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February 2022 event
Memoir competition
Members' book reviews
Members' short stories
Members' blog
Click on any of the book images to go to the full review
Click here to E-mail your book review.
Max approx 350 words, as a doc not pdf. Photos and graphics will be added.
A Burning
by Megha Majumdar
Review by Dodie Hodgkinson (Edited by Erica Meltzer)
An electrifying debut novel about three unforgettable characters who seek to rise to the middle class, to political power, to fame in the movies in contemporary India.
We Are All Birds of Uganda
by Hafsa Zayyan
Belonging and exile are at the heart of this novel of dislocation and trauma
An Odyssey
A Father, a Son and an Epic
By Daniel Mendelsohn
Review by Jean Hilder
By award-winning memoirist and critic, and bestselling author of The Lost: a deeply moving tale of a father and son's transformative journey.
The Living Sea of Waking Dreams
By Richard Flanagan
Set in Tasmania and Australia, Flanagan juxtaposes his story of climate chaos with the tale of an elderly woman at the end of her life, but kept alive by the artifices of medical science
The Coffin Maker's Garden
By Stuart MacBride, and other recent books about crime and espionage
Review by Sam Laird
The Coffin Maker's Garden relates the tracking of a long-term brutal serial killer near a fictional town, Oldcastle. As a cliff-top house slides into the sea in a fierce storm, a number of skeletons appear, setting off the chase.
Minor Detail
By Adania Shibli
Review by Moira John
This novella is set in the year 1949 in the aftermath of the period, known by Palestinians as the "Nakba" or "Catastrophe," when hundreds of thousands were driven from their homes in the Palestinian Mandate into exile.
Love After Love
By Ingrid Persaud
A first novel, which won the Costa 1st novel prize in 2019, this book is set in Trinidad , and written in the Trinidadian dialect. This sets the tone and atmosphere of the book perfectly.
Sonny's Blues
Review by Erica Meltzer
This short story from 1957 is Baldwin at his rawest, most lyrical, most devastating best. A tale of two brothers in Harlem, it packs the trauma of racism and drug addiction.
Instruments of Darkness
By Imogen Robertson
Review by James Hodgkinson
A detective story: The setting is in the late 18th century and Thornleigh Hall, seat of the Earl of Sussex, dominates its surroundings. Its heir is missing.
By Kate Atkinson
Review by Hilary Sepahy
If you have ever wondered what your life would have been like if you'd taken a different decision at certain points in your life, then this is Atkinson's key idea.
By Anne Michaels
To say this is a book about the Holocaust is to diminish its scope.
The richness of the prose envelops you as you read.
The Evening And The Morning
By Ken Follett
Follett's latest epic novel is the prequel to the highly successful trilogy that began with the best-selling Pillars of the Earth, set in the Middle Ages.
The Beekeeper of Aleppo
By Christy Lefteri
Review by Dodie Hodgkinson
The story of the flight of two refugees from Syria to Europe during the Syrian
civil war.
By Bernadine Evaristo
Written in a conversational style that is sometimes lyrical, it tells the story of 12 women of colour in the U.K.
Un Juif pour l'exemple
(A Jew Must Die)
By Jacques Chessex
This slim, grim and riveting novella is based on a true story, about a Swiss Jew who was brutally murdered by Nazi thugs in 1942.


With the media frenzy on Linstanity I felt obligated to do a parody on Lin. After some reflection, the choice of spiderman seemed obvious. He's a New Yorker, deals with nets and is humble. Sorry, Spidey, but the poster of you swinging between the tall buildings in New York was a natural target for this parody! Actually, Lin has upped the ante by doing the trick while holding a basketball.


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Research Article: 'There was just no-one there to acknowledge that it happened to me as well': A qualitative study of male partner's experience of miscarriage
Author(s): Ellena J. Miller, Meredith J. Temple-Smith, Jade E. Bilardi, Virginia Zweigenthal.
Miscarriage occurs in up to one in four pregnancies and can be a devastating event affecting both men and women. Unfortunately, the male partner's experience of miscarriage is seldom researched, particularly within Australia. This qualitative study involved semi-structured telephone interviews with 10 Australian men, whose partners miscarried between three months and ten years ago. Participants were recruited through professional networks and support organisations. Interviews explored men's general miscarriage experience and the support received or lacking from both healthcare providers and social networks. Online health seeking behaviour and opinions on online support were also discussed. Data was transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Most men described feeling significant grief following miscarriage and felt that there was little acknowledgment of their loss, both from healthcare providers and within their social networks. Feelings of sadness, devastation, powerlessness, fear, shock and a loss of identity were common. All men felt their primary role at the time of miscarriage was to support their partner. Most men did not want to burden their partner with their emotions or grief, and struggled to find people within their social networks to talk to about their loss, leading to feelings of isolation. Overall participants felt there was inadequate support offered to men affected by miscarriage. Men wanted information, informed professionals to talk to and male-orientated support networks. A website was one mechanism suggested by men which could adequately contribute to information and support needs during this time. Men are often greatly affected by miscarriage and yet there is all too often little acknowledgement or support available to them at this time. Men affected by miscarriage want and need further support, including reputable, Australian based information and resources tailored their needs.
Partial Text
Miscarriage is a very common pregnancy complication affecting up to one in four pregnancies [1]. In Australia, miscarriage is defined as the loss of a pregnancy during the first 20 weeks gestation, with pregnancy loss after 20 weeks termed a stillbirth [2]. Definitions of miscarriage differ between countries, guidelines and publications and may include gestations up to 24 weeks [3].
This study has been reported in accordance with the Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) guidelines [29].
Sixteen men expressed an interest in the study. Four had experienced stillbirth and were ineligible for the study and two did not respond to further contact after they were emailed information about the study. Of the 10 men who participated in the study, nine were recruited through the Bears of Hope Facebook page and one through existing networks. Interview length was 18 to 57 minutes.
To address the gap in Australian literature, this study aimed to explore the male partner's experience of miscarriage and their need for additional support at this time. It was not uncommon for male partners to experience feelings of grief of a similar intensity to women. However, whereas women often consider their partner as their central support figure at the time of miscarriage [34], men in this study, commonly reported feeling they could not talk to their partner about their feelings for fear of burdening them further. Expression of grief and loss was also affected by a perceived need for them to be stoic in their support of their partner. This differs to women's experiences, where they do not report feeling that they have to be strong for their partner. Like women, men commonly reported a lack of emotional support from healthcare and social networks at the time of miscarriage. It appears however that men may have even less support around them at the time of miscarriage, with many stating that healthcare providers, and family and friends directed their acknowledgement and support toward their partners rather than themselves at the time of their loss. Support services and information were also largely targeted at women, leaving men feeling very isolated and alone at the time of miscarriage, and consequently turning to online forums for support and to share their experiences of miscarriage.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Eolique lamp designed by Paolo Benevelli for Officinanove has been added to the ADI Design Index 2016, a prestigious distinction that means it will now compete in the selection process for the Compasso d'Oro 2018.
It is a pendant lamp that conjures up the idea of wind energy generated through the effect of the geometric movement of its shade. The overlapping wings are made of laser-cut painted aluminium and they rotate to produce intriguing lighting effects. The simple wing-style mechanism also helps to cool the LED bulbs. Benevelli has designed a lamp that invites the user to interact with its parts and which generates on each occasion a kind of light consistent with the time of day and the user's needs. The mechanical aspect of the design means that the lamp can be flattened into a compact module that is extremely lightweight (2 kilos), perfect for minimal packaging and making it easier to ship.


