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XXII Congresso Latino-Americano de Avicultura 2011
Alternatives to growth promoters
Strategies for finding alternatives to growth promoters
Author/s : Peter Ferket (Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University)
Gut health may be of greatest concern among poultry producers because of its impact on economic sustainability, and their customers' concern about food safety and traceability. Gut health and nutrition are intricately dependent upon one another and it is often difficult to distinguish which one is the predisposing factor. To resolve gut health problems, one must first be able to identify the nature of a gut health problem and understand the fundamentals and modifiers of enteric development. A healthy gut is one that has a stable and diverse microbial ecosystem. Indeed, diet formulation, feed additives, and feed form must be considered regarding how they affect the colonization of enteric pathogens. Structural properties of the feed that stimulate gizzard motility has been demonstrated to promote reverse peristalsis, thereby improving the foregut digestion of proteins, fat, and starches leaving little for competitive microbiota to thrive. In contrast, viscous non-starch polysaccharides that impede reverse peristalsis and digestion of protein, fat, and starches in the foregut of poultry will cause the competitive microbiota (pathogens) to thrive. Strategic use of different feed additives can be used to stabilize the enteric ecosystem. These enteric conditioning feed additives include antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotic non-starch polysaccharides, essential oils, organic acids and short-chain fatty acids, and mananoligosaccharide derivatives of yeast cell wall, and microbial enzymes. Understanding the mode of action of these feed additives is necessary to design compatible feed additive programs to control gut health.
Gut health has a great influence on the growth performance and welfare of poultry, as it affects feed digestion, nutrient absorption, protein and energy utilization, immunity and disease resistance, metabolism, and physiology. Indeed, gut health may be of greatest concern among poultry producers because of its impact on economic sustainability, and their customers´ concern about food safety and traceability. Gut health and nutrition are intricately dependent upon one another. Optimum dietary nutrient utilization cannot be realized unless the gut is in a healthy state.
Traditionally, intestinal health has been largely dependent on prophylactic and therapeutic uses of antibiotics. However, the voluntary or legislated limits on the use of antibacterial feed additives for poultry are requiring changes in the methods to maintain good intestinal health. Today, the focus needs to be on earlier establishment of immunity and intestinal integrity if birds are to reach their maximum potential for growth and feed efficiency. In modern broilers, attention to the first weeks of life is critical to achieve the best possible performance later. High quality nutrients provided early in life are needed to ensure the development of immunity, microbial intestinal maturity and proper tissue building in the intestinal tract. Therefore, understanding the role of feed formulation to optimize gut development and health is vital for achieving future sustainability and for improving the efficiency and environmental acceptability of poultry production. The objective of this paper is to review nutritional strategies to optimize gut development and health and control pathogen colonization with emphasis on potential natural alternatives to antibiotics.
The Microbial Ecosystem of the Avian Gut
Finding alternatives to antibiotics to control gut health can be more easily understood if one considers it from an ecological perspective. It has much to do with maintaining a stable ecosystem in the hindgut for symbiotic bacteria to flourish rather than allow conditions that favor the proliferation of pathogenic or competitive microbes. Birds can harbor an extensive and diverse microflora throughout the digestive tract, but they are mainly hind-gut fermenters, accommodating large numbers of different microbes in the ceca. The microorganisms in the intestinal tract become attached to mucosal surfaces or food particles, or they remain free-living in the lumen. Micro-communities in different parts of the tract develop only after the successive establishment of some types of organisms and a decline of others, which characterize symbioses (Hentschel et al., 2000). In poultry, bacterial populations resembling those of adult small intestine are present within two weeks of hatching, but it takes 30 or more days in the ceca to develop a stable and dynamic population (Barnes et al., 1972). The slow rate of development appears to be due to the highly sanitized hatching and rearing conditions, the lack of contact with the mother hen, and the use of antimicrobial feed additives commonly used in commercial poultry production.
Good gut motility is necessary for proper food digestion, nutrient absorption, and maintaining a healthy gut ecosysem. Textural properties of feed (fiber content, particle size, and particle integrity) are important for proper gizzard musculature and motility. The gizzard is the "pace-maker" of normal gut motility in birds (Duke, 1994). Unlike mammals, vigorous gut refluxes (reverse peristalsis) are normal in birds as an adaptation to compensate for a short intestine. The refluxes serve to re-expose intestinal digesta to gastric secretions, vigorously mix digesta with enzymes to enhance digestion, enhance nutrient absorption over a short segment of the gut, and discourage microbial proliferation that may cause disease or compete for nutrients. Enteric disorders, such as diarrhea, swollen proventriculus, and gizzard erosionmay be partially a consequence of dysfunctional gut motility associated with processed feed characteristics. The primary objective of modern feed manufacturing (grinding, post-mix grinding, steam conditioning, expansion, and pelletizing) is to reduce the bird´´´´s "work" of feed prehension and enhance digestion for the sake of maximizing feed conversion efficiency. Although all this mechanical work invested into processing feed reduces the work load of the gizzard to grind the ingested food, it also leads to atrophy and malfunction of the gizzard and associated gut motility (Cumming, 1994). Poor peptic digestion by pepsin in the gizzard will result in less efficient peptic digestion by trypsin and chymotrypsin in the duodenum. Consequently, more undigested proteins end up in the hindgut where they are subject to microbial fermentation. Poor protein digestibility will cause an undesirable shift in the hindgut microflora towards proteolytic and pathogenic bacteria.
