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Startup Success
Five years ago, Bob Lansdorp and his fellow UCSB graduate student researchers won the 2015 Technology Management New Venture Competition with their pitch for a wearable biosensor that could monitor alcohol consumption in real time.
Last year, their startup Milo Sensors, Inc. continues to gain accolades with a $2 million Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase II grant from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The grant will allow the tech startup to move from conducting their research and development at the wet lab at UCSB's California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) to establish their own space in the Santa Barbara area.
We open 2020 with a special Alumni Spotlight Q&A with Dr. Lansdorp about Milo Sensors, his grad school experience at UC Santa Barbara, and his goals for his company's future.
What drew you to choose UCSB for your graduate studies?
Having just completed my master's degree in 2010, I decided that I wanted to live in California. I packed my bags, and showed up on a 3-month tourist visa from my home country of Canada. I knew that my ideal scenario would be to get a Ph.D. position at a top-notch school, and I began speaking with as many professors as I could.
After many meetings, conferences, and rejected applications, I managed to get an offer for a Ph.D position at another top school. Coincidentally, I was fortunate to meet Professor Omar Saleh in the Materials Department at UCSB that same week, who happened to be looking for someone with an interest in instrumentation to fill a spot in one of his grants and offered me the opportunity to become a research assistant in his lab at UCSB. After some deliberation, I chose UCSB over the other school because UCSB has more of a scientific flavor than the more engineering-focused school that I was looking at. Since most of my training up to that point was in engineering, I thought it would be good for me to challenge myself by struggling to answer questions about nature rather than just build machines as I had done in the past. It also helped that UCSB was close to the beach, and that my girlfriend (now fiancé) was already a Ph.D. student at UCSB. After returning to Canada to get a visa, I was able to join the lab of Professor Saleh in the UCSB Materials Department as a research assistant, transitioning to the Ph.D. program 9 months later.
What was your graduate school research focus?
The Saleh Lab studies squishy stuff like proteins and DNA, the building-block of life. The questions being studied in the group vary a lot, from the biophysics of single-stranded DNA and RNA and its relation to salt, to hydrogel material properties, to protein/DNA interactions. The question I was trying to answer was: what is the step size of a DNA helicase? DNA helicases are motor proteins, molecular motors that burn ATP for energy in order to unzip DNA during the replication process. To answer the question, I was helping to develop a microscope that could look at squishy stuff on the length-scale of a single-base-pair of DNA. I experimented with different light sources, high-speed cameras, software, optics, and learned a lot of biochemistry in order to test different DNA constructs in the instrument.
What was it like working with your mentors and colleagues at your department?
The Saleh Lab is filled with smart, hard-working, and diverse students and scholars, and I had a blast working on some cool bio-physics together and learning a lot in the process. One of the most useful things I learned from Professor Saleh was how to perform first-order analysis of complicated systems. Breaking down a complicated problem into some basic building blocks, putting them down on a whiteboard, and deriving some outputs is a useful skill to have if you are studying biophysics, but also when starting a company!
I was given great freedom by Professor Saleh to pursue the research that I thought was important. As a result, I probably wasn't as productive in the short-term as I could have been if he had micro-managed my projects. However, I believe that it benefited me in the longer-term, because I learned a lot about leadership and initiative which has served me well at my startup.
When did you first realize your fascination for your chosen discipline?
In high school back in Vancouver Canada, I was fortunate to have many great teachers, in subjects such as biology, physics, and electronics. For example, when I started reading ahead in the physics textbook, my teacher Dr. Hawes let me rummage around the back-room of his classroom, which was filled with parts for different physics experiments. While everyone else was listening to him give a lecture and learning about Hooke's Law, I was building an electromagnetic projectile launcher with some wire and a giant capacitor I found. Occasionally, the class was disturbed by a loud bang or other commotion coming from the back row, but for most of the time I was quietly assembling some contraption such as a lock-pick, a battery-powered paper airplane, or a miniature trebuchet. It was a lot of fun, and my antics allowed me to imagine that I was the protagonist of my own version of Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!, a book that I was reading at the time. That book and others like it had a way of keeping physics and engineering fun in a way that got me hooked.
What did you enjoy most as a student at UCSB?
Competitions such as the UCSB Grad Slam or the UCSB New Venture Competition, felt to me like an opportunity to put my best foot forward, but also to meet other like-minded individuals. I learned that one of my favorite activities is brainstorming with others about how widely varying subjects, from health-care to energy, with a coal of changing the world for the better.
What was it like for you to participate in and WIN the New Venture Competition? What did you love most about this competition experience?
I love the freedom that the NVC offers. Any problem in the world becomes an opportunity to imagine a better future. My first NVC idea in 2013 was to help solve the climate crisis by storing grid-scale energy using liquid nitrogen, in a process known as cryogenic energy storage. I estimated that first pilot plant would cost approximately $2 million and give a return on investment in 10 years, if everything went perfectly to plan. Needless to say, there was not a lot of enthusiasm for the project from the local investment community. A couple of years later, I returned with a team and an idea to make a wearable alcohol sensor. Originally, I was hoping to be a technical advisor for a team of undergraduate students, but I soon became totally obsessed with the project, spending all my evenings and weekends on it. I went from advisor, to CTO, and most recently to CEO. I had never done any electrochemistry before, so I began reading every paper and textbook I could find, and recruiting advisors to help me get up to speed. With a lot of hard work, and a few of the practical lessons that I had learned from my previous experience in the NVC, our team managed to win the competition. The many brainstorm sessions on how to convert the infinity of potential into a concrete plan of action, was probably the most fun part for me.
Tell us about Milo Sensors and its progress since you left UCSB. What is it like for you and your team to work together? What are your goals for your company?
The last 4 years have been a rollercoaster. Like any startup founder, I have experienced some rough patches and have had a few soul-searching moments. Some of the high points have included: developing a novel electro-chemical sensor from scratch, obtaining a patent, obtaining grants, building a great team, and probably most rewarding of all: shipping a product to a paying customer. We recently started shipping pre-beta units of our wearable alcohol sensors to researchers around the globe, and are starting to get real-world feedback. One of the most exciting things for me so far has been to see real data appear on our server, knowing that around the globe at that very minute, someone is wearing one of our alcohol sensors and collecting data, and that the data collected will advance scientific understanding of alcohol consumption. At times like that, there are a lot of high-fives going around.
One thing I have learned in the past four years is the scale of the alcohol problem in the US. There are 15 million Americans with Alcohol Use Disorder, and 1 million who seek treatment every single year. The economic costs are staggering, with over $250 Billion lost in economic costs due to alcohol misuse every year. To give you a sense of scale: that's worse than all illicit drugs combined. The existing treatments for Alcohol Use Disorder have a lot of potential for improvement, and so there is a great opportunity to make a real difference. Our goals in the coming years are to develop tools that can be used together with state-of-the-art treatments to make a positive difference for individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder, their families, and communities.
Congratulations on winning the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase II grant from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). How did you and your team react to winning this award in 2019?
We received a Phase II SBIR grant after 2 rejected applications, a trip to Washington D.C., publishing a peer-reviewed paper, shipping units to researchers, and more than six months of negotiations. The month leading up to the Notice of Award, I was pretty much non-stop filling in government paper-work. So although I'm very happy we received it, it's not as if the grant just fell from the sky!
I feel very fortunate to be in the unique position to have enough NIH funding to make a positive difference. The thing I'm most excited about in the coming months is to use the funds to recruit a team of experts that can help advance our mission. I can't wait to see what our company looks like in six months!
What drives you to do what you do each day?
People with alcohol addiction are in a negative spiral, with more drinking causing more problems, and more problems causing more drinking. Caught in the spiral with severe Alcohol Use Disorder, they are not living the best versions of themselves. The idea that we can help break the spiral of addiction and help people become happy and healthy members of society inspires me to push forward with the company. I believe we can increase the consciousness of the world by breaking the spiral of addiction for millions of people. Think of all that untapped potential!
That's the big picture motivation. On a day-to-day basis, it's a lot of fun to develop new technology. Every day is filled with technical challenges that are very rewarding to solve. One thing that is always a big boost to motivation is when someone on the team takes initiative to solve a problem on their own. The hard work of our team drives me to become a better version of myself and push harder to solve problems.


Chapter 4 in part A explains how to calculate your capital gain if a managed fund or trust has distributed a capital gain to you. Capital gains included in trust distributions must be taken into account in working out your net capital gain or capital loss.
part C for companies, trusts and funds (individuals who use the worksheets may find steps 1,2 and 3 in part C useful - ignore the word 'entity').


Located in the Andaman archipelago, Diglipur is an island that is blessed with rustic natural beauty. The island is also known for its oranges, rice, flora and marine life. It is fed by the Kalpong river, which powers a hydroelectric project on the island. Some of the popular tourist attractions located in and near Diglipur include Lamiya Bay Beach, Diglipur Mud Volcano, Kalipur Beach, Turtle Nesting in Diglipur, Ross and Smith Islands, Ramnagar Beach, Pathi Level Beach, Alfred Lime Stone Caves and Saddle Peak. For a rendezvous with Mother Nature, one can scan Diglipur Tourism packages that are available online. Moreover, those interested in having a complete holiday experience can select from the range of special Diglipur tour packages. Also, the special packages allow one to customize their tour itineraries as per their needs and preferences.
