I'm thinking this is not in our neck of the woods. It does make me want to know more. Thanks for sharing.
Not sure where this is, but my husband and I were very impressed with Copenhagen. They have the best set up for bicycles. They have their own lane. Plus, you can grab a bike off of most street corners, ride it where you need to go, and leave it for the next guy.
They have that bike thing in London, too. Pretty cool. This is in Sheffield, England.
This picture made me want to get out the travel brochures. It looks like some of the places we've been. I sort visualized coming out with early morning coffee ready to hit the road when I saw it.
Sounds like fun. Hitting the road may be the way to go.
At first I thought it was upside down. Then my writer brain took over and the bikes were being attacked by aliens.
Yep. That's what it is. Love it.


Ann Arbor, Mich. – The No. 6 Nebraska men's gymnastics team had seven athletes qualify for individual finals in the team's sixth-place finish at the Big Ten Championships on April 6. Illinois claimed first with a score of 413.900. Michigan (408.600), Penn State (406.350), Ohio State (405.600) and Minnesota (405.450) came out on top over the Huskers (404.750). Iowa took last place (398.550). Jake Bonnay led the way for the Big Red, earning the highest vault score of the night with a career-high 14.95. Along with Bonnay, Antonio Castro, Kyle King, Daniel Leal, Josh Martin, Anton Stephenson and Chris Stephenson will also be competing at Individual Finals on Saturday, April 7 at 6 p.m. (CT).
Nebraska started the night off on parallel bars, notching 66.60. Leal and Anton Stephenson paved the way, posting 13.90 each. Chris Stephenson followed behind with 13.30. Griffin Kehler and Andrew Zymball rounded out the Husker scoring with 12.75 each.
NU moved to high bar, where the team scored 65.90. Bonnay finished on top with 13.65. Kehler added 13.30, while Anton Stephenson and Castro each notched 13.15. King finished out the scoring with 12.65.
On floor, Nebraska finished with 69.85. Bonnay again finished on top with 14.35. Anton Stephenson and Chris Stephenson each added 14.10, while Kehler and King each added 13.65.
After a bye, the Huskers scored 66.10 on pommel horse. Castro led the way for Nebraska, posting 14.10. Martin finished with 13.55, while Anton Stephenson finished with 13.40. King and Travis Gollott added 12.70 and 12.35, respectively.
Nebraska found momentum on rings, posting a team score of 64.15. Alex Magsam came out on top with 13.75. Chris Stephenson and Heath Anderson scored 13.20 and 13.10, respectively. Josh Everitt added 12.25 and Leal rounded out the Husker scoring with 11.85.
On the last rotation of the night, the Huskers dominated vault, scoring 72.15. Bonnay again finished on top and claimed a share of the vault title with 14.95. King and Anton Stephenson notched 14.70 each. Martin and Connor Adamsick added 13.95 and 13.85, respectively.
Individual event finals will be televised on the Big Ten Network and streamed on BTN2Go. Fans can also keep up with live updates by following @NebraskaMensGymnastics on Twitter.


Six former ambassadors, both American and Israeli, offered their recommendations on pursuing Arab-Israeli peace, at a symposium Wednesday organized by the US-Israel Educational Foundation at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. At the forum, entitled "American Mediation in the Israeli-Arab Conflict," and moderated by Channel 1's Ya'acov Ahimeir, some of the ambassadors and other speakers seemed bent on commenting on or giving advice to new Mideast envoy George Mitchell, who arrived in Israel from Cairo on Wednesday. "The Arabs all think we're biased," said former US ambassador to Israel Samuel Lewis, who served in that capacity from 1977 to 1985. Stressing Israel and America's shared societal values and strategic interests, he conceded that "we are biased, but we can be even-handed, and I know that's not a good word around here, but we can be fair. "I think Mitchell needs to pay attention to the politics on both sides very carefully, and timing is very important," Lewis continued. "Don't wait until the end of the administration to make the big push, and I'm pleased to see that [US President Barack] Obama has taken that to heart." Lewis also advised Mitchell to temper his demands on the issue of settlements. "Everybody says that settlements are crucial to getting the Palestinians to believe in the process again. But we know how difficult this is here politically, especially with coalition governments, and I don't think he'll get it. I wouldn't spend as much time on settlements as others possibly would," Lewis said. Former Israeli ambassador to the US Moshe Arens, who served during the Begin and Reagan administrations, reminded the audience of a previous time of uncertainty regarding American policy towards Israel. "I know that many people are worried about the new administration in Washington, but as I like to say, Israelis are perennial worriers," Arens said. "I remember when [Secretary of State Alexander] Haig was replaced by George Schulz, people in Israel were terrified, because it came out that Schulz had ties to Bechtel, the large Saudi construction firm. Nonetheless, we saw within a week that there was nothing to worry about," he continued. "Now you know, Bush has made a name for himself as a great friend of Israel, and along comes Barack Hussein Obama. In the same way, I think people are worried, but they will see that there's nothing to be worried about." Former US ambassador to Israel William Brown echoed others' statements about the US-Israel strategic alliance. "There's a new generation of congressional leadership coming up," Brown cautioned. "And you can never take [the strategic alliance] for granted. I think the Obama administration needs to be robust and aggressive, and work hard on both sides and keep at it." Former Israeli ambassador to the US Zalman Shoval said that given the special relationship between the United States and Israel, "there may be clashes and conflicts, but [the strategic alliance] makes it easier to iron them out." He added that he knew Mitchell well from his days in the Senate, and called him "a good negotiator." "I think he was a good choice, but Ireland is not Israel/Palestine," Shoval said. "The Irish were not under threat of annihilation from the British, and in Israel, we have people on the other side who do wish that on us." Former Israeli ambassador to the US Danny Ayalon urged the Obama administration to remember that the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians is more than a fight over land. "This is a clash of civilizations," Ayalon said. "And we're in the trenches right here," alluding to the area that the Hebrew University's Mount Scopus campus straddles. "I see Israel as the representative of the entire free world, and Americans have told me themselves, 'You're fighting the fight for us, and if your safety is compromised, then ours will be, too. "But I'll give a little story as well," Ayalon said. "On the 27th of March 2002, the night before Pessah, we said yes to the [US General Anthony] Zinni plan. It was very fair, and [former Prime Minister Ariel] Sharon accepted it. "We were trying to send it to [Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser] Arafat, and he never accepted it, he never got back to us, and that night, the Park Hotel Massacre happened [completely derailing the peace initiatives]. So, sometimes, reality is stronger than anything else." Offering a Palestinian perspective, Dr. Khalil Shikaki, of the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research, said his center had conducted numerous public opinion polls recently in an effort to gauge the mood regarding the Obama administration's peace push. "Mitchell doesn't impress the Palestinian public," Shikaki told the audience. "Palestinians want a mediator with a stronger stature, for example, they would have been outraged if Obama had appointed my friend, Dennis Ross, but they would have been thrilled if he had appointed James Baker, or even Bill Clinton. "Palestinians believe that the choice of a mediator sends signals, and while it was important that Obama told Al-Arabiya that he was expecting Mitchell to report back to him, the main way that the United States can show that it's serious about negotiations is by showing that they are willing to use leverage - against both sides." Shikaki said if Mitchell wants to gain any traction in the Palestinian street, he must do more than simply convey messages between the two sides, but actively try to integrate original American ideas. Though they might have preferred a more high-profile envoy, Mitchell does enjoy a window of opportunity with the Palestinians, Shikaki said. "There's an atmosphere of a fresh start there, and if Obama says that Mitchell is here to listen, that's fine - if it's the first time. But after that, [Mitchell] will begin to lose the momentum and support of the Palestinian public, because at [that] point, he has to start bringing results to the table."


