Includes one command rifle team, one observer rifle team, one staff team, three sets of gun crew, one small three-hole base, one small two-hole base, one medium four-hole base, & two base plug sprues.
The Jordanians were in the process of equipping several battalions with American M114 155mm howitzers when the war broke out.
Please note that the guns are not included and are shown for scale purposes only.


text:
The Famous Five and the Valley of Dinosaurs
Director: Mike Marzuk
Actors: Allegra Tinnefeld, Amelie Lammers, Dagmar Sachse, David Baalcke, Dirk Borchardt, Jacob Matschenz, Jürgen Tarrach, Marinus Hohmann, Melika Foroutan, Peter Prager, Ron Antony Renzenbrink
Keywords:The Famous Five and the Valley of Dinosaurs
A gang of cold-blooded outlaws narrowly escapes a blood-soaked bank robbery in a grimy frontier town. With a notorious bounty hunter hot on their trail, these nefarious criminals desperately need…
Genre: Action, Adventure, Drama, Thriller, Western
A New York University professor returns from a rescue mission to the Amazon rainforest with the footage shot by a lost team of documentarians who were making a film about…
Genre: Adventure, Horror
Mythica: The Necromancer
Mallister takes Thane prisoner and forces Marek and her team on a quest. Marek tracks down the Necromancer for a final showdown for the Darkspore.
Heroes of the Somme
The Heroes of the Somme uses original archive from the Western Front to uncover the stories of seven of the men whose remarkable bravery won them the Victoria Cross, Britain's…
Genre: Adventure, Documentary, History
While hiding from bullies in his school's attic, a young boy discovers the extraordinary land of Fantasia, through a magical book called The Neverending Story. The book tells the tale…
Genre: Adventure, Drama, Family, Fantasy, Science Fiction
Moments of Clarity
A repressed agoraphobic's daughter meets a hardened pastor's daughter, and while escaping their homes to attend the annual church youth group jamboree they discover their worlds aren't what they once…
Genre: Adventure, Comedy, Drama
Tom and Jerry & The Wizard of Oz
They're off to see the Wizard, the wonderful Wizard of Oz! Tom and Jerry soar over the rainbow and travel down the yellow brick road in this all-animated retelling of…
Bing feng: Chong sheng zhi men
In the Ming Dynasty, there lives four orphans, Ying, Sao, Yuanlong and Niehu. Raised in Taoyuan Village, the four are as closed as brothers. Their exceptional martial arts skills allows…
Genre: Action, Adventure, Comedy, Fantasy, History, Sci-Fi, Science Fiction
The Pebble and the Penguin
A bashful bachelor penguin named Hubie, who's partial to a pretty female named Marina. Ancient penguin ritual dictates that males present a pebble to their intended, then mate for life….
Genre: Adventure, Animation, Comedy, Family, Musical, Romance
To test its top-secret Human Hibernation Project, the Pentagon picks the most average Americans it can find – an Army private and a prostitute – and sends them to the…
Genre: Adventure, Comedy, Sci-Fi, Science Fiction
The USS Enterprise crew explores the furthest reaches of uncharted space, where they encounter a mysterious new enemy who puts them and everything the Federation stands for to the test.
Genre: Action, Adventure, Sci-Fi, Science Fiction, Thriller
The Professionals is a 1966 American Western film directed by Richard Brooks. A kidnap-rescue adventure set in about 1917, it features a small group of experts heading into Mexico to…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Travel by Marsha, Inc. filed as a Domestic for Profit Corporation in the State of Florida and is no longer active. This corporate entity was filed approximately six years ago on Wednesday, February 13, 2013 , according to public records filed with Florida Department of State.
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text:
namespace sync_driver {
struct SyncedSession;
}

namespace sync_pb {
class SessionSpecifics;
}

namespace browser_sync {

class SessionSyncTestHelper {
 public:
  SessionSyncTestHelper() : max_tab_node_id_(0) {}

  static void BuildSessionSpecifics(const std::string& tag,
                                    sync_pb::SessionSpecifics* meta);

  static void AddWindowSpecifics(int window_id,
                                 const std::vector<int>& tab_list,
                                 sync_pb::SessionSpecifics* meta);

  static void VerifySyncedSession(
      const std::string& tag,
      const std::vector<std::vector<SessionID::id_type>>& windows,
      const sync_driver::SyncedSession& session);

  // Build a SessionSpecifics object with a tab and sample data. Uses a
  // monotonically increasing variable to generate tab_node_ids and avoid
  // conflicts.
  void BuildTabSpecifics(const std::string& tag,
                         int window_id,
                         int tab_id,
                         sync_pb::SessionSpecifics* tab_base);

  // Overload of BuildTabSpecifics to allow forcing a specific tab_node_id.
  // Typically only useful to test reusing tab_node_ids.
  void BuildTabSpecifics(const std::string& tag,
                         int window_id,
                         int tab_id,
                         int tab_node_id,
                         sync_pb::SessionSpecifics* tab_base);

  sync_pb::SessionSpecifics BuildForeignSession(
      const std::string& tag,
      const std::vector<SessionID::id_type>& tab_list,
      std::vector<sync_pb::SessionSpecifics>* tabs);

  void Reset();

 private:
  int max_tab_node_id_;

  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(SessionSyncTestHelper);
};

}  // namespace browser_sync

#endif  // CHROME_BROWSER_SYNC_GLUE_SESSION_SYNC_TEST_HELPER_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
f46928e7-90d4-4e42-bdef-23a0f04a219f
Charts: Who are the Longest-Serving Commissioners in FDA History?
Regulatory News | 05 February 2015 | By Alexander Gaffney, RAC
On 5 February 2015, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Commissioner Margaret Hamburg announced she would resign from her position in March 2015. This caused us to wonder: How long will Hamburg have served when she steps down from her position, and how does that compare with other FDA Commissioners before her?
As we found, Hamburg will be the sixth-longest serving Commissioner in FDA history, and the second-longest-serving commissioner of the modern regulatory era.
Hamburg has also managed to serve longer than her previous four predecessors--combined. Commissioners Henney, McClellan, Crawford and von Eschenbach collectively served just 2,071 days in office. Hamburg--assuming she serves until 28 March 2015--will have served 2,140 days in office.
Tags: FDA Commissioners, Commissioner of Food and Drugs, FDA Commissioner, Margaret Hamburg
Euro Roundup: Swissmedic responds to EU paper on avoiding medical device supply disruptions


text:
Fudbalski klub "Guber" (FK "Guber"; Guber Srebrenica, Guber, srpski ФЦ "Губер") je nogometni klub iz Srebrenice, Republika Srpska, Bosna i Hercegovina.
U sezoni 2019./20. klub se natječe u "Regionalnoj ligi RS - Istok", ligi čevtrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Bosne i Hercegovine.
Klupske boje su plava i bijela.

O klubu
Nogomet se u Srebrenici počeo igrati 1923. godine, a 1924. godine dolazi do izgradnje igrališta i osnivanja kluba.
Nakon Drugog svjetskog rata klub djeluje pod imenom "Polet" i natječe se u ligama Tuzlanske oblasti. Nakojn toga nekoliko puta mijenja ime, među kojima djeluje i pod nazivom "Proleter". 1960.-ih klub djeluje pod nazivom "Rudar", te se natječe u "Tuzlanskoj područnoj ligi", u kojoj u seezoni 1970./71. osvaja čevrto mjesto.
Pod nazivom "Guber" klub djeluje od 1973. godine. U sezoni 1974./75. klub je prvak "Tuzlanske područne lige", te su se plasirali u "Bosansko-sjeveroistočnu zonu". Sljedećih sezona klub je član "Međuopćinske lige Tuzla", "Regionalne lige BiH - Sjever", a od sezone 1988./89. "Republičke lige BiH - Sjever".
U sezoni 1989./90. klub se plasirao u završni dio "Kupa Maršala Tita", gdje su ispali u šesnaestini završnice.

Zbog rata u BiH, klub prestaje s radom 1992. godine, a do obnove rada kluba dolazi sredinom 2004. godine. Klub s ligaškim natjecanjima počinje u sezoni 2005./06. u "Trećoj ligi RS - Zvornik", a od sezone 2008./09. su članovi "Regionalne lige RS - Istok", koju osvajaju u sezoni 2015./16. i postaju članovi "Druge lige RS - Istok".
Tijekom 2018. godine klub se nalazi u financijskim problemima,

te po završetku sezone 2018./19. ispadaju iz "Druge lige RS - Istok" u "Regionalnu ligu RS - Istok".
Unatoč teškim posljedicama rata i nacionalne podijeljenosti u Srebrenici, u klubu ravnopravno igraju Srbi i Bošnjaci.

Uspjesi

do 1992.
 Područna liga Tuzla
 prvak: 1974./75.

nakon 2005.
 Regionalna liga RS - Istok
 prvak: 2015./16.
 doprvak: 2013./14., 2014./15.