Dietary Effects on Intestinal Microflora
Several strategies have been proposed as a means to manage intestinal microflora and gut health through diet formulation. Growth-promoting antibiotics (AGP) work in part by decreasing the microbial load in the intestinal tract, resulting in a reduction in energy and protein required to maintain and nourish the intestinal tissues; thus, more nutrients are partitioning toward growth and production. In contrast, most "natural" feed additives do not reduce overall microbial loads, but they alter the intestinal microflora profile by limiting the colonization of unfavorable bacteria and promote the activity or growth of more favorable species. AGP alternatives modulate gut health by several possible mechanisms: altering intestinal pH; maintaining protective intestinal mucins; selection for beneficial intestinal organisms or against pathogens; enhancing the fermentation volatile short-chain fatty acids; enhancing nutrient uptake; and increasing the humeral immune response (Ferket, 2003). Although there is growing scientific support for many of these antibiotic replacements (Yang et al., 2009), the claim of efficacy is in many cases inadequately substantiated (Rosen, 2003). The search has been for a single intervention or product to replace antibiotics, and this has shown to be less efficient than a multi-factorial approach (Collett, 2004). A number of options are available for enhancing the performance of poultry in the absence of specific feed-additive antibiotics. However, an alternative strategy or program must yield comparable economic return, and production efficiency must be sustainable if it is to be accepted for commercial use.
Probiotics: A probiotic (direct-fed microbial) is defined as "a live microbial feed supplement that beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance" (Fuller, 1989). Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species have been used most extensively in humans, whereas species of Bacillus, Enterococcus, and Saccharomyces yeast have been the most common organisms used in livestock (Salminen et al., 1998). These symbiotic microorganisms competitively exclude (Nurmi and Rantala, 1973) pathogenic microorganisms by the following possible mechanisms: 1) lowering the pH through production of fermentation acids; 2) competing for mucosal attachment and available nutrients; 3) producing bacteriocins; 4) stimulating the gut associated immune system through cell wall components (Nousiainen and Setala, 1998); and 5) increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, which have bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties (Fuller, 1977) and stimulate intraepithelial lymphocytes, and natural killer cells (Ishizuka and Tanaka, 2002; Ishizuka et al., 2004).
Probiotics have some disadvantages in comparison to other modulators of enteric microflora (Fooks et al., 1999; Isolauri et al., 2004). Relatively few species of microorganisms can be considered for use in probiotics products due to their limited knowledge of culturability and required conditions for application and storage, such as extreme anaerobiosis. Probiotics have a short shelf-life and most are labile to excessive heat and pressure during feed processing. Some probiotic microorganisms may be reduced or eliminated by the low pH in the gizzard, and thus have little effect in the lower intestinal tract where pathogens pose problems. If a probiotic is added to the drinking water, the chlorine sanitizer may adversely affect its survivability. Acidification would be a better sanitizer than chlorine when delivering a probiotic via the drinking water.
Herbs, spices and essential oils have been used to make human foods more appetizing for centuries, and many of them are recognized for their health benefits. Essential oils have long been recognized for their anti-microbial activity (Lee et al., 2004a), and they have gained much attention for their potential as alternatives to antibiotics. Lee and Ahn (1998) found that cinnamaldehyde, derived from the cinnamon essential oil, strongly inhibit Clostridium perfringens and Bacteroides fragilis in vitro, and moderately inhibit Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus acidophilus isolated from human. Also, a wide range of in-vitro anti-microbial activities of essential oils derived from cinnamon, thyme and oregano have been published (Deans and Ritchie, 1987; Lee et al., 2004a). Although the exact anti-microbial mechanism of essential oils is poorly understood, it may be associated with their lipophilic property and chemical structure (Lee et al., 2004b).
