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John Lopresti, researcher from Agriculture Victoria, introduces predicting fruit quality for stonefruit export, part of the Serviced Supply Chain project
Video transcript: Stonefruit Predicting Fruit Quality
As a component of the Serviced supply Chains project, we've developed flesh firmness and shelf life calculators for Australian stonefruit for growers and exporters, that are able to predict changes in quality and reminding shelf life along cold chains, either in domestic markets or during sea or air freight.
And these calculators are based on three factors. Harvest maturity as measured by harvest flesh firmness, the temperature, as well as the duration along each stage of the cold chain. And by inputting these numbers, we can look at different export and cold chain scenarios to get an understanding, to obtain an understanding of the changes in fruit quality, along the chain, depending on temperature management, as well as stage duration or stage period, as well as be able to estimate the remaining shelf life or fruit at various stages along the cold chain.
This will allow grower exporters to test some of their own export and cold chain scenarios and see what impact their temperature management and their handling of fruit, of stone fruit has on flesh firmness, fruit quality, and shelf life as it moves along cold chains.
A flesh firmness and remaining shelf life (RSL) calculator has been developed for 'Majestic Pearl' nectarine to demonstrate the benefits of comparing cold chain scenarios (temperature management and storage duration). This calculator will allow growers and exporters to test various cold chain scenarios of interest to them. It is intended that calculators will be further developed for up to six cultivars so that they can be used within an online dashboard that can be easily accessed by stone fruit industry participants.
Estimating flesh firmness along cold chains
Estimating remaining shelf life along cold chains
Video Webinar: Stonefruit - predicting quality during export
A flesh firmness and shelf life calculator has been developed for stone fruit. The calculator is based on fruit quality data collected from a range of storage and simulated air and sea freight experiments over four years for 'Majestic Pearl' nectarine. This first version of the fruit quality calculator provides a prediction of flesh firmness and remaining shelf life (RSL) at various stages along the cool chain from harvest flesh firmness, storage and handling duration, and fruit temperature. For example, a grower, exporter, importer or retailer can use the calculator to determine RSL by assigning a preferred minimum target flesh firmness depending on their marketing requirements and minimum quality standards. The calculator can also be used to estimate RSL and flesh firmness for domestic cold chains, particularly where fruit is designated for cool storage prior to distribution and marketing.
Australian stone fruit growers and exporters will be able to access a non commercial version of the shelf life calculator for testing potential secarios - for futher information contact John Lopresti: john.lopresti@agriculture.vic.gov.au (This calculator has been developed for Australian stonefruit producers and exporters only).
Users will be able to input their own fruit temperatures and stage durations for cold chain scenarios of interest, or applicable to their circumstances or markets, and obtain estimates of changes in flesh firmness or RSL, as a result of differing cold chain conditions.
It is envisaged that an online dashboard will be developed to predict RSL along cold chains for up to six stone fruit cultivars, incorporating the capacity to select one of two harvest maturities (i.e., pre-commercial and commercial maturity) per cultivar, as well as flesh firmness at harvest. In the future, it is hoped to develop dashboards that can utilise cold chain temperature data collected in 'real-time', allowing growers and exporters to track flesh firmness and RSL of monitored fruit, for example, whilst it is in cold storage, being exported, or being handled in the importing country by the importer or retailer.
In the following sections the features of the stone fruit quality calculator, and its potential to allow comparison of different cold chain scenarios, is demonstrated for both flesh firmness and RSL based on a simplified export cold chain as described in Figure 1. Although at present the calculator is based on data for 'Majestic Pearl' white-fleshed nectarine, the predictions generated by the calculator may be generalised to other white-fleshed nectarines for the purposes of comparing the effects of different cold chain scenarios.
Figure 1. Simplified export cool chain used within flesh firmness and shelf life prediction calculators.
The flesh firmness calculator can be used to estimate changes in fruit firmness along export cold chains incorporating five storage and handling stages (Fig. 2a & 2b). Users are required to input three parameters: average harvest flesh firmness in the blue cell of the calculator, stage duration in days (i.e., green font), and average stage temperature in °C (i.e., blue font). Once this information is typed into the relevant cells based on the cold chain scenario of interest, estimated flesh firmness will be calculated after each cold chain stage. Flesh firmness estimates assume that no storage disorders, such as chilling injury, develop in fruit along the cold chain, as it is known that storage disorders negatively impact on fruit flesh texture, slow fruit ripening, and thus will affect estimates of flesh firmness.
In the first example below, flesh firmness is estimated for 'best' case (A) and 'worst' case (B) sea freight export scenarios assuming a harvest flesh firmness of 8 kgf which is typical for white-fleshed nectarines of commercial maturity. In the 'best' case temperature management scenario (A), where stage durations are minimised (but still realistic), after 26 days of handling from harvest at 2 to 3 °C the estimated flesh firmness after sea freight is 6.5 kgf. In this scenario the importer only stores the fruit for two days and dispatches it for distribution to the retailer at 5.3 kgf firmness, with the consumer able to purchase fruit at the retailer with a fruit firmness of 3 to 5 kgf, assuming an average fruit temperature of 5 °C during distribution and retailing.
Scenario (A)
Figure 2a. Estimated flesh firmness for a 'best' case scenario (A) sea freight export chain.
Scenario (B)
Figure 2b. Estimated flesh firmness for a 'worst' case scenario (B) sea freight export chain.
On the other hand, in the 'worst' case scenario B, the sea freight stage duration has increased to 27 days, and importer storage to 7 days, with slight increases in importer and retailing average temperatures, resulting in an estimated flesh firmness of 3.9 kgf after sea freight, and fruit dispatched from the importer at a firmness of 1.4 kgf, which would allow little time for retailing, as fruit with a flesh firmness of 1 kgf or below are generally considered fully ripe. Among both scenarios there is little change in estimated flesh firmness during a 'Harvest to freight forwarder' duration of 5 or 7 days at 3 °C, with flesh firmness changes at low temperature only apparent after the relatively long sea freight stage.
Note that the uncertainty in the estimated flesh firmness will vary with handling stage, with the estimates for very firm (i.e., > 6 kgf) or very ripe fruit (i.e., < 2 kgf), likely to be more accurate than firmness estimates during importer storage and retailing, with approximate uncertainties of ± 0.5 kgf and ± 1 kgf, respectively.
In the second example below (Fig. 3a & 3b), flesh firmness is estimated for 'best' case (A) and 'worst' case (B) air freight export scenarios also assuming a harvest flesh firmness of 8 kgf at commercial maturity. In the 'best' case temperature management scenario (A), air freight temperature averages 8 °C for one day with no estimated change in average flesh firmness after air freight and minimal change in firmness during importer storage at 4 °C for 7 days. Even after a distribution and retailing leg of five days at 5 °C, average flesh firmness remains above 3 kgf, providing ample time for retailing and consumer purchase.
In the 'worst' case air freight scenario (B), both 'Harvest to freight forwarder' and 'Importer storage' stages are longer, with an air freight temperature of 14 °C. Interestingly even at this relatively high temperature, little change in estimated flesh firmness is observed after sea freight, but its consequences are clear after importer storage, combined with a slightly longer storage duration at 5 °C, resulting in a flesh firmness of less than 3 kgf prior to dispatch by the importer. Thus it appears that the negative impact of a short duration spike to a relatively high temperature during air freight is likely only to be observed after cool storage of more than one week.
Figure 3a. Estimated flesh firmness for a 'best' case scenario (A) air freight export chain.
Figure 3b. Estimated flesh firmness for a 'worst' case (B) scenario air freight export chain.
Estimating RSL along cold chains
An alternative to estimating flesh firmness directly is to utilise the calculator to predict RSL along the cold chain. In the examples provided below, an importer or retailer can use previous stage temperature and duration data, (from 'real-time' temperature monitoring, if available) to estimate RSL, based on a selected minimum average fruit firmness at which point fruit must be dispatched (by the importer) or sold (by the retailer). Again, users are required to input three parameters: minimum flesh firmness before dispatch or sale is necessary (in the orange cell of the calculator), stage duration in days (i.e., green font), and average stage temperature in °C including importer storage temperature (or retailer stage temperature) (i.e., blue font) (Fig. 4). With this information in the relevant cells, RSL until fruit reaches the minimum allowable flesh firmness is estimated.
In the first example below, RSL is estimated as 4.9 days at an importer storage temperature of 2 °C for a 'best' case (A) sea freight export scenario including 23 days of sea freight, assuming the white-fleshed nectarine was harvested at commercial maturity and a minimum allowable flesh firmness prior to dispatch of 4 kgf (Fig. 4a & 4b). In a 'worst' case scenario (B) with the same minimum allowable firmness of 4 kgf and cool chain stage duration and temperature as scenario (A) but where the importer storage temperature is now 6 °C, estimated RSL has now reduced to less than two days, clearly demonstrating the effect on shelf life of sub-optimal storage temperatures.
Uncertainty in the estimated RSL will generally vary according to the number of cold chain stages prior to RSL calculation, with higher accuracy usually in estimates after sea or air freight and increasing uncertainty in RSL estimates after importer storage or retailing. Uncertainty in RSL estimates based on current fruit quality models is likely to be ± 1 to 3 days, with the larger uncertainty likely among later cold chain stages.
Figure 4a. Estimated remaining shelf life during importer storage at 2 °C (A) after sea freight.
Figure 4b. Estimated remaining shelf life during importer storage at 6 °C (B) after sea freight.
An example of how the RSL calculator has been designed to provide useful information when recommended storage durations are exceeded and firmness thresholds reached is provided in Figures 5a and 5b. In cold chain scenario A, fruit have been stored at low temperature for 31 days between harvest and the end of sea freight, and although the importer has approximately one day to dispatch fruit based on a minimum firmness of 4 kgf, a warning has appeared in the RSL column indicating that the recommended 'storage' duration for this cultivar has already been reached, increasing the risk of storage disorders developing along the remaining cold chain. With this warning an importer may decide to dispatch the fruit immediately to minimise the potential for storage disorders. Note that the maximum recommended storage duration will generally be different for each cultivar.
If the storage duration from harvest through to the end of sea freight is below this maximum threshold then a 'continue' message will be displayed in the RSL column (cold chain scenario B). In this case the importer storage temperature is 4 °C, and at this temperature fruit will have virtually no shelf life prior to reaching a minimum firmness of 4 kgf, and thus the calculator will display a warning in the RSL column. In this situation, an importer may be able to reduce their storage temperature and potentially increase RSL by 1 or 2 days if they cannot reduce the minimum firmness threshold below 4 kg due to customer quality requirements or standards.
Figure 5a. Information provided by RSL calculator warning that total recommended sea freight storage duration (A) has been exceeded resulting in an increased risk of storage disorders during importer storage and retailing.
Figure 5b. Information provided by RSL calculator warning that minimum flesh firmness (B) has been exceeded resulting in an increased risk of storage disorders during importer storage and retailing.
In another example using the calculator to determine RSL during retailing (Fig. 6a & 6b), RSL is estimated at approximately 7 days (i.e., cold chain scenario A) after air freight at 10 °C and importer storage of one week at 4 °C, where an average temperature of 4 °C is assumed during distribution and retailing. In this case, RSL is based on a minimum threshold flesh firmness of 2 kgf and represents the threshold at which point fruit would be considered unmarketable to consumers. An increase in average retailer temperature from 4 to 10 °C as in cold chain scenario B (i.e., poor temperature management within this stage), demonstrates that RSL will fall from 7 days to approximately 3 days, giving the retailer little time to market the fruit.
Figure 6a. Estimated remaining shelf life during retailer handling at 4 °C (A) after air freight and importer storage.
Figure 6b. Estimated remaining shelf life during retailer handling at 10 °C (B) after air freight and importer storage.
The effect of changing the minimum flesh firmness threshold at which point the importer needs to dispatch fruit is demonstrated in the sea freight cold chain example provided in Figures 7a & 7b. In both scenarios A and B, stage temperatures and durations are the same, but minimum threshold firmness is set at 5 kgf in (A), and 4 kgf in (B), resulting in a corresponding increase in RSL for the importer from approximately 1 day (A) to 5 days (B). This example demonstrates how lower threshold firmness provides greater flexibility in terms of the marketing window. Of course whether the threshold firmness can be altered will depend on the marketing channel and on quality standards agreed to by the importer and retailer.
Figure 7a. Estimated remaining shelf life during importer storage after sea freight with minimum flesh firmness allowable prior to dispatch set at 5 kg (A).
Figure 7b. Estimated remaining shelf life during importer storage after sea freight with minimum flesh firmness allowable prior to dispatch set at 4 kg (B).
Video Webinar: Stonefruit - predicting quality during export with John Lopresti from Agriculture Victoria, 19 August 2020
Webinar (27 min 22 sec)
Transcript: Webinar on predicting stonefruit quality during export
Now I want to look at impact of temperature management and storage duration on quality. And some of you might think hasn't all this kind of work been done before, we know the impact temperatures. Post harvest temperatures on fruit. My question to everyone is do we really? I don't believe we do.
We've got some general rules, higher temperatures speed up the rate of firmness loss that's about it as much as we know, and I'll show you that there's some interesting impacts of temperatures and sometimes they're unexpected. So the assumption is that we already know what the effects of temperature management and storage time is. But do we particularly for current export varieties, and we might have a general idea, but a lot of growers and exporters ask very detailed questions. What's the impact of a temperature spike during export on quality? Well, it's hard to say. Has anybody body really done the work? So these are some of the questions we might ask in terms of temperature management. What is, what is the actual impact of poor temperature management? So for example, three days at eight degrees Celsius during export, or 12 hours at 16 degrees during export? What is the real impact, for example, on fruit firmness of those spikes in temperature? An objective measure. Until we started looking at it, I couldn't find anybody doing that kind of work, especially for the cultivars we are growing. What is the impact of high airfreight temperatures on fruit quality? We always worried about temperature management in air freight, but what is the real impact? How long can a grower or importer cool store a variety before it won't ripen properly? That's what we're trying to find out. And what about directly after harvest? Do we cool down to low temperatures or do we delay cooling and do a bit of slow cooling after harvest? What's, and then what's impacted, if it's beneficial in longterm in terms of reducing storage disorders, what's impact on fruit softening, as well as impact of storage disorders?
So there are a lot of questions still to be answered, in terms of temperature management and our cultivars. So what we've done in our work over the last 3 years is we've looked at air freight and sea freight. What we've done is commercial simulation trials, exports simulation trials, because we've had seven dedicated cool rooms at different temperatures available at our Agriculture Victoria, Agribio centre in Melbourne. So we can basically try all sorts of export scenarios because we have access to those seven cool rooms that can be set at different temperatures. So it gives us a pretty good ability to simulate all sorts of export scenarios. And we can do two types. We can do constant temperature storage, say at two degrees for five or six weeks. And then ripen the fruit after each storage period. And as you see, that's an example for Diamond Pearl. Or we can actually simulate real commercial export scenarios, so your freight forwarder, your air or sea freight, the importer storage, distribution and retail, and there are the temperature within those stages in the export chain. So, it's a powerful ability to have, to actually simulate commercial practice. And what we've been doing is we've been, generally being using, through out trials, we've been using fruit packed for export and ready to go. And we pick up the fruit from the freight forwarder. So we are using fruit that is already destined for export markets. So our simulations are quite valid in terms of representing real world commercial practice and outcomes. So I will give you, I will demonstrate firstly for sea freight, some of the commercial export simulations we've conducted. On the left here, this is for Flavour Pearl, and this one's Snowfall, which is a new, white peach, probably I think an early February, white peach and Flavour Pearl is a late December, I think, early January. And as you can see, we actually can simulate over, say a 30 and 40 day period, start of sea freights, simulate sea freight leg. End of sea freight. Then we can try different importer temperatures. I think this is about six days of importer storage, or a week at four degrees and 8 degrees. Simulate the effect and then effect retail at eight degrees here. And then the effect of ripening to say on, once the consumers purchase the fruit, how quickly there's a fruit ripened down to eating firmness.
So this is a ripening phase here. And as you can see, we can see the behaviours of each cultivar during export, based on temperature and we can vary the temperatures. And for example, snowfall here, and then, let me step back. These sea freight legs of 25, up to 30 days, these are not unusual as I've mentioned before. So we actually have been simulating long sea freight legs, because that's what we've found is happening commercially. And in this example, another, just something else to point out is that, so we've got importer storage at four, eight and 12 degrees. And as you would expect during importer storage, the fruit tends to soften more quickly at 12 degrees. But what's interesting is we noticed quite often that at the lower important storage, the firmness actually increases, which is not a good sign. It's indicating to us that at lower temperatures you are starting to get some mealiness and chilling injury, which is actually keeping the fruit quite firm. So we've noticed a spike in majestic Pearl and a few other cultivars. And again, something interesting we've noticed by being able to vary scenarios.
In terms of air freight, we've run two decent trials. And I'll show you, I'll show you some results from both of them. A few graphs here, but I'll take my time. They're pretty clear. Cut. Once you see what's going on. So this was airfreight simulation. What we did was we simulated air freight over 24 hour period, three different temperatures. So basically the period where, from the freight forwarder, onto the plane and then off the plane. And we simulated eight degree air freight temperature, a 12 degree and a 16 degree. That's a poor temperature management scenario, during air freight.
Polar Queen, a white peach, very susceptible to storage disorders, but nevermind. So the first graph here is what occurred in terms of flesh firmness with fruit that had no storage disorders. So clean fruit, good quality, all the way through to four weeks. And as you can see there was an effect of high air freight temperatures, which is 16 degrees, 12 and eight degrees. The 8 degree air freight temperature, well the fruit basically remained at four degrees over the four week storage periods, simulated importer storage remained pretty much at that, six to seven kilos firmness, whereas these air freight at high temperatures did impact on softening, as we would expect. Although realistically, the importer wouldn't keep this fruit for longer than a week. And after wake at four degrees after air freight, there was a difference with the 16 degrees, but not really with a higher air freight temperature of 12 degrees. Eight to 12, probably similar result for that 24 hour period of air freight. So can we then, the spike in temperature, of that 24 hour period, does make a difference. But only really at that really high core temperature management 16 degrees.
What was interesting though with fruit with storage disorders? The change in firmness over that four week period was much less. And as you can see, even at 16 degree air freight temperature, you only got down to about four kilos. When this occurs, that abnormal softening, I've called this, that the fruits has a problem and that there are storage disorders associated with that fruit. And here we have the flesh browning incidents from zero to a hundred percent. As you can see, after the first week of storage, at the importer, you started getting very severe flesh browning. But again, what's interesting just note, is that, there was, after two weeks at four degrees, the fruit that was air freighted at 16 degrees had much lower incidents of flesh browning, which gives us a clue to what we might want to do directly after harvest in terms of cooling and I will talk about that in a few weeks.
Now, with Flavour Pearl, we also did air freight simulation. Three temperatures for 24 hours of three different air freight temperatures. But in this case, there was very little difference in terms of loss over four weeks at four degrees, and the fruit ripens pretty much normally, and similarly, regardless of air freight temperature. And this is the actual physiological maturity measured with a DA meter and very little difference in maturity, physiological maturity over that storage period. So Flavour Pearl is an unusual variety. It's a very robust variety. The maturity drops during cool storage, but there's little change in firmness, but it does ripen very quickly, and similarly. And it wasn't very, there was very little impact of air freight temperature. Again, this highlights how important cultivar variety is in terms of storage performance. I think that's all I wanted to say there.
So that's how we run our commercial simulations. Now we're going to look at some shelf life model and then prediction.
So what we've been able to do is store fruits, different varieties, at seven different temperatures and see their behaviour over the different storage periods. And this is an example from Majestic Pearl. The low temperature storage, and then 8 degrees, 12, 16, and you can see the different behaviour and the short storage period as related to differences in temperature.
So we collect all this data and we're able to model actual commercial export scenarios. And I'm going to do that now. So what we have here is an Excel spreadsheet, with a model based on our experiments, our temperature and storage experiments behind the Excel spreadsheet. I'm not going to show you the model, but I'm not sure how you, what you can do with this model. So here we have the harvest maturity, so you can modify this depending on the variety and in what harvest, what firmness and harvest maturity. The duration of each step in the export chains, so harvest to freight forwarders, sea or air freight duration, importer storage, distribution retail, and the consumer phase. You can vary the temperature of each of those phases / stages. And then you can get average firmness or the change in firmness as you move along the export chain. And this is the accumulation, I'm not gonna talk much about it, but this is the total degree hours, accumulated above zero as we move along the chain. So I'm going to double click on it and hopefully it works.
It won't because I got to go back. So I'm going to escape, double click. And here we go, zoom in. And so we can have a look and play around with it. So I'm going to run a sea freight scenario that is probably pretty common, and we've done it to assume a harvest firmness of seven kilos. So I'll put that in. So let's assume a standard air freight scenarios in terms of durations we know. So harvest to freight forwarder, we don't believe that you can get, a grower can get the fruits to the freight forwarder before, any earlier than four days. So let's just say, ideally, they managed to do it in four days. Then, I believe that the average sea freight period is about 25 days at this stage, but let's say 22, just for the sake of this example. Okay, so we've assumed three degrees, average temperature between harvest and freight forwarder. Two degrees, it is more likely to be one degree, but let's say two degrees during sea freight for 22 days. And so at the end of sea freight, the firmness has dropped from seven to 5.7 kilos. And this is average firmness. Then let's say the importer would, once they store the fruit for five days and stores the fruit at five degrees, sorry, three degrees for 5 days. The fruit therefore dropped from 5.7 to 3.4 kilos.
Okay, so this is just demonstrating, and this is for Majestic Pearl, this particular scenario, and then we might say the retail, the distribution retail then takes two days and eight degrees Celsius. So the consumer by, after that time, fruit firmness is basically down to almost eating firmness of one to one and a half kilos. And then the consumer, leaves it on their bench at 18 degrees for let's say one day before consumption. Well it's eating firmness and beyond. So this little Excel calculator demonstrates the power of modelling shelf life and storage life. And so you can vary, we can run through another scenario very quickly.
We'll leave that at 4 degrees. Let's say air freight is more realistic. I, sorry, we can run an air freight scenario. Sorry. We've just done a sea freight. So lets say air freight - two days at 12 degrees. Okay. You might be surprised that there's very little change in firmness over that six days at those temperatures. Well don't be because that's what you tend to find. You don't see the effect of high temperatures until later on in the export chain, you won't to see it straight away. It's just to behaviour of our cultivars. That's how they'd behave. But then the importer storage, let's say six days and say 4 degrees. So after air freight, the importer stores it, stores the fruit for six days at four degrees and the fruit has dropped down to five kilos. Then the, let's say distribution might take three days and it might be 10 degrees, on average rather than eight. See the impact there of that temperature's only seen at the end of the export chain where the fruit tends to soften rapidly, even at eight degrees, it's 1.9 and then the consumer obviously has maybe a day or a bit to consume the fruit.
So I just want to demonstrate that to you, this kind of approach where, a grower, exporter, importer or retail, can you use this sort of calculator to determine how quickly fruit will soften, but then there is another way of looking at it. And this is what is more likely to be used by someone along the export chain, whether it's an exporter or importer or retailer. And to determine the remaining shelf life or storage period. So that previous calculator was just to play around with temperature and storage durations to understand how firmness changes with those parameters. This is actually useful in terms of predicting what is going to happen to your fruit based on what's already happened to it.
So I'm going to run again each one and use some examples. And hopefully this is interesting for you just to have a look how this can work, noting that the Queensland department is actually developing a mobile app for Mangos and Stone fruit, for industry, which incorporates some of these calculations into a very simple user interface.
This is just showing you in a bit more detail, but will not be the final product. So say you're a, an importer and what you've got here is again, you've got harvest to freight forwarder, number of days, the temperature in each stage, and this tells you that the reminding storage period. Now as the importer, what you would need to know is what, how many days, if you want to estimate remaining days, the shelf life as an importer, while you actually need to know this information and you might obtain it from your exporter, just from temperature monitoring. And then once the fruit arrives, you could actually estimate shelf life and storage life. And you do that by inputting a desired firmness. At which point you'd want to, need to sell the fruit as an importer. So you might say, I can keep the fruit until it 4 kilos, and then I have to move it on to the retailer. So, the power of this is actually, you can select the minimum desired firmness as an important, for example.
So let's say five kilos. Right, so let's assume that five days at three degrees. So this is importer doing the calculation. Then you know that the fruit took 23 days to get to you at two degrees. You've got a problem. Your minimum firmness of five kilos has already been reached, right. So this is the issue. So let's change it to 21 days, right? You will receive that fruit at one kilo, so you've got , sorry, that's not kilos it's days remaining. So, under these conditions for this particular, this is majestic Pearl, at a harvest maturity of about six kilos, I think this model is based on, and you can vary that, but this is six kilo harvest maturity. If you want to, if you want to know how quickly you need to offload the fruit before it gets to five kilos, we've got one day remaining before you have to sell the fruit. But if you can hold the fruit until it's four kilos firmness, you've got five days at 3 degrees, and you can see that. If you've sorted for two degrees, you've got two to three days remaining. So you can play around with storage time and storage temperature, and a minimum firmness to actually determine how much time you've got left before you have to get rid of the, or on-sell the fruit. And again, if you can hold the fruit until 3 kilos, then you'll find that you've actually got, (and get rid of that) , when you receive the fruit, you've got nine days to play with before you have to sell the fruit. So it's quite a powerful calculator because you can play around with these different scenarios. If I increase that to 27 days and you can keep the fruit until it reaches 3 kilo firmness, you've got five days rather than nine. Again, demonstrating the power of it and you can do the same as a retailer. You do the side thing, except now that, now that you're a retailer, so you can hold the fruit until it drops down to two and a half kilos before it has to be sold. And if we do the same thing, five days, 21 days, and this is just telling you that the fruit still fine if you continue, the importer stored it for three days, you've got as a retailer, three days to sell the fruit before it gets too, it reaches this firmness. And that's a firmness that the consumer would want to purchase at and consume after a few days of buying it. So I just want to show you what's possible and ideally we will have a mobile app, a much simpler app where you can just put in some temperatures and storage periods and it gives you a warning about how many days are left of shelf life based on those temperatures and storage durations.
Okay. So I'm going to move on, and we're probably nearly there. I'm nearly done.
So to summarize temperature, duration and quality. A good temperature management during export is still critical though. I've tried to use some unusual results from higher temperatures compared to a lot of temperatures. But in the end of the day, good temperature management is critical. But temperature impacts on quality can depend on the variety and the storage durations. So you have to take those into account. and then we've also seen that, for example, short bursts of the warmer temperature during export, during the post harvest chain, could potentially be beneficial. And that's why we've looked at delayed cooling after harvest, which I'll talk about in a few weeks and you'll see that there are some benefits potentially not fast cooling or immediately cooling, fruit. Simulation trials that we've conducted have provided insights into storage potential of the different varieties we've looked at under realistic commercial / export conditions. But more monitoring, temperature monitoring is required during grower handling, cooling and packing as well as after air and sea freight during the import of storage and retail, because we really don't know what's going on at those stages in the export chain, with temperatures. And we've seen that the real impact on quality, due to temperature and storage time, can be understood using shelf life prediction.
So the next step for us is to develop these models further for different varieties. And we're looking at doing at least six varieties by the end of the project or producing models, six varieties. We were hoping to do commercial validation this season, but with the coronavirus and lockdown, we will probably have to do simulated validation in our own cool rooms rather, because we're unlikely to get overseas. And industry probably requires a simple to use real time eyeball app which has been developed. And just finally, I think this kind of work, especially with the sea freight is very relevant at the moment because it looks like it will be quite difficult to air freight a lot of our cultivars this season because of limited flights into our export markets. So we are going to have to sea freight a lot of these cultivars. And so knowing that storage potentials and whether they can actually make the journey and still ripen properly and be good, have good eating quality for the consumer is really important and timely.
John Lopresti, Research Scientist, Agriculture Victoria
email: john.lopresti @agriculture.vic.gov.au
The calculator was developed by the Decision Aid Team as part of the Serviced Supply Chain project. The Serviced Supply Chains project is funded by the Hort Frontiers Asian markets Fund, part of the Hort Frontiers Asian strategic partnership initiative developed by Hort Innovation, with co-investment from Agriculture Victoria, the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Queensland (DAFQ), Montague Fresh (summerfruit), Manbulloo (mangoes), Glen Grove (citrus), the Australian Government plus in-kind support from University of Queensland and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.


