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White Collar Crime Laws and Regulations in Romania
White Collar Crime Comparative Guide: 2022
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Contributed by Tuca Zbarcea & Asociatii.
1. Legal Framework
1.1. What is the legal framework for bribery and corruption in your jurisdiction?
Corruption is a current and real social and legal phenomenon that threatens with all weapons the individual integrity of the public or private agent. As follows from the texts of the Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption, a distinction is made between active and passive corruption. The first of these, according to Article 2 of the convention, involves the intentional commission of an act whereby a person directly or indirectly proposes, offers, or gives any undue advantage to a public official, for himself or for another person, with a view to performing or refraining from performing an act in the exercise of his functions. Article 3 of the convention defines passive corruption as the intentional commission of an act by a public official to solicit or receive, directly or indirectly, any undue advantage, for himself or for another person, or to accept an offer or promise with a view to performing or refraining from performing an act in the exercise of his functions.
At the heart of corruption offenses are public officials, civil servants, and private officials, who are defined by the law.
In Romanian criminal law, corruption is a concept that includes, in a strictly legal sense, corruption offenses [taking bribes, giving bribes, influence peddling, and buying influence, the legal framework of which is constituted by the provisions of Articles 289-292 of the Criminal Code], offenses assimilated to corruption [Articles 10-13 of Law no. 78/2000], offenses directly related to corruption offenses [Art. 17 of Law No. 78/2000] and offenses against the financial interests of the European Communities [Art. 18/1 - 18/5 of Law No. 78/2000].
Acts of corruption are provided for by the Criminal Code - Special Part (Title V - Crimes of corruption and occupational crimes, Chapter I – Crimes of corruption) and by Law No. 78/2000 for preventing, ascertaining, and punishing acts of corruption (Chapter III - Felonies).
The provisions of the Criminal Code on the felony of taking a bribe (Article 289) are meant to cover all the cases where a person, directly or indirectly, for oneself or for another person, claims or receives money or other undue benefits, or accepts the promise of such benefits, in relation to the fulfillment, non-fulfillment, expediting, or protracting the fulfillment of any act concerning his professional duties, or in relation to the fulfillment of any act which is contrary to such duties.
The felony of giving a bribe (Article 290) refers to promising, offering, or giving money or other benefits under the conditions described by the provisions on taking a bribe.
The felony of influence peddling (Article 291) consists in claiming, receiving, or accepting promises of money or other benefits, directly or indirectly, for oneself or for another person, committed by a person having influence, or pretending to have an influence on an official and who promises to determine such official to perform, not to perform or defer the performance of an act concerning his professional duties or to perform an act which is contrary to such duties.
Buying influence (Article 292) is the correlative felony for influence peddling. Such buying of influence is no longer punished only in the special cases provided by Anticorruption Law No. 78/2000 (the former Article 61, currently repealed). This covers a legislative gap that has often been highlighted by legal scholars.
For all the corruption offenses referred to in Articles 289 to 292 of the Criminal Code, a reduction of the limits of punishment by one third applies (as per Article 308) whenever the acts are committed by persons assimilated to civil servants, namely persons fulfilling, permanently or temporarily, with or without pay, a task of any kind on behalf of an individual who performs a service of public interest for which such individual was vested by the public authorities or who is subject to the public authorities' control or supervision as regards the fulfillment of such public service or within any legal entity (private sector).
At the same time, Article 7 of Law No. 78/2000 stipulates that acts of giving a bribe or influence peddling committed by a person exercising a public dignity function, by a judge or a prosecutor, by a criminal investigative body or a person who has been authorized to take notice and sanction misdemeanors committed by one of the persons referred to in Article 293 of the Criminal Code, shall be sanctioned with the penalty provided for in Article 289 or Article 291 of the Criminal Code, the limits of which are increased by one third.
The Anti-corruption Law No. 78/2000 provides for a set of felonies that are also considered acts of corruption, such as: setting a smaller value for the assets owned by public authorities or institutions or undertakings in which the State or an authority of the local public administration is a shareholder, granting illegal subsidies, using subsidies for other purposes than the purpose for which they were granted and acts of corruption perpetrated by the persons in charge with the supervision of undertakings.
Other offenses assimilated to those of corruption are: (i) the act of a person who, having the task of overseeing, controlling, reorganizing, or liquidating a private economic operator, carries out any task, intermediates or facilitates the conduct of commercial or financial operations, or participates with capital in such an economic operator, if the act has the nature of directly or indirectly creating an undue advantage; (ii) performing financial transactions as acts of commerce, incompatible with the duties of a person, or the conclusion of financial transactions, using the information obtained by virtue of his or her duties, if the purpose is to obtain for himself or another money, goods or other undue benefits; or (iii) the use, in any way, directly or indirectly, of information not intended to be advertised, or of permitting unauthorized persons access to such information if the purpose is to obtain for himself or for another money, goods or other undue advantages.
The act of the person who performs a managerial role in a party, in a trade union or owners' association, or legal person without patrimonial purpose (such as a foundation), to use his/her influence or authority for the purpose of obtaining for themselves or for another money, goods, or other undue benefits also constitutes a felony under Law No. 78/2000.
Special emphasis is put on the crimes of corruption against the financial interests of the European Union seeking to undeservedly obtain funds from the EU general budget. Thus, the Criminal Code provides that offering false or inaccurate information in view of unfairly obtaining funds from the EU budget and illegally changing the purpose of such funds constitute crimes of corruption.
1.2. Which international anti-corruption conventions apply?
In Romania the following international anti-corruption conventions apply:
1. The United Nations Convention against Corruption (New York, October 31, 2003) ratified by Law No. 365 from September 15, 2004;
2. The Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (Strasbourg, January 27, 1999) ratified by Law No. 27 from January 16, 2002;
3. The Civil Law Convention on Corruption (Strasbourg, November 4, 1999) ratified by Law No. 147 from April 1, 2002;
4. The Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 (2) (c) of the Treaty on European Union on the fight against corruption involving officials of the European Communities or officials of Member States of the European Union (May 26, 1997), entered into force on September 28, 2005, through an EU Council decision by which Romania is accepted to adhere to the European Union.
1.3. What is the definition of bribery?
See Section 1.1. – definition for taking and giving a bribe, Articles 289 and 290 of the Romanian Criminal Code.
1.4. Is private sector bribery covered by law? If yes, what is the relevant legislation?
Romanian legislation also covers corruption offenses committed in the private sector. See Section 1.1. – application of Article 308 of the Romanian Criminal Code.
1.5. What is the definition of a public official and a foreign public official? Are employees at state-owned or state-controlled enterprises treated differently? Are there official lists of public officials, offices, or state-owned or state-controlled enterprises?
A public official is defined in Article 175 of the Romanian Criminal Code as a person who, on a permanent or temporary basis, with or without remuneration:
a) exercises the duties and responsibilities, set under the law, to implement the prerogatives of the legislative, executive, or judiciary branches;
b) exercises a function of public dignity or a public office irrespective of its nature;
c) exercises, alone or jointly with other persons, within a public utility company, or another economic operator or a legal entity owned by the state alone or whose majority shareholder the state is, responsibilities needed to carry out the activity of the entity; or
d) supplies a public-interest service, which they have been vested with by the public authorities or who shall be subject to the latter's control or supervision with respect to carrying out such public service.
A definition for a foreign official can be found in Article 1(b) of the Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 (2) (c) of the Treaty on European Union on the fight against corruption involving officials of the European Communities or officials of Member States of the European Union.
Certain employees at state-owned or state-controlled enterprises who are in a management position are obliged to declare their assets according to Article 3(1) of Law No. 78/2000 and to declare the receiving of certain protocol gifts according to Article 1 of Law No. 251/2004.
Also, see Section 1.10.
1.6. Are there any regulations on political donations?
As a general rule, any goods, amounts of money, or other such pecuniary or non-pecuniary benefits constitute undue benefits which fall under criminal provisions for giving a bribe, taking a bribe, influence peddling, or buying of influence when the benefits are given for the purpose of determining a public official to unlawfully act or not act according to his or her public duties.
Article No. 4 of Law No. 78/2000 for the prevention, discovery, and sanction of acts of corruption also provides for the public official's obligation to declare any direct or indirect donation or gifts received in connection to their public duties, barring those with a symbolic value, within 30 days of reception.
From an administrative law perspective, Article No. 440 of the Government Emergency Ordinance No. 57/2019 regarding the Administrative Code forbids public officials to directly or indirectly accept gifts or other benefits for executing their public duties. However, certain goods that are given for protocol services are exempt from this rule and are permitted within certain legal conditions.
Law No. 251/2004 provides for measures regarding goods freely given to public officials during protocol services. Article 1 para. (1) mandates that any official who receives a gift during their activity shall be declared within 30 days of reception to the head of the public institution they work in.
There are no pieces of legislation that require that the person or persons giving the gift keep a list of these items.
On the other hand, regarding the receiving of certain gifts by the public officials, according to Article No. 2 para. (1) of Law No. 251/2004, the head of the public institution which employs the official who received the gift shall constitute a three-member commission tasked with evaluating and organizing an inventory of the received gifts.
At the end of each calendar year, the public authorities shall publish on the institution's web page or in the Romanian Official Gazette a list containing all goods given as gifts, as well as their intended purpose.
Even if criminal law does not specifically provide exceptions for goods that can be given to public officials, or goods that public officials can receive, after cross-referencing both criminal and administrative provisions we can surmise that it is possible to give gifts to public officials during protocol activities, gifts which they shall declare according to the applicable law.