Helander et al. (1998) investigated how two isomeric phenols, carvacrol and thymol, and the phenylpropanoid, cinnamaldehyde, exert their antibacterial effects on E. coli O157 and S. Typhimurium. Both carvacrol and thymol disintegrated the membrane of bacteria, leading to the release of membrane-associated materials from the cells to the external medium. Conversely, cinnamaldehyde exhibited its antibacterial activity due to its lipophilicity of terpenoids and phenylpropanoids, which can penetrate the membrane and reach the inner part of the cell and impair bacterial enzyme systems. Therefore, these plant-based phenolic compounds have antimicrobial effects similar to antibiotic compounds produced by fungi. As with antibiotics, continued use of these plant-based antimicrobials may result in the development of resistance in some pathogenic bacteria (Lee et al., 2004a). However, more research is necessary to confirm this risk. To be as effective as growth promoters, these herbal antimicrobial compounds must be supplemented to the feed in a more concentrated form than found in their natural state, which will increase usage costs.
Acidifiers and organic acids have been used for decades in feed preservation, protecting feed from microbial and fungal destruction or to increase the preservation effect of fermented feeds (e.g. silages). Because organic acids have strong bacteriostatic effects, they have been used as Salmonella-control agents in feed and water supplies for livestock and poultry (Ricke, 2003). The most common organic acids in animal nutrition are citric acid, propionic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, formic acid and benzoic acid. Additionally, some other available acidifiers and organic acids have been shown to have some antimicrobial activity (Russell, 1992). The antibacterial activity of organic acids is related to the reduction of pH, as well as their ability to dissociate and easily enter the microbial cell by both passive and carrier-mediated transport mechanisms. Once in the cell, the organic acid releases the proton H+ in the more alkaline environment, resulting in a decrease of intracellular pH. This hinders microbial metabolism by inhibiting the action of important microbial enzymes and forces the bacterial cell to use energy to export the excess of protons H+, ultimately resulting death by starvation. In the same matter, the protons H+ can denature bacterial acid sensitive proteins and DNA. Generally lactic acid bacteria are able to grow at relatively low pH, which means that they are more resistant to organic acids than more pathogenic species. Lactic acid bacteria, like other Gram-positive bacteria, have a high intracellular potassium concentration, which counteracts acid anions (Russell and Diez-Gonzalez, 1998). The use of organic acids has not gained as much attention in poultry production, partly because limited positive responses in weight gain and FCR (Langhout, 2000). However, Vogt et al. (1982) reported a positive influence on either FCR or growth performance by dietary supplementation of fumaric acid, propionic acid, sorbic acid and tartaric acid in broiler diets. Dietary supplementation of coated sodium butyrate was also found enhance growth performance of broilers, attributed to better mucosal development (Malheiros and Ferket, 2010).
Prebiotics are dietary components that are not digested by the host, but they benefit the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the gut, predominantly those that produce short-chain fatty acids. Prebiotics have several advantages over probiotics where culture viability needs to be maintained. Prebiotics has been shown to stimulate enteric colonization of unculturable bacteria (Rastall et al., 2005; Konstantinov et al., 2003) that discourage the colonization of enteric pathogens, and they have the advantage of being more stable to the heat and pressure incurred during feed processing. Any feed ingredient that enters the large intestine is a potential prebiotic, but it must be fermented by microorganisms that benefit the host to be effective (Lan, 2004). Most current attention and successes have been derived using non-digestible oligosaccharides, especially those that contain fructose, xylose, galactose, glucose and mannose (Gibson, 1998). Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are preferentially utilizable by Bifidobacteria (Yazawa et al., 1978) and other lactic acid-producing bacteria that modulate gut associated immune function (Swanson, 2002; Manning and Gibson, 2004). The dominant prebiotics are fructooligosaccharide products (FOS, oligofructose, and inulin). However, trans-galactooligosaccharides, glucooligosaccharides, glycooligosaccharides, lactulose, lactitol, maltooligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides, stachyose, raffinose, and sucrose thermal oligosaccharides have also been investigated (Monsan and Paul, 1995; Orban et al., 1997; Patterson et al., 1997; Piva, 1998; Collins and Gibson, 1999).
Some structural carbohydrate components of NSP have been used for many years in poultry diets as fiber of one kind or another, and they have been studied as potential prebiotics. Rafinose (galactooligosaccharides) can modify the colonic microflora by lowering some Gram-negative bacteria, such as coliforms, and increasing potentially health-promoting bacteria, such as bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus (Matteuzzi et al., 2004). Galactomannan from partially hydrolyzed guar gum has been reported to reduce diarrhea (Takahashi et al., 1993) and improve intestinal microflora (Okubo et al., 1994). Galactomannans also can suppress the colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in vitro (Oyofo et al., 1989) and Salmonella enteritidis in laying hens (Ishihara et al., 2000). Besides its effect on microbial fermentation, arabinoxylan has also been shown to activate a macrophage cell line in the broiler intestine and thus decrease the enteric pathogen colonization (Zhang et al., 2004).
Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) is derived from mannans on yeast cell surfaces and is not used as a substrate in microbial fermentation; but, it still exerts significant growth-promoting effect by enhancing the animal´´´´s resistance to enteric pathogens. Based on the literature, MOS enhances an animal´´´´s resistance to enteric disease and promotes growth by the following means: 1) inhibits colonization of enteric pathogens by blocking bacterial adhesion to gut lining; 2) enhances immunity; 3) modifies microflora fermentation to favor nutrient availability for the host; 4) enhances the brush border mucin barrier; and 5) reduces enterocyte turnover rate. MOS act as high affinity ligands, offering a competitive binding site for a certain class of bacteria (Ofek et al., 1977). Gram-negative pathogens with the mannose-specific Type-1 fimbrae attach to the MOS instead of attaching to intestinal epithelial cells and they move through the gut without colonization. Spring et al. (2000) observed five of seven strains of E. coli and 7 of 10 strains of Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidis agglutinated MOS and Sac. cerevisiae cells. However, strains of S. choleraecuis, S. pullorum, and Campylobacter did not lead to agglutination. Although MOS does not bind clostridia, it does reduce clostridia numbers in some trials, possibly by enhancing the mucin barrier or stimulating gut-associated immunity.
MOS has been shown to have a positive influence on humoral immunity and immunoglobulin status. Good immune response is a metabolically more efficient means to resist disease than an active inflammatory response (Humphrey et al., 2000). Savage et al. (1996) reported an increase in plasma IgG and bile IgA in poults fed diets supplemented with MOS. An increase in antibody response to MOS is expected because of the ability of the immune system to react to foreign antigenic material of microbial origin. Portions of the cell wall structure and MOS of the Saccharomyces organism has been shown to highly antigenic (Ballou, 1970). MOS can enhance humoral immunity against specific pathogens by preventing the colonization leading to disease, yet allowing them to be presented to immune cells as attenuated antigens. Indeed as MOS facilitates the secretion of IgA into the gut mucosa layer, pathogenic agents become more labile to the phagocytic action of gut-associated lymphocytes.
All animals reared under commercial field conditions are subjected to immunological stress depending on the pathogen load in their environment and the vaccination program. The release in cytokines associated with inflammation and the innate immune response results in fever (which reduces appetite), causes the mobilization of body reserves (glucose, aminoacids, and minerals) away from liver, muscle and bone, suppresses nutrient absorption in the gut, and increases body fluid losses as diuresis and diarrhea. The positive growth-performance effects observed among animals fed MOS may be partly due to its effect on acute immunological stress. Although MOS may enhance humoral immunity, there is some evidence that it may suppress the pro-inflammatory immune response that is detrimental to growth and production (Ferket, 2002). Under commercial conditions where birds are subjected to chronic immunological stress, MOS may help reduce the pro-inflammatory response and associated depression in feed intake and growth. The beneficial effects of dietary MOS on the gut microflora, nutrient utilization, and growth performance may also be associated with changes in brush border morphology and how it influences enteric disease resistance. Ferket (2002) reported dietary supplementation of MOS had a significant effect on intestinal villi morphology of turkey poults in comparison to those fed non-medicated control or virginiamycin-supplemented diets. Dietary MOS supplementation significantly increased villi height:crypt depth ratio and increased the number and size of the goblet cells relative to villus height. The mucus gel layer coating the surface of the intestinal epithelium is the first barrier to enteric infection against enteric pathogens. Dietary Enzyme Supplementation:
Dietary enzyme supplementation has become a standard practice in the poultry industry, largely driving by the rising feed ingredient costs, particularly sources of dietary phosphorus, energy, and protein. Increasing use of grain and oilseed processing co-products that have lower nutrient digestibility has also created greater incentives for use of supplemental enzymes, especially in feeds that are not supplemented with pharmaceutical antimicrobial feed additives. Supplemental enzymes in the feed are used to achieve one or all the following objectives: (a) increase the animal´´´´s own supply (Schaible, 1970); (b) alleviate the adverse effects of antinutritional factors, such as arabinoxylans, b-glucans, etc; (c) render certain nutrients more available for absorption and enhance the energy value of feed ingredients (Classen and Bedford, 1991; Lyons, 1993), and (d) modulate intestinal microflora to a healthier state (Engberg et al., 2004).