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Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic in French Open for record-tying with Roger Federer 20th men's Grand Slam title
Rafael Nadal produced a nice displace to stun Novak Djokovic and equal Roger Federer's record of 20 Grand Slam men's titles at the French Open final on Sunday, October 11.
The Spaniard defeated Novak Djokovic in straight sets, 6-0, 6-2, 7-5 in 2 hours, and 41 minutes at Court Philippe-Chatrier in Paris to clinch a record-extending 13th title at Roland Garros.
Rafael Nadal produced a convincing displace to stun Novak Djokovic
talking after the game;"A win here means everything for me. Honestly, I don't think about the 20th and equalling Roger, for me, it is just a Roland Garros victory."
"I have spent most of the most important moments in my career here.
"Just to play here is a true inspiration and the love story I have with this city and this court is unforgettable."
"We are very lucky we can keep playing our sport. Many thanks to Roland Garros for this event and for supporting us.
"This court is the most important court in my career, it's tough circumstances. In some ways, it's not happy as we cannot celebrate in the way we would like – with the fans here. I really hope when we are next here we can celebrate this beautiful new stadium with all the fans."
Djokovic also spoke after the game, saying: "Huge congratulations to Rafa. What you're doing on this court is unbelievable. Not just this court but every court in your career – you are the King of Clay and I have experienced that more than once in my career!
"I am disappointed with how I played but I am grateful we were able to play this tournament and thanks to everyone who made this happen."
#news #slider #Sport
Tagged: #endsars #usopen #frenchopen #rafaelnadal
Nigerians react after Minister of Humanitarian Affairs announced plans to empower 700 women with N20,000 grant
The United States Of America suspends Hushpuppi's trial until 2021
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You are here: Home › Entries tagged with "facts-and-fiction"
This article is based on Gokul 's Facts and Fiction series.
This article is based on Gokul 's Facts and Fiction series and Kamal's response.
This article is based on Swetha 's message sent to Group.
Nandhini is a fictional character created by Kalki. There are lot of mysteries around her. One of them is who is her father and lover. Few places Veerapandiyan portrayed as her father and few places as lover.
Ravidasan is a real historical character in the novel Ponniyin Selvan. He and his associates are portrayed as Pandiyan Abathudavigal who conspired to kill Sundara Chola's heirs (Adithya Karikalan & Arumozhi) to revenge Veerapandiyan's Murder.


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Q: Android Wear RoundedDrawable widget not found I want to use RoundedDrawable widget, but it is not visible. This is my gradle dependency :
implementation 'androidx.wear:wear:1.2.0-alpha09'
implementation "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib:$kotlin_version"
implementation 'androidx.core:core-ktx:1.5.0'
implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-wearable:17.1.0'
implementation 'androidx.percentlayout:percentlayout:1.0.0'
implementation 'androidx.legacy:legacy-support-v4:1.0.0'
implementation 'androidx.recyclerview:recyclerview:1.2.0'
implementation 'com.google.android.support:wearable:2.8.1'
implementation 'androidx.constraintlayout:constraintlayout:2.0.4'
compileOnly 'com.google.android.wearable:wearable:2.8.1'
implementation "androidx.wear:wear-input:1.1.0-alpha02"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I took my 2013 Honda Accord coupe in for AC compressor unit to be replaced The service advisor: Elizabeth Hinojos went way beyond any expectation I could have imagined. This lady kept in constant contact with us and even called 10 minutes before the service area closed to say my car was ready to pick up! She's an excellent example of why we stay with Rudolph Honda. This lady is AWESOME!
Exellente servicio al cliente especialmente el sr sandoval se los recomiendo ampliamente muy professional al igual que el sr rick nava en el dpto de finanzas muchas gracias el paso honda.


Make Paper Wallets to Keep Your Bitcoin Addresses Safe. For long-term storage of bitcoins (or giving as gifts) it's not safe to store your bitcoins in an exchange or online wallet…... Print your paper wallet backup and/or carefully hand-write the private key on a piece of paper. If you are writing it, it is recommend you write it 2 or 3 times. This decreases the chance your messy handwriting will prevent you from accessing your wallet later.
Hi there ! The content you just presented is amazing and it really helped me (as a newbie in crypto) to understand what a paper wallet is. However, doing the tutorial step by step, it all goes really smooth until I need to insert the link into firefox in order to open bitaddress.org .... How to Create a paper wallet? Paper wallets are created by using a program which randomly generates the public and private key. The keys will be unique, and the program that generates them is open source.
What Is Bitcoin? The term bitcoin is used for two different components Bitcoin protocol and bitcoin cryptocurrency. But what comes to mind most when the word bitcoin is mentioned is bitcoin the cryptocurrency.
As all crypto enthusiasts know, there are both offline and online storage options for bitcoins. One of the offline wallet options, perhaps the simplest and the cheapest one is the paper wallet.
A popular option to keep your Bitcoins and altcoins safe is saving them on a paper wallet. Paper wallets are often called the "poor man's cold wallet".


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A Bandeira de Alto Volta era um tricolor horizontal de preto, branco e vermelho derivado dos três principais rios que atravessam o país: Volta Negro, Volta Branco e Volta Vermelho. Esta bandeira foi adotada em 9 de dezembro de 1959. A bandeira era idêntica à bandeira do Império Alemão (extinta em 1918).

A bandeira foi alterada quando Alto Volta se tornou Burquina Fasso em 4 de agosto de 1984.

