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Marie Curie at 150: 'Natural Radioactivity'
November 7th 2017 is the 150th anniversary of the birth of Marie Sklodowska Curie (1867 – 1934), the only woman to ever be awarded two Nobel prizes. Here we reproduce Chapter 4 from Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth-Century Women to Physics, 2006 Marie Curie (1867 – 1934)' by author Abraham Pais.
Marie Curie (1867 – 1934)
by Abraham Pais
Marie Curie (November 7, 1867–July 4, 1934), baptized Maria Sklodowska, was born in Warsaw, the fifth child of Wladyslaw Sklodowska, a physics teacher, and Bronislava née Boguska. In her high-school years she read French, German and Polish poets, all in the original language, gave lessons to earn money, and in 1886 became a governess for three years. In 1891, she moved to Paris to study physics at the Sorbonne, graduating in 1893 at the top of her class. In April 1894, she met the physicist Pierre Curie (1859–1906), whom she married in July 1895. By then his career was already well underway. He had done important work on piezo-electricity, on symmetries of crystals and on magnetism. They had two daughters, Iréne (1896–1956) and Eve (1894–[2007]). Marie was a devoted mother, bathing her two babies every day herself.
Soon after Marie had completed her first paper, dealing with magnetism of tempered steels, she heard of Becquerel's discovery (1896) of "uranic rays," which she discussed with her husband. "The study of this phenomenon seemed to us very attractive . . . I decided to undertake the study of it . . . In order to go beyond the results reached by Becquerel, it was necessary to employ a precise quantitative method."[1] For this purpose she developed a new tool, an early form of the parallel plate ionization chamber: two condenser plates, 3 cm apart, each 8 cm in diameter. A modest 100 volt potential difference between the plates and a sensitive electrometer was all she needed for her work. Her first paper on this new subject contains two major new points.[2]
(1) She not only reconfirmed Becquerel's earlier findings for uranium but also discovered a new active substance: thorium. "Thorium oxide is even more active than metallic uranium." While she discovered the activity of thorium independently, she was not the first to do so. Unbeknownst to her, the German physicist Gerhard Carl Schmidt, from Erlangen, had reported the same result three weeks earlier.[3] The appellation "uranic" for the new rays was certainly too narrow. In the title of her next paper the term "radioactive substance" makes its first appearance in the world literature.[4] I note right away that in a sequel to this paper,[5] one finds the following remark: "One of us [M.C.] has shown that radioactivity is an atomic property." It is the first time in history that radioactivity is explicitly linked to individual atoms. Twenty years later we find a remark in a textbook about "Madame Curie's theory that radioactivity is an intrinsic property of the atom."[6]
(2) Marie's first paper clearly shows that her insight into what constituted a "normal" increase of radioactivity with increasing uranium content was sufficiently quantitative to note that two minerals, pitchblende (rich in uranium oxide) and chalcite (rich in uranyl phosphate), behaved anomalously: "[They are] much more active than uranium itself. This fact is very remarkable and leads one to believe that these minerals contain an element which is much more active than uranium." With this conjecture she introduced another novelty into physics: radioactive properties are a diagnostic for the discovery of new substances, the second of the major points of her first paper on radioactivity.
Photograph of Marie Curie. From ACJC-Curie and Joliot-Curie fund, with permission.
Her next assignment was obvious: to verify whether her idea of a new element was indeed true. "I had a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible. And Pierre Curie, keenly interested in the question, abandoned his work on crystals . . . to join me in the search." He was never again to return to his crystals. Jointly, they investigated pitchblende by ordinary chemical methods. In July, 1898, they announced that by precipitating with bismuth they had been able to isolate a product about 400 times as active as uranium. "We believe that [this product] . . . contains a not yet observed metal . . . which we propose to call polonium, after the country of origin of one of us."
On October 17, Marie Curie wrote in a private notebook: "Iréne can walk very well and no longer goes on all fours."[7]
The analysis of pitchblende continued, Gustave Bemont, a laboratory chief at Pierre's school, aiding the couple in their labors. Meanwhile, the Austrian government had presented them with a gift of 100 kg of residues of pitchblende, material (believed to be without commercial value) obtained from mining operations in Joachimsthal. Separation by chemical methods remained their main procedure. They worked "in an old, by no means weatherproof, barrack in the yard of [Pierre's] school."[8] These were no longer table-top operations. As Marie wrote later: "It was exhausting work to move the containers about . . . to transfer the liquids, and to stir for hours at a time, with an iron bar, the boiling material in the cast iron basin." On December 26, 1898, they announced that, by precipitating with barium, they had found yet another radioactive substance in pitchblende: radium, a discovery that led Rutherford to remark: "The spontaneous emission of radiation from this element was so marked that not only was it difficult at first to explain but also, what was more important, still more difficult to explain away."[9]
On January 5, 1899, Marie wrote in her notebook: "Iréne has fifteen teeth!"
Ever since Becquerel's initial discovery in 1896, those in the know had been surprised at the persistence with which "uranic rays" kept pouring out energy. In 1910, Marie Curie reminisced as follows about those early days: "The constancy of the uranic radiation caused profound astonishment to those physicists who were the first to be interested in the discovery of H. Becquerel. This constancy appears in fact to be surprising: the radiation does not seem to vary spontaneously with time . . ." In order to appreciate this statement fully, three facts should be borne in mind:
The radiation emitted by uranium when unseparated from its daughter products does indeed represent, to a very high degree, a steady state of affairs.
It took two years from Becquerel's initial discovery until the first parent–daughter separation was affected.
It took another two years until it was firmly established that radioactivity does diminish with time.