Regarding the persons who offer gifts to public officials, Romanian law does not explicitly regulate the goods that can be offered or the conditions in which these gifts can be given. The only applicable provisions are those found in the Romanian Fiscal Code (Article No. 25) which require that protocol activity expenses are to be registered in the company's logs for the purpose of tax deduction.
1.7. Are there any defenses available?
There are numerous defense arguments available. The most often invoked are:
1. the evidence usually consists of denunciations of persons who are not always credible, especially as Romanian legislation regulates a cause of non-punishment of persons who are guilty of active corruption if they denounce before the referral to the prosecution authorities, but this last moment can be chosen arbitrarily by the judicial bodies. The idea of flagrante delicto has been abandoned and this type of evidence is constantly used – forcing the person to make a denunciation in other cases;
2. the benefits obtained may be due, but the Romanian legislation does not condition, for example, the offense of influence peddling, on the undue nature or type of benefits;
3. abuse of office is an offense assimilated to corruption offenses, and the national regulation is very unclear, in the sense that any violation of the law, regardless of the seriousness of the violation, may lead to criminal charges against public officials, or even private officials, for that offense;
4. there is the practice of holding several offenses for the same material facts, i.e. both the offenses of bribery/trafficking in influence and the offenses of abuse of office if the bribery/trafficking in influence was followed by the improper performance of an act by the official, in violation of the ne bis in idem principle;
5. the differences between the incriminations contained in the successive criminal codes are frequently ignored, the tendency being to choose the more comprehensive incrimination, regardless of the date of the facts;
6. the more lenient provisions of the new Criminal Code on justifiable causes, such as error of law, are not used in the case of civil servants accused of abuse of office, or the fulfillment of an obligation laid down by law;
7. other defenses relating to the individualization of the penalty, lack of guilt, also valid for other offenses.
1.8. Is there an exemption for facilitation payments?
1.9. What are the criminal sanctions for bribery? Are there any civil and administrative sanctions related to bribery cases?
Giving a bribe (Article 290 of the Romanian Criminal Code) is punishable by imprisonment between two and seven years if committed in relation to a public official. The penalty is reduced by one-third if the bribe was given to a person working in the private sector. The person who gave the bribe is not sanctioned if they notify the criminal investigation bodies prior to them being notified of the act by any other means.
As an additional measure, the money given as a bribe is confiscated, if the person giving it was not forced to do so, or the judicial bodies were not notified prior to the commencement of the investigation.
There are additional sanctions that can be imposed during and for a period of one to five years after the execution of the prison sentence (complementary/ancillary sanctions), such as forbidding the exercise of certain rights, i.e. to vote or be elected, to occupy the public office held when the bribe was received, to hold a management position in a publicly owned company, etc.
All of these sanctions are criminal in nature.
1.10. Does the national bribery and corruption law apply beyond national boundaries?
The principle of the personality of criminal law (Article 9 of the Romanian Criminal Code) provides that Romanian criminal law applies to the felonies committed by Romanian citizens outside the country's borders if the penalty provided by Romanian law is imprisonment for more than 10 years, or if the country in which the felony was committed also incriminates the acts committed.
As giving a bribe is largely incriminated by most countries' legal systems, the principle is generally applicable in all cases when a Romanian citizen has given a bribe to a foreign national.
Furthermore, Article 294 of the Romanian Criminal Code incriminates acts committed by foreign officials or related to them, providing that the corruption felonies also apply to the following persons, unless the international agreements that Romania is a party to provide otherwise:
a) officials or persons who carry out their activity based on a labor agreement or other persons with similar duties in an international public organization that Romania is a party to;
b) members of parliamentary assemblies of international organizations that Romania is a party to;
c) officials or persons who carry out their activities based on a labor agreement or other persons with similar duties within the European Union;
d) persons who exercise judicial functions within the international courts whose jurisdiction is accepted by Romania, as well as officials working for the registrar's office of such courts;
e) officials of a foreign state;
f) members of parliamentary or administrative assemblies of a foreign state;
g) jurors within foreign courts.
1.11. What are the limitation periods for bribery offenses?
The general statute of limitations period for bribery offenses are:
1. Taking a bribe: eight years for both public officials and the private sector. 10 years if the perpetrator is one of the categories of officials provided for by Article 7 of Law No. 78/2000;
2. Giving a bribe: eight years for public officials, five years for the private sector;
1.12. Are there any planned amendments or developments to the national bribery and corruption law?
There is a draft for modifying certain provisions of the Romanian Criminal Code and Law No. 78/2000 (PL-x No. 406/2018 currently pending before the Senate) with the following relevant content:
1. the benefit of not applying a punishment to the person who gives a bribe will only be applicable if said person notifies the judicial bodies within a year from the time of giving the bribe;
2. the felony of influence-peddling requires that the promise to determine a public official to act according to or against their job duties is actually followed through;
3. the same one-year time limit for notifying the judicial bodies by the person who has bought influence was instated for the benefit of being exempt from punishment;
4. if the corruption felonies have caused material damages to one or more persons and/or the state, the limits of the punishment provided for by law are halved if at least one participant (author, accomplice, instigator) covers said damages before the court gives its final judgment in the appeal stage.
2. Gifts and Hospitality
2.1. How are gifts and hospitality treated?
See Section 1.6.
2.2. Does the law give any specific guidance on gifts and hospitality in the public and private sectors?
2.3. Are there limitations on the value of benefits (gifts and hospitality) and/or any other benefit) that may be given to a government/public official? If so, please describe those limitations and their bases?
Romanian legislation does not provide a limit for the value of goods or other benefits offered to public officials. The only applicable provisions establish the procedures for declaring and registering the received goods at the public institution which employs the official
Thus, according to Article No. 2 para. (3) of Law No. 251/2004, if the value of the gift exceeds EUR 200, the official receiving the gift can request that they keep it after paying the difference in value.
If the value of the gift exceeds EUR 200 and the public official does not request to keep it, the public institution which employs the official may choose to become the owner of the gift, auction it off, or send it to another public institution whose scope of activity fits the nature of the gift.
That being said, there is no upper limit for the value of gifts offered to public officials. This value can be reasonably determined. Any good which exceeds the notion of a symbolic gift, a polite gesture, or a gift given during protocol activities can be classified as an undue benefit, as provided for by criminal law.
2.4. Are there any defenses or exceptions to the limitations (e.g. reasonable promotional expenses)?
3. Anti-corruption compliance
3.1. Are companies required to have anti-corruption compliance procedures in place?
3.2. Is there any official guidance on anti-corruption compliance?
There is a National Anticorruption Strategy for the 2021-2025 period approved by Government Decision No. 1269/2021. The provisions are only applicable to public authorities, institutions, or publicly run enterprises.
3.3. Does the law protect whistleblowers reporting bribery and corruption allegations?
The person who gives a bribe or buys influence is exempt from punishment if he/she notifies the judicial bodies regarding the felony prior to their notification by any other means. Afterward, if the whistleblowing is done during the criminal investigation stage, the whistleblower has their punishment limits halved.
4. Corporate criminal liability
4.1. Can corporate entities be held liable for bribery and corruption? If so, what is the nature and scope of such liability?
The Criminal Code (Articles 135 to 151) provides for the possibility of directly indicting the legal entity, which may be held liable for the actions of any of its bodies or representatives acting during its business, in its interest, and/or on its behalf.
The Criminal Code also requires that collective entities have a legal personality at the time of the crime in order to be liable under criminal law. In this view, the High Court of Cassation and Justice, Criminal Law Division, decided that an individual enterprise that is not a legal entity cannot be held liable under Article 135 of the Criminal Code (Decision No. 1/2016).
The State and public authorities do not fall within the category of persons that can be held liable under criminal law. However, public institutions are not generally exempt from criminal liability. The scope of the exemption from criminal liability of these subjects is solely in relation to actions performed during an activity pertaining to the public domain, which cannot be equally carried out by private law entities.
The criminal liability of the legal entity may be cumulated with the that of the individual who perpetrated the crime. However, these two types of liability are not wholly interdependent.
Criminal fines are the only main penalty that can be applied to legal entities, based on the fine-days system. The amount corresponding to one fine-day, varying between RON 100 and RON 5,000, is multiplied by the number of days subject to the fine (between 30 and 600 days) – the general limits of the penalty will range between RON 3,000 and RON 3 million.
The law provides for progressive penalties for legal persons depending on the severity of the prison sentence given to individuals. Thus, the special limits of the days subject to a fine range between:
60 and 180 days, when the law stipulates only a penalty by fine for that offense;
120 and 240 days, where the law provides for a term of imprisonment of no more than five years, as such or as an alternative to the fine;
180 and 300 days, where the law provides for a term of imprisonment of no more than 10 years;
240 and 420 days, where the law provides for a term of imprisonment of no more than 20 years; and
360 and 510 days, where the law provides for a term of imprisonment exceeding 20 years or life imprisonment.
It should be mentioned that when the offense committed by a legal entity was intended to create a monetary benefit, the special limits of the fine-days provided for by the law for the committed offense may be increased by one-third, without exceeding the general maximum of 600 fine-days. When determining the fine, the value of the monetary benefit obtained or sought shall be considered.
The Criminal Code also provides for a complementary penalty for the legal entity: judicial supervision (Article 144), where the convicted legal entity's operations are to be carried out under the supervision of a judicial proxy for a period of one to three years.
The other complementary penalties applicable to the legal entity are dissolution, suspension of activity or of one of the activities of the legal entity for a period of three months to three years, closing of secondary offices for a period of three months to three years, prohibition to participate in public procurement procedures for a period of one to three years, publication of the conviction decision.
The general rule is that companies can be liable for any felony, including the corruption offenses provided for by law.
4.2. Can a company be liable for a bribery offense committed by an entity controlled or owned by it? Are there requirements for the parent to avoid liability in these situations?