The island of Diglipur has many places that make it ideal for a nature enthusiast. Diglipur Mud Volcano is a series of mud volcanoes that is located in Shyamnagar Forest, which is 20 km away from Diglipur. Also, it takes a 15-minute trek to reach the mud volcanoes. Besides, travellers can opt to visit Kalipur Beach, which is famous for its turtles. This beach also offers many opportunities to indulge in thrilling water activities, such as riding a speed boat or water scooter. Notably, Kalipur Beach is known as a popular turtle nesting point. And, the months of December and January are good to witness the same. Another amazing beach in Diglipur is Lamiya Bay Beach, which is located a few kilometres away from Kalipur Beach. Also, it overlooks the foothills of Saddle Peak, which rests at a height of 732 meters above the sea level. Not to forget, Saddle Peak is known to be the highest peak in Andaman and Nicobar islands. Travellers can experience all of it by booking Diglipur tour packages.
Diglipur features many popular tourist attractions, including Ross and Smith Islands, Ramnagar Beach, Pathi Level Beach and Alfred Lime Stone Caves. The Ross and Smith Islands are twin islands adjoined by a sand bar that gets submerged under water during high tide. In order to visit these twin islands, travellers require a forest permit, for which an application can be made at the Forest Office of Diglipur. One must not miss thrill-inducing water sports, such as snorkeling and scuba diving on these twin islands. Further, Ross and Smith Islands feature rich marine life and one can easily spot amazing underwater creatures. Not just this, the twin islands have a beautiful coral reef. Ramnagar Beach is a picturesque place that is located 35 km away from Diglipur. The tides at this beach are ideal for swimming. This beach is also a popular site for turtle nesting. Those looking for some quiet time can head to Pathi Level Beach, which is relatively less populated. This beach can be easily reached on a fiber boat from Kishorenagar. Alfred Lime Stone Caves are also quite popular among tourists. It is a cluster of 41 caves that house swiftlets and fruit-eating bats. Moreover, Diglipur island is extremely popular among adventure seekers who love trekking because it features tropical forests.
From the rustic nature to the primitive style of leading life, Diglipur island lends an enriching experience to its visitors. With so much to explore, the island is an ideal place for water babies who love beaches and adventure. Travellers can participate in numerous activities ranging from scuba diving to snorkeling. Moreover, tourists can go for trekking in the dense tropical forests on this island. Not just this, animal lovers must take a dip in the azure waters around the island in order to witness the colorful aquatic life.
Travellers can relax in the peaceful ambience of this island with SOTC's Diglipur tour packages. Notably, most of these tour packages try to accommodate the best of everything available on Diglipur island. In addition, browse special Andaman tour packages to explore other nearby tourist attraction. Moreover, those planning their honeymoon must check India tour packages by SOTC.


Annually as their economy's growth rate changes or their socio-economic needs place a heavier burden on certain aspects of their system the Australian government revises the list of occupations that cannot be filled by Aussies but must be filled in order to achieve the goals set by the government. These goals are often met with the help of expats working in Australia on a number of visas – granted to them under very strict conditions.
The Skilled Occupations List is a list of such occupations that must be filled and are not being filled locally. This list, compiled by Skills Australia, is reviewed on an annual basis. While some occupations did not make the coveted list this year most remained on the list and this year saw the addition of Audiologists, Orthotists and Prosthetists.
The changes apply to the Skilled Independent Subclass 189 Visas, the Skilled Regional (Provisional) Subclass 489 visas - if sponsored by an Australian relative and the Graduate Temporary Subclass 485 Visas - Graduate Work Stream.
The Australian Minister of Immigration announced the new SOL list of occupations for the 2016/2017 financial year. The new list will become effective on 01 July 2016.
You must be aged between 18 and 49 at the time of invitation.
All applicants need to undergo skills assessment in a skilled occupation. Criteria for skills assessment vary by occupation and there are a large number of skills assessing authorities. In most cases, the skills assessment will be based on the applicant's qualifications and work experience, though in some cases English language ability and registration in Australia is required.
Altogether 9 occupations have been removed from the former Skilled Occupations List and 2 occupations have been added to the updated 2016/2017 list.


In 1970, all locomotives of the construction series V 15 were renamed in BR 101 when numbers, which could be used in EDP systems, were introduced. These extraordinarily robust and reliable machines were used across the Deutsche Reichsbahn network. Some were given new motors with 220 HP.


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Juvenile Justice Information Exchange (https://jjie.org/2018/09/12/more-states-need-to-limit-solitary-confinement-which-doesnt-work/)
More States Need to Limit Solitary Confinement, Which Doesn't Work
By Mark Soler and Anders Jacobson | September 12, 2018
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The National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges (NCJFCJ) approved a resolution in 2016 to limit the use of solitary for young people, urging judges to take leadership positions in the effort. We recently presented to NCJFCJ's annual conference seeking to highlight the role that judges can and should play in ending solitary. We presented recent reforms in Colorado as proof that success can be achieved.
Solitary confinement — also known as room confinement, isolation, segregation, separation, seclusion and restricted housing — is the involuntary restriction of a youth alone in a cell, room or other area, for any reason other than as a temporary response to behavior that threatens immediate harm to the youth, other youth or staff. Temporary confinement of a youth to their room when they are out of control can be necessary and appropriate, but the youth should be released from their room when they calm down so they can return to regular programming.
Mark Soler
The dangers of solitary are well-known: psychological harm such as anxiety, depression, paranoia and psychosis; retraumatization of youth previously victimized; increased risk of suicide and self-harm; exacerbation of existing mental illness; disruptions of normal social interactions; and lack of education, mental health and substance abuse services.
Most rooms used for solitary confinement would fit inside a parking space: Parking spaces are at least 16 feet by 9 feet (144 square feet), while most confinement rooms measure 8 feet by 10 feet (80 square feet).
Anders Jacobson
There is no research showing that solitary confinement works to reduce problem behaviors in a juvenile facility, yet isolation is common. A 2010 survey published by the U.S. Department of Justice found that more than 35 percent of incarcerated youth reported being held in solitary for some period of time. Of those youth, 87 percent reported being held longer than two hours, and 55 percent reported being held in solitary for longer than 24 hours.
For judges, solitary is often an invisible problem; room confinement is generally not mentioned in juvenile court proceedings. Youth are reluctant to bring up the subject, even if they have been held for long periods of time, because they fear retaliation. Many judges don't visit the juvenile facilities where they send hundreds or even thousands of youth. Even when judges do visit juvenile facilities, they're often not sure what to look for in terms of use of solitary.
Progress in some states
Solitary confinement has been in the news a lot during the past few years. Most people have heard of Kalief Browder, the 16-year-old boy who was arrested in New York City for allegedly stealing a backpack and then spent three years in the notorious Rikers Island jail, much of it in solitary. When the prosecution finally dismissed the charges for lack of evidence and Kalief was released, he committed suicide a year later. Kalief's story, and others documenting the abusive use of room confinement, have been covered by major newspapers, magazines, NPR and other media outlets.
There have been major developments in efforts to limit and end solitary confinement for kids. Under President Barack Obama, the Department of Justice set limits on the use of solitary in federal facilities, with the directive that youth under 18 years of age should never be held in solitary. President Obama himself published an op-ed on solitary in The Washington Post, referring specifically to Kalief Browder.
New legislation has been passed in California, Colorado, Nebraska, New Jersey, Oregon, Seattle and Washington, D.C. to limit the use of solitary for young people. Federal courts in New York, Tennessee and Wisconsin have entered court orders limiting the use of solitary. Standards for conditions and practices in juvenile facilities have been developed by the Annie E. Casey Foundation and the Performance-based Standards division of the Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators.
One major development has been the creation of Stop Solitary for Kids, a focused effort to end solitary for young people in the United States. The effort is a partnership of the Center for Children's Law and Policy, the Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators, the Center for Juvenile Justice Reform at Georgetown University and the Justice Policy Institute. Stop Solitary for Kids maintains a comprehensive website with new reports, research, legislation, court decisions and other state and local reforms. Stop Solitary is also developing an instrument, the Room Confinement Assessment Tool (RCAT), to help facility superintendents and agency directors "red flag" policies and practices that enable solitary to continue.
From past efforts in multiple jurisdictions, we can identify strategies that work to reduce the use of solitary: establishing clear limits in policy and practice on the use of solitary, providing adequate numbers of staff without requiring staff to do double shifts, having a sufficient number of mental health clinicians to help individual youth with behavior problems, providing engaging programming throughout the day and evening for youth in the facility, developing an effective behavior management system and creating a positive culture and environment in the facility.
