text:
YNA and STEM
2015 Young Naturalist Awards Winners, Finalists and Semifinalists
Winning Essays
2015 Winning Essays
The Effect of Water Temperature, Water Acidity, and Animal Age and Body Size on the Opercular Respiratory Rate of Brown Bullhead Catfish
Greening Under the Evergreens: A Biochar Soil Amendment Study
Harboring a Problem: Investigating Changes in Dissolved Oxygen Levels at King Harbor in Redondo Beach, CA
Mango Skins: An Effective Organic Pest Deterrent
Goldfish as a Model for Understanding Learning and Memory: More Complex Than You Think
Dripping with Life: Investigating Bacteria in Speleothem Carbonates from Natural and Artificial Surfaces
Temporal Changes in the Vertebrate Scavenger Community in Association with Wildebeest Carcasses
Digging the Dark: Broad-Scale Nesting Patterns of Sea Turtles vis-á-vis Satellite Measures of Artificial Lighting
The Effects of Varying Conductivities on Phytoplankton Concentration and Species Composition in the Presence of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Lake Mat...
The Identification of Cutaneous Bacteria on Salamanders that Inhibit the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Forecasting Hurricane Hazards for the Long Island Area
Chytrid Treatments and Their Compatibility with Amphibian Tissue
Removal of Copper (II) Ions from Contaminated Water by Encapsulation of Peppermint Tea Leaves in Alginate Beads
Occupancy Modeling of Bird Species in a Subalpine Lake Ecosystem
Using Agricultural Waste for Remediation of Chemical Contaminants in Water
A Study of the Effectiveness of Deer Repellents on the Eating Habits of White-tailed Deer
Urban Birds in Central Park
Weed Warfare: Investigating Allelopathy
Bacterial Activity in Different Water Sources: A Sequel Comparative Study
Floating Docks Provide Footing for Exotic Marine Species: Differences in Dock Substrate Types Within a Coastal Pond
Troubled Waters: An Analysis of Water Quality and Biota in the West Prong of the Little Pigeon River
Significantly Increasing the Concentration of Cellulosic Ethanol Using Cedecea davisae
Manipulating Mutant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains in Hydrogen production: A Novel Source of Renewable Energy
The Effects of Soil Nitrogen Content on the Caloric Investments of the Carnivorous Plant Drosera capenis
The Effects of Heat-Shock Therapy on the Immunity of Hard Clams With Quahog Parasite Unknown Disease
Analysis of the Composition of Mammalian Species in an Urban, Fragmented Area in Southern California
Optimizing Algae Biofuels: Applied Natural Selection to Improve Lipid Synthesis
Testing Water Quality Near a Public Landfill
Comparison of a Parrotlet's Seed Preference
Selective Territoriality Among Foxes
Living Waters: A Study of the Effects of Elevation on Water Quality and Biota in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Using Plant-Based Biofilters to Purify Household Wastewater
An Analysis of the Effects of a Wildfire on the Biodiversity of Wildlife in Southern Arizona
The Effect of Oil and Its Dispersants on the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica
Biochar Carbon Sequestration: The Effect of Feedstock and Particle Size on Physical and Chemical Stability
The Effect of Coprophagous Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae, and Hydrophilidae) on Methane Emission Rates and a Six-Month Species Com...
Pumpkin Purifier: Removal of Toxic Metals from Water Using Curcurbita Agricultural Waste
Genetic Analysis of the Brown, Brook, and Tiger Trout Populations in the Lake Champlain Basin
The Prevalence of Ophryocystis elektroscirrha Infections in the Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus): A Study of the Protozoan Parasite in a Wild P...
Effects of Urbanization on Cutaneous Bacteria as Inhibitors of the Amphibian Fungal Pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
The Secret of the Fibonacci Sequence in Trees
Butterfly Buffet: The Feeding Preferences of Painted Ladies
Are Dogs' Tongues Really Cleaner Than Humans'?
Plant Extracts as Natural Insecticides
The Effects of pH, Salinity, and Water Temperature on Palaemonetes pugio
Tiny Allies: The Effect of Coprophilous Beetles on Brassica rapa and Lolium perenne Growth and Biomass
Hamadryas Baboons, Papio hamadryas: Captive vs. Wild
Enhancing Algae Biofuels: Nannochloropsis oculata
Memory Retention in Landscape Learning of Honeybees, Apis mellifera
Evaluation of Fecal Contamination in Strawberry River
Effect of Neustonic Microplastic Debris on the Pelagic Insect, Halobates sericeus
The Effects of DEET on Bioluminescent Dinoflagellates, Pyrocystis fusiformis
Ethology of Friendship Among Adult Male Bonnet Macaques, Macaca radiata, at Arunachala Hill, India
Cryptic Species and Synonyms: A Reclassification of the Tropical Spurilla Genus
Cleaning the Water
Bear Brook: Strong Evidence of Pollution
The Role of Microbial Communities in the Breakdown of Wastewater Pharmaceuticals
Trails in the Snow: The Effects of Reforestation on Mammal Distribution in the Baraboo Hills
Diversity of Foliar Endophytes in Wild and Cultured Metrosideros Polymorpa Inferred from Environmental PCR and ITS Sequence Data
Which Way Out--A Study of the Exit Tunnels Made by the Goldenrod Gall Fly, Eurosta solidaginis
Effects of the Aquatic Environment on Growth of the Amphibian Pathogen Bactrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Quantifying the Relative Abundance of Juvenile Atlantic Sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhychus, in the Hudson River
Project Phosphogypsum: The Effect of Phosphogypsum on the Water-retaining Properties of St. Augustine Grass
Investigating the Ecology of Chelydra s. Serpentina, the Common Snapping Turtle, in a Highly Urban Setting
Native Chesapeake Bay Grasses: A Solution to Nutrient Pollution?
You're Fired: The Use of Fire to Eliminate Non-Native Plants in a Prairie Restoration
Effects of Herbicide Application Following Mechanical Site Preparation on Long-term Forest Development: An Experiment with Picea glauca
Night visitors: A Study of the Hourly Distribution of Moth Activity at a Light Station
Facial Expression and its Relationship to Gesture in Western Lowland Gorillas
A Behavioral Test to Examine the Evolution of Color Vision in Vertebrates
Superabsorbant Hydrogels: A Study of the Most Effective Application of Cross-linked Polyacrylamide Polymers
An Analysis of the Microbial Community Associated with the Mucus of Ringed Coral (Montipora patula)
Fishing Pressure on Brown Trout Populations in Northern New Mexico Streams
Marching Hazard
Feeding Habits of Aves of Northern Illinois
The Effectiveness of Botanical Extracts as Repellents Against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes
River Crossings: Effects on Wildlife in and Around the Fort River
Irrigation or Evaporation?
Nesting Preferences of the Alfalfa Leaf-cutting Bee
Investigating the Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Aquatic Organisms
Filtration Capabilities of The Eastern Oyster and Soft-Shell Clam
Colors Within: A Study of the Pigmentations in Deciduous and Broadleaf Evergreens
Grasshoppers in the Rockies: Surmounting Alpine Challenges
Birds of a Feather Feed Together
Gestural Communication by a Group of Western Lowland Gorillas
Juvenile Blue Crab Cannibalism
Providing Habitat for Threatened Drymarchon corais couperi Utilizing Gopherus polyphemus Burrows
Resilience of a Red Sea Fringing Coral Reef Under Extreme Environmental Conditions: A Four Year Study
Anthropogenic Radionuclides in the Estuarine Environment Near a Boiling Water Nuclear Reactor
Algae in the Wekiva River: Is It Helping or Hurting Water Quality?
The Toads of Delaware County
An Analysis of Water Quality on the Severn River over Two Years
An Analysis of the Effect of Roofing Albedo on Ambient Temperature
An Investigation of Water Quality in Mercer County Lake
Barn Owls on the Side of the Road
Thigmomorphogenesis in Pisum sativum Tendril Development
From the Desert to the Subalpine Forest
Human Factor IV: The Impact of a Boiling Water Nuclear Reactor on the Plankton, Benthic and Biofouling Communities in the Reactor's Intake and Disc...
A Survey of the Birds of Indroda Nature Park in Gujarat, India
Lichens as Indicators of Vehicle Pollution
More Than Meets the Eye: Do Himasthla Sp. B Cercariae Use Chemo-orientation?
Toxic Algae: A Threat to Florida Waters?
An Analysis of Mockingbird Nesting Behavior in Residential Areas
Waterworks: A Purification Process
A Study of Claridy Creek: Water Pollution and the Effects of Phytoremediation on Contaminants
Lead Levels in Residential Soil in Proximity to a Superhighway
Investigation of Water and Soil Quality Upstream and Downstream in a Pond Environment
Human Factor III: The Impact of a Boiling Water Nuclear Reactor
The Work Habits of the North American Beaver
Tillandsia usneoides: An Indicator to Air Pollution
Environmental Engineering of Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ant Mounds
Ozone Pollution and White Pines: Phase II
The Effect of Hatchery Cell Size on Growth of Juvenile Blue Crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun
The Pantano Wash: Investigating an Ecosystem
The Effect of Hedychium gardnerianum on the Surrounding Soil and Native Flora in Volcano, Hawaii
Exploring Earthworms' Influences on a Miniature Ecosystem
Does Effluent Water Affect the Ecosystem in Fountain Hills, Arizona?
Tidal Pools: Bacterial Variability, Marine Life Stability
Impact Study of Grovers Mill Pond and Dam Reconstruction on Big Bear Brook
The World Through a Bat's Ears
Dance of the Moons
Troubled Waters: A Six-Month Longitudinal Study of the Spanish Fork River System
Environmental Effects of Industrial Run-off on Daphnia magna
Got Cats? Get Worms!
A Search for Variable Stars in Two Northern Open Clusters: NGC 381 and NGC 637
Gopher Tortoises: My Endangered Fellow Floridians
A Comparison of the Bisbee and Morenci, Arizona, Copper Ore Deposits
The Growth Patterns of Aspens
Afpectus Lunae: Does the Moon Rotate on Its Axis?
Life in a Vernal Pool
The Mystery of a Lifeless Creek: Investigating Dissolved Oxygen and Fecal-Coliform Bacteria
Explaining the Divergence of the Marine Iguana Subspecies on Espa
The Impact of Plant Density and Diversity on Animal Populations in a Sonoran Desert Environment
Effects of Nitrate, Phospate, and Hydrogen Ion Concentration on Synedra Ulna: Diatoms as Indicators of Water Composition
Morphologic Variation in the Common Periwinkle
¡Que Vivan las Serpientes Muertas!
The Mysterious Peregrine Falcon
Selected Winning Essays: 1998-2003
My Fish-Shaped Home: A History of Changes
Deformed Frogs: The Big Mystery
Oscawana: A Dying Lake?
Saguaro Cactus: From Life to Death
Reading the Rocks in Cold Spring Harbor, New York
The Big Chill: Calming Signals Among Wolves
Investigating the Effects of Water Pollution on Daphnia magna
Biodiversity in Arizona
Comparing Streams in Southwest Washington to Determine the Needs of Salmon
The Natural Environment of New Lisbon, New York
The History and Geology of Rocks and Fossils in Helena, Montana
Fiddler on the Marsh
Survival in the Northeast Wilderness
A Beach Walk in New Mexico
Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Rochester, New York, Area
Aquarium: An Ecosystem in Miniature
Reading the Rocks at Cornwall, Pennsylvania
Shaped by Nature and Man: The Geological History of the Palisades
Emit What You Eat: An Investigation of the Link Between Bovine Diet and Their Excreta Methane Emissions
Aspen Island
Exploring a Woodlot's Ecosystem
A Study of the Indigenous, Endemic, and Exotic Fungi in the Pu'u Maka'ala Natural Area Reserve in Volcano, Hawaii
Habitat Selection for Nest Cups of the Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva) in Nome, Alaska
Aspen: A Keystone Species
A Study of the Geology of the Rocks of the Huntington Formation in the Izee and Olds Ferry Terrains of the Blue Mountains Region
Bobwhite Quail Decline in Texas
Investigating Vegetation and Small Mammals in the Cloud Peak Wilderness Area of the Bighorn Mountains in Wyoming
A Comparison of Native Tree Seedling Growth on Fallen Hapu'u Ferns and the Adjacent Forest Floor in Volcano, Hawaii
Habitat Variety and Bird Abundance
Tardigrades as Environmental Bio-Indicators
Growing Up at Espenberg: Eggstatic About Foxes
Surviving Against All Odds: Investigating the Adaptability of the Common Periwinkle
From Uplift to Glaciation: The Geological History of the Pikes Peak Region
First Flights: Fledgling Bald Eagles in Southeast Alaska
Salmon Creek: A Search for the Missing Salmon
The Secret of the Fibonacci Sequence in Trees Part of the Young Naturalist Awards Curriculum Collection
Part of the Young Naturalist Awards Curriculum Collection.
More in Young Naturalist Awards
by Aiden, Grade 7, New York - 2011 YNA Winner