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text:
First Aid Kit Find Beauty in the Wreckage of Ruins
By Hilary Hughes
Let it be known that no pint glasses were shattered during the recording of "Hem of Her Dress," the raucous sing-along and penultimate track on First Aid Kit's new album, Ruins. It only sounds like there should be peals of clumsy laughter following the crash of a drink hitting the floor at the end of a rowdy night out on the final cut, and that's exactly what Klara and Johanna Söderberg were going for when they wrote it.
"We were so drunk!" "No, we weren't — but it sounds like it!" The sisters exchange conspiratorial chuckles when they look back on the "Hem of Her Dress" session, which had Klara serving as a conductor for the family and friends they'd assembled at producer Tucker Martine's Portland, Oregon, studio. "I got into it," Klara stresses, recalling how her dad, mom, and little brother — along with producer Martine and his wife, folk singer Laura Veirs — lent rounds of slurred la laaa la laaa la las to the song. (Thanks to her raspy "HERE WE GO!" before they dive in, her claim checks out.) "Dad's played the bass on every record that we've done, and then our mom and Irik, they clapped and did percussion stuff on the last record. It's nice to have a moment where they can join in."
"Everyone in Portland was there!" Johanna adds. "Klara was kind of the choir leader. She was orchestrating everyone, mixing everyone … We decided before we were recording it that we were going to have a choir. It's sort of inspired by Neutral Milk Hotel's In the Aeroplane Over the Sea. It's really lo-fi, and it has this rawness to it that we really liked."
This attraction to rawness is part of what separates Ruins from the rest of First Aid Kit's catalog, a 10-year swath of stunning harmonies and neo-folk that includes 2012's debut studio album, The Lion's Roar, and 2014's Stay Gold. But what separates "Hem of Her Dress" from the rest of Ruins is rawness of a different ilk: It's a happy release in an unrestrained capacity, and a welcome one, too, as it follows some of the most painful and cathartic verses Klara has ever written.
Thanks to the success of The Lion's Roar and Stay Gold — and the relentless touring in support of both albums that had them living out of suitcases for years — the Söderberg sisters found themselves far from their hometown of Stockholm, Sweden, more often than not. Klara decamped to Manchester, England, to live with her then-fiancé when the shows in support of Stay Gold eventually dissipated. But, by the time she and Johanna reunited in Stockholm and started piecing together ideas for what would eventually shape up to be Ruins, Klara's engagement had ended and left her reckoning with the relationship in her work. This posed a new creative and emotional challenge for Klara and Johanna, as sisters and collaborators: When your sister is devastated and putting deeply personal thoughts to paper, what do you do to help — especially when you know she needs to sing through it in order to heal?
"I think it was different than previous albums, because Klara and I were just in very different places in life, and I think that was a challenge for Klara to sort of let me in," says Johanna. "We always share, Klara and I; we're in a family where you don't have a lot of secrets. If you have an issue, the way to deal with it is to talk through it. Still, songwriting, I think, is more personal and more sensitive than talking. I think that it was, in a way, quite scary for Klara to share it and to let me in and let me have opinions about the songs. I had to respect that. Just because I wouldn't go through the same things, although I can totally relate to it, I had to step back a little bit more than usual. I mean, yeah, Klara, she's a wise lady! You can hear it on the album, her perspective and mindset, and I think it's fascinating."
Klara responds with an instant, appreciative "Awww!"
"The way we've collaborated throughout the years is, I've started writing songs, and then we've finished a lot of them together, or Joanna had input on different kinds of melodies or ideas I have, stuff like that," she says. "For me, that's incredibly helpful because, while I'm a creative person and I write a lot, I don't finish a lot of stuff. So when I was starting to write, I was just writing for myself, really, and then it felt completely natural to share it. Joanna knew what I was going through. I didn't have any secrets about that, but it was really hard. Of course, it was helpful, and I felt a lot of support, working through it and writing about it certainly helped me and gave me perspective on things."
Ruins is rife with tributaries that spring forth from the deepest fissures of Klara's broken heart. They flow with stark introspection and inconvenient revelations, and Klara doesn't spare herself when looking in the rearview. The album's opener, "Rebel Heart," has her staring down a tendency to favor momentum at the expense of her relationship: "I don't know what it is that makes me run, that makes me want to shatter everything that I've done."
Klara and Johanna sing of frustration and longing throughout the album, but cut to the chase on "Distant Star" with lines like, "Well, a goodbye never seems finished, just like these songs that I write." Growth is gradual and doesn't need a deadline or permission in order to begin, and Ruins acknowledges that closure isn't necessarily required in order for lost love to mean something. If rawness is the goal, accepting anything less than the stripped-down, naked truth is a part of achieving that, no matter how painful it is to confront it.
"There's a lot of uncertainty, a lot of asking why," says Klara. "I don't necessarily think you ever have the answers to those questions, and maybe that's okay. Our hope is that people who are going through this or have gone through it, they hear it, and feel that we've all been there. To me, that's always been so helpful in my life."
Even "Hem of Her Dress," palpable joy and the voices of loved ones in stride, reiterates this: "I learned some things never heal with time."
Photo credit: Lauren Dukoff
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28 hours in the car!?!?! Lordamercy, you could stitch enough stuff for gifties for years! AND have time to read "War and Peace!"
Our Black Friday Feast and shopping local and etsy are first on my "git it done" list!


I'm too old... I tried to start a kick-starter! BUT what they wanted defied my ability to understand!
I have the offer of a full-time job with a company called JenJacs in Savannah, GA...making $26 an hour straight time (I'm making $20 now). The company is guaranteeing far more hours a week (66, 26 hours of overtime per week comes to an astonishing $1014.00). What's keeping me from taking the job is that I can't afford to move. I am seeking to raise $5.000.00 so that I can move. I need help and I am asking that from America.
I tried to use kickstarter but because I don't have the requisite passport (I'm a US citizen & didn't think I needed that) they won't allow me to start one.
We will be using the funds to help us make the move city of Savannah, GA. Where he received a job offer and he will be making 3x the amount of his current rate.
Work has been hard to find for my husband thats pays enough for us to pay all of bills and the rent. (last 5 years) This move will give us that sigh of relief that we can pay our bills when we receive them.
I am currently disabled (Back problems, Lupus & Diabetic). I am doing as much as I can within the two to three weeks so that we can move and get on the right track to have a less stressful life.
There are no words to explain how much this will mean for us and our family. I am respectfully requesting assistance to start a better life for us. Any and all funds will go to this move and give us that fresh start that we need.
My thanks goes to all that donate funds.


text:
Getting Under the Covers of the St Cuthbert Gospel
This week has seen the launch at the British Library on Monday and at Trinity College, Dublin on Wednesday of a new book, The St Cuthbert Gospel: Studies on the Insular Manuscript of the Gospel of John, edited by Claire Breay, Head of Ancient, Medieval and Early Modern Manuscripts at the British Library, and Bernard Meehan, Head of Research Collections and Keeper of Manuscripts at Trinity College, Dublin.
The St Cuthbert Gospel is the earliest intact European book and a landmark in the cultural history of western Europe. Now dated to the early eighth century by Richard Gameson and Leslie Webster, the manuscript contains a beautifully written copy of the Gospel of John in Latin and is famous for the craftsmanship and outstanding condition of its contemporary decorated leather binding. Found in Cuthbert's coffin when it was opened in Durham Cathedral in 1104, the Gospel was acquired for the national collection following a major fundraising campaign in 2011-12.
One of the most exciting aspects of the long preparation for the new book on the Gospel was the day that we took the manuscript to the Natural History Museum for a CT scan. The videos produced from this scan have allowed us to look inside the book as never before, to appreciate the many remarkable features of this manuscript. We were able to examine the extraordinary refinement and careful shaping of the wooden boards, establishing that at their maximum the left (front) board measures only 2.4mm thick and the right (back) board only 1.5mm. We could see the cords beneath the raised frames in the decoration and we could examine for the first time the much-debated foundation material lying beneath the raised plant-motif decoration in the centre of the left cover. Roger Powell had suggested that the foundation material might be cord or leather, while Jim Bloxam and Kristine Rose found more recently (in making a facsimile of the binding which they generously made available to the project) that gesso could be used to produce comparable results. It was immediately apparent from the CT scan that neither cord nor leather had been used for the foundation of the central motif, as it is a clay-like material which completely fills the space between the leather and the board.
Cross-section of left board from CT scan, showing clay-like material between the leather and the wooden board.
In the CT scan and in an X-ray image this clay-like material shows as a dull grey, completely different from the gesso used in the most accurate modern facsimile by Rose and Bloxam, which shows as black in the X-ray image.
X-ray of left board (facsimile on left and original on right).
Christina Duffy, Imaging Scientist at the British Library, has produced videos of the St Cuthbert Gospel from the CT scan which show the manuscript, its wooden boards, the cords which lie under the raised frames in the decoration and a cross-section through the whole manuscript showing the structure of the book and the raised decoration. You can watch the video (courtesy of Christina Duffy) here:
In his chapter in the new book launched this week, Nicholas Pickwoad explains in detail how the central motif on the binding appears to have been made using a matrix, carved with the plant design, to impress the wet leather over the clay-like material on to the wooden board.
This new collection of essays is the most substantial study of the book since the 1960s, and is the culmination of our work to promote new research on the Gospel since its acquisition by the British Library. As well as Nicholas Pickwoad's chapter on the structure and production of the binding, the book includes detailed commentary on: Cuthbert in his historical context by Clare Stancliffe; the codicology, text, script and medieval history of the manuscript by Richard Gameson; the decoration of the binding by Leslie Webster; the Irish pocket Gospels by Bernard Meehan, the other relics found in Cuthbert's coffin by Eric Cambridge; and the post-medieval ownership of the book by Arnold Hunt. The book, which significantly revises the existing scholarship on one of the British Library's most recent acquisitions, is now available through the Library's online shop.
- Claire Breay
A CT Scan of the St Cuthbert Gospel
Anglo-Saxons, Events, Featured manuscripts, Medieval