The major enzymes used in animal feeds are hydrolytic protease, amylase, lipase, phytase, NSP-degrading enzymes, and cellulase. Commercial enzymes products are typically a blend of several different enzymes that are effective on a wide variety of substrates. The enzymes with proven efficacies for animal husbandry include xylanase, arabinoxylanase, b-glucanase, cellulase, phytase, and mannanase (Ferket, 1992; Choct and Kocher, 2000). Amylase and lipase are enzymes commonly used in corn-SBM based diet to supplement endogenous enzymes of the animal, thus improving nutrient digestibility and growth performance characteristics (Ferket, 1993). Phytate is a universally antinutrient present in all plant material that irreversibly chelates divalent cations and interferes with amino acid absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of birds. Supplementation of poultry diets with enzyme mixtures, including proteases and amylases, has produced significant improvements in growth performance (Greenwood et al., 2002; Burrows et al., 2002). Greenwood et al. (2002) reported that supplementing a corn-SBM broiler starter diet with an enzyme preparation containing a mixture of xylanase, protease, and amylase increased body weight at 14 and 42 days of age. The effect of exogenous xylanases in improving dietary nutrient availability is more complex than phytase. Endoxylanase degrades the xylan backbone of arabinoxylan into smaller units, which has several beneficial consequences. It renders the xylose units more available to monogastrics (Odetallah, 2000). It disrupts the water holding capacity of the NSP (Scott and Boldaji, 1997), and reduces the viscosity of the digesta in the small intestine (Bedford and Schulze, 1998; Choct et al., 1999). Reduced digesta viscosity increases the diffusion rates of nutrients and endogenous enzymes enabling the bird to digest and absorb more nutrients (Pawlik et al., 1990). Endoxylanase releases entrapped nutrients for the digestion by the endogenous enzymes of the bird (Chesson, 2000). Endoxylanase inhibits the proliferation of the fermentative microorganisms in the small intestine by increasing the digesta passage rate and nutrient digestion (Choct et al., 1999). Thus, nutrient utilization is improved by reducing the competition between the host and its enteric microflora.
Many authors have shown the interaction between pentosans, microflora, and enzyme supplementation. Fischer and Classen (2000) reported that bacterial count from the small intestine of broilers fed wheat-based diets was lower in xylanase-supplemented birds than the unsupplemented ones. Because enzymes supplementation reduces the microbial population in the small intestine (Choct et al., 1995; Dunn, 1996), the entire intestinal ecosystem can change. These conditions in the intestine alter the composition and activity of intestinal microflora (Vukic-Vranjes and Wenk, 1996). When the microflora profile changes after enzyme supplementation, there is a decrease in the adverse effects of microbial fermentation. Some of the adverse effects of active microbial fermentation include: deconjugation of bile salts reducing fat digestion (Langhout, 1999); competition between the host and the microflora for nutrients (Bedford, 1995; Langhout et al., 2000); atrophy of the intestinal villi and enlargement of digestive organs (Brenes et al., 1993; Viveiros et al., 1994). Additionally, Santos (2006) showed that dietary supplementation of NSP-degrading enzymes (endoxylanase and complementary enzymes blends) reduces the adverse effects of dietary NSP on nutrient digestibility, and increases the variety of non-starch oligosaccharides that serve as substrate for a more diverse microflora, thus augmenting the positive effect of NSP on ecosystem stability and discouraging Salmonella colonization in turkeys.
Although AGP have served the poultry industry well in maintaining efficient production and animal welfare, the availability of this valuable production tool will become limited in the future because there will be no such products that will be developed in the future and use of remaining AGP will be constrained because of government regulations or consumer demands. Indeed finding alternatives to AGP to maintain gut health and efficient growth performance in poultry is a priority. Strategic use of these alternatives is dependent upon understanding their modes of action and how they influence the dynamic enteric ecosystem. A stable enteric ecosystem, particularly in the hind gut of poultry, is essential as symbiotic microflora competitively excludes the adverse effects of more pathogenic species. Establishment of that stable ecosystem depends on uncompromised early gut development, gut motility conditioning by the structural properties of feed, and strategic use of organic acids, essential oils, prebiotics, probotics, and enzymes.
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Matteuzzi, D., E. Swennen, M. Rossi, T. Hartman, and V. Lebet, 2004. Prebiotic effects of a wheat germ preparation in human health subjects. Food Microbiol. 21:119-124.
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Watch Dr. Ferket´s presentation at the Latin American Poultry Congress in Buenos Aires, Argentina, August 2011:
Peter Ferket


A large applied research study is a challenging exercise in project management, often unpredictable because of its complexity. At the beginning, funding bodies, ethics committees and participating organizations expect a plan of what is intended. As the research evolves, researchers must meet the expectations of stakeholders while being responsive to the emergent reality that the research faces and partly uncovers.
This paper describes action research used as an umbrella process — a metamethodology — under which these contrasting demands can be satisfied. In particular, two characteristics enable action research to do so. One is its cyclic process, iteratively tracing out a rhythm of planning, acting, and observing the results. The other is the nesting of its cycles, applied at scales ranging from the overall study to the moment-by-moment facilitation. We illustrate this use of action research with examples from a lengthy applied study of leadership in faith-based not-for-profit organizations.
