I though that the v9.04 would be the last one before 2018 but, that's Christmas time guys! I want to release the latest features before Christmas, because I'm waiting (and hoping) a lot of new users for this end of year. 3D printing will be the most talked-about subject of 2018!
A lot of users requested me the support of the PSU control plugin in Printoid.
That was already possible in Printoid PRO and PREMIUM by using the custom HTTP commands from the Commands Panel.
Here is a direct integration of the PSU plugin for the PREMIUM users (finally a new exclusive feature for you guys!). If the PSU plugin is installed on your OctoPrint server, you will get a new entry in the left side menu. The actual PSU state is indicated in the icon and the label. Simply click on this entry to toggle the PSU state. Of course, a warning dialog will protect this feature.
The full tutorial is available here.
You can also swipe a STL file from the left to the right to directly slice it now.
Same as in the Streaming Panel, you can now take a snapshot of your 2D or 3D render and save it to the internal storage, or share it with your friends.
When the information has been properly retrieved from the metadata of the file, Printoid is now able to display the final (target) Z height of your current printing job. This value is, as indicated, the final expected height at the end of the printing job.
To display this value, simply click on the "current Z height", bellow the progress sliders. To display the "current Z height" value back, click on the card again.
I need your help to continue the development of Printoid!


text:
WATCH: Coast Guard rescues 3 boaters from shark-infested water off Louisiana coast
by: Michaela Romero
Posted: Oct 10, 2022 / 09:55 AM CDT
EMPIRE, La. (WGNO)— Three boaters were rescued Sunday (Oct. 1) after their boat sank off the shores of Empire during a fishing trip.
U.S. Coast Guard officials say they were notified of the missing boaters after worried family members notified them that they have not heard from them. Soon after the report, a search was conducted spanning approximately 1,250 square miles.
During the search, an aircrew spotted all three boaters in the water. A Coast Guard Station Venice 45-foot Response-Boat Medium boat crew arrived on the scene and found two of the boaters fending off sharks, along with injuries to both boaters' hands. The two boaters were pulled from the water by the boat crew right away.
According to a press release, a Coast Guard Air Station New Orleans MH-60 Jayhawk aircrew rescued the third boater from the water. The boaters were all taken to University Medical Center where they were reported to be in stable condition.
Through investigation, Coast Guard officials determined that the boat sank around 10 a.m. on Saturday morning. All three boaters were wearing lifejackets and one was experiencing signs of hypothermia at the time of the rescue.
Lt. Cmdr. Kevin Keefe, a Sector New Orleans Search and Rescue Mission Coordinator said he is glad the boaters were wearing life jackets.
FULL VIDEO: Coast Guard rescues boaters from shark-infested water
"If the family member had not notified the Coast Guard, and if these three boaters were not wearing life jackets, this could've been a completely different outcome. We appreciate the assistance of the boating public, who were instrumental in helping identify possible areas where these boaters could have been operating before the vessel became in distress," said Keefe.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\section{Introduction}

The LUX dark matter experiment is a two-phase xenon Time Projection
Chamber (TPC). The goal of LUX is to detect energy depositions caused
by galactic dark matter particles, known as Weakly Interacting Massive
Particles or WIMPs, scattering off atomic nuclei \citep{Akimov200746,Alner2007287,Angle:2007uj,Aprile2005289}.

\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=2\columnwidth]{DAQ_Data_Flow_v5_color.pdf}

\caption{\label{fig:DAQdiagram}Data flow diagram of the LUX electronics and
DAQ. Signals from the PMTs pass through air-side preamplifiers immediately
after exiting the xenon space. A postamplifier further amplifies and
shapes the signals. The postamplifier generates three outputs: one
for the Struck ADCs, one for the DDC-8 digital trigger system, and
one for the CAEN discriminators. The data from the Struck ADCs is
read out from the VME bus to the DAQ computer, where it is sorted
and prepared for analysis.}

\end{figure*}
The site for LUX is the Davis Laboratory at the $4850\,\mbox{ft.}$
level of the Sanford Underground Laboratory at the Homestake Mine
in Lead, SD. The detector is housed in an $8\,\mbox{m}$ diameter
($300\,\mbox{tonne}$) water tank that acts as a background shield
and muon veto. The LUX detector uses $350\,\mbox{kg}$ of liquid xenon,
$300\,\mbox{kg}$ of which define the active region. This active region
is observed by 122 Hamamatsu R8778 $2\,\mbox{inch}$ diameter photomultiplier
tubes (PMTs). There are 61 PMTs in the top array and 61 in the bottom
array. The PMTs have an average quantum efficiency (QE) of $33\pm2.3\%$
at the xenon scintillation wavelength of $175\,\mbox{nm}$ \citep{Hamamatsu}.
The active region is walled by PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) reflector
panels and is $59\,\mbox{cm in height}\times49\,\mbox{cm}$ in diameter
\citep{McKinseyTAUP2009,FiorucciSUSY2009}. Particle interactions
in the xenon create scintillation light and ionization electrons.
Wire grids at the top and bottom of the liquid provide a uniform electric
field in the active region. This electric field causes the electrons
to drift from the interaction site towards the liquid surface. Additional
grids at the surface provide a stronger electric field that extracts
the electrons from the liquid and accelerates them in xenon gas, creating
electro-luminescence. The measurement of the drift time and the PMT
hit pattern from the electro-luminescence allow for 3D localization
of the original particle interaction.

The LUX data acquisition system (DAQ) is designed to simultaneously
read out all 122 LUX PMTs, as well as the 20 PMTs observing the water
shield, summed into eight DAQ channels. The LUX readout is comprised
of a custom-built analog electronics chain and triggering system,
Struck fast 14-bit ADCs, and CAEN discriminators and scalers, as shown
in Fig. \ref{fig:DAQdiagram} \citep{struck,CAEN}. The Struck digitizer
firmware has been developed by the manufacturer in collaboration with
LUX to perform real-time baseline suppression. This paper presents
a description of the signals generated by interactions in the detector,
the analog electronics chain designed to read out the PMT signals,
and the data acquisition system. Data formatting and optimization
techniques are also described.