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The Food Network Star judges are always looking for colorful, spot-on descriptions of what's on the plate, and dare I say no one nailed that task more accurately this week than Emilia — whose deep discomfort over the vitriol cooked up by reluctant partners Dom and Michelle very much mirrored how I felt watching from the safety of my living-room couch.
And yet while the Staten Island food-truck operator's domineering sneer and the food-blogging mom's "I'm taking my Greek yogurt and going home!" petulance proved less than appetizing, they weren't the only ones whose Food Network Star-worthiness took a hit this week.
* In the week's first challenge, Alex's credibility took a huge hit when he couldn't name the components of "Five-Spice Blend." Normally, this wouldn't seem like such an outrage — except Alex listed it as one of his most cherished ingredients of all-time. Didn't this chump think to do his homework after he completed his casting call?
* Emilia impressed me with her ability to throw shade at Arnold's grainy puree and lackluster scallop while coming off like a food authority rather than a contestant attempting to throw a rival under the bus. She's maybe a tad acidic, but there's a playfulness that undercuts it — and makes me think her potential show might be fun if she starts it off with a cocktail.
* Eddie certainly maintained his status at the top of the pecking order with a delicious-looking jerk chicken and a cute anecdote about seeking out a Jamaican wife to line up with his favorite food — and learning more about the island nation's Asian influences in the process.
* I was initially Team Michelle when Dom dismissed his partner in the Match.com partnership challenge, seeing how he wouldn't pause for five seconds to pow-wow about their kitchen goals or treat her like a partner on any level. But her post-presentation threat to quit the competition had me wondering if perhaps she was responsible for some of the bad mojo, too. I'm glad she survived — Bobby's point that her dish was the best-tasting of the Bottom 4 had to count for something — but given the finesse Dom has shown with his food (and his previously charming bashfulness) I wasn't ready to see him exit either.
What did you think of this week's Food Network Star? Did the right person get eliminated? If not, who would you have axed? Sound off in the comments!