The aim of this paper is to describe how action research can be used as a flexible approach to collaborative project management of a research project. In the paper we outline a recent research situation, and describe the characteristics of action research as a metamethodology. We explain two features of action research that can provide flexibility within a planned process: an iterative cycle of planning, action and reflection, and the use of nested cycles that can be applied at any scale. We illustrate the use of action research as metamethodology with examples from the research project.


The process of installing appliances to assist in supplying and sanitation of water is known as plumbing. This equipment may have a fault; hence they must be repaired. Most people opt to hire an expert since they do not know about plumbing and repair. Before you choose a company it is advisable that you consider some influences.
Ensure that you have confidence in the company. It is advisable that you hire a plumbing and repair company that is well recognized by others. Also ensure that you can depend on them when you need their service. Select an organization that services on long hours. For the reason that it is not easy to tell when you might want their repair service. With this, the consumer is assured that they can depend on them even during odd hours.
The reputation of the company should be known. Since a number of them have the habit of providing untruthful advertisement. To evade scenarios where you may possibly use this type of service then you should recognize their reputation. You should view their sites to understand the ratings left by other clients. If the reviews are good then you could use the plumbing and repair service. An organization with bad feedback ought not to be used.
Identify the charges you will incur from using the service provider. It is reasonable before you use the service that you set a budget. Having a budget assist in evading situation that you might spend on a service that you had not predicted to use. A detailed study on the prices provided by the several service providers should be done. It is made easier to select one that suits your financial state since in most cases they do not charge the same.
Make sure that you select an organization that cares about the customer's desires. A few of them display that money is their important priority. And using this type of service will end up making you frustrated. The organization should purpose at ensuring that the consumers are contended. Through this you are assured to appreciate their services.
The plumbing and repair service ought to be certified. A certified organization convinces the consumer that they are dealing with professionals. Consequently you apprehend that they are competent so they have an understanding with any plumbing issues. An authorized organization is one that is endorsed by the country to do their activities. You could verify on their sites to make sure if the plumbing and repair service has the endorsed document. Also you could ask the authorities in charge of licensing.


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Here is the first batch of my thoughts from my 3 fails to my MMR. This is task 2,3,4.
FWIW, my first attempt was Feb 2016, and my last 3 were in feb/march 18. The last 3 were identical pdf to the 't'. The spreadhseets returned slightly different results. From attempt 1 to 2 they added a question to task 2, and 3 i believe.
Huge thank you to Sir Isaac and ao_fan for their help and patience!
Specifically related to and quoted the goals of the CDEF. I used Sharpe ratio, and quoted from online about what it is and explained how this one is different from standard sharpe – uses tax instead of actual return. I explicitly explained what was in the numerator and denominator and how the numerator reflected an objective return and denominator an objective risk measurement.
I explained what I was looking for with Sharpe ratio (highest ratio), and why I wanted that. I explained what I used as the "risk free rate" and why I chose that number. I explained why the value with highest numerator isn't ideal (using other metrics in the spreadsheet), and how the denominator corrects for this.
I set a baseline minimum treasury and maximum equity allocation ( I used the same spread at the end of the day as my 3rd, failing, attempt – I just was much clearer in my explanation). I explained why I needed a floor of treasuries and a ceiling for equities and tied those to the goals of the CDEF. I did not explicitly explain my actual numbers, just the reasoning that I had to pick some.
I picked one of the metrics as tax rate and explained logically why I felt it to be fair.
I recommended adding 2 of the assets, as well as my new asset class and the asset team. I tied the asset team and new class together, using them to support each other. I found educational endowment reports very helpful in finding a new asset class.
Varied every variable by a small %. One change I made this time was that in other versions I changed the new hire or new unemployment rate (150,000 up or down by a specific percentage). In this one I ignored the specific increase or decrease and changed the actual employment numbers (6m up or down). The difference is changing the actual. Number vs changing the change. The former is what I did with other items, so I wasn't being consistent by changing the change in employment.
Perseverance points to you sir for battling through 4 points!


Beautifully encased within a cuboid of coloured glass, the details of the artisans craft work is displayed in this functional but stylish knob. With all the uniqueness and organic imperfections of hand crafted glass, this amber like knob envelopes the hardware it sits upon.
Enhance your vintage décor with this glass knob, creating a warm sensation of luxury and exclusiveness. The item will perfectly complement rustic-inspired furniture, antique wardrobes and traditional chests of drawers. It will serve as a beautiful accessory to a filing cabinet or interior doors.
Tags: brown square glass pull, brown glass cupboard knobs, vintage amber knobs, glass amber pulls, retro glass cupboard knobs, handmade glass pulls, antique glass cupboard pulls.