Criminal liability is personal, therefore one company cannot be held responsible for the felonies committed by another enterprise, even one under its control if it did not participate in the illicit act as a co-author, instigator, or accomplice.
4.3. Can a company be liable for corrupt actions of a third-party agent engaged to help it obtain or retain business or a business advantage (such as government or regulatory actions or approvals)? If so, are there measures recognized in law, enforcement, or regulatory guidance to mitigate this liability?
Giving or taking a bribe are felonies that can be committed through intent, meaning that the perpetrator foresaw that their actions have the result of giving or taking said bribe for the provided benefits, and the result was pursued or accepted.
On the other hand, influence peddling or buying of influence can only be committed through direct intent, meaning that the result of the illicit acts must have been pursued.
The company can only be criminally liable for the corruption offenses committed by an external agent on its behalf if its governing bodies were aware that the agent was going to commit the felony and accepted this fact, or actively pursued it. In these situations, the conduct of the legal entity can be construed as complicity or instigation. Otherwise, if the company was directly involved in the bribing or peddling of influence, it will be liable as an author.
The provisions to mitigate the liability are the same as for the persons who notify the judicial bodies prior to the commencement of the investigation regarding the notified facts, or during the investigation, if participants in other corruption felonies are being denounced.
4.4. What are the sanctions for the corporate criminal entity?
See Section 4.1. for the general limits of the fine sanction.
Specifically, for corruption offenses, the special limits of the fine vary between RON 12,000 (approximately EUR 2,400) and RON 2.1 million (approximately EUR 425,000).
5. Criminal proceedings into bribery and corruption cases
5.1. What authorities can prosecute corruption crimes?
Corruption crimes are prosecuted by the National Anticorruption Directorate (DNA), which is a specialized independent branch of the Prosecutor's Office by the High Court of Cassation and Justice. It has territorial bureaus which carry out the procedures in the investigation stage and refer the cases to court.
5.2. Is there a legal obligation to report bribery and corruption cases? If so, to whom does it apply and what are the sanctions for failing to meet such an obligation?
The obligation to report acts of corruption belongs solely to the public officials. Article 267 of the Romanian Criminal Code incriminates the act of the public official who, becoming aware of the commission of an act provided by the criminal law in connection with their professional duties, fails to immediately notify the criminal investigation bodies (imprisonment from three months to three years or a fine). When the deed is committed by negligence, the punishment shall be imprisonment from three months to one year or a fine.
Furthermore, Article 291 of the Criminal Procedure Code establishes an obligation for any person with a leadership position in a public authority to denounce any felony for which criminal investigations are initiated ex officio, such as corruption offenses.
Finally, the offenses provided by Art. 25 para. (4) and (5) of Law no. 78/2000 are the assimilated versions of the failure to report (Article 266 of the Criminal Code), which sanctions the non-fulfillment, in bad faith or by fault, of the obligations stipulated by Art. 23 and 24 of the same law. These texts require that (i) persons with control duties notify the criminal investigating authorities or, as the case may be, the law enforcement agency of any data indicating that an illicit operation or act has been committed and may entail criminal liability under this law, and (ii) persons referred to in Art. 1 lit. e) of Law no. 78/2000[1], which are aware of operations that involve the movement of capital or other activities related to amounts of money, goods, or other values alleged to derive from corruption offenses or assimilated to them or other related offenses, to notify the investigating bodies, or, as the case may be, the law enforcement bodies.
5.3. Is there any civil or administrative enforcement against corruption crimes?
5.4. What powers do the authorities have generally to gather information when investigating corruption crimes?
The criminal investigation bodies (prosecutor, police) and the courts have general access to all relevant public and private information that is relevant to solving the case regarding the corruption offenses. The banking and professional confidentiality guarantees do not apply to the relevant authorities in these situations, with the sole exception of the lawyer-client privilege.
5.5. Is there any form of leniency law in your jurisdiction, allowing a party to a bribery or corruption crime to voluntarily confess to the crime in exchange for a release from liability or reduction of the penalty?
See Sections 3.3. and 5.6.
If the perpetrator/s is/are sent to court, he/she/they can admit the facts within the indictment act and choose to carry out the procedure solely based on the evidence administered during the criminal investigation stage. If approved by the judge or panel of judges, the case is ruled upon in this abbreviated procedure, which results in the reduction of the imprisonment limits by one-third and the fine intervals by one-fourth.
5.6. Can a person plea bargain in corruption cases? If so, how is such a process conducted?
Article 478 and the following of the Romanian Criminal Procedure Code provide for the possibility of a plea bargain struck between the defendant/s and the prosecutor which can be initiated by either of these two parties. The plea bargain can be signed in writing with any or all of the defendants in the case and if both the signatories (defendant/s and prosecutor) agree. The defendant/s has/have to admit that they have committed the incriminated acts and the corresponding legal qualification established through the indictment act. The plea bargain establishes the type (fine, imprisonment, postponement/renouncing of the application of punishment) and amount of punishment, even the accessory/complementary sanctions provided for in the Criminal Code if so decided (e.g. banning the participation in public auctions). The signatory defendants are then sent to court, and, if the plea bargain is considered lawful and the type/amount of punishment (if any) is considered proportionate, the judge/s admit it and are bound to impose the sanctions that the prosecutor and defendant/s agreed upon. If a plea bargain is struck and accepted by the court, imprisonment is reduced limits by one third and the fine intervals by one fourth.
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Guide Contributors For Romania
Manuela Gornoviceanu
manuela.gornoviceanu@tuca.ro
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Fix Readers Speak Out On Sept. 11 and the Strike
By Carl Bialik and Jason FryThe Wall Street Journal Online
Aug. 27, 2002 3:06 pm ET
Yesterday we asked readers if the Fix should follow the lead of the Huntsville (Texas) Item, which has gone on a baseball strike of its own, dropping all pro baseball coverage for the week unless there's a settlement in the sport's labor war.
Readers, your response was loud and clear: No more baseball in the Fix unless and until there's a labor pact. (In fact, exactly one reader wanted to hear more about labor negotiations -- but only to provoke laughter at what the game is doing to itself.) So be it. The Fix will claim two exemptions based on reader input. First, minor-league baseball remains fair game, as more and more fans head for smaller parks to watch quicker games in a much nicer atmosphere. Second, stories about the "golden age" of baseball -- which we'll define as any time before the '81 players' strike -- are acceptable.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The reality is that it's entering the increasingly hot business of service marketplaces — a busy space full of companies offering platforms that match buyers and sellers of low-value jobs and errands.
Gigalocal allows users to post up the tasks that they need to be completed (the "gigs" that its name riffs off) and lets others bid for them. Want somebody to pick you up from the store later on? Need someone to pick up your dry cleaning or drop off a parcel? What about getting a dog walker to fill in when you can't?
Even if you don't understand German, you can get an idea of their pitch from this promo video, in which the user has forgotten his anniversary and uses the service to pull together things at the last minute.
After a fitful start, the company's been greeted with some interest at home — not least because of its team. The founders include Sebastian Diemer and Alexander Graubner-Müller, who worked together in the past on Gaopeng.com, a Chinese Groupon variant which was bought by Groupon itself. Investors, meanwhile, include Heiko Hubertz of gaming portal Bigpoint and Edgar Berger, the head of Sony Music International.
In addition, the company is building on work it has done already with another website, Gigalo, which is based around a very similar concept. Gigalo allows people to offer jobs at a fixed rate (rather than auctioning), and is available in German and Spanish, with local versions across six countries in central and South America. It's gained little traction so far, but the suggestion appears to be that its struggles will inform the team behind Gigalocal.
It's not just previous experience that seems to inform Gigalocal, though. To get ahead, it's not just learning from its own past, but also from rivals elsewhere. And this whole idea — the errand marketplace — is certainly one that's starting to warm up right now. We've given some coverage to TaskRabbit, and there are a number of other companies also eying up the same area: Zaarly, Thumbtack and more. Looking around Gigalocal suggests that it is keen to find out what it can from those businesses wherever possible.
Perhaps that's no surprise, given that the team behind Gigalocal also has connections with the famous (or perhaps infamous) Samwer brothers — a trio of German siblings who have become known for making millions by cloning foreign startups. Their roster has proven pretty successful in stealing a march on American companies before they can get to the German market, often resulting in selling their local service back to the "parent" company. That includes eBay clone Alando and Groupon clone Citydeal (bought by eBay and Groupon respectively) as well as still-independent services such as Facebook clone studiVZ, Groupon clone Citydeal and YouTube clone MyVideo.
Right now Gigalocal is definitely following the pattern by focusing first on Berlin and then, later, on other German cities. However, I think its chances of success are more intimately linked to whether the entire service marketplace model is a good long-term bet… and that's where I have questions.
Personally I'm not sure if there's enough in this whole business for it to succeed without some serious evolution. After all, it's starting out with a proposition that actually aims at not one but two audiences simultaneously: buyers who need to be both time-starved and affluent enough to use the service, and sellers who need to be time-rich and financially to take up the job offers. That leaves it open to a lot of issues depending on the friction between the two groups.
And there's also a lot of issues around the trust levels involved, which need to be high enough to overcome the fears of adoption. Is the system open to abuse? What happens if it goes wrong? TaskRabbit, for example, vets all its runners — but doing that properly is a tough business at scale. These are the crinkles that all need working out if any of the companies (let alone all of them) are to succeed in the long run. It's not hard to imagine that every company offering an errand marketplace is only a few steps away from an AirBnB-like disaster that dramatically erodes trust.
But who knows? The crucial requirement for success is to become a platform for other people. And if, like eBay, these companies can build up their business to the point where some people can earn a significant livelihood, we may see a breakthrough.
The competitors you described are not available on the german market or in the German language.
Gigalocal is neither a copycat of Zaarly, nor taskrabbit but has some strategic USPs that are not merely related to local adaptation but constitute a clearly different value proposition and strategic positioning.
(the "gigs" that its name riffs off) what this mean?
Go for it boys'n girls!!!