The online version of this article (doi: 10.1007/s10228-013-0383-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
The authors are grateful to the staff of the Vasco da Gama's Aquarium and of the Campelo Station/Quercus Team for their help in the maintenance and feeding of the fish; to Pedro Coelho, Cristina Lima and Fernando Roneberg for their help during fish captures; to Francisco Caruana for information on Spanish fish ex situ reproduction programs; and to Joana Robalo and André Levy for the revision of the manuscript. This study was funded by the FCT Pluriannual Program (UI&D 331/94, partially FEDER funded) and by the FCT project PTDC/AAC-CLI/103110/2008. C. Sousa-Santos was supported by a post-doctoral grant from FCT (SFRH/BPD/29774/2006).


Buried bridges can be described as a buried structure with a clear span of 20 feet or greater that supports an embankment and engages the passive support of the backfill material surrounding it. There are many different types of buried bridges used in highway construction. Some solutions are constructed from concrete; others utilize steel or aluminum in their designs. Buried culvert pipes utilize the same passive soil support and share many similar issues that impact the service lives of these structures.
Buried structures frequently offer advantages over traditional slab bridges. Pavement design and maintenance are simplified with buried structures, as the same pavement design used in the roadway profile can typically be utilized over the buried structures. Buried pipes and bridges often provide accelerated design and construction schedules as compared to conventional bridges. Because buried structures help dissipate surface live loads, they frequently can utilize full inverts or shallow foundations and eliminate the need for piling or other deep foundations commonly used in conventional bridge construction. All of these advantages often lead to lower installed costs as well.
In addition, buried pipe and bridge structures typically require less maintenance than conventional bridges. However, as with any structure, there are some design elements that should be considered to help decrease the ongoing maintenance of the structure and extend its service life.
One of the most important design decisions that affects the expected service life of pipe or structural plate drainage structures is the material and coating used for the structure itself. Culvert pipes 60" in diameter or less can be manufactured using concrete, steel, aluminum, steel-reinforced polyethylene (SRPE) or several different grades of plastics. Most plastic pipes are not available in diameters greater than 60". Steel pipes are available with many different coatings such as galvanized, aluminized and polymeric coatings.
For larger-size structures used for culverts and virtually all bridge structures, the commonly used materials will be steel, aluminum and concrete. There are many resources that can be utilized to establish the service life of these materials based on the environment in which they're to be used, but, in general, galvanized steel can provide a 50-plus-year service life in most inland environments, polymer-coated steel can provide a 75-plus-year service life in a wide range of environments, aluminum can provide a 75-plus-year service life in most environments (including brackish and saltwater applications), and concrete can provide a 75-plus-year service life in a wide environmental range. The service-life expectations of structures constructed from any of these materials can be extended to 100 years or more by understanding the common limiting factors of these structures and making design decisions to address those factors.
Although use of a conventional pavement over the structure eliminates joints within the roadway, pavements can develop cracks through time that can allow road salts and other de-icing agents to penetrate the pavement and be carried down to the crown and backfill of the buried structure by the surface water from the roadway. Through time, these salts can accumulate and lead to accelerated corrosion from the soil-side of the structure crown; thereby decreasing the structure's service life. This concern could apply to any buried structure.
Typical design elements (e.g., planning for adequate surface drainage with crowned or sloped roadways, surface water diversion or collection) are all important in any buried structure design. However, in northern climates where road salts are used, an additional step of adding an impermeable membrane within the roadway embankment can also be included to help prevent the migration of salts or other corrosive materials from reaching the crown of the buried structure, thereby extending the structure's service life. These membranes are widely available and frequently are used for waterproofing applications such as ponds, canals and other containment applications. Common materials used for these liners are PVC or HDPE, although other polymer materials can be used. They're relatively inexpensive and can be incorporated within the construction of the embankment.
The liners typically are extended beyond the zone of structural fill over the buried bridge or pipe (see Figures 1 and 2) and can incorporate a subdrain system to carry away any surface water that percolates through the pavement and embankment fill. In cold-weather climates, it's recommended to incorporate some means of limiting the exposure of the buried bridge to known corrosion, inducing materials such as road salts.
The most common area for accelerated corrosion is in the invert of the structure. Some inverts are non-structural and only used for scour protection, but the inverts of most structures also perform some of the load-carrying function for the bridge structure. The interior walls of the inverts are more at risk for deterioration for two primary reasons. First, they're frequently or constantly inundated by the design flows passing through the buried structure. The regular presence of water, freeze/thaw cycles and potential corrosive elements within the stream all increase the risk of corrosion and the need for maintenance of these structures. The other issue impacting inverts can be abrasive forces from bedload materials being carried at high velocities through the structure during storm events. These two elements lead to structural inverts being more likely to see deterioration prior to the rest of the structure. Therefore, any design elements that protect a structural invert can help minimize maintenance of the structure and extend its service life.
A potential design solution to address both of the issues raised regarding inverts is to remove the invert altogether by using a bottomless culvert (see Figure 3). Steel and aluminum structural plate structures as well as precast concrete structures are all available in geometries with and without inverts. Along with eliminating a potential maintenance issue, bottomless culverts also have less impact on the stream, so they're considered more environmentally friendly options.
Figure 3. Open Bottom Corrugated Steel Pipe (CSP), before and after installation.
In some environments, it also may be advantageous to design the foundation so the invert of the arch structure is above the five-year flow-event elevation. This raises the structure so it's only impacted by infrequent flow events, thereby limiting its exposure to potential corrosion and abrasive elements from the stream flow. This can be accomplished by raising the elevation of the top of the strip footing the structure sits upon, and it can be a practical solution for structures with fairly narrow strip footings. For structures with wider footings, a pedestal wall can be incorporated to raise the structure to the desired elevation (see Figure 4).
Figure 4. Plate structure on a pedestal wall with coated invert plates.
Alternatively, rather than removing the invert, additional protection for the invert can be designed into the initial installation. If abrasion is a concern due to a high bedload or velocities, choose a structure geometry that allows the invert to be installed below the flowline. For culvert pipes, the structure size can be increased slightly and the invert lowered below the flowline of the waterway enclosed by the pipe. The invert can be filled with compacted soil, rip rap or other countermeasures to protect it from abrasion. In many cases, the pipes can be left to silt in on their own.
Another advantage to this approach is that the structure's flow profile is enhanced with a buried invert, because the first few inches of rise in a structure with an invert provide very little in terms of available flow area. By burying the invert, the available flow area within the structure's lower portion is significantly increased; thereby accommodating normal flows at lower flowline elevations. For instance, if a location required a 66" diameter pipe to accommodate the flows it would receive, a 72" diameter pipe buried by 6" would provide many advantages. First, even with the invert buried by 6", the available end area for the culvert would increase by 3.4 square feet or 14 percent. The available flow area within the lower 6" of the culvert would increase by 83 percent while protecting the bottom 39" (55 percent) of culvert width. The increase in cost of the larger-diameter pipe is small when compared to the significant benefits derived in increased service life and hydraulics by incorporating this technique.
Rather than burying the pipe invert, another design concept would be to install a concrete pavement to cover the invert to protect it from abrasive forces (see Figure 5). The paved invert generally can be added with little impact to the flow characteristics—it normally doesn't require oversizing the culvert. In highly abrasive environments, however, a paved invert can increase the culvert's service life by 25 years or more.
Figure 5. A concrete paved invert can provide added protection against abrasive forces.
For steel or aluminum structural plate structures, the invert plate thicknesses can be increased to allow for some additional sacrificial wall thickness. Polymer coatings also can be applied to structural plate structures to provide additional protection from abrasion and corrosion. The coatings can be applied to the invert plates and brought up the sides of the structure to an elevation equivalent to a five-year storm event. All of these items would significantly delay maintenance and extend the service life of the culvert structures.
Finally, one other design consideration to take into account regarding the service life of buried structures is the backfill used around the structure. Although the primary function of the backfill is to provide load dissipation and passive support to the buried bridge structure, the backfill material used also can affect the structure's service life.
In general, free-draining backfill materials are preferable as they allow water to pass through them freely, thereby constantly rinsing the structure's surface of any chlorides or other corrosive elements that may be carried to the structure from surface water or runoff. In addition, for aluminum structures, a free-draining backfill assures a consistent source of oxygen that allows the passive aluminum-oxide protective layer to continually exist at the surface of the material, thus inhibiting corrosion. Backfill materials known to have chemical components that may create a pH outside the recommended range for materials used in the structure also should be avoided. Recycled concrete materials and backfills with a significant amount of fly ash can sometimes create this chemical imbalance and potentially increase the rate of corrosion for the bridge structure. In addition, recycled concrete can contain reinforcing fragments that can be sources of dissimilar metal corrosion when used around aluminum structures. Recycled concrete materials also should be tested to establish whether or not they have sufficient resilience to deterioration during handling, placement and compaction. An abrasion test should be performed to make sure the material gradation doesn't change significantly during normal construction activities.
These are some design elements that should be considered when buried bridge structures are being used. These structures provide great utility and value under any circumstance, but with some additional consideration, their service lives can be extended to 100 years or longer.
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The Professional Development Series is a unique opportunity to earn continuing education credit by reading specially focused, sponsored articles in Informed Infrastructure.
If you read the following article, display your understanding of the stated learning objectives, and follow the simple instructions, you can fulfill a portion of your continuing education requirements at no cost to you. This article also is available online at v1-education.com.
What advantages buried bridge structures provide as compared to conventional bridge structures.
How material selection impacts the anticipated service life of buried drainage structures.
How to protect structures from salts and de-icing solutions in northern climates.
How to extend the service life of buried structures by protecting or eliminating their inverts.
How buried inverts can have a positive impact on the flow capacity of a buried structure.
How the choice of structural backfill can influence the service life of the structure it surrounds.