No organizational development plan will work without good communication. (Nothing, actually, works well without good communication!) to make that happen, you need to know the signs that people are actually listening. You also need to be nimble enough to communicate both "horizontally" and "vertically," because a top down approach won't always work, nor will bottom up. We help you learn to adjust as the situation requires.
We also help you unlock the key messages within your organizational development plan to demonstrate that you care about people as human beings.
Is made up of people who love working together to build something great.
embraces diverse beliefs and talents.
celebrates the opportunity to support colleagues.
makes time for social impact activities in the workplace, whether volunteering, giving to charities, serving on boards, or donating necessities to families in need.
understands that work, life, and community are fluid in the world we live in.
makes wellness a priority, because caring for health is a key factor in every employee's ability to help colleagues at work, be there for families and friends, and participate in community causes that make a difference.


Do you have a bunch of pins of quippy or inspirational sayings?
Well, if you don't, you should because I have a plan for how to use them. If you do have a set of these, have no fear.
I get so tired of one picture on my computer's desktop, and my students probably get tired of pictures of my girls. My solution was to use my Pinterest board and do something with all those fabulous sayings I found.
1) Find the pin on Pinterest and click on it.
2) Right click save image. Save them all to one folder (I created one on my desktop) in order to save yourself the trouble in hunting them down.
3) Repeat until you have a folder full of fun and/or inspirational images.
4) Close everything out and go to your desktop. Right click on your desktop. Select Personalize.
5) On the bottom right select desktop background.
6) Change the folder to the one you created on your desktop with your images in it.
8) At the bottom use these settings: Picture Position (Fit); Change Picture Every (I like 30 seconds); Shuffle to mix up the order.
10) you have a revolving desktop to show off the fun sayings and images you have!
Follow Sarah Ross-Koves's board Books and School on Pinterest.


Deckers Outdoor Corporation DECK appears to be a solid bet, given the company's focus on expanding brand assortments, introducing innovative line of products, targeting consumers digitally and optimizing omni-channel distribution.
In the past month, shares of this Goleta, CA-based company have rallied 23% compared with the industry's 7.3% growth.
All said, let's take a closer look at the aspects driving this Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy) stock, which also flaunts a VGM Score of A.
In sync with the changing trends, Deckers has been constantly developing its e-commerce portal to capture incremental sales. Also, the company has made substantial investments to strengthen online presence and open smaller concept omni-channel outlets. This apart, the company's focus on expanding programs — Retail Inventory Online; Infinite UGG; Buy Online, Return In Store; and Click and Collect — to enhance customers' shopping experience is encouraging. Moreover, Deckers is making efforts to bolster its portfolio.
Deckers is focusing on product and marketing strategies that are more skewed toward customers. In this regard, it is imperative to mention that the company is implementing customer relationship management (CRM) software and concentrating on loyalty program. Also, the company is emphasizing on expansion of its product categories according to the customer purchasing trends. In order to capture incremental sales and margins the company is selling directly to wholesale customers.
Meanwhile, Deckers is on track with endeavors to drive long-term growth. Its store-fleet optimization plan emphasizes on striking the right balance between digital and physical stores. To do this, Deckers had earlier unveiled plans to close approximately 30 to 40 outlets over the next two years. By fiscal 2020, Deckers expects company-owned fleet of approximately 125 stores worldwide. These actions are likely to boost profitability and shareholder returns as well as enhance brand and store performances. Clearly, Deckers is likely to continue with its stellar show in the upcoming quarters, which is quite evident from management's encouraging outlook.
For fiscal 2019, management anticipates net sales to be in the band of $1.986-$2.0 billion, up from its prior projection of $1,935-$1,960 million. Adjusted earnings per share are projected to be $7.85-$7.95 compared with $6.65-$6.85 anticipated earlier. Gross margin for the fiscal year is anticipated to be above 50.5%. Further, operating margin is envisioned to be in the range of 14.5-14.7%.
Rocky Brands, Inc. RCKY delivered average positive earnings surprise of 53.3% in the trailing four quarters. The company currently carries a Zacks Rank #2 (Buy). You can see the complete list of today's Zacks #1 Rank stocks here.
Wolverine World Wide, Inc. WWW delivered average positive earnings surprise of 16.5% in the trailing four quarters. It has a long-term earnings growth rate of 10% and a Zacks Rank #2.
Steven Madden, Ltd. SHOO has a long-term earnings growth rate of 10.7% and a Zacks Rank #2.


🔝Retro REIMO cars from the 80's and 90's. Check out some of our highlights from the past days in our following posts. 👉 Any wishes for posts? Please let us know.
Uma ótima Páscoa para todos os amigos!
At the top of Old Baldy in Garner State Park.


October has been a busy month in our neighborhood!
of this beautiful building and met many of the longtime tenants.