"I am the Lorax. I speak for the trees. I speak for the trees for they have no tongues. "
—Dr. Seuss (The Lorax)
"I thought trees were a mess of tangled branches, but I saw a pattern in the way the tree branches grew."
People see winter as a cold and gloomy time in nature. The days are short. Snow blankets the ground. Lakes and ponds freeze, and animals scurry to burrows to wait for spring. The rainbow of red, yellow and orange autumn leaves has been blown away by the wind turning trees into black skeletons that stretch bony fingers of branches into the sky. It seems like nature has disappeared.
But when I went on a winter hiking trip in the Catskill Mountains in New York, I noticed something strange about the shape of the tree branches. I thought trees were a mess of tangled branches, but I saw a pattern in the way the tree branches grew. I took photos of the branches on different types of trees, and the pattern became clearer.
The branches seemed to have a spiral pattern that reached up into the sky. I had a hunch that the trees had a secret to tell about this shape. Investigating this secret led me on an expedition from the Catskill Mountains to the ancient Sanskrit poetry of India; from the 13th-century streets of Pisa, Italy, and a mysterious mathematical formula called the "divine number" to an 18th-century naturalist who saw this mathematical formula in nature; and, finally, to experimenting with the trees in my own backyard.
The spiral on trees showing the Fibonacci Sequence
My investigation asked the question of whether there is a secret formula in tree design and whether the purpose of the spiral pattern is to collect sunlight better. After doing research, I put together test tools, experiments and design models to investigate how trees collect sunlight. At the end of my research project, I put the pieces of this natural puzzle together, and I discovered the answer. But the best part was that I discovered a new way to increase the efficiency of solar panels at collecting sunlight!
Aidan studied leaf arrangements.
My investigation started with trying to understand the spiral pattern. I found the answer with a medieval mathematician and an 18th-century naturalist. In 1209 in Pisa, Leonardo of Pisano, also known as "Fibonacci," used his skills to answer a math puzzle about how fast rabbits could reproduce in pairs over a period of time. While counting his newborn rabbits, Fibonacci came up with a numerical sequence. Fibonacci used patterns in ancient Sanskrit poetry from India to make a sequence of numbers starting with zero (0) and one (1). Fibonacci added the last two numbers in the series together, and the sum became the next number in the sequence. The number sequence started to look like this: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34... . The number pattern had the formula Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2 and became the Fibonacci sequence. But it seemed to have mystical powers! When the numbers in the sequence were put in ratios, the value of the ratio was the same as another number, φ, or "phi," which has a value of 1.618. The number "phi" is nicknamed the "divine number" (Posamentier). Scientists and naturalists have discovered the Fibonacci sequence appearing in many forms in nature, such as the shape of nautilus shells, the seeds of sunflowers, falcon flight patterns and galaxies flying through space. What's more mysterious is that the "divine" number equals your height divided by the height of your torso, and even weirder, the ratio of female bees to male bees in a typical hive! (Livio)
Aidan measuring the spiral pattern
In 1754, a naturalist named Charles Bonnet observed that plants sprout branches and leaves in a pattern, called phyllotaxis. Bonnet saw that tree branches and leaves had a mathematical spiral pattern that could be shown as a fraction. The amazing thing is that the mathematical fractions were the same numbers as the Fibonacci sequence! On the oak tree, the Fibonacci fraction is 2/5, which means that the spiral takes five branches to spiral two times around the trunk to complete one pattern. Other trees with the Fibonacci leaf arrangement are the elm tree (1/2); the beech (1/3); the willow (3/8) and the almond tree (5/13) (Livio, Adler).
I now had my first piece of the puzzle but it did not answer the question, Why do trees have this pattern? I had the next mystery to solve. I designed experiments that attacked this question, but first I had to do field tests to understand the spiral pattern.
I built a test tool to measure the spiral pattern of different species of trees. I took a clear plastic tube and attached two circle protractors that could be rotated up and down the tube. When I put a test branch in the tube, I aligned the zero degree mark on one compass to match up with the first offshoot branch. I then moved and rotated the second compass up to the next branch spot. The second compass measured the angle between the two spots. I recorded the measurement and then moved up the branch step-by-step.
Diagram of tree model that Aidan made with his computer.
I collected samples of branches that fell to the ground from different trees, and I made measurements. My results confirmed that the Fibonacci sequence was behind the pattern.
But the question of why remained. I knew that branches and leaves collected sunlight for photosynthesis, so my next experiments investigated if the Fibonacci pattern helped. I needed a way to measure and compare the amount of sunlight collected by the pattern. I came up with the idea that I could copy the pattern of branches and leaves with solar panels and compare it with another pattern.
I designed and built my own test model, copying the Fibonacci pattern of an oak tree. I studied my results with the compass tool and figured out the branch angles. The pattern was about 137 degrees and the Fibonacci sequence was 2/5. Then I built a model using this pattern from PVC tubing. In place of leaves, I used PV solar panels hooked up in series that produced up to 1/2 volt, so the peak output of the model was 5 volts. The entire design copied the pattern of an oak tree as closely as possible.
Aidan building his solar "tree" collector
The flat-panel collector
I needed to compare the tree design pattern's performance. I made a second model that was based on how man-made solar panel arrays are designed. The second model was a flat-panel array that was mounted at 45 degrees. It had the same type and number of PV solar panels as the tree design, and the same peak voltage. My idea was to track how much sunlight each model collected under the same conditions by watching how much voltage each model made.
I measured the performance of each model with a data logger. This recorded the voltage that each model made over a period of time. The data logger could download the measurements to a computer, and I could see the results in graphs.
The two models collecting sunlight
Graph: Tree Design
Graph: Standard Solar
Winter test showing energy collection of the tree and the flat-panel collector
Graph comparing the two solar collector designs
I set the two models in the same location in my backyard facing the southern sky and measured their output over a couple of months. I moved the test location around to vary the conditions.
The sunlight conditions were also important. I started my measurements in October and tested my models through December. At that time of year the winter solstice was coming, and the Sun was moving into a lower declination in the sky. The amount of sunshine was shortening. So I was testing the Fibonacci pattern under the most difficult circumstances for collecting sunlight.
A typical solar collector
I compared my results on graphs, and they were interesting! The Fibonacci tree design performed better than the flat-panel model. The tree design made 20% more electricity and collected 2 1/2 more hours of sunlight during the day. But the most interesting results were in December, when the Sun was at its lowest point in the sky. The tree design made 50% more electricity, and the collection time of sunlight was up to 50% longer!
I had my first evidence that the Fibonacci pattern helped to collect more sunlight. But now I had to go back and figure out why it worked better. I also began to think that I might have found a new way to use nature to make solar panels work better.
I learned that making power from the Sun is not easy. The photovoltaic ("PV") array is the way to do it. A photovoltaic array is a linked collection of multiple solar cells. Making electricity requires as much sunlight as possible. At high noon on a cloudless day at the equator, the power of the Sun is about 1 kilowatt per square meter at the Earth's surface (Komp). Sounds easy to catch some rays, right? But the Sun doesn't stand still. It moves through the sky, and the angle of its rays in regions outside the equator change with the seasons. This makes collecting sunlight tricky for PV arrays. Some PV arrays use tracking systems to keep the panels pointing at the Sun, but these are expensive and need maintenance. So most PV arrays use fixed mounts that face south (or north if you are below the equator).
Fixed mounts have other problems. When a PV array is shaded by another object, like a tree or a house, the solar panels get backed up with electrons like cars in a traffic jam, and the current drops. Dirt, rain, snow and changes in temperature can also hurt electricity production by as much as half! (Komp)
I began to see how nature beat this problem. Collecting sunlight is key to the survival of a tree. Leaves are the solar panels of trees, collecting sunlight for photosynthesis. Collecting the most sunlight is the difference between life and death. Trees in a forest are competing with other trees and plants for sunlight, and even each branch and leaf on a tree are competing with each other for sunlight. Evolution chose the Fibonacci pattern to help trees track the Sun moving in the sky and to collect the most sunlight even in the thickest forest.
I saw patterns that showed that the tree design avoided the problem of shade from other objects. Electricity dropped in the flat-panel array when shade fell on it. But the tree design kept making electricity under the same conditions. The Fibonacci pattern allowed some solar panels to collect sunlight even if others were in shade. Plus I observed that the Fibonacci pattern helped the branches and leaves on a tree to avoid shading each other.
My conclusions suggest that the Fibonacci pattern in trees makes an evolutionary difference. This is probably why the Fibonacci pattern is found in deciduous trees living in higher latitudes. The Fibonacci pattern gives plants like the oak tree a competitive edge while collecting sunlight when the Sun moves through the sky.
My investigation has created more questions to answer. Why are there different Fibonacci patterns among trees? Is one pattern more efficient than another? More testing of other types of trees is needed. I am testing different Fibonacci patterns now. I am improving my tree design model to see if it could be a new way of making panel arrays. My most recent tries with a bigger test model were successful.
The tree design takes up less room than flat-panel arrays and works in spots that don't have a full southern view. It collects more sunlight in winter. Shade and bad weather like snow don't hurt it because the panels are not flat. It even looks nicer because it looks like a tree. A design like this may work better in urban areas where space and direct sunlight can be hard to find.
But the best part of what I learned was that even in the darkest days of winter, nature is still trying to tell us its secrets!
Adler, I., D. Barabe, and R.V. Jean. "A History of the Study of Phyllotaxis." Annals of Botany 80 (1997): 231-244.
Atela, P., C. Golé, and S. Hotton. "A Dynamical System for Plant Pattern Formation: A Rigorous Analysis." Journal of Nonlinear Science 12.6 (2002): 641-676.
Brockman, C. Frank. Trees of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Guides from St. Martin's Press, 2001.
Geisel, Theodor Seuss (Dr. Seuss). The Lorax. New York: Random House Publishers, 1971.
Jean, Roger V. Phyllotaxis: A Systematic Study in Plant Morphogenesis. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Komp, Richard J. Practical Photovoltaics: Electricity from Solar Cells. 3rd. ed. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Aatec Publications, 2001.
Livio, Mario. The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, The World's Most Astonishing Number. New York: Broadway Books, 2002.
Posamentier, A., and I. Lehman. The (Fabulous) Fibonacci Numbers. New York: Prometheus Books, 2007.