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Cole Swindell recently surprised unsuspecting travelers with an in-flight performance of his No. 1 single "You Should Be Here." In a two-minute video clip, the singer is shown taking airport selfies with fans, signing autographs and performing "You Should Be Here" thousands of feet in the air aboard a Southwest Airlines flight.
"Right after I signed my record deal with Warner Brothers my dad passed away suddenly," Swindell says in the clip. "I think anybody that has ever lost anybody, not even that, I think anybody who has ever missed anybody knows what it's like to have moments where you're saying in your head, 'If they could just be here for this they would just love it.' It's like what we're doing here today. It's a 'You Should Be Here' moment. We're singing on a flight with Southwest Live at 35. It's gonna be awesome."
The song has struck a chord for many — one traveler even shared that he lost his father in 2014 and how Swindell's song has affected him. "When I first heard that song, waterworks, man. And still, every time I get the goosebumps," he says.
While Southwest customers were treated to a special performance by Swindell, some were lucky enough to get an autograph from the singer, as well as a few photos on board.
At the end of his performance of "You Should Be Here," Swindell dedicated the song to "anybody who's missing somebody this morning."
The performance comes on the heels of several album release day gigs. Recently, Swindell also performed the song at the World Trade Center. His You Should Be Here album is out now.
The Story Behind Cole Swindell's "You Should Be Here"