Pregled plasmana

Poznati igrači

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Srebrenica

Vanjske poveznice
 fkguber.weebly.com, stranice kluba
 Fk Guber Srebrenica, facebook stranica
 sportdc.net, Guber
 srbijasport.net, Guber
 transfermarkt.com, FK Guber Srebrenica
 esrebrenica.ba, FK Guber

Izvori

 fkguber.weebly.com, FK Guber - Historijat, pristupljeno 18. rujna 2019.
 esrebrenica.ba, FK "Guber" Srebrenica , objavljeno 5. studenog 2013., pristupljeno 18. rujna 2019.
 esrebrenica.ba, Obilježen jubilej Fudbalskog kluba "Guber" , objavljeno 24. prosinca 2014., pristupljeno 18. rujna 2019.
 slobodnaevropa.org, Devet decenija FK Guber: Srebreničani ujedinjeni u fudbalu, objavljeno 19. veljače 2014., pristupljeno 18. rujna 2019.
 akos.ba, FK Guber Srebrenica – priča koja još uvijek traje, objavljeno 8. srpnja 2017., pristupljeno 18. rujna 2019.
 srebrenicainfo.wordpress.com, FK Guber kratka istorija, pristupljeno 18. rujna 2019.
 Milan Đorđić: Enciklopedija fudbalskih klubova Republike Srpske, Zvornik, 2011., , str. 54-55

Guber
Guber

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A few experts have been citing a recent slowdown in the hot Sydney and Melbourne real estate markets on the back of a pretty good twelve months, but a survey by RP Data shows people continue to feel good about property.
A majority of the respondents said, nationally, they felt it was a good time to buy property, although there were some variations across different centres.
Only 52.8 per cent of Sydney respondents felt that now was a good time to buy – a pretty pessimistic vibe compared to the Tasmanian respondents, 100 per cent of whom felt their time was ripe.
Overall, survey respondents felt that home values were likely to either increase or remain stable over the coming year, with just 12 per cent anticipating a fall.… but that buyer confidence is not carried across to consumer confidence in real estate agents according to the Real Estate Institute of New South Wales.
The REINSW has met with the NSW's Fair Trading Minister Matthew Mason to suggest self-regulation models.


The Bored Zombie | Yep, I do that too and so can you!
Quilts, Bags, Home Decoration, Costumes, and MORE! See all of Susan's fiber projects. Many of them include links to the patterns, tips, instructions, and tutorials.
Want to see what else Susan can do? Visit this portfolio to see all sorts of other mediums. You'll find Photography projects, Pencil Drawings, Sculptures and other odds and ends.
Tutorials! Reviews! Patterns! Inspiration! It's all here. Susan loves showing you her favorite tricks to empower you to try new things. Come on by and see the library of complete project instructions.
Want to know more about Susan? Find out about her favorite things, professional experiences, awards and other acknowledgements, as well as the origin of the TheBoredZombie.com.
TBZ's newest quilt, Doxstar's Flight is finally finished! Check out the artwork that inspired it, details about the piecing and quilting and information on where to see it in person.
Harry Potter Quilt is DONE!
Take a look at the Jack Skellington Fan Art wall quilt made for a swap! There's an Oogie Boogie Embroidered quilt label too!
This Machine Embroidered Fan Art was truly a labor of love. See all of TBZ's history with the project, the process of creating and it and download the .pes files if you dare!
Stop by this blog post to pick up a my Lynda Carter fan art cross stitch pattern!
If you have questions about any site content or just want to say hi, please do. You can email me directly at susandowenby@gmail.com. Replies can sometimes be a bit slow due to life demands. I promise you'll hear from me eventually!


text:
Unprecedented 7,200-year-old vessel for food storage rituals found in Jordan Valley
"Tel Tsaf offers a glimpse into a unique time capsule, with excellent preservation of organic remains and other archaeological findings."
By Daniel K. Eisenbud
Prof. Danny Rosenberg, of the Zinman Institute of Archaeology at the University of Haifa, holds the ancient vessel.. (photo credit: UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA)
A unique 7,200-year-old clay vessel recently unearthed in the Jordan Valley by researchers from Israel and Germany may represent the oldest evidence yet of ancient class structure as it relates to food storage rituals in the Near East.
The relic was discovered at the Tel Tsaf archeological site during digs overseen by Prof. Danny Rosenberg of the Zinman Institute of Archeology at the University of Haifa, and Dr. Florian Klimscha of the German Archeological Institute in Berlin.
According to Rosenberg, the clay vessel provides unprecedented insights into ancient political and socioeconomic class structure among elites during a period that remains somewhat mysterious.
"Until now, discussions of the early transition to complex societies in this area have focused mainly on later periods, and on the connection between the development of socioeconomic elites and the ability of certain individuals or families to store large quantities of food – beyond their own needs – for survival," Rosenberg said on Wednesday.
"In this context, the findings at Tel Tsaf provide firsthand evidence of the early connection between food storage on a large scale and the observance of a ritual associated with the successful storage and preservation of agricultural yields." Located near the Jordan River, the Tel Tsaf site was first documented in the late 1940s.
It was subsequently excavated during the late 1970s, and later between 2004 and 2007.
Since 2013, with the assistance of an international team of experts equipped with advanced scientific methodologies, Rosenberg and Klimscha have led a multidisciplinary project at the site, focusing on the area's ancient economy and environment.
The rare findings unearthed at Tel Tsaf include numerous silos found in the courtyards of ancient buildings once used for large-scale grain storage.
The silos, the researchers said, are evidence of the storage of food on a scale not previously documented at sites from this period.
"The wish and ability to store food certainly constitutes an important step in the transition of humans to societies characterized by more complex social organization," noted Klimscha. "It also seems that Tel Tsaf's location, near a major water source such as the Jordan River is no coincidence, considering the site's potential to accumulate such a large amount of crops."
Rosenberg said that with the exception of the finds at Tel Tsaf, no evidence of mass-food storage between 7,500 and 6,500 years ago has been found in the region.
"The significance of storage for development of complex societies is evident by later testimonies from our own region," he said, "but even more so from Mesopotamia and Egypt, where complex, pre-state and state-level societies emerged and engaged in the intensive storage of food as an essential condition for the development of a social hierarchy."
Researchers have long debated the early emergence of societies characterized by social and economic elites, a phenomenon frequently associated with the Bronze Age, which in the Near East began around 5,300 years ago.
However, no evidence has previously been found illustrating that large-scale food storage in earlier societies was accompanied by social or ritual acts intended to ensure the successful storage and distribution of produce.
During the excavation season at Tel Tsaf two years ago, researchers found numerous pottery shards in a room situated in the center of a cluster of silos and cooking installations.
The fragments appeared to belong to a single vessel. After painstaking work, they managed to reassemble the pieces, and were surprised to find a unique miniature vessel with a height of around 20 centimeters and a small, window-like aperture on its side.
"All the pottery vessels we are familiar with from this period have an opening on the top, facing up, just like most pots and cups in any modern kitchen," Rosenberg explained. "But this vessel is dome shaped, closed on the top, and covered with red-painted clay balls, whose significance is unclear to us."
The researchers said they believe that the vessel is actually a model of the silos.
"This vessel is not 'functional,' and was found in a building that was used for intensive storage, on the floor in a room surrounded by numerous silos similar to those we are familiar with from archeological and ethnographic records from various parts of the world," said Klimscha.
"We can hypothesize that this vessel was associated in some way with the silos, and particularly with the act of storage," she continued. "From later evidence, we know that humans created vessels symbolizing larger storage structures; and, indeed, pottery vessels similar to this one – though larger – appear a few centuries later in [this] region, used for secondary burial."
Rosenberg and Klimscha said the size and characteristics of the vessel – together with the archeological context in which it was found – reinforce their contention that it symbolized the silos and was probably used in a ritual setting, possibly as part of the ceremonies that preceded the placement of grains of wheat and barley in the silos, or their removal from storage.
The correlation between the growth of food storage capacity and the human cycle of life and death is well known to researchers from various sources, including later findings from the ancient Near East.
"Tel Tsaf offers a glimpse into a unique time capsule, with excellent preservation of organic remains and other archeological findings that reflect a thriving community practicing long-distance trade," said Rosenberg.
"Putting together all these findings, the picture reveals an increasingly strong connection between ritual and intense food storage and consumption," he added.
"We believe that the economic prosperity reflected by the astonishing findings from Tel Tsaf was accompanied by notable changes in the way the community of Tel Tsaf organized itself, and by rituals and ceremonies that were practiced in order to ensure that this prosperity will last."
The miniature silo may be the best example yet of the connection between the desire to store large amounts of agricultural crops to gain social and economic advantage, and rituals intended to sustain and ensure economic prosperity, Rosenberg and Klimscha said.
israel archeology


A selection of photographs taken following the failure of 1A34 at Stafford with break problems. The decision was made to evacuate the train and move it empty as 5A34 to Wembley. 5A34 later experienced further troubles north of Rugeley, before finally making it to Wembley depot.


text:
McCoy Tyner obituary
John Fordham
Monday, 09 Mar 2020
# Dizzy Gillespie
# Miles Davis
# Philadelphia
Jazz pianist who played with John Coltrane and influenced every generation since the 1960s
Playing a supporting role to a force of nature is a tough call in any form of music – and in the maelstroms of jazz improvisation tougher still. The pianist McCoy Tyner, who has died aged 81, answered that call in 1960, when he began a partnership with an improvisational genius, the saxophonist John Coltrane.
Aged only 21, Tyner spent the next five years as a key member of a Coltrane quartet that influenced musicmaking across all genres and produced such classic jazz albums as Impressions (1963), Live at Birdland (1963) and A Love Supreme (1964).
He powered an already dynamic band with fiercely slamming, drum-like left-hand chords and harmonic ambiguities that set Coltrane's spontaneous melodic imagination free. He could also deliver his own marathon improvised solos that were as free and unpredictable as those of his boss. Yet for all his intensity, Tyner was the most serene and genial of characters, with a chuckle that seemed to house multiple levels of meaning.
McCoy Tyner rehearsing in Tel Aviv, Israel, in 2000. Photograph: Andre Brutmann/Rex/Shutterstock
Tyner's methods have influenced every generation of jazz pianist since the 1960s, and he stood shoulder to shoulder with such illustrious keyboard modernists as Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, Keith Jarrett and Bill Evans. After Coltrane's death at the age of 40 in 1967, he embarked on a distinctive career of his own as a soloist, bandleader and composer.
Born in Philadelphia, McCoy was the son of Beatrice (nee Stevenson), a beautician, and her husband, Jarvis Tyner, a church singer who worked for a firm that made medications. Aged 13 he began piano lessons, and later attended the Granoff School of Music, whose alumni included Coltrane and Dizzy Gillespie.
He led his own R&B band as a high school student and played locally with a budding star, the trumpeter Lee Morgan. His neighbours in the early 50s also included the pianist siblings Richie and Bud Powell, the latter one of the pioneers of the 40s bebop revolution.
Tyner was playing professionally by 16. Another local, the already successful saxophonist and gifted hard-bop composer Benny Golson, hired him in 1959 for the Jazztet, a new ensemble Golson would co-lead with the trumpeter Art Farmer for the next three years.
But the most significant experience in the young Tyner's apprenticeship was his friendship with Coltrane, who had by that time already come to prominence with a career-launching stint in Miles Davis's quintet during the mid-50s. Coltrane was an obsessive innovator whose saxophone experiments led him to compress intricate, fast-moving scales into seamless tumults of sound. He also expanded the multiphonic technique of blowing notes simultaneously to form eerie chords that were expressed with a soulful, bluesy tonality.
The John Coltrane quartet, with, from left: John Coltrane, Elvin Jones, Jimmy Garrison and McCoy Tyner. Photograph: Jim Marshall
"Coltrane and I grew up in a period when you were supposed to try to be different, not copy someone else," Tyner told me in 1994. "I met him at 17, used to sit on his porch with his mother – she had an old upright piano – and talk and play. He was amazing, absorbed music so quickly."
Once Coltrane had brought Tyner into his new quartet, he remained until the classic lineup with the bassist Jimmy Garrison and the drummer Elvin Jones imploded under the pressure of Coltrane's constant striving for a more transcendental and structureless music. Tyner left in 1965, still unreservedly respectful of his leader's singlemindedness, but by then no longer able to locate the point of his presence in Coltrane's changing vision.
His freelance work across the following years included creative contributions to sessions for the Blue Note label by the saxophonists Joe Henderson and Wayne Shorter, the vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson and the guitarist Grant Green. On his own Blue Note work as a leader he began to explore a sound that was somewhere between the song-based, soul-bop sound of his 50s work, and a looser, post-Coltrane vibe – notably in his 1967 album The Real McCoy, which featured Henderson and Jones.
From 1970 onwards Tyner's devotion to acoustic music came up against the emergence of a different kind of jazz that was driven by rock rhythms, electric instruments and synthesised textures. He eschewed electric music, despite its popularity, and for a time considered taking up taxi-driving.
By 1972, however, he had signed to the more commercially oriented Milestone label and with a band of younger newcomers began to hone an acoustic mix of postbop, chantlike Coltrane-esque hooks and Latin grooves that would bring him a big popular following. Albums from that time included the thunderous live sets Enlightenment (1973) and Atlantis (1974), which are still revered by dance-oriented audiences today.
In the 80s, with a more traditional neo-classical jazz movement emerging, Tyner often toured with all-star acoustic groups and began performing regularly in a bass-and-drums trio. He also formed a superb big band in 1988 that joined traditional jazz-orchestra ideas to the extended, repeating-hook open forms drawn from Coltrane, winning two Grammy awards as a result.
Later he led a percussion-packed Afro-Cuban all-star band in the mid-90s and revealed himself to be a compelling unaccompanied pianist with his Jazz Roots album in 2000.
In my 50-odd years of listening to jazz, Tyner's 2002 concert at the Barbican, London, with Hutcherson, the bassist Charnett Moffett and the drummer Eric Harland, stands out for its incredible mix of headlong momentum, ritualistic insistence and elegant lyricism, along with the characteristically meditative ferocity of Tyner's solos. That year he received one of jazz's highest accolades when he was named a jazz master by the National Endowment for the Arts.
In 2006 Tyner recorded with a one-off quartet featuring the saxophonist Joe Lovano, and in 2008 led an unusual collaboration with four guitarists, including John Scofield and Bill Frisell. However, he increasingly withdrew from live performance in his later years.
He is survived by his wife, Aisha, his son, Nurudeen, three grandchildren, and siblings Jarvis and Gwendolyn-Yvette.
• Alfred McCoy Tyner, musician, born 11 December 1938; died 6 March 2020
John Fordham is the Guardian's main jazz critic. He has written several books on the subject, reported on it for publications including Time Out, Sounds, Wire and Word, and contributed to documentaries for radio and TV. He is a former editor of Time Out, City Limits and Jazz UK, and regularly contributes to BBC Radio 3's Jazz on 3
The GuardianTramp
Michel Legrand obituary
French composer, jazz musician and conductor who wrote the scores for more than 250 films including The Umbrellas of Cherbourg and Yentl
27, Jan, 2019 @4:16 PM
Clora Bryant obituary
American jazz trumpeter and vocalist who performed with Billie Holiday and Dizzy Gillespie
Peter Vacher
Jon Hassell obituary
American trumpeter and composer best known for his Fourth World music and his celebrated collaboration with Brian Eno
Richard Williams
Jimmy Cobb obituary
Jazz drummer who continued to perform for half a century after recording Kind of Blue with Miles Davis
28, May, 2020 @4:16 PM
Pee Wee Ellis obituary
American jazz saxophonist, arranger and bandleader who played with James Brown and Van Morrison
Jimmy Heath obituary
Jazz saxophonist, composer and brilliant arranger nicknamed Little Bird who enjoyed a seven-decade career
Peter Ind obituary
Jazz bassist who worked with the best in 1950s New York and in later years was the proprietor of the Bass Clef club in London
30, Aug, 2021 @4:12 PM
Keith Tippett obituary
Brilliant jazz pianist and composer who could make the outlands of modern music feel like the most hospitable of places
Sandi Russell obituary
Other lives: Jazz singer, writer and educator
Diana Collecott
Betty Davis obituary
Pioneering funk singer whose uncompromising stance resonated with a new generation of musicians
11, Feb, 2022 @5:25 PM


text:
Jump to: Board index » Strat-O-Matic 365 » Announcements from Strat-O-Matic
'81 season injuries adjustment recommended
Moderator: Palmtana
Joined: Mon Dec 03, 2012 10:30 am
Ex. Gorman Thomas played in 103 of the Milwaukee Brewers' 109 (95%) games during the strike-shortened season of 1981. And, although his card has him listed as an "injury 1), he was just injured for 15 games, immediately after returning from a 3 game injury stint. It looks like the SOM computer is looking at the 103 actual games played in relation to a regular 162 game season.
Is there a way to write code into the game to correct that flaw for players who are assigned their '81 season stats? I think it would help the realism of the game.
Re: '81 season injuries adjustment recommended
Update on '81 Gorman Thomas:
I've never seen anything like this...anyone else encountered similar seasons with an Injury 1 player?
Through 66 games, '81 Gorman Thomas has now been injured on 4 separate occasions. Twice immediately after returning.
1. 3-games
2. 15-games
I wouldn't mind if he had had an injury plagued season in real life, but as I state in my previous post, he played in 95% of the Brewers games in 1981 and is listed as an injury 1. When he returns after this latest stint, he will have missed almost half of my team's 75 games played...and counting...
timber1952
60's Season: Rod Carew 1.0 injury rating 40 games into season already been sidelined 23 games.
In case you are keeping track of this debacle, Gorman Thomas returned, played 7 games and was just injured for 6 more games. Will have missed 43 of my team's first 90 games. Again, not a problem if he had only played 103 games in a regular 162 game season. But to punish a durable player because of the strike-shortened season seems like a gross oversight to me. Are all '81 players treated this way? Is there a fix, please?
Samuel459
Appreciated perusing the article above , truly clarifies everything exhaustively, the article is extremely fascinating and powerful. Much thanks to you and best of luck for the impending articles.
OneVanilla
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Spiegazione: Ci sono in totale 4 modelli di visualizzazione. Tuttavia le colorazioni sono sempre le stesse per "thin", "wide" and "clas". Si differenziano solamente per lo spessore delle linee per adattarsi al meglio ai differenti GPS. Il layout mapsource/Qlandkarte GT (d'ora in avanti "trad") invece ha colori differenti, con meno contrasto. Di conseguenza in questa legenda per le polilinee (Strade) ci sono sempre 2 esempi. Uno che utilizza il layout "trad" (in alto), e uno usando il layout "clas" sotto).
Si prega di notare, visto che questa domanda salta fuori spesso, che vengono prese in considerazione molte variabili come il tracktype, smoothness o surface. Se volete conoscere la chiave principale che ne regola la rappresentazione siete pregati di leggere il codice sorgente dei fogli di stile (vedi FAQ).
I suppose I'll mark Austria off my list of places to ride. My concern at this juncture is in vacation planning and in general doing my best to ride only open trails as to not risk foreign fines, violence, and jail. Before flying and driving hours to discover a sign that says "no bikes," taking risks on an unsigned route, or trying to locate a website in a foreign langue to determine if something open, it would be nice to know by looking at a track's color or some indicator that bikes are allowed. I realize the status of trails change from closed to open, or the reverse, so accuracy not be perfect, but something is better than nothing. At this time I rely on MTB Projects and Trail Forks, which aren't perfect as sometimes hiking only and illegal trails slip past moderators, and they don't show "all" the trails nor all intersections. The safe bet is to stick to the more popular and well known routes to know what is open, but I was hoping Openmtb would have some insights on trail legality for places and connectors not shown by these other apps etc. At any rate, thanks, the Iceland map is great.
Many unpaved roads in OSM have only 2 properties: highway=track & surface=unpaved. With the Openmtbmap, the Garmin device renders such road as "G2 Trk". This is incorrect, as G2 implies "quite good road", while in reality this road may be truly horrible (drawn across the swamp using the satellite imagery, and actually passable only on tractor or tank).
I'd suggest putting the G* tags on road only if there are appropriate "tracktype" or "smoothness" tags, not basing only on surface=unpaved (which may mean every kind of surface in reality).
2. highway=track, surface=* -> "Trk" (except asphalt, paving_stones and concrete:plates which shall be "G1 Trk").
See the gravel roads in Iceland (and in ex-USSR of course), they are "compacted", but in the meantime may be difficult to pass even on MTB.
You know, in absolute best possible case that may be G1/G2, but that's quite rare outside the highly developed countries. In most cases that would be G2/G3. But quite often – down to G3/G4 (difficult to ride on MTB, impossible on other bikes). And in all cases that technically will be "compacted" surface.
On windows it's at the top of the download list – on OSx they are hard to find – correct. CTRL-F "legend" – it's listed under the europe countries maps with name legend.
Regarding mapping paths in OSM, when a path is not allowed to bicycles but only to pedestrians, can I use "access=no, foot=yes", or is it better to specify "access=no, bicycles=no, foot=yes"? "bicycles=no" would be redundant, as I would already have "access=no", but what do you think?


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Q: How can I search path of folders where a particular git branch is created? In Git, how could I search for path of directory where particular branch is created..?
Actually there is a git branch on which all the changes were carried out. Now i wanted to know on which directory the branch is created(so that i can track the folder paths), is there any way to grep the git for directory path? currently i have to move to each directory and have to manual test the same using git branch -a.  i refer this question

A: Branches are not created on a directory.  Branches are created at some commit.
Assuming that the branch is call your-branch and that is was created at some point on master, and there are no merges, you could git merge-base master your-branch to find the commit.   This will find the common ancestor.
This was covered in this link.
If your-branch has merges, the command above will not be the creation commit.  If this is the case you can do git reflog show --no-abbrev your-branch | tail -1 | sed 's/ .*//'.  This only works for local branches.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It was dull January Friday when I got an email asking whether I'd like to go to Ireland to shoot a wedding for a London based couple in August. I was excited then and there. Last night I met up with the bride and groom, Dee and Zarius, for their pre-wedding shoot and a chat about their plans. It's safe to say I'm now more excited than ever, and having had a lovely evening by the Thames shooting them, I know they are going to make such a stunning couple! I'm so grateful I will be covering their wedding and I love how friendly, warm and passionate about the photos, they are – I couldn't ask for more as their photographer! Bring on the big day!


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China: Auto sales down for 12th month
(THIS ARTICLE IS COURTESY OF SHANGHAI CHINA'S 'SHINE' NEWS NETWORK)
Auto sales down for 12th month
Hu Yumo
20:51 UTC+8, 2019-07-10
China's auto sales fell 9.6 percent from a year earlier to 2.06 million vehicles in June, the 12th consecutive monthly decline, according to data released by the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers on Wednesday.
The association said sales and production in the country's automobile market in the first six months was below what had been expected at the start of the year.
It also said China's auto sales are expected to decline for the whole year and it urged government policies to promote consumption to be implemented as soon as possible.
Overall auto sales declined 12.4 percent to 12.32 million vehicles in the first half of the year compared with the same period last year, the data showed.
In January, the association forecast that 2019 sales would be flat at around 28 million. China's auto market fell 2.8 percent in 2018 from a year earlier to 28.1 million units.
"Market sentiment has not been improved despite sales promotions for some car models. Consumers took a wait-and-see stance when buying vehicles," the association said.
Industry insiders also attributed the sales decline to reasons including macroeconomic factors and increased housing costs leaving less money to spend on cars.
Industry analysts earlier estimated that sales in June would be relatively good, driven by sales promotions. Some dealers had promotions to clear out models built with China V emission standards as some regions adopted the stricter China VI standards from July. In addition, some dealers offered promotions in June as they wanted to perform well in the half-year assessment.
However, the association's data showed that overall auto sales continued to decline in June.
Cui Dongshu, secretary-general of the China Passenger Car Association, said that "after a difficult situation in the first half of this year, carmakers need to adjust their annual sales target. Some manufacturers made promotions in May and June, which leads to a front loading effect for car sales in the second half."
Cui said that consumers still hesitate when buying vehicles and car dealers are making adjustments in July. From August, the automobile market will see an improvement, Cui added.
Lin Huaibin, manager of China Light Vehicle Sales Forecast with IHS Markit, said, "Monthly sales volume in June seems to be improving while dealer inventory is also declining. Market could trough out from July onward given the lower sales base in the second half of 2018. Trade truce could also provide tailwind although we would still remain cautious as uncertainty may unsettle growth unexpectedly in the short term."
Sales of new-energy vehicles, however, are still booming, with an 80 percent jump in June to 152,000 vehicles. In the first half of the year, sales of green cars rose 49.6 percent from a year earlier to 617,000 vehicles.
Electric vehicles accounted for around 79 percent of new-energy vehicle sales, rising 56.6 percent year on year to 490,000 units. Sales of plug-in hybrids rose 26.4 percent to 126,000 vehicles. Sales of fuel-cell vehicles totaled 1,102 units in the first six months.
Sales of passenger cars accounted for about 82.1 percent of total vehicle sales, with 10.12 million units sold in the first half of this year. Commercial vehicles took up the remaining 17.9 percent, with 2.2 million units sold.
In the first half, sales of sports-utility vehicles fell 13.4 percent from a year earlier to 4.3 million units. Sedan sales declined 12.9 percent to 4.96 million units. Multi-purpose vehicle sales dropped 24 percent to 670,000 vehicles.
Chinese carmaker Geely sold 651,680 vehicles in the first six months, a decline of about 15 percent year on year. The company said it achieved 43 percent of the group's full-year sales volume target of 1.51 million units in 2019. Geely said the amount of net profit for the first half of this year is expected to decrease by about 40 percent compared with the 6.67 billion yuan in the same period last year.
Porsche sold a total of 42,608 vehicles in China, achieving growth of 28 percent in the first six months, according to the data from the company.
BMW sold 350,070 BMW and MINI-branded vehicles in China in the first half of 2019, up 16.8 percent year on year.
Source: SHINE Editor: Wang Yanlin
Posted in Economics, ChinaTagged auto sales, BMW, China, Economics, Geely, Mini, PorscheLeave a comment
UAE Adopts 122 Economic Activity of 100% Foreign Ownership
Wednesday, 3 July, 2019 – 11:45
Dubai Cabinet Meeting chaired by Vice President, Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (WAM)
Dubai- Asharq Al-Awsat
UAE's cabinet approved a decision allowing foreign investors in the sectors and economic activities eligible of ownership up to 100 percent in the UAE.
A statement issued by the government said that the decision aims to support the country's growth environment and reaffirm its position on the global arena as a hub for investment.
The cabinet meeting was chaired by Vice President, Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, and attended by Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior Lt. General Sheikh Saif bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Presidential Affairs Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan.
Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid announced the decision in a tweet on his account, saying: "we approved 100% foreign ownership in 122 economic activities in fields including agriculture, manufacturing, renewable energy, e-commerce, transportation, arts, construction and entertainment."
The Prime Minister declared that local governments will identify relevant ownership percentages in every activity, indicating that the goal is to stimulate, facilitate and activate business, open and expand new economic sectors, attract new investors and talents, and enhance global competitiveness of the national economy.
"We also approved a benefit-transfer scheme among the country's pension funds. We want to facilitate procedures for our citizens to move between federal and local sectors and civil and military sectors, and vice versa. We are united to serve one country and one goal."
As a result, a total of 122 economic activities across 13 sectors were specified to be eligible for up to 100 percent foreign ownership such as renewable energy, space, agriculture, and manufacturing Industry.
The decision provides investors with an opportunity to acquire various shares in a number of economic activities including the production of solar panels, power transformers, green technology, and hybrid power plants, according to WAM.
Areas of foreign ownership also include transport and storage, which allows investors to own projects in the field of e-commerce transport, supply chain, logistics, and cold storage for pharmaceutical products.
Other areas of ownership by foreign investors include hospitality and food services, information and communications, as well as professional, scientific and technical activities, thereby allowing for ownership in laboratories for research and development in biotechnology.
The list also includes administrative services, support services, educational activities, healthcare, art and entertainment, and construction.
In other governmental affairs, the cabinet adopted the restructuring of the Education and Human Resources Council, chaired by Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan.
It also approved the decision to finance the funding of federal universities and colleges based on performance results for the academic year 2018-2019, aiming to increase financial planning efficiency and implementation of the budget.
The cabinet reviewed a number of reports of the Higher Committee to measure compliance with international standards for combating money laundering and combating terrorism financing and corrective actions.
Posted in Economics, UAETagged Asharq Al-Awsat, Dubai, Economics, foreign investment, UAELeave a comment
Brazil's President Bolsonaro: I Do Not Understand Economics
(THIS ARTICLE IS COURTESY OF BRAZIL'S 247 NEWS)
BOLSONARO COMMENTS ON GDP DROP: DID I SAY THAT I DID NOT UNDERSTAND ECONOMICS?
Bad news for Brazilian businessmen and workers: Jair Bolsonaro does not take responsibility for the poor performance of the Brazilian economy, which fell by 0.2% in the first quarter and today has 12.5 million unemployed. "I've already said that I did not understand economics," he said. "If you understand, you've sank Brazil, I trust 100% in the economy of Paulo Guedes … We want to improve our rates here, now it's about external issues," Bolsonaro said. a lunch at a friend's house in Brasilia
Sputinik – President Jair Bolsonaro commented on recent news that the Brazilian GDP suffered a 0.2% fall in the first quarter of the year, reiterating its confidence in the minister Paulo Guedes.
When asked by journalists about projections for the Brazilian economy, Bolsonaro related the Brazilian economic projections with external factors and reiterated the need to approve Social Security reform.
"I've already said that I did not understand economics," he said. "If you understand, you've sank Brazil, I trust 100% in the economy of Paulo Guedes … We want to improve our rates here, now it's about external issues," Bolsonaro said. a lunch at a friend's house in Brasilia.
According to him, "there is no possibility of a new tax or increase any tax, it does not exist."
In addition, he stressed that the government is working to guarantee the promise to pay the 13th installment of Bolsa Família by combating fraud in the benefit.
An IBGE study released on May 29 showed that the Brazilian GDP fell 0.2% in the first quarter of 2019 compared to the last quarter of last year.
This is the first decline in GDP since the fourth quarter of 2016. In the last quarter of 2018 GDP growth was up 0.1% compared to the third quarter of 2018.
Posted in Brazil, Economics, TaxTagged Brazil, Brazil economics, Economics, new taxes, President BolsonaroLeave a comment
UN report finds creative China is booming, supporting Asian trade
Posted on May 30, 2019 by oldpoet56
(THIS ARTICLE IS COURTESY OF SHANGHAI CHINA'S SHINE NETWORK)
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development said Wednesday that one of its recent reports on the creative economy shows that China's trade in creative goods and services is outstripping those of other countries and regions.
This makes it the "driving force behind a prosperous creative economy over the past 15 years", said UNCTAD in a statement here.
The report tracks the country's performance in the trade of creative goods and services between 2002 and 2015 and finds that China is the biggest single exporter and importer.
UNCTAD said that China's trade in creative goods between 2002 and 2015 grew exponentially, at an annual rate of 14 percent.
In 2002, China's trade in creative goods amounted to US$32 billion. By 2014, this figure had increased more than fivefold, climbing to US$191.4 billion.
There was a drop off in 2015 when China recorded a US$168.5-billion trade in creative goods, but comparatively the country has maintained the lion's share of the trade in creative goods.
"China's contribution to the global creative economy is both important and has driven more than a decade's worth of growth in creative industries and services," said UNCTAD creative economy head, Marisa Henderson.
Currently, China is the world's biggest art market, and the film market is set to expand.
The country's creative economy growth is fueled by internet accessibility, a big consumer marketplace, and a growing digital economy, both closely integrated with the creative economy.
The data also shows that Asia outpaced all other regions, with China and South East Asia, combined accounting for US$228 billion of creative exports, almost double that of Europe.
Besides China, India, Turkey, Thailand, Malaysia, Mexico, and the Philippines were also among the top performing developing economies stimulating global trade in creative goods.
"Generally, South-South trade is on the rise and looks set to be an area of vibrant future growth especially for the creative economy, where the Asian nations are currently very strong performers," said Henderson.
Among developed economies, the United States, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Poland, Belgium, and Japan were the top 10 creative goods exporters.
Source: Xinhua Editor: Wang Qingchu
Posted in Asia, China, EconomicsTagged Asia, China, EconomicsLeave a comment
China hits back by raising tariffs on US products
(THIS ARTICLE IS COURTESY OF THE SHANGHAI CHINA'S SHINE NEWS)
China yesterday announced that it will raise the rate of additional tariffs imposed on some of the imported US products from June 1.
China had earlier imposed additional tariffs on US$60 billion worth of US imports, the rates of additional tariffs on some of the products will now be increased to 25 percent, 20 percent and 10 percent, according to a statement by the Customs Tariff Commission of the State Council.
A total of 5,140 US products will be subject to additional tariffs of 5 percent, 10 percent, 20 percent and 25 percent starting on June 1, the finance ministry said in a statement yesterday.
The decision follows the US move to increase tariffs on US$200 billion worth of Chinese goods from 10 percent to 25 percent as of May 10.
The measure taken by the United States escalated trade frictions and violated the consensuses reached by both sides to tackle trade disputes through consultations, the statement said.
The US move damaged the interests of the two sides and did not meet universal expectation of the international community, it said.
To defend multilateral trade mechanisms and safeguard its own rights and interests, China had to adjust its additional tariffs on some of the goods imported from the United States in response to the US act of unilateralism and trade protectionism, the statement noted.
China hopes that the United States would return to the right track of bilateral economic and trade consultations, make joint efforts with China to meet each other halfway and strive to reach a mutually beneficial and win-win agreement on the basis of mutual respect.
Source: Xinhua Editor: Han Jing
Posted in China, EconomicsTagged China, Economics, tariffs, trade, trade warLeave a comment
Are We On The Road To Civilization Collapse?
(THIS ARTICLE IS COURTESY OF THE BBC)
Studying the demise of historic civilisations can tell us how much risk we face today, says collapse expert Luke Kemp. Worryingly, the signs are worsening.
By Luke Kemp
Great civilisations are not murdered. Instead, they take their own lives.
DEEP CIVILISATION
This article is part of a new BBC Future series about the long view of humanity, which aims to stand back from the daily news cycle and widen the lens of our current place in time. Modern society is suffering from "temporal exhaustion", the sociologist Elise Boulding once said. "If one is mentally out of breath all the time from dealing with the present, there is no energy left for imagining the future," she wrote.
That's why the Deep Civilisation season will explore what really matters in the broader arc of human history and what it means for us and our descendants.
So concluded the historian Arnold Toynbee in his 12-volume magnum opus A Study of History. It was an exploration of the rise and fall of 28 different civilisations.
He was right in some respects: civilisations are often responsible for their own decline. However, their self-destruction is usually assisted.
The Roman Empire, for example, was the victim of many ills including overexpansion, climatic change, environmental degradation and poor leadership. But it was also brought to its knees when Rome was sacked by the Visigoths in 410 and the Vandals in 455.
Collapse is often quick and greatness provides no immunity. The Roman Empire covered 4.4 million sq km (1.9 million sq miles) in 390. Five years later, it had plummeted to 2 million sq km (770,000 sq miles). By 476, the empire's reach was zero.
Our deep past is marked by recurring failure. As part of my research at the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk at the University of Cambridge, I am attempting to find out why collapse occurs through a historical autopsy. What can the rise and fall of historic civilisations tell us about our own? What are the forces that precipitate or delay a collapse? And do we see similar patterns today?
How Western civilisation could collapse
The perils of short-termism: Civilisation's greatest threat
What are the biggest threats to humanity?
The first way to look at past civilisations is to compare their longevity. This can be difficult, because there is no strict definition of civilisation, nor an overarching database of their births and deaths.
In the graphic below, I have compared the lifespan of various civilisations, which I define as a society with agriculture, multiple cities, military dominance in its geographical region and a continuous political structure. Given this definition, all empires are civilisations, but not all civilisations are empires. The data is drawn from two studies on the growth and decline of empires (for 3000-600BC and 600BC-600), and an informal, crowd-sourced survey of ancient civilisations (which I have amended).
Click/pinch to enlarge. Here's the full list of the civilisations displayed above. (Credit: Nigel Hawtin)
Collapse can be defined as a rapid and enduring loss of population, identity and socio-economic complexity. Public services crumble and disorder ensues as government loses control of its monopoly on violence.
Virtually all past civilisations have faced this fate. Some recovered or transformed, such as the Chinese and Egyptian. Other collapses were permanent, as was the case of Easter Island. Sometimes the cities at the epicentre of collapse are revived, as was the case with Rome. In other cases, such as the Mayan ruins, they are left abandoned as a mausoleum for future tourists.
What can this tell us about the future of global modern civilisation? Are the lessons of agrarian empires applicable to our post-18th Century period of industrial capitalism?
Collapse may be a normal phenomenon for civilisations, regardless of their size and technological stage
I would argue that they are. Societies of the past and present are just complex systems composed of people and technology. The theory of "normal accidents" suggests that complex technological systems regularly give way to failure. So collapse may be a normal phenomenon for civilisations, regardless of their size and stage.
We may be more technologically advanced now. But this gives little ground to believe that we are immune to the threats that undid our ancestors. Our newfound technological abilities even bring new, unprecedented challenges to the mix.
And while our scale may now be global, collapse appears to happen to both sprawling empires and fledgling kingdoms alike. There is no reason to believe that greater size is armour against societal dissolution. Our tightly-coupled, globalised economic system is, if anything, more likely to make crisis spread.
Climatic pressures are worsening (Credit: Getty Images)
If the fate of previous civilisations can be a roadmap to our future, what does it say? One method is to examine the trends that preceded historic collapses and see how they are unfolding today.
While there is no single accepted theory for why collapses happen, historians, anthropologists and others have proposed various explanations, including:
CLIMATIC CHANGE: When climatic stability changes, the results can be disastrous, resulting in crop failure, starvation and desertification. The collapse of the Anasazi, the Tiwanaku civilisation, the Akkadians, the Mayan, the Roman Empire, and many others have all coincided with abrupt climatic changes, usually droughts.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION: Collapse can occur when societies overshoot the carrying capacity of their environment. This ecological collapse theory, which has been the subject of bestselling books, points to excessive deforestation, water pollution, soil degradation and the loss of biodiversity as precipitating causes.
INEQUALITY AND OLIGARCHY: Wealth and political inequality can be central drivers of social disintegration, as can oligarchy and centralisation of power among leaders. This not only causes social distress, but handicaps a society's ability to respond to ecological, social and economic problems.
The field of cliodynamics models how factors such as equality and demography correlate with political violence. Statistical analysis of previous societies suggests that this happens in cycles. As population increases, the supply of labour outstrips demand, workers become cheap and society becomes top-heavy. This inequality undermines collective solidarity and political turbulence follows.
COMPLEXITY: Collapse expert and historian Joseph Tainter has proposed that societies eventually collapse under the weight of their own accumulated complexity and bureaucracy. Societies are problem-solving collectives that grow in complexity in order to overcome new issues. However, the returns from complexity eventually reach a point of diminishing returns. After this point, collapse will eventually ensue.
Another measure of increasing complexity is called Energy Return on Investment (EROI). This refers to the ratio between the amount of energy produced by a resource relative to the energy needed to obtain it. Like complexity, EROI appears to have a point of diminishing returns. In his book The Upside of Down, the political scientist Thomas Homer-Dixon observed that environmental degradation throughout the Roman Empire led to falling EROI from their staple energy source: crops of wheat and alfalfa. The empire fell alongside their EROI. Tainter also blames it as a chief culprit of collapse, including for the Mayan.
EXTERNAL SHOCKS: In other words, the "four horsemen": war, natural disasters, famine and plagues. The Aztec Empire, for example, was brought to an end by Spanish invaders. Most early agrarian states were fleeting due to deadly epidemics. The concentration of humans and cattle in walled settlements with poor hygiene made disease outbreaks unavoidable and catastrophic. Sometimes disasters combined, as was the case with the Spanish introducing salmonella to the Americas.
RANDOMNESS/BAD LUCK: Statistical analysis on empiressuggests that collapse is random and independent of age. Evolutionary biologist and data scientist Indre Zliobaite and her colleagues have observed a similar pattern in the evolutionary record of species. A common explanation of this apparent randomness is the "Red Queen Effect": if species are constantly fighting for survival in a changing environment with numerous competitors, extinction is a consistent possibility.
Despite the abundance of books and articles, we don't have a conclusive explanation as to why civilisations collapse. What we do know is this: the factors highlighted above can all contribute. Collapse is a tipping point phenomena, when compounding stressors overrun societal coping capacity.
We can examine these indicators of danger to see if our chance of collapse is falling or rising. Here are four of those possible metrics, measured over the past few decades:
Click/pinch to enlarge (Credit: Nigel Hawtin)
Temperature is a clear metric for climate change, GDP is a proxy for complexity and the ecological footprint is an indicator for environmental degradation. Each of these has been trending steeply upwards.
Inequality is more difficult to calculate. The typical measurement of the Gini Index suggests that inequality has decreased slightly globally (although it is increasing within countries). However, the Gini Index can be misleading as it only measures relative changes in income. In other words, if two individuals earning $1 and $100,000 both doubled their income, the Gini would show no change. But the gap between the two would have jumped from $99,999 to $198,000.
Because of this, I have also depicted the income share of the global top 1%. The 1% have increased in their share of global income from approximately 16% in 1980 to over 20% today. Importantly, wealth inequality is even worse. The share of global wealth from the 1% has swelled from 25-30% in the 1980s to approximately 40% in 2016. The reality is likely to be starker as these numbers do not capture wealth and income siphoned into overseas tax havens.
The rich are getting richer, which in past civilisations has created additional stress on societies (Credit: Getty Images)
Studies suggest that the EROI for fossil fuels has been steadily decreasing over time as the easiest to reach and richest reserves are depleted. Unfortunately, most renewable replacements, such as solar, have a markedly lower EROI, largely due to their energy density and the rare earth metals and manufacturing required to produce them.
This has led much of the literature to discuss the possibility of an "energy cliff" as EROI declines to a point where current societal levels of affluence can no longer be maintained. The energy cliff need not be terminal if renewable technologies continue to improve and energy efficiency measures are speedily implemented.
Measures of resilience
The somewhat reassuring news is that collapse metrics are not the entire picture. Societal resilience may be able to delay or prevent collapse.
For example, globally "economic diversity" – a measurement of the diversity and sophistication of country exports – is greater today than it was in the 1960s and 1970s, as measured by the Economic Complexity Index (ECI). Nations are, on average, less reliant on single types of exports than they once were. For example, a nation that had diversified beyond only exporting agricultural products would be more likely to weather ecological degradation or the loss of trading partners. The ECI also measures the knowledge-intensity of exports. More skilled populations may have a greater capacity to respond to crises as they arise.
There are some reasons to be optimistic, thanks to our ability to innovate and diversify away from disaster. Yet the world is worsening in areas that have contributed to the collapse of previous societies
Similarly, innovation – as measured by per capita patent applications– is also rising. In theory, a civilisation might be less vulnerable to collapse if new technologies can mitigate against pressures such as climate change.
It's also possible that "collapse" can happen without violent catastrophe. As Rachel Nuwer wrote on BBC Future in 2017, "in some cases, civilisations simply fade out of existence – becoming the stuff of history not with a bang but a whimper".
Our technological capabilities may have the potential to delay collapse (Credit: Getty Images)
Still, when we look at all these collapse and resilience indicators as a whole, the message is clear that we should not be complacent. There are some reasons to be optimistic, thanks to our ability to innovate and diversify away from disaster. Yet the world is worsening in areas that have contributed to the collapse of previous societies. The climate is changing, the gap between the rich and poor is widening, the world is becoming increasingly complex, and our demands on the environment are outstripping planetary carrying capacity.
The rungless ladder
That's not all. Worryingly, the world is now deeply interconnected and interdependent. In the past, collapse was confined to regions – it was a temporary setback, and people often could easily return to agrarian or hunter-gatherer lifestyles. For many, it was even a welcome reprieve from the oppression of early states. Moreover, the weapons available during social disorder were rudimentary: swords, arrows and occasionally guns.
Today, societal collapse is a more treacherous prospect. The weapons available to a state, and sometimes even groups, during a breakdown now range from biological agents to nuclear weapons. New instruments of violence, such as lethal autonomous weapons, may be available in the near future. People are increasingly specialised and disconnected from the production of food and basic goods. And a changing climate may irreparably damage our ability to return to simple farming practices.
Think of civilisation as a poorly-built ladder. As you climb, each step that you used falls away. A fall from a height of just a few rungs is fine. Yet the higher you climb, the larger the fall. Eventually, once you reach a sufficient height, any drop from the ladder is fatal.
With the proliferation of nuclear weapons, we may have already reached this point of civilisational "terminal velocity". Any collapse – any fall from the ladder – risks being permanent. Nuclear war in itself could result in an existential risk: either the extinction of our species, or a permanent catapult back to the Stone Age.
A woman walks in the ruins of a town in Syria following conflict between fighters (Credit: Getty Images)
While we are becoming more economically powerful and resilient, our technological capabilities also present unprecedented threats that no civilisation has had to contend with. For example, the climatic changes we face are of a different nature to what undid the Maya or Anazasi. They are global, human-driven, quicker, and more severe.
Assistance in our self-imposed ruin will not come from hostile neighbors, but from our own technological powers. Collapse, in our case, would be a progress trap.
The collapse of our civilisation is not inevitable. History suggests it is likely, but we have the unique advantage of being able to learn from the wreckages of societies past.
We know what needs to be done: emissions can be reduced, inequalities levelled, environmental degradation reversed, innovation unleashed and economies diversified. The policy proposals are there. Only the political will is lacking. We can also invest in recovery. There are already well-developed ideas for improving the ability of food and knowledge systems to be recuperated after catastrophe. Avoiding the creation of dangerous and widely-accessible technologies is also critical. Such steps will lessen the chance of a future collapse becoming irreversible.
We will only march into collapse if we advance blindly. We are only doomed if we are unwilling to listen to the past.
Luke Kemp is a researcher based at the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk at the University of Cambridge. He tweets @lukakemp.
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Posted in culture, democracy, Economics, govermnentTagged BBC, Civilization, collapse of civilization, culture, Economics, end of times3 Comments
U.S. Government Report: Climate Change Will Shrink US Economy And Kill Thousands
(THIS ARTICLE IS COURTESY OF CNN)
Climate change will shrink US economy and kill thousands, government report warns
By Jen Christensen and Michael Nedelman, CNN
Updated 3:53 PM ET, Fri November 23, 2018
(CNN) A new US government report delivers a dire warning about climate change and its devastating impacts, saying the economy could lose hundreds of billions of dollars — or, in the worst-case scenario, more than 10% of its GDP — by the end of the century.
The federally mandated study was supposed to come out in December but was released by the Trump administration on Friday, at a time when many Americans are on a long holiday weekend, distracted by family and shopping.
David Easterling, director of the Technical Support Unit at the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, emphasized that there was "no external interference in the report's development." He added that the climate change the Earth is experiencing is unlike any other.
"The global average temperature is much higher and is rising more rapidly than anything modern civilization has experienced, and this warming trend can only be explained by human activities," Easterling said.
Coming from the US Global Change Research Program, a team of 13 federal agencies, the Fourth National Climate Assessment was put together with the help of 1,000 people, including 300 leading scientists, roughly half from outside the government.
It's the second of two volumes. The first, released in November 2017, concluded that there is "no convincing alternative explanation" for the changing climate other than "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases."
Dimming the sun: The answer to global warming?
The report's findings run counter to President Donald Trump's consistent message that climate change is a hoax.
On Wednesday, Trump tweeted, "Whatever happened to Global Warming?" as some Americans faced the coldest Thanksgiving in over a century.
But the science explained in these and other federal government reports is clear: Climate change is not disproved by the extreme weather of one day or a week; it's demonstrated by long-term trends. Humans are living with the warmest temperatures in modern history. Even if the best-case scenario were to happen and greenhouse gas emissions were to drop to nothing, the world is on track to warm 1.1 degrees Fahrenheit.
As of now, not a single G20 country is meeting climate targets, research shows.
Without significant reductions in greenhouse emissions, the annual average global temperature could increase 9 degrees Fahrenheit (5 Celsius) or more by the end of this century, compared with preindustrial temperatures, the report says.
The expense
The costs of climate change could reach hundreds of billions of dollars annually, according to the report. The Southeast alone will probably lose over a half a billion labor hours by 2100 due to extreme heat.
Farmers will face extremely tough times. The quality and quantity of their crops will decline across the country due to higher temperatures, drought and flooding. In parts of the Midwest, farms will be able to produce less than 75% of the corn they produce today, and the southern part of the region could lose more than 25% of its soybean yield.
Heat stress could cause average dairy production to fall between 0.60% and 1.35% over the next 12 years — having already cost the industry $1.2 billion from heat stress in 2010.
The health hazards from wildfires can linger
When it comes to shellfish there will be a $230 million loss by the end of the century due to ocean acidification, which is already killing off shellfish and corals. Red tides, or algae bloom that deplete oxygen in the water and can kill sea life — like those that triggered a state of emergency in Florida in August — will become more frequent.
Impacts on our health
Higher temperatures will also kill more people, the report says. The Midwest alone, which is predicted to have the largest increase in extreme temperature, will see an additional 2,000 premature deaths per year by 2090.
There will be more mosquito- and tick borne diseases like Zika, dengue and chikungunya. West Nile cases are expected to more than double by 2050 due to increasing temperatures.
3 things businesses can do to win the climate change fight
Expect asthma and allergies to be worse due to climate change.
No one's health is immune from climate change, the report concludes. People will be exposed to more foodborne and waterborne diseases. Particularly vulnerable to higher temperatures in the summer, children, the elderly, the poor and communities of color will be at a much greater risk for illness and death.
Heat and flooding
Wildfire seasons — already longer and more destructive than before — could burn up to six times more forest area annually by 2050 in parts of the United States. Burned areas in Southwestern California alone could double by 2050.
Dependable and safe water for the Hawaii, the Caribbean and others are threatened by these rising temperatures.
How climate change will affect your health
Along the US coasts, public infrastructure and $1 trillion in national wealth held in real estate are threatened by rising sea levels, flooding and storm surges.
Energy systems will be taxed, meaning more blackouts and power failures, and the potential loss in some sectors could reach hundreds of billions of dollars per year by the end of the century, the report said.
The number of days over 100 degrees Fahrenheit will multiply; Chicago, where these days are rare, could start to resemble Phoenix or Las Vegas, with up to two months worth of these scorching-hot days.
Sea levels have already gone up 7 to 8 inches since 1900. Almost half that rise has been since 1993, a rate of rise greater than during any century in the past 2,800 years. Some countries are already seeing land underwater.
By midcentury, it's likely that the Arctic will lose all sea ice in late summer, and that could lead to more permafrost thaw, according to the report. As the permafrost thaws, more carbon dioxide and methane would be released, amplifying human-induced warming, "possibly significantly."
The report was created to inform policy-makers and makes no specific recommendations on how to remedy the problem. However, it suggests that if the United States immediately reduced its fossil fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions, it could save thousands of lives and generate billions of dollars in benefits for the country.
As global temperatures rise, so will mental health issues, study says
The Defense Department is trying to understand what risk climate change poses to security. But the Trump administration has signaled that the country will pull out of international initiatives like the Paris climate accord, aimed at lowering global temperatures, claiming that these treaties have been unfair for the US economy.
A report from the UN in October urged all governments to take "rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society" to avoid disaster from climate change. That report predicted that the Earth will reach the crucial threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels by as early as 2030. It also suggested the world faces a risk of extreme drought, wildfires, floods and food shortages for hundreds of millions of people.
Reactions to the new report have been strong across the scientific community.
"If we're going to run this country like a business, it's time to address climate as the threat multiplier we know it is before more lives are lost," said Robert Bullard, an environmental scientist at Texas Southern University.
"In Houston, communities of color have endured back to back major weather events without the acknowledgment from Washington that climate change is the cause. We've known for years that it's true and it's important to our organizing and our local policy efforts that information like this is not only considered, but believed and acted upon."
Scientists who have been raising the alarm about the negative consequences of climate change for years welcomed the findings.
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"The findings in the Trump administration's NCA report show how the health and daily lives of Americans are becoming more and more interrupted because of climate change," said Beverly Wright, founding director of the Deep South Center for Environmental Justice and a professor at Dillard University. "We challenge the administration to finally begin using this information to rebuild and strengthen the communities in the direct path of the atrocities wrought by the fossil fuel industry and decades of poor policies that have neglected our concerns. The science is undeniable, let's fix it."
CNN's Brandon Miller, Gregory Wallace, Kevin Flower and Rene Marsh contributed to this report.
Posted in Economics, govermnent, science, weatherTagged climate change, CNN, Economics, US Government reports, US Weather, West NileLeave a comment
Jordanians Dash Over for Cheap Shopping at Syria Border
(THIS ARTICLE IS COURTESY OF SAUDI NEWS AGENCY ASHARQ AL-AWSAT)
Monday, 12 November, 2018 – 09:30
Vehicles are being checked by custom officers at the recently reopened Nassib border post in the Daraa province, at the Syrian-Jordanian border south of Damascus on November 7, 2018. LOUAI BESHARA / AFP
Nassib (Syria) – Asharq Al-Awsat
Near the recently reopened border with Jordan, former Syrian opposition fighter Bahaa al-Masri sells date-filled pastries and sesame biscuits to Jordanians flocking across the frontier to snap up bargains.
Syrian regime forces retook control of the Nassib border crossing from the opposition in July, and last month reopened it after a three-year closure.
Just several hundred meters from the frontier, 26-year-old Masri counts the boxes of biscuits he still has left in a green plastic crate strapped to the back of his motorbike.
"For two weeks I have been bringing sweets from Damascus and selling them to Jordanians who come to buy them here because they're cheaper," says the ex-combatant, wearing a black jacket and woollen hat.
"I sell 27 to 30 boxes a day."
Masri hawks the pastries every day in a rest area on the edge of Syria's southern province of Daraa for three Jordanian dinars each (around $4, 3.5 euros).
"Thank God, when the border opened there was work again here, after I spent around six years without a job," Masri tells AFP.
Also looking to cash in are Jordanian drivers, jokingly dubbed "sailors", who ferry goods from Syria across the frontier for a small commission.
A whole economy has sprung up again since the border begun working.
At the crossing itself cars sit side by side in several long queues waiting to cross over into Syria.
Large trucks, some refrigerated, also wait their turn.
Before the war, "we used to come over to Syria every day — sometimes just to have breakfast", says Mohammed Sayes, a 25-year-old from Jordan's adjacent border town of Ramtha.
It was his second such trip since the border reopened "to see the sights, go out and eat" cheap, he says.
"Yes, Syria lived through a war, but we suffered a siege," says the specialist in tourism management.
"When the border reopened, it was like paradise opened up again."
Further up, dozens of people stand in line outside a row of small pre-fabricated buildings to have their Jordanian passports stamped by Syrian officials.
Jordanian driver Muflah al-Hurani, 53, is crossing the border to drive a family back home from the Syrian capital Damascus just over 100 kilometers to the north.
He has been going in and out of Syria on an almost daily basis since Nassib reopened, to transport passengers or shop for relatives.
"I bring back fruit and vegetables including potatoes, onions, garlic, as well as children's clothes made of cotton," he says.
"And I fill up my car will fuel… It's less than half the price (in Syria) despite the war."
Not far off, the former arrivals hall is being repaired after it was damaged in the war.
Damascus hopes the reopening of Nassib will boost its war-ravaged economy.
Before the conflict, the crossing was a key passage for trade, linking Syria — but also Lebanon and Turkey — with Jordan and the Gulf beyond.
Syrian officials have registered more than 33,000 arrivals since October 15, against 29,000 departures.
Among those waiting to head across the border are also Syrians returning home, car roofs piled high with suitcases and blankets.
Last week, a Jordanian official said 6,000 Syrians had gone back to their country, among them 517 registered refugees.
The head of the Nassib crossing Colonel Mazen Ghandour says the number of people heading into Syria is increasing daily, and that most of those coming are Jordanians.
"Most Jordanians come to shop and then go home," Ghandour says. "Others go to see Damascus."
A few meters away, a Syrian woman living in Jordan smiles as she waits to cross over with her family for a two-week visit.
"Damascus is a blessing… That's why everybody wants to visit after being cut off for so long," she says.
Posted in Economics, Jordan, SyriaTagged AFP, Daraa, Economics, Jordan, Nassib, SyriaLeave a comment
Singapore, China conclude talks to upgrade free trade agreement
Posted on November 5, 2018 by oldpoet56
(THIS ARTICLE IS COURTESY OF CNA NEWS)
Trade and Industry Minister Chan Chun Sing (left) with Chinese Vice Minister of Commerce and China International Trade Representative Fu Ziying. (Photo: MTI)
By Linette Lim
05 Nov 2018 07:52 PM (Updated: 05 Nov 2018 08:00 PM )
SHANGHAI: Singapore and China have concluded talks to upgrade the China-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (CSFTA), Singapore's Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) said in a statement on Monday (Nov 5).
This was announced following a meeting between Singapore's Trade and Industry Minister Chan Chun Sing and Fu Ziying, who is China's Vice Minister of Commerce and the China International Trade Representative, on Monday. The meeting took place on the sidelines of the China International Import Expo.
Under the current CSFTA, there are no tariffs on 95 per cent of Singapore's exports to China, while there are no tariffs on all Chinese exports to Singapore.
The upgraded CSFTA is expected to provide Singapore businesses with greater trade facilitation and investment protection in China.
It is also expected to provide Singapore businesses with improved market access and will cover cooperation in new areas, including legal and financial services, e-commerce and the environment.
Mr Chan said this development marks "an important step forward" for bilateral economic relations between Singapore and China.
"The upgrade signals our joint commitment towards greater economic collaboration and trade liberalisation. Singapore businesses can expect to enjoy greater access to the vast Chinese market and greater certainty in their investments when the upgraded CSFTA takes effect," he said.
image: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==
Minister for Trade and Industry Chan Chun Sing (right) and Chinese Vice Minister of Commerce and China International Trade Representative Fu Ziying meeting at the inaugural China International Import Exposition in Shanghai. (Photo: MTI)
The CSFTA was the Chinese government's first such agreement with an Asian country.
Talks to upgrade the FTA, which entered into force in January 2009, have been three years in the making. They began after Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Singapore in November 2015.
In September, Singapore Deputy Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean had said that the signing of the upgraded pact is expected when Chinese Premier Li Keqiang visits Singapore for the ASEAN Summit next week.
READ: China-Singapore trade agreement upgrade to be concluded by year-end
Singapore and China enjoy close economic ties, with total bilateral trade between the two countries reaching S$137.1 billion in 2017.
China was Singapore's largest trading partner, while Singapore was China's largest foreign investor for the fifth consecutive year since 2013.
More than a third of outward investments related to China's Belt and Road Initiative flows through Singapore.
Source: CNA/nh(ra)
CSFTA
Posted in Asia, China, Economics, SingaporeTagged China, CNA, CSFTA, Economics, Free Trade Agreement, Shanghai, tradeLeave a comment
The Chinese century is well under way
(THIS ARTICLE IS COURTESY OF THE ECONOMIST)
Many trends that appear global are in fact mostly Chinese
Print edition | Graphic detail
https://infographics.economist.com/2018/backpage-china-world-centre-gdp-globe/index.html
When scholars of international relations predict that the 2000s will be a "Chinese century", they are not being premature. Although America remains the lone superpower, China has already replaced it as the driver of global change.
There is one economic metric on which China already ranks first. Measured at market exchange rates, China's gdp is still 40% smaller than America's. However, on a purchasing-power-parity (ppp) basis, which adjusts currencies so that a basket of goods and services is worth the same amount in different countries, the Chinese economy became the world's largest in 2013. Although China is often grouped with other "emerging markets", its performance is unique: its gdp per person at ppphas risen tenfold since 1990. In general, poorer economies grow faster than rich ones, because it is easier to "catch up" when starting from a low base. Yet in other countries that were as poor as China was in 1990, purchasing power has merely doubled.
https://infographics.economist.com/2018/backpage-china-world-centre-gdp-scatter/index.html
China's record has exerted a "gravitational pull" on the world's economic output. The Economist has calculated a geographic centre of the global economy by taking an average of each country's latitude and longitude, weighted by their gdp. At the height of America's dominance, this point sat in the north Atlantic. But China has tugged it so far east that the global centre of economic gravity is now in Siberia.
Because China is so populous and is developing so quickly, it is responsible for a remarkable share of global change. Since the start of the financial crisis in 2008, for example, China has accounted for 45% of the gain in world gdp. In 1990 some 750m Chinese people lived in extreme poverty; today fewer than 10m do. That represents two-thirds of the world's decline in poverty during that time. China is also responsible for half of the total increase in patent applications over the same period.
https://infographics.economist.com/2018/backpage-china-world-centre-gdp-panel/index.html
For all its talk of a "peaceful rise", China has steadily beefed up its military investment—even as the rest of the world cut back after the end of the cold war. As a result, the People's Liberation Army accounts for over 60% of the total increase in global defence spending since 1990. And all of this growth has come at a considerable cost to the environment: China is also the source of 55% of the increase in the world's carbon emissions since 1990.
Sources: Economist Intelligence Unit; Global Carbon Project; Maddison Project Database; SIPRI; World Bank; World Intellectual Property Organisation; The Economist
This article appeared in the Graphic detail section of the print edition under the headline "Well under way"
Posted in Asia, banking, China, culture, currency, Economics, EU, EuropeTagged Asia, China, Economics, Europe, Japan, the Chinese Century, The Economist, USLeave a comment


text:
El Bronx (en inglés, The Bronx) es un condado estadounidense del estado de Nueva York y uno de los cinco distritos metropolitanos (borough) de la ciudad de Nueva York. Condado y distrito tienen los mismos límites geográficos. El Bronx está separado de la isla de Manhattan por el río Harlem. Es el distrito situado más al norte. En 2014, su población era de 1 438 159 habitantes.

Historia

La primera colonia de europeos en el lugar se estableció cuando la Compañía Neerlandesa de las Indias Occidentales compró la zona en 1639. Ese mismo año, el inmigrante sueco Jonas Bronck, en cuyo honor se bautizó la colonia, construyó la primera granja.

Hasta la década de 1890, no fue más que una zona de granjas y pequeñas colonias, pero la llegada de los tranvías y el metro elevado aceleró el ya rápido crecimiento de la zona, que pasó a ser un condado de la ciudad.

Originariamente, era una zona con numerosos edificios de apartamentos. Desarrolla una mínima actividad industrial, comparada con la que se realiza en el conjunto de la ciudad, principalmente en la sección meridional, donde existen establecimientos de sectores como el alimentario y el de la confección de ropa, entre otros. Los almacenes, instalaciones navieras y comerciales se encuentran en la orilla nororiental.

Algunas zonas del Bronx, sobre todo las del sureste, han alcanzado un alto nivel de deterioro. Todo lo contrario de lo que sucede en Riverdale, situado junto al río Hudson, que presenta un paisaje de viviendas unifamiliares con jardines. Las líneas de metro y las carreteras elevadas hacen posible la comunicación rápida con cualquier parte de Nueva York. A Manhattan se puede llegar por carretera a través de los diez puentes que cruzan el río Harlem.

Atracciones
Las atracciones del Bronx incluyen el Yankee Stadium, hogar de los New York Yankees, el Zoológico del Bronx y el Jardín Botánico de Nueva York. Incluye también dos de los parques más grandes de Nueva York, el Pelham Bay y el Van Cortlandt Park, y el 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, edificio nombrado como el lugar de nacimiento del hip hop.

También se han hecho famosas las Joker Stairs, en el barrio de Highbridge. En el Bronx se filmó algunas partes de la película Joker.
En su cementerio se encuentran las tumbas de Duke Ellington, Miles Davis o Herman Melville, entre otros personajes históricos.

Gobierno
El territorio que actualmente forma el condado del Bronx pertenecía al Condado de Westchester.

En 1874, la parte occidental de lo que es el actual condado del Bronx fue transferido al condado de Nueva York y en 1895 se transfirió el resto oriental. En 1914, aquellas partes transferidas se separaron del condado de Nueva York y formaron el actual condado del Bronx.

Al igual que los demás condados de la ciudad de Nueva York, en el Bronx no hay gobierno condal, pero sí existen las cortes de condado y otras autoridades como el fiscal. Cada distrito metropolitano en Nueva York elige un presidente pero en los hechos este cargo no tiene mucho poder.

La oficina del Presidente del borough (Borough President) fue creada con la consolidación de los cinco condados, para equilibrar la balanza de estos, respecto del gobierno municipal central. Cada presidente del borough tenía un rol importante, que se derivaba del hecho de tener un voto en la Junta de Estimación, el cuerpo responsable de crear y aprobar los presupuestos municipales y realizar las propuestas para la ordenación del territorio. En 1989, la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos declaró que esta Junta era inconstitucional, por darse el hecho de que Brooklyn, el condado más poblado del municipio, no tenía más voto sobre el terreno que Staten Island, el condado menos poblado de la ciudad, lo que se consideró una violación de la Cláusula de Protección Igual de la Decimocuarta Enmienda de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos, emitida en 1964, bajo la premisa de un hombre, un voto.

Las competencias del Board of Estimate fueron transferidas a la Junta de Concejales (City Council, con 51 miembros, encargado del poder legislativo en la ciudad), aumentando así el poder centralizado en el municipio neoyorquino.

Desde 1990, el presidente del borough actúa como defensor de los intereses del condado ante las agencias de la alcaldía, las concejalías municipales, el gobierno estatal de Nueva York y las corporaciones. El presidente del Distrito del Bronx es Vanessa Gibson.

El Fiscal del Distrito de Bronx (conocido como District Attorney o simplemente D.A., en el original inglés) es Robert T. Johnson y ocupa el cargo desde el 1 de enero de 1989, lo que lo hace el fiscal de distrito que ejerció el cargo durante más tiempo en la historia del Bronx.

También tiene doce distritos administrativos, cada uno de ellos servido por una Junta de Comunidad local (Community Board). Estas Juntas son los cuerpos representativos que recogen las quejas ciudadanas y sirven como defensores de los residentes de su área, ante el Ayuntamiento.

El nombre oficial del borough es The Bronx, mientras que el nombre del condado es Bronx County (sin artículo).

Geografía

El Bronx no tiene otras subdivisiones, está ubicado en los 40°42'15" latitud norte y los 73°55'5" longitud oeste.

La comuna tiene un área de 148,7 , 108,9  formados por tierra y 39,9  de agua que constituye un 26,82 % del total.

Muchas de las calles del Bronx están numeradas pero, a diferencia de Brooklyn y Queens, su sistema de numeración es una continuación del sistema de Manhattan debido a que originalmente pertenecía al condado de Nueva York, por lo cual la numeración empieza en la calle 132 este.

Demografía
Hacia 1840, empezaron a llegar al Bronx inmigrantes alemanes e irlandeses para trabajar en las obras del ferrocarril. Pronto otros inmigrantes tomaron el relevo, como los italianos, polacos y griegos. Después de la II Guerra Mundial la población del Bronx se incrementó con la llegada de numerosas familias de clase obrera y de muchas personas procedentes de Puerto Rico y República Dominicana, en consecuencia, varió la composición de la población. En la actualidad es el distrito más populoso y con la mayor diversidad étnica de todo el país.

Su población actual es de 1 397 287 habitantes, de los cuales :

 El 52.0% son latinos o hispanos (de cualquier etnia)
 El 32.4% son de etnia negra
 El 11.1% son de origen europeo
 El 3.5% son de origen asiático
 El resto lo conforman personas de otras etnias

La población de origen hispano es la de más rápido crecimiento, debido a la inmigración legal e ilegal proveniente de América Latina y el Caribe.

Educación
El Departamento de Educación de la Ciudad de Nueva York gestiona escuelas públicas.

La Biblioteca Pública de Nueva York gestiona bibliotecas públicas.

Varias universidades y colegios se ubican en el Bronx:
 Universidad de Fordham (Fordham University)
 Escuela de Medicina Albert Einstein (Albert Einstein College of Medicine)
 Manhattan College
 Lehman College
 Monroe College
 College of Mount Saint Vincent
 Bronx Community College
 Hostos Community College
 State University of New York Maritime College

Lengua
Según el censo del año 2000 en el Bronx hay hablantes de 77 lenguas diferentes. Las mayoritarias son el inglés con un 47,3 % de hablantes, y el español, con un 42,7 %. El resto de hablantes de otras lenguas no llega al 2%.

Deporte

Los New York Yankees de las Grandes Ligas de Béisbol juegan en el Yankee Stadium desde 1923. Allí también jugaron numerosos equipos profesionales de fútbol americano en diversos períodos, en particular los New York Giants desde 1956 hasta 1973. Además, los New York Cosmos jugaron allí en 1971 y 1976.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Oficina del presidente del borough del Bronx . Notas de prensa de la Oficina
 Listado de Community Boards o Juntas de Comunidad del distrito metropolitano de Bronx
 Oficina del Fiscal del Distrito de Bronx
 Yo amo al Bronx
 Wave Hill
 Arthur Avenue

Boroughs de Nueva York