Speculation on the origin of radioactive energy started with Marie Curie's very first paper on radioactivity (the one in which she announced her discovery of the activity of thorium, in 1898). There, cautiously, she suggests the possibility that the energy might be due to an outside source: "One might imagine that all of space is constantly traversed by rays similar to Roentgen rays, only much more penetrating and being able to be absorbed only by certain elements with large atomic weight, such as uranium and thorium."
In that same year, 1898, Marie Curie discovered polonium, for which the liberated energy per unit weight of separated material was even larger than for uranium and thorium. Thus, the question of the origin of this energy became an even more burning one and she returned to it, listing a number of possible answers.[10] Here we find the first mention that one might have to face a contradiction with the law of conservation of energy. Furthermore, she emphasized that the assumption of an external source would be nothing but an evasion of energy nonconservation – unless the nature of the external source were determined: "Any exception to Carnot's principle [i.e., the law of conservation of energy] can be evaded by the intervention of an unknown energy which comes to us from space. To adopt such an explanation or to put in doubt the generality of the Carnot principle are in fact two points of view which to us amount to one and the same as long as the nature of the energy here invoked stays entirely 'dans le domaine de l'arbitraire.'" She also pointed out that the interior of the atom could be the energy source. "The radiation [may be] an emission of matter accompanied by a loss of weight of the radioactive substances."
That last article was written before, but published after, the discovery of radium by her, Pierre Curie and Bemont. This last development once again brought the issue to the fore. The radium radiation was even more intense than the polonium, about 100,000 times more active than uranium! The question of nonconservation of energy came up once again: "On r ´ ealise ainsi une source de lumiére a vrai dire trés faible, mais qui fonctionne sans source d'énergie. Il y a lá une contradiction tout au moins apparente avec le principe de Carnot."[11]
Nonconservation of energy was never a widely held explanation of these effects. In 1902, the Curies again gave a list of possible interpretations, on which this possibility no longer appears.[12] It should also be stressed that such options as nonconservation of energy or external sources were not proposed lightheartedly. The idea that the atom itself is the source was not easily swallowed at that time, since it meant giving up the concept of the atom as an immutable entity. By 1900, the debate over the reality of atoms was well past its peak; but at that time the question was not universally regarded as settled. The Curies were proponents of the existence of real atoms, as their writings make abundantly clear. But to accept the atom itself as the source of the energy could only mean one thing to them: transmutation. And they could not simply accept this, since to them at that time it seemed in conflict with the principles of chemistry as then known – which indeed it was. In 1900, Marie Curie summed up the dilemma in the following way:
Uranium exhibits no appreciable change of state, no visible chemical transformation, it remains, or so it seems, identical with itself, the source of energy which it emits undetectable – and therein lies the profound interest of the phenomenon. There is perhaps a disagreement with the fundamental laws of science which until now have been considered as general . . . The materialistic theory of radioactivity is very attractive. It does explain the phenomena of radioactivity. However, if we adopt this theory, we have to decide to admit that radioactive matter is not in an ordinary chemical state; according to it, the atoms do not constitute a stable state, since particles smaller than the atom are emitted. The atoms, indivisible from the chemical point of view [author's italics], are here divisible, and the sub-atoms are in motion . . . The materialist theory of radioactivity leads us . . . quite far. If we refuse to admit its consequences, our embarrassment will not lessen. If radioactive matter does not modify itself, then we find ourselves again in the presence of the question: from where comes the radioactive energy? And if the source of energy cannot be found we are in conflict with Carnot's principle, a principle fundamental to thermodynamics . . . We are then forced to admit that Carnot's principle is not absolutely general [and] . . . that the radioactive substances are able to transform heat from the ambient environment into work. This hypothesis undermines the accepted ideas in physics as seriously as the hypothesis of the transformation of the elements does in chemistry, and one sees that the question cannot easily be resolved. (Cette hypothése porte une atteinte aussi grave aux idées admises en physique que l'hypothése de la transformation des éléments aux principes de la chimie, et on voit que la question n'est pas facile a résoudre.) M. Curie.[13]
It is important to stress at this point that these fascinating puzzles were never any hindrance to progress in those days. If anything, the contrary is true. The field of radioactivity was young when these questions arose, the tasks were enormous. While these problems were given much thought by the Curies, that never inhibited them from continuing their superb research.
In her doctoral thesis, Marie Curie raised yet another puzzlement. This document has a section entitled "Is atomic radioactivity a general phenomenon?" in which she reported on the analysis of substances other than uranium and thorium compounds: "I undertook this research with the idea that it was scarcely probable that radioactivity, considered as an atomic property, should belong to a certain kind of matter to the exclusion of all other."[14] It is to her credit that of all the materials she examined (including a dozen rare earths) she found no evidence for radioactivity.
I conclude this survey of Marie Curie's early contributions with her remark made in the course of discussions at the first Solvay Conference, held in Brussels in October, 1911. There she observed that thermal, optical, elastic, magnetic and other phenomena all appear to depend on the peripheral structure of the atom, then she continued:
Radioactive phenomena form a world apart, without any connection with the preceding [phenomena]. It seems therefore that radioactive phenomena originate from a deeper region of the atom, a region inaccessible to our means of influence and probably also to our means of observation, except at the moment of atomic explosions.[15]
Rutherford's discovery of the nucleus had been announced the preceding May. I do not know whether Marie Curie did not follow up on her wise remark with a comment on the nucleus because she was unaware of this work, or did not believe the results, or failed to see the connection. Nor do I know why Rutherford, who was in the audience, refrained from drawing Curie's attention to the nucleus. However, what may be the long and the short of the matter is that radioactivity prior to 1911 has turned out to be prenatal nuclear physics.
Radium was to make radioactivity known to the public at large. The attendant fame, which was to disturb the quiet and concentrated existence to which the Curies were so deeply attached, would "deafen with little bells the spirit that would think."