text:
Jerzy (Georges) Dworak (ur. 20 września 1936 w Warszawie, zm. 4 października 2017) – polski przedsiębiorca i wolnomularz. Stał na czele Federacji Polskiej Droit Humain.

Życiorys
W 1957 wraz z żoną wyemigrował do Francji. We Francji ukończył licencjat z księgowości i finansów (Université de Paris IX – Dauphine, Uniwersytet Paryski). Po 1989 ponownie zamieszkał w Polsce.

Do masonerii wstąpił w 1973, był inicjowany w Wielkim Wschodzie Francji, którego był wieloletnim członkiem. Od 1974 do 1984 był równolegle członkiem Wielkiej Loży Francuskiej Rytu Memphis-Misraim. W 1992 związał się z francuskim Droit Humain, następnie współtworzył Polską Federację Droit Humain. Przez dwie kadencje był czcigodnym mistrzem loży-matki DH FP – Pierre et Marie Curie. W dniu 16 września 2006, na V Konwencie DH FP, został wybrany Prezydentem Polskiej Federacji DH.

Jest pochowany na Cmentarzu Wojskowym na Powązkach (kwatera Q KOL 9 rząd 1 grób 6).

W Droit Humain posiadał 33. stopień.

Mąż Alicji Dworak.

Przypisy

Polacy w wolnomularstwie francuskim
Polscy wolnomularze (III Rzeczpospolita)
Urodzeni w 1936
Zmarli w 2017
Pochowani na Powązkach-Cmentarzu Wojskowym w Warszawie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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<TITLE>
Properties
</TITLE>

<LINK REL ="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="../../stylesheet.css" TITLE="Style">

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org.hecl

Class Properties

java.lang.Object
  org.hecl.Properties

Direct Known Subclasses:
MethodProps

public class Properties
extends java.lang.Object

The Properties class is used to parse command line
 arguments.  Its basic usage pattern is like so: a new Properties is
 instantiated with default properties and values, then setProps is
 called with argv.  At that point the rest of the command can go on,
 and for every prop that's needed, it can be fetched with getProp.

Version:

1.0

Author:

David N. Welton

Field Summary

protected  java.util.Hashtable
props

Constructor Summary

Properties()

          Creates a new Properties instance with no default
 properties.

Properties(java.lang.Object[] defaultprops)

          Creates a new Properties instance with default
 properties and their values.

Method Summary

 void
delProp(java.lang.String name)

          delProp removes a property from the property set.

 boolean
existsProp(java.lang.String name)

          The existsProp method is used to determine if a
 property exists or not.

 Thing
getAndDelProp(java.lang.String name)

          The getAndDelProp method fetches and deletes the
 value associated with 'name', or returns null if there is no
 value associated with it.

 Thing
getProp(java.lang.String name)

          The getProp method fetches the value of a
 property.

 Thing
getProp(java.lang.String name,
        Thing defaultVal)

          The getProp method with two arguments fetches the
 value of the property given by 'name', or, if that does not
 exist, returns a default value.

 Thing[]
getProps()

          getProps converts the properties back into an
 array of Things.

 boolean
isEmpty()

          isEmpty test if property set is empty.

 void
setProp(java.lang.String name,
        Thing val)

          The setProp method sets a single property to some
 value.

 void
setProps(Thing[] argv,
         int offset)

          The setProps method sets properties with their
 values from the command line argv.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait

Field Detail

props

protected java.util.Hashtable props

Constructor Detail

Properties

public Properties()

Creates a new Properties instance with no default
 properties.

Properties

public Properties(java.lang.Object[] defaultprops)

Creates a new Properties instance with default
 properties and their values.

Parameters:
defaultprops - an Object[] value

Method Detail

setProps

public void setProps(Thing[] argv,
                     int offset)
              throws HeclException

The setProps method sets properties with their
 values from the command line argv.  The number of Things
 handled must be even.

Parameters:
argv - a Thing[] value
offset - an int value

Throws:

HeclException - if an error occurs

setProp

public void setProp(java.lang.String name,
                    Thing val)

The setProp method sets a single property to some
 value.

Parameters:
name - a String value
val - a Thing value

getProp

public Thing getProp(java.lang.String name)

The getProp method fetches the value of a
 property.

Parameters:
name - a String value

Returns:
a Thing value

getProp

public Thing getProp(java.lang.String name,
                     Thing defaultVal)

The getProp method with two arguments fetches the
 value of the property given by 'name', or, if that does not
 exist, returns a default value.

Parameters:
name - a String value
defaultVal - a Thing value

Returns:
a Thing value

existsProp

public boolean existsProp(java.lang.String name)

The existsProp method is used to determine if a
 property exists or not.

Parameters:
name - a String value

Returns:
a boolean value

getAndDelProp

public Thing getAndDelProp(java.lang.String name)

The getAndDelProp method fetches and deletes the
 value associated with 'name', or returns null if there is no
 value associated with it.

Parameters:
name - a String value

Returns:
a Thing value

delProp

public void delProp(java.lang.String name)

delProp removes a property from the property set.

Parameters:
name - a String value

getProps

public Thing[] getProps()

getProps converts the properties back into an
 array of Things.

Returns:
an array of Things, being property name
 and property value.

isEmpty

public boolean isEmpty()

isEmpty test if property set is empty.

Returns:
true if it's empty, flase otherwise.

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text:
Q: My aim is to import data from SQL and export it to Oracle Database. there might be thousands of records, so I am trying it using bulk import I have a SP at SQL side returning the required data. I need to export it to Oracle DB. I am using bulkcopy. here is the code.
string connectionString = System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.AppSettings.Get("ConnectionString");
string ConnectionStringOracle = System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.AppSettings.Get("ConnectionStringOracle");

using (SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection(connectionString))
{
    using (SqlCommand command = new SqlCommand("[SPNAME]", connection))
    {
        connection.Open();

        SqlDataReader rdr = command.ExecuteReader();

        using (OracleConnection destinationConnection = new OracleConnection(ConnectionStringOracle))
        {
            destinationConnection.Open();
            try
            {
                using (Oracle.DataAccess.Client.OracleBulkCopy bulkCopy = new Oracle.DataAccess.Client.OracleBulkCopy(ConnectionStringOracle))
                {
                    bulkCopy.DestinationTableName = "DESTTABLLENAME";                                                                                /                                   //bulkCopy.ColumnMappings.Add(1,1);
                    bulkCopy.WriteToServer(rdr);
                    bulkCopy.Close();
                    bulkCopy.Dispose();
                    destinationConnection.Dispose();
                    connection.Close();
                }
            }
            catch (OracleException ex)
            {

            }

        }
        // ...
    }

    // ...
}

I am getting the following error :
oracle exception external component has thrown an exception