Judges can support these strategies by visiting their local juvenile detention facility, visiting state commitment facilities they commit young people to, requesting data on the use of room confinement in the facilities, reviewing relevant policies at the facility and asking youth at the facilities about their experiences in solitary.
Colorado is an example of a state that has made significant progress in reducing the use of room confinement in juvenile facilities. The state has made a strong effort to move away from a punitive, correctional culture in its facilities and toward a trauma-responsive environment.
In February 2017, the Colorado Child Safety Commission issued a report, "Bound & Broken: How DYC's Culture of Violence is Hurting Colorado Kids and What To Do About It," which documented physical abuse, degrading restraints, isolation and verbal degradation by staff against youth at Division of Youth Corrections facilities.
A year later, with a new director, the Division had changed course, spurred by the "Bound & Broken" report and working to comply with a new state law that put restrictions on the use of solitary. The director of the Division of Youth Services banned pressure-point pain compliance, offensive strikes by staff, strip searches and the use of the "Wrap," a full-body straightjacket.
He and his staff set out to reduce the use of isolation, using the strategies listed above that have proved effective. They worked closely with unit staff to hear their concerns about the reforms. They declared a goal of creating healthy environments as demonstrated through prosocial, safe and nonviolent interactions. They changed the name of the agency to the Division of Youth Services to signal their new approach. They brought trauma-responsive practices to the state facilities. DYC also built "relaxation rooms" to replace seclusion rooms. The new rooms provide youth an opportunity to calm down in a more normal environment. They have carpeting, chairs and other furniture, wall decorations and stuffed animals.
The results have been dramatic. Youth-on-staff assaults in the facilities are down 22 percent from three years ago. The use of seclusion has decreased by 68 percent from October 2016 (302 incidents) through July 2018 (97 incidents). The average time spent in seclusion has averaged under an hour for nearly two years (23 months; September 2016 through July 2018). In July 2018, the average time spent in seclusion was 39 minutes. To add context, the national field average is 4.43 hours for detained youth and 10.95 hours for committed youth. There were no incidents of seclusion over four hours in 2017, and only three in 2018 through July.
The change in culture at DYC took considerable strategic planning, skill, unwavering support for the effort, and leadership across the agency. The results clearly show the value of the investment and a path for other jurisdictions to take.
Mark Soler is the executive director of the Center for Children's Law and Policy, a nonprofit juvenile justice reform organization based in Washington, D.C.
Anders Jacobson is the director of the Division of Youth Services in the Colorado Office of Children, Youth and Families.
Kalief Browder
Stop Solitary for Kids
5 thoughts on "More States Need to Limit Solitary Confinement, Which Doesn't Work"
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David A. Boucher on September 14, 2018 at 4:00 pm said:
The concept is one that most who have worked in facilities have always wanted, however an important point was presented in this article. The oversight by the judiciary and government in the jurisdictions throughout the country is often missing. The impact of detention is often left to others who are responsible for counting the cost of staff and providing appropriate services for youth. We seem to try to cut monetary and staffing corners when it comes to addressing the needs of problem youth yet want to place blame and shame the very staff who have to address the behaviors. Often the staff are inexperienced, young and have not yet developed a solid ethical base. They are paid minimally, and work long hours and with poor work schedules. They often see work in the centers as an entry level position to a career path and not (although it should be) the most impactful part of the juvenile justice system. Most facilities have few true mental health services available to address the needs of already identified traumatized youth. Please take these folks out of the assessment room and put them on the units as part of the line staff. We cannot ignore that the human element is necessary to work with people and that "human resources" are as valuable a commodity as any other. Create a comfortable and helping atmosphere in the units instead of the special room.
These issues were cited in the article and again here for a purpose. Monetary expense is not always a remedy for problems but our youth should be a better return on investment than many other funded concerns. The judiciary and lawmakers have oversight over situations like Kalief Browder. Likely there is probably much more to the story. Room restriction/confinement has been used in various degrees by nearly every institution in our society from parenting, school, to correctional facilities throughout history. We have learned to use it too well. Now the challenge is to understand the limitations and micro use of the tool. After forty years I see a wave of change but will we invest in, and sustain it, with long term ideas, planning, and funding or will we continue to create short term Band-Aids through grant funds. They often run out along with great programs and policies. Thank you for a great article and sending the message out. Hopefully we all get it right.
Zoe Wyse on September 12, 2018 at 9:23 pm said:
I absolutely agree with you and think that ensuring that youth feel a sense of hope about their future is a critical piece effective engagement with youth at risk of further problematic behaviors. My observation as a volunteer in a juvenile detention center was that young people who initially were caring, polite and respectful human beings could rapidly end up engaging in problematic behaviors when their fear of the future (for example of transferring to another juvenile detention facility or to adult detention) and loss of hope took over. At the same time, I found the detention center staff to be wonderful human beings who were caring, professional, stable and truly cared about youth.
Part of this means not locking up young people for longer than is truly necessary and finding other interventions when at all possible. Young people who faced sentences of multiple years to life were likely to feel far more hopeless. But even young people who had been locked up for several months but had a limited sense of when they would be released were prone to become apathetic and disengaged even if their behavior was not overtly problematic.
Treating youth as youth and finding ways to help them maintain hope for their future to the fullest extent that this is possible as well as serving them in the least restrictive environment possible is likely to increase positive behaviors and lower the risk of problematic behaviors.
Thank you for writing this article! This is a very important topic.
"Thanks, mom!"
— Greg Newburn on Florida Legislature Needs to Find Courage to Change Law

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tianrong Guo , Chongting Yang , Qiuhan Wu , Yetao Feng
College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
Received: 03&nbspAug., 2020 Accepted: 20&nbspAug., 2020 Published: 11&nbspSep., 2020
Guo T.R., Yang C.T., Wu Q.H., and Feng Y.T., 2020, Effects of tree age and soil property on the nutritional status and fruit quality of Shenzhou nane (Prunus Salicina Var. taoxingli), International Journal of Horticulture, 10(4): 1-9 (doi: 10.5376/ijh.2020.10.0004)
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of tree age and soil property on the nutritional status and fruit quality of Shengzhou nane (Prunus Salicina Var. taoxingli). The contents of the soil nutrients, leaf nutrients during two rapid fruit growth stages and fruit quality indexes of Shengzhou nane with different tree ages in Jinting town, Shengzhou, were measured. The results showed the highest values of the mass per fruit (MPF), the contents of total soluble solids (TSS), soluble sugar (SS), and vitamin C (Vc), and the ratios of TSS/TA and SS/TA, and the lowest value of the titratable acid (TA) content were detected in the fruit of 10~12 year old trees. However, the lowest values of the MPF, fruit firmness (FF), the contents of TSS, and the ratios of TSS/TA were detected in the fruit of 38~40 year old trees. Moreover, the soil of all the orchards detected was acidic or strongly acidic, and the soil pH values decreased with the increase of tree ages. Moreover, all the soil was short of organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (N), while, the contents of available phosphorus (P), available iron (Fe), available manganese (Mn), and available zinc (Zn) were sufficient. Further, the contents of available potassium (K), available calcium (Ca), available magnesium (Mg), available copper (Cu), and available zinc (Zn) in the rhizosphere of 38~40 year old trees were lack. The results of correlation analysis between the contents of soil nutrients and the fruit quality indexes showed that the fruit quality was mainly affected by the contents of available Cu, available Ca, and available P, and pH value and organic matter content in the soil. In both rapid fruit growth stages, there were significant differences in nutrient contents in the leaves with different tree ages. The highest contents of most nutrients were detected in the leaves of 10~12 year old trees during the fruit ripening stage. The results of correlation analysis between the contents of leaves nutrients during two rapid fruit growth stages and the fruit quality indexes showed that, only the contents of total N, total K, total Ca total Fe, and total Zn in the leaves during the fruit expanding stage significantly affected fruit quality, while, during the fruit ripening stage, the contents of all the nutrients except total Mn all significantly affected the fruit quality. In conclusion, the fruit quality of Shengzhou nane decreased with the increase of tree ages. In order to keep high yield and fruit quality, more organic matter, fertilizers of Ca, Cu, and P should be applied in all the orchards. Further, sufficient fertilizers supply during the fruit ripening stage is very necessary because the nutrient contents in the leaves during this stage had a great influence on the fruit quality.
Shenzhou Nane (Prunus Salicina Var. taoxingli); Tree age; Soil properties; Nutrient content; Fruit quality
Shengzhou nane (Prunus Salicina Var. taoxingli) is a famous local fruit in Zhejiang Province, with extremely rich nutrition, and loved by consumers. Planting Shengzhou nane has become a pillar industry for developing forestry and improving the lives of the people in Jinting, Beizhang, Huangze and other villages and towns in Shengzhou. Compared with other fruits, previous studies on Shengzhou nane are relatively few. At present, in addition to a small amount of research on storability of Shengzhou nane fruit (Mo et al., 2017; He et al., 2017), there is no report on the soil nutrient status, tree nutrient status and fertilizer requirements of fruit trees in Shengzhou nane orchards. Local fruit growers are mostly a household business model, orchard soil and fertilizer management is very extensive, whether fertilizer or fertilizer type selection, are judged by experience, there is a great blindness. Uncoordinated fertilization ratio, unreasonable fertilizer structure, and over or excessive fertilization are very common, resulting in frequent occurrence of low or high yield but small fruit, fruit cracking, fruit drop in production, which seriously affects the improvement of economic benefits.