text:
KVAFSU (Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Science University)
AddressNandinagar, Bidar, Karnataka - 585401
Phone+91-08482-245241
Bidar, Karnataka
KVAFSU (Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Science University) is a very popular university in the state of Karnataka. KVAFSU (Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Science University) was established in 2004. It is one of the leading university in Management Studies and Science and Mathematics. It is located in Bidar, Karnataka. KVAFSU (Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Science University) is a Government institution. It is governed by UGC. More than 10 courses are taug...
KVAFSU (Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Science University) is a very popular university in the state of Karnataka. KVAFSU (Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Science University) was established in 2004. It is one of the leading university in Management Studies and Science and Mathematics. It is located in Bidar, Karnataka. KVAFSU (Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Science University) is a Government institution. It is governed by UGC. More than 10 courses are taught in this institution.
Under the Management Studies, 1 course is available. For Post Graduate studies, MBA (Food Business) is the only course taught.
Under the Science and Mathematics, there are a total of 3 courses. For Post Graduate studies, M.F.Sc. and MBA (Food Business) are available for enrolment. For Doctoral studies, Ph.D. (Veterinary and Animal Science) is the only course taught.
The campus includes library, boys hostel, girls hostel, guest house and sports complex facilities.
B.V.Sc. (Animal Husbandry)
Bachelor of Veterinary Science (Animal Husbandry) - Click Here
B.Tech. (Dairy Technology)
Bachelor of Technology (Dairy Technology) - Click Here
B.F.Sc.
Bachelor of Fisheries Science - Click Here
M.V.Sc.
Master of Veterinary Science - Click Here
M.Tech. (Dairy Technology)
Master of Technology (Dairy Technology) - Click Here
M.F.Sc.
Master of Fisheries Science - Click Here
MBA (Food Business)
Master of Business Administration (Food Business) - Click Here
Ph.D. (Veterinary and Animal Science)
Doctor of Philosophy (Veterinary and Animal Science) - Click Here
Ph.D. (Dairy Science)
Doctor of Philosophy (Dairy Science) - Click Here
Ph.D. (Fisheries Science)
Doctor of Philosophy (Fisheries Science) - Click Here
Bachelor of Veterinary Science (Animal Husbandry)
The candidates should have a passed and have minimum of 50 % aggregate marks in Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English of the second year PUC of Karnataka Pre-University Board or its equivalent examination. b. For candidates belonging to SC/ST and Cat-I a minimum of 40% aggregate marks in Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English of the second year PUC of Karnataka Pre-University Board or its equivalent examination. c. The candidates should have appeared for common entrance test (CET) in Physics, Chemistry, Biology conducted by Karnataka Examination Authority, Govt. of Karnataka, Bangalore. d. The candidate should be completing 17 years of age as on 31st December of that academic year.
Bachelor of Technology (Dairy Technology)
The candidates should have passed second year PUC of Karnataka Pre-University Board or its equivalent examination Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics as elective subjects
Bachelor of Fisheries Science
Master of Veterinary Science
Candidate shall possess a Bachelor's degree in the respective subject. b. Candidate shall have 6.00/10 or equivalent OGPA/equivalent percentage of marks for general category and 5.5/10 or equivalent OGPA/equivalent percentage of marks for SC/ST/Cat-I candidates at bachelor's degree level. c. Candidate shall be a citizen of India and must have studied in any educational institution in Karnataka State for a period of seven academic years at any time up to the Bachelor's degree as on 1st July of the admission year. [Not applicable to candidates who are GOK, GOI, ICAR nominees, NRIs and Foreign Nationals (FN)]. The domicile requirement is not applicable for admission to Doctoral degree programme. The requirement of seven years study in any educational institution in Karnataka State for a period of seven academic years at any time up to the Bachelor's degree as on 1st July of the admission year is not required for those Children of defense personnel, Central Government employees/Statutory Corporation set up, owned or controlled by the Central / Karnataka State Government serving on duty in the State both on the date of submission of the application and during the period of at least 12 months immediately before such date, Children of State Government employees including children of Members of the All India services born on the Karnataka State Cadre.
Master of Technology (Dairy Technology)
a. Candidate shall possess a Bachelor's degree in the respective subject. b. Candidate shall have 6.00/10 or equivalent OGPA/equivalent percentage of marks for general category and 5.5/10 or equivalent OGPA/equivalent percentage of marks for SC/ST/Cat-I candidates at bachelor's degree level. c. Candidate shall be a citizen of India and must have studied in any educational institution in Karnataka State for a period of seven academic years at any time up to the Bachelor's degree as on 1st July of the admission year. [Not applicable to candidates who are GOK, GOI, ICAR nominees, NRIs and Foreign Nationals (FN)]. The domicile requirement is not applicable for admission to Doctoral degree programme. The requirement of seven years study in any educational institution in Karnataka State for a period of seven academic years at any time up to the Bachelor's degree as on 1st July of the admission year is not required for those Children of defense personnel, Central Government employees/Statutory Corporation set up, owned or controlled by the Central / Karnataka State Government serving on duty in the State both on the date of submission of the application and during the period of at least 12 months immediately before such date, Children of State Government employees including children of Members of the All India services born on the Karnataka State Cadre.
Master of Fisheries Science
Master of Business Administration (Food Business)
Candidates to be eligible for admission to the two-year full time MBA programme in Food Business in the University shall possess eligible bachelor's degree in any of the following disciplines viz., B.Tech.(D.Tech); B.V.Sc; B.V.Sc & AH; B.F.Sc.; B.Sc.(Agri); B.Sc.(Ag. Maco), B.Sc.(Hort), B.Sc.(Rural Home Science), B.Tech. (Food Engineering), B.Sc. (Food Technology); B.Tech. (Agri. Engieering); B.Sc.(Sericulture); B.Sc (Banking) and all professional graduates of State Agricultural Universities / Veterinary Universities/ Deemed universities under ICAR system with a minimum of 6.00/10.00 or equivalent percentage, or All graduates form a recognised University who have studied a 4 year-Under Graduate programme or possessing a Post Graduate in any discipline. or All graduates who have passed the Bachelor of Business Management (BBM) or Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) course. If any seat reserved in favour of candidates belonging to any of the reserved categories as communicated by the GOK, is not filled up due to non availability of eligible candidates such seats shall be transferred to the general merit category. Reservation of seats shall be as per the prevailing orders of the Government of Karnataka (GOK) policy. There is no specific domicile requirement for the candidates applying for this programme.
Doctor of Philosophy (Veterinary and Animal Science)
a. The candidates should possess Master's Degree in respective subjects. b. Candidate should have OGPA of 6.50/10 or equivalent percentage of marks for general category and 6.00/10 or equivalent OGPA/equivalent percentage of marks for SC/ST/Cat-I/ candidates at Master's degree level.
Doctor of Philosophy (Dairy Science)
Doctor of Philosophy (Fisheries Science)
MHT CET 2020
OUATEE UG (For Agro - Polytechnic Passout Students) 2020
MCAER PG CET 2020
LUVAS Entrance Exam B.Tech 2019
LUVAS Entrance exam M.V.Sc. 2019
Maharashtra Agricultural Universities Examination Board CET - (Ph.D.) 2018
Alliance University, Bengaluru
Azim Prem ji University, Bengaluru
Bengaluru Central University
BNU (Bengaluru North University)
Kolar, Karnataka
CAM, Centre for Applicable Mathematics of the Tata Institute...