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Getting your foot in the door and climbing the ladder in media is challenge: The industry is always changing, career paths are ambiguous and social media never sleeps.
To help you find your way, and learn by example, we're talking to media pros with a few years under their belts. Advice from the Pros gives you real-world insights and advice you can use in your job search, job interview, and, in your next gig, too.
When you're ready to take a look at what the current media landscape has for you, check out our job board.
UPDATE: Franny is now at SiriusXM working on social media strategy.
If you've found Mediabistro content through our Twitter presence or Facebook page, you're familiar with the work of Franny Goldberg. As Mediabistro's associate marketing manager, a position she's held for two years, the native New Yorker schedules tweets, posts and chats, and interacts with our online community in real time.
What was your first job? And your first real job?
My first-ever job was as a camp counselor in Westchester. My first ever "real" job out of college was at tech startup in Manhattan, where I started as a marketing intern and was eventually promoted to a full-time producer/associate marketing manager—I wore many hats.
The first stop on my job search was the Mediabistro job board. I was searching for marketing opportunities when I saw the opening for an online marketing associate position. I was so excited when a couple of days after I submitted my application I got a call from the head of HR, Carol Kramer.
After our phone call, she invited me to come to our New York City office, where I met with her, the senior marketing manager and another online marketing associate. I felt so comfortable in the office from the moment I stepped in, and my conversations with everyone felt natural.
I knew leaving the office that this was a job I really wanted, so I was thrilled when the next morning I got another call from Carol offering me the job!
Is this where you always thought you'd end up?
I'm embarrassed to say I didn't really consider my career trajectory until senior year at Muhlenberg College. Working on an English degree, I thought I could do anything or nothing, and I was passionate about literature, so I applied and was accepted to NYU's Summer Publishing Institute.
I attended the six-week program the summer after I graduated, and through the program I found myself drawn to the digital and marketing side of the business. Since I had such little experience in either field, I figured that despite the fact that I had already graduated college I needed to intern to get experience in marketing before I could get a job in a specific industry.
What inspired you to break into this role?
I've always loved social media. I was one of the first of my friends to have a Facebook in high school because I had a friend in college who invited me, which at the time was necessary to join the platform if you weren't a college student.
I'm very much of the generation that grew up on computers and the Internet, and I've always been obsessed with media and pop culture.
What about your job gets you excited to jump out of bed every morning? What about the job makes you want to hide under the sheets?
Managing Mediabistro's social media profiles, I always get excited to see how the content I wrote and scheduled performs with our audience. It's scary to see your work published for hundreds of thousands of strangers to see, but it's also really gratifying when you've created content that resonates with and is appreciated by your audience.
But being in charge of a brand's social media accounts means you're also the person who has to deal with the trolls. I'm constantly checking our feed on my cell phone because I'm terrified a tweet had a typo or a post somehow offended someone.
You definitely have to have thick skin and be able to prioritize what is just noise, and what feedback actually needs to be addressed.
What's your favorite thing about working at your company?
The people! Mediabistro's marketing team is made up of extremely intelligent, creative, and fun people. Even outside of the marketing team, I genuinely enjoy working with everyone in this office and am constantly learning something new from the people I work with. Oh, and Bagel Mondays!
How do you stay on top of trends in your field?
I'm always plugged into Twitter and get a lot of my news and insight on trending topics from social media and tuning into what our audience and the industry is buzzing about.
What leaders or companies in your field do you follow on Twitter/Linkedin?
I follow Arianna Huffington, Joanna Coles and Eva Chen on all platforms. They're such intelligent and insightful professionals, and obviously huge role models as a woman in media.
I love anything Bravo—life goal is to meet Andy Cohen. I have so many books sitting on my bookshelf waiting to be read, but I'm currently making my way through Hanya Yanagihara's A Little Life. I also subscribe to a ton of magazines, so I always look forward to Cosmopolitan, The Food Network Magazine and InStyle landing in my mailbox.
What's the biggest misconception people have about your role?
A lot of people think of social media as a "fluffy" industry, but it takes real, hard work and strategy to be successful. Anyone can write a tweet or an e-mail, but to resonate with your audience and engage people, let alone sell them something, takes a real insight into your demographic's mindset and what they care about. This work is not easy!
What advice you would give to someone looking to break into this field?
You really need an analytical mindset, a creative perspective and thick skin.
Consume as much information as humanly possible! You have to not only know what's working now, but what will work in the future: new platforms, emerging trends, key influencers.
Also, intern: You'll learn skills you weren't taught in school, will make connections with people in the industry, and will have real-life experience to speak to when you're interviewing for a full-time job.
What tips do you have for those seek a mentor?
Be open and be appreciative. Everyone is busy, so if someone is willing to take the extra time to mentor and teach you, show them that you're grateful.
And take notes! One of my biggest pet peeves is when someone doesn't write things down when I'm showing them a new skill, or sharing new information. I am more than happy to teach anyone, anything, once, but no one wants to have to do it twice because you didn't write anything down.
Check out our job board for openings in digital media, marketing and social media.


text:
ACT 3: Equipping Leaders for Unity in Christ's Mission
How to Get to My Blog
New Blog Site Soon
A Strange Encounter with Evil in Phoenix
"Take Me Out to the Ball Game"
Reasons That This Is a Great Time to Be Alive: Should We Be Optimistic?
Why It's Important to Oppose Anti-Sharia Movements in America
The Will of the Majority, the Rights of the Minority and the Bill of Rights
The Stain That Stays: How Should We Respond to the Sexual Misconduct of Pastors/Leaders?
Growing Into the Mystery That Is God
The Christian Mystical Tradition: Its Value and Place
Don Garlington on Why It's Important to Oppose Anti-Sharia Movements in America
Moshe on Why It's Important to Oppose Anti-Sharia Movements in America
Dj on Why It's Important to Oppose Anti-Sharia Movements in America
John Metz on New Blog Site Soon
Craig on A Book on Theology (Humor)
Don Broesamle on A Strange Encounter with Evil in Phoenix
Don Broesamle on New Blog Site Soon
Chris Criminger on New Blog Site Soon
LKH on New Blog Site Soon
John H. Armstrong on A Strange Encounter with Evil in Phoenix
Your Church is Too Small - by John H. Armstrong | Promote Your Page Too
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« Whither Methodism? | Main | The Abject Failure of the United Nations »
Miss Potter: The Life of Beatrix Potter and the Tale of Peter Rabbit
The newly released DVD, Miss Potter, is a superb period-piece with a sterling lead performance by Renee Zellweger as the famous Beatrix Potter, the best-selling children's author of all-time. I confess I actually like most period-piece movies, especially nineteenth century Victorian ones, and many younger people do not. Maybe it really is a generational thing, I'm not sure. It could also be my love of English culture, custom and literature. But this movie, regardless of your perspective, reveals Beatrix Potter as a sheltered but courageous woman who authored dozens of children's books, including the children's classic, "The Tale of Peter Rabbit."
I do confess that I feel pity for every person who did not grow up hearing the story of Flopsie, Mopsie, Cottontail and Peter Rabbit. And Mr. MacGregor's garden was quite a place for a misbehaving rabbit. Beatrix Potter's imaginative abilities were astounding and the real story of this marvelous film is how this imagination was rooted in her real life story. Potter was born into English affluence in a time when women had few rights. She did not go to school, as did her younger brother, because women did not go to school in late 19th century in Britain. She was tutored by a governess in a kind of wealthy "home school" setting. Her father adored her but her mother protected her. Still living at home in her early 30s she sought a publisher for what became her great classic book about the story of Peter Rabbit, a story she imagined while playing with real rabbits and drawing sketches of them in her childhood. Her publisher assigned the youngest of his three brothers to deal with her work, thinking it might sell only a few copies. (What do publishers know anyway?) This younger brother, who had never worked in the publishing industry, had great instincts and insisted on presenting Potter's work in the right way. Peter Rabbit became an instant hit and Potter became a wealthy unmarried woman. In the process she also fell in love with her publisher-friend, Ewan McGregor. I will not say more about this romance, lest I spoil the movie for you, but it is presented very well.
The Chicago Tribune film critic, in today's review section on newly released DVD's, calls the performance of Zellweger and McGregor "nice" but says the movie itself is "a bit of a snooze." If you are looking for non-stop action then rent a Rambo film this weekend. If you want to grapple with a moving story, and would like to get to know an amazing lady who was far ahead of her time, then rent Miss Potter. It is a charming and deeply romantic film that may just delight you as it did me.
Posted by John H. Armstrong on June 22, 2007 at 12:00 PM in Film | Permalink

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Guest blog by Noa Marson.
Last July, I, Noa Marson, 28 Too Many's Youth Ambassador delivered a speech to my school about FGM, where it happens and what young people can do to help end it. This brought to light a very serious issue, which many students were very surprised to find out that they knew little about. Laura Lewis and I, both 15-year old teenagers, were considering ways to support 28 Too Many, and decided upon a fundraiser.
After spending a while considering our options, we decided upon something engaging and fun: cycling around central London in animal costumes. This was perfect because it took us out of our comfort zones in a very public area, whilst feeling honoured to help make a difference in the struggle to end FGM. As young girls, we both feel responsible to take a stand against FGM, a practice that if we lived somewhere else, could seriously affect us. We wanted to support other girls and women across the world, and that is why we decided to do this, as well as bringing it to the attention of other young people that we know.
On the early morning of 30th August 2015, we got into our animal costumes and cycled around central London on the Santander bikes. We began in Camden Town but started our planned route in Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, and over 11km passed many famous attractions. Some of these were Buckingham Palace, Hyde Park Corner, Oxford Street, Piccadilly Circus and Green Park. We had a very enjoyable time, and even though the animal costumes could have been embarrassing, the public were very supportive and we would like to do it again!
Overall the fundraiser was a great success. So far we have raised £380, which will make a great difference to help 28 Too Many end FGM. Our family and friends were very supportive, and we hope that next time we can get more people on board to cycle with us and raise even more money.
We are very grateful to 28 Too Many for giving us the opportunity to raise money for such an important cause. Raising awareness amongst our family and friends has made a great difference as we know that many of our friends have now developed a passion to campaign against FGM with us.
Thank you so much for taking the time to read our blog, and if you would like to donate please visit our JustGiving page.
If you want to take action, you can learn more about 28 Too Many's work to end FGM and how you can help at www.28toomany.org. You can donate to support our research and campaigns and follow us on Facebook for updates on the global movement to end FGM.