\section{Signals}

There are two types of interactions in the detector: nuclear recoils
(denoted by the \emph{r} subscript), which are interactions with the
xenon nucleus, and electron recoils (denoted by the \emph{ee} subscript),
in which the particle interacts with the electrons. A dark matter
WIMP particle is expected to produce a nuclear recoil in the detector,
whereas gamma ray interactions will produce electron recoils \citep{Gaitskell:2004rev}.
A particle interaction in the detector is characterized by two scintillation
signals. The first signal is the prompt scintillation of the interaction
in the liquid xenon, and is known as the S1 pulse. For interactions
in the xenon active region, S1 light is evenly distributed on the
PMT arrays in $xy$. The majority of the light (80\%) falls on the
bottom PMT array due to total internal reflection at the liquid surface.
For an energy deposition of $2\,\mbox{ke\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{ee}}}$
in the center of the detector in the presence of a $1\,\mbox{kV/cm}$
electric field, the S1 pulse will be comprised of about 50~photons
\citep{Doke2002JJAP}. The fundamental rise-time of the S1 light signal
is limited by the response of the PMTs and is $\sim6\,\mbox{ns}$.
The S1 signal decays exponentially with an effective time constant
of $\tau=29\,\mbox{ns}$ \citep{Sorensen2008thesis,deViveiros2009thesis}.
The S1 pulses are fully characterized by the DAQ in a time window
of $<200\,\mbox{ns}$. Monte Carlo simulations using Geant4 indicate
that the S1 light collection in LUX will be $10\,\mbox{photoelectrons/ke\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{ee}}}$
(at an energy of $122\,\mbox{ke\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{ee}}}$) with
no electric field applied, and assuming 33\% PMT QE and 95\% PTFE
reflectivity in liquid xenon. The S1 light collection becomes $5\,\mbox{photoelectrons/ke\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{ee}}}$
in the active region in the presence of an electric field of $1\,\mbox{kV/cm}$.

The initial particle interaction also ionizes xenon atoms, releasing
electrons at the interaction site. These electrons can recombine with
their host atoms, producing recombination light which increases the
size of the S1 signal. However, in LUX, the large electric field ($\gtrsim0.1\,\mbox{kV/cm}$)
causes these electrons to drift from the interaction site towards
the liquid surface before they can efficiently recombine \citep{Dahl2009thesis}.
Grids, $0.5\,\mbox{cm}$ above and below the liquid surface, generate
strong electric fields of $5\,\mbox{kV/cm}$ in the liquid and $10\,\mbox{kV/cm}$
in the gas \citep{McKinseyTAUP2009}. This causes the electrons to
leave the liquid and accelerate in the gas phase \citep{Bolozdynya1999314}.
The electrons produces further scintillation through electro-luminescence,
proportional to the number of electrons extracted (see Fig. \ref{fig:LUXdiagram}).
This is known as the S2 pulse, and is about three orders of magnitude
larger than the S1 pulse, depending on grid separation, applied field,
and xenon gas pressure \citep{Bolozdynya1999314}. The ratio of S2
area to S1 area is used to discriminate between nuclear and electron
recoils \citep{Angle:2007uj,Sorensen2008thesis}. LUX expects an S2
light yield of 35~photoelectrons per electron ($e^{-}$) extracted
from the liquid and $45\,\mbox{\ensuremath{e^{-}}/ke\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{ee}}}$
for a gamma interaction in the detector at an energy of $10\,\mbox{ke\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{ee}}}$
\citep{Sorensen2008thesis,deViveiros2009thesis,Dahl2009thesis,PhysRevA.12.1771}.
This light yield accounts for geometric light collection in the gas
phase where the S2 is generated, detection efficiency of the PMTs,
and the number of scintillation photons produced per extracted electron.
The S2 pulse waveform is gaussian-shaped when summed across all PMT
channels. The S2 pulse width varies slightly as a function of depth
because the cloud of electrons diffuses as it drifts towards the liquid
surface \citep{Sorensen2008thesis,deViveiros2009thesis,2011sorensenelectrons}.
The S2 is fully characterized by the DAQ in a time window of $\sim3\,\mbox{\ensuremath{\mu}s}$.
The S2 is spread over most PMTs, but shows significant localization
in the top array above the electron extraction site. Monte Carlo simulations
indicate that up to 22\% of the S2 light is collected by a single
PMT in the top array. This allows for $xy$ localization of the event
with $\sigma=0.3\,\mbox{cm}$ precision. In LUX, the time between
S1 and S2 pulses, the electron drift time, is between $0$ and $230\,\mbox{\ensuremath{\mu}s}$,
given a field of $1\,\mbox{kV/cm}$ and a maximum drift distance of
$50\,\mbox{cm}$ \citep{McKinseyTAUP2009,Miller1968PhysRev}. This
drift time is used to determine the $z$ coordinate of the interaction.

A typical event from LUX 0.1 is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:LUX-0.1-event}.
LUX 0.1 is a prototype detector using the LUX DAQ and electronics
with four PMTs (3 top, 1 bottom) \citep{FiorucciSUSY2009,PhelpsLUX0.1}.
The maximum drift time in LUX 0.1 is $25\,\mbox{\ensuremath{\mu}s}$.
The detector is quiet between the S1 and S2 pulses, which are the
most interesting features in the event.

\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{LUXdiagramnoname.pdf}

\caption{\label{fig:LUXdiagram}Diagram of a particle interaction in the LUX
detector showing primary (S1) and secondary (S2) scinitllation signals.
The PMT hit pattern shown is generated by the S2 signal, where the
gray scale from white (least) to black (most) indicates the number
of photoelectrons detected by that PMT. }

\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{centering}
\subfloat{\includegraphics{LUX01EventSum_color.pdf}

}
\par\end{centering}

\begin{centering}
\subfloat{\includegraphics{LUX01EventS1_color.pdf}

}\hspace{0.6cm}\subfloat{\includegraphics{LUX01EventS2_color.pdf}

}
\par\end{centering}

\caption{\label{fig:LUX-0.1-event}A $9.8\,\mbox{ke\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{ee}}}$
event from LUX 0.1 using Pulse Only Digitization (Sect. \ref{sub:Pulse-Only-Digitization}).
(top) Sum of all four PMT channels. (bottom) The S1 and S2 signals
in the individual PMTs. The number of samples before and after each
pulse is selectable up to 24 and 31 respectively ($9.5\,\mbox{ns/sample}$).
Each PMT has a gain of $1\cdot10^{5}$. }

\end{figure*}

\section{Electronics Chain}

The LUX PMT readout is comprised of both analog and digital electronics.
The analog electronics consists of two stages of amplifiers, designed
to shape the PMT signals for use by the triggering and acquisition
hardware.

\subsection{Digital Electronics\label{sec:Trigger-System}}

The LUX DAQ uses 16 Struck 8-channel fast ADC modules, model number
SIS3301, customized for LUX operation by Struck and Brown University.
The Struck ADCs digitize at $105\,\mbox{MHz}$ with a resolution of
14 bits per channel and an intrinsic noise of $20\,\mbox{nV/\ensuremath{\sqrt{Hz}}}$.
Each input has a total voltage range of $-1900\,\mbox{mV}\,\mbox{to}\,+100\,\mbox{mV}$.
Note that the PMT signals are negative, but for the purposes of this
paper the signals are described as positive. The Struck modules have
$2\times128\,\mbox{k}$ sample dual memory banks that allow for acquisition
on one bank while data is being downloaded from the other. The time
to switch memory banks is $17\,\mbox{\ensuremath{\mu}s}$. Each board
is connected to the VME bus, which is connected to the DAQ computer
via a fiber optic Gbit connection, using Struck communication modules
SIS3104 and SIS1100. The boards are capable of transferring data to
the acquisition computer at a maximum VME download speed of $80\,\mbox{MB/s}$
(2eVME protocol). Each board is controlled by four FPGAs, one per
pair of channels, whose firmware was developed by Struck in collaboration
with the Brown University group to operate in Pulse Only Digitization
(POD) mode, described in section \ref{sub:Pulse-Only-Digitization}.
Each Struck input has a $30\,\mbox{MHz}$ on-board single-pole anti-aliasing
filter.