Pierre Curie's discoveries of the experimental laws of piezoelectricity and of what became known as the Curie temperature in ferromagnetism are samples of his outstanding contributions to physics. He also labored mightily alongside his wife on the problems of radioactivity. But, insofar as one can rely on the record of published papers, it is Marie Curie, a driven and probably obsessive personality, who should be remembered as the principal initiator of radiochemistry. That is abundantly clear, it seems to me, from her April, 1898 paper, discussed at length earlier.
The year 1898 was heroic in the Curies' careers. Further important work was to come, yet what followed was to a considerable extent painstaking elaboration of their early discoveries. The finest appreciation of their early work was given by Ernest Rutherford, arguably the greatest experimental physicist of the twentieth century: "I have to keep going, as there are always people on my track. The best sprinters in this road of investigation are Becquerel and the Curies in Paris, who have done a great deal of very important work on the subject of radioactive bodies during the last few years."[16]
As to their later life: in 1900, Pierre was appointed assistant professor at the Sorbonne; Marie, teacher at a high school for girls. Continued intense research and teaching duties were so exacting that she had no time, until 1903, to complete her Ph.D. thesis, a masterful summary of her work to date. She received her degree on June 25 with the distinction "trés honorable," an elegant understatement. That day was memorable to her for another reason as well: in the evening she met Rutherford for the first time.
In November of that year, the Curies were in London to share the Humphrey Davy Medal of the Royal Society and were informed that they would share the 1903 Nobel Prize with Becquerel, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel." The Curies' prize was the subject of the following comment by the New York Times of December 11, 1903: "The discoverers of radium have, it is understood, not profited financially from the work as greatly as might have been expected, and their admirers throughout the world will be delighted to hear of this windfall for them." They never took out patents for any of their discoveries.
In December, 1904, Nobel laureate Marie Curie was named assistant to Pierre at the Faculté des Sciences of the Sorbonne. Until then she had been working without pay.
The Curies were too unwell and overworked to attend the ceremony in person. When they finally went to Stockholm, in June, 1905, only Pierre delivered a Nobel Lecture, as his wife sat and listened. Meanwhile, in 1904 a special chair had been created for him at the Sorbonne.
It appears that Pierre suffered from radiation sickness during the last years of his life, which came to a cruel end on April 19, 1906. He was not yet 47 years old. What happened on that day has been described by his wife.
[As he] was crossing the rue Dauphine, he was struck by a truck coming from the Pont Neuf and fell under its wheels. A concussion of the brain brought instantaneous death. So perished the hope founded on the wonderful being he thus ceased to be. In the study room to which he was never to return, the water buttercups he had brought from the country were still fresh.
In the introduction to his collected works published in 1908,[17] Marie wrote of the shattered hopes for further research, in the French she mastered so exquisitely: "Le sort n'a pas voulu qu'il en fut ainsi, et nous sommes constraints de nous incliner devant sa decision incompréhensible."[18]
Marie's younger daughter Eve has written of her mother's intense grief after this event and of her determined efforts to avoid speaking of Pierre in later years. George Jaffe has left us his impressions of Madame Curie in 1911, when he spent a year at her laboratory as a Carnegie Scholar: "The stranger saw and admired the power of the intellect. He could not know what was going on behind the air of self-constraint or almost impassiveness which became characteristic of Madame Curie after the death of her husband."
Shortly after Pierre's death, Marie was named his successor at the Sorbonne. Itwas the first time in that venerable institution's more than 600-year-long history that a woman was appointed to a professorship. The Paris papers treated this as a major event. On Monday, 5November, 1906, at 1:30 in the afternoon, Marie began her inaugural lecture, continuing a discourse on radioactivity at precisely the point where Pierre had left off in his last lecture. In 1910, she declined the Legion of Honor.
Marie Curie's life in 1911 was marked by two events, one humiliating, one gratifying. In the autumn of that year, news items appeared in the French press, quoting private letters, and alleging the existence of an affair between Mme. Curie, widow, and the physicist Paul Langévin, married, a disgusting public treatment of private matters, probably true.[19] In November, she received word that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry for 1911, "in recognition of the part she has played in the development of chemistry: by the discovery of the chemical elements radium and polonium; by the determination of the properties of radium and by the isolation of radium in its pure metallic state; and finally, by her research into the compounds of this remarkable element." In her Nobel Lecture, given on December, 11 1911, she recalled that many of these discoveries were made "by Pierre Curie in collaboration with me . . ." The chemical work aimed at isolating radium in the state of the pure salt ". . . was carried out by me, but it is intimately connected with our common work . . . I thus feel that . . . the award of this high distinction to me is motivated by this common work and thus pays homage to the memory of Pierre Curie." She is the only woman ever to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes.
During World War I, Marie Curie organized and participated in the work of a number of radiology units for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. She arranged for the equipment of some twenty automobiles with Roentgen apparatus in order that soldiers could be operated on near the battlefield. She also oversaw the installation of some 200 radiological rooms in various hospitals. She trained others as X-ray diagnosticians and often acted as one herself.[20] In 1921, she paid a triumphal visit to the United States, where she was received by President Harding.
In May, 1922, she was named member of the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, and took an active part in its work for many years thereafter.
The fifth Solvay Conference, largely devoted to the new quantum mechanics, was held in October, 1927. The printed proceedings of this meeting appeared in 1928. They open with a tribute by Marie Curie to Hendrik Lorentz, who had presided over the October conference and who had died shortly thereafter.