Ver também
 Bandeira de Burquina Fasso

Ligações externas

História de Burquina Fasso
Cultura de Burquina Fasso
Alto Volta

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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HEAVY METAL AND ADOLESCENCE
Posted by: Write My Essay on: August 8, 2017
In the late 1960's and early 1970's a new form of rock music began emerging. It was distinctively different from hard rock and largely demanded the attention of adolescents. It was hard, thrashy, extremely fast, and the lyrics usually related to something that reflected a dark mood, and a sense of anomie. This new phenomenon came to be called heavy metal(often referred to as just metal). The use of the electric guitar with its amplified and distorted sound created loud thumping and pounding music. The hard thrash of the drums in the background and the vocalist's deep voice was what made heavy metal so different from any other genre. Likewise, the people who listened to this kind of music were also different than average rock listener, always characterized by their "radical individualism," (Arnett). Most avid "metalheads," or "headbangers," shared a sense of alienation and recklessness in their lives, and this is what made heavy metal such a great sound to them. This is also what has created such great critics of the music, yet these self-sufficient youths or older adults feel the right to do as they please in their lives, and they are targeted for it.
To better understand the effects of heavy metal on listeners and the reason why people listen to heavy metal, one must understand the roots of heavy metal. The gradual change of heavy metal into a whole genre in itself was slow and still very unclear among the general population.
The roots can be tracked to the late 60's and early 70's when a feeling of lost control and low order and stability plagued the nation. Demonstrations and backlash against authority was very prevalent, and one way to do that was with the use of rock music. The first of its kind was "Acid Rock," performed by artists like Jimi Hendrix; this music was a vocal and musical representation of what it was like to experience an acid (LSD) trip, "a musical depiction of what it is like to experience the effects of the hallucinogenic drug LSD," (Arnett, 42). Acid Rock songs included all components of rock songs such as bass guitars, drums, and deeply voiced vocals but harder than usual rock. Heavy metal that formed a faction out of this took these same components a level further, but without the association to LSD.
"Heavy metal [was and has been] traditionally characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound, and vigorous vocals," (www.wikipedia.com). Deep lyrical sounds and the use of the amplified bass sounds were used to provoke deep thoughts and stimulate senses. Those have always been the main characteristics of heavy metal songs and it is one of the major differences between normal rock/pop.
Some of the first heavy metal bands, according to most metalheads were the likes of Black Sabbath, and Led Zeppelin. Groups such as Sabbath, Zeppelin, and Judas Priest were the first to take off into an unknown territory; little did they know that their new adventure would give voice to a huge number of adolescents and adults who felt that they had no attachment to society.
This form of rock was dubbed as "heavy metal" by 1971. Both rock and heavy metal genres shared the same view on the antiauthority stance but that is where the similarities ended. Unlike normal rock, metal songs never had a place for the concept of love;, it has mostly been about harsh realities of life that many just found easy to ignore, and of course there have been exceptions. Metal always has been associated with evil, dark places, and the perception that all metal artists and fans are, or have some sort of belief in Satan. Of course, some of the biggest examples of this concept come from some very famous songs, notably from Black Sabbath; their self titled song called Black Sabbath was "pulled straight from the values, ideals, and principles of the Xtian religion," which promotes worship of the devil (Matt G. Paradise).
Heavy metal really got a jump start in the 1980s, with a fan base already in existence and the addition of numerous new bands such as Anthrax, Metallica, Megadeth, Slayer, and later Pantera, heavy metal started getting more mainstream and gaining more popularity and support. The compilation of songs was the same. Heavy drums, long bass solos, and deep, sometimes demonic-sounding voices of vocalists were the basis of the songs. Bands such as Iron Maiden wrote about myths and legends and bands like Slayer, were predominantly symbolic of songs that talked about violence, chaos, and bloodshed. "Speed/thrash metal" started emerging; bands such as Megadeth, Slayer, and Metallica were the first of their kind to be labeled under this subcategory. Their music was usually more aggressive than other bands, and lyrics more often than not sounded angry and cynical. To even further factionalize metal, "death metal" came along which as evident by its name mostly focused on issues such as violence and death. Bands such as Six Feet Under and Morbid Angel were a couple of the many death metal bands.
By the mid 1980's metal music had a large following not only in the United States but also in Europe. With a general understanding and knowledge of what the music represented, it was and always has been hard, if not impossible, for critics to understand the allure the music has on its listeners, especially on younger children.
To most listeners or critics of heavy metal, the appeal to metal are the moods and themes that express the unhappy and distraught side of life. As described before, most metal songs present the negative side of the world, there is no escape from it, neither love, nor friendship stands in its way. Fans or listeners of this music are alone and strong in their fight to stand against the oppression that they face from society.
The theme of loneliness as presented by Megadeth: "In My Darkest Hour:"
In my hour of need
Ha, you're not there
And, though I reached out for you
You wouldn't lend a hand…
It feels so cold, very cold
No one cares for me
Lyrics such as these are strengthened by the vicious music supplied by the bassist and drummer, and therefore create somewhat of an "end of days" quality to it.
While metalheads find this appealing, non-metal junkies think otherwise. How could one possibly find any form of enjoyment in this dark, gloomy music? To the listener, many times it is the musical talent and skill of the performer that is the biggest allure. Speaking from a personal basis, one of the biggest reasons metal music has become so prevalent in my life is the plain fact that playing this form of music requires extreme skill and practice. As an avid metalhead, one admires this talent and through admiration becomes a fan and a student of the music as well.
Most avid metalheads or headbangers, as the term was coined in the 1980's, love the music for other reasons as well. A lot of the younger juiced-up generation prefers this music because it is reflective of their wild-crazy nature. The high sensation, feeling of chaos, and lawlessness, the loud sound and extreme power of the bass is what makes metal appeal to a lot of younger generations of metalheads.
Finally, and perhaps this the most important reason, is the "ideology of alienation" in metal music. As one of Rob Zombie's song, titled "The Devil's Rejects" says:
I am the bad one,
Distant and cruel one,
I am the dream that,
Keeps you running down,
With distraction,
Violent reaction,
Scars of my actions,
Watch me running out
The song goes on to saying that "hell doesn't want them, hell doesn't need them." This is evident of the fact that most metalheads are so far disconnected from normality that a lot of what they do is unacceptable by society's standards and in a way this is empowerment to them. Their behavior sets them apart from their own families, school, religion and community, and at the same time it is that same ideology that brings them together. Most, if not all find that in some ways they can relate to what the performer has to say. According to Arnett, who is a professor of human development and family studies at the University of Missouri, performers represent a rare authenticity in a corrupt world. And it is this authenticity that they find so appealing and drawn towards.
The effects that this form of music has on its listeners is not universal, but is always taught to be. Metal music has always been believed by critics to promote violence, substance use, and recklessness. According to Karen R. Scheel, who has a Ph. D in counseling psychology and is also a published author of many articles on adolescence and metal music, says that heavy metal fans "may have higher than average rates of substance use (including alcohol), delinquency, recklessness, and depression." The media has also helped support this claim in many ways, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, the two perpetrators of the massacre at Columbine High School were both fans of heavy metal music, notably Industrial metal German group, Rammstein, and famous Anti-Christ Marilyn Manson and after the event took place both have been doused in controversy and faced negative media coverage.
However, it is not a fair claim that just because one listens to something that is loud and has violent themes it leads them to become violent. The argument is much too simple and in many ways is a fallacy, a circular reasoning. The old saying "monkey see, monkey do" is what has been used to describe the actions of metal heads and the cause is mistaken to be metal music.
The argument is clear is that; yes, people who listen to metal music are more reckless in their social behavior and actions. However, that is the reason they listen to it, metal heads are attracted to this genre of music and anti authoritative behavior because of the high sensation, thrill seeking experience both provide. Arnett argues that "adolescent boys who are high in sensation seeking tend to be attracted to heavy metal… because both metal music and reckless behavior provide intense and novel sensations."
It is this connection that critics of metal music tend to overlook; many of them make the mistake of believing that just because one is reckless and listens to metal that it causes of this behavior. This misunderstanding of someone's behavior is related to causation of metal music being violent and the perpetrator behind recklessness.
This argument is many times overrated; if metal music is the cause behind violent and reckless behavior and should be regulated, then why is Rap and Hip/ Hop not scrutinized? Violent crime cases of rap artists are far greater in number than metal music; artists such as Tupac Shakur and Biggie have long been known to be the cause behind East Coast and West Coast rivalries. Then why is it that metal music is more heavily regulated and is linked to violent behavior in teens all across the board?
There is absolutely something wrong with the argument that "heavy metal music reflects and possibly nurtures suicidogenic alienation, despair, and hopelessness among members of the heavy metal subculture," (Stack, 24). In fact, many avid metalheads listen to this form of music because it is used as an escape and to calm and soothe out problems that these teens face on an everyday basis.
There is not one answer to what kind of influence heavy metal has on its listeners; all metal heads listen to it for different reasons. Many find it calm and soothing just like someone else might find Beethoven relaxing. Others listen to it because they feel the need to get their anger out and bring it out in concerts by participating in rituals like "slam dancing," "mosh pits" and "wall of deaths." Many of them like it for the simple reason others like different genres of music; there is no specific justification, they just feel attached to it. Metal music has a lot of different effects on its listeners, and not all of it is always loud and "obnoxious;" ballads such as "Remember Tomorrow" by Iron Maiden are very mellow, slow and have the same soothing effects as jazz.
Historically, metal music has always been regarded as a sort of music that promotes violence, hatred, Satanism, and plain reckless behavior in its fans. American Society many times labels this form of music as to be "typified by themes of societal and mental chaos (Weinstein, 1991) and references to homicide, suicide, and satanic practices (Wass et al., 1988-89)." This in turn is tied to the regulation of heavy metal music, and the generation of children all around the world who are its fans. These fans range from adolescents to older adults and have many times faced discrimination because of the way they dress and the music they listen to. Yet, many of them don't care, characteristics of metal is what brings all these people together, they all share common forms of alienation, and always a sense of normlessness in their life. Metal, which is referred by its critics as turbulent music, is what brings structure to their life. Many people listen to heavy metal in order to get away from harsh realities in their personal life and many times they just listen to it as a way of expressing their outgoing self.
One of the many reasons heavy metal music has received so much negative public attention from parents and critics over the past decade is simple. Most people who hate metal music not only consider it to be just plain loud and obnoxious but also an "incitement to antisocial behavior" (Arnett, 77). Surprisingly, any avid metalhead should not find it difficult how people land on that conclusion. It is clear that violence, drug and alcohol use, destruction, and defiance are common themes in heavy metal songs, and is always argued by critics that these themes promote behavior that is disruptive to self and others, and cause violence and many other social problems. Though most songs don't go out and blatantly promote these forms of anti-social behavior, most are usually said to promote them because they advocate, on a more general level, "an alienated individualism that rejects any restraints on behavior," (Arnett, 77).
Studies have shown that "adolescents with preexisting problems (in this case, personal and family psychopathology) may seek out rock/heavy metal music because the negative themes reflect their own feelings," (Heavy Metal Music And Adolescent Suicidality: An Empirical Investigation). The problem doesn't exist in the type of music; rather, younger generations listen to this type of music because this is an escape for them. Problems such as parental divorce and financial worries that these adolescents face that society has thrown in their way at an early age tend to become a burden and metal music for these people is a way to shut everything off.
So what has been so different about metal music in general that even after gaining so much popularity not only in mainstream America but also around the world, that it has some of the harshest critics? The music, yes, is and always has been on the matter of darker subjects: death, violence, anarchy, substance abuse, alcohol use and war just to name a few. But these are problems that exist in real life, and there are artists out there who, with the help of their hard music, try to get this message out there. The message that it is being sent out is to the young and even to older generation; yet, many critics just look at the lyrics and overlook the fact that we as a people don't understand that a problem exists; nothing will be done to fix if we don't even acknowledge that it actually exists.
For the metalhead, it is his or her way of conveying a message of defiance and breaking the norm. By taking part in this subculture that has formed in our society, he or she wants to let the world know that they are different from others and in no way will follow the rules society has written for them.
Metal music has always been symbolized by its fans as a route to being free and letting it all out. Society has taken that free-will social behavior and put it into a negative context. While some of the behavior should have consequences, what one must realize is that the basic context and theme of metal songs are an expression of self-sufficiency and outgoing social behavior. The world according to metalheads is a dark place that cannot be trusted and everyone is left on their own. Violence or Satanism doesn't come from the music, rather from the listeners and should not be mistaken as the cause of such behavior.