LUX is triggered using a digital triggering system, based on DDC-8DSP
designed and built for LUX by collaborators at the University of Rochester
and at SkuTek \citep{skutek}. The DDC-8 digital triggering system
digitizes the PMT signals at $64\,\mbox{MHz}$ with 14-bit resolution
for processing by the on-board FPGA. Each DDC-8DSP input has a $24\,\mbox{MHz}$
on-board anti-aliasing filter. The DDC-8 firmware has the ability
to identify S1 and S2 pulses. This allows the DDC-8 to trigger on
S1s, S2s, or events with both an S1 and an S2. The DDC-8 trigger
system has the ability to pre-select events of a given energy by measuring
the size of the S1. The hit pattern of the S2 in the top PMT array,
combined with the drift time between S1 and S2, allows the trigger
system to pre-select events of a given position. The LUX trigger system
and DDC-8DSP are discussed in \citep{LUXTrigger,skulski}.

\subsection{Analog Electronics}

The PMT readout electronics are designed to maximize signal to noise
in the dark matter search region of interest ($4-40\,\mbox{ke\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{r}}}$)
and to allow for high-energy calibrations. The first two stages (see
Fig. \ref{fig:DAQdiagram}) in the analog electronics chain, the preamplifier
and the postamplifier, were designed and built by LUX collaborators
at U.\,C. Davis, Lawrence Livermore National Laborabory, and Harvard
University. The LUX readout requirements are based on the need for
low-energy calibrations in the dark matter search region, as well
as high-energy calibrations ($\gtrsim100\,\mbox{ke\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{ee}}}$).
These calibrations are necessary to examine the detector response
to WIMP-like events, as well as to monitor the state of the detector
systems. The former requires that the PMT and amplifier gains be equal
to those used for WIMP searches. The latter allows for freedom in
varying the PMT and amplifier gains. Divided into these two categories,
there are four main detector calibrations:

(i) Electron lifetime ($e$-lifetime) calibrations are used to measure
the purity of the xenon. Electro-negative impurities in the xenon
absorb drifting electrons. This causes the size of the S2 to vary
as a function of depth for a given interaction energy. The goal of
xenon purification is to minimize this effect \citep{Sorensen2008thesis,deViveiros2009thesis,PhelpsLUX0.1}.
The $e$-lifetime calibrations allow for a direct measurement of xenon
purity and the depth dependence of the S2 signal. This can be achieved
using gamma ray sources, such as $\mbox{\ensuremath{^{137}}Cs}$ or
$\mbox{\ensuremath{^{208}}Tl}$, which produce gamma rays of high
enough energies to penetrate into the center of the detector.

(ii) Nuclear and (iii) electron recoil calibrations are used to measure
both relative scintillation efficiency and dark matter discrimination
efficiency between the two event types. Electron recoil events are
supplied using $\mbox{\ensuremath{^{137}}Cs}$, $\mbox{\ensuremath{^{208}}Tl}$,
$\mbox{\ensuremath{^{133}}Ba}$, and $\mbox{\ensuremath{^{57}}Co}$.
Nuclear recoil events are supplied using $\mbox{\ensuremath{^{252}}Cf}$
and $\mbox{AmBe}$ neutron sources. These calibrations must be made
with PMT and amplifier gains equal to those used for dark matter searches.

(iv) Internal calibrations are used to unambiguously measure the uniformity
of the detector. The two sources used for this are activated xenon
and $\mbox{\ensuremath{^{83m}}Kr}$ \citep{2009PhRvC..80d5809K}.

During dark matter search mode it is desirable to maximize trigger
efficiency at the lowest energy threshold, and to completely cover
the recoil energies expected for dark matter interactions. These requirements
demand careful balancing between low threshold and large dynamic range.

The analog electronics chain starts inside the detector at the PMT
base, which steps down the bias voltage for each dynode to produce
electron multiplication. Custom Gore coaxial cables transmit the signal
from the PMT base to the xenon space feedthrough \citep{gore}. A
single photoelectron pulse in this 10 meter long cable is attenuated
to 75\% of its original height while the pulse area is preserved.
On the air side, a preamplifier is mounted to the signal feedthrough.
The postamplifier is located near the Struck digitizers and the triggering
hardware. Between the preamplifier and postamplifier another 10 meter
long coaxial cable further attenuates the single photoelectron height
to 83\% of its original height, while the pulse area is preserved.
In order to meet the aforementioned specifications, $\gtrsim95\%$
of single photoelectron pulses should be clearly resolved from $5\sigma$
fluctuations in the baseline noise, and event energies up to $100\,\mbox{ke\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{ee}}}$
should not saturate any stage of the electronics. The R8778 PMTs are
operated with a typical bias of $1.25\pm0.1\,\mbox{kV}$ to produce
a of gain $3.3\cdot10^{6}$. Higher energy calibrations that will
saturate the PMTs or electronics at this bias can be done by lowering
either the PMT or the amplifier gains. At a gain of $3.3\cdot10^{6}$
a single photoelectron generates a pulse area of $13.3\,\mbox{mV\ensuremath{\cdot}ns}$
at the output of the PMT base with $50\,\Omega$ termination. The
single photoelectron peak resolution is $\sigma=37\%$ on average
\citep{LUXPMTs}. The preamplifier has a gain of $\times5$, with
an in-line switchable attenuator of $\times1/10$, for an optional
total gain of $\times0.5$. The postamplifier has three outputs: one
for the Struck digitizers, one for the DDC-8 trigger system, and a
third, for the discriminator and scaler modules. The postamplifier
is an integrating amplifier, designed for an output bandwidth of $30\,\mbox{MHz}$,
in order to match the input bandwidth of the Struck and the DDC-8
digitizers. The postamplifier is designed to give a gain in pulse
area of $\times1.5$ for the Struck digitizers and $\times2.8$ for
the DDC-8 trigger system. The output for the discriminators has a
gain of $\times18$. Each of these outputs has optional $\times0.5$
attenuators. The Struck and the DDC-8 digitizers each have bandwidth
limiting filters at their inputs with cutoff frequencies of $30\,\mbox{MHz}$
and $24\,\mbox{MHz}$, respectively. Each PMT channel is digitized
by one Struck channel. The analog sum of eight PMT channels from the
DDC-8 output of the postamplifier is generated using LeCroy 628 octal
fan-in modules and sent to one channel of the DDC-8 trigger system.
This is done in order to reduce the cost of the trigger system. The
trigger system is discribed in more detail in Refs. \citep{LUXTrigger,skulski}.