Colleen Hancock is COO of BabyCenter – the #1 parenting digital destination which is an innovative, data-driven technology company focused on delivering solutions to pregnant women and new parents, reaching 50MM unique parents globally each month, 250MM+ on social media, and an additional 20MM underserved.
Colleen leads the company and is responsible for strategy, growth, and profitability. She creates social responsibility programs to improve maternal health through partnerships. She was a founder of MAMA (Mobile Alliance for Maternal Action) and created messaging programs on mobile devices to educate women in underserved communities, winning J&J recognition as Fortune's #9 Company Changing the World. She serves on the board of mothers2mothers.
Colleen is an 18 year veteran of BabyCenter with 16 previous years in retail strategy with Neiman-Marcus and Duty-Free Stores (DFS) globally.
Colleen holds a BA from the University of Texas. She and her family live in the SF Bay Area and she loves being a Mom and supporting parents.


The Inside of the Cup Vol 4.
Purchase one of 1st World Library's Classic Books and help support our free internet library of downloadable eBooks. 1st World Library-Literary Society is a non-profit educational organization. Visit us online at www.1stWorldLibrary.ORG - Hodder fell asleep from sheer exhaustion, awaking during the night at occasional intervals to recall chimerical dreams in which the events of the day before were reflected, but caricatured and distorted. Alison Parr was talking to the woman in the flat, and both were changed, and yet he identified both: and on another occasion he saw a familiar figure surrounded by romping, ragged children - a figure which turned out to be Eldon Parr's! Finally he was aroused by what seemed a summons from the unknown - the prolonged morning whistle of the shoe factory. For a while he lay as one benumbed, and the gradual realization that ensued might be likened to the straining of stiffened wounds. Little by little he reconstructed, until the process became unbearable, and then rose from his bed with one object in mind, - to go to Horace Bentley. At first - he seized upon the excuse that Mr. Bentley would wish to hear the verdict of Dr. Jarvis, but immediately abandoned it as dishonest, acknowledging the true reason, that in all the - world the presence of this one man alone might assuage in some degree the terror in his soul. For the first time in his life, since childhood, he knew a sense of utter dependence upon another human being. He felt no shame, would make no explanation for his early visit.
Item Added: The Inside of the Cup Vol 4.


text:
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A: Try out to add the property overflow-y:auto to the card style like :
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Aaron Nola has thrown 9,211 pitches that have been tracked by the PITCHf/x system between 2015 and 2019, including pitches thrown in the MLB Regular Season and Spring Training. In 2019, he has relied primarily on his Fourseam Fastball (93mph) and Curve (78mph), also mixing in a Sinker (92mph) and Change (85mph).
His fourseam fastball has some natural sinking action, has essentially average velo and has slight armside run. His curve has sweeping glove-side movement, has a sharp downward bite and results in somewhat more flyballs compared to other pitchers' curves. His sinker has an obvious tail and is an extreme flyball pitch compared to other pitchers' sinkers. His change generates a very high amount of groundballs compared to other pitchers' changeups, has slight armside fade and has some natural sink to it.