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Q: Returning an int array in C++/CLI to c# .NET I'm using a C++/CLI wrapper to call a c++ library from c# .NET. While this particular code "works," I suspect that I'm doing something wrong with respect to memory. (I run into problems after running this code about 20 times in a row.)
c# side:
public void ExportModelToImage(int[] myImage, int imageWidth, int imageHeight)
{
    View.ExportModelToImage(ref myImage, imageWidth, imageHeight);
}

C++/CLI side:
void ExportModelToImage(array<int>^% myImage, int imageWidth, int imageHeight)
{
    if (myView().IsNull())
    {
        return;
    }
    myView()->Redraw();
    Image_PixMap theImage;
    myView()->ToPixMap(theImage, imageWidth, imageHeight);

    const int totalBytes = imageWidth * imageHeight;
    int byteIndex = 0;
    Standard_Integer si = 0;
    Quantity_Color aColor;
    Quantity_Parameter aDummy;
    for (Standard_Size aRow = 0; aRow < theImage.SizeY(); ++aRow)
    {
        for (Standard_Size aCol = 0; aCol < theImage.SizeX(); ++aCol)
        {
            aColor = theImage.PixelColor((Standard_Integer )aCol, (Standard_Integer )aRow, aDummy);
            aColor.Color2argb(aColor, si);
            myImage[byteIndex] = (int) si;
            byteIndex++;
            if (byteIndex > totalBytes) return;
         }
    }
}

Ideally, I would prefer if ExportModelToImage() returned an int array instead of returning by reference, but I've had problems figuring out the correct way to do that in C++/CLI. Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated. Thanks!

A: To return an int array, have array<int>^ as your return type, and initialize your local variable with gcnew. Don't forget to leave off the ^ when you call gcnew.
array<int>^ ExportModelToImage(int imageWidth, int imageHeight)
{
    array<int>^ result = gcnew array<int>(imageWidth * imageHeight);

    if (myView().IsNull())
    {
        return nullptr;
        // could also return a zero-length array, or the current
        // result (which would be an all-black image).
    }
    myView()->Redraw();
    Image_PixMap theImage;
    myView()->ToPixMap(theImage, imageWidth, imageHeight);

    int byteIndex = 0;
    Standard_Integer si = 0;
    Quantity_Color aColor;
    Quantity_Parameter aDummy;
    for (Standard_Size aRow = 0; aRow < theImage.SizeY(); ++aRow)
    {
        for (Standard_Size aCol = 0; aCol < theImage.SizeX(); ++aCol)
        {
            aColor = theImage.PixelColor((Standard_Integer )aCol, (Standard_Integer )aRow, aDummy);
            aColor.Color2argb(aColor, si);
            result[byteIndex] = (int) si;
            byteIndex++;
        }
    }

    return result;
}

Now, that said, there are other possibilities you could do here. In particular, you may want to construct a .Net image type of some sort and return that, rather than returning an array of integers.


The story is told of the town drunk who left the tavern late at night and decided to take a shortcut home, even though it meant walking through the graveyard.
There were no moon or stars to light the ground, and with his cautiousness hampered by inebriation, he tripped and fell into an open grave prepared for the next day's funeral. He was immediately stone sober. He frantically tried to get out of the grave but it was too deep; when he tried to scale the side walls the dirt just crumbled in his hands. After several unsuccessful attempts, he decided to wait until dawn—someone would arrive and help him out. So he sat in the corner and began to doze off.
But soon, another town drunk, also hoping to shorten his walk home, stumbled into the same grave. The newcomer had the same first reaction as his predecessor; he started jumping toward the top, clawing at the dirt, trying to escape.
It's amazing what you can do — when you have to. It's sad what you won't do — if you don't have to.
Years ago I worked for an organization that was so small (only seven employees) that we didn't have a marketing or sales department. During a staff meeting, the boss asked if one of us would take on the marketing responsibilities. I replied, "I've never done that before and wouldn't know how or where to start." I punted.
Several years later, I started my own business and for the first year I was the only employee. I produced some products that needed to be marketed, but I didn't have the money to hire someone, so guess who became the chief marketing officer. I did.
I crafted and pursued a self-directed crash course in marketing and advertising: I read four books on the subject, interviewed professionals, did a lot of research, and learned through trial and error. I became quite good at it.
It's amazing what you can do — when you have to.
Why do we often wait until we are compelled to do something before we do it? Are we lazy, fearful, complacent? If so, are these inhibitors affecting all areas of our lives?
The key lesson in this essay is: don't underestimate what you can do and don't wait until you are forced to do something to do it.
What? – Most people can do most things if they really want to. The "really want to" is a critical factor.
So what? – Do you have a "can do; I can figure it out" attitude, or do you quickly back away from challenges?
Now what? – If you are easily dissuaded from engaging in difficult projects, change your mindset. Intentionally pursue a challenging goal and see it through to completion.
Leaders – Don't be easily stymied by challenges; you and your team can do incredible things if you will just dig deep and try hard.
I laughed out loud, Don, at drunk number two's ingenuity to scramble out of that grave! Somehow if we HAVE to, we find that we can. Thanks for the encouragement to try harder.