Meanwhile, Marie continued her research activities. In all, she published about 70 papers, the last one in 1933. Soon thereafter, at age 66, she died in a sanatorium in the Haute Savoye after a brief illness. The death report reads as follows: "Mme Pierre Curie died at Sancellemoz on 4 July 1934. The disease was an aplastic pernicious anaemia of rapid feverish development. The bone marrow did not react, probably because it had been injured by a long accumulation of radiations." She was buried at Sceaux, near her husband. She just did not live long enough to hear of the Nobel Prize in chemistry (1935) award to daughter Iréne and her husband Frédéric Joliot (1900–58), for the discovery of positron radioactivity.
George Jaffe, who spent the year 1905 at the Curies' laboratory in Paris, has written about them:
There have been and there are, scientific couples who collaborate with great distinction, but there has not been a second union of woman and man who represented, both in their own right, a great scientist. Nor would it be possible to find a more distinguished instance where husband and wife with all their mutual admiration and devotion preserved so completely independence of character, in life as well as in science . . . I was most strongly impressed by their extreme simplicity and modesty together with their extraordinary devotion to their task . . . There was about both of them an unostentatious superiority . . . [Pierre's] disposition made him stand aloof when she entered upon something like a romantic enterprise: the search for an unknown element.
The complete works of Pierre Curie appeared in 1908, those of Marie Curie in 1954.[21] Of particular interest in the latter book are the elegantly written essays on the status of radioactivity at various times. Biographies by Marie Curie of her husband (in which an autobiographical sketch is included), by Eve Curie of her mother and by Robert Reid, also of Marie, are especially important.
Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth Century Women to Physics
Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth-Century Women to Physics
Edited by: Nina Byers and Gary Williams, University of California, Los Angeles
Why are there so few prominent female physicists?
Originally published in 2006, Out of the Shadows provides an accurate and authoritative description of the women who made original and important contributions to physics in the twentieth century, documenting their major discoveries and putting their work into its historical context. Each chapter concentrates on a different woman, and is written by a physicist with considerable experience in their field.
Read the introduction to this collection from editor Nina Byers
To find out more or to purchase this title please visit the website
[1] Curie, M., Pierre Curie (New York: MacMillan, 1929).
[2] Curie, M., Comptes Rendus, 126 (1898) 1101.
[3] Schmidt, G. C., Annalen der Phys., 65 (1898) 141.
[4] Curie, M. and Curie, P., Comptes Rendus, 127 (1898) 175.
[5] Curie, P., Curie, M. and Bémont, G., Comptes Rendus, 127 (1898) 1215.
[6] Soddy, F., The Interpretation of Radium, 4th edn. (New York: Putnam, 1920) p. 83.
[7] Curie, E., Madame Curie (New York: Doubleday, 1938).
[8] Jaffe, G., J. Chem. Educ., 29 (1952) 230.
[9] Rutherford, E., Nature, 134 (1934) 90.
[10] Curie, M., Rev. G´en. Sci. Pures et Appl., 10 (1899) 41.
[11] Thus one realizes a source of light [sic], quite weak to be sure, but which functions without a source of energy. There is here a contradiction, or so it seems, with the principle of Carnot [the first law!].
[13] Curie, M., Rev. Scientifique, 14 (1900) 65.
[14] Curie, M., Recherches sur les substances radioactives, Ph.D. thesis, 1903; Engl. transl.: Radioactive substances, A. del Vecchio (New York: Philos. Library, 1961).
[15] Curie, M., in Theorie du Rayonnement et les Quanta, eds. P. Langevin and M. de Broglie (Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1911) p. 385.
[16] Eve, A., Rutherford (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1939) p. 80.
[17] Curie, P., Oeuvres (Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1908).
[18] Fate has not willed it to be so, and we are forced to bow before its incomprehensible decision.
[19] Reid, R., Marie Curie (New York: Dutton, 1974).
[20] Curie, M., La Radiologie et al Guerre (Paris: F. Alcan, 1921).
[21] Joliot-Curie, I., Prace Marii Sklodowskiej-Curie (Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1954); text in French.
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3 edition of English, Welsh & Scottish country inns found in the catalog.
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Published 1986 by Columbus in London .
Hotels, taverns, etc. -- Great Britain.,
Great Britain -- Description and travel -- 1971- -- Guide-books.
Statement Karen Brown & June Brown ; illustrated by Barbara Tapp.
Series Country inn series
Contributions Brown, June, 1949-
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Pagination 270p. :
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Thank you Lord for giving me such a wonderful husband. A husband that is always there for me. A husband who loves me truly and could deal with my tantrums. A husband who always try to provide his family's needs and wants. A husband that will wake up in the middle of the night to put our kids back to sleep, he does that every night so I could have enough sleep. A husband who doesn't want to shop but will still go to the store for me. A husband who will say he loves me while we are in the middle of an argument. Thank you Lord for those 6 years that I had with him and I am praying to you to bless us more years together. I love him and I can't live without him, you know that.
Who am I? I am a pinay who is married to my American husband and we are blessed with a wonderful son. Why do I blog? I love to blog. Blogging is one of my favorite past time. I have been blogging since 2005 and I am enjoying what I am doing. What do I blog? I like sharing new things that I discover everyday. Things that I know and things that I love. I also like sharing my own experiences. I believe that life is good so let's enjoy it!


wonderful Destination Wedding in sunny Jamaica!
The couple has chosen the incredible Hyatt Ziva Rose Hall. Please find resort information on this page. Use the pricing button above if you are interested in booking your own room and still get benefits of booking within this group. I look forward to helping all the guests find the room categories and dates that best fit their travel needs.
Situated on the former site of the Ritz-Carlton Rose Hall and offering spectacular views of the Caribbean Sea, Hyatt Ziva Rose Hall has been entirely reinvented following multi-million dollar renovations. The resort is just 15 minutes from Sangster's International Airport and 5 minutes from two world-class golf courses.
Please call me with any questions!