text:
Q: Can the clang Static Analyzer be confused with return status conventions? From: https://github.com/cocos2d/cocos2d-x/blob/gles20/cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp
unzip.cpp and unzip.h look old and stable, yet I get the follow LLVM SA Logic Error:
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:1186:5: Assigned value is garbage or undefined
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:796:12: Calling 'unzOpenInternal'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:585:1: Entered call from 'unzOpen'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:687:13: Assuming 'central_pos' is not equal to 0
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:697:13: Calling 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:267:1: Entered call from 'unzOpenInternal'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:275:11: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is not equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:275:11: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:279:15: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is not equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:279:15: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:283:15: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is not equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:283:15: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:287:15: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is not equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:287:15: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:697:13: Returning from 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:701:13: Calling 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:240:1: Entered call from 'unzOpenInternal'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:248:11: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is not equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:248:11: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:252:15: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is not equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:252:15: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:701:13: Returning from 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:705:13: Calling 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:240:1: Entered call from 'unzOpenInternal'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:248:11: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is not equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:248:11: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:252:15: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is not equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:252:15: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:705:13: Returning from 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:709:13: Calling 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:240:1: Entered call from 'unzOpenInternal'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:248:11: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is not equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:248:11: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:252:15: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is not equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:252:15: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:709:13: Returning from 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:714:13: Calling 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:240:1: Entered call from 'unzOpenInternal'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:248:11: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:248:11: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:252:15: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:252:15: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:714:13: Returning from 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:724:13: Calling 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:267:1: Entered call from 'unzOpenInternal'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:275:11: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:275:11: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:279:15: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:279:15: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:283:15: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:283:15: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:287:15: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:287:15: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:724:13: Returning from 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:730:13: Calling 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:267:1: Entered call from 'unzOpenInternal'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:275:11: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:275:11: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:279:15: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:279:15: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:283:15: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:283:15: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:287:15: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:287:15: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:730:13: Returning from 'unz64local_getLong'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:735:13: Calling 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:240:1: Entered call from 'unzOpenInternal'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:248:11: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:248:11: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:252:15: Calling 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:213:1: Entered call from 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:217:9: Assuming 'err' is equal to 1
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:252:15: Returning from 'unz64local_getByte'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:735:13: Returning from 'unz64local_getShort'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:760:9: Calling 'unzGoToFirstFile'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:1179:1: Entered call from 'unzOpenInternal'
cocos2dx/support/zip_support/unzip.cpp:1186:5: Assigned value is garbage or undefined

A: It looks like it's being confused by the struct assignment in unzOpenInternal just before the call. Not sure how much the subsequent cast to unzFile and cast back in another function are influencing it.
As the code seems correct you may want to file a bug report to the clang group and/or to Apple.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
WATCH: Spanberger Urges Bipartisan Action to Lower Prescription Drug Costs, Calls for Lawmakers to Fight for Patients, Not Pharmaceutical Companies
Since Arriving in the U.S. House, the Congresswoman has Worked to Pass Bipartisan Legislation to Increase Transparency, Expand Competition, & Lower Costs
Washington, June 27, 2019
**VIDEO: Spanberger Calls on Both Political Parties & Both Chambers of Congress to Find Common Ground to Help Families, Children, & the Elderly**
WASHINGTON, D.C. – U.S. Representative Abigail Spanberger—as Co-Chair of a bipartisan prescription drug task force—today called on her colleagues in the U.S. House and U.S. Senate to work together to advance bipartisan legislation to combat the ongoing prescription drug affordability crisis in Central Virginia and across the country.
During a press conference alongside members of the bipartisan Problem Solvers Caucus, Spanberger announced her support for new principles to address rising prescription drug prices. These goals include fighting for greater transparency, competition, and affordability in the U.S. prescription drug marketplace. With this agreement, the 23 Democratic and 23 Republican Members of the Problem Solvers Caucus have now committed to support ongoing bipartisan and bicameral legislative efforts to crack down on high prescription drug costs. Click here to watch a video of her remarks.
During her remarks, Spanberger also stressed the importance of increasing transparency among pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs)—the third-party intermediaries between drug manufacturers, health insurers, and pharmacies. Earlier this year, Spanberger introduced and led a bipartisan bill to hold PBMs accountable and to help address one of the root causes of the prescription drug affordability crisis. In April 2019, her legislation passed unanimously out of the House Ways and Means Committee.
"As I meet with patients, providers, and employers across Central Virginia, I consistently hear stories about how the rising cost of medication is making it harder to pay the bills, cover the costs of food, and save for a secure retirement or their children's education. In Congress, we need to pass legislation that works to fix our broken prescription drug marketplace—and that process begins by putting partisanship aside," said Spanberger. "In developing these principles, we have come together as a bipartisan group of lawmakers to affirm that the American people—our constituents across the country—will benefit when we pursue transparency, competition, and affordability in prescription drug pricing. Agreeing on these principles is the first step in creating and passing bipartisan legislation that would help address one of the greatest economic and medical challenges facing Americans—and I'm proud to stand up for Central Virginia's seniors, working families, and those with chronic conditions."
Spanberger serves as Co-Chair of the Problem Solvers Caucus' Drug Pricing Task Force alongside U.S. Representative Fred Upton (R-MI-06). Today's press conference also included remarks from Problem Solvers Caucus Co-Chairs Tom Reed (R-NY-23) and Josh Gottheimer (D-NJ-05), along with U.S. Senators Susan Collins (R-ME) and Joe Manchin (D-WV).
The Spanberger-endorsed drug pricing principles are as follows:
We support access to medications for patients through more transparency, competition, and affordability in the U.S. prescription drug market.
We support price transparency standards that give patients, health care providers, and the federal government clear information about drug costs.
We believe drug manufacturers should have to disclose, in a way consumers and providers can understand, the price of treatment for advertised drugs and explanation of prices.
We believe pharmacy benefit managers should have to disclose, in a way consumers and providers can understand, the discounts they receive from drug manufacturers that impact the cost of medications for patients.
We support patent transparency standards that help new drugs come to market as soon as possible.
We support competition among drug manufacturers that ensures continued R&D, makes drugs more affordable, and increases access for patients who need them.
We believe in enforcement mechanisms that pave the way for new, more affordable drugs if other manufacturers do not comply with transparency standards or engage in anti-competitive behavior.
Since arriving in the U.S. House, Spanberger has been fighting to address the prescription drug affordability crisis and to increase transparency in drug pricing. Last month, she joined a majority of the U.S. House in passing a bipartisan bill she cosponsored that would make it easier for Central Virginians to access lower-cost prescription drugs. The bill would prohibit pharmaceutical companies from participating in certain anti-competitive practices that block cheaper generic drugs from entering that market.
And in January, she helped introduce the Medicare Negotiation and Competitive Licensing Act, which would authorize the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to negotiate directly with pharmaceutical providers within Medicare Part D to help lower costs.
Spanberger is also focused on addressing additional factors that impact the prices of prescription drugs. Earlier this year, Spanberger helped introduce and pass landmark campaign finance and ethics reform legislation that would strengthen transparency in the U.S. political system and limit the influence of special interests—including pharmaceutical companies. During a press conference prior to the passage of the legislation, she shared the story of Central Virginians concerned about rising prescription drug prices—and she stressed why increased transparency would restore faith in the democratic process and the ability of Members of Congress to affect change on these issues. Click here to watch the full press conference.