Shengzhou nane is a kind of perennial plants. Soil nutrient status can directly reflect the supply capacity of soil nutrients (Li et al., 2007). Leaf nutrient analysis is often used as the main method for nutritional diagnosis of fruit trees (Partelli et al., 2018). Therefore, in this study, the contents of the soil nutrients, leaf nutrients during two rapid fruit growth stages of fruit expanding stage and fruit ripening stage and fruit quality indexes of Shengzhou nane with different tree ages in Linge village, Jinting town, Shengzhou, were measured and statistically analyzed. To clarify the fertility of orchards at different tree ages in Shengzhou nane main producing areas, and the effects of soil and leaf nutrients on the quality indexes of Shengzhou nane, to formulate reasonable fertilization solution and provide new technical guidance for improving the yield and quality of Shengzhou nane.
1 Results and Analysis
1.1 Nutrient quality indexes of Shengzhou nane with different tree ages
There were significant differences in fruit quality indexes among different tree ages of Shenzhou nane (Figure 1; Table 1). Except that there was no significant difference in FF of 10~12 year old trees and 21~23, 28~30 year old trees, the MPF, TSS content, SS content, Vc content, the ratios of TSS/TA and SS/TA of 10~12 year old trees were the highest, while the TA content of 10~12 year old trees was the lowest (Table 1). Except for the lowest Vc content in 28~30 year old trees, other nutritional indexes in 38~40 year old trees were the lowest, and MPF, FF, TSS content and TSS/TA were significantly lower than those in other tree age fruit trees. For example, the average MPF of 38~40 year old trees is only 74.9% of 10~12 year old trees. There was no significant difference in MPF, FF, TSS content, SS content, TA content and TSS/TA and SS/TA values between 21~23 and 28~30 year old trees, but the Vc content of 21~23 year old trees was significantly higher than that of 28~30 year old trees. It can be seen that the fruit quality index of Shenzhou nane decreases with the increase of tree age.
Figure 1 Fruit quality indexes of Shenzhou nane with different tree ages (radar map)
Table 1 Fruit quality indexes of Shenzhou nane with different tree ages
Notes: different letters within a column represent significant differences (p< 0.05) between treatments
1.2 Soil nutrients in Shenzhou nane orchards with different tree ages
Soil nutrient is a prerequisite for the healthy growth of fruit trees. 10~12 and 21~23 year old orchard soil was acid, 28~30 and 38~40 year old orchard soil was strong acid, and the pH value of 38~40 year old orchard soil was significantly lower. That is, with the increase of tree age, the pH value of rhizosphere soil showed a significant downward trend (Figure 2; Table 2). The soil organic matter content of 10~12 and 28~30 year old orchards was significantly higher than that of other orchards, followed by 21~23 year old orchards, and 38~40 year old orchard was the lowest. Soil alkaline N and available Ca contents were highest in 28~30 year old orchard, followed by 10~12, 21~23 and 38~40 year old orchard. And there were significant differences in alkaline N and available Ca among the four types of orchards. The soil available P content of 10~12 year old orchard was the highest, followed by 38~40 year old orchard, 21~23, 38~40 year old orchard was the lowest. The contents of soil available K and available Zn were the highest in 28~30 year old orchards, followed by 21~23, 10~12 and 38~40 year old orchards. And there were significant differences in available P and available Zn contents among the four types of orchards. The available Mg content of 21~23 year old orchard was the highest, followed by 28~30, 10~12 and 38~40 year old orchard. There were significant differences in available Mg content among the four types of orchards. The soil available Fe content was the highest in 21~23 year old orchard, followed by 10~12 and 28~30 year old orchards, and the lowest in 38~40 year old orchards. The soil available Mn content of 21~23 year old orchard was the highest, followed by 10~12 year old orchard, and 28~30 and 38~40 year old orchard was the lowest. Soil available Cu content was highest in 10~12 year old orchard, followed by 21~23 and 28~30 year old orchard, and lowest in 38~40 year old orchard.
Figure 2 Soil nutrients in Shenzhou nane orchards with different tree ages (radar map)
Table 2 Soil nutrients in Shenzhou nane orchards with different tree ages
1.3 Nutritional status of Shenzhou nane with different tree ages
Nutrient content in leaves of fruit trees with different ages varied greatly. There were significant differences in the same nutrients among different tree ages at fruit expanding stage. In addition to the total nitrogen content of 28~30 and 38~40 year old fruit trees at fruit ripening stage, there were significant differences in other nutrients among different tree ages. However, the variation of nutrient content in different developmental stages was different (Figure 3; Table 3).
Figure 3 Leaf nutrients in two rapid fruit growth stages in Shenzhou nane with different tree ages (radar map)
Note: A: Fruit Expanding Stage; B: Fruit Ripening Stage
Table 3 Leaf nutrients in two rapid fruit growth stages in Shenzhou nane with different tree ages
The changes of total N and total Cu contents in leaves at fruit expanding stage were consistent, that is, the highest contents were in 28~30 year old fruit trees, followed by 10~12, 21~23 and 38~40 year old fruit trees. Total P and total K contents in leaves at fruit expanding stage were consistent, that is, the highest contents were in 28~30 year old fruit trees, followed by 21~23, 10~12 and 38~40 year old fruit trees. The total Ca content in leaves of 21~23 year old fruit trees was the highest, followed by 10~12, 28~30 and 38~40 year old fruit trees. The total Mg content in leaves of 21~23 year old fruit trees was the highest, followed by 10~12, 38~40 and 28~30 year old fruit trees. The total Mn content in leaves of 21~23 year old fruit trees was the highest, followed by 28~30, 10~12 and 38~40 year old fruit trees. The total Zn content in leaves of 10~12 year old fruit trees was the highest, followed by 21~23, 38~40 and 28~30 year old fruit trees.
The contents of total N, total K, total Ca, total Mg, total Fe, total Cu and total Zn were the highest in the leaves of 10~12 year old fruit trees at fruit ripening stage, and the contents of total P and total Mn were the second. The content of total Mn was the highest in 21~23 year old fruit trees, followed by the total N, total K, total Fe and total Zn. The total Cu content of 28~30 year old fruit trees was only followed by the 10~12 year old fruit trees. The total P content of 38~40 year old fruit trees was the highest, and the total Ca and Mg content were the second. The contents of total P, total Ca, total Mg, total Fe, total Mn and total Zn of 28~30 year old fruit trees were the lowest. The total P content of 28~30 year old fruit trees was the lowest, the contents of total K and total Cu of 38~40 year old fruit trees were the lowest.
1.4 Relationships between soil and leaf nutrients and the fruit quality of Shenzhou nane
1.4.1 Relationships between soil nutrients and the fruit quality
Different nutrient contents have different effects on fruit quality. Overall, soil available Cu and Ca content, rhizosphere pH value, organic matter content and available P content had significant indigenous effects on fruit quality, and other nutrient indicators had no significant indigenous effects on fruit quality. Among them, soil available Cu content was significantly positively correlated with MPF, FF, TSS, SS content and TSS/TA, and significantly positively correlated with Vc content and SS/TA value of fruit, but had no effect on TA content. The contents of soil available Ca and organic matter were extremely significantly positively correlated with MPF, FF and TSS, significantly positively correlated with SS content and TSS/TA, and had no significant influence on TA content, Vc content and SS/TA value. Rhizosphere pH was significantly positively correlated with MPF, FF, TSS content and TSS/TA value, significantly positively correlated with SS content, and had no significant influence on TA content, Vc content and SS/TA value. Soil available P content was extremely significantly negatively correlated with TA content in fruit, and significantly positively correlated with Vc content and SS/TA value, but had no significant effect on MPF, FF, TSS content, SS content and TSS/TA value (Table 4).
Table 4 Relationships between soil nutrients and the fruit quality of Shenzhou nane
Notes: *represents remarkable significance at p< 0.05 level; **represents remarkable significance at p< 0.01 level
1.4.2 Relationships between leaf nutrients and the fruit quality at different fruit development stages
The total N content in leaves during fruit expanding stage was extremely significantly positively correlated with the contents of MPF and TSS, and significantly positively correlated with FF. The total K content was significantly positively correlated with MPF. The total Ca content was significantly positively correlated with FF and TSS. The total Fe content was significantly positively correlated with Vc content. The total Zn content was significantly negatively correlated with TA content in fruit, and significantly positively correlated with SS/TA value. Other nutrients had no significant correlation with fruit quality indicators (Table 5; Table 6).