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Big East Expansion: Temple Conference Realignment 'Imminent' According To Report
By Jesse Holland Oct 11, 2011, 9:43pm EDT
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Goodbye Atlantic 10, hello Big East?
Just a few short years ago it would have been a mere fantasy to expect Temple to join the ranks of the Big East, yet here we are on the verge of watching it become a reality.
That's because an invitation for the "Owls" down in Philadelphia is "imminent," as the conference looks to plug the gaping holes left by Syracuse and Pitt.
The NY Post has more:
In order to try to maintain its automatic BCS berth — the league's No. 1 priority, said two sources — the Big East is poised to invite two programs that were barely on their radar at the start of the year — Boise State and Temple, The Post has learned.
Boise State has become a recognized brand due to the success of its program, and Temple, which is based in Philadelphia, also the home of Comcast (which recently merged with NBC), suddenly looks very good. The invitations to those two are imminent.
Temple, which has a proven track record in basketball, managed to bring its gridiron gang to a respectable level under former coach Al Golden.
But will they be able to make some noise in the new-look Big East?
Time will tell.
For more on Temple and the conference realignment click here.
Big East Expansion: Boise State Will Still Join Big East In 2013 For Football Only
Big East Expansion: Boise State Will Still Join Big East In 2013
Pitino: Admit Temple To The Big East "Immediately"


It turns out that before Hailey Baldwin and Miley Cyrus were famous, their celebrity parents were friends — who knew?! But just because their families were cool, that doesn't mean that Miley and Hailey got along.
During an episode of Carpool Karaoke, the "Malibu" singer crashes Baldwin's singalong to "Party in the USA" with fellow model Kendall Jenner, and spills the tea on her and Hailey's pre-teen feud.
"I've known you since you were 11," Hailey told the pop star, who was friends with the 22-year-old's big sister Alaia.
"I would be evil to her," Miley said about her initial rocky relationship with Hailey. "She would try to play with us, like me and Alaia, and we would lock her out of the room."
"My older sister and her used to gang up on me," Hailey explained to Kendall.
"I had to. It made you who you are, you know?" Miley jokingly said (though, it's not completely untrue in the digital age). "It made you stronger. Now you can always take like trolls and sh*t. 'Cause I was such a troll."
"Miley was the biggest troll to me. She prepared me for this industry!" said the newly-wed Mrs. Bieber, before Jenner added: "You'd be like, 'Alaia and Miley would gang up on me!'"
Cyrus humorously defended her innocent bullying as a child, saying: "I needed little sisters to pick on to make me feel like a regular kid."
Fifteen years later and their childhood rift has mended, thankfully — giving us Carpool Karaoke gold. Watch the full episode here.


Wrong Turn 4's new chapter takes you on the most terrifying journey of all – right back to the 'Bloody Beginnings'.
Written with a killer script and directed by Declan O'Brien (Wrong 3: Left For Dead, Wrong Turn 5), Wrong Turn 4: Bloody Beginnings is so rammed with DVD & Blu-ray extras for you to feast on, it's no surprise it was deemed too shocking for cinemas!
Wrong Turn 4: Bloody Beginnings is showing at this years FrightFest 13th and is available on DVD and Blu-Ray from the 27th August. If that's not enough to satisfy your blood thirsty appetite, you can gorge on and devour the WRONG TURN 1-4 DVD box-set which is also out to own 27TH AUGUST 2012!


This Sunday is MOTHERS DAY and we are excited to have you worship with us! The childrens choir will be singing (they are SO good) and we will have a special men's musical number that will knock your socks off! A special donation has been given honoring mothers and all women who nurture others in the faith – come find out more! Pastor Kim will be giving the message and we will have special scriptures scrolling that emphasize the "nurturing" and "mothering" side of God. Also we will be taking your prayer requests and praises in the service this week. Join us for worship!
A fun evening for everyone is happening this Saturday May 7th, 5pm-8pm. Bring a friend, have some dinner and BRING A PIE OR ICE CREAM to share. With Minute-To-Win-It games, what could be better?
Steak Dinner Come Saturday, May 21 to a Steak Dinner with all the fixins - 6–8pm at Judy McDowell's house. Sign up in the courtyard after church.
Youth Emphasis Sunday Sunday, May 22nd.
Don't miss the TEEN CHALLENGE CHOIR who will be singing for our Service Worship Pancake Breakfast (May 29th, 8:30-9:30) this month. These young adults & teens have been in recovery and found Jesus to be their best friend, rescuer and healer. Please come out and support them! Attached is a list of our projects for this month. Please try to bring a friend to buttress our efforts. There is so much need!
West Valley Presbyterian Church has been recognized by the City of Cupertino as being a church that has done a great deal for the community. The City of Cupertino has chosen WVPC to receive the CREST award (this stands for "Cupertino Recognizes Extra Steps Taken"). Everyone is invited to come to the Cupertino Community Center on June 1 at 7pm to receive this award which is a great honor. Thanks to all of you for making this happen with all that you do for so many.
May God bless you all richly as you continue to seek first His kingdom.