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Blake Fielder-Civil (Northamptonshire, Anglaterra, 16 d'abril de 1982) és conegut per ser l'ex d'Amy Winehouse; la seva mare és l'actriu Georgette Civil.

Va aparèixer, junt a la seva mare, al programa de televisió The Jeremy Kyle Show.

Va ser marit de la cantant Amy Winehouse (del 18 de maig de 2007 al 28 d'agost de 2009, data del seu divorci).

Blake Fielder-Civil i Amy Jade Winehouse es van conèixer en un bar al barri de Londres de Camden l'any 2005. Molt aviat Winehouse es va tatuar el nom de "Blake" al seu coll. Es van casar a Miami l'any 2007.

Es considera que Fielder-Civil va ser el responsable d'introduir Winehouse en les drogues dures (segons el Daily Mail). Ell mateix ho va confirmar a News of the World el 2008 dient que se sentia "més que culpable".

Moltes de les millors cançons de Winehouse del seu àlbum de 2006 Back To Black eren sobre les seves tumultuoses relacions mútues, incloent "You Know I'm No Good" i "Back To Black."

Aquesta parella es divorcià l'any 2009 després d'haver estat pressionats pels pares de tots dos per trencar la relació. Breument van tornar a estar junts després que Fielder-Civil entrés en rehabilitació, però no va durar.

Referències

Persones de Northamptonshire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A Waterford resident since 1992, Tony Walstra has strong ties and unparalleled knowledge of Connecticut's spectacular shoreline area, where he is a full-time Realtor with William Pitt Sotheby's International Realty in Old Lyme, Essex and Mystic.
Tony consistently stays abreast of real estate trends and activity in the surrounding towns between his three offices, including his hometown of Waterford, and neighboring East Lyme, Stonington, Groton, Groton Long Point, Westbrook, Old Saybrook as well as other area communities.
Tony's familiarity with Southeastern Connecticut, and the numerous connections he has made throughout his career, allows him to keep his finger on the pulse of the market so he can advise buyers and sellers as to when a property becomes available, as well as accurately gauge its value.
The secret to Tony's success in real estate is simple: he works hard, has endless energy, is a skilled communicator, is passionate about the latest technologies and loves meeting people. His attraction to the real estate industry dates back to when he was 21 years old and purchased his first house. Today, he sells an average of 40 homes annually. To ensure efficient, complete service and seamless transactions, he has the added help of a fully licensed Realtor assistant as well as backing of the Sotheby's brand.
Tony runs most of his business as "cloud based" and mobile, so he is always a click away from the latest information. But it is the face-to-face time spent with clients that motivates him most and allows him to gain a keen understanding of their needs.
He guides his clients through every step of the process, and estimates he spends at least two months with each of them, and takes pride in the relationships he builds. Tony's philosophy is simple: he pledges to be in constant communication with clients, keeping them fully informed throughout the buying or selling process. He understands that buying or selling property is one of the most important decisions a person can make in their lifetime, and he does everything in his power to ensure his clients' success. As a result, Tony has garnered respect and trust not only from clients but also among his peers and the community.
Early in his real estate career, Tony was named a Rising Star in Connecticut magazine. He also received recognition for his standout performance from the Eastern Connecticut Association of Realtors, and is a frequent recipient of the association's quarterly Circle of Excellence award.
A father of three wonderful children, Tony volunteers his time to the special needs community, and he and his wife have served on the board of directors of the Arc of New London County. He is also a familiar face to those who enjoy live music. An accomplished musician, Tony can often be found playing keyboard and guitar with his local dance band, Fusion.


Microsoft Certified Partners – Intersys has attained enough formal Microsoft qualifications, references and product specialisms to be able to apply for Microsoft Certified Partner Level. We're achieving so much, at such a rate, that we'll be Gold Partners in a short time too. We're also holders of Microsoft's Networking Infrastructure Solutions competency.