Table 5 Relationships between the leaf nutrients during fruit expanding stage and the fruit quality of Shenzhou nane
Table 6 Relationships between the leaf nutrients during fruit ripening stage and the fruit quality of Shenzhou nane
Notes: *represents remarkable significance at p< 0.05 level, **represents remarkable significance at p< 0.01 level
Compared with the fruit expanding stage, nutrient status in leaves during fruit ripening stage had a greater impact on fruit quality. Except that the total Mn content in leaves was not significantly correlated with each nutrient index, other nutrient indexes were significantly or extremely significantly correlated with one or some nutrient indexes. The total N content in leaves was significantly positively correlated with Vc content, TSS/TA and SS/TA values in fruits, significantly positively correlated with MPF, FF, TSS content and SS content in fruits, and significantly negatively correlated with TA content. The total P content in leaves was significantly negatively correlated with MPF and TSS content. The total K content in leaves was extremely significantly positively correlated with the MPF, FF, TSS content and TSS/TA value of fruits, and was significantly positively correlated with the SS content and Vc content of fruits. The contents of total Ca, total Mg, and total Fe in leaves were extremely significantly negatively correlated with TA content in fruits, but extremely significantly positively correlated with Vc content. The total Mg content in leaves was also extremely significantly positively correlated with SS/TA value and significantly positively correlated with TSS/TA value. The total Fe content in leaves was also significantly positively correlated with TSS/TA and SS/TA values. The total Cu content in leaves was extremely significantly positively correlated with MPF, FF, TSS content, SS content, TSS/TA and SS/TA values in fruits. The total Zn content in leaves was extremely significantly positively correlated with Vc content, TSS/TA and SS/TA values, significantly positively correlated with TSS content and SS content, and extremely significantly negatively correlated with TA content.
2 Discussion
This study found that the fruit quality of Shenzhou nane at different ages varied greatly. The MPF, TSS, SS, Vc content, and TSS/TA and SS/TA value of 10~12 year old fruit trees were the highest. The fruit quality of fruit trees with tree age over 20 years decreased significantly, and the tree age over 30 years was worse, that is, the fruit quality index decreased with the increase of tree age. This is consistent with previous studies in other fruits, such as the study found that Kinnow' mandarin fruit quality is the best when the tree age is moderate (Khalid et al., 2012), when the tree age is more than 20 years of apple fruit quality appear obvious degradation (Treder et al., 2010), single fruit weight and Vc content of Prunus salicina trees aged over 20 years decreased significantly (Wang et al., 2005).
Soil nutrients are very important for the growth and development of fruit trees. Appropriate soil pH is conducive to the absorption of mineral nutrition by fruit trees (Xie et al., 1997). Increasing soil organic matter content can improve soil physical and chemical properties, improve photosynthetic performance of apple (Malus domesica Borkh) trees, and then significantly affect fruit sugar and acid metabolism and fruit quality (Zhao, 2018). Appropriate application of fertilizer K, Ca, Cu, Zn can significantly improve the quality and storage resistance of Actinidia chinensis Planch, Prunus persica var. nectarina, Citrus maxima, and Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. cv. Shatian Yu (Wang et al., 2006; Li et al., 2010; Luo, 2010; Zhang et al., 2015). The results of this experiment showed that the soil in the orchards of Shengzhou nane production area was acidic or even strongly acidic, and the soil pH value decreased significantly with the increase of tree age. Similarly, Leng (2015) found that the pH value of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Ponkan orchard soil decreased with the increase of tree age. Orchard soil organic matter is lack, alkaline N is insufficient, available P, available Fe, available Mn, available Zn levels are higher. However, the contents of available K, available Ca, available Mg, available Cu and available Zn in rhizosphere soil of 38~40 year old fruit trees were insufficient. The difference of soil nutrient content may be mainly related to farmers' fertilization management. However, from the rhizosphere pH and nutrient content, the rhizosphere pH of 38~40 year old fruit trees decreased significantly, and all kinds of nutrient content were at a very low level, which was not conducive to the growth of fruit trees and was not suitable for continuous cultivation of Shengzhou nane. The results of correlation analysis showed that the fruit quality of Shengzhou nane was mainly affected by five soil nutrient indexes, such as available Cu content, available Ca content, rhizosphere pH value, organic matter content and available P content. Therefore, in order to ensure high yield and high quality of Shengzhou nane, orchard should pay attention to the combination of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, and appropriately increase the application amount of organic fertilizer. Attention should be paid to maintaining proper application of alkaline fertilizers such as Ca fertilizer to ensure soil Ca content and suitable rhizosphere soil pH, especially in orchards with older tree. Appropriate application of Cu fertilizer and P fertilizer, but it should be noted that the Cu is a kind of trace heavy metal, so it should be applied appropriately in production. Because Cheng (2018) found that excessive Cu in Guanxi pomelo orchard led to the accumulation of Cu in the fruit, which eventually led to the increase of TA content and granulation rate. In addition, the 38~40 year old fruit orchards were lack of nutrients except available P. It is suggested that all kinds of organic and inorganic fertilizers should be applied timely and reasonably.
The fruit development of Shengzhou nane is similar to peach and plum, which can be divided into three stages: fruit expanding stage, fruit growing stage and fruit ripening stage (Ma and Zhang, 2004). The volume and weight of young fruit increased rapidly during the fruit expanding stage, and the fruit grew faster. After the growing stage of core-hardening stage, the fruit enters the second rapid growth period, which is the fruit ripening stage. During this period, the dry weight of fruit grew fastest, and it was the peak period of flesh weight gain. Two fast long-term fruit physiological metabolism is active, nutrient demand is bigger. Therefore, to ensure yield and fruit quality, it is necessary to pay special attention to the nutrient supply of fruit during this period. Leaf is the most sensitive organ to mineral nutrition in the whole tree. Nutrient content in leaves significantly affects tree growth and final fruit yield and quality. Casero et al. (2004) found that the apple acidity was positively correlated with P and K content in leaves, and fruit hardness was positively correlated with Ca content in leaves. P content in leaves of Citrus unshiu was positively correlated with Vc content, and K content in leaves was negatively correlated with soluble solids and soluble sugar during flower bud differentiation (Zhang et al., 2010). Ling et al. (2012) found that the content of soluble solids in navel orange in southern Jiangxi province of China was negatively correlated with K content in leaves, and positively correlated with Mg and Zn content. The titratable acidity was positively correlated with N and Mn content in leaves.
The results of this study showed that the nutrient contents of Shengzhou nane leaves with different tree ages were significantly different from each other. There were significant differences in the same nutrient content of leaves with different tree ages during fruit expanding stage, but the nutrient content of leaves had no obvious tree age advantage. However, the nutrient content in leaves of 10~12 year old fruit trees was the highest, and there were significant differences among different tree ages. The correlation analysis results showed that only the five nutrient contents of total N, total K, total Ca, total Fe and total Zn in the leaves during fruit expanding stage were significantly correlated with one or more of the fruit quality indexes. However, in addition to the total Mn content in leaves had no significant correlation with each nutrient index during fruit ripening stage, the contents of other nutrient contents were positively correlated with one or more of the fruit quality indexes. The contents of total N, total K and total Cu had the greatest impact on fruit quality indicators. It suggested that the correlation between nutrients and fruit quality is not exactly the same at different developmental stages. Wang et al. (2013) also found that the N content in the leaves of Clausena lansium was significantly negatively correlated with the total acid content in the fruits at the flower bud differentiation stage, but there was no correlation between the N content in the leaves and the fruit quality during the fruit expending stage. In this study, compared with the fruit expending stage, nutrient content in leaves during fruit ripening stage had a greater impact on fruit quality. For example, most of the nutrient content in leaves during fruit ripening stage is the highest of 10~12 year old fruit trees, and fruit quality is the best in this age fruit trees. Based on the results of this experiment, it can be seen that the nutrient supply level of leaves during the fruit ripening stage of Shengzhou nane is very important to the fruit quality. In order to ensure the high yield and quality of Shengzhou nane, it is recommended to supplement all kinds of leaf nutrients in time, but the P content of leaves needs to be reasonably controlled.
3 Materials and Methods
3.1 Experimental materials and treatment
The experiment was conducted in Linge village, Jinting town, the main producing area of Shengzhou nane in Shengzhou City in 2019, and four orchard samples with stable yield with different tree ages were selected. The local meteorological conditions are as follows: latitude of 29.56°, longitude of 121.00°, annual average temperature of 16.8°C, precipitation of 1 325.5 mm, average evaporation of 892.6 mm, annual sunshine hours of 1 763.7 h, rainy days of 152.9 d, and average pressure of 1 004.5 P. The soil is weak acid sandy.
The tree ages of experimental fruit trees were 10~12 years (10~12a), 21~23 years (21~23a), 28~30 years (28~30a) and 38~40 years (38~40a), respectively. Three orchards were selected at each tree age stage, and the average spacing of fruit trees was 3 m×5 m. Three sampling plots were randomly selected in each orchard, and three healthy trees with consistent growth were selected in each plot. Soil samples at 0~40 cm soil layer was collected with auger boring at the root of each tree at the full flowering stage on March 25, and passed through a 2 mm sieve. After indoor air drying and grinding, the soil nutrient content was analyzed. The leaves during the two fruit expanding stages were taken on May 15 and June 15. Three healthy and complete functional leaves on the middle and upper healthy vegetative branches of periphery of crown were selected. After the leaves were washed with deionized water, petioles were removed, and de-enzyme at 105°C for 20 min, dried at 80°C to constant weight, crushed and screened, and the nutrient content was determined by sample analysis. When the fruit matures on July 22, 10 fruits with the same size in the middle and upper parts of the periphery of the crown were selected from each tree to analyze and determine the quality indexes of the fruit.