Hyatt Ziva Rose Hall offers 387 unique rooms and suites, offering a blend of traditional Jamaican and contemporary design. Our beautiful rooms and suites summon the feel of Jamaica's great plantation houses while celebrating the tropical colors native throughout the island. Junior suites offers a more modern feel, using tons of tan and blue to reflect the cool tones of the sand at the Caribbean Sea. Breathtaking ocean views and modern vacation conveniences elevate your stay to something you'll never forget. Every suite is designed with lavish furnishings and state-of-the-art electronics. Guests can relax on their private balcony or terrace and feel the calming tranquility of the sea. Chef's specialties are available 24-hours a day with in-suite dining and refreshment centers refilled daily. Our Montego Bay vacation packages include luxury accommodations, including our Butler Suites with maximum service and minimum intrusion and our Swim-Up Suites.
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Want to improve your sleep, boost your immune system and athletic performance?
I have been doing the Wim Hof method now for about two years. It is something that I find incredibly valuable, so much so that I went and became a Wim Hof Method (WHM) instructor. Having recently successfully completed the Instructor course, I'm keen to share with you all some amazing experiences that can have applications across many areas of your life. I feel these techniques have greatly improved my quality of life and I'm sure that with regular practice you will also feel the benefits.
One of my greatest personal victories has been to start Melissa (my wife) on the breathing techniques and her initial reaction and results have been surprisingly good even by her own admission. Of course this has thrilled me to no end.
Breath techniques to change your biochemistry, how to approach graduated cold exposure and ways to focus the mind.
Increase the pH of your blood (which is very health promoting ).
Improve oxygen utilisation by the body.
Improve breath retention times, generally.
Modulate your innate immune response.
Reduce inflammation and your pain response.
I will also give you a brief overview of the immune 'system' and how the WHM helps to modulate your immune response.
Improve your overall immune response, with regular training.
There are numerous other benefits as well but that will be covered on the day!
10:30-11:15am: Description of the Wim Hof Method and theoretical explanation of the components.
Don't worry this wont get too involved, it's just to help your understanding of how and why.
11:15- 12:15pm: Practical explanation of breathing and the breathing techniques and a short debrief.
12:15-1pm : Light lunch, please bring it with you.
1-1:45pm: Gentle Stretching exercises, recap of the breathing and preparation for the Ice Bath. Including change of clothes.
1:45-2:30: Optional Ice Bath , horse riding stance and Q and A.


India is the world's fastest-growing smartphone market. Shipments of smartphones jumped 29 per cent to 103 million units last year.
MUMBAI: A year ago, Micromax vaulted past Samsung Electronics Co Ltd to become India's leading smartphone brand. Today, its market share has nearly halved, several top executives have resigned, and the company is looking for growth outside India.
MANAGEMENT TENSIONS Micromax, which was founded in New Delhi by four partners in 2000 but only began selling mobile phones in 2008, built its market share by working with Chinese manufacturers such as Coolpad, Gionee and Oppo to offer affordable phones quickly. In 2015, it launched more than 40 new models.
But tensions arose soon after between founders and the newly hired executives, six former executives told Reuters. These conflicts undermined Micromax's attempts to raise funds for expansion, say former executives. Last May, Alibaba walked away from a mooted $1.2 billion purchase of a 20 per cent stake, citing a lack of clarity on growth plans, according to one executive involved in the discussion. Micromax co-founder Vikas Jain said in an interview with Reuters this week that the company and Alibaba disagreed on a future roadmap.
"THE WHOLE INDUSTRY IS SUFFERING" Meanwhile, Chinese handset makers, including Coolpad and Oppo, to which Micromax outsources its manufacturing, were sharpening their focus on India. Samsung, too, began to introduce more affordable models there.
In 2015, Chinese brands doubled their market share to 18 per cent, according to Counterpoint Research, taking away business from Indian budget phone makers such as Micromax, Intex, Lava and Karbonn. Indian brands' market share fell from 48 to 43 per cent last year.
Micromax, which is privately held and does not disclose financial information, maintains it is profitable. Founders Jain, Rahul Sharma, Rajesh Agarwal and Sumeet Arora still control about 80 per cent of the company. They have raised nearly $90 million from investors in the last five years.


"BSP initially divides your map into 1024x1024x8192 sections."
I wasn't able to see the effects of it when I tested it with gl_wireframe. Judging from old articles those cuts should show up brownish but I never saw those. Could you show me some examples?
Let's get back to the compiler settings: Since SC does not have Software Renderer anymore, I would say we can make "subdivide 256" a default.
Software mode was only one problem prohibiting 256 subdivision. RAD will mostly still crash when you're trying it or give you glitches in game.
The problem with RAD is because of the way Half-Life handles lightmaps. The maximum size of a lightmap is 16x16 (this is a hardcoded limit in the engine). The engine calculates the size to use for each face using that face's size ('extents') and it's texture scale. This is why scaling up textures can reduce lightdata/make shadows blockier. Obviously, the compile tools have to use the same method of calculating lightmap sizes. Faces whose extents are greater than 240x240 will will cause RAD/the engine to try to assign a lightmap size greater than 16x16. Of course, the texture scale is factored in, so this is why faces with small scales are the first to cause problems.
With SC5.0+, SC-SDK (Compilers and our increased Hammer grid size), we should probably check if someone got around to expanding the gl_wireframe code to the new limits.
The "engine tends to see over everything [over 8192] in a large open area" comment was due to R_Speeds and realising the situation boils down to "pretending you have a 8192 high wall" infront of a player (which the SC engine will see over).
Last edited by wolf-3d; 21-04-2018 at 01:43 PM.
I think one thing hasnt been mentioned yet in this thread.
Adding a 8px border around your 240² texture which will never be used or visable, just to increase the texture size to 256².
Then in the editor you still scale your 256² texture to 0.534 (128² units brush).