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Issue: Oct 1998
Life Extension Magazine October 1998
Studies from around the world that can help you live longer, including controlling iron absorption and boosting cardiac output.
Click here to access the complete Medical Update Archives.
Medical Updates succinctly review studies that are of importance to those seeking an extended lifespan. The complete scientific abstracts for these studies are available as a special service to Life Extension Foundation members. If you read here about new studies you want to learn more about or want to show to your doctor, send a self-addressed, stamped envelope to the: Life Extension Foundation, P.O. Box 229120, Hollywood, Fla., 33022, USA.
Please enclose a small donation (minimum $1, please) to cover the costs of copying and processing. We will immediately send you the actual scientific abstract(s), with the names of the researchers and the address of the research institution so you can inquire about a new medical technology.
Click here to access the Complete Scientific Abstracts Online.
Controlling iron absorption
Boosting cardiac output
NAC inhibits nitric oxide induction
NAC reduces lung injury
Curcumin inhibits kidney cell injury
Antioxidant compounds in broccoli
Pycnogenol enhances antioxidant defenses
Dietary fish oil increases survival
Smoking, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease
Mammography benefits women under 50
RNA fights brain tumors in rats
Full Source:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1998; 68:3-4)
Iron is a catalyst for the generation of free radical activity that has been identified as an underlying cause of cancer, atherosclerosis, liver cirrhosis, neurologic disease and other aging-related disorders. Many people have too much iron in their bodies. If a blood test reveals your serum iron level to be over 100 micrograms per deciliter, it would be desirable to lower iron to under the 100 mark. A practical way of lowering iron is to interfere with its absorption from food. One study showed that if 300 mg of calcium is taken with a meal, the amount of iron absorbed would be reduced by 40%. That's a simple and inexpensive way to reduce iron in the blood. This is especially important for hepatitis C patients who suffer liver cell damage when the hepatitis virus interacts with iron. In order to obtain 300 mg of calcium, it is necessary to take a calcium supplement that supplies 300 mg of elemental calcium. Three capsules of Mineral Formula for Women provides over 300 elemental milligrams of calcium. According to the published studies, the maximum amount of calcium that will inhibit iron absorption is 300 mg with each meal. Amounts of calcium greater than 300 mg do not cause any additional interference with iron absorption. On the other hand, if you are iron-deficient, avoid taking calcium with meals since the calcium will block iron absorption. In cases of iron deficiency, take calcium at night, but not with foods high in fiber.
Full source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1998;68:3-4)
Those suffering from congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy are advised to consume nutrients that enhance the energy output of heart muscle cells. Clinical studies show a benefit when patients take 100 to 300 mg a day of coenzyme Q10, 2,000 mg a day of carnitine, and 3,000 mg a day of taurine. Other studies show that fish oil improves cardiac mechanical function. In one study, fish oil or corn oil was tested on 234 healthy humans for seven weeks. Echocardiography showed improved left ventricular function in the fish oil group but not in the corn oil group. Other hemodynamic measurements indicated that fish oils have cardioprotective effects beyond lowering triglyceride levels and preventing abnormal arterial blood clot formation (thrombosis). In order to obtain the cardiac cell energy-enhancing effects shown in the most recent study, it would be necessary to take between six and 10 capsules of a supplement called Mega EPA, which contains 2.33 times more of the essential fatty acids EPA and DHA than conventional fish oil supplements. With conventional fish oil capsules, many more capsules would be required.
Full source:K. Pahan, F.G. Sheikh, A.M.S. Namboodiri, I. Singh, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 1998, Vol 24, Iss 1, pp 39-48
This study underscores the importance of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant, in inhibiting the induction of nitric oxide (NO) caused by lipopolysaccharides (molecules in which lipids and polysaccharides are linked) and cytokines (proteins that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses and are involved in cell-to-cell communication). The production of NO was induced to different degrees by interleukin-1 beta, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alone or in combinations. NAC, when added two hours earlier along with these stimuli, potentially blocked the increase in NO production in macrophages, astrocytes and glial cells. The degree of inhibition decreased progressively with the increase in time interval when NAC was added after the addition of the lipopolysaccharides. Besides blocking NO, NAC also blocked the production of tumor necrosis factor in rat peritoneal macrophages activated with endotoxin. These results suggest that expression of oxide synthase activity and tumor necrosis factor in macrophages does involve oxygen radicals, and that NAC may control the various harmful effects of cytokines released by activated macrophages and glial cells.
Full source: C.J. Davreux, I. Soric, A.B. Nathens, R.W.G. Watson, I.D.. McGilvray, Z.E. Suntres, P.N. Shek, O.D. Rotstein, Shock, 1997, Vol 8, Iss 6, pp 432-438
The development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in critically ill patients is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The pulmonary dysfunction in ARDS is largely secondary to neutrophil-mediated oxidant injury. This study examined the effect of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on a rodent model of lung injury. NAC administration significantly reduced increases in lung permeability and reduced the LPS-dependent increase in lipid peroxidation caused by the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neutrophil activation was significantly downregulated by NAC. Importantly, NAC administration up to two hours after endotoxin challenge was still able to significantly ameliorate LPS-induced lung injury. These data suggest that the reduction of acute lung injury by NAC in this rodent model is related to free radical scavenging and inhibition of the neutrophil oxidative burst, rather than by an effect on inflammatory cell migration.
Full source: H.H.P. Cohly, A. Taylor, M.F. Angel, A.K. Salahudeen, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 1998, Vol 24, Iss 1, pp 49-54
Cell injury by oxidative stress is an important mechanism for renal (kidney) epithelial cell destruction. Curcumin has been shown to possess potent antioxidant properties. This study observed the protective effect of curcumin and its constituents on hydrogen peroxide-induced injury. Curcumin gave as much protection as did vitamin E in inhibition of lipid peroxidation. These findings support evidence that curcumin provides protection against oxidative stress in a kidney cell line.
Full source: G.W. Plumb, K.R. Price, M.J.C. Rhodes, G. Williamson, Free Radical Research, 1997, Vol 27, Iss 4, pp 429-435
This study examined the antioxidant activity of the major phenolic compounds in broccoli: quercetin, kaempferol, and four hydroxycinnamic acid esters. The antioxidant capacity and inhibition of iron/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation of phosphatidylcholine vesicles were measured. Quercetin was a potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. The hydroxycinnamic acid esters were highly effective at preventing lipid damage. The six compounds analyzed demonstrate the antioxidant activity of the major phenolics in broccoli.
Full source: Z.H. Wei, Q.L. Peng, B.H.S. Lau, Redox Report, 1997, Vol 3, Iss 4, pp 219-224
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), or free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2-), and hydroxyl radical (OH) have been implicated in mediating various pathological events such as cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, ischemia, inflammatory diseases, and the aging process. Glutathione and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) play important roles in scavenging ROS and preventing cell injury. Pycnogenol has been shown to protect endothelial cells against oxidant-induced injury. This study determined the effects of pycnogenol on cellular metabolism of H2O2 and superoxide anion O2-, and on glutathione-dependent and independent antioxidant enzymes in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC). Oxidative stress was triggered by H2O2. Pycnogenol caused a concentration-dependent enhancement of H2O2 and O2- clearance. It increased intracellular glutathione content and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione disulfide reductase. It also increased the activities of SOD and CAT. The results suggest that pycnogenol promotes a protective antioxidant state by upregulating important enzymatic and nonenzymatic oxidant scavenging systems.
Full Source:S. Bjornsson, I. Hardardottir, E. Gunnarsson, A. Haraldsson, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1997, Vol 29, Iss 5, pp 491-493
The effect of dietary fish-oil supplementation on the survival of mice after a pneumonia infection was investigated. Thirty mice in each group were fed a fish-oil enriched diet, olive-oil enriched diet, or standard chow diet. After 6 weeks, the mice were injected intramuscularly with pneumonia. After 120 hours, the survival of the mice fed the fish-oil enriched diet was 40 percent, while the survival for mice fed the standard or olive-oil enriched diets was 20 percent and 25 percent respectively. Survival over 120 hours was significantly improved for mice fed a fish-oil enriched diet, compared with the survival curves for mice fed the other two diets. The study was repeated by comparing the survival of mice fed a fish-oil enriched diet with those given a corn-oil enriched diet. After 120 hours the survival curve for mice fed the fish-oil enriched diet was significantly better, compared with the survival curve for mice given the corn-oil enriched diet. A fish-oil enriched diet, therefore, increases survival in mice following Klebsiella pneumoniae infection, whether compared with a standard diet, olive-oil enriched diet or corn-oil enriched diet.
Lancet, June 20, 1998
Alzheimer's disease is widespread. Memory loss is one of the first symptoms of the di sease. In the final stages of the illness, sufferers may not recognize the faces and names of their closest friends and relatives. Although there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, drugs can reduce some of the symptoms. Previous studies suggested a protective effect of smoking on Alzheimer's disease, but the results of this study challenge this finding. In a population-based follow-up study of 6,870 people aged 55 years and older, it was found that smoking doubled the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The onset of the illness also occurred about four years earlier in smokers. Smoking not only increases the chances of getting the most common form of senile dementia, but it could also bring it on at a younger age. The researchers examined whether age, sex, and the apolipoprotein (APO) genotype modified this risk. There are five families of apolipoproteins, designated A-E. Only one form of the gene (APO-E4) had an effect on risk; carriers of this form of the gene were not at increased risk of dementia, which suggests an interaction between the APO-E4 genotype and smoking in the cause of Alzheimer's disease. Smokers who carry the gene were no more likely to develop the disease than were non-smokers. The researchers are not sure why APO-E4 protects smokers, but they think the nicotine in cigarettes may alter brain chemistry to counterbalance the effects of Alzheimer's disease.
From the Foundation:
Diet, exercise, dietary supplements, and lifestyle can significantly lower the risk for Alzheimer's disease. For example, those in Japan who follow the traditional Japanese diet and lifestyle have a very low rate of Alzheimer's disease, but when these people immigrate to the U.S. and assume the Westernized diet and lifestyle, their Alzheimer's disease rate increases to that of other U.S. citizens. This fact, in itself, is very strong evidence that we do have control over the risks for Alzheimer's disease.
Cancer 1998; 82:2221-2226
A breast cancer study that compared tumor detection and survival rates in younger and older women provides evidence that women under age 50 should get regular mammograms. According to the study, clinical breast exams alone may not detect growing tumors early enough. Researchers have disagreed on the benefits of mammography for younger women. While the technique has clearly improved breast cancer survival rates for women over 50, the benefits are not as clear for younger women, whose denser breast tissue makes the scans less effective at locating small tumors. This study compared the tumor sizes and survival rates of women whose tumors were first found by a mammogram with those women whose tumors were initially located by a conventional breast exam. Of 869 women, 37% had been diagnosed with breast cancer by a mammogram, and 63% had their tumors detected by a doctor during a breast exam. The researchers at the University of Chicago compared the average size of the tumors in women younger than and older than 50. Tumor size is important, since the likelihood of successfully treating cancer and preventing recurrence is much higher if the tumor is detected early on, while it is still small. For women whose tumors were detected by mammography, they found that women (of all ages) were first diagnosed when their tumors were about 1 centimeter in size. However, for women whose tumors were first found by clinical exam, there was a substantial difference in tumor size between younger and older women. The average size of clinically detected tumors for women over 50 was 1.5 cm. For women under 50, average tumor size at detection was 2 cm, indicating that "if left to grow to the size necessary for clinical detectability, the tumors are larger and more aggressive in younger women." These results translate into comparable 5-year survival rates. There was no difference in survival rates between younger and older women whose tumors had been detected by mammogram. For patients with clinically detected tumors, though, women under age 50 had a 77% 5-year survival rate, much lower than the older women's 87% survival rate. They suggest that from an individual young woman's perspective, the benefits of mammography are stronger than the drawbacks.
Mammograms detect tumors much earlier in younger women, and the damage is much more dramatic if they aren't detected. The lead researcher said that, based on this research, she would recommend her own patients have a yearly mammogram after age 40, which is also the policy of the American Cancer Society.
Nature Biotechnology 1998; 16:556-560
By using a genetically engineered small portion of RNA, researchers have found a way to inhibit the growth of aggressive brain tumor cells in rats. Such aggressive brain tumors, known as malignant gliomas, are the third leading cause of death from cancers in people aged 15 to 34. These tumors often fail to respond to radiation or chemotherapy, and scientists have been searching for new ways to fight the cancer. The genetically engineered RNA molecule, known as a ribozyme, attacked the production of an enzyme that spurs the growth of the glioma cells. RNA is key to translating genetic information into a functioning enzyme. The ribozyme however, binds to and destroys the RNA, effectively halting the production of Cthe enzyme, known as PKC alpha. Researchers injected glioma cells into rats, a process that causes tumors to form. The tumors were then injected with either an inactive substance, or the modified ribozyme. Twenty days after treatment, rats which received the inactive substance had tumors that weighed an average of 14 grams, while rats which received the modified ribozyme had tumors that shrunk to an average of 0.25 grams. Similar ribozymes have been used in past studies to treat rat tumors, but the ribozymes could be degraded by enzymes found in the body, and thus were limited as a potential treatment.