\subsubsection{Dynamic Range:}

A design goal of the DAQ and electronics is that the maximum measureable
energy deposition in the detector be limited by the PMTs and not by
the electronics chain. The R8778 PMTs become 2\% nonlinear with an
instantaneous current draw of $13\,\mbox{mA}$ at the anode \citep{Hamamatsu,LUXPMTs}.
Simulations predict that a PMT in the top array, located directly
above the electron extraction site, will see at most 22\% of the total
S2 light. The maximum area of the S2 signal, combined across all channels
without saturating any PMT, is $2\cdot10^{5}\,\mbox{photoelectrons}$.
This corresponds to a maximum event energy of $\sim120\,\mbox{ke\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{ee}}}$,
well above the desired calibration range of $100\,\mbox{ke\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{ee}}}$.

At the Struck output of the postamplifier, a single photoelectron
has a height of $4\,\mbox{mV}$ and an area of $100\,\mbox{mV\ensuremath{\cdot}ns}$,
assuming a PMT gain of $3.3\cdot10^{6}$. The S1 light is typically
split; 20\% on the top PMT array and 80\% on the bottom. The S1 signal
on the bottom PMT array is evenly spread across all 61 channels. With
a maximum input voltage on the Struck ADC of $1900\,\mbox{mV}$, the
largest non-saturating S1 pulse has an area of $4.2\cdot10^{4}\,\mbox{photoelectrons}$.
This corresponds to a maximum energy deposition of $8.4\,\mbox{Me\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{ee}}}$,
assuming a light collection efficiency of $5\,\mbox{photoelectrons/ke\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{ee}}}$
in the presence of an electric field $\gtrsim0.5\,\mbox{kV/cm}$.
The maximum area of the S2 signal combined across all channels, without
saturating the Struck ADC in any single channel, is $1.1\cdot10^{6}\,\mbox{photoelectrons}$.
This corresponds to a maximum event energy of $715\,\mbox{ke\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{ee}}}$.

\subsubsection{Threshold:}

The Struck SIS3301 is a 14-bit digitizer with a total voltage range
of $2\,\mbox{V}$.  A threshold of 13 ADC counts is below the height
of 95\% of single photoelectron signals. The total noise from the
electronics chain and ADC, as measured at the Struck input, is $155\,\mbox{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mbox{V}_{RMS}}}$.
A $5\sigma$ upward fluctuation of this noise is 6.5 ADC counts. This
is comfortably below the threshold of 13 ADC counts.

\section{Pulse Only Digitization\label{sub:Pulse-Only-Digitization}}

Pulse Only Digitization (POD) is an acquisition mode optimized for
signals that are dominated by long periods of baseline, interspersed
with short pulses. The purpose of POD mode is to acquire only the
pulses in the data stream, while suppressing the baseline. POD operates
by saving to memory only signals that rise above a threshold. This
improves the DAQ livetime by preventing the baseline between pulses
from dominating the data collected . An example of an event with and
without POD mode from LUX 0.1 is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:PODexample}.

\begin{figure*}
\begin{centering}
\subfloat{\centering{}\includegraphics[width=2\columnwidth]{lux01_w_baseline.pdf}}
\par\end{centering}

\begin{centering}
\subfloat{\centering{}\includegraphics[width=2\columnwidth]{lux01_wo_baseline.pdf}}
\par\end{centering}

\caption{\label{fig:PODexample}Sample event from the bottom PMT in LUX 0.1
digitized with (bottom) and without (top) Pulse Only Digitization
(POD).}

\end{figure*}
POD mode operates on channel pairs since the Struck memory banks are
organized per pair of channels. When one channel of a pair goes above
threshold and saves data to memory, the data from the partner channel
is recorded as well, even if the signal on that channel did not go
above threshold.

Each pulse is recorded in the Struck memory with a header. This header
has a unique identifier to signify the beginning of a pulse in memory.
It also contains the 48-bit timestamp which is relative to the start
of the acquisition, the number of samples in the pulse, the value
of the baseline in ADC counts when the pulse was recorded, and a flag
indicating which channel(s) in the pair went above threshold. A separate
set of registers contain the timestamps and memory addresses of the
first 256 pulses saved to memory. This facilitates download of only
a portion of the data from the memory bank. This is used in single-event
mode to download only the pulses that are associated with the event
trigger, as discussed in Sect. \ref{sec:Acquisition-Strategies}.

Pulse acquisition on each channel is controlled by three independent
thresholds, set prior to the start of the acquisition. Each threshold
is illustrated in Fig. \ref{fig:PODdiagram}. The \emph{pulse detect
threshold} indicates the start of the pulse; \emph{pulse end threshold}
indicates the end of the pulse; and the \emph{pulse overshoot threshold}
can be used to record portions of the pulse that overshoot the baseline.
Pulse overshoot occurs when the signal crosses zero for a short time
before returning to the baseline. This feature ensures that bipolar
noise glitches are fully characterized by the DAQ for analysis. These
thresholds can be independently specified for each channel.

Each digitized sample is placed in a rolling buffer of 24 samples.
When a pulse is detected, up to 24 samples of pretrigger can be recorded
with it. Each pulse can have as many as 31 posttrigger samples recorded
as well. An example of a single photoelectron pulse, digitized in
LUX with POD mode, is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:sphe}. The \emph{pulse
detect threshold} is set at 13 ADC counts and corresponds to a single
photoelectron detection efficiency of 95\%. The $5\sigma$ upward
fluctuation in the baseline noise is also indicated. At this threshold,
with the maximum pretrigger and posttrigger samples, the baseline
suppression of the DAQ in POD mode is 99.99\%. This is measured by
keeping the PMT bias at $-100\,\mbox{V}$, below the threshold necessary
to genrate detectable signals, and counting the number of samples
recorded per second of acquisition. The only samples recorded are
those associated with noise glitches. This is addressed with the Valid
Pulse Trigger Gate, described in Sect. \ref{sub:Valid-Pulse-Trigger}.
POD mode gives a factor of $\times1/50$ reduction in storage size
for a typical event over the full drift length of LUX, compared to
non-POD mode acquisition.