M&K Truck Centers of Byron Center, Michigan was recognized as the 2015 North American Dealer of the Year by Volvo Trucks. Volvo also honored its top dealers in Canada and Mexico. The 2015 Canada Dealer of the Year is Pacific Coast Heavy Truck Group of Langley, British Columbia, and the 2015 Mexico Dealer of the Year is Tractoremolques del Noroeste, SA de CV of Son, Mexico.
The annual North American Dealer of the Year award recognized M&K Truck Centers and its employees for outstanding performance in a number of key areas, including new truck sales, market share, parts sales, customer satisfaction, dealer operating standards, franchise investment and support for other dealers.
Meyering's Byron Center location doubled its sales objectives, aggressively stocked inventory and actively sold to a diverse group of customers. M&K Truck Centers operates Volvo dealerships in Illinois and Michigan and has been in operation since 1989.
M&K Truck Centers owner Ron Meyering (center) receives the 2015 Volvo Trucks North American Dealer of the Year award from Göran Nyberg, president, Volvo Trucks North America (left) and Terry Billings, Volvo Trucks vice president – business development (right).


Despite your pest issue-- be termites, cockroaches, or rodents-- nobody delights in the sight of a pest scampering across their walls and hallways. After all, lots of pests are known to provide a range of health dangers, with some even understood for carrying diseases into your home. Regrettably, when you spot one insect that frequently means there are hundreds of them hiding someplace and all set to further infest your house. When this happens, you'll wish to work with the best exterminator around to safeguard your home or business.
From bee elimination and bed bug control to termite examination and gopher and squirrel control, our exterminators have the training and experience to handle any pests that have actually attacked your home.
When the bed bugs are in your house, they'll be going from 1 location to another. Bed bugs are intrusive bugs Limestone, NY that might be hard to discover. They are best treated by an experienced expert.
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As Easter draws to a close, so too does the first ever Big Faberge Egg Hunt in New York City. An annual London Staple, this year's egg hunt has been an astounding success in New York for its residents and tourists alike. Over 200 eggs were hidden all over the city, designed by such artists and pop-icons as Zaha Hadid, Ralph Lauren, Jeff Koons, to Marchesa and Terry Richardson. Hellman-Chang was honored to have been selected to fabricate an Egg, and as such, we were inspired by what all eggs represent: the promise and beauty of what's inside.
Hellman-Chang's Egg, the Gentleman's Valise, was designed true to our brand – encompassing luxury, fine furniture, and our sartorial connection. The egg is finished in a custom metallic lacquer with custom brass fittings and accents, and an interior of quilted aubergine Novasuede, faux-shagreen, and interior LED lighting. Producing the Egg by hand was a welcomed and fun challenge. We worked with our local Brooklyn metal-workers and upholsterers to realize the final product, and pushed ourselves outside our comfort zone. The piece was completed in a little under 100 man-hours and the process and end result is shown below.


Be part of a pan-European event : organise European Bunker Day with us !
-Do you represent an Atlantic Wall site or any organisation interested in making this European WWII heritage and culture relevant ? Start with reading the QUICK GUIDE underneath. After this, you can consult the more extensive document guide, and download the obligatory visuals / logos to use in all your communication.
-Are you interested in visiting European Bunker Day in your country? Check out here the dates in each country and the link to the national programmes.
European Bunker Day is the central event of the European cultural project 'Atlantikwall Europe', and the main platform for the communication and actions about this 'difficult' heritage that the Atlantic Wall is.
All Atlantic Wall countries participate under the name of Bunker Day in European Bunker Day. The power of Bunker Day is that all communication and marketing efforts can be directed on a national level at one day for all participants. They become part of a European event with a corresponding look and feel, thus attracting more public that they normally would. On top of that, they become a partner of AWE and thus a member of a European-wide network of Atlantic Wall sites and organizations, with access to information and knowledge, and the possibility to participate in future activities of AWE.
For the public, Bunker Day is an opportunity to visit as many sites as one might with one ticket, and experience the heritage and the activities organized by the participants. At the same time visitors can enjoy the coastal landscape and the sea, or places/sites they never thought to be visiting because they normally are not accessible or open to the public. Bunker Day is adventurous, surprising and thrilling!
The first European Bunker Day started in 2018 in three countries, but it will expand towards all AWE partners by 2019 and 2020. European Bunker Day will become a European-wide happening and will combine the opening of Atlantic Wall sites as part of a network, with actions on societal relevant issues and/or art representations.
Besides the opening of the memorial sites and museums, supported by common communication material, logo's, website and banners, each site is invited to combine its European Bunker Day action with a (cultural) action in order to underline the relevance of its heritage, like guided tours, walks, theatre, music, exhibitions, lectures, performances, re-enactment, conferences.
Why would I participate with my Atlantikwall site to the European Bunker Day?
What will be my role as Atlantikwall Heritage site?
How is European Bunker Day organized?


text:
Back to Insights
Platinum status for environmental leadership achieved
McLaughlin & Harvey has achieved Platinum status for environmental leadership in Northern Ireland.
The Survey, which is run by Business in the Community, sponsored by Moy Park and supported by the Department for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, recognises and rewards those organisations that are going above and beyond their legal requirements to improve their environmental impacts and better manage their resources.
107 organisations from a range of sectors, including construction, ICT, and food and drink, took part in the Survey with 45% of participants achieving Gold or Platinum Status.
New Chair of Business in the Community NI and Group Chief Executive of Translink, Chris Conway, said: "The Survey is an important comparison tool and a way for organisations to be recognised for their environmentally sustainable efforts, as well as identify areas for improvement. It has never been more important that organisations take action that's better for the environment, and business in particular recognises that the general public and their stakeholders consider sustainability to be of utmost importance. The Survey is the perfect way to demonstrate commitment to sustainability and I want to congratulate all of those companies that have stepped forward to report on their environmental practices."
Alastair Lambe, McLaughlin & Harvey's Group SHEQ Director said, "This award recognises our commitment to sustainable construction and acknowledges the changes we have made in our business to ensure we minimise our impact on the environment. Being awarded the Platinum status is a fantastic achievement, and being top of the construction sector is particularly rewarding."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Alexandra Eve Steinberg Laks defends and counsels a diverse range of clients in false advertising, unfair competition, and privacy matters, including the defense of consumer class actions, agency enforcement proceedings, and complex commercial litigation. She has extensive experience efficiently managing day-to-day strategy and coordination in complex cases, and has guided numerous clients to successful outcomes both inside and outside the courtroom.
In addition to litigation, Ms. Laks counsels clients on a range of privacy and advertising/marketing issues, including compliance with state and federal privacy regulations, data breach preparation and response, email and telephone marketing requirements, mobile and device permission requirements, and other regulatory inquiries regarding privacy and data security practices. Within the advertising and marketing space, Ms. Laks is well equipped to handle any client advertising and marketing need, in particular as it relates to privacy and data security issues and online advertising issues.
Ms. Laks is active in the firm's pro bono practice. She has worked on impact litigation related to protecting the safety of abortion-care providers as well as investigations into the impact of alternative disciplinary procedures on at-risk youth. She has also represented students in expulsion proceedings as well as tenants in unlawful detainer proceedings. Ms. Laks is a recipient of the State Bar of California's Wiley W. Manuel Award for public service, and was recently selected as an Outstanding Volunteer by the San Francisco Bar Association's Justice and Diversity Center. She is a member of One Justice's Advisory Board.
Ms. Laks is an editor and frequent contributor to the firm's Class Dismissed blog (classdismissed.mofo.com), which provides insights, recommendations, and timely reports on the latest defense news, developments, and trends in the most current class action lawsuits and product liability issues that affect consumer-facing companies.
Ms. Laks received her J.D. from the UCLA School of Law, where she served as discourse editor and a diversity committee member for the UCLA Law Review, as well as co-founder and co-chair of the Education Law Society and co-founder of the UCLA Education Rights Clinic. During law school, Ms. Laks served as an intern for the United States Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, a legal extern for the ACLU of Southern California and a judicial extern to the Honorable Stephen Reinhardt in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. She was a summer associate at Morrison & Foerster. Ms. Laks received her B.A. in Government from Cornell University.
Prior to attending law school, Ms. Laks worked as a teacher through Teach for America and helped found ACE Charter School where she currently serves on the school's Growth Committee. Ms. Laks speaks Spanish.