Giving you the advantage of both, good quality and low wpolys.
Last edited by _RC; 03-06-2018 at 02:15 AM.
@RC: That's also a nice way to do it.
The next step is to increase the face subdivision scale. There have been some tests with higher values but it might still take some time and effort to get this feature in a future release. Until then 240x240 textures offer the best wpoly/quality value (especially since now they're not being resized anymore!).
If you are currently making textures for future map releases, I'd say you initially create 512x512 or 256x256 textures. It might be possible that this becomes a possiblilty for regular use in the future. Then, for now, just create cheaper 240x240 versions of those textures. Once the render can handle higher dimensions better, you can easily swap them for their high-res counterparts.


We provide a wide range of services to actors which include workshops, on camera classes and agent panels.
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text:
THE MEDICINE BUDDHA: Jane Foster Review's Benjamin Johns' Documentary On Mongolia's Spiritual Leader.
THE MEDICINE BUDDHA, a portrait of one of Mongolia's most venerated and loved spiritual leaders...
Not only is THE MEDICINE BUDDHA, a portrait of one of Mongolia's most venerated and loved spiritual leaders, but it also paints an interesting picture of a country that in the west, few know that much about – Mongolia.
Above China, south of Russia, land locked, mountainous Mongolia, is quite remote from foreign eyes and for that reason alone, the film is well worth a look. The difficult, but stunning geography, wonderfully photographed by experienced, accomplished Director of Photography, Gerry Vasbenter, coupled with narration by Sir Ben Kingsley, give the film a classy, almost mysterious feel.
So, about Mongolia. After many years' communism, the first democratic parliament sat in 1990, and the country has seen a steady return to religion like many countries that were once under Soviet/Maoist socialism. Slowly, the heartfelt principles of Mongolia's colourful brand of Buddhism have become dominant again, and largely due to the efforts of their spiritual leader and healer, 'Khamba Lama Natsagdorj.' What a lovely, joyful man, this 'Medicine Buddha,' is too. Gentle faced, yet possessed with a strong will for healing his fellow men and caring for them, the film centres around his life and works. From a pilgrimage to the hills and plains and sleeping in a Yurt/Ger, which is a traditional accommodation tent, to lectures in modern hospitals in new cities, this one man's approach to medicine, based on ancient teachings, has helped many.
The real delight of this gentle documentary is the visual, vivid snapshot of life...
Sure, there's a lot of scenes that to western eyes, make the film seem more like a fan film about Khamba Lama Natsagdorj rather than a documentary, but there's so many cultural points of interest along the way that it all ends up flowing along rather amiably. However, the real delight of this gentle documentary is the visual, vivid snapshot of life shown, in cities and in the wild places of this wonderful country. Alas, in explaining the culture, the film is often simplistic, and lacks dramatic depth, but for a nation just waking up from many years of submission to socialist politics, there is a genuine desire to show the country in the best possible light, and in this aim, THE MEDICINE BUDDHA, succeeds. It also might've been interesting to learn more about the man himself rather than just hear about how great he is: Yes, OK, he's clearly great, but what made him so? What has been the challenges to his work? What was his upbringing like, his journey?
However, what is rather fantastic, is that the film was often shot in substantially sub-zero temperatures, which is a feat in itself and a credit to the accomplishment of the crew. It's also a reminder of the tough resilience of the Mongolian people. The audio mix is great which helps the clarity of the visuals shine even more, as is the score. The film is a little on the long side for some, but the photography and sincerity of THE MEDICINE BUDDHA, so clearly shine out, that it's very forgivable. So, sit back, enjoy the ride, learn about a great country, a lovely people and their tireless, positive, life reinforcing leader.
janecreates@23-films.com
Britflicks saw the premiere of the, THE MEDICINE BUDDHA, at the Regent Street Cinema...
Britflicks saw the premiere of the, THE MEDICINE BUDDHA, at the Regent Street Cinema, London's oldest cinema. Restored to its fabulous Victorian style, it re-opened in 2015 to champion and show independent films of all kinds, from all time frames. Visit: www.regentstreetcinema.com for info.
THE MEDICINE BUDDHA
Benjamin Johns


To the editor: In the October issue Stahl and associates (1) describe a "distinctive cutaneous lesion" seen in patients with connective tissue diseases which "appear to be associated with an inflammatory myopathy." The occurrence of this sign is suggested to be indicative of myositis.
Carl Pearson (2) describes a similar phenomenon in dermatomyositis and other types of polymyositis: "hyperemia at the base of the fingernails, along the sides of the nails and on the fingerpads. The pads may become shiny, red and atrophic and are constantly flaking or peeling."
Published: Ann Intern Med. 1980;92(3):439.


"The Volatility of Consumption-Based Stochastic Discount Factors and Economic Cycles" (with B. Nieto), Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 35, 2011, 2197-2216.
"The Cross-Section of Expected Returns with MIDAS Betas" (with M. González and J. Nave), Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 47, 2012, 115-135.
"Volatility Bounds, Size, and Real Activity Prediction" (with B. Nieto), Review of Finance, Vol. 18, 2014, 373-415.
"Macroeconomic and Financial Determinants of the Volatility of Corporate Bond Returns" (with B. Nieto and A. Novales), Quarterly Journal of Finance, Vol. 5, 2015, 1-41.
"The Cross-Sectional Variation of Volatility Risk Premia" (with A. González-Urteaga), Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 119, 2016, 353-370.
"Teaching Quality and Academic Research" (with R. Rodríguez), International Review of Economics Education, Vol. 23, 2016, 10-27.
"The Joint Cross-Sectional Variation of Equity Returns and Volatilities" (with A. González-Urteaga), Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 75, 2017, 17-34.