The acquisition is designed to allow for slow changes in the baseline
caused by low-frequency noise, such as $60\,\mbox{Hz}$ pickup. The
baseline of each channel is determined by a rolling average of 16,
32, 64, or 128 samples. This number specified by the user at the start
of the acquisition. 128 samples was chosen for LUX, based on the noise
profile and the PMT signals. The pulse detection thresholds are measured
relative to this baseline. This rolling average is calculated until
the \emph{pulse detect threshold} is crossed, at which point its value
is recorded in the pulse header. By freezing the calculated baseline
at the beginning of the pulse, a large signal will not artificially
raise the rolling average, which would in turn raise the pulse detection
threshold. The rolling average baseline calculation is restarted at
the end of the posttrigger samples.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{PODdiagram.pdf}

\caption{\label{fig:PODdiagram}Illustration of Pulse Only Digitization (POD)
mode on an arbitrary signal (see Sect. \ref{sub:Pulse-Only-Digitization}).}

\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{single_phe_pulse_color.pdf}

\caption{\label{fig:sphe}Single photoelectron pulse from a PMT in LUX detected
with POD mode (see text for details). The \emph{pulse detect threshold}
corresponding to 95\% of single photoelectrons, and $5\sigma$ upward
fluctuation in the baseline noise are also indicated. }

\end{figure}

\subsection{\label{sub:Valid-Pulse-Trigger}Valid Pulse Trigger Gate}

Whenever the memory bank on one Struck digitizer fills up, all Struck
modules switch memory banks. This takes up to $290\,\mbox{\ensuremath{\mu}s}$.
This deadtime is not significant if the pulse rate is dominated by
S1 and S2 light from particle interactions in the detector. However,
if one channel is dominated by noise, it can introduce significant
deadtime by forcing the Struck modules to switch memory banks frequently.
This noise may not be coincident across more than one channel. The
Valid Pulse Trigger Gate (VPTG) eliminates this problem. The VPTG
ensures that only those pulses that are coincident in more than one
channel are recorded to memory. It is expected that no S1 or S2 pulses
will occur in only one channel, whereas many types of noise glitches
will.

The VPTG is implemented using CAEN V814 Discriminators with majority
coincidence logic. A majority decision is made in about $2\,\mbox{\ensuremath{\mu}s}$,
limited by the width of the S2 pulse. The gate will only turn ON when
more than one channel detects a signal. After the ADC, the signal
is passed through a variable delay buffer between 0 and 254 samples
($0-2.42\,\mbox{\ensuremath{\mu}s}$). This is required because the
Valid Pulse Trigger Gate is delayed by as much as $2\,\mbox{\ensuremath{\mu}s}$
relative to the actual signal. After exiting the delay buffer, the
signal enters the variable length pretrigger region which can be between
0 and 24 samples ($0-240\,\mbox{ns}$). The signal then passes through
the threshold logic, where the beginning and end of the pulse are
determined. Between 0 and 31 posttrigger samples ($0-310\,\mbox{ns}$)
are recorded after the end of the pulse. If the VPTG is ON, then the
data between the start of the pretrigger and the end of the posttrigger
is stored in the memory bank. If the VPTG is OFF, then the pulse is
discarded. This is summarized in Fig. \ref{fig:VPTG}. Using this
delay buffer and the VPTG, it is possible to synchronize the threshold
logic of the Struck with the coincidence decision made by the discriminators.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{VPTG_diagram.pdf}

\caption{\label{fig:VPTG}Diagram of Valid Pulse Trigger Gate (VPTG) and delay
buffer implementation in the Struck ADC.}

\end{figure}

\section{DAQ Control}

Each Struck digitizer has four programmable LEMO inputs and four outputs.
These are listed in Table \ref{tab:StruckInOut}.%
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|>{\centering}p{0.02\columnwidth}|>{\centering}m{0.37\columnwidth}|>{\centering}m{0.45\columnwidth}|}
\hline
 & Inputs & Outputs\tabularnewline
\hline
\hline
1 & Clear Timestamp or VPTG & Sample Gate\tabularnewline
\hline
2 & Stop & Acquisition Stopped or Threshold Crossed\tabularnewline
\hline
3 & Start & End Address Threshold\tabularnewline
\hline
4 & Clock In & Clock Out\tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}

\caption{\label{tab:StruckInOut}Function of Struck SIS3301 control inputs
and outputs.}

\end{table}
The clock and timestamp start time of all Struck boards are synchronized
using the control inputs/outputs. One module serves as the master,
using its own internal clock. Its clock is then provided to all of
the other modules through Clock Out via Philips 740 linear quad fan-out
NIM modules. All other Struck boards are in slave clock mode, and
use the clock provided on their Clock In. This ensures that the clocks
are synchronized across all boards during acquisition. The Clear Timestamp
input is used to synchronize the start of acquisition across all boards.
This signal is generated by the master and provided to the slaves
via LeCroy 128L octal fan-out NIM modules. After acquisition is started,
the function of input 1 is changed via software to the VPTG, which
is discussed in Sect. \ref{sub:Valid-Pulse-Trigger}. Acquisition
on each board can be started and stopped sequentially via software,
or simultaneously via the Start and Stop inputs. The End Address Threshold
output indicates when the board has reached the end of one of its
memory banks and has stopped sampling. Output 2 indicates either that
acquisition has stopped (by software or Stop input) or that the pulse
detection threshold has been crossed and the Struck digitizer is recording
a pulse. The Sample Gate can be used to indicate the livetime of each
board. The gate is ON when the board is sampling and OFF otherwise.
The flexibility of the control inputs/outputs allows for a robust
characterization of the DAQ system.

Data acquisition is initiated by starting all boards via software
and synchronizing their timestamps. When acquisition is stopped on
any one board, indicated by control output 2, all boards are stopped
simultaneously via control input 2. When this happens, the memory
banks are switched in software and the master is started. At this
point the sampling gate (output 1) turns ON and all other boards are
started simultaneously via control input 3. This minimizes the deadtime
of the DAQ system by starting and stopping all boards simultaneously.

\begin{table*}
\begin{centering}
\begin{tabular}{|>{\centering}m{0.85in}|>{\centering}m{0.7in}|>{\centering}m{1.75in}|>{\centering}m{2in}|}
\hline
Mode & Max. Rate & Description & Benefit\tabularnewline
\hline
\hline
Multi-event & $1.5\,\mbox{kHz}$ raw detector event rate & Acquire all pulses, sorting triggered events offline in software. & Debug triggering system; examine detector background offline, irrespective
of trigger.\tabularnewline
\hline
Single-event & $300\,\mbox{Hz}$ triggered events & Cycle acquisition memory banks after every trigger to download only
pulses in triggered events. & Acquire only triggered events, making full use of digital trigger.\tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\par\end{centering}

\caption{\label{tab:rates}Summary of acquisition modes and their uses.}

\end{table*}

\subsection{Software}

The acquisition software is used to start and stop acquisition, download
and write data to disk, and manage the switching of memory banks.
The acquisition settings are displayed in a graphical user interface
and stored in a MySQL database. The settings are also copied to the
header of each data file as it is written, allowing for easy reference
when loading files. The settings specified include the length of the
acquisition, which channels are enabled, threshold levels, the number
of pretrigger and posttrigger samples, and the number of samples to
average over when calculating the rolling baseline. The software itself
is written in C and runs on a Linux computer with Struck drivers for
communication with the VME crate. The data is written to disk in a
binary format similar to that read out from the Struck memory banks
in order to reduce deadtime due to file writing. The data is further
sorted by the Event Builder, as discussed in Sect. \ref{sec:Data-Formatting-and}.

\subsection{Livetime\label{sub:Livetime}}

When the DAQ software initiates an acquisition, the first memory bank
on each Struck digitizer board is enabled. The initialization timestamp
is recorded for each board whenever a memory bank is enabled. The
acquisition is considered live when all boards are acquiring. When
the acquisition is stopped, the timestamp indicating when the first
board stopped acquiring is recorded. The acquisition is considered
dead when any one board is not acquiring. These values are recorded
in the header of the data file.