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Home News How Evisort's Automation Software is Smashing Business Bottlenecks
How Evisort's Automation Software is Smashing Business Bottlenecks
Nick Hardwick
Trawling through masses of legal documentation isn't exactly conducive to high productivity, especially when mundane tasks have a tendency to consume significant time.
But these tasks are highly important, mandatory for invested parties to execute their respective duties to full effect. But with modern technology contract management becomes significantly easier, in fact, machines can be leveraged to take the legwork out of things.
One company that's pioneering within the field of AI is Evisort, a contract management company that raised an impressive $4.5 million in seed funding in 2018. The company has gone from strength to strength, offering unique business solutions for representatives of the legal profession.
But how exactly is Evisort addressing common business bottlenecks? Let's take a look at some of the company's core principles:
How is Evisort Addressing Business Bottlenecks?
Let's paint a picture that is relatively common within the legal profession: You have a 10k contract in multiple repositories and little insight into what's what. Conventionally this situation would call for considerable manpower, but with Evisort contract management is an effortless process.
This AI-powered Contract Management System is centered on the following principles, features which propel the software to new heights:
Custom Reporting and Tracking
Data is a gold mine that can be tapped into using AI, where considerable volumes of data can be transferred using machine technology. The data within your repository can offer a gold mine of insights, however it must be actionable to be of use.
Fortunately, Evisort activates critical data so it can be used effectively, preventing you from having to dig through the bedrock. With the ideal CMS you can easily track information and query your contracts, across critical areas like key provisions, expiration dates, contract value and more, with the ability to take action.
3rd Party Paper Accessible
Though it doesn't come standard with all CMS solutions, Evisort is 3rd party paper accessible. This differs from systems that only allow you to access insight on contracts created in the provider's system, where there's no accessibility for documents created by 3rd parties. This is a flawed approach, because what good is data if you can't compare and contrast it among contracts?
Fortunately, Evisort overcomes this obstacle because it's 3rd party paper accessible.
Evisort uses a Central Management System (CMS) approach to provide a single source for managing multiple contracts, uniting contracts from different locations and organizing them sufficiently. This is crucial for companies who face problems when it comes to storing contracts effectively.
Establishing a single source of truth makes life significantly easier, enabling access to insights from many contracts across your organization, when and where you need it most. Evisort preferences a single repository for ease of use and functionality.
Accuracy is a preconceived industry standard but isn't guaranteed when human error is factored in. Evisort helps companies overcome discrepancies, reducing errors that can have unintended consequences.
Evisort offers an automated way to extract data from contracts; however, not all AI is created equally. In fact some systems are limited because they're only as potent as the human who developed them, something referred to as rule-based AI or RPA.
AI can be trained to track information in a single location, but if and when information moves results are inaccurate. Evisort uses Machine Learning AI to intuitively locate data within your contracts, regardless of where the page is located.
Contract Risk Mitigation Review
A centralized repository enables you to identify risks surrounding non-compliance for your organization contracts. This is pertinent among the agreements you've made within your contracts, and systems like Evisort even enable you to cross-reference your standardized language with other languages in 3rd party documents. You can consequently identify where languages are non-compliant.
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text:
Song, Lee, Kim, Lee, and Kim: Effect of Environmental Factors on Depressive-like Behavior and Memory Function in Adolescent Rats
Journal ID (publisher-id): JKBNS
Title: Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
Abbreviated Title: J Korean Biol Nurs Sci
ISSN (electronic): 2383-6423
Publisher: The Korean Academy of Biological Nursing Science
Copyright statement: © The Korean Academy of Biological Nursing Science. All rights reserved
License (open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0):
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Date received: 06 November 2017
Date revision received: 20 November 2017
Date accepted: 25 November 2017
Publication date (print): December 2017
Publisher ID: JKBNS-19-276
DOI: 10.7586/jkbns.2017.19.4.276
Effect of Environmental Factors on Depressive-like Behavior and Memory Function in Adolescent Rats
Min Kyung Song[1]
Jae-Min Lee[2]
Yoon Ju Kim[1]
Joo Hee Lee[1]
Youn-Jung Kim[3]
[1] Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul;
[2] Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul;
[3] College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University·East-West Nursing Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
Correspondence to: Corresponding author: Kim, Youn-Jung College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University·East-West Nursing Institute, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea +82-2-961-0311 +82-2-961-9398 yj129@khu.ac.kr
* This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF-2014R1A2A2A01007909).
Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the effects of environmental factors on depressive-like behavior and memory function during adolescence. We performed behavior tests in adolescent rats exposed to environmental enrichment, handling, and social deprivation for eight weeks. Methods: Wistar rats were randomly assigned to control, environmental enrichment, handling, and social deprivation groups at the age of four weeks. Results: In the forced swim test, the immobility time in the environmental enrichment group was decreased than that in the control group (p=.038), while the immobility time in the social deprivation group was increased than that in the control group (p=.035), the environmental enrichment group (p<.001), and the handling group (p=.001). In the Morris water maze test, the social deprivation group had an increased latency time than the control group (p=.013) and the environmental enrichment group (p=.001). In the passive avoidance test, the environmental enrichment group had an increased latency time than the control group (p=.005). However, the social deprivation group had reduced latency time than the socially housed groups (control: p=.030; environmental enrichment: p<.001; handling: p<.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that environmental factors play an important role in emotion and memory function during adolescence.
Necessity of the research
Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adulthood, and the brain continues to mature suffering structural and functional changes. This period is referred to as the second critical period because a variety of changes in physical, emotional, and cognitive development happens and susceptible to the external stimulus. Even though the gross structure of the brain is developed during prenatal, the connection among brain regions is not perfectly formed until adulthood. In human brain study with structural MRI from childhood to adulthood, cortical thickness kept thinning, but white matter volume was increased with dependent on age [1]. Cortical thickness is associated with pruning that eliminate unused neuron, and increased white matter means connection among brain regions become sophisticated as frequently stimulated. These structural changes accompany functional brain changes. During adolescence, functional MRI displayed working memory and selfregulation were gradually improved with age [2]. In teenagers, positive stimuli lead to emotional and cognitive maturation to improve the skills that they need to function independently in adulthood, meanwhile, harmful stimuli can result in fatal damage [3,4]. Early life stress not only impairs neurobiological and neuroendocrinal function but also induces anxiety, depression and memory impairment [5]. Social relationships are expanded in this period, so social interaction with peer groups plays an important role in the development of emotion and cognition. In particular, as adolescents spent a lot of time with their peers rather than their parents, the importance of peer groups gradually increases [6].
The definition of environmental enrichment is 'a combination of complex inanimate and social stimulation' [7]. Environmental enrichment improves the quality of life of laboratory animals by providing sensory stimulation, increased physical activity, and enhanced social interactions by using large cages and groups [8]. In previous studies of the elevated plus maze test, rats reared in an enriched environment displayed a greater number of entries into open arm and more time spent in open arm than rats reared in a standard environment, which would suggest reduced anxiety [9]. In the forced swim test, when rats reared in an enriched environment faced stressors, they tried to escape with increased swimming and climbing time. In other words, environmentally enriched housing helped improve their stress-coping strategies [10]. Regarding spatial learning and memory, environmental enrichment showed positive effect by reducing the escape latencies in the Morris water maze test [11,12].
The affective quality of handling by experimenters influenced various behavior in rats, the tickling method, which induced a positive affective state by reducing the fear of humans in laboratory rats [13]. Some researchers considered handling as social enrichment and experimented [14]. Handling of rats reduced anxiety-like behavior, increased the number of entries into open arms and time spent in open arms [15,16]. In a previous study, when handling was treated in the two different environments of an isolated condition and enriched condition, anxiety-like behavior was reduced in isolated rats with handling, but increased in enriched rats with handling [17]. The behavioral experiments using handling methods have been mainly related to anxiety, and other behavioral tests have not been performed.
Social deprivation that diminished social interaction between individuals was considered environmental impoverishment. The social deprivation of rats during developmental stage was used as a potent chronic stressor [18]. Previous studies have reported that rats raised in socially deprived environments exhibited diverse behavioral changes that showed hyperactivity in novel environments [19]. Regarding the emotional aspect, social deprivation has shown an increase in abnormal forms of the aggression [20], anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior [21]. With regard to cognitive function, rats reared in social deprivation have shown impaired spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze test [22].
During adolescence, sensory, motor, and social experience influence brain development, leading to emotional and cognitive maturation. It is crucial to verify positive or harmful environmental factors for developing the appropriate intervention. However, to verify each of environmental effects, the reality is not appropriate for evaluating its effect due to numerous external stimuli, so we designed animal study. It is necessary to confirm the effects of social environment on behavioral changes related to emotion and cognition in adolescences. We investigated the effect of environmental factors on depressive-like behavior and memory function during adolescence by performing the forced swim test, the Morris water maze test, and the passive avoidance test in adolescent rats exposed to environmental enrichment, handling, and social deprivation.
Purpose of the research
The research's purpose was to identify the effect of depressive-like behavior and memory function related to various environmental factors including environmental enrichment, handling, and social deprivation in adolescent rats. The specific purposes in this study are as follow:
Evaluate depressive-like behavior in forced swim test.
Evaluate memory function in the Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test.
This study used a randomized control group posttest-only design to identify the effect of environmental factors on depressive-like behavior and cognitive function in adolescent rats. The experimental design was as shown in Figure 1. Wistar male rats were randomly assigned to control, environmental enrichment, handling, and social deprivation groups (n=10 in each group) at the age of four weeks. Environmental enrichment, handling, and social deprivation protocols were applied to indicated groups for eight weeks; behavioral tests were performed at 11 weeks of age and all rats were sacrificed after the behavioral tests. The rat of six months old is 18 years old in human, and sexually mature in rats occurs postnatal 38-42 days. So, we provided environmental interventions for 4 to 12 weeks [23].
Experimental design.
We used Wistar rats (60±10 g, three weeks old) which are commonly used species in the laboratory. The influence of stress following transport from the animal supplier was minimized by providing a one-week acclimatization period. The number of samples in this study was based on the resource equation method, which is used when there is no information on the effect size [24]. When eight rats were selected for each group, the E value was measured as 28. Considering exclusion during the experimental process, a total of 40 rats with 10 rats per group were used in the study. Animals were housed in an air-conditioned room (temperature 23±2°C, humidity 50±10%), with 12 hours on/off cycle (07:00-19:00). Food and water were available ad libitum.
Environmental enrichment
Rats were housed in larger cages (70×45×42 cm) and large groups (5 animals per cage) with the opportunity for greater sensory stimulation, voluntary activities, and social interaction compared to the standard cages (40×26×18 cm, 3-4 animals per cage). The cage of the environmental enrichment group consisted of running wheels, wooden objects to gnaw, balls, ramps, ladders and various differently shaped animal toys. The water and food locations were changed frequently to encourage explorative behaviors [7,8].
The handling protocol was performed by modifying the previously described method [15] and was conducted by an individual experimenter in a handling group cage for 15-20 minutes each day, except weekends. Handling consisted of touching the fur of the neck and the dorsal surface of rat. The experimenter stopped the procedure if the rats displayed signs of discomfort such as defecation, urination, or startle response.
Social deprivation