text:
Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War
The final offensive of the Spanish Civil War took place between 26 March and 1 April 1939, towards the end of the Spanish Civil War. On 5 March 1939, the Republican Army led by Colonel Segismundo Casado and the politician Julián Besteiro rose against the Socialist prime minister Juan Negrín and formed a military junta, the National Defence Council (Consejo Nacional de Defensa or CND) in order to negotiate a peace deal. Negrín fled to France but the Communist troops around Madrid rose against the junta, starting a civil war within the civil war. Casado defeated them and started peace negotiations with the Nationalists. Francisco Franco, however, was prepared to accept only an unconditional surrender. On 26 March the Nationalists started a general offensive and by 31 March they controlled all Spanish territory. Hundreds of thousands of Republicans were arrested and interned in concentration camps.
Final offensive
Part of the Spanish Civil War
Map of Spain in March 1939.
Republican territory Nationalist territory
Casado's coup: 5–13 March 1939
Final offensive: 26 March – 1 April 1939
South-east Spain (provinces of Madrid, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Albacete, Valencia, Alicante, Murcia, Jaen, Almeria, and parts of Toledo, Guadalajara, Granada and Castellon).
Decisive Nationalist victory. End of the war.
Dissolution of the Second Spanish Republic and beginning of the Francoist regime.
Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain
Condor Legion[1]
Negrín's Government:
Luis Barceló
Francisco Galán
Council of National Defense:
Segismundo Casado
Manuel Matallana
José Miaja
Cipriano Mera Francisco Franco
Juan Yagüe
José Solchaga
Rafael García Valiño
Gastone Gambara
250,000[2]−500,000 men[3]
40 aircraft 1,000,000 men[4]
600 aircraft
Casado's coup: 230[5]–2,000 dead[6]
Final offensive: 150,000 captured[7] 1,223 dead (sinking of the Castillo de Olite)[8]
BackgroundEdit
Fall of CataloniaEdit
After the fall of Catalonia in February 1939, the military situation of the Republic was hopeless. The Republic still had the capital city and approximately 30% of Spanish territory, but it had lost 220,000 soldiers, the second most populated city in the country, and the industrial resources of Catalonia.[9] Furthermore, on 27 February Manuel Azaña, the president of the Republic, resigned. Subsequently, the United Kingdom and France recognized the Nationalist government.[10]
Military situationEdit
The Republican army still had between 250,000[11] and 500,000 men,[12] but had only 40 aircraft (three Natasha and two Katiuska bomber squadrons, and 25 Chatos and Moscas fighters),[13] little artillery and few automatic weapons.[14] Many soldiers were unarmed (in December 1938 the Republican army had only 225,000 rifles),[15] and lacked shoes and overcoats.[16] In Madrid, there was food for only two months, and no water, heating, medicine or surgical dressings.[17] On the other hand, the Nationalist army had more than a million men at the end of 1938; among them 35,000 Moroccans, 32,000 Italians and 5,000 Germans,[18] plus 600 aircraft.[19]
Opposition to continued resistanceEdit
On 16 February, the high command of the Republican army told the prime minister, Juan Negrín, that further military resistance was impossible.[20] Most of the members of the Republican Army, the PSOE, the UGT and the CNT, believed that it was necessary to initiate peace negotiations.[21] Nevertheless, Negrín, backed by the Communist PCE, wanted to continue fighting, because Franco rejected giving any guarantee against reprisals and he believed that a continental war against fascism was imminent.[22] Furthermore, he wanted to organize the evacuation of those most at risk.[23]
Casado's coupEdit
See also: National Defence Council (Spain)
From the end of February 1939, Colonel Segismundo Casado had been preparing a coup against the Negrín government in order to start peace negotiations with the Nationalists, believing that the government was too subordinate to the Communists. Colonel José Cendaño, a Fifth column agent inside the Republican army, promised to him that Franco would guarantee the lives of the Republican officers who had committed no crimes.[24] Most of the non-communist elements of the Popular Front in Madrid supported the plot, among them one of the leaders of the PSOE, Julián Besteiro, because they believed that continuing the war was useless.[25] Furthermore, after the surrender of Menorca, many Republican officers in the central zone believed that they could negotiate a deal with the Nationalists.[26]
On 2 March, Negrín announced a number of new appointments in the Central Zone.[27] Colonel Casado and the Communists Juan Modesto and Antonio Cordón García became Generals, General Manuel Matallana was appointed as head of the central general staff[28] and communist officers were appointed to command the ports of Murcia (Manuel Tagüeña), Alicante (Etelvino Vega) and Cartagena (Francisco Galán).[29] (According to Beevor, Francisco Galan was appointed military governor of Cartagena; Etelvino Vega governor of Alicante; Leocadio Mendiola commander of Murcia; and Inocencio Curto commander of Albacete).[30] The non-communist elements believed that the communists wanted to control the evacuation harbors[31] and joined the plot against Negrín.[32]
CoupEdit
On 5 March 1939, Colonel Segismundo Casado, supported by General Matallana, the CNT[33] (Cipriano Mera), the secret service of the Republic (the Military Investigation Service, Servicio de Investigación Militar or SIM),[34] a section of the PSOE (Julian Besteiro) and a section of the UGT (Wenceslao Carrillo), deposed Negrín and formed a military junta, the National Council of Defense (Consejo Nacional de Defensa) in order to negotiate a peace deal with Franco.[35] On 6 March, Miaja joined the rebellion and was appointed president of the junta.[36] The other members of the junta were Casado, Julian Besteiro, Wenceslao Carrillo, Gonzalez Marín and Eduardo Val (CNT), Antonio Perez (UGT), and the republicans Miguel San Andrés and Jose del Río.[37]
Julian Besteiro, one of the leaders of the PSOE, supported Casado's coup.
Colonel Adolfo Prada was appointed commander of the Army of the Centre, the communist commanders of the I, II and III Army Corps of the Army of the Centre were relieved, the PCE's newspaper Mundo Obrero was closed and Casado ordered massive arrests of communist commissars and militants.[38] Ironically, Casado's justification for the coup was that Negrín and the PCE wanted to carry out a Communist takeover – an identical justification to the Nationalist uprising that began the Civil War – but in fact, he rose against the government because he wanted to negotiate peace and believed that removing Negrín and the Communists was a precondition to negotiations with Franco. In addition to other assurances, the British government said to him that Franco would guarantee the lives of the Republicans.[39] Casado had said to the commander of the Republican Air Force, Hidalgo de Cisneros: "I give you my word...that I can obtain better terms from Franco than Negrín ever can. I can even assure you that they will respect our ranks.".[40]
After a failed attempt to negotiate with Casado, on 6 March Negrín fled to France from the Monovar's airfield, near Elda, with Hidalgo de Cisneros, the leaders of the PCE (La Pasionaria and Vicente Uribe), and the foreign minister Julio Álvarez del Vayo, in order to avoid capture by the supporters of Casado[41] (Casado wanted to arrest the government and the PCE's leaders in order to hand them over to the Nationalists).[42]
Fight in MadridEdit
Casado's coup was supported by the commanders of the other three Armies of the Republican Army (Leopoldo Menéndez López, commander of the Levante Army; Antonio Escobar, commander of the Estremadura Army; and Domingo Moriones, commander of the Andalusia Army).[43] Nevertheless, the army units settled around Madrid and controlled by the PCE (the I corps of the Army of the Centre led by Luis Barceló and the Emilio Bueno's II and Antonio Ortega's III Corps), rose against the junta on 7 March, starting a brief civil war inside the Republic. Barceló appointed himself as commander of the Army of the Centre and his troops closed all the entrances to Madrid, occupied most of the city center and detained and shot three of Casado's colonels. The supporters of Casado only held some government buildings and the south-east part of the city.[44] Nevertheless, Mera's IV corps counterattacked and occupied Torrejón and Alcalá de Henares as the Nationalists started an offensive towards the Manzanares.[45] By 10 March, Barceló's troops had been surrounded and ceasefire was arranged. On 11 March, after days of bloody combat, Casado, backed by the IV corps of Cipriano Mera, defeated Barceló's troops. Barceló and his commissar José Conesa were arrested and executed.[46] There were hundreds of dead (Thomas: 230,[47] Jackson: 1,000,[48] and Beevor: 2,000 dead[49]).
CartagenaEdit
Main article: Cartagena Uprising
There was also combat in Ciudad Real and Cartagena. In Ciudad Real Escobar's Extremadura Army crushed the communist resistance led by the deputy Martínez Cárton.[50] Nevertheless, in Cartagena (the main base of the Spanish Republican Navy), where the supporters of Casado, backed by elements of the a fifth column, had started the uprising against Negrín's government on 4 March, they were defeated by the PCE's 206th Brigade, of the IV Division, led by colonel Joaquín Rodríguez, after a brief battle, on 7 March. Nevertheless, on 5 March, the Republican Navy (three cruisers and eight destroyers), led by Admiral Buiza, had fled to Bizerte after a Nationalist aerial bombardment.[51] One Nationalist transport ship, the Castillo de Olite, sent by the Nationalists in order to support the uprising, was sunk by the coastal batteries of Cartagena, killing 1,200 Nationalist soldiers.[52]
Peace negotiations with FrancoEdit
After the defeat of Barceló's troops, the Council tried to start peace negotiations with Franco, hoping to achieve a guarantee against political reprisals. On 12 March the Council proposed a peace deal, asking for a guarantee against reprisals and a period of 25 days to allow anyone who wanted to leave Spain to do so. On 16 March, Franco answered that he would only accept an unconditional surrender.[53] On 23 March, the Council sent two negotiators to Burgos (Colonel Antonio Garijo and Major Leopoldo Ortega), and the Nationalists told them that on 25 March the Republican Air Force had to be surrendered and by the 27th the Republican troops had to raise the white flag.[54] Nevertheless, on 25 March, the Republicans did not surrender their Air Force due to bad weather and Franco broke off negotiations with the junta.[55][56]
Final offensiveEdit
On 26 March, Yagüe's troops advanced in Sierra Morena. There was no resistance and in one day they captured two thousand square kilometers of land and 30,000 prisoners.[57] The Junta ordered its soldiers not to resist the Nationalist advance and the Republican soldiers threw away their weapons and abandoned the front.[58] By 27 March, the Nationalists were advancing on all fronts without resistance. Solchaga's Navarra Corps, Gambara's CTV and Garcia Valiño's Army of Maestrazgo advanced from Toledo. On 28 March, Colonel Prada, commander of the Army of the Centre, surrendered to the Nationalists and Nationalist troops occupied Madrid.[59][60] Casado and the other members of the junta, except Besteiro, fled to Valencia.[61] On 29 March, the Nationalists occupied Jaén, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Albacete and Sagunto.[62] 50,000 Republican refugees gathered at the harbours of Valencia, Alicante, Cartagena and Gandia,[63] but without the Republican navy, an evacuation was impossible and the French and British governments refused to organise an evacuation.[64] Only a minority, those who had money to pay for passage,[65] were evacuated by British ships (between 650[66] and more than 3,500[67]), among them Casado.[68] On 30 March, the Nationalists occupied Valencia and Gambara's troops entered Alicante, rounding up 15,000 Republican refugees.[69] The Italian General Gambara was prepared to permit the evacuation of political refugees, but on 31 March, the Nationalist troops arrived and took over jurisdiction from Gambara.[70] As a result, many refugees committed suicide in order to avoid capture by the Nationalists.[71][72][73] On 31 March, the Nationalists occupied Almeria, Murcia and Cartagena, controlling all Spanish territory, except for an area of the port of Alicante, where thousands of Republicans expecting evacuation had assembled. They began giving themselves up on 31 March, but the operation was suspended for the night; the last two thousand surrendered the next morning, and approximately 25 committed suicide. By 1 April 1939 the war was effectively over.[74]
On 1 April 1939, the day the war ended, the Soviet Union was the only major power that had not yet recognized Franco's government.[75] The new regime had signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Portugal and a treaty of friendship with Nazi Germany on 31 March,[76] and on 6 April, Franco made public Spain's adherence to the Anti-Comintern Pact.[77] On 20 April, the Non-Intervention Committee was dissolved and by June, Italian and German troops had left Spain.[78] The Francoist dictatorship remained until Franco's death on 20 November 1975.[79]
Casado remained in exile in Venezuela until returning to Spain in 1961.[80] Cipriano Mera fled to Oran and Casablanca, but he was extradited to Spain in February 1942.[81] In 1943, he was condemned to death, a sentence that was exchanged for 30 years in prison; he was set free in 1946 and fled to France[82], where he died in 1975. Matallana was detained and imprisoned by the Nationalists and died in Madrid in 1956.[83] Besteiro, still at his post in the basement of the Revenue Building at 7 Alcalá Street in Madrid, was arrested by the Nationalists when they entered the city and faced a court martial; he was sentenced to 30 years in prison,[84] and died there of an infection in 1940.[85]
The Nationalists arrested hundreds of thousands of Republican soldiers and civilians, with 150,000 soldiers captured in the final offensive, and herded them into improvised concentration camps. There were between 367,000 and 500,000 prisoners in 1939.[86] In the first years after the war, 50,000 Republican prisoners were executed.[87]
In literatureEdit
Casado's coup and the last days of the war are the background of the Max Aub's novels, Campo del Moro[88] and Campo de los Almendros.[89]
^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p.395
^ Jackson, Gabriel 1967. p. 475
^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p.861
^ Graham, Helen 2005. p. 165
^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. pp.867–868
^ Preston, Paul 2006. p.296
^ Graham, Helen 2005. p.111
^ Thomas, Hugh 2006. p. 861.
^ Jackson, Gabriel 1967. p.468
^ Jackson, Gabriel 1967. pp.468–469
^ Thomas, Hugh 2001. p.876-878
^ Beevor, Antony 2006. pp.392
^ Beevor, Antony 2006. pp.393–394
^ "Aftermath", Time, 10 April 1939
^ Graham Helen 2005. p.166
^ Preston, Paul. 1995. pp. 786–787
^ Beevor, Antony 2006. p. 410
^ Aub, Max. 1979.
Aub, Max (1979) (in Spanish). Campo del moro. Madrid. Alfaguara. ISBN 9788420420226.
Aub, Max (1981) (in Spanish). Campo de los almendros. Madrid. Alfaguara. ISBN 9788420420240.
Beevor, Antony. (2006). The battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil war, 1936–1939. Penguin Books. London. ISBN 978-0-14-303765-1.
Graham, Helen. (2005). The Spanish Civil War. A Very Short introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280377-1.
Jackson, Gabriel. (1967) The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton University Press. Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-00757-1.
Preston, Paul. (1995). Franco. Fontana Press. London. ISBN 978-0-00-686210-9.
Preston, Paul. (2006). The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. Harper Perennial. London. ISBN 978-0-00-723207-9. ISBN 0-00-723207-1.
Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. ISBN 978-0-14-101161-5.
Viñas, Ángel; and Hernández Sánchez, Fernando. (2009). El Desplome de la República. Editorial Crítica. Barcelona. ISBN 978-84-9892-031-4.
TIME Casado's coup
TIME Aftermath
Madrid gives itself up to Franco. The Guardian, March 1939
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War&oldid=898482360"