\section{\label{sec:Acquisition-Strategies}Acquisition Strategies}

The LUX DAQ operates in either calibration or WIMP search mode. These
modes have very different requirements. Calibration sources are chosen
so that the total event rate in the detector does not exceed $200\,\mbox{Hz}$.
This rate keeps the percentage of events that overlap in time below
10\%, for a maximum drift time of $230\,\mbox{\ensuremath{\mu}s}$.
In WIMP search mode, the expected background rate in the detector
is $1.2\,\mbox{Hz}$ \citep{deViveiros2009thesis}.

The flexibility of the DAQ design allows for two acquisition strategies
to be used: multi-event mode and single-event mode. They are summarized
in Table \ref{tab:rates} and described in this section.

\subsection{Multi-event Mode}

In multi-event mode, the DAQ records all pulses from the PMTs, regardless
of the trigger condition. Trigger information is recorded as part
of the data stream and used to identify events in software. When the
memory bank of one Struck digitizer becomes full, all of the data
from all Struck digitizers is downloaded to the DAQ computer. The
maximum acquisition rate for multi-event mode is $1.5\,\mbox{kHz}$
without any deadtime due to data transfer from the digitizers. Multi-event
mode also saves pulses in the detector that are not necessarily part
of a triggered event. This allows for the trigger and DAQ systems
to be debugged and for all pulses in the detector to be more closely
examined.

\subsection{Single-event Mode}

In single-event mode, the DAQ alternates between Struck memory banks
for every trigger. Only the pulses that belong to the event that was
flagged by the trigger system are downloaded to the DAQ computer.
This fully utilizes the DDC-8 trigger to pre-select desired events.
This keeps unwanted events from congesting the data stream and analysis.
Because the DAQ needs to cycle Struck memory banks for each event,
the maximum acquisition rate without deadtime is limited to about
$300\,\mbox{Hz}$. Note that this is the rate of events flagged by
the trigger system, not the rate of all particle interactions in the
detector. The latter is limited to $200\,\mbox{Hz}$ by event overlap
constraints. The ability to pre-select events using the DDC-8 makes
this mode ideal for acquiring calibration data because it is desirable
to record only events with certain energies or at certain locations
within the active region.

\section{\label{sec:Data-Formatting-and}Data Formatting and Reduction}

When the raw data from the Struck digitizers is written to file, it
is sorted by channel and then by pulse. The sorting is chronological,
but shows no relation to the actual event triggers. The Event Builder
uses the trigger information to sort the data by event and then by
channel, and finally by pulse. An index file is also recorded to easily
relate the location of each event in the event files. The Event Builder
serves three purposes: (1) it sorts the data so that it is easily
parsed for event traces; (2) it incorporates traces from the water
shield PMTs as well as information from the trigger system into the
data stream; and, (3) it discards any pulses that were recorded in
the file that do not belong to an event (lying in the event window
determined by the trigger mode). Item (3) is particularly useful in
multi-event mode where all pulses recorded by the Struck digitizers
are written to file, independent of the event triggers. The Event
Builder is written in C and runs in parallel to the acquisition on
the DAQ computer. The Event Builder writes one output file per raw
data file, and one index file per acquisition. The number of events
in a raw file can be specified at the start of the acquisition to
keep size and number of files from becoming cumbersome. Acquisition
settings, Event Builder settings, trigger settings, and water tank
readout settings are all recorded in the header of each file.

\section{Conclusion}

The LUX data acquisition system is finely tuned and optimized for
the LUX dark matter experiment. This is achieved mainly by using custom-built
analog electronics and custom digitization firmware. The dynamic range
is optimized for performance at low energies for dark matter searches,
as well as for high-energy calibrations. The noise level is limited
such that 95\% of single photoelectrons are clearly visible above
a $5\sigma$ fluctuation in the baseline noise. A novel real-time
baseline suppression technique has been employed in the digitizers
to provide a factor of $\times1/50$ reduction in storage size. The
maximum event rate achieved by the DAQ, without incurring significant
deadtime, is $1.5\,\mbox{kHz}$. This is well above what is needed
for calibrations and WIMP searches. While being finely tuned, the
LUX DAQ maintains flexibility in acquisition techniques and strategies.

\section{Acknowledgments}

The authors would like to recognize the assistance of Matthias Kirsch and Tino Haeupke at Struck Innovative Systeme for their work on the ADC firmware. This work was partially supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) grants DE-FG02-08ER41549, DE-FG02-91ER40688, DE-FG02-95ER40917, DE-FG02-91ER40674, DE-FG02-\newline11ER41738, DE-FG02-11ER41751, DE-AC52-07NA27344, the U.S. National Science Foundation grants PHYS-0750671, PHY-0801536, PHY-1004661, PHY-1102470, PHY-1003660, the Research Corporation grant RA0350, the Center for Ultra-low Background Experiments at DUSEL (CUBED), and the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (SDSMT). We gratefully acknowledge the logistical and technical support and the access to laboratory infrastructure provided to us by the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) and its personnel at Lead, South Dakota.