text:
Q: Moment JS -- How to change format of edit boxes I have a Date/Time Field which has separate variants for dealing with Date, Time and both Date/Time.
In this question, I'll be focusing on the Time variant. We have a View page and an Edit page. This is the code for the Edit page.

class TimePicker extends Component {
    constructor(props) {
        super(props);

    this.onBlur = this.onBlur.bind(this);
    this.onFocus = this.onFocus.bind(this);
    }
        onBlur(event) {
        event.persist();
        clearTimeout(this.focusBlurTimeout);
        this.focusBlurTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
            this.setState({
                hasFocus: false,
            });
            if (this.props.onBlur && Object.prototype.toString.call(this.props.onBlur) == '[object Function]') {
        this.props.onBlur(event)
    }
          if(this.initialValue != this.props.value) {
                if (this.props.onBlurChange && Object.prototype.toString.call(this.props.onBlurChange) == '[object Function]') {
                    this.props.onBlurChange(event);
                }
        }
        }, 0);
    }

    onFocus(event) {
        clearTimeout(this.focusBlurTimeout);
        if (!this.state.hasFocus) {
            this.focusBlurTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
                this.setState({
                    hasFocus: true,
                });
                if (this.props.onFocus && Object.prototype.toString.call(this.props.onFocus) == '[object Function]') {
        this.props.onFocus(event)
    }
    this.initialValue = this.props.value;
            }, 0);
        }
    };

    render() {
        return (

            <input className='form-control'
            ref = {input => this.hourLeadingZero = input}
            name='hour'
            value={this.props.value && this.props.value.hourLeadingZero ? this.props.value.hourLeadingZero : ''}
            type='number'
            style={{width: '4em'}}
            onChange={this.props.onChange}
   onFocus={this.onFocus}
   onBlur={this.onBlur}
            min='1'
            max='12'
            placeholder='12'
            />:
            <input
            ref = {input => this.minute = input}
            className='form-control'
            name='min'
            value={this.props.value && this.props.value.minute ? this.props.value.minute : ''}
            type='number'
            style={{width: '4em'}}
            onChange={this.props.onChange}
   onFocus={this.onFocus}
   onBlur={this.onBlur}
            min='0'
            max='59'
            placeholder='00'
            />
            <select className='form-control'
            ref = {select => this.AMPMUppercase = select}
            name='meridiem'
            onChange={this.props.onChange}
   onFocus={this.onFocus}
   onBlur={this.onBlur}
            value={this.props.value && this.props.value.AMPMUppercase ? this.props.value.AMPMUppercase : ''}
            >
                <option value='AM'>AM</option>
                <option value='PM'>PM</option>
            </select>

            );
    }
}

class TimezoneSelector extends Component {
 constructor(props) {
        super(props);

    this.onBlur = this.onBlur.bind(this);
    this.onFocus = this.onFocus.bind(this);
 }

    onBlur(event) {
        event.persist();
        clearTimeout(this.focusBlurTimeout);
        this.focusBlurTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
            this.setState({
                hasFocus: false,
            });
            if (this.props.onBlur && Object.prototype.toString.call(this.props.onBlur) == '[object Function]') {
        this.props.onBlur(event)
    }
          if(this.initialValue != this.props.value) {
                if (this.props.onBlurChange && Object.prototype.toString.call(this.props.onBlurChange) == '[object Function]') {
                    this.props.onBlurChange(event);
                }
        }
        }, 0);
    }

    onFocus(event) {
        clearTimeout(this.focusBlurTimeout);
        if (!this.state.hasFocus) {
            this.focusBlurTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
                this.setState({
                    hasFocus: true,
                });
                if (this.props.onFocus && Object.prototype.toString.call(this.props.onFocus) == '[object Function]') {
        this.props.onFocus(event)
    }
    this.initialValue = this.props.value;
            }, 0);
        }
    }

      render() {
        return (

            <select className='form-control'
            ref = {select => this.timezone = select}
            name='timezoneselection'
            onChange={this.props.onChange}
   onFocus={this.onFocus}
   onBlur={this.onBlur}
            value={this.props.value && this.props.value.timezone ? this.props.value.timezone : moment.tz.guess()}
            >
            <option value="America/Chicago">Central</option>
   <option value="Pacific/Honolulu">Hawaiian</option>
   <option value="America/Nome">Alaska</option>
   <option value="America/Los_Angeles">Pacific</option>
   <option value="America/Denver">Mountain</option>
            <option value="America/Phoenix">Mountain-Arizona</option>
            <option value="America/New_York">Eastern</option>
            </select>

        );
    }
}

export default class timeEdit extends Component {

    constructor(props) {
        super(props);
        this.state={
         date: ((this.props.value && this.props.value.date) ? moment(this.props.value.date) : null)
    };
        this.componentWillUnmount = this.componentWillUnmount.bind(this);
        this.onBlur = this.onBlur.bind(this);
        this.onFocus = this.onFocus.bind(this);
        this.updateValues = this.updateValues.bind(this);
    }

      updateValues(event) {
        event.preventDefault();
        var val = this.props.value ? Object.assign({},this.props.value) : {};
        var hour = val.hour || 0;
        hour = Math.min(Math.max(Math.trunc(hour), 1), 12);
        var min = val.minute || 0;
        min = Math.min(Math.max(Math.trunc(min), 0), 59);
        var sec = val.second || 0;
        sec = Math.min(Math.max(Math.trunc(sec), 0), 59);
        var meridiem = val.AMPMUppercase || 'AM';
        var timezoneselection = val.timezone;
        var name = event.target.name;
        var nameVal;
        switch(name) {
            case 'hour':
                nameVal = hour = Math.min(Math.max(Math.trunc(event.target.value), 1), 12);
            break;
            case 'min':
                nameVal = min = Math.min(Math.max(Math.trunc(event.target.value), 0), 59);
            break;
            case 'meridiem':
                nameVal = meridiem = event.target.value
            break;
            case 'timezoneselection':
                nameVal = timezoneselection = event.target.value
            break;
        }
        var timeStamp = (hour || 12) + ':' + (min || 0) + ' ' + (meridiem || 'AM') + ' ' + (timezoneselection || '');
        var newMoment = moment(timeStamp, 'h:m:s A ');
        val.moment = (val.moment ? moment(val.moment) : moment()).tz(timezoneselection || 'America/Chicago').hours(newMoment.hours()).minutes(newMoment.minutes()).seconds(newMoment.seconds());
        val.timestamp = val.moment.format('X');
        val.AMPMUppercase = val.moment.format('A');
        val.AMPMLowercase = val.moment.format('a');
        val.timezone = timezoneselection;
        val.hour = val.moment.format('h');
        val.hourLeadingZero = val.moment.format('hh');
        val.hour24 = val.moment.format('HH');
        val.minute = val.moment.format('mm');
        val.second = val.moment.format('ss');
        val.time = val.moment.format(this.props.timeFormat || 'LT');
        val.fullField = (val.date ? val.date + ' ' : '') + val.time;
        val.timeTimestamp = parseInt(val.hour24) * 60 * 60 + parseInt(val.minute) * 60 + (parseInt(val.second) || 0);
        val.moment = val.moment.format();
        this.props.onChange({
            target:{
                value: val
            }
        });
    }