Rats were individually reared in a small cage (26×20×13 cm) compared to the standard cage (40×26×18 cm). The cages of the social deprivation group were wrapped with black paper except for the cage lid to minimize stimulation. The rats reared in social deprivation were chronically stressed by social isolation, and were only handled when weighed once per week [18].
Forced swim test
The forced swim test was the most common method for assessing depressive- like behavior in rodents [25,26]. Rats were dropped individually into a transparent cylindrical tank (of height 100 cm and diameter 20 cm) filled with water at a temperature of 23-25°C to a depth of approximately 50 cm. On the first day, all rats had a 15 minutes training session to adapt to the water. On the second day, the rats were tested for 10 minutes. Mobility and immobility time were analyzed during this test session using a Smart ver. 2.5 video tracking system (Panlab, Barcelona, Spain). Mobility was considered as the ability to swim and climb and willingness to cope with stressors, while immobility was when they floated on the water's surface in hopelessness without the will to overcome the stressors. Immobility time meant depressive-like behavior.
Morris water maze test
The Morris water maze test is a common method of evaluating spatial learning and memory in rodent [27,28]. The water maze consisted of a circular pool (200 cm in diameter) filled with water (23±1°C) to a depth of 30 cm. Imaginary lines divided the maze into four equal-sized quadrants (each 25% of the pool surface area). A platform (15 cm in diameter) was submerged 2 cm in the center of the northeastern quadrant. There were several visual cues on the room's walls. Hidden platform training was performed for four consecutive days for all groups, with three trials per day. Each rat was randomly placed into the water at one of four starting positions facing the wall of the water pool in each trial and was allowed to swim for 60 seconds. If the rats did not find the platform within 60 seconds, the rats were gently guided towards it and the escape latency time each required to reach the platform was recorded. Following the final training trial, a probe test was carried out and the platform was removed. Rats were allowed to swim in the pool for 60 seconds and the time spent in the target quadrant was recorded. In the Morris water maze, a short escape latency time and a lot of time spent in the target quadrant meant better spatial learning and memory.
Passive avoidance test
The passive avoidance test is a popular method for measuring shortmemory in rodents [29]. The test uses the characteristics that rats prefer darker places over brighter places. The experimental instrument was the Gemini automation system (San Diego Instruments, San Diego, CA, USA) with chambers composed of bright and dark spaces. When rats crossed from a bright compartment to a dark compartment, they were delivered a shock via the feet of 0.3 mA for two seconds. The escape latency time was measured 24 hours after the foot shock.
All data were shown as mean±SEM (standard error of mean). Oneway ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test was conducted to determine the significance of differences in body weight, immobility time, mobility time, escape latency time, and time spent in the target quadrant among the four groups. A level of p< .05 was set as the criterion for statistical significance.
The 3Rs were first mentioned in 1959 by British scientists William Lassell and Rex Burch in the principles of human experimental technique [30], and have still widely applied in ethics of animal experimentation. First, replacement means that animal research should be conducted in case of absence of other experimental methods. Refinement is to improve welfare by minimizing pain and stress on animals. Reduction is to reduce the number of animals used in the experiment [31]. We conducted experiments based on 3Rs. The experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the animal care guidelines of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences.
Change in body weight
Body weights were measured once a week on Thursday between 10:00 and 11:00 am. Figure 2 shows the changes in weight gain among rats in the four groups throughout 12 weeks of age. All rats gradually increased in weight, and there were no differences between the four groups. In addition, it was confirmed that environmental factors did not affect weight change.
Weekly body weight gain.
The data are presented as the mean±SEM.
CON=Control; EE=Environmental enrichment; SD=Social deprivation.
Effects of environmental factors on depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test
Figure 3 shows the results of the immobility time and mobility time in the forced swim test. There was a significant difference between the four groups for immobility time and mobility time (immobility time: F=12.00, p< .001; mobility time: F= 6.85, p =.002). In immobility time, the environmental enrichment group was significantly decreased compared to the control group (p =.038), while the social deprivation group was significantly increased compared to the control group (p =.035), environmental enrichment group (p< .001), and handling group (p = .001). In the mobility time, the environmental enrichment group and handling group were significantly increased compared to control (p =.009; p =.040), while the social deprivation group was significantly decreased compared to the environmental enrichment group (p =.012) and handling group (p =.044). Environmental enrichment and handling increased the mobility time, which confirmed that the stress-coping strategy improved. The immobility of the social deprivation group was significantly increased compared to the socially housed groups, which confirmed that social deprivation induced depressive-like behavior.
Results of the forced swim test. (A) Immobility time (sec). (B) Mobility time (sec).
*p<.05 compared to CON group; #p<.05 compared to EE group; §p<.05 compared to Handling group.
Effects of environmental factors on spatial learning ability in the Morris water maze test
Figure 4 shows the results of the Morris water maze test. The escape latency time was gradually reduced in all four groups during the four days of training, and there was a significant difference in the escape latency time among the four groups on the fourth day (F= 6.60, p = .001). The social deprivation group had a significantly increased latency time compared to the control group (p =.013) and environmental enrichment group (p =.001). There was a significant difference between the four groups in the probe test performed on the fifth day (F=3.56, p = .031), and the social deprivation group was significantly reduced compared to the environmental enrichment group (p =.022). Our findings showed that social deprivation impaired the spatial learning and memory.
Results of the Morris water maze test. (A) Escape latency time (sec) during training 4 days. (B) Percentage spent in target quadrant (%) at 5 days.
*p<.05 compared to CON group; #p<.05 compared to EE group.
Effects of environmental factors on short-term memory in the passive avoidance test
Figure 5 shows the results of the escape latency time in the passive avoidance test. There was a significant difference between the four groups for the escape latency time (F=17.21, p< .001). The environmental enrichment group had a significantly increased escape latency time compared to control group (p =.005). However, the social deprivation group had significantly reduced latency time compared to the socially housed groups (control group: p =.030; environmental enrichment: p<.001; handling group: p<.001), showing that social deprivation aggravated short-term memory.
Results of escape latency time (sec) in the passive avoidance test.
The present study confirmed that changes in depressive-like behavior and memory ability were caused by environmental factors, such as environmental enrichment, handling, and social deprivation in adolescent rats. Environmental enrichment induced a positive effect on emotion and memory function, which alleviated depressive-like behavior and improved short-term memory rather than spatial learning and memory. Handling decreased depressive-like behavior, but did not affect memory function. Social deprivation negatively affected both emotion and memory function, which increased depressive-like behavior and aggravated spatial memory and short-term memory.
There was no significant difference in body weight among the four groups during the experimental intervention. The level of social interaction factors, such as environmental enrichment, handling, and social deprivation, did not affect the body weight in adolescent rats. Social deprivation was used as a chronic stress condition [18], and previous studies on body weight changes in rats reared in social deprivation have shown no change [32,33]. Our results showed that the social deprivation group was slightly lower than the control group for body weight, but not to a statistically significant difference.
In our experiment, rearing condition affected depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test. In animal behavior study, immobility time means the hopelessness and depressive-like behavior. Environmental enrichment showed antidepressant-like effects by significantly reducing immobility time and increasing mobility time in forced swim test, and these results were consistent with previous studies [10]. In previous studies on handling and emotion, some have shown handling reduced anxiety- like behavior [15,16], but there are few studies related to depressivelike behavior. Our data showed that handling slightly reduced immobility time in the forced swim test, but there was no significant difference. Meanwhile, it was confirmed that handling significantly increased the mobility time, and improved the stress-coping strategy. We need to repeat the experiment to verify the effects of handling. Social deprivation induced depressive-like behavior by significantly increasing immobility time in the forced swim test. These results are consistent with several previous studies that showed social deprivation induces depressive-like behavior [10,21]. We believe that social deprivation induces chronic stress and results in depressive-like behavior. As a basis for this behavioral test, there are limitations in not identifying physiological indicators related to stress or depression such as corticosterone levels.
In previous studies using environmental enrichment, they have shown to improve spatial memory in the Morris water maze test [11,12]; however, our results showed improved short-term memory rather than spatial learning and memory. We performed the probe test on the fifth day after training for four consecutive days in the Morris water maze test. Our results did not show the statistical difference in the environmental enrichment group compared to the control group. But we observed that the environmental enrichment group found the hidden platform the fastest on the fourth day and stayed for the longest time in the target quadrant on the fifth day. Also, in the passive avoidance test, environmental enrichment showed improved short-term memory. Based on these results, we confirmed that environmental enrichment has a positive effect on memory function. Unlike the results of a previous study in which handling improved learning and memory [16], our data showed that handling slightly increased the escape latency time in the passive avoidance test, but not to a statistically significant degree. There was the difference using behavior test with the previous study; further study should consider evaluating memory function in handling with more various assessment tool. In social deprivation, consistent with previous studies [22], our data showed that social deprivation decreased memory function in the Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test. Social deprivation induced structural damage in brain related to cognitive function, and it is considered as a chronic stress condition [18]. Corticosterone which is highly increased stress condition was increased in social deprivation [20], it has been reported increased corticosterone in adolescence impairs memory performance with in rats [34].
The environmental enrichment paradigm has emerged as a possible method for successful intervention to improve emotion and memory function during adolescence. Handling is less effective than environmental enrichment, but is expected to have a positive impact on emotion and memory function. It is necessary to revise and supplement the handling method for further study. We found that social deprivation negatively affected emotion and memory function, and showed a need to intervene in socially isolated adolescents using appropriate methods.
The brain of adolescence is immature and has structural and functional changes in the corticolimbic and frontal regions related to emotion and cognition, and social relationships are essential factors for the development of the brain during adolescence. Our findings confirm that social relationships during adolescence have important effects on the emotional and cognitive maturation. In particular, environmental enrichment and handling, which extended social relationships, decreased depressive-like behavior and improved cognitive function, whereas social deprivation, which removed the social relationships, increased depressive- like behavior and decreased cognitive function. It is worthwhile to apply the methods of environmental enrichment and handling to consider both the characteristics of adolescents and the tendency of individuals so that ostracized teenagers can establish constructive social relationships with their peers.
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
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Article Information (continued)
Subject: ARTICLE
Keyword: Adolescent
Keyword: Social environment
Keyword: Depression
Keyword: Cognition
Keyword: 청소년
Keyword: 사회적 환경
Keyword: 우울
Keyword: 인지
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text:
Tisch Honors Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, & Marcia Gay Harden
Posted in November 3, 2009 ¬ 8:15 amh.ETonline - CelebritiesNo Comments »
NYU's Tisch School of the Arts Gala honored five of Hollywood's elite—Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, Marcia Gay Harden, Sheila Nevins, and Diana King—Monday night in New York.
Grazer and Howard, who worked together on movies such as 'Angels & Demons' and 'The Da Vinci Code,' hope to translate "The Lost Symbol" to film. Howard told ET, "Dan Brown wouldn't let any of us read it until it was literally published, so we were out there that first weekend getting our copies along with everybody else."
Grazer stressed the importance of partnership and collaboration in his acclaimed career, saying, "Without collaboration, it's very difficult to build the narrative and storytelling and making films, it's essential to be able to collaborate with somebody." He continued, "You have to have respect for the other person...their work ethic, their taste, and everything that emanates from those areas and you have to have trust because there is criticism that's involved in the partnership, so we feel safe enough that we're able to sort of look at each other's work as objectively as we possibly can."