\bibliographystyle{utcaps2.3_LdV}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Home » Balchik / Dobrich
Balchik / Dobrich
Karapelit
The village is big, it has 1100 inhabitants, 3 shops, 2 bars, local post office, regular bus service to Dobrich. Dobrich is a major city in northeastern Bulgaria. It is located in Dobrudga district, about 30 kilometers from Varna international airport and the Black Sea Coast. The population is less than 100,000 inhabitants, thus making it the ninth largest settlement in Bulgaria. Main tourist attractions are: The Old Dobrich, Centre for Conservation of Nature and animals, several international festivals and annual fairs. Dobrich has one of the most beautiful art galleries in Bulgaria, a horse riding school, several hypermarkets, many schools and kindergartens. The city is one of the cheapest and ecologically preserved places to live in Bulgaria.
Lomnicha
The village is not big, it has 340 inhabitants, shop, bar, post office, regular bus service to Dobrich. Dobrich is a major city in northeastern Bulgaria. It is located in Dobrudga district, about 30 kilometers from Varna international airport and the Black Sea Coast. The population is less than 100,000 inhabitants, thus making it the ninth largest settlement in Bulgaria. Main tourist attractions are: The Old Dobrich, Centre for Conservation of Nature and animals, several international festivals and annual fairs. Dobrich has one of the most beautiful art galleries in Bulgaria, a horse riding school, several hypermarkets, many schools and kindergartens. The city is one of the cheapest and ecologically preserved places to live in Bulgaria.
Krasen
The village is small, it has 250 inhabitants. Dobrich is a major city in northeastern Bulgaria. It is located in Dobrudga district, about 30 kilometers from Varna international airport and the Black Sea Coast. The population is less than 100,000 inhabitants, thus making it the ninth largest settlement in Bulgaria. Main tourist attractions are: The Old Dobrich, Centre for Conservation of Nature and animals, several international festivals and annual fairs. Dobrich has one of the most beautiful art galleries in Bulgaria, a horse riding school, several hypermarkets, many schools and kindergartens. The city is one of the cheapest and ecologically preserved places to live in Bulgaria.
Vichovo
The village is very small, it has 30 inhabitants, the shop is the neighboring village 5km away. Dobrich is a major city in northeastern Bulgaria. It is located in Dobrudga district, about 30 kilometers from Varna international airport and the Black Sea Coast. The population is less than 100,000 inhabitants, thus making it the ninth largest settlement in Bulgaria. Main tourist attractions are: The Old Dobrich, Centre for Conservation of Nature and animals, several international festivals and annual fairs. Dobrich has one of the most beautiful art galleries in Bulgaria, a horse riding school, several hypermarkets, many schools and kindergartens.
Dobrich is a major city in northeastern Bulgaria. It is located in Dobrudga district, about 30 kilometers from Varna international airport and the Black Sea Coast. The population is less than 100,000 inhabitants, thus making it the ninth largest settlement in Bulgaria. Main tourist attractions are: The Old Dobrich, Centre for Conservation of Nature and animals, several international festivals and annual fairs. Dobrich has one of the most beautiful art galleries in Bulgaria, a horse riding school, several hypermarkets, many schools and kindergartens. The city is one of the cheapest and ecologically preserved places to live in Bulgaria.
Branishte
The village is big, it has 400 inhabitants, several shops, bar, local post office, regular bus service to Dobrich. Dobrich is a major city in northeastern Bulgaria. It is located in Dobrudga district, about 30 kilometers from Varna international airport and the Black Sea Coast. The population is less than 100,000 inhabitants, thus making it the ninth largest settlement in Bulgaria. Main tourist attractions are: The Old Dobrich, Centre for Conservation of Nature and animals, several international festivals and annual fairs. Dobrich has one of the most beautiful art galleries in Bulgaria, a horse riding school, several hypermarkets, many schools and kindergartens. The city is one of the cheapest and ecologically preserved places to live in Bulgaria.
Chernookovo
The village is big, it has 280 inhabitants, shop, bar, kindergarten, library hall, bus service. Dobrich is a major city in northeastern Bulgaria. It is located in Dobrudga district, about 30 kilometers from Varna international airport and the Black Sea Coast. The population is less than 100,000 inhabitants, thus making it the ninth largest settlement in Bulgaria. Main tourist attractions are: The Old Dobrich, Centre for Conservation of Nature and animals, several international festivals and annual fairs. Dobrich has one of the most beautiful art galleries in Bulgaria, a horse riding school, several hypermarkets, many schools and kindergartens. The city is one of the cheapest and ecologically preserved places to live in Bulgaria.
The village is small, it has 60 inhabitants, bus service to Dobrich. Dobrich is a major city in northeastern Bulgaria. It is located in Dobrudga district, about 30 kilometers from Varna international airport and the Black Sea Coast. The population is less than 100,000 inhabitants, thus making it the ninth largest settlement in Bulgaria. Main tourist attractions are: The Old Dobrich, Centre for Conservation of Nature and animals, several international festivals and annual fairs. Dobrich has one of the most beautiful art galleries in Bulgaria, a horse riding school, several hypermarkets, many schools and kindergartens. The city is one of the cheapest and ecologically preserved places to live in Bulgaria.
The village is not big, it has 160 inhabitants, shop, bar, bus service to Dobrich. Dobrich is a major city in northeastern Bulgaria. It is located in Dobrudga district, about 30 kilometers from Varna international airport and the Black Sea Coast. The population is less than 100,000 inhabitants, thus making it the ninth largest settlement in Bulgaria. Main tourist attractions are: The Old Dobrich, Centre for Conservation of Nature and animals, several international festivals and annual fairs. Dobrich has one of the most beautiful art galleries in Bulgaria, a horse riding school, several hypermarkets, many schools and kindergartens. The city is one of the cheapest and ecologically preserved places to live in Bulgaria.
Plenimir
The village is small, it has 90 inhabitants, shop, bus service to Dobrich. Dobrich is a major city in northeastern Bulgaria. It is located in Dobrudga district, about 30 kilometers from Varna international airport and the Black Sea Coast. The population is less than 100,000 inhabitants, thus making it the ninth largest settlement in Bulgaria. Main tourist attractions are: The Old Dobrich, Centre for Conservation of Nature and animals, several international festivals and annual fairs. Dobrich has one of the most beautiful art galleries in Bulgaria, a horse riding school, several hypermarkets, many schools and kindergartens. The city is one of the cheapest and ecologically preserved places to live in Bulgaria.


text:
Westside Family Pet Clinic
Westside Family Pet ClinicWestside Family Pet ClinicWestside Family Pet Clinic
Free Vaccination for Life
Boarding and Grooming
Dr. Shane Pedersen has been in the Pierce area as a veterinarian since 1999. Originally from a small farm in Hoskins, he went to Northwest Missouri State University for 3 years of undergraduate college and was accepted to Kansas State University where he earned his Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree in the spring of 1999. Although Dr. Pedersen enjoys being outside and working with the large animals, he also gets a lot of enjoyment from the challenges that are presented with small animal medicine and especially small animal orthopedics.
Dr. Pedersen married his high school sweetheart Linda Feyerherm in the spring of 1996. She previously worked at the Pierce Telephone and Telecommunications office and has recently resigned to stay at home. They have 3 children, 1 boy and 2 girls, and live on a little acreage just southwest of town. Ashley is the oldest, Noah is the middle child and Madalyn is the youngest.
Copyright © 2023 Westside Family Pet Clinic - All Rights Reserved.


text:
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Integrity in the Public SphereIt is a huge privilege for EEA's socio-political representative to spend 3 years mentoring and learning together with the IFES Cross Current Politics Group. The calibre of the participants is outstanding. They come from countries as varied as Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Moldova, Albania and Romania, plus several others work in Brussels. They serve God in political institutions, parties, embassies, businesses and NGOs. Most wear office clothes to work, one dons a bullet proof vest and helmet. All courageously pray that their nations and institutions will be transformed by Kingdom values.One of the recent study focuses was integrity. Surveys show that integrity is highly sought after in many workplaces but few can confidently define it. A common definition is that it means being honest, "true to yourself", doing what you say you will do. But, if this is all it is, a suicide bomber has amazing integrity.Basing our reflections on the first chapters of Genesis, we saw how human beings were meant to relate to God, to one another and to Creation. Love, honour, obedience, trust, interdependence and care were how the Lord designed these relationships to be. These were all reliant on a close and trusting relationship with the Lord. But then the Fall replaced these qualities with disobedience, blame, exploitation, fear, insecurity and death. However, everything changes again with the victory that Jesus won and the salvation and sonship which is on offer to those who repent. We can then be "true to ourselves" again, defined as being how God designed us to be, as we live in relationships of love, honour, obedience, trust, independence and care. We agreed that this is what true integrity is. It defines how we relate to the Lord, to human beings and to Creation. It has immense spiritual, moral, relational, political and economic consequences for all of our lives as individuals, families, organisations and societies.IFES is expanding the number of its Cross Current groups, focusing on an increasing number of professions and also setting up city groups for those working in a variety of jobs. We do hope you will promote these discipleship opportunities and pray for those who the Lord is preparing to have great impact for Him in public life.