getInitialState() {
        return {};
    }

    componentWillUnmount() {
        clearTimeout(this.focusBlurTimeout);
    }

    onBlur(event) {
        event.persist();
        clearTimeout(this.focusBlurTimeout);
        this.focusBlurTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
            this.setState({
                hasFocus: false,
            });
            if (this.props.onBlur && Object.prototype.toString.call(this.props.onBlur) == '[object Function]') {
        this.props.onBlur(event)
    }
          if(this.initialValue != this.props.value) {
                if (this.props.onBlurChange && Object.prototype.toString.call(this.props.onBlurChange) == '[object Function]') {
                    this.props.onBlurChange(event);
                }
        }
        }, 0);
    }

    onFocus(event) {
        clearTimeout(this.focusBlurTimeout);
        if (!this.state.hasFocus) {
            this.focusBlurTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
                this.setState({
                    hasFocus: true,
                });
                if (this.props.onFocus && Object.prototype.toString.call(this.props.onFocus) == '[object Function]') {
        this.props.onFocus(event)
    }
    this.initialValue = this.props.value;
            }, 0);
        }
    }

  render() {
    return (

                    <TimePicker
                    value={this.props.value || {hourLeadingZero: '', minute: '', AMPMUppercase: 'AM'}}
                    onChange={this.updateValues}
                    onFocus={this.onFocus}
                    onBlur={this.onBlur}/>
                    {(this.props.allowTimezone) ?
                 <TimezoneSelector
     value={this.props.value || {timezone: ' '}}
                    onChange={this.updateValues}
                    onBlur={this.onBlur}
                    onFocus={this.onFocus}/> : null}

            {this.props.descriptiveText}

        );
  }
}

This is the code for the View page which will display what you entered in the Edit page.
export default class timeView extends Component {
  render() {
        var value = '';
      if (this.props.value) {
          if (this.props.value.moment) {
              var timeFormat = this.props.timeFormat || 'LT';
              var momentObj = moment(this.props.value.moment);
              if (this.props.value && this.props.value.timezone) {
                  momentObj.tz(this.props.value.timezone);
              }
              value =  momentObj.format(timeFormat);
          } else if (this.props.value.time) {
              value = this.props.value.time;
          }
      }

    var toDisplay = {
        'America/Chicago' : 'Central',
        'Pacific/Honolulu' : 'Hawaiian',
        'America/Nome' : 'Alaska',
        'America/Los_Angeles' : 'Pacific',
        'America/Denver' : 'Mountain',
        'America/Phoenix' : 'Eastern'
    }

        return (

                {value}

                {this.props.value && this.props.value.timezone ? toDisplay[this.props.value.timezone] || null : null}

        );
  }
}

View works and will reformat the input (IE: if you enter 2 PM, it'll come out as 2:00 PM in View; if you enter 2 PM and enter HH:mm for TimeFormat you'll get 14:00.)
I need the Edit variant to also take the TimeFormat setting into affect. IE: Right now it's 'Hour:Minute AM/PM'. If I set Timeformat as 'HH' I would want this to change to '24Hour'
Would regular expressions be the way to go with this? How could I possibly use those for this? I'm not that well acquainted with Regex.
I attempted this code in the TimePicker component for Edit as well, but that didn't pan out and returns undefined in the console.
class TimePicker extends Component {
    constructor(props) {
        super(props);

    this.onBlur = this.onBlur.bind(this);
    this.onFocus = this.onFocus.bind(this);
    }
        onBlur(event) {
        event.persist();
        clearTimeout(this.focusBlurTimeout);
        this.focusBlurTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
            this.setState({
                hasFocus: false,
            });
            if (this.props.onBlur && Object.prototype.toString.call(this.props.onBlur) == '[object Function]') {
                    this.props.onBlur(event)
                }
          if(this.initialValue != this.props.value) {
                if (this.props.onBlurChange && Object.prototype.toString.call(this.props.onBlurChange) == '[object Function]') {
                    this.props.onBlurChange(event);
                }
        }
        }, 0);
    }

    onFocus(event) {
        clearTimeout(this.focusBlurTimeout);
        if (!this.state.hasFocus) {
            this.focusBlurTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
                this.setState({
                    hasFocus: true,
                });
                if (this.props.onFocus && Object.prototype.toString.call(this.props.onFocus) == '[object Function]') {
                    this.props.onFocus(event)
                }
                this.initialValue = this.props.value;
            }, 0);
        }
    };

    render() {
        var hourFormat = (this.props.timeFormat && this.props.timeFormat.includes('HH')) ?
        ( <input className='form-control'
            ref = {input => this.hour24 = input}
            name='hour'
            value={this.props.value && this.props.value.hour24 ? this.props.value.hour24 : ''}
            type='number'
            style={{width: '4em'}}
            onChange={this.props.onChange}
            onFocus={this.onFocus}
            onBlur={this.onBlur}
            min='1'
            max='24'
            placeholder='24'
            />) :
            (<input className='form-control'
            ref = {input => this.hourLeadingZero = input}
            name='hour'
            value={this.props.value && this.props.value.hourLeadingZero ? this.props.value.hourLeadingZero : ''}
            type='number'
            style={{width: '4em'}}
            onChange={this.props.onChange}
            onFocus={this.onFocus}
            onBlur={this.onBlur}
            min='1'
            max='12'
            placeholder='12'
            />);
            console.log(this.props.timeFormat && this.props.timeFormat.includes('HH'));
        return (

            {hourFormat}
            :
            <input
            ref = {input => this.minute = input}
            className='form-control'
            name='min'
            value={this.props.value && this.props.value.minute ? this.props.value.minute : ''}
            type='number'
            style={{width: '4em'}}
            onChange={this.props.onChange}
            onFocus={this.onFocus}
            onBlur={this.onBlur}
            min='0'
            max='59'
            placeholder='00'
            />
            <select className='form-control'
            ref = {select => this.AMPMUppercase = select}
            name='meridiem'
            onChange={this.props.onChange}
            onFocus={this.onFocus}
            onBlur={this.onBlur}
            value={this.props.value && this.props.value.AMPMUppercase ? this.props.value.AMPMUppercase : ''}
            >
                <option value='AM'>AM</option>
                <option value='PM'>PM</option>
            </select>

            );
    }
}

Any and all help would be appreciated!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Refinery CMS, often shortened to Refinery, is a free and open-source content management system written in Ruby as a Ruby on Rails web application with jQuery used as the JavaScript library. Refinery CMS supports Rails 3.2 and Rails 4.2 and Rails 5.1.

Refinery differs from similar products by targeting a non-technical end user and allowing the developer to create a flexible website rapidly by staying as close as possible to the conventions of the Ruby on Rails framework.

History

Refinery started as a closed sourced project written by David Jones at Resolve Digital in 2004 and went on to be released as open source software under the MIT License on 28 May 2009. Since then it has, under the direction of Philip Arndt and Uģis Ozols, gained popularity and is now the most popular Ruby on Rails CMS  with more than 384 contributors  and an active community extending the application with engines.

Version 1.0.0 was released on 28 May 2011 – exactly 2 years after it was first released as open source software.

Version 2.0.0 was released on 29 February 2012.

Version 2.1.0 was released on 5 August 2013.

Version 3.0.0 was released on 19 September 2015.

Version 4.0.0 was released  on 29 September 2017.

Features
 Engine architecture
 WYSIWYG content editing
 Localisation (currently supports 29 languages )
 Page management
 Image and File management
 Contact form and inquiry management
 Search engine optimization (SEO)

See also
Comparison of content management systems
Radiant

References

External links

 Rails Magazine: An Overview of Refinery – a Rails CMS
 Finalists in the New Zealand Open Source Awards 2010

Content management systems
Free software programmed in Ruby
Free content management systems
Software using the MIT license
Website management

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Q: Multiple optional argument in a function getAllForms($data=null)
getAllForms() and getAllForms("data")

This will work. But I want to make two optional argument in a function like this:
getAllForms($arg1=null,$arg2=null)

getAllForms() and getAllForms("data")

How can I make this possible?