A comedic look at what's left of the modern American Dream. At a Toasted Subs franchise in the local mall, three up-and-coming "sandwich artists"—a teenager, a single mom, and a downsized refugee from corporate banking—are perfecting the mustard-to-cheese ratio according to the company manual. But when the owner stops providing the resources to make those perfect lunches, they become unlikely allies in a post-recession world. American Hero is a supersized dark comedy about life, liberty, and the pursuit of sandwiches.


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SHIT AND CITIZENSHIP
November 3rd, 2010 Nathan Oxley
In the last 15 years, the way sanitation is treated in Brazil has changed dramatically. The picture of poor investment and danger to public health is being replaced by climbing investment and a vision of sanitation as an issue of rights, dignity and equity. The seminar "Shit and Citizenship: The Political Economy of Sanitation Investment in Brazil", held at IDS on Monday, explored how and why this has happened.
The speakers were Alex Shankland (from the Participation, Power and Social Change team at IDS) and Ken Caplan (Director of Building Partnerships for Development in Water and Sanitation).
Alex and Ken explained how the politics of sanitation has evolved over that time, both nationally and locally at the level of one city, Salvador. (Brazil was one of four cases in a global study coordinated by Oxford Policy Management for Water & Sanitation Program (WSP) and World Bank on the political economy of sanitation investments.)
At the national level, former President Lula broke certain taboos on sanitation. In December 2009, Lula caused a storm by describing a mission of his government as being "to take the people out of the shit". He has also cleverly defused ideological tensions on sanitation provision, by introducing laws which allow for a wide variety of approaches to be taken.
Things didn't just change at a national level. In Salvador – a big, vibrant city on the North-East coast – Antonio Carlos Magalhães, a right-wing governor elected in 1990, saw the city's poor sanitation as a disgrace and a barrier to tourism. His vision of the city as a clean, modern tourist destination led him to arrange a massive programme of investment in sanitation.
Sanitation has also moved up the ladder of importance, partly because of a sense of embarassment at Brazil's being left behind compared to other countries. As people gain nearly universal access to electricity and water, sanitation has become the next-in-line priority for the urban poor.
Areas can be transformed by sanitation – not just physically, but in terms of their identity. Alex observes that, when a favela (shanty town) gained a sanitation system, it ceased to become a favela and became a "barrio" (neighbourhood) – raising people's pride in the area, as well as house prices.
In their talk, Alex and Ken cover the highlights of the political economy of sanitation in Brazil over the last 15 years. The talk covers the facts (when and where great changes in investment and provision happened) but also the subtext (why things happened, and what was going on politically to make this possible).
This seminar is one of the events in our series of Water Seminars. For forthcoming events, see the STEPS Centre website.
> Shit and Citizenship: The Political Economy of Sanitation Investment in Brazil (Alex and Ken's presentation, Slideshare)
> STEPS Centre: events
> Participation, Power and Social Change team, IDS
> Building Partnerships for Development in Water and Sanitation
31 OCTOBER: DEBATE ON ENGINEERING, CAUTION AND UTOPIA
FINDING PATHWAYS IN AN AGE OF ANXIETY


Considering carcass values and grades, bulls exhibit a lower-quality, inconsistent, tougher, less-marbled carcass than steers, along with delivering a much larger number of "dark cutters" due to higher pH levels in the muscle, producing a visually unappealing dark red or purple-colored beef. Prices also reflect that steer calves should and almost always do command higher prices than bull calves at market.
Dr. Trevor Hook, veterinarian at Ponoka, Alberta, Central Veterinarian Clinic, when asked about bull calves and age at time of castration says, "Our opinion here at Central Vet is that it's better to do them earlier, in the first week of life, although that can be challenging as the testicles are small, and banding is probably the way to go when you are doing them at that age." He went on to say that newborn calves tend to carry on with normal activities after the initial procedure is completed.
Many cow-calf producers do not castrate early because they are afraid steers will not wean as heavy as bull calves, even though research has proven this to be untrue. In a study at Oklahoma State University in 2001, no advantage was found in the growth rate of bulls before weaning compared with bulls that were castrated (by any method) at 2 to 3 months of age and given an implant.
W. Mark Hilton, DVM, and clinical professor of beef production medicine in the Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, states in nearly every case, when intact bulls are compared to implanted steers, virtually no difference in weaning weight is shown. He explains that a bull calf has a relatively modest increase in testosterone production up to about 7 months of age, so any "testosterone advantage" is minimal to that point. Minor benefits will almost always be outweighed by the negatives results of late castration.
Research studies comparing age and size at time of castration in relation to sickness trends are also available. Michelle Arnold, a large-ruminant extension veterinarian at University of Kentucky states one research study shows a potential doubling of the sickness rate in comparison to steers, with an average of 28 percent on incoming steers compared to 60 percent in calves castrated at that age.
A 2010 department of clinical sciences study by Oklahoma State University confirmed increased plasma cortisol concentrations in older bulls at time of castration, and given the immunosuppressive nature of these high levels, proposed a greater risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) for these animals.
In 2014, the department of animal science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, studied the effects of castration method and timing on performance and morbidity of 271 newly arrived beef stockers, finding that if calves were castrated before arrival at the feedlot, morbidity was reduced. Fifty-one percent of the calves that arrived as steers were treated for BRD compared with 78 percent that arrived as bulls.
When bull calves castrated at weaning are compared to steers castrated early in life, studies confirm an enhanced marbling and tenderness in carcass qualities for the earlier-cut steers. Hilton also believes bulls heavier than 500 pounds at castration have less marbling than those castrated earlier. Tenderness ratings decrease the heavier the animal when castrated, becoming very pronounced with bulls weighing more than 900 pounds.
A Beef Cattle Research Council study done with University of Alberta and agencies throughout the province discussed dark cutting and its representation in the Canadian grading system. Severe penalties for Canadian beef quality grade B4 can amount to a $0.50-per- pound discount, or up to $300 in reduced value per animal. Bulls are cited as a main contributor in these "dark cutter" carcasses, with late castration producing bullish or stag males that will develop and retain the characteristics and conformation of bulls, subsequently contributing to the higher numbers of B4 grades in comparison to calves castrated early.
Finally, price reflections between steer calves and bull calves should always show steers commanding higher prices at market. A study of Kentucky auction markets from 2010 to 2017 found that 550-pound steers outsold similar weight bull calves by an average of $11 per hundredweight (cwt).
In 2010, 14 Arkansas auction barns were the source of a study done by University of Arkansas researchers who collected data on 79,822 head in 38,346 lots, reporting that steers sold for $6.31 more per cwt than bulls.
Castration early in a calf's life is ideal in terms of physiology in that it lowers stress and results in improved weight gains and better health in the feedlot. Carcass value and grades exhibit enhanced marbling and tenderness. Instigating a proactive approach of routine castration early in a newborn calf's life will help standardize the efficiency and financial benefits of sound animal welfare practice.
PHOTO: Steers castrated early in life have been shown to see enhanced marbling and tenderness in carcass quality. Photo by Mike Dixon.
Bruce Derksen is a freelance writer based in Lacombe, Alberta, Canada.