Every year over 800 Queen's students take the opportunity to go outside Northern Ireland to study or gain work-related experience – why not be one of them?
The information session will give an overview of the opportunities available for you as a Queen's student to study or work abroad.
You will also hear from students that have spent time abroad during their time at Queen's.
Even if your degree doesn't offer the opportunity to study or work abroad there are still loads of opportunities whatever your level and degree discipline. You can go abroad for the summer, for a semester or for a whole year, consider a range of locations including Europe, USA, China, Canada and Australia. – the choice is yours.


Ultisone is proud to present you a new installation of the Aries Cerat Incito S preamplifier. After a demo in his own system, the customer was very quick to make a decision that this preamp is lifting his system's performance to a whole new level.
Ultisone is proud to announce it becoming a dealer for Primary Control, with its very good AND stylish analog source.
Ultisone is happy to announce that it has become exclusive distributor and dealer for the excellent cable brand Signal Projects. More information to follow.
Installation of the Aries Cerat Symphonia and amplification.
A pair of Aries Cerat Symphonia horn speakers and Aries Cerat amplification installation by Ultisone.
432EVO Master music server finally released!
Delivery of the separate Power Supply Unit of the 432 EVO Master music server. Beautiful finish with a magnificent sound!
A true state-of-the-art server with numerous features yet very easy in its use and set-up.
Ultisone participated featuring the Aries Cerat electronics and the Stenheim loudspeakers yielding very positive reactions.
A customer of Ultisone sells his TLA Argo phono stage. Please contact us if you want more information.
"Stacore does not cut anything out but "only" differentiates. Thanks to that, recordings are closer to live music."
Please contact us for a demonstration!
If one performance was catching even more attention, it was the one by the countertenor Alex Potter ! What a delicacy, what a fluidity and mastery, and all coupled with a lot of power when needed.
Ultisone wishes to thank all the visitors to its demo room at the Brussels hifi exhibition!
Ultisone wishes to thank all the visitors that made the effort to visit us at the New Music Hi-End Innovation show in Brussel on November, 18 and 19 2017. We received many very positive comments of which we learned that, as we were one of the very few exhibitors with tube amplification, the Aries Cerat and Stenheim combination was among the most musical sets of the show.
We are extremely happy to announce that the STACORE Advanced platform got the Best Product 2017 award by HighFidelity.pl !
Ultisone participated in the XFI Premium Audio Show on September 30 and October 1 near Eindhoven in the Netherlands with a lower budget music lover's dream system.
Ultisone is enchanted to be able to make an official presentation in Belgium of a speaker monitor which has grown to be a much acclaimed reference by the international press: the Stenheim Alumine TWO. This presentation will take place during the New Music High End Innovation show in room 207. The New Music High End Innovation show takes place on November 18 and 19, in Brussels.
Ultisone is proud to give you a preview of the projected layout of the latest creation by Aries Cerat: the Genus. An integrated SET amplifier with ample input and output possibilities and a massive power reserve for optimum speaker integration.
Ultisone is proud to present you her latest reference installation.
This installation is made up of the 432EVO Master streamer and a full electronics stack of Aries Cerat along with the Symphonia horn speakers of the same brand. To top it all, the Entreq power distribution and grounding solutions are added for achieving that very last bit of musicality.
Switzerland based Stenheim and Ultisone join forces to distribute the excellent Stenheim speakers in Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.
Ultisone interviewed by Sabato, the weekend magazine of the flemish financial newspaper "De Tijd"


text:
Cable & Wireless – past, present and future: the telecom giant awakens
Knowling, LS and Burke, ME 1998, 'Cable & Wireless – past, present and future: the telecom giant awakens' , Business Information Review, 15 , pp. 193-199.
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266382984236876
Presents a current overview of the UK telecommunications group Cable & Wireless. Describes its existing global business, with subsidiaries in over 50 countries and links with many major companies and overseas governments. Discusses the development of communications, from copper cables transmitting Morse code to modern fibre optic strands using laser light, reviewing the introduction of satellite and digital technology, computers and the Internet. Debates the convergence and possible future combination of these technologies in a multimedia communications revolution. Examines the precedents set in the early 20th century with mergers of cable and radio companies, and considers the possibility of similar mergers in the future between cable, satellite, computer and media businesses. Describes C&W's involvement with Microsoft and BSkyB in areas such as: Web TV; set-top boxes; video-on-demand and digitization.
Subjects / Themes > H Social Sciences > HF Commerce > HF5001 Business
Subjects / Themes > H Social Sciences > HE Transportation and Communications
Subjects outside of the University Themes
Schools > Salford Business School > Salford Business School Research Centre
Business Information Review
http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/1858


text:
Leading the House of Lords from 2013-2014, Jonathan Hill is a British Conservative politician who has enjoyed a far from ordinary career. Serving as Political Secretary to PM John Major in 1991, it certainly didn't take Hill long to prove himself, and after just one year, he acquired the position of 'Head of the Prime Minister's Political Office' until 1994.
Some of you may otherwise refer to Hill as 'The Lord Hill of Oareford', after his much-deserved recognition, Hill was awarded the highest-ranking knighthood (CBE) in 1995 for his outstanding achievements in society and politics. Hill was admirably appointed a life peer in 2010 and on the same day, in The House of Lords, he took office as Parliamentary Under- Secretary of State for Schools in the Department for Education.
Throughout Hill's commendable career he also served as the European commissioner for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union as well as being present at the Maastricht Treaty negotiations, which led to the creation of the single European currency, the euro. Born in 1960, Hill grew up in Cockfosters and attended an independent all-boys school in Highgate. He Studied History at prestigious Trinity College in Cambridge and graduated with a Master of Arts.
Book Jonathan Hill