A: You can also try using func_get_arg which you can pass n number of arguments to a function.
http://php.net/manual/en/function.func-get-args.php
Example
function foo(){
    $arg_list = func_get_args();
    for ($i = 0; $i < $numargs; $i++) {
        echo "Argument $i is: " . $arg_list[$i] . "<br />\n";
    }
}

foo(1, 2, 3);

A: Try this:
getAllForms($data=null,$data2=null)

and you call it in this mode:
getAllForms()
getAllForms("data")
getAllForms("data","data2")

The second argument have to be different name respect the first

A: You can try:
function getAllForms() {
    extract(func_get_args(), EXTR_PREFIX_ALL, "data");
}

getAllForms();
getAllForms("a"); // $data_0 = a
getAllForms("a", "b"); // $data_0 = a $data_1 = b
getAllForms(null, null, "c"); // $data_0 = null $data_1 = null, $data_2 = c

A: You already described how you would do it:
function getAllForms($arg1 = null, $arg2 = null)

Except the every variable name (including the second) has to be different.

A: <? php
function getAllForms($data1 = null, $data2 = null)
{
    if ($data1 != null)
    {
        // do something with $data1
    }

    if ($data2 != null)
    {
        // do something with $data2
    }
}
?>

getAllForms();
getAllForms("a");
getAllForms(null, "b");
getAllForms("a", "b");

or
<? php
function getAllForms($data = null)
{
    if (is_array($data))
    {
        foreach($data as $item)
        {
            getAllForms($item);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        if ($data != null)
        {
            // do something with data.
        }
    }
}

getAllForms();
getAllForms("a");
getAllForms(array("a"));
getAllForms(array("a", "b"));
?>


text:
package org.http4s
package parser

import java.nio.CharBuffer
import scala.io.Codec

class QueryParserSpec extends Http4sSpec {

  def parseQueryString(str: String): ParseResult[Query] =
    QueryParser.parseQueryString(str)

  "The QueryParser" should {
    "correctly extract complete key value pairs" in {
      parseQueryString("key=value") must beRight(Query("key" -> Some("value")))
      parseQueryString("key=value&key2=value2") must beRight(
        Query("key" -> Some("value"), "key2" -> Some("value2")))
    }

    "decode URL-encoded keys and values" in {
      parseQueryString("ke%25y=value") must beRight(Query("ke%y" -> Some("value")))
      parseQueryString("key=value%26&key2=value2") must beRight(
        Query("key" -> Some("value&"), "key2" -> Some("value2")))
    }

    "return an empty Map for an empty query string" in {
      parseQueryString("") must beRight(Query.empty)
    }

    "return an empty value for keys without a value following the '=' and keys without following '='" in {
      parseQueryString("key=&key2") must beRight(Query("key" -> Some(""), "key2" -> None))
    }

    "accept empty key value pairs" in {
      parseQueryString("&&b&") must beRight(Query("" -> None, "" -> None, "b" -> None, "" -> None))
    }

    "Handle '=' in a query string" in {
      parseQueryString("a=b=c") must beRight(Query("a" -> Some("b=c")))
    }

//    "Gracefully handle invalid URL encoding" in {
//      parseQueryString("a=b%G") must beRight(Query("a" -> Some("b%G")))
//    }

    "Allow ';' seperators" in {
      parseQueryString("a=b;c") must beRight(Query("a" -> Some("b"), "c" -> None))
    }

    "Allow PHP-style [] in keys" in {
      parseQueryString("a[]=b&a[]=c") must beRight(Query("a[]" -> Some("b"), "a[]" -> Some("c")))
    }

    "QueryParser using QChars doesn't allow PHP-style [] in keys" in {
      val queryString = "a[]=b&a[]=c"
      new QueryParser(Codec.UTF8, true, QueryParser.QChars)
        .decode(CharBuffer.wrap(queryString), true) must beLeft
    }

    "Reject a query with invalid char" in {
      parseQueryString("獾") must beLeft
      parseQueryString("foo獾bar") must beLeft
      parseQueryString("foo=獾") must beLeft
    }

    "Keep CharBuffer position if not flushing" in {
      val s = "key=value&stuff=cat"
      val cs = CharBuffer.wrap(s)
      val r = new QueryParser(Codec.UTF8, true).decode(cs, false)

      r must beRight(Query("key" -> Some("value")))
      cs.remaining must_== 9

      val r2 = new QueryParser(Codec.UTF8, true).decode(cs, false)
      r2 must beRight(Query())
      cs.remaining() must_== 9

      val r3 = new QueryParser(Codec.UTF8, true).decode(cs, true)
      r3 must beRight(Query("stuff" -> Some("cat")))
      cs.remaining() must_== 0
    }

    "be stack safe" in {
      val value = Stream.continually('X').take(1000000).mkString
      val query = s"little=x&big=${value}"
      parseQueryString(query) must beRight(Query("little" -> Some("x"), "big" -> Some(value)))
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We leave for the airport flying on American Airlines again, the flight that we booked 6 months ago. A vacation we have been looking forward to. Now since booking the flight from Reno to Florence,Italy American Airlines has taken it upon themselves to change our flights twice. When they changed the times and flights AA didn't take into account the time to get from one gate to another so we had to go to the site and check and change flights to make sure we could make it in time. If you don't keep an eye on this AA will automatically change you're flights,so you are forced to keep an eye on this.
Now this vacation was with another couple flying in from another city and we wanted to meet up so we could travel together. So when American Airlines changed our flights the other couple had to "hope" they could get the same flights. We are talking about $1000's of dollars on the line with bookings and flights. And this is not the first time American Airlines have done this. This more seems to be the normal for this company.
With the last change to our flights there would not be enough time to make a connecting flight so we and the other couple decide to meet in the fist city and stay overnight ( hotel costs paid for by all of us that to American Airlines ) in Los Angels. We leave for the airport after work arrange for someone to drop us off , and we check in and drop off out luggage with AA.
Not 3 mins after leaving the more or less empty counter since we were there so early the AA app informs us the flight has been canceled. The flight we planed to take so we could meet up with the other couple who were already inflight from another city. American Airlines has a number of flights from Reno to LA per day. We dash back to the AA counter and it is now full of people trying to find out WHY the flight was canceled. From what information we could get from the AA employees at the ticket counter whats " I DON"T KNOW".
My wife gets on phone to American Airlines and is told by the rep that they didn't have a crew for the flight to LA. She is talking on one phone and checking the AA app on another and not seeing any flights with AA that have room on the plane for us to make our connections. The AA rep said she could put us on a flight that was leaving in about 3 hours on Alaska Air , this would not be a direct flight from Reno to LA there was a 2 hour layover in another city and would not get us in till after 11pm.
With the amount of times that American Airlines have changed our flights for this vacation, and the times that they have canceled other flights we didn't feel that they could get us to the destination we paid them to take us to. AA seems to care more about the inflight video looking well then the cattle they have watching it. The distaste they seem to have for the people who pay them lots of money is the impression I get from American Airlines. If you check twitter and other social networks on any given day you will find how they change/cancel PEOPLE'S flights everyday.
To not loss time and money on missed international flights and make it to our next city on time with some time to sleep we booked 2 tickets on Southwest Airlines. The flight on Southwest Air took off 1 hour later than the AA flight that was canceled and was a direct flight to LA.
Thank you for answering the survey that we sent you and we apologize for the several airline schedule changes that you have experienced with your flight. We have received a notification from American airlines about the partial refund that you requested.
Please note that the type of ticket that you purchased with us was a promotional fare that is more affordable that a regular fare.
We have received a partial refund from American airlines for the amount of $17.74 per ticket as a partial refund for ticket number 001-79and 001-790.
We will credit your credit card ending in for a total amount of $35.48 USD. Please look for this credit on the next 1-2 credit card statement.
Should you need further assistance please do not hesitate to contact us again. Thank you for contacting us!