"Estimating the Elasticity of Intertemporal Substitution with Leverage" (with A. González-Urteaga), North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 41, 2017, 18-31.
"Macroeconomic Determinants of Stock Market Betas" (with M. González and J. Nave), Journal of Empirical Finance, Vol. 45, 2018, 26-44.


< Prev Post Lapland is the best place to celebrate Christmas. Why?
Why man loses interest in a woman?
You are not deprived of male attention, but every novel ends, having barely begun, and your fans, as though they disappear from view after a month of Dating? If at least one of the following descriptions, you recognize yourself, then it is possible that you are build relationships via the obviously hopeless scenario. Find out which female habits that most often cause the man to lose interest and end the relationship.
In his bestseller "You're a goddess! How to make men crazy" Marie Forleo very well articulates one of the basic needs of men — to be accepted unconditionally. The writer proposes to compare the choice of men buying the product in the store: we are free to choose, but our attempts to change the already purchased goods unsuccessful and foolish — man "sold" us only "as is" and any attempt to change it, "upgrade" or to educate will certainly lead to disaster and mutual disappointments. "Either accept him the way he is or leave him, baby," the uncompromising advises Marie.
If in the first weeks of Dating your habit of incessantly Twitter about everything will cause men to sincere affection, after a couple of months he will be replaced by irritation, headache, irritation, and a burning desire to run aimlessly — few things can bring a man out of himself faster than women's talkativeness. So leave the gossip from the world of celebrity and retelling the latest releases of beloved reality show for friends, so as not to injure the delicate male psyche.
If you tend to live in the eternal mode of competition and to compete with everyone around the ability to earn money, to cook and being able to drive a car, then it is possible that unconsciously you will take the habit to compete and in a relationship with a man. In rare cases, such a competitive atmosphere can go the relations to benefit and add sharpness, but it is rather an exception, usually a man, by default, the clock competing with everyone around, with the woman still looking for tranquility and possibility to relax, not a call to conquer the next mountain adventure race. So if you don't want to turn your romance in a totally not romantic competitive race, slow down and allow yourself at least sometimes just to drift.
Independent and successful miss independent is intriguing and pulls the man; too powerful and unable to compromise "the iron lady" is scary and off-putting. If you constantly complain about the lack of true gentlemen and brave knights, ask yourself the question: do they have a place around you if you yourself are quite capable of (and the ability of this proud to show off) and its own restaurant bill to pay, and the bags are heavy to carry and fix a broken faucet? Try at least to throw off the armor, give the knight a man and he wants to make them for you again and again.
The baggage of past mistakes, painful separations and unhappy novels is in each of us, but sometimes it becomes a serious problem. If in conversation with the new boyfriend and then you reminisce about the former, every day checking his page in the social networks or even seeking a meeting with him, your man can from such a relationship to tire quickly — very few people like to be a reserve player and part-time personal psychologist.
"She makes me laugh," the only valuable compliment that a woman can bestow upon a sincere passionate man. Sense of humor sometimes is a much more powerful weapon of conquest of men's hearts than stilettos, stockings and glamorous makeup; conversely, if you have a gloomy disposition, prone to irony (and especially irony), and his jokes cause you only confusion and bewilderment — your novel is unlikely to last long.
It is no secret that men often fall for women who are in love with themselves: they never get bored in their own company, they are happy, love to care for themselves and are able to put their interest in priority. So sad to see how with the advent of the boyfriend they throw the usual classes at the gym and the pool, indulge in much-loved get-togethers with friends, and (most sadly) eschew glamorous makeup and fashionable clothes in favor of robes, pajamas and artless "tail" (about unshaven legs and a shabby manicure probably mention too). No matter how strong the euphoria of love, do not forget that every man in the soul remains a hunter, and the surest way to keep his attention — not to deny attention to itself.


French Dip Reviews: 5 of 5 DeliciScore™ (From Heaven) Awarded to Gilbert's Main Street Bagel Deli for their French Dip Sandwich in Bellevue, WA on this 15th day of April, 2012 - Really great and I hear they have varieties, too.
5 of 5 DeliciScore™ (From Heaven) Awarded to Gilbert's Main Street Bagel Deli for their French Dip Sandwich in Bellevue, WA on this 15th day of April, 2012 - Really great and I hear they have varieties, too.
Here's Gilbert's. It's a nice, expensive little place in old Bellevue on Main. My aunt and uncle (hey, we're got to get together soon!) live close by. They serve bagels and sandwiches and have live jazz on the weekends.
It was a very nice, sunny, early Spring day. I ordered from the line inside but then sat in the great outdoors with my shades on. It was glorious.
My seat outside. Very nice. Sunny. Water with orange slices = bonus!! I took the menu outside to study it and took lots of pictures of it but I won't bore you with it. Overall, you should go to Gilbert's if you can stomach (no pun) the high prices.
Alright! Here's my meal served. You can see the the jus is actually French Onion soup. And I got a side salad with spinach, a fine cheddar, pears, and almonds! The bread looks very good and fresh-baked.
Close-up of my salad, which was really great and fresh. And a bird's-eye view of the jus.
Here's the toasted bread and another close-up of the jus. It's really good looking. I added Swiss cheese to my sandwich for free. It doesn't come by default but I do like Swiss on it: especially if it's free!!! The jus is delicious and presently making my mouth water!
There's the sandwich (fancy toothpick) and pickle. I only got a half of a sandwich and it was more than enough with the salad. It was $14.99, so pricey!!!
The sandwich has caramelized onions on it (which was a surprise) but they were good. The final bite is taken by loading up a bunch of really great-tasting French onion soup onions on their really good bread!
The price was high but worth it. It's quality food!
I only got a half and that was enough.
It was a slow, sunny Friday for lunch. And it wasn't very crowded but the service was pretty slow. The food was really good.