3.2 Items determination
Determination of fruit quality index: The single fruit weight was measured by one thousandth electronic balance, and the fruit hardness was measured by GY-1 fruit hardness meter. The longitudinal and transverse sections of the fruit were taken as samples cutting with stainless steel knife. The content of soluble solids was determined by digital saccharimeter. The titratable acid content was determined by NaOH neutralization titration. The soluble sugar content was determined by anthrone colorimetry (Miao et al., 2013).
Determination of soil nutrient index: Samples were prepared according to the method of Hao (2017). The pH value of soil after air drying was determined by pH meter potentiometric method, and the organic matter content was determined by potassium dichromate-sulfuric acid oxidation method. Alkaline N content was determined by alkali-diffusion method. The content of available P was determined by molybdenum-antimony anti-colorimetric method. The content of available Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn was determined by ICP-MS method.
Determination of leaf nutrient content: After the leaves were digested by sulfuric acid-hydrogen peroxide digestion method, the total N content was determined by distillation method, and the total P content was determined by vanadium molybdenum yellow colorimetry method. After HNO3-HClO4 digestion, the contents of total K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were determined by ICP-MS.
3.3 Data processing
The experimental data were the average of three replicates for each treatment, and SPSS 22.0 statistical software was used for statistical analysis.
GTR was the designer and director of this study, completed data analysis, paper writing and modification. YCT, WQH, and FYT participated in experimental design, experimental operation, experimental results analysis, part of the paper writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This study was supported by the Public Welfare Technology Application Research Project of Shaoxing (2018C20008), Public Welfare Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province (No.LGN20C150004), Project of Department of Education of Zhejiang Province (Y201839946).
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. Tianrong Guo
. Chongting Yang
. Qiuhan Wu
. Yetao Feng
. Shenzhou Nane ( Prunus Salicina Var. taoxingli )


HUNTINGTON BEACH — Eric Lo learned plenty about the character of his Huntington Beach High football team in just a few hours.
A week ago, the Oilers let a big one slip away at Newport Harbor. The setback stung for a day or so, Lo said, but the team went back to work and turned their focus to Los Alamitos. Friday on their home turf at Cap Sheue Field, they responded big-time and put last week's disappointment behind them with a 28-7 victory over the Griffins, ranked No. 4 in the CIF Southern Section Southwest Division.
The effort by the Oilers was stellar, and the win gave them the chance to play for an even bigger prize: the Sunset League championship.
Huntington can earn a share of the league title next week if it defeats Edison. The top-ranked Chargers remained alone in first place in league play by defeating Fountain Valley, 21-3, also Friday. The teams meet at 7 p.m. Nov. 2 at Cap Sheue Field.
The Oilers (5-4 overall, 3-1 league) share second place with Newport Harbor which next week goes on the road to face Los Alamitos. The Griffins are 2-2 in league and 6-3 overall and in fourth place.
"This is definitely a reflection of their character," Lo said of his squad. "We were down on Monday and talked about [the 20-17 loss to Newport]. Our backs were against the wall but the kids responded really well. We needed this, after that tough loss.
"Now, we get to play for a championship."
Huntington's defense was spectacular the entire game. The Oilers intercepted five passes, four off Los Al quarterback Cody Marshall, and held the Griffins to a season-low in points scored. Three of the interceptions came in the third quarter when the Oilers took control of the game.
Huntington's defense has held three league opponents to 10 or fewer points.
Quarterback Kai Ross threw touchdown passes to Wyatt Marlow and Marco Valenzuela, and the junior, who also starts at defensive back, put the game away with a 70-yard interception return for a touchdown to take the score to 28-7 with 2:27 left to play.
Ross stepped in front of Los Al receiver Kendall Brownlow at the Huntington 30-yard line to make the interception, and had nothing but an open field as he raced down the Los Al sideline untouched to the end zone.
"I'd been hearing them call that play all night, and I was ready when the ball came my way," Ross said.
Ross' theft ended a five-interception spree for Huntington which knocked off Los Al for the second straight year. Sophomore free safety Brayden McRae recorded the first pick late in the first half. Junior defensive back Tucker deCamp, senior lineman Sebastian Demartini, and McRae, again, had interceptions on each of Los Al's three possessions to start the second half.
"Turnovers were huge for us," Lo said. "No. 1 [Dashawn Gordon and No. 5 [Brownlow] are really athletic, and we wanted to get pressure on the quarterback [Marshall]. They got us a few times but our goal was to limit those big plays."
Huntington never trailed. The Oilers scored on their first possession when Bo Breunig scored on a 22-yard run. The senior running back broke off around left end and bowled over Griffins defensive back Derrick Worthy at the four, and plunged into the end zone. Marlow's conversion made it 7-0 with 8:43 left in the first quarter.
Los Al caught the Oilers on its ensuing drive when running back Richie Molina scored on a two-yard run. Marlow was just wide left on a 43-yard field goal attempt on Huntington's next possession, but he put the Oilers in front for good when the senior took in a seven-yard scoring pass from Ross. It put the Oilers up, 14-7, with 8:24 left in the half.
The Griffins looked as though they were moving in to tie the score again on their next drive. They moved from their own 19 down to the Huntington eight but on fourth-and-gold from the three, Oiler junior lineman Mathew Tavakoli and junior tackle Blake Harmon pressured Marshall who had to stop and force a jump pass into the end zone. It was intercepted by McRae with 3:31 left in the second quarter, and protected Huntington's lead at the half.
Behind the running of Breunig, Huntington went 66 yards on its first possession of the second half, to open up a 21-7 lead. Breunig ran six times during the 13-play drive which ended with a 15-yard touchdown pass from Ross to Valenzuela. The Oilers converted three third-down plays during the march.
Los Al had great field position at its own 42 after Huntington failed on an ensuing onside kick, but the Oilers got the ball right back one play later, when deCamp intercepted receiver Luke Pastell at the Huntington 25 on a pass off a reverse play. On Los Al's next possession, the Griffins again appeared to be headed for a score when they reached the Huntington 31. On first down, Demartini made a huge play when he picked off a Marshall screen pass, and then rambled his way for 49 yards before being taken down at the Los Al 30.
The Griffins, though, got the ball back five plays later when linebacker Matt Locher intercepted a screen pass by Ross and returned it 24 yards to the Los Al 41. Three plays later, the Griffins were at the Huntington 30 but on second down, Marshall's pass to the end zone was intercepted by McRae with five seconds left in the third quarter.
Senior lineman Milo Aviles and senior linebacker Jeff Wiederkehr also had outstanding games defensively for the Oilers.
Edison 21, Fountain Valley 3: Edison scored two touchdowns in the fourth quarter at Orange Coast College to pull away from Fountain Valley to win the Bell Game. In defeating their rival for the eighth straight year, the defending champion Chargers were able to clinch at least a share of the Sunset League title.
Quarterback Aleksander Torgersen threw a touchdown pass to receiver Marcus Stepanich and running back Marquis Ross ran for a score in the fourth quarter. It was the second TD pass for Torgersen who hit receiver Trevor Borkowski with a 39-yard scoring pass in the first quarter.
Edison, ranked No. 1 in the CIF Southern Section Southwest Division, improved to 4-0 in league and 8-0-1 overall. Fountain Valley fell to 0-4 in league and 3-6 overall.
St. Margaret's 51, Brethren Christian 14: The Tartans, ranked second in the East Valley Division, took sole possession of first place in the Academy League by handling the visiting Warriors.
Brethren Christian fell to 1-1 in league and 5-4 overall.


text:
Sondra est un genre d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Salticidae.

Distribution
Les espèces de ce genre sont endémiques d'Australie.

Liste des espèces
Selon  :
 Sondra aurea (L. Koch, 1880)
 Sondra bickeli Zabka, 2002
 Sondra bifurcata Wanless, 1988
 Sondra brindlei Zabka, 2002
 Sondra bulburin Wanless, 1988
 Sondra convoluta Wanless, 1988
 Sondra damocles Wanless, 1988
 Sondra excepta Wanless, 1988
 Sondra finlayensis Wanless, 1988
 Sondra littoralis Wanless, 1988
 Sondra nepenthicola Wanless, 1988
 Sondra raveni Wanless, 1988
 Sondra samambrayi Zabka, 2002
 Sondra tristicula (Simon, 1909)
 Sondra variabilis Wanless, 1988

Publication originale
 Wanless, 1988 : A revision of the spider group Astieae (Araneae: Salticidae) in the Australian region. New Zealand journal of zoology, , , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Salticidae
Genre d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique d'Australie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Your Fossil Sport smartwatch deserves your love, attention, and the promise to keep it well-preserved and looked after. Fossil pairs some pretty sturdy silicone straps with the Sport, but replacement straps for your smartwatch is always a good thing to have, whether for practical use, fashion, or something else entirely.