Above two offers are available only for a limited time. Click on the offer for more information.
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Wash your Hands: The first step in the First Aid process is to wash your hands with soap and water to avoid any infection.
Stop the Bleeding: Applying a gentle pressure with a clean cloth or gauze. Elevating the wound also helps to stop the bleeding.
water and soap. But make sure none of the soap comes in contact with the wound.
Apply petroleum jelly or an Antibiotic: This step helps to keep the wound area moist and prevents the spread of dirt and microorganisms.
Cover the Wound with Sterile Dressings: Covering the wound with a sterile dressing or gauze helps to keep it clean and protects it from outside contaminants. These dressings should be changed regularly to keep the wound clean.
Look for any signs of Infection: A wound that isn't healing normally may be dark in color or have red streaks and increasing pain. If the wound isn't healing it is advisable to go to a doctor to get it checked up.
Tip- Make sure you get a tetanus shot if your wound is from a dirty or rusty object.
Any concerns about poor healing, large or gaping wounds, bite injuries, etc.
Infection: Infection is the most common cause of delayed wound healing. A localized infection, if not controlled, can eventually spread to the bloodstream (systemic infection) resulting in sepsis, leading to multiple organs dysfunction, and subsequent life- and limb-threatening infection.
Osteomyelitis: Infections can travel through the bloodstream or by spreading from nearby tissue. When the infection reaches the bone it is referred to as Osteomyelitis. 20% to 60% of the patients suffering from Diabetic Foot Ulcers have underlying Osteomyelitis that increases their risk of lower extremity amputation.
Tissue Necrosis & Gangrene: Ulceration and Gangrene may occur in the lower extremities due to poor blood supply because of peripheral vascular diseases. A wet and draining necrotic tissue may result in hospitalization and amputation.
Peri-wound Maceration: Chronic wound exudates often consist of substances, which damage the skin surrounding the wound area. The damaged skin looks pale/ white and wrinkled. This is called maceration and affects the skin in the peri-wound area. It can prevent the wound from closing and healing.
EDEMA: Edema is the excess fluid trapped in the body's tissue that leads to swelling. Mild edema dissipates by itself, but severe edema may slow the healing process because it compresses the blood vessels in the affected area leading to further complications like pain, stiffness, motility issues, decreased microcirculation, increase the risk of infection, peri-wound skin damage etc.
Apart from these, there may be many other complications too. Comorbid conditions such as malignancies or diabetes, also need to be managed. The underlying causes resulting in the poor healing of chronic wounds may also include malnutrition, arterial insufficiency, infection, age, obesity, the weak immune system to name a few.
The risk factors and complications of a chronic non-healing wound should be identified and appropriately managed by a clinician. The complications deteriorate the condition and increase the cost to the patient both financially and personally. It affects a patient's quality of life and may contribute significantly to their morbidity and mortality.
An early detection and management of the risks and taking appropriate treatment by consulting a professional expert/clinician can help to mitigate further complications and achieve a positive outcome by better wound healing.
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text:
#region Foreign-License
// x
#endregion
using System.Runtime.InteropServices.TaskScheduler.V2Interop;
using System.ComponentModel;
namespace System.Runtime.InteropServices.TaskScheduler
{
    public sealed class SessionStateChangeTrigger : Trigger, ITriggerDelay, ITriggerUserId
    {
        public SessionStateChangeTrigger()
            : base(TaskTriggerType.SessionStateChange) { }
        public SessionStateChangeTrigger(TaskSessionStateChangeType stateChange)
            : this()
        {
            StateChange = stateChange;
        }
        internal SessionStateChangeTrigger(ITrigger iTrigger)
            : base(iTrigger) { }

        public override void CopyProperties(Trigger sourceTrigger)
        {
            base.CopyProperties(sourceTrigger);
            if (sourceTrigger.GetType() == base.GetType())
                StateChange = ((SessionStateChangeTrigger)sourceTrigger).StateChange;
        }

        protected override string V2GetTriggerString()
        {
            var format = Local.ResourceManager.GetString("TriggerSession" + StateChange.ToString());
            var str2 = (string.IsNullOrEmpty(this.UserId) ? Local.TriggerAnyUser : UserId);
            if (StateChange != TaskSessionStateChangeType.SessionLock && StateChange != TaskSessionStateChangeType.SessionUnlock)
                str2 = string.Format(Local.TriggerSessionUserSession, str2);
            return string.Format(format, str2);
        }

        [DefaultValue(0)]
        public TimeSpan Delay
        {
            get
            {
                if (base._v2Trigger != null)
                    return Task.StringToTimeSpan(((ISessionStateChangeTrigger)base._v2Trigger).Delay);
                if (!base.unboundValues.ContainsKey("Delay"))
                    return TimeSpan.Zero;
                return (TimeSpan)base.unboundValues["Delay"];
            }
            set
            {
                if (base._v2Trigger != null)
                    ((ISessionStateChangeTrigger)base._v2Trigger).Delay = Task.TimeSpanToString(value);
                else
                    base.unboundValues["Delay"] = value;
            }
        }

        [DefaultValue(0)]
        public TaskSessionStateChangeType StateChange
        {
            get
            {
                if (base._v2Trigger != null)
                    return ((ISessionStateChangeTrigger)base._v2Trigger).StateChange;
                if (!base.unboundValues.ContainsKey("StateChange"))
                    return TaskSessionStateChangeType.ConsoleConnect;
                return (TaskSessionStateChangeType)base.unboundValues["StateChange"];
            }
            set
            {
                if (base._v2Trigger != null)
                    ((ISessionStateChangeTrigger)base._v2Trigger).StateChange = value;
                else
                    base.unboundValues["StateChange"] = value;
            }
        }

        [DefaultValue((string)null)]
        public string UserId
        {
            get
            {
                if (base._v2Trigger != null)
                    return ((ISessionStateChangeTrigger)base._v2Trigger).UserId;
                if (!base.unboundValues.ContainsKey("UserId"))
                    return null;
                return (string)base.unboundValues["UserId"];
            }
            set
            {
                if (base._v2Trigger != null)
                    ((ISessionStateChangeTrigger)base._v2Trigger).UserId = value;
                else
                    base.unboundValues["UserId"] = value;
            }
        }
    }
}


The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies (commonly referred to as the "Wassenaar Arrangement") is one leading example of the possibilities of an export control approach. Broadly speaking, the Wassenaar Arrangement calls upon participating states to establish processes for governing export of a variety of products whose proliferation could threaten international peace and security. In December 2013, a Wassenaar Plenary Meeting agreed to accept French and U.K. proposals to extend Wassenaar's control list to include "intrusion software" and "IP network communications surveillance systems," as well as related software, systems, equipment and components.
However, by design, the Wassenaar Arrangement is not directly binding and offers participating states broad discretion regarding implementation. While the 2013 amendment became law in the EU last year, the implementation in the U.S. has faced significant hurdles and industry-push-back. Notably, Israel—which is not a formal member of the Wassenaar Arrangement—has legislation which adopts all Wassenaar controls automatically, without any form of domestic implementation. The 2013, amendments caught Israeli regulators by surprise and immediately became binding law, applicable to all Israeli software and technology exporters whose products aligned with the new Wassennar categories.
Furthermore, the MOD expands the definition of "intrusion software" to include certain products capable of causing disruptions to systems' functionality or any form of physical system damage. The regulation also proposes new categories of control related to computer vulnerabilities (exploits), hacking simulation tools, cyber products related to military defense and espionage, as well as devices for conducting advanced digital forensics.
Israel's activist proposal is drastically more expansive than the 2015 E.U. implementation of Wassenaar's "intrusion software" language and is in stark contrast to the U.S. resistance to the language. The Israeli proposal raises the question of whether traditional export control systems offer an appropriate environment for governing cyber security. And the likely answer is that, while export control may be one useful component of an effective regulatory system, it cannot replace a holistic approach that contends with challenges of intangible, indiscernible products and that also addresses internal, home-grown cyber threats.
For readers' convenience, the original Wassenaar language is provided below, with the author's unofficial English translations of the MOD's proposals embedded in-line, in bold text.
The disruption of functional capacity of the system or the causing of physical damages to a system.
"Intrusion software" does not include any of the following: a. Hypervisors, debuggers or Software Reverse Engineering (SRE) tools; b. Digital Rights Management (DRM) "software"; or c. "Software" designed to be installed by manufacturers, administrators or users, for the purposes of asset tracking or recovery.
Network-capable devices include mobile devices and smart meters.
'Protective countermeasures': techniques designed to ensure the safe execution of code, such as Data Execution Prevention (DEP), Address Space Layout Randomisation (ASLR) or sandboxing.
"Exploits" – Lack of completeness in code or in a protocol that may be utilized for causing harm to a system or software.
"Digital Forensics" – Obtaining, analyzing, or reconstructing data through a physical interface with computer equipment or storage such as computers, cellular telephone devices, hard disks, satellite navigations devices, USB components, smart cards and SIM cards.
"Static Data" – Data stored on a hard disk or other storage equipment that does not require an electrical current source for saving the data.
"Dynamic Data" – Data stored on equipment, requiring electrical currents sources for the purpose of saving the data.
"Intrusion software" and systems containing Intrusion Software.
Systems, equipment, and components therefor, specially designed or modified for the generation, operation or delivery (contamination) of, or communication with, "intrusion software", including systems, equipment and components specially designed or modified to simulate use of, operation of or communication with "intrusion software" against another, but excluding the provision of services to test system strength against attacks (PT).
Systems, equipment and components specially designed or modified for the protection of strategic defensive systems or for the protection of combat equipment from "intrusion software".
Systems, equipment and components specially designed or modified for defense or monitoring of national-level communication lines.
Identification or analysis of "dynamic data" created by the system or user.
Software specially designed or modified for the protection of strategic defensive systems or for the protection of combat equipment from "intrusion software".
Software and components specially designed or modified for defense or monitoring of national-level communication lines.
"Technology" for the "development" of "intrusion software".
"Exploits" intended exclusively for defensive products, generated in a company in possession of the "exploit" or company. In this section, "company" – including a company that is a subsidiary or that has a subsidiary as defined in the Securities Law, 5728-1968.
Systems or software specially designed or modified for the purpose of automatically locating exploits, for the purpose of using them as "intrusion software" against another.