Sundar Gopalan received his Bachelor of Technology degree from the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, in May 1995. He completed his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Texas at Austin, USA in the area of Microelectronic Engineering in 2002. He worked in International Sematech, a semiconductor research consortium located in Austin, Texas, USA, as a Post-Doc and Process research engineer for two years in the Advanced Gate Stack Engineering Group. There he was involved in studying and designing new gate stack structures for the next generation CMOS Technology. He joined the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Amrita School of Engineering, Amritapuri Campus, India, in August of 2004. He is serving as professor and chairperson of ECE department. He has authored/co-authored more than 42 International publications. He specializes in the areas of Electronic Materials, Semiconductor Devices, VLSI Fabrication, Materials Characterization, Processing and Mechanical Behavior of Materials.
F. C. Robert, Sisodia, G. S., and Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, "Affordable Rural Electricity Through Intelligent Grid Extension And Local Renewable Energy Generation", Sustainable Cities and Society, Special issue on Microgrid Implementation and Optimization; Elsevier, 2018.
Renewable energy generation represents a unique solution to ensure the sustainable development of society. However, its fluctuating nature can disturb the energy balance mechanism of the power grid. In microgrids powered by renewables, the issue is even more critical. Fossil fuel generation typically supplements renewables but storage and demand response can be more flexible and cost effective. This paper is an overview of recent undertakings that present storage and demand response techniques as solutions for the stable operation of renewable energy microgrids. The critical analysis of the recent papers in this area reveals that the parameters used for modeling storage have been simplified (efficiency, dynamic behavior at fast rate of discharge, aging…) and that the demand response incentives have been assumed to be enough for users to be willing to participate in demand response programs. These assumptions make the proposed solutions too inaccurate to be implemented on the field yet. If renewables have to be implemented on a large scale, specific and accurate models have to be used. By building on the current research presented here, much work can be converted into real advances in the field of renewable energy integration in microgrids.
It is well known that Hf-based dielectrics have replaced the traditional SiO 2 and SiON as gate dielectric materials for conventional CMOS devices. By using thicker high-k materials such as HfO 2 rather than ultra-thin SiO2, we can bring down leakage current densities in MOS devices to acceptable levels. HfO 2 is also one of the potential candidates as a blocking dielectric for Flash memory applications for the same reason. In this study, effects of substrate heating and oxygen flow rate while depositing HfO 2 thin films using CVD and effects of post deposition annealing on the physical and electrical characteristics of HfO 2 thin films are presented. It was observed that substrate heating during deposition helps improve the density and electrical characteristics of the films. At higher substrate temperature, V fb moved closer to zero and also resulted in significant reduction in hysteresis. Higher O 2 flow rates may improve capacitance, but also results in slightly higher leakage. The effect of PDA depended on film thickness and O 2 PDA improved characteristics only for thick films. For thinner films forming gas anneal resulted in better electrical characteristics.
The effect of oxygen anneal on the electrical characteristics, especially on the current transport mechanism, of Al2O3 films in the thickness range of 10–30 nm was examined in detail. The analyses were performed at electric fields of ≤2.5 MV/cm to effectively address the reliability of Al2O3-based devices operating in the low electric field regime. The general conduction mechanism equations were used to simulate the expected current density (J) values for a given electric field (E) range. The characteristic linear plots of the conduction mechanisms were then used to compare the experimental and simulated data to identify the most probable mechanism occurring in the dielectric. Parameters like barrier height and activation energy were extracted from the fit. It was found that oxygen anneal has profound effects on the electrical properties of Al2O3 films, with annealed films demonstrating a different conduction mechanism than their unannealed counterparts, along with significant improvement in the leakage current and barrier height. This kind of analyses will help optimize the process conditions for Al2O3 deposition and provide an optimal range for device operation, thus improving the reliability of Al2O3 films for applications in CMOS logic and Flash memory.
S. Dutta, Ramesh, S., Shankar, B., and Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, "Effect of PVD process parameters on the quality and reliability of thin (10–30 nm) Al2O3 dielectrics", Applied Nanoscience, vol. 2, pp. 1–6, 2012.
M. Shahariar Akbar, Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Cho, H. - J., Onishi, K., Choi, R., Nieh, R., Kang, C. S., Kim, Y. H., Han, J., Krishnan, S., and , "High-performance TaN/HfSiON/Si metal-oxide-semiconductor structures prepared by NH3 post-deposition anneal", Applied physics letters, vol. 82, pp. 1757–1759, 2003.
K. Onishi, Kang, C. Seok, Choi, R., Cho, H. - J., Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Nieh, R. E., Krishnan, S. A., and Lee, J. C., "Improvement of surface carrier mobility of HfO 2 MOSFETs by high-temperature forming gas annealing", Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 50, pp. 384–390, 2003.
Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Onishi, K., Nieh, R., Kang, C. S., Choi, R., Cho, H. - J., Krishnan, S., and Lee, J. C., "Electrical and physical characteristics of ultrathin hafnium silicate films with polycrystalline silicon and TaN gates", Applied physics letters, vol. 80, pp. 4416–4418, 2002.
H. - J. Cho, Kang, C. Seok, Onishi, K., Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Nieh, R., Choi, R., Krishnan, S., and Lee, J. C., "Structural and electrical properties of HfO 2 with top nitrogen incorporated layer", Electron Device Letters, IEEE, vol. 23, pp. 249–251, 2002.
L. Kang, Lee, B. Hun, Qi, W. - J., Jeon, Y., Nieh, R., Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Onishi, K., and Lee, J. C., "Electrical characteristics of highly reliable ultrathin hafnium oxide gate dielectric", Electron Device Letters, IEEE, vol. 21, pp. 181–183, 2000.
A. Lucas, Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Lee, J. C., Kaushal, S., Niino, R., and Tada, Y., "Ultrathin Gate Oxynitrides Grown Using Fast Ramp Vertical Furnace for Sub-130 Nanometer Technology", Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, vol. 3, pp. 389–391, 2000.
Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Balu, V., Lee, J. - H., Hee-Han, J., and Lee, J. C., "Study of the electronic conduction mechanism in Nb-doped SrTiO3 thin films with Ir and Pt electrodes", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 77, pp. 1526–1528, 2000.
Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Wong, C. - H., Balu, V., Lee, J. - H., Han, J. H., Mohammedali, R., and Lee, J. C., "Effect of niobium doping on the microstructure and electrical properties of strontium titanate thin films for semiconductor memory application", Applied physics letters, vol. 75, pp. 2123–2125, 1999.
S. M, Anand, D., A, D. P., and Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, "Comparison of High K Metal Gate Based CMOS Amplifiers performance with traditional Gate stack structures", in ICEES 2018, 4th International Conference on Electrical Energy System , India, 2018.
D. Anand, M, S., Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, and A, P., "Accessing the performance of CMOS Amplifiers using High-k-Dielectric with Metal Gate on high mobility substrate", in ICACDS 2018, Springer CCIS, 2018.
F. C. Robert, Sisodia, G. S., and Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, "Indicators for the Usability of Solar Energy in India for the Development of Islanded Microgrids", in International Conference on Technological Advancement on Power and Energy (TAP Energy), Amritapuri, India, 2017.
F. C. Robert, Sisodia, G. S., and Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, "Environmental Friendly and Cost Effective Approach to Provide Highly Reliable Electric Supply to Rural Business and Industries", in International Conference on Technological Advancement on Power and Energy (TAP Energy), Amritapuri, India, 2017.
The development of the society was supported by an easy access to energy and in particular to electricity. However, 1.2 billion people worldwide are yet to receive an electrical connection. Most of them live in rural areas and many are far from the grid or in hilly terrains. Renewable energy microgrids are a good alternative to grid extension in many cases. However, the rural communities often consist of households only, with an energy demand concentrated in the morning and at night, in the early hours. This increases the need for costly storage as renewable energy is either available during the day for solar, or distributed throughout the day for wind. Anchor customers are users such as schools, hospitals, small manufacturing units or GSM tower that consume energy throughout the day. They contribute to the local development and can be a source of steady income for the microgrid. This paper illustrates that by including such customers at the microgrid design stage, the average cost of energy can be reduced. Through microgrid design simulations, it is shown that when anchor customers represent around 30% of the load (load factor of 0.4), the cost of energy can be reduced by 22% for a microgrid powered by wind and solar energy and by 48% for a solar microgrid, compared to a village with less than 10% of anchor users (load factor 0.2). It is thus critical to include anchor customers at the microgrid design stage in order to provide affordable energy in rural areas.
The healthy growth of economy lies in the balance between rural and urban development. Several developing countries have achieved a successful growth of urban areas, yet rural infrastructure has been neglected until recently. The rural electrical grids are weak with heavy losses and low capacity. Renewable energy represents an efficient way to generate electricity locally. However, the renewable energy generation may be limited by the low grid capacity. The current solutions focus on grid reinforcement only. This article presents a model for improving renewable energy integration in rural grids with the intelligent combination of three strategies: 1) grid reinforcement, 2) use of storage and 3) renewable energy curtailments. Such approach provides a solution to integrate a maximum of renewable energy generation on low capacity grids while minimising project cost and increasing the percentage of utilisation of assets. The test cases show that a grid connection agreement and a main inverter sized at 60 kW (resp. 80 kW) can accommodate a 100 kWp solar park (resp. 100 kW wind turbine) with minimal storage.
In developing countries, population increase is not sufficiently matched by increase in available health care resources. Inspite of technology advances, proper medical facility and resources are still not available to a large percentage of population, especially those having low income and living in rural or remote areas. There is an urgent need for development of a low cost and highly reliable technology for monitoring healthcare for those living in such areas that provides rapid monitoring of basic vital health parameters for large numbers of people, and making this data readily available to doctor present anywhere in the world. A novel and an efficient biomedical device has been designed which can quickly monitor the vital signs of large number of people simultaneously and transmit that information wirelessly to the doctor or medical facility present anywhere in the world. The instrument is represented by a hub and spoke model with the spokes being the sensor nodes consisting of a microcontroller MSP430G2553 and a wireless transceiver nRF24L01 (IEEE 802.15.4). The hub consists of a Raspberry Pi 3 with the same transceiver. The data received at the hub can be transmitted to the doctor through the inbuilt IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi protocol) of Raspberry Pi 3. All that the instrument needs to work is a Wi-Fi or an Ethernet connection and all the sensor nodes can be powered from the coin cell batteries.
J. Gutt, Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Brown, G. A., Kirsch, P. D., Peterson, J. J., Gardner, M. I., Li, H. - J., Lysaght, P., Alshareef, H. N., Choi, K., and , "ALD of advanced high-k and metal gate stacks for MOS devices", in Proceedings-Electrochemical Society, 2005, vol. PV 2005-05, pp. 282-292.
C. D. Young, Kerber, A., Hou, T. H., Cartier, E., Brown, G. A., Bersuker, G., Kim, Y., Lim, C., Gutt, J., Lysaght, P., and Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, "Charge trapping and electron mobility degradation in MOCVD hafnium silicate gate dielectric stack structures", 2004.
C. D. Young, Kerber, A., Hou, T. H., Cartier, E., Brown, G. A., Bersuker, G., Kim, Y., Lim, C., Gutt, J., Lysaght, P., Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, and , "Charge trapping and mobility degradation in MOCVD hafnium silicate gate dielectric stack structures", 2003.
M. I. Gardner, Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Gutt, J., Peterson, J., Li, H. - J., and Huff, H. R., "EOT scaling and device issues for high-k gate dielectrics", in Gate Insulator, 2003. IWGI 2003. Extended Abstracts of International Workshop on, 2003.
K. Onishi, Kang, C. Seok, Choi, R., Cho, H. - J., Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Nieh, R., Krishnan, S., and Lee, J. C., "Effects of high-temperature forming gas anneal on HfO/sub 2/MOSFET performance", in VLSI Technology, 2002. Digest of Technical Papers. 2002 Symposium on, 2002.
R. Choi, Onishi, K., Kang, C. Seok, Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Nieh, R., Kim, Y. H., Han, J. H., Krishnan, S., Cho, H. - J., Shahriar, A., and , "Fabrication of high quality ultra-thin HfO/sub 2/gate dielectric MOSFETs using deuterium anneal", in Electron Devices Meeting, 2002. IEDM'02. International, 2002.
R. Nieh, Onishi, K., Choi, R., Dharmarajan, E., Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Kang, C. S., and Lee, J. C., "HIGH-K GATE DIELECTRICS: Hf02, ZK> 2, AND THEIR SILICATES", in Rapid Thermal and Other Short-time Processing Technologies II: Proceedings of the International Symposium, 2001.
Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Dharmarajan, E., Nieh, R., Onishi, K., Kang, C. S., Choi, R., Cho, H., and Lee, J. C., "Ultrathin Hafnium Silicate Films with TaN and Polysilicon Gate Electrodes for Gate Dielectric Application", in 32nd IEEE Semiconductor Interface Specialist Conference, Washington DC, 2001.
R. Nieh, Qi, W. - J., Lee, B. Hun, Kang, L., Jeon, Y., Onishi, K., Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Kang, C. Seok, Dharmarajan, E., Choi, R., and , "PROCESSING EFFECTS AND ELECTRICAL EVALUATION OF Z1O2 FORMED BY RTP OXIDATION OF Zr", in Low and High Dielectric Constant Materials: Materials Science, Processing, and Reliability Issues: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, 2000.
B. Hun Lee, Choi, R., Kang, L., Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Nieh, R., Onishi, K., Jeon, Y., Qi, W. - J., Kang, C., and Lee, J. C., "Characteristics of TaN gate MOSFET with ultrathin hafnium oxide (8/spl Aring/-12/spl Aring/)", in Electron Devices Meeting, 2000. IEDM'00. Technical Digest. International, 2000.
K. Onishi, Kang, C. Seok, Choi, R., Cho, H. - J., Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Nieh, R., Dharmarajan, E., and Lee, J. C., "Reliability Characteristics, Including NBTI, of Polysilicon Gate HfO\~ 2 MOSFET's", in INTERNATIONAL ELECTRON DEVICES MEETING, 1998.
H. - J. Cho, Kang, C. S., Onishi, K., Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Nieh, R., Choi, R., Dharmarajan, E., and Lee, J. C., "Novel Nitrogen Profile Engineering for Improved TaN/HfO\~ 2/Si MOSFET Performance", in International Electron Devices Meeting, 1998.
While human population has been multiplied by four in the last hundred years, the world energy consumption was multiplied by ten. The common method of using fossil fuels to provide energy and electricity has dangerously disturbed nature's and climate's balance. It has become urgent and crucial to find sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to preserve a livable environment with unpolluted air and water. Renewable energy is the unique eco-friendly opportunity known today. The main challenge of using renewable energy is to ensure the constant balance of electricity demand and generation on the electrical grid. This paper investigates whether the solar electricity generation is correlated with the urban electricity consumption in hot climates. The solar generation and total consumption have been compared for three cities in Florida. The hourly solar generation has been found to be highly correlated with the consumption that occurs 6 h later, while the monthly solar generation is correlated with the monthly energy consumption. Producing 30% of the electricity using solar energy has been found to compensate partly for the monthly variation in the urban electricity demand. In addition, if 30% of the world electricity is produced using solar, global CO2 emissions would be reduced by 11.7% (14.6% for India). Thus, generating 30% solar electricity represents a valuable asset for urban areas situated in hot climates, reducing the need for electrical operating reserve, providing local supply with minimal transmission losses, but above all reducing the need for fossil fuel electricity and reducing global CO2 emission.
As scaling of device dimensions has continued, it has become necessary to replace traditional SiO2 with high dielectric constant materials in the conventional CMOS devices. In addition, use of metal gate electrodes and Germanium substrates may have to be used in order to address leakage and mobility issues. Al2O3 is one of the potential candidates both for CMOS and as a blocking dielectric for Flash memory applications owing to its low leakage. In this study, the effects of sputtering conditions and post-deposition annealing conditions on the electrical and reliability characteristics of MOS capacitors using Al2O3 films on Si and Ge substrates with Aluminium gate electrodes have been presented. It was observed that higher sputtering power resulted in larger flat-band voltage (Vfb) shifts, more hysteresis, higher interface state density (Dit) and a poorer reliability. Wit was also found that while a short duration high temperature annealing improves film characteristics, a long duration anneal even at 800C was found to be detrimental to MOS characteristics. Finally, the electronic conduction mechanism in Al2O3 films was also studied. It was observed that the conduction mechanism varied depending on the annealing condition, thickness of film and electric field. © 2017 Author(s).
Dr. Sundararaman Gopalan, Han, J. H., Balu, V., Lee, J. H., Mohemmedali, R., Wong, C. H., and Lee, J. C., "Effect of N2O on the RF-magnetron Sputtered SrTiO3 Films for ULSI DRAM Application", Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Integrated Ferroelectrics. Colorado Springs, 1999.