The TicWatch Pro is one hell of a product, but like most watches, the straps can get worn from time to time. It's a natural occurrence, but that doesn't stop it from being annoying. Fortunately, these straps can be replaced. Finding the right one for you may vary, but the best straps out there are one, adjustable, and two, made of the right material that won't leave you writing an angry review two weeks later after it's fallen to pieces.
Where can I find a Jaybird X4 replacement charger?
Filed Under: Android News by Android NewsPad — Comments Off on Where can I find a Jaybird X4 replacement charger?
Best answer: If you need a replacement charger for the Jaybird X4, you can buy one directly from Jaybird for just $ 5.


text:
Maduro says that thousands of Venezuelan immigrants return to the country after their call
Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro said today that at least 7,000 of his compatriots have returned to their country after asking them to return and again denied that there is a migrant crisis despite the UN estimates that 2.3 million people have left Venezuela fleeing of the crisis.
"A few thousand left and I barely made a call: 'Return to the homeland,' they are all coming back," Maduro said in an act broadcast on a mandatory radio and television station.
According to the president, "desperate" Venezuelans have returned from Peru, Colombia, Brazil and Ecuador, burdened by alleged acts of xenophobia and the appalling working conditions they found in these countries.
He also said that he will reinforce with more resources the plan to promote the return of Venezuelans to his country, a program that was activated last month and that subsidizes airline or bus tickets for those who wish to return.
"I am going to guarantee your bus or plane to return to the country and definitively dismantle the psychological warfare campaigns that, through the channels of migratory lies, seek intervention from Venezuela," he added.
According to Maduro, it is "impossible" that more than 2 million Venezuelans have left their country in recent years because the rates of schooling and consumption have increased.
"We have set up a psychological war and have made the world and many Venezuelans believe that 2 million were really gone, please, my God, it is impossible," he said.
According to the UN, 2.3 million Venezuelans have been forced to leave their country in the face of the socio-political and economic crisis that their country is going through, which is expressed in scarcity and hyperinflation.
Of them, close to one million have settled in Colombia, a country that 35,000 Venezuelans cross every day, many in search of essential goods and others to emigrate permanently.
The Venezuelan government has rejected these data, and said at the end of last September that it will request economic compensation for the millions of immigrants from several countries of the region residing in its territory.
Tags: called, come back, immigrants, mature, Venezuelans
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resistance to disease, and weakened you: the vertebral subluxation complex.
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Dr. Foster will be out of the office Thursday 3/14/19.
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text:
Schumanesque transformation - Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto, new light from a new edition
Labels: cd review
Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 1 1879 version, Prokofiev Piano Concerto No. 2; Gerstein, Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, Gaffigan; Myrios
Reviewed by Robert Hugill on Mar 28 2015
A first outing for the new edition of Tchaikovsky's own edition of the famous concerto
It wasn't unusual in the 19th century for the solo part in a concerto to be edited to a certain extent by the virtuoso for whom it was written (Brahms's friend Joachim provided advice for the violin concerto Brahms was writing). But Tchaikovsky's First Piano Concerto was premiered in 1875 by Hans von Bulow, who was enthusiastic about the piece and it had its first Russian performance that year with Nikolai Rubinstein (who had been initially dismissive of the work) conducting Sergey Taneev. Shortly after this, Tchaikovsky made some revisions and this version was printed by his publisher P.Jurgenson in 1879. This was the version that Tchaikovsky performed for most of his life. But in 1894, after Tchaikovsky's death a third edition was produced and printed, and it is this version which is has traditionally become known as Tchaikovsky's First Piano Concerto.
It is not certain who edited the concerto for the 1894 edition, but it seems to have been Tchaikovsky's pupil Alexander Siloti, who claimed in a 1929 interview to have spoken to the composer about the revisions, notably the changes to the famous chords in the opening piano sequence. As I have said, changes to concertos by virtuoso was relatively commonplace, and the early printings of the score from 1879 were rare, so it is the 1894 edition which became accepted. There is no documentary evidence for the changes, they just appear in 1894 out of nowhere, and by contrast in 1912 Sergey Taneev (who not only played it but helped in the preparation and copying of the score) expressed disbelief.
Perhaps the reason for the popularly of the 1894 edition is the character change which Siloti's edition has wrought on the work, because in the famous opening Tchaikovsky did not write chords but arpeggiated passages, and this has a general effect on dynamics and general feel. What Tchaikovsky wrote is subtler, and far less combative, and much more Schumanesque. Siloti's changes have moved the concerto a little closer to the combative model of concerto rather beloved of the 19th century composers (piano v. orchestra) whilst Tchaikovsky has written something richer and more poetic.
Kirill Gerstein - photo Marco Borggreve
Now a new edition critical edition of the 1879 score has been produced which allows us to hear it, including the original opening and a reversing of all the other little cuts and alterations (the range of the final restatement of the finale's secondary theme is changed and there is a cut in the development of the third movement). In fact the new edition from the Tchaikovsky Museum and Archive includes both the 1875 and 1879 editions, so we have the possibility of hearing the very first version.
The first recording of the new edition has been made by pianist Kirill Gerstein with James Gaffigan conducting the Deutches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin. Gerstein and Gaffigan couple Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto no. 1, Op.23 (CW53) in its 1879 version, with Sergey Prokofiev's Piano Concerto No. 2 in G minor, Op 16 on the Myrios Classics label.
The performance is capable and fascinating. The biggest change that everyone will hear is the opening, with the heavy chords now spread and the resulting texture rather lighter and less insistent, less bombastic. This is reflected in the whole concerto, and to a certain extent I think that Gerstein and Gaffigan's performance has involved a re-thinking of the concerto, a process that will be on-going. If the opening is less bombastic, then what follows must inevitably change and the extra notes help this. The result has the potential to be richly rewarding.
However I think that Gerstein and Gaffigan have gone a little too far and the result has a feeling of cool efficiency, in fact the general tenor of the concerto rather matches their performance of Prokofiev's work. And for me, they miss the feel of a great romantic concerto, and time and again Gerstein does not seem to want to give us richly shaped melodies, recognising that he is playing some of the greatest melodies, and that the work is still a major romantic concerto, more so in this edition perhaps. What we have is something which has a certain cool distance. For me the performance is admirable rather than loveable. Though Gerstein and Gaffigan have got in first, I am sure that others will come after in other interpretations. And, of course, now that we have the correct score what it would be lovely to hear would be a period instrument version. I would really like to know how the changed balance works with a late 19th century piano, gut strings and narrow bore wind.
Don't expect this new edition to suddenly appear everywhere, after all it will require pianist to learn it and conductors to champion it. It will also require performing groups to acquire new, expensive in copyright, copies of a work which is generally out of copyright. It will probably take a couple of major pianists championing it, so watch this space.
Gerstein and Gaffigan's approach reaps rich rewards in the Prokofiev, and if their performance of the big name work in the disc is only in the interesting, their account of the coupling is white hot. This is simply a terrific performance of Prokofiev's concerto and it makes the disc well worth acquiring. Prokofiev's Piano Concerto No. 2 was written in 1913, and arose partly out of his studying of previous Russian piano concertos arising because his first concerto had been criticised for its superficial brilliance.
So here Prokofiev combines real power with a heightened sense of emotion, and Gerstein and Gaffigan really bring this out. Hear we really do feel the sense and power of the work, and Gerstein gives the feeling of having performed the piece white hot in one sitting.
Gerstein's own article in the CD booklet is wonderfully full of detail about both concertos, and clearly Gerstein has taken a real musicological interest in the problems with editions of the Tchaikovsky.
Piotry Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) - Piano Concerto No. 1 in B flat minor, Op.23 (CW53) 1879 edition (1875/79) [34.04]
Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (1891-1953) - Piano Concerto No.2 in G minor, Op.16 (1913/1923) [31.36]
Kirill Gerstein (piano)
Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin
James Gaffigan (conductor)
MYRIOS CLASSICS MYR016 1CD [65.25]
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Worth Avenue retailers recently rolled out summer deals they hope will boost business during the slower off-season months.
The Worth Avenue Association's "Worth the Drive" campaign includes food, salon/spa, hotel and shopping promotions. It runs Wednesday through August 1.
Association General Manager Robin Miller estimates traffic is down by as much as 50 percent during the summer. She said the association began spending more time and resources on summer initiatives about five years ago.
The campaign markets the iconic luxury shopping street as affordable, plus it also focuses "on how accessible Worth Avenue can be during the summer months," said Kristen Noffsinger, senior vice president with Luxury PR Group, the Avenue's marketing agency.
Herring said the campaign targets visitors from the north and south, and from the west coast. "Summer is a great time to come and experience Worth Avenue because almost everyone has sales and parking isn't an issue," she said.