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No winner between Bochum and Cologne
After the cup knockout, 1. FC Köln is also affected in the Bundesliga. Four days after being eliminated on penalties against second division club Hamburger SV, coach Steffen Baumgart's team lost a 2-1 lead at newly promoted VfL Bochum and had to settle for a 2-2 (2-1) lead. The Rhinelanders missed the third away win in a row.
Timo Hübers (36th) and Anthony Modeste (45th) turned a 0-1 deficit before the break. Gerrit Holtmann (25th) deservedly brought Bochum into the lead. Substitute Takuma Asano (70′) equalized for the Westphalians, who had made it into the quarter-finals of the cup 3-1 against Mainz 05 on Tuesday. VfL are five points behind FC in the fight for relegation with only one defeat in the last ten competitive games at home in the Ruhr Stadium.
While Bochum's coach Thomas Reis had only changed his team in two positions compared to the cup evening, the FC starting XI was turned inside out. Baumgart almost completely rotated back to the 4-0 formation against Bayern Munich a week ago. The only exception: Louis Schaub played instead of Mark Uth. The two coaches, who taught football together in 2015, greeted each other with a long hug before kick-off.
As usual, Baumgart conducted his Cologne team with short sleeves and constantly moving on the edge of the field, a few meters further Reis followed the action rather stoically in a thick winter jacket, which his VfL dominated in the early stages with successful pressing. Suddenly Milos Pantovic, who scored twice in the cup, appeared free in the penalty area but needed too long to get the shot (6′).
Then Holtmann failed to FC keeper Marvin Schwäbe, the official number one since Friday (17th). The winger did better eight minutes later when he was cleverly released again by newcomer Jürgen Locadia and scored the 1-0 through Schwäbe's legs.
Modeste with his 13th goal of the season
And Cologne? A rather random chance for Modeste after a slip by Bochum defender Maxim Leitsch (23rd) remained the only offensive action worth mentioning for a long time. Bochum was usually a step faster and more often in possession. With strong foot defense, Schwäbe prevented the 0:2 against Locadia (34th).
The equalizer was all the more surprising: After a corner from Florian Kainz and a header from Salih Öczan, Hübers threw the ball over the line from four meters. And after Pantovic lost the ball and a long pass from Kainz, Modeste turned the game upside down with his 13th goal of the season. Shortly after the change of sides, Eduard Löwen freely missed the chance to make it 2-2 (53rd). Substitute Sebastian Polter also missed the goal from close range (65′). Asano did better five minutes later after a long throw-in.
01/22/2022 18:30:00 (BOC : KOE|Soccer|Bundesliga|m)
1. FC Cologne
NBA rumors: Russell Westbrook could return to Houston Rockets in exchange with Los Angeles Lakers for John Wall
Manchester City's winning streak ends


At the end of last year ALUCA was thrilled to launch the ALUCA competency framework. The culmination of over 12 month's work. This now anchors the corner stone Certified Professional Life Insurance(CPLI) accreditation and continuous professional development (CPD) program of our Association. Significant work was undertaken by a cross industry team of ALUCA members with extensive industry consultation to bring this to fruition.
We're thrilled to see that companies are now using the competency framework and customising it to meet their area of activity and mode of operation within the industry. To complement the competency framework they are also encouraging and supporting their staff to gain accreditation via ALUCA's Certified Professional Life Insurance(CPLI) accreditation program which clearly demonstrates the ongoing professional development required of Life Insurance underwriters, claims and rehabilitation professionals to ensure their compliance with the overarching ALUCA competency framework and demonstrates their high standards of professional development.
At the end of February ALUCA's cross industry education panel met to work through the backlog of pending CPLI applications which took half a day to complete. The Education panel will meet quarterly to work through all pending CPLI applications.
It's wonderful to see so many ALUCA members who have gained CPLI status – well done all.


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Slovakia celebrates its 10th birthdays in the eurozone while its neighbours are still playing the 'wait and see' game
Category - Future of Europe - 31/05/2019
DIFF GOV
Multispeed Europe
The establishment of the European Monetary Union (EMU) was underpinned by a desire to advance the process of economic integration among the EU member states in a way that was as ambitious as it was perhaps naïve – by giving individual states an opportunity to temporarily or permanently opt-out without that having any significant impact on the overall integrity of the union. To what extent has this ambition been fulfilled can be evaluated by looking at the case of Slovakia and the V4. Is Slovakia as a member of the eurozone closer or further from the European 'core' in comparison to its Visegrad neighbours?
As a matter of fact – joining the EMU is something that all four Visegrad countries committed to in their ascension treaties. Czechia, Poland and Hungary should join as soon as they fulfil all legal and economic criteria on independence of the central bank, inflation, long-term interest rates, fiscal situation, and stability of exchange rates. Joining the eurozone could advance two major economic goals that all the V4 countries share. First, to make their economies grow faster. Second, to speed up real convergence with the most developed countries in the EU; something that has notable implications on how the populations in these countries measure the success of the EU project as a whole. In fact, the EU is primarily identified in the region as an economic union that provides economic benefits to the Member States, according to GLOBSEC study "Young People, EU Citizenship and Activism".
What is more, being part of the eurozone, or "jadro Europy" (the core of Europe) as it is referred to in Slovakia could elevate the profile of the V4 and boost their political influence in the EU (be it as a group or on individual basis). This would also be a good step to start overcoming the East – West divide. And yet, as Slovakia celebrates its first decade with the euro, its neighbours are still playing the 'wait and see' game, considering whether to not postpone the EMU membership for another decade or indeed remain outside entirely.
Two key factors are at play here. Firstly, there is the uncertainty about the balance between the (predominantly economic) costs and benefits of adopting the euro. Slovakia joined the eurozone mere five years after joining the EU, after a period of sustained economic reforms and positive economic performance, accelerated by the anticipation of adopting the euro. The euro had an immediate boosting effect on most of the economic indicators in comparison with Czechia for example. Yet, the economic crisis has resulted in a cool down which throws a shadow of doubt over the benefits of the common currency long-term. Adopting the euro so far has not emerged as the alternative in Czechia (one of the few CEE countries with a higher GDP than Slovakia). It is mainly because it has not enforced any solution to its long-term structural problems while the initial boosting factors have diminished over time (as evidenced by the post-crisis comparison). In addition, Slovakia's macroeconomic stability during the period most affected by the crisis was also somewhat volatile compared to the rest of the euro area.
That all being said, the euro is still perceived positively overall, in political and business circles and among the public and there is hardly any talk of suggesting an alternative or indeed of leaving the EMU. We can assume that Slovaks' support for the euro is twofold. Firstly, it is rooted in the conviction that the country being "jadro Europy", which translates into stronger political influence on the European level. Secondly, thanks to having the euro as a currency Slovakia is perceived as a credible and attractive place for investment and business. Coincidentally, the second key factor impacting the decision whether to join the eurozone or not for the remaining Visegrad countries is the dilemma of whether the region can only achieve its goals by deepening integration, thus sacrificing their national sovereignty (as all four countries have come to understand it historically).
From the very beginning, Slovakia has made the effort to closely follow the EMU rules. This refers to the creation of its own debt rules in 2012 or following the Excessive Deficit Procedure that was started against Slovakia by the European Commission. Consequently, Slovak government further restricted its role to stimulate the economy. Politically, the country has been a supporter of Germany's model for the euro area; it has also been outspoken in its preference for fiscal discipline over burden-sharing among the euro-area members. The country is deeply integrated within the single market and can certainly be a strong partner if it continues to build on the benefits that membership in the eurozone brings.
At the same time, there is a risk that Brexit, which will probably weaken the influence of non-euro EU-members, may cause further internal fragmentation of the V4. Slovakia as the only member of the eurozone will stand out from the Visegrad group. To put it simply, if V4 is divided on the plans for the eurozone reform, it may have less political impact on the future of European integration.
Having one of its members in the eurozone could benefit the V4 if the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland could work closely with Bratislava on joint proposals for the future shape of the eurozone that is most favourable to the V4 economic model as a whole. Not only would that give Slovakia more weight in the internal discussion about the future of the eurozone, it would also give the remaining countries more time to stay out of the club until they decide which side of the metaphorical fence fits them best.
Note: This article is published within GLOSBEC DIFF GOV — "European Governance: Potential of Differentiated Cooperation" project supported by Jean Monnet Activities of the EU Programme Erasmus+.
The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents. which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Future of Europe - 15/01/2021
On the eve of the Conference on the Future of Europe (CoFE), this policy brief
Technology & Society - 17/12/2020
It is already clear that the future growth model for CEE should be based on
Democracy & Resilience - 10/12/2020
With the end of the year around the corner, much of humanity's hopes to return
2020 has been enveloped by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Its profound global impact is likely to be the