There are literally thousands of courses and degrees you can earn through online colleges and universities. However, music is one of those subjects that doesn't really translate well to learning online - until recently.
Online University.com posted a list of 50 different articles and courses offered in the field of music. NO, none of these will make you a better performer. You really need face to face contact for improving your performance techniques. They do offer a lot in the realm of music history and appreciate. There are even some graduate level courses.


text:
Corneal ulceration in South East Asia. II: A strategy for the prevention of fungal keratitis at the village level in Burma
N Maung1,
C C Thant1,
M Srinivasan2,
M P Upadhyay3,
B Priyadarsini2,
R Mahalakshmi2,
J P Whitcher4
1Trachoma Control and Prevention of Blindness Programme, Department of Health, Yangon, Burma
2Aravind Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, 1 Anna Nagar, Madurai 625020, Tamil Nadu, India
3BP Eye Foundation, GPO Box 2126, Kathmandu, Nepal
4Francis I Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Correspondence to: John P Whitcher MD, MPH, Francis I Proctor Foundation, UCSF Box 0944, 95 Kirkham Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0944, USA; jack.whitcher{at}ucsf.edu
Aim: To prove that topical antifungal and antibiotic prophylaxis distributed by grass roots village health workers (VHWs) in Burma is an effective public health intervention for the prevention of post-traumatic microbial keratitis in a population where the majority of ulcers are fungal.
Methods: Three villages in Bago District with a combined population of 16 987 were selected for the study. This defined population was followed prospectively for 12 months by 15 VHWs who were trained to identify post-traumatic corneal abrasions with fluorescein dye and a blue torch and to administer 1% chloramphenicol and 1% clotrimazole ointment three times a day for 3 days to the eyes of individuals who fulfilled the eligibility criteria.
Results: During the 12 month period 273 individuals reported to VHWs with an ocular injury and 126 were found to have a corneal abrasion. All 126 were treated with 1% chloramphenicol and 1% clotrimazole ointment three times a day for 3 days, and all healed without sequelae.
Conclusions: Both fungal and bacterial ulcers that occur following traumatic corneal abrasions can be effectively prevented in a village setting by using relatively simple measures that local volunteer public health workers can easily be taught to employ.
VHWs, village health workers
corneal blindness
fungal keratitis
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2006.094706
Copyright 2006 British Journal of Ophthalmology
BJO at a glance
Creig Hoyt
British Journal of Ophthalmology 2006; 90 931-931 Published Online First: 18 Jul 2006. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2006.bjaug06atag


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Найдангийн Тувшинбаяр (, 1 червня 1984) — монгольський дзюдоїст, олімпійський чемпіон.

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2022 року Тувшинбаяра було засуджено на 16 років за вбивство. У квітні 2021 року він у стані алкогольного сп'яніння побив свого найкращого друга, який згодом помер від отриманих травм. Тувшинбаяр приніс вибачення сім'ї вбитого і зобов'язався до кінця життя допомагати його родині.

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