Features a three-course prix fixe lunch for $20.16. Participating restaurants include Bice, Ta-boó, Brandon's at the Tideline Ocean Resort & Spa, Café Boulud at the Brazilian Court, The Leopard Lounge at The Chesterfield, Pizza Al Fresco and Café Via Flora.
"Pre-happy hour" shopping discounts from 3 to 5 p.m. Tuesdays, including a glass of wine or champagne.
* 10 percent off sales at Escada, Marley's Palm Beach Collection, Sherry Frankel's Melangerie, Tamara Comolli, Shari's Place, Kiosk Palm Beach, Golfino, Roberta Roller Rabbit and Max Mara.
* 15 percent off sales at J.McLaughlin, Calypso St. Barth and Kate Spade.
* 40 percent off spring wear and 60 percent off resort wear at St. John.
* Frank Cassi Beauty: Phyto conditioning treatment with blowout for $40.16 from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday; pre-lunch blowout and style for $20.16 from 10 a.m. to noon Tuesday through Saturday. Call 833-7883.
* Tideline Spa: Tropical Bliss & Bubbles pedicure for $40.16. Includes exfoliating and hydrating fruit blend of coconut and mango. Includes complimentary valet parking and champagne. Call 540-6459 or see tidelineresort.com/palm-beach-spa.
* Palm Beach Historic Inn: Room discount of 20.16 percent and parking and pet fees reduced to $20.16. Additional 10 percent off for advance payment. Offer valid through October. Call 832-4009.
* The Brazilian Court: $169 per night for Worth Avenue friends and family. Promotion only applies to new reservations. Call 655-7740.
* Eau Palm Beach Resort & Spa: $199 per night for Florida residents. Third night free for oceanfront reservations. Call 888-306-4894.


In this series of short blogs, we look at how Infinity impacts our own day-to-day lives, as well as those of some of our customers. Alex Worth has worked in Digital Marketing on both client and agency side for over 12 years, and is currently Infinity's Senior Digital Marketing Manager.
Having worked at Infinity since its inception, I am passionate about having smart insights as a sidekick that empowers my ideas and skills to go further. Not simply gathering data for the sake of it, but capturing and using what's relevant to my role and embedding it into my daily activities.
Making sure our search activity is fully optimised and capturing the most relevant traffic is something that requires regular monitoring. Doing this properly requires full visibility of how prospects act after they first click on a keyword, and not losing sight of what happened once they pick up the phone to talk to us.
You can't build a strategy using half-complete data. A lot of the PPC keywords I use are generic terms that people search when they are in their initial research phase. I do this because Infinity has proven to me that these are keywords people often find us with, before calling us up to discuss making a purchase on a future visit. These precise keywords that convert are the holy grail of PPC marketing.
If I didn't have this level of long-term insight, I might switch off these first-touch clicks in favour of ones that convert people who are already further down the funnel. In doing so, I would be cutting off touch-points that make valuable assists in converting, decreasing our results over time.
We constantly have an active mix of paid social campaigns going across different social channels, and monitoring their performance is something I do daily. But what Infinity adds is the ability to see precisely which social channel (and even which specific post) has led to clicks from people who went on to become customers.
In the last week alone, I've identified new customers who recently clicked on content that we had shared on Twitter before calling us. This is fed back to other areas of the marketing team to know what's connecting with the most relevant audience to us.
Display is about more than clicks alone, it's a digital billboard that's building brand recognition and awareness. If this wider awareness strategy is done successfully, we jump the queue in a prospect's mind when they're considering how to improve their digital optimisation, streamline contact centres, improve sales conversions, or tackle another problem that we are a solution for.
When assessing how our display ads are performing, I consult the results in Infinity to see which of our prospects saw our ads before converting, and how the impressions influenced their buying decision. When I notice a strong correlation between a particular advert and its viewers converting, I increase our investment in it and look to see what aspects are replicable.
Do you want to get the edge with your digital marketing too? These are only a handful of the benefits we offer, start a conversation with Infinity today to see what we bring to your table.
If you're interested in seeing how Infinity is used by other roles, see our blogs on a day in the life of an Infinity sales manager and an SVP of customer success.
What do other digital marketers think?
"Infinity is certainly a step up from our previous partner, with greater data detail and potential that is already driving our business forward. Catering to our growing and more complex needs with a tailored and customisable package. But the real stand out and key difference is the customer service - we have a dedicated account manager that has given great support and understanding and has enabled us to maintain and meet our nimble and flexible requirements. Recommended."
"Knowing where our return on advertising spend is working best is a truly beneficial insight and has become one of our most vital metrics."


IAG, CSIRO's Data61 and The University of Sydney today announced the creation of Gradient Institute. The Institute will be an independent not-for-profit organisation founded to research the ethics of artificial intelligence(AI) and develop ethical AI-based systems that will provide better outcomes for individuals and society as a whole.
The focus for the Institute will be to create a 'world where all systems behave ethically'. This will be done not just through research, but also through practice, policy advocacy, public awareness and training people in ethical development and use of AI.
The Institute will use research findings to create open source ethical AI tools that can be adopted and adapted by business and government.
Leading the Institute as CEO will be Bill Simpson-Young, following a transition from Director of Engineering and Design at CSIRO's Data61. He will lead in partnership with Dr Tiberio Caetano, Co-founder and Chief Scientist at Ambiata, a wholly owned subsidiary of IAG, who will direct the Institute's research into ethical AI as Chief Scientist.
Mr Simpson-Young said artificial intelligence today poses a challenge and an opportunity to discover which design choices for AI will lead to positive outcomes for people and society.
"Artificial Intelligence learns from data and data reflects the past – at the Gradient Institute we want the future to be better than the past. By embedding ethics into AI, we believe we will be able to choose ways to avoid the mistakes of the past by creating better outcomes through ethically-aware machine learning.
"For example, in recruitment when automated systems use historical data to guide decision making they can bias against subgroups who have historically been underrepresented in certain occupations.
"By embedding ethics in the creation of AI we can mitigate these biases which are evident today in industries like retail, telecommunications and financial services," Mr Simpson-Young said.
Julie Batch, Chief Customer Officer at IAG, Australia's largest general insurer, said being lead partner of Gradient Institute reflects IAG's focus on embracing innovation to create better customer experiences.
"Leaning into the challenges and opportunities of AI requires considered thinking about fairness and equality. No government or business can do this alone. We need to work together across sector and we need to do this with urgency, which is why we're proud to be founding partners with two of Australia's strongest science and academic leaders - Data61 and University of Sydney.
"Ethical AI will improve trust in how automated machines make decisions. IAG hopes to be an early adopter of the techniques and tools the Institute develops so we can provide better experiences for our customers," Ms. Batch said.
Adrian Turner, CEO of CSIRO's Data61, the digital innovation arm of Australia's national science agency, said Gradient Institute is an important step, as AI and machine learning will impact society and every sector of Australia's economy.
"As AI becomes more widely adopted, it's critical to ensure technologies are developed with ethical considerations in mind. We need to get this right as a country, to reap the benefits of AI from productivity gains to new-to-the-world value.
"We are pleased to be a founding partner of Gradient Institute, which combines some of the country's greatest minds in AI. This is a great example of Data61's national network model, operating with porous organisational boundaries to help bring coherence and accelerated, national-scale outcomes for data-related research challenges, for the benefit of Australia," Mr Turner said.
Professor Duncan Ivison, Deputy Vice Chancellor, The University of Sydney said there is a need to build an ethical framework for AI that combines deep knowledge of the technological possibilities and limits of artificial intelligence, but also ensures it is primarily shaped by human needs and interests.
"Research intensive universities like the University of Sydney – who are able to draw on their deep intellectual resources across the sciences, engineering, humanities and social sciences – are well placed to work collaboratively with government, industry and community groups to achieve this approach.
"We need to collaborate, critique each other and engage the community to tackle what is emerging as one of the great ethical challenges of our time," Professor Ivison said.
Gradient Institute is an independent, not-for-profit organisation founded to accelerate the ethical progress of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based systems. The Institute works towards a vision for a 'world where all systems behave ethically'. Gradient Institute is supported by founding partners IAG, Australia's largest general insurer, CSIRO's Data61 and University of Sydney.
At NeurIPS Conference in Montreal we confirmed the proposed creation of the Gradient Institute. Based in Australia, the Institute will be an independent not-for-profit focused on research and development of ethical artificial intelligence. The vision for the Institute is to create a 'world where all systems behave ethically'. IAG, Australia's largest general insurer, will join CSIRO's Data61 and The University of Sydney as founding partners supporting the pursuit of ethical AI based systems that will provide better outcomes for individuals and society as a whole.
The Institute has appointed Bill Simpson-Young, former Director of Engineering and Design at CSIRO's Data61 as CEO. He will lead in partnership with Dr Tiberio Caetano, co-founder and Chief Scientist at Ambiata, who will direct the Institute's research.
We will officially launch the Institute in the coming months. We will also share more information and details of the Institute's first whitepaper in the next few months.