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Claire Foy Admits She's Met the Queen in SNL Monologue
The British actress tells of her face to face with Queen Elizabeth II.
By Charlotte Chilton | DEC 4, 2018
IMAGE NETFLIX / GETTY IMAGES
As the season three premiere of the Netflix royal drama The Crown approaches and brings with it an entirely new cast– one of the fans' biggest questions for the original actress of Queen Elizabeth, Claire Foy, has been answered. Yes, she and the Queen have met before.
The British actress gave her account of her nerve-wracking encounter with Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace, "the real one...", while reminiscing about her famous role in her opening monologue for Saturday Night Live.
Claire recounts waiting in line anxiously to meet the Queen while thinking of questions and responses, shaking her hand and then being astonished when the Queen mentions nothing about her role in The Crown, "not a single word," remarked Foy.
However, it's revealed in the punchline that the meeting of the two queens took place three years before Claire Foy took on her role in the popular Netflix drama. Meaning we'll have to keep waiting for a post—The Crown meeting of Foy and the monarch—maybe the newly cast Queen Olivia Coleman could join as well.
Although we don't know how the Queen reacted to meeting Claire Foy after she portrayed her in the first two seasons, reports have said that many members of the royal family have indeed watched and enjoyed the Netflix show—and yes the Queen is one of them.
Among others that reportedly watch the show are Princess Eugenie, Prince Harry and Meghan Markle, Camilla Parker Bowles, and Prince Edward and Countess Sophie of Wessex.
IMAGE NETFLIX
Claire Foy in her infamous role as Queen Elizabeth II in Netflix's The Crown.
Claire Foy, who finished her role as the Queen in season two, spoke at the end of her monologue about how lucky she was to be able to portray strong women in history, such as the Queen, in her many roles.
"I've been fortunate to portray many strong women of history, and I'm so glad we have even more women getting involved in politics, even more women getting elected, even more women leading our countries, so hopefully I can get even more roles."
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Taxi driver Mamadou Bah, left, reports to Taxi Town owner Adrian Tudor on Aug. 24, 2018, in the Taxi Town lot on Chicago's North Side. Taxi Town, a 2-year-old company has idled much of his 370-car fleet of green cabs due to falling revenue and a lack of drivers.
Struggling to survive in the age of Uber and Lyft, the Chicago taxi industry's hopes may be riding on a legislative long shot.
Nearly half of the city's 6,999 licensed cabs are in foreclosure or idled, leading to an increasingly desperate call for regulatory intervention — including a newly floated idea to cap the number of ride-sharing licenses in Chicago — to keep taxi fleets on the streets.
New York City approved a measure last month that places a one-year moratorium on new ride-share licenses. Support is growing among Chicago cabbies for a similar move here, which Tudor said would help the taxi industry compete, particularly on weekends, when part-time ride-share drivers flood the city looking for fares. Ald. Anthony Beale, 9th, and Ald. Edward Burke, 14th, have said they are considering such a proposal.
City officials, however, have no plans to cap ride-sharing services at this time, said Rosa Escareno, commissioner of the Department of Business Affairs and Consumer Protection, which regulates both the taxi and ride-share industries.
Tudor and other taxi owners are being overwhelmed by changing consumer habits and the nearly 66,000 active ride-share drivers in Chicago, a number that has grown fourfold in the last three years, according to the city.
While the number of taxi medallions in Chicago is capped, there are no limits on ride-share drivers. Uber and Lyft say that flexibility is necessary to meet growing demand. The taxi industry, which once had a monopoly on offering rides to strangers for pay, is looking for the city to limit the number of citizen cabbies.
What is not in dispute is that Chicago's taxi industry is running on fumes, with medallion foreclosures, declining revenues and a shortage of drivers making once-ubiquitous cabs relatively scarce.
Medallion transfer prices have plummeted in Chicago, dropping from more than $300,000 five years ago to as low as $30,000 in July, according to city data. Banks that financed taxi medallion purchases are aggressively foreclosing on a growing number of owners, who find themselves underwater and unable to make payments on the loans.
"It's a pretty bleak picture right now for some folks who've invested their life savings in medallions," Lewis said.
City data show that, as of late last month, 1,289 medallions were in foreclosure, and another 1,362 were in violation, a status which may also lead to foreclosure.
Lenders engaged in Chicago medallion foreclosures include Lomto Federal Credit Union, Medallion Financial, Bethpage Federal Credit Union and Capital One Taxi Medallion Finance.
Furqan Mohammed, an Elmwood Park attorney who has represented about 60 Chicago-area cabbies in medallion foreclosure lawsuits and renegotiations over the last 15 months, said Lomto and Medallion have been among the most aggressive in pursuing lawsuits.
"The medallion owners are in foreclosure because it's simply not sustainable to pay off these huge loans with the income they generate," Mohammed said.
Lomto, for example has filed 164 medallion foreclosure notices since 2016 in Cook County Circuit Court, according to court records.
Frank Andreou, an attorney representing Lomto, said the lender prefers to renegotiate rather than foreclose on the loans.
"Any lender will renegotiate," Andreou said.
Medallion, a publicly traded New York bank that was built on taxi medallion loans, has filed 35 lawsuits since June 20 in Cook County against delinquent Chicago cab owners. The bank had 107 Chicago taxi medallion loans with an outstanding balance of $20.2 million at the end of 2017, according to Medallion Financial's second quarter earnings report, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
In addition, Medallion owns 159 Chicago medallions purchased out of foreclosure in 2003, which appreciated to about $370,000 in 2013, and are now valued at about $36,000 each, according to the report.
Bethpage and Capital One did not respond to requests for comments.
One high-profile Chicago taxi owner facing plummeting valuations is Michael Cohen, President Donald Trump's former personal lawyer, who paid $5.7 million to accumulate 22 medallions between 2009 and 2014, according to the city's Department of Business Affairs and Consumer Protection.
While only nine of his Chicago medallions remain active, according to city data, Cohen's entire taxi portfolio may be at risk after he pleaded guilty Aug. 21 to eight federal counts of tax evasion, campaign finance violations and bank fraud.
"Based on Michael Cohen's guilty plea, we are reviewing the case in order to begin a revocation of the 22 Chicago medallions," Escareno said.
Tudor, a 30-year Chicago taxi veteran who started driving an Evanston cab while in college, launched Taxi Town two years ago, in part to cut costs from more expensive affiliations with other companies.
Since then, the business has been in sharp decline, and he is actively renegotiating medallion loans with several lenders as he is forced to lower lease rates.
Cabs that he leased to drivers for $120 a day two years ago go for about $50 these days, Tudor said. And that's still too high to lure enough drivers to keep his full fleet on the streets.
Most days, more than 100 of his distinctive green cabs are sitting in his West Rogers Park lot.
Uber has more than 30,000 active drivers who live and work in Chicago, while Lyft has "tens of thousands" of drivers plying the streets of the city, a ride-share fleet that dwarfs the number of licensed taxis.
Unlike taxi drivers, most of Chicago's ride-share drivers chauffeur strangers as a side gig, working less than 20 hours a week, flooding the streets on weekends and evenings, the companies said.
"The majority of our rides — 63 percent — happen in off-peak hours," Lyft spokeswoman Campbell Matthews said.
Ride-share drivers also tend to work outside of the Loop, the companies said, filling a transportation void in areas traditionally underserved by taxis, such as the South and West sides.
Uber and Lyft fought the ride-share caps in New York — the first enacted by a major American city — and are hoping Chicago won't follow suit.
Chicago passed a number of changes this year aimed at boosting the taxi industry, including extending the life of cabs by three years and reducing fees. Uber spokeswoman Molly Spaeth said the company supported those "thoughtful reforms" but would oppose any move by Chicago to cap ride-share licenses.
"An arbitrary cap on ride-share would restrict access to transportation options and earning opportunities for residents — particularly on the South and West sides — turning back the clock to the old system where only some parts of Chicago were served," Spaeth said.
Tudor, on the other hand, would like nothing better than to turn back the clock for the taxi industry in Chicago, where cabs that once jammed Michigan Avenue are now few and far between and ride-shares rule the road.
Without some help from the city, he said, flagging a cab may soon be a lost art.


Tuesday night, August 3, MedStar responded to a call from a Burleson-area nursing home to assist the the evacuation of over 100 residents. After losing power, the facility's back up systems and air conditioning were not functioning. With temperatures soaring, moving redsidents to an alternate location was a priority.
The MedStar team transported critical patients to appropriate facilities and relocated others across the street to a church, opening specifically to shelter the residents until the nursing home can resume normal operation.