Orange slices in water gets bonus points!
Their sandwiches (I saw several others delivered while I was waiting for mine) are really great looking!
The French dip sandwich, sans jus, was very juicy and delicious with medium rare roast beef and perfect bread.
The sandwich is an easy 5 of 0 to 5.
The jus was thickish and almost even gravy-like but tangy and great.
The spinach side salad was a 4: fresh, simple. Good cheese almonds, pears.


text:
American Journal of Economics, Finance and Management, Vol.1, No.4, Aug. 2015, Pub. Date: May 28, 2015
Taxation of Real Estate as a Tool for Economic and Social Policy Objective
[01] Thodhori Puleri, Department of Finance, Faculty of Economics, Saranda Affiliate, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania.
[02] Renata Puleri, High Professional School, Gjirokaster, Albania.
This article was written at a time when in Albania a new territorial division of the country is sanctioned, and one of its main objectives among others, is also the well-administration and further decentralization of the local government. The implementation of public and social policies by central and local government under these conditions is closely linked to the budget problems, and a budget which is necessary for these policies implementation fund.The main source through which the appropriate funds for this purpose are provided is the fiscal system through taxes and taxation. These ways of taxation or tax have an impact on the economy recession or its development, the opening of new jobs, the implementation of public policy and in general on the economic growth of a country and also on the improvement of the lives of its citizens.In this context I think that specific special taxes, such as that on real estate, which include taxation of buildings, agricultural land but also the specific elements that will be discussed below, are more appropriate and of a more sensitive connection between taxpayers and beneficiaries of the relevant service to improve the infrastructure and other social elements.The goal: The increase of the efficiency use of tax on real estate in the country's economic development and implementation of social policies.The method used is the method of comparison and of quantitative and qualitative analysis.The conclusions and recommendations of this study must be taken into account by the policy-makers at central and local levels to improve the system of taxation of real estate in the future".
Tax on Real Estate, Buildings, Farmland, Social Policy, the Central Government and the Local Government
[01] Works Cited Taxing Immovable Property Revenue Potential and Implementation Challenges.John Norregaard.
[02] The Real Estate Tax. The instrument for the revenue increase and the urban policy application in Local Power level. Author AnilaGjika&DritanShutina.
[03] Bahl, Roy, "Property Tax Reform in Developing and Transition Countries", Fiscal Reformand Economic Governance project, USAID, December 2009.
[04] Bahl, Roy, Jorge Martinez-Vasquez, and Joan Youngman (ed.), "Challenging theConventional Wisdom on the Property Tax", Lincoln Institute of Land Policy,Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2010.
[05] USAID:The Real Estate Tax, innovative instrument for the local revenue increase.(Research study report).Michael Bell, "Implementing a Local Property Tax When There Is No Market: the Case ofCommonly Owned Land in Rural South Africa," George Washington Institute ofPublic Policy, January 2011.
[06] Eckert, Joseph K., "Computer-Assisted Mass Appraisal Options for Transitional andDeveloping Countries", in Bahlet.al.(ed.), 2008.
[07] Haldenwang, Christian von, and MaksymIvanyna, "Assessing the Tax Performance ofDeveloping Countries", Discussion Paper, DeutschesInstitut fur Entwicklungspolitikand German Development Institute, 20/2010.
[08] IMF, "Debt Bias and Other Distortions: Crisis-Related Issues in Tax Policy", FAD, May 6,2009.
[09] "Tax policy according to Europian viewpoint" by Martin HutsebautKenyon, Daphne A. Adam H. Langley, and Bethany P. Paquin, "Rethinking Property Tax Incentives for Business", Policy Focus Report, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge MA, 2012.
[10] Lutz, Byron, "The Connection Between House Price Appreciation and Property Tax Revenues", Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Federal Reserve Board, Washington D.C., 2008-48.
[11] Lutz, Byron, Raven Molloy, and Hui Shan, "The Housing Crisis and State and LocalGovernment Tax Revenue: Five Channels", Federal Reserve Board, WashingtonD.C., 2010.
[12] Martinez-Vazquez, Jorge, and Mark Rider, "The Assignment of the Property Tax: Should Developing Countries follow the Conventional Wisdom?", Georgia State University, International Studies Program, Working Paper 08-21, December 2008.
[13] Miezkowski, Peter, "The Property Tax: An Excise Tax or a Profits Tax?", Journal of PublicEconomics, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 1972.
[14] Mikesell, John L., and C. Kurt Zorn, "Data Challenges in Implementing a Market ValueProperty Tax: Market and Market-Informed Valuation in Russia, Ukraine, and theBaltic States", in Bahl et. al. (ed.), 2008.
[15] OECD, "Tax Policy Reform and Economic Growth", OECD Tax Policy Studies No. 20,Paris 2010.
[16] Pessino, Carola, and Ricardo Fenochietto, "Determining countries' tax effort", HaciendaPublicaspanola, Instituto de EstudiosFiscales, 2010.
[17] Sennoga, Edward B., David L. Sjoquist, and Sally Wallace, "Incidence and EconomicImpacts of Property Taxes in Developing and Transitional Countries", in Bahl et. al.(ed.), 2008.
[18] Tax Notes International, "Tax Court Calls for New Property Valuations", August 30, 2010.
[19] Wallis, John Joseph, "A History of the Property Tax In America", State Tax Notes, May 29,2000.
[20] UN-Habitat, "Land and Property Tax—A Policy Guide", United Nations Human Settlement
[21] Programme, Nairobi, 2011 (Principal author: Lawrence Walters).USAID, "Tax Policy in Serbia—Looking Forward", USAID Sega Project, Belgrade, 2010.
[22] Youngman, Joan, "The Property Tax in Development and in Transition", in Bahlet.al (ed.),2008.