,000.
The company is looking for a metro area with more than 1 million people, a "stable and business-friendly environment," and close access to airports and major highways. The new campus would be closely modeled but "fully equal" to its existing 8.1 million-square-foot downtown Seattle location. Amazon estimates its Seattle headquarters has generated $38 billion for Seattle's economy since 2010.
"Amazon HQ2 will bring billions of dollars in up-front and ongoing investments, and tens of thousands of high-paying jobs. We're excited to find a second home," Bezos said of the plan in a statement.
City officials are eagerly floating tax subsidies toward Amazon in hopes they'll land the deal.
The tech giant claims it received 238 bids from North American cities and regions ahead of the Oct. 19 deadline. Cities including Toronto, Chicago, New York City, Atlanta, St. Louis, Boston and San Diego are vying to become Amazon's second home.
Toronto Mayor John Tory painted the competition as "the Olympics of bidding," while New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie is pushing up to $7 billion in tax subsidies to woo Bezos to the Garden State. On Monday, Chicago detailed 10 possible locations for the campus along with an estimated $2 billion in tax breaks.
The company is expected to announce its selection in early 2018.
Moody's Investors Service has pegged Atlanta, Philadelphia and Austin, Texas, as the top candidates, with no California cities in its top 10 rankings.
Brough says his proposal will revive the "Capital Investment Incentive Program" that provides property tax abatement for up to 15 consecutive years. He says if Amazon selects Orange County, it would qualify for hiring credits equal to 17 percent of wages paid to full time employees.
"California must always remember that in today's global economy, location is not permanent, but is a choice. The intent of this legislative package is to make that choice easier for Amazon to locate their business, suppliers, contracts, and product investments here in Orange County," Brough said.
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Tourist Attractions in Howick, Midlands & Battlefields, KwaZulu-Natal
South Africa » KwaZulu-Natal » Midlands & Battlefields
Tourist Attractions near Howick, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Umgeni Nature reserve
courtesy of j. adamson Panomario
Midmar Dam Wall
courtesy of Michael Cookson Panomario
Midmar Mile 2009
courtesy of jcackett Panomario
Road Map of Howick
Things To Do in Howick
Healing with Horses
in Howick, KwaZulu-Natal
Karkloof Canopy Tour
Howick Attractions
Howick Golf Club: less than 5 km
1 Main Street, Howick
Inkanyamba: less than 5 km
Howick Falls, situated in the picturesque midlands of KwaZulu Natal, has set the scene for much mystery and itrigue over the years. The falls are one of the most popular tourist attractions in the province, but the place is feared by local Zulu folk, w
Umgeni Valley Nature Reserve: 5 km
Situated in the heart of the magnificent KwaZulu Natal midlands, a short distance below Howick Falls, is the Umgeni Valley Nature Reserve. The reserve covers an area of 650 hectares, and is managed by the Wildlife Society of South Africa. The Umgeni Va
Midmar Dam: 5 km
The Midmar Dam Nature Reserve situated near the KwaZulu Natal Midlands towns of Howick and Pietermaritzburg, is fed by the Umgeni river, and incorporates the dam, various recreational activities, and a nature reserve. The Nature reserve covers an area
Sakabula Golf Club: 7 km
Sakabula Estate, Marivale, Sakabula
Dargle Valley Pottery: 9 km
Dargle Valley Pottery is situated on a farm in the Dargle Valley, where national award winner with over thirty years of experience, Ian Glenny creates his unique wares. The artwork produced at Dargle Valley Pottery includes stoneware, terracotta and po
Lions River
Howick Falls
courtesy of eclavell Panomario
Devonshire Lodge in Howick, KwaZulu-Natal
Devonshire Lodge consists of two units. Namely Devonshire Lodge and Devonshire Cottage. Both units are independent of each other, and each has a fenced garden totally out of view of each other. Each garden has outside seating with a Weber Braai.
Leafy Lane in Howick, KwaZulu-Natal
Leafy Lane is situated at the end of a cul-de-sac approximately 3 Kms from the N3 Highway. It consists of two bed sitting rooms and are fully equipped with double door fridge freezers, microwave, mini stove, toaster and kettle.
A Nutty Lane in Howick, KwaZulu-Natal
A NUTTY LANE is three, modern self-catering cottages, set on the banks of a picturesque dam surrounded by birds, horses and two potbelly pigs.
Drewry Lane in Howick, KwaZulu-Natal
Newly renovated Loft Room available to rent on short term basis. Set in a well landscaped garden in Howick North / Central.
Cedarwood in Howick, KwaZulu-Natal
Our furnished, self catering house has four beautifully decorated en-suite bedrooms, two of which are family rooms and a loft room - comfortably sleeping 10 adults and 6 children
The small town of Howick is situated in the KZN Midlands along the popular Midlands Meander tourism route. Howick offers a wide variety of antiques, arts and crafts, and entertainment venues which include art studios, country hotels, herb and flower farms, guest houses, tea gardens, country pubs, health hydro's, craft, pottery and weaving workshops, breweries and wine barns. Howick features some quaint historical stone buildings, such as the library on the main street and the Bell Inn.
The town's main attraction is Howick Falls. The spectacular sight of the Umgeni River as it plunges 100 metres over dolerite cliffs to the gorge below, is an unforgettable experience. The waterfall was known as kwaNogqaza or "The Place of the Tall One" by the original Zulu inhabitants. Being the focal tourist point in Howick, the area around the Falls is sprinkled with a host of curio and craft outlets and open-air restaurants and cafes, where visitors can enjoy tea and scones under shady oak trees.
For energetic visitors to the area there are the Howick Falls Gorge Walk, the Umgeni River Trail, and the Beacon Hill Trail all of which stretch over the duration of about an hour, depending on how much time one allows to stop and take in the picturesque scenery.
The Howick area is also a popular destination for fishing, with the nearby Midmar Dam setting the scene for various angling competitions, and a multitude of other watersports. The Midmar Dam Nature Reserve with its 1000 hectares of game park is home to a variety of antelope including red hartebeest, blesbok, reedbuck, black wildebeest, oribi and zebra, providing excellent game viewing and bird watching.