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Jeep Grand Cherokee Reliability
Jeep gets from the tactical term GP, which represents General Purpose vehicles. The brand is prestigious for its capacity to constantly create fantastic 4x4s, SUVs, and going 4×4 romping vehicles. The Jeep Grand Cherokee is a scope of fair size SUVs created by the American producer Jeep. While some different SUVs were made with body-on-outline development, the Jeep Grand Cherokee has consistently utilized a unibody frame.
The Grand Cherokee's standard engine is a 3.6-liter V-6 producing 295 hp and 260 lb-ft of torque. The Grand Cherokee can go from 0-60mph in just 3.5 seconds, a jaw-dropping performance. The two motors pair to an uncertain 9 speed programmed transmission that we skillet and a four-wheel-free suspension.
The 2021 Grand Cherokee has a predicted reliability score of 84 out of 100. The Jeep Grand Cherokee Reliability Rating is 3.5 out of 5.0, which positions it fifteenth out of 26 for moderate-size SUVs. The normal yearly fix cost is $666 which implies it has normal proprietorship costs.
The Jeep Grand Cherokee procured a five-star rating in the NHTSA's side crashworthiness tests. Concerning its rollover rating, The NHTSA gave the 2021 Jeep Grand Cherokee four stars. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) additionally put the 2021 Jeep Grand Cherokee through a few crashworthiness tests.
A Jeep Cherokee will depreciate 56% following 5 years and have a long-term resale worth of $15,722. The diagram beneath shows the normal deterioration for the following 10 years. These outcomes are for vehicles in great condition, averaging 12,000 miles each year. It additionally accepts a selling cost of $35,789 when new.
Jeep Compass Reliability
The average total annual cost for repairs and maintenance on a Jeep Grand Cherokee is $666, compared to an average of $573 for midsize SUVs and $652 for all vehicle models.
Is Jeep Grand Cherokee a Front-Wheel-Drive, Rear-Wheel-Drive or All-Wheel-Drive car?
The Jeep Grand Cherokee is a Four Wheel Drive car.
How many seats are in the Jeep Grand Cherokee?
The Jeep Grand Cherokee is a car with 5 seats. The EPA Classification for this car is: Standard SUV 4WD
What is the horsepower in a Jeep Grand Cherokee and does it have a turbo?
The Jeep Grand Cherokee has 293 horsepower and 260 lb-ft of torque. The engine is a Regular Unleaded V-6 with a displacement of 3.6 L The fuel system is: Sequential MPI.
How much ground clearance does the Jeep Grand Cherokee have?
8.6 inches ( 21,84 cm )
Jeep Grand Cherokee has 20 X 8 inch Aluminum Front Wheels and 20 X 8 inch Aluminum Rear Wheels.
Do Jeep Grand Cherokees have a lot of problems?
With 3,000 complaints across all models, the Grand Cherokee accounts for more than 25% of all Jeep complaints. Electrical problems have been the most common problem over all these years.
Dodge Durango Reliability
Is the Grand Cherokee worth it?
The Jeep Grand Cherokee SUV is very good. Although its powertrains are not great, it handles well and rides over most roads. It is also one of the best offroaders in the mid-size SUV class. The interior of this Jeep rivals that of luxury SUVs.
What year Jeep Grand Cherokee should I avoid?
You should avoid Jeep Grand Cherokee year models that have many customer complaints, costly repairs, and high maintenance costs. According to data, models 2011 and 2014 are the worst Grand Cherokees you can buy.
Which is better Jeep Highlander or Grand Cherokee?
The Toyota Highlander 2022 is the superior of these two cars. The V6 engine is more powerful and efficient than the other engines, but it is not the only option. The Grand Cherokee offers higher-powered options if you're looking for something more.
What's the difference between a Jeep Cherokee and a Jeep Grand Cherokee?
The main difference between them is their size. The Jeep Cherokee crossover SUV is smaller than the Jeep Grand Cherokee SUV.
Is Grand Cherokee a luxury car?
The Grand Cherokee is a luxury SUV but it's still a Jeep. This means that the Grand Cherokee is capable of excellent off-road performance. A powerful engine is essential for your vehicle's full potential.
Chevrolet Bolt EUV Reliability
How many miles do Grand Cherokees last?
According to them, the Jeep's longevity is dependent on how well you maintain it and the year it was manufactured. Some Grand Cherokee models can last for more than 200,000 miles while others reach their maker around 150,000 miles. Newer models, like the Grand Cherokee 2011, last longer than 300,000.
What years are good for Jeep Grand Cherokee?
2010 is the Grand Cherokee's best year. They had fewer problems than other years. You can also find models from 2009, 2010 or 2016, which are all great options as they are very affordable.
At what mileage do Jeeps start having problems?
Around 100,000 miles, Jeeps start to have problems. One Jeep forum states that at 100,000 miles you should expect to have to service your engine, transmission, differentials and bearings.
Does it have adaptive cruise control?
Yes, the Grand Cherokee has adaptive cruise control. It works by monitoring traffic ahead and automatically adjusting speed to keep up with the flow of traffic.
Jeep Cherokee Reliability
Jeep Commander Reliability
Jeep Gladiator Reliability
Dodge Grand Caravan Reliability


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Antarctica's ecological isolation will be broken by storm-driven dispersal and warming
Nature Climate Change
Antarctica exposed to ecological invaders
© Andrew Geiger/Getty
Big waves and global warming could see new flora and fauna establish themselves on the coast of Antarctica.
It was previously thought that the strong winds and ocean currents around Antarctica prevented the passive poleward drift of flora and fauna from lower latitudes.
Now, a team that included researchers from the University of Cape Town has used genomic analysis to trace the origins of sea kelp that had washed up on the Antarctic coast. Their results indicated that the plants had drifted more than 20,000 kilometres from two different mid-latitude islands.
In addition, the team used ocean and climate models to show that storm waves can carry organisms over oceanic fronts, which were thought to block such drift. The findings suggest that Antarctica is also at risk from drifting plastics and other pollutants.
Although accidental invaders did not successfully resettle owing to Antarctica's icy conditions, if global warming continues, the continent may become home to a range of new species.
Nature Climate Change 8, 704–708 (2018). doi: 10.1038/s41558-018-0209-7
Australian National University (ANU), Australia
Austral University of Chile (UACh), Chile
Utrecht University (UU), Netherlands
University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa
University of Otago, New Zealand
University of Concepción (UdeC), Chile
University of Cape Town (UCT)


Drew Odum, (center) accepts the 2016 Statewide Community Service Award for Attorneys 40 & Under. Pictured with Drew are (left) his nominator and OSBF Life Fellow, Carter Strang and Drew's mentee, Xavier Thomas-Hughes.
We believe lawyers, judges, community members and organizations who fight to improve the law and build a better justice system deserve to be recognized for their efforts. Our award winners lead their communities in volunteer service both in and outside of the legal profession.
Do you know a civic-minded attorney, committed to serving the community who deserves to be recognized? Tell us how amazing they are - nominations are due by June 1.
Read more about our award criteria for each of our four categories and submit your nomination by clicking on the links below!
Join us for the 2019 Awards Dinner on Friday, October 4.
To learn more about sponsorship opportunities, contact Staci Waterman at SWaterman@OSBF.net or 614-487-4444.
Ritter Award Winner: Marvin L. Karp of Cleveland with Ulmer & Berne LLP.
Ramey Award for Distinguished Community Service: Melinda G. Seeds of Pataskala with Hayes Law Offices, Inc. LPA.
Statewide Community Service Award for Attorneys 40 & Under: Brandon Cox of Cleveland with Tucker Ellis, LLP.


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PS Plus Premium brings the much-awaited convenience feature
Reynard Jenning June 16, 2022 2 min read
It will still be a few days before the new PS Plus launches here, but the service has already started in some other countries. As such, we already know a lot about it, not least the many games that will be in the PS Plus Extra and Premium library.
A small but good quality of life improvement has now appeared, which will ensure that you no longer have to monitor add-ons for PS Plus games so closely. (Across Pay Square)
PS5 Informs You About New Plus Games
In a concrete sense, this means that the PS5 will notify you as soon as you add a game from your wish list to PS Plus Extra or Premium. So far, this option is only available for games that are currently discounted, so it's definitely a welcome addition. With a library of over 700 games, it couldn't be easier to keep track of what's going to happen and happen. That way, you can at least stay informed if a game you want to try moves on to the service so you won't have to buy it extra – at least if you've subscribed to the more expensive PS Plus Extra or Premium models.
A list of all known games so far can be found below. In addition to the officially announced titles, the games that were included in the US launch were also distinguished:
PS Plus Premium: All previously known games for the new service
It appears that the service is currently only available on PS5, so PS4 owners should continue to inform them in a roundabout way. Plus, it's likely to be explicitly related to the games on your wishlist, so you won't generally be notified of all check-ins and check-outs. So it pays to update your list already.
All you need to know about PS Plus
We will know exactly what the new PS Plus will look like from June 23, when the service will also start in Germany. All information about prices, games and different models of PS Plus can be found in our dedicated information article. Meanwhile, if you are interested in the latest PS Plus games, you can find them here.
How about you, do you use Wish List for PlayStation games or will you do so in the future?
Previous Appointment for inclusion in the EA Play Library
Next Mira and the legend of the jinn announced


Peel and Present operation allows for easy manual removal of label.
You can adjust the length of label that is dispensed as well as the speed in which it is dispensed.
LRB-12 extension bracket to accommodate 12″ OD rolls.


There's nothing quite like the elegance of a lovely expanse of carpeting at your feet; but if your floors are subject to heavy traffic, you might be concerned about the wear and tear on your investment. For many homeowners, the answer is to invest in super-tough sisal carpet, which can stand up to the heaviest usage.
Sisal is a natural fiber produced from the long, spiny leaves of the agave plant. For centuries, sisal has been used for making rope and twine, as well as clothing and accessories, wall hangings and other handicrafts. This rugged and versatile fiber is especially prized by carpet manufacturers, who use it to produce high quality, durable carpets and rugs for both home and commercial use.
Why Should You Use Sisal Carpet?
Sisal super-tough carpets are a popular choice for both the home and the office, thanks to their strength and durability. Likewise, sisal carpet designs are available in a wide variety of colors and patterns to match any décor, color scheme or lifestyle, from cozy and casual to elegant and formal.
In particular, sisal carpets are especially ideal for families with kids and pets. Those rugged sisal fibers will survive years of rough and tough wear.
And here's more good news -- those all-natural sisal fibers are non-toxic, and sisal carpet doesn't build up static or trap dust. That means that sisal carpet is a good choice for people with dust-related allergies and asthma. Plus, it's low maintenance and easy to clean -- just a quick swipe with the vacuum should do the trick.
By investing in a professional sisal carpet, you can actually improve the air quality in your home. Likewise, sisal carpet flooring can also improve the quality of your life by providing durable, long-lasting flooring that won't wear out and doesn't require hours of cleaning and maintenance.
Why Buy Sisal Carpet from Express Flooring?
If you're shopping for carpet flooring and you live in or near Tucson, Arizona, you'll want to schedule a free in-home estimate and design consultation with Express Flooring. At Express Flooring, you'll find all of America's best brands -- not only in carpeting, but also in vinyl and laminate flooring, tile flooring, stone flooring, and hardwood flooring.
Best of all, we bring our entire store -- with more than a million feet of in-stock inventory - right to your doorstep. Forget about walking down miles of aisles, because our expert design consultants will bring swatches, samples, and catalogs to your home so you can choose what you want from the comfort of your living room.
With Express Flooring carpet deals, you'll get one low flooring sale and installation price, with everything included so there's no sticker shock. This way, you'll know exactly what you're going to pay. Once you've chosen what you want, we give you our low price flooring sale and installation quote -- and that's it. We do all the rest, from moving and replacing your furniture to next-day installation.
At Express Flooring, you'll always find the lowest prices and affordable financing. In addition, we also offer year-round sales, as well as special discounts for seniors and teachers, plus public service and government employees.
If you're ready to invest in durable, elegant sisal carpet for your home (or for your office), all it takes is one phone call or email to schedule your free in-home estimate and design consultation from Express Flooring. Within days, you can enjoy affordable, high-quality new flooring that will enhance your living space, and will last for years to come.