How to resolve QuickBooks Error 6000?
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text:
News Sports Opinion Magnolia Mississippi State Obituaries E-Edition Legals
Here's how Ole Miss has landed prized two-sport recruits in football, baseball
Nick Suss
Mississippi Clarion Ledger
HOOVER, Ala. — Robby Ashford used to be a terrible baseball player. Then he turned 6 years old.
After about a year, Ashford emerged as a budding baseball talent. That's also the year he started playing football.
By third grade, Ashford was playing in a travel baseball league. By fourth grade, he was executing a high school playbook as a quarterback in his pee-wee football league.
Almost a decade later, Ashford, a senior at Hoover High School in Alabama, has blossomed into a coveted dual-sport athlete.
Like Arizona Cardinals quarterback Kyler Murray, Ashford plans to play quarterback and baseball in college. And like Murray, who was selected in the first round of the MLB and NFL drafts, Ashford thinks he can parlay his talents into a professional career.
With Murray's recent success, more and more athletes might be willing to play two sports in college.
"It's just something I've done my whole life," Ashford told the Clarion Ledger. "I just take it as a blessing to be able to play both, and to be pretty good at them at the same time."
Ashford is ranked the No. 8 dual-threat quarterback recruit in the nation by 247Sports. Last summer, he was invited to participate in the Under Armour All-America baseball game at Wrigley Field in Chicago.
Ashford also has been invited to play in the Under Armour All-America football game in January. Only four athletes have ever played in both games. The list includes Murray, former Ole Miss wide receiver A.J. Brown and Ole Miss freshman Jerrion Ealy.
Ashford plans to bring his talents to Oxford to play football and baseball at Ole Miss, and there are athletes in college right now who signed up to do the same at Ole Miss and other schools.
Mississippi State's Brad Cumbest plays football and baseball. LSU defensive back Maurice Hampton, who also played in both Under Armour All-America games, is contributing on special teams as a true freshman.
Ealy has scored seven touchdowns in seven games for Ole Miss. Ealy's teammate John Rhys Plumlee, also a true freshman, has started seven games at quarterback, rushing for nearly 1,000 yards. And Notre Dame tight end Cole Kmet is the Fighting Irish's second-leading receiver this fall after pitching 18.2 innings with a 2.89 ERA for Notre Dame in the spring.
Whether any of these players will end up as top-10 picks in two leagues like Murray is yet to be seen. But if Murray set any example, it's that juggling two sports in college and excelling at both is possible for this generation.
"I knew wherever I was going to go they'd have to let me play baseball and football," Ashford said. "I told a lot of schools we were interested, but I couldn't come because they just wanted me to play football. Or some of them just wanted me to play baseball. After seeing [Murray], I thought 'Yeah, I can do this.'"
Leading the way in Oxford
Ashford's commitment to Ole Miss came about four months after Ealy and Plumlee signed with the Rebels to play both sports.
So why Ole Miss? What's making Oxford a premier destination for elite two-sport athletes?
Sure, Ole Miss plays in a top football conference and is a perennial contender in baseball. But that applies to plenty of schools. Since the dawn of the College Football Playoff, there are eight colleges that have gone to a College World Series and finished a football season in the top 10. Three of those schools — Auburn, LSU and Florida — are in the SEC. But Ole Miss isn't on the list.
To Ashford, Ole Miss separated itself from others with "the plan." Ashford says 90 minutes into his official visit for football, which also included a visit with the baseball coaching staff, he knew Ole Miss was home.
Other schools didn't seem as committed to letting Ashford play both sports. LSU only wanted Ashford as a baseball player. Colorado only wanted him as a football player. Vanderbilt said he could play both, but Ashford said he got the impression he would be encouraged to focus more on baseball there.
Ole Miss, meanwhile, encouraged Ashford to do both. This encouragement was intentional, said Mike Clement, the Rebels' baseball hitting coach. He helped recruit Ashford, Plumlee and Ealy.
"It takes a lot of planning from the recruiting side of things," Clement said. "And really just sitting them down and giving them a level of comfort in the recruiting process that both of our staffs will work together. We'll work together with them, with their schedule.
"All they want to know in the recruiting process from our standpoint is that we're genuinely going to give them an opportunity to play both sports. It's not just lip service to them to get them to sign a National Letter of Intent."
From the baseball perspective, recruiting football players is a no-brainer. Unlike in football, where you get 85 full scholarships to build your team, college baseball programs only get 11.7, which is a severe handicap in a sport with rosters as big as 35 or 40 players. Most baseball players are on partial scholarship, or aren't on scholarship at all.
But, as Clement explained, signing an athlete to play football and baseball creates a loophole. The NCAA rule book says that if an athlete is listed on the roster for a full-scholarship sport and a partial-scholarship sport, that athlete must be included in the full-scholarship sport's scholarship count. That means Ealy, Plumlee or Ashford won't have to count against the baseball squad's 11.7 scholarships so long as they remain on the football roster.
Of course, this only becomes a loophole if the athlete is genuinely good enough to play both sports. There aren't many football programs that would willingly sacrifice a full scholarship just to help the baseball team.
As Ealy and Plumlee have shown this football season, football isn't sacrificing anything. This is a true collaboration.
"A lot of times a guy is way better at one sport, but he wants to do both so it becomes a little bit of what I would call 'eyewash,'" Clement said. "We're going to help football out, but we know full well they're not going to play baseball. But it's no skin off our back because it's not our scholarship dollars. With [Plumlee and Ealy], it's a little bit different. We feel like they're both good enough to play both sports."
Plumlee said back in August that he wasn't sure how spring would unfold but looked forward to the juggling act. Ealy has joked that he won't answer baseball questions until January. During football season, both guys are football players first.
That said, Clement says Ealy and Plumlee find time to hit in the batting cages a couple times a week. At least for now, baseball is a priority for both of them, just as it's a priority for Ashford.
Ole Miss understands this. That's at least one reason why Oxford is becoming a destination for a new generation of multi-dimensional athletes.
Can the trend survive?
One major reason Murray's ascendance to two-sport prominence was such a surprise has been the growing trend of specialization in youth sports. It's harder and harder for kids to play multiple sports when playing one sport can be a year-round endeavor.
High school football seasons are in the fall, but weight training sessions begin in the winter, and 7-on-7 skills circuits take up entire summers for elite recruits. AAU basketball tournaments last throughout the spring and summer, while high school seasons span the fall and winter. And one of the biggest annual baseball showcases was held from Oct. 10-14, in the heart of high school football season.
In an article published in the Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine in 2017, Patrick S. Buckley et al., found that 67.7% of the 856 college athletes they surveyed specialized in one sport as a child. A whopping 80.6% of those athletes thought specialization made them better athletes.
The problem? That doesn't necessarily have to be true. In a study published in the Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology in 2014, Richard D. Ginsburg et al., polled more than 700 Minor League Baseball players and found that the average age when a player specialized in baseball was 15 years old. More than half of players surveyed (52%) said they specialized after they turned 17.
Buckley's study seems to support Ginsburg's data. Though two-thirds of college athletes specialized in adolescence, only 46% of the 1,731 professional athletes surveyed specialized.
Clement said he can see the tides shifting away from overspecialization.
Five years ago, he wouldn't have said that. But now, thanks in large part to the increased prominence of multitasking in youth culture, Clement said he has seen more recruits willing to eschew showcase tournaments in favor of playing football, basketball, wrestling, track and field or whatever other sport they please.
This doesn't mean the next cohort of athletes will be a super-generation of Murray and Ashford clones. But if a kid wants to be as good at sports as Murray or Ashford, playing multiple sports is a good place to start.
Ashford thinks so, at least.
"It keeps me going," he said. "I don't really have time to take a break. Which I love, because I'm playing two sports I love. But it keeps me in better shape. It keeps my mind going. It lets me know that I can't slack off because I know someone's going to be working to get better than me at both sports. It makes my drive want to go even higher."
SEC Two-Sport freshmen
Three true freshmen plan to play football and baseball in the SEC this year. Baseball season hasn't started yet, but here's how they've performed on the gridiron so far:
Ole Miss RB Jerrion Ealy: 640 rushing yards, 140 receiving yards, 317 returning yards, seven total touchdowns
Ole Miss QB John Rhys Plumlee: 789 passing yards, 989 rushing yards, 15 total touchdowns
LSU DB Maurice Hampton: Eight games played, one tackle
Contact Nick Suss at 601-408-2674 or nsuss@gannett.com. Follow @nicksuss on Twitter.


Clonkeencole Community Centre is located at Clonkeencole, Rosslea Road in Clones, Co. Monaghan.
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