Over the summer, I visited a huge art show at Woodmere Art Museum where I sometimes teach comics. My friend had a giant painting in the show, and I was impressed with his work as well as the sculptures and prints and paintings of many other Philadelphia-area artists. I wandered over to the children's section, and I was blown away by the aesthetics of the room. The teachers had skillfully designed the content throughout their semester and achieved very visually pleasing pieces from many different age groups.
Most striking to me was a corner of the room saturated by oversized paintings; self-portraits of the student artists, but showing head to toe rather than the conventional shoulder up. I took many pictures of this on my phone, determined to steal this idea straight away. I was reminded that the simple act of changing the size and dimensions of surfaces profoundly alters the process and the product of artwork.
The finishing touch on my development for this project came when I was making a pet portrait for a customer. This person wanted the portrait done in the style of Gustav Klimt. Searching through google images to find ways of copying Klimt I came across a lesser known contemporary of his; Mela Koehler.
Her fashion design and illustration featured generally full figures whose backgrounds were saturated with simple yet elegant patterns. I showed these patterns to each student, and encouraged theme to take these ideas and methods and to somehow use their own pattern and style. It occurred to me that too often in art class we focus on single forms in the center of an artwork, and that spending more time on a piece to give uniform attention to a full surface would produce pleasing results and cultivate many beneficial workshop skills.
Students expressed excitement and uttered "oohs" and "aahs" as I scrolled through images of Koehler's work on my phone at teach table. It was a lot of fun, and a lot of work! It took a very long time, and the art room is still covered with paint, as are a few articles of clothing. I would end each day of painting with the kids feeling pretty exhausted with my hands splattered in acrylic paint. It was well worth stretching the limits of the art classroom. Next year I plan to build off of this idea of the challenge of changing size and process on rather conventional artworks. I'll be considering the possibilities of future self-portraits as I visit future art galleries and museums.
I hope you enjoy the students' oversized self portraits!


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Gül Baba
See also: Gül Baba (operetta)
This article is about the sixteenth-century Ottoman poet. For other uses, see Gül Baba (disambiguation).
Statue of Gül Baba by Metin Yurdanur outside his mausoleum in Budapest.
Gül Baba (died 1541), also known as Jafer, was an Ottoman Bektashi dervish poet and companion of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent who took part in a number of campaigns in Europe from the reign of Mehmed II onwards.
The türbe of Hurufi-Bektashi Dervish Gül Baba in Budapest, Hungary
The author of Meftah[disambiguation needed]ū'l-Ghayb Gül Baba was a Hurufi-Ostad of the esoteric interpretation of the Quran, and later his türbe became an important Ziyarat/Pilgrimage place.
Evliya Çelebi, the author of the Seyâhatnâme, reported that his Salat al-Janazah was attended by more than 200,000 Muslims in Budapest, Hungary.
Various "Ayat-ū Mukattaat" from Quran is woven on the pall of his casket.
Gül Baba was declared to be the Wali (Patron saint) of the city of Budapest by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent upon conquest of Hungary.
The ceramic glaze writings with the symmetric Islamic calligraphy on the wall of his türbe are seen: "Lā-ʾIlāha-illā'al-Lāh" at right, and "Muhammadū'n-Rasul[disambiguation needed]ū'l-Lāh" at left, in the picture above; and Allah-Basmala-Muhammad from right to left in the picture below.
The interior of the Tomb of Gül Baba
2 Tomb
A native of Merzifon (Marsiwān, in the vilāyet of Sivas, Anatolia),[1] he was the son of Kutb'ül Arifin Veli'üddin İbn Yalınkılıç. In Hungary, Gül Baba is known as the "Father of Roses," a literal translation of the meaning of his names in Turkish; he is said to have introduced the flower to the country. However, this is likely a misunderstanding of the metaphorical meaning of the Turkish name, which referred to the dervish's status derived from his deep mystical knowledge of Allah. Roses, wild and domesticated, were already in Hungary by the time of the Ottoman invasion. The name could also be a corruption of Kel Baba, meaning "Bald Father".
Gül Baba is thought to have died in Buda during the first Muslim religious ceremony held after the Ottoman victory of 1541, or alternatively to have been killed during fighting below the walls of the city on August 21, 1541. Suleiman, who was also Caliph, declared him patron saint of the city and is reputed to have been one of the coffin bearers. Gül Baba's descendants are the Marzioglu family, some of whom were the pashas of the Trebizond Vilayet.
Tomb[edit]
The tomb of Gül Baba in Budapest
Main article: Tomb of Gül Baba
Gül Baba's octagonal tomb (türbe) is located on Mecset (mosque) Street, Budapest, a short but steep walk from the Margaret Bridge in the district of Rózsadomb. It was built by Ottoman authorities in Hungary between 1543 and 1548, on the orders of the third pasha of Buda, and has a shallow dome covered with lead plates and wooden tiles.[2] It was left undamaged when the Habsburg armies captured the area during the Second Battle of Buda in 1686, but was converted into a Roman Catholic chapel by the Jesuits, who renamed it "St Joseph's Chapel".
The land later came under the ownership of János Wagner, who maintained the site and allowed access to Muslim pilgrims coming from the Ottoman Empire (see Islam in Hungary). In 1885, the Ottoman government commissioned a Hungarian engineer to restore the tomb and, when work was completed in 1914, it was declared a national monument. The site was restored again in the 1960s and in the 1990s and is now the property of the Republic of Turkey. A large-scale renovation was completed in October 2018, when the site was inaugurated by Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán and Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.
Taṣawwuf
^ Houtsma, M Th et al. (Eds.). (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Brill. ISBN 90-04-09796-1, p. 181.
^ Peterson, Andrew (1994). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-06084-2, p. 112.
Media related to Gül Baba at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 47°30′57.45″N 19°2′5.7″E / 47.5159583°N 19.034917°E / 47.5159583; 19.034917
TDVİA: gulbaba
WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 9497657
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gül_Baba&oldid=925326008"
16th-century poets of the Ottoman Empire
Political people of the Ottoman Empire
Male poets of the Ottoman Empire
Sufi poets
Islamic pilgrimages
Writers from Budapest
Suleiman the Magnificent
People from Merzifon
Turkish Muslims
Ottoman Sufis
Turkish Sufis
Use mdy dates from September 2019
All articles with links needing disambiguation
Articles with links needing disambiguation from November 2019
Articles with links needing disambiguation from September 2019
Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers
Year of birth missing
This page was last edited on 9 November 2019, at 10:34 (UTC).