Bert Hill from the Golden Gate Transit Authority and BART director Bevan Dufty.
transit plans for the Richmond.
Halloween parade on Clement Street!
about disaster safety in our neighborhood.
Nov. 9, 6:30-8:30 p.m., at Argonne Elementary School, 680 18th Ave., to learn more.
can get involved, please e-mail fewerstaff@sfgov.org or call (415) 554-7410.
for grocery and convenience stores for toiletries.
wonderful. In the Richmond, we take care of each other. We always have.
• Sunday, Dec. 3, 10 a.m.-noon: Office hours, location to be determined.
are inclusive, we take care of each other and the Richmond, and we shop local!


text:
Amazon Lands Streaming Rights To '24' & '24: Live Another Day'
alycakes|3228d ago |News|2|
Amazon is becoming the steaming home of summer event series. After its success with CBS' Under The Dome last summer and following the deal for CBS' upcoming Extant starring Halle Berry, the streaming service also has nabbed the rights to Fox's upcoming 24: Live Another Day starring Kiefer Sutherland. It is part of a licensing agreement with Twentieth Century Fox Television Distribution that covers all 192 episodes of 24. The eight seasons of the Emmy-winning political thriller and TV movie 24:Redemption, which bridged Seasons 6 and 7, are already available on Prime Instant Video. The pact with Amazon follows the expiration of Fox's deal for 24 with Netflix, which was the streaming home of the series until today. Amazon's announcement does not specify the length of the post-broadcast window for 24: Live Another Day but I have learned that the event series is expected to hit the streaming service later in 2014, long after it airs on Fox. Amazon and CBS broke ground last year with their deal for Under The Dome, which made an episode available on Prime Instant Video four days after its premiere on CBS. The same template is being used for Extant.
24 24 Live Another Day Amazon VOD deadline.com
Soldierone3228d ago
Ugh, can they secure some movies or shows i want to watch.
I watched the whole season of Beta's.... haven't used their movie service since and I've had Prime for months now.
I really liked 24 and I'm looking forward to the last one coming in May. I have all the series and it would be awhile before I see them again but I know some day when I'm sick and I'm stuck at home, I'll pull out some of my season sets and watch them.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Big Marco art show packs 'em in
Sculptures%2C paintings in a dazzling array of styles%2C photography%2C metal art%2C pottery%2C ceramics and jewelry were the attractions%2C and the sheer size of the show was an attraction in itself.
"I'm negotiating with %28promoter%29 Howard Alan this week for a third show next year%2C We want to bring the best art available to the community%2C which is what we try to do in the center as well." - Hyla Crane%2C Marco Island Center for the Arts executive director
From afar, Veterans Community Park looked like a Game of Thrones Dothraki camp over the weekend, dotted with 160 neatly positioned white tent booths as artists plied their wide array of talents.
Sculptures, paintings in a dazzling array of styles, photography, metal art, pottery, ceramics and jewelry were the attractions, and the sheer size of the show was an attraction in itself. It was the second of its kind, taking over from a big show in the past that necessitated the closing down of a section of Winterberry Drive near the Center for the Arts.
"I'm negotiating with (promoter) Howard Alan this week for a third show next year," Marco Island Center for the Arts Executive Director Hyla Crane said Tuesday. "We want to bring the best art available to the community, which is what we try to do in the center as well."
Crane was particularly pleased that local artists Phyllis Pransky and Betty Newman, photographer Tyler MacDonald and pottery exponent Sandy Moore Howe had qualified for the show, which attracted artists from near and far.
Former registered nurse Kathleen Lapso showed off an array of metal artwork, which she fashions from copper, bronze, aluminum or brass, mixing artistry with a touch of firepower in the form of an acetylene torch for shaping.
An Ohioan, Lapso followed the example of her dad, who was a metal sculptor himself. She first worked with jewelry, then adapted jewelry designs to bigger pieces.
Her day went just fine. She was due to deliver a couple of her pieces to Marco residents after the show concluded Sunday.
Michael George of Scottsdale, Ariz., also was satisfied with interest in his work that translated into putting food on the table.
He uses Lucite acrylic, pouring and casting in assorted colors – then cutting his shapes, grinding and polishing them - and finally splitting them in two for some hand carving before putting them back together slightly off true for an angled effect.
A popular viewing item at his booth was a blue shark in a wave, which he makes by first producing a clay model, then a mold – after which he's able to reproduce them and give each his special touch to make them basically one of a kind.
Ralph Rankin of Orlando described his off-beat photo collages as "urban surrealism." He uses masses of photos to create scenery, and the effect definitely plays with the mind.
Rankin originally received a masters in clay pottery technique, but said he switched to his current artistic interest a couple of years ago.