Since the mention of federated data centers in the Spring 2016 DS Newsletter we are pleased to welcome the addition of the Southern California Earthquake Data Center (SCEDC) as the latest center to support standard FDSN web services. The IRIS Federator will seamlessly allow access to SCEDC through the FDSN standard web services they have in operation.
We have had discussions with the NRCan in Ottawa, Canada and sometime next year data from the entire Canadian National Seismic Network will be accessible through the Federated system of data centers as well. IRIS is also working with several data centers in Africa and Asia to enable infrastructure in those countries to enable support for federated access to data from their networks.


In this course, students learn the language of accounting, enabling them to keep the accounts of a small business, understand internal management reports, and evaluate financial statements. Besides a traditional accounting textbook, the class will make use of The Accounting Game, a right-brain approach to this left-brain skill. Through readings and discussion, the class explores such topics as: How is the language of accounting used to inform as well as to mislead? What decisions does the accountant make, and what motivates those decisions? Are maximizing profit and accumulating wealth the only valid reasons to be in business?


OAK PARK, Ill. (WLS) -- A bar owner admitted he set his gay nightclub on fire in Oak Park.
Frank Elliott pleaded guilty to arson and insurance fraud for the fire at The Velvet Rope Ultra Lounge in 2012.
Prosecutors said Elliott doused the bar in alcohol, wrote gay slurs on the wall, then lit it on fire.
He was sentenced to two years' probation and has to pay back $107,000 to two insurance companies.


Book this full day private transfer to Malaga and enjoy a comfortable ride from your Seville accommodation with a stop in the city of Ronda. Enjoy the journey and scenery as your local guide gives you hints and tips.
After picking you up from your Seville accommodation you and your private party will be driven to the city of Ronda.
This destination is known for being an emblematic crossways for Romantic travellers who fell in love with its landscapes and mentioned Ronda in several of their journals.
You will stroll through its streets following the footsteps of those novelists from the modern side of the city to the old city centre in which the New Bridge connects both points. As you make your way through the bridge, marvel at the views of the canyon and river below and gaze at the buildings that conform the old area of Ronda, including palaces, museums and the bullfighting ring. If you would like to fully appreciate the rich natural scenery, your guide can take you down through the riverside.
You will afterwards have time to enjoy a local lunch (at your own expense) before continuing your journey towards Malaga.


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This property sold for $994,500 over 2 years ago.
Wonderfully upgraded home in superb condition. Nicely remodeled kitchen & baths, plantation shutters, bamboo floors, secluded top floor master suite w/ spacious bath, stained glass window & cedar walk in closet. French doors in the sunken living room open to a large deck w/ awesome mountain views. Lower level boasts a 7.1 surround sound theater room, temperature controlled wine cellar & separate guest/in-law suite with access from the ground level. Freshly painted inside & out. Also includes instant-on gas hot water heater, 2 whole house fans, split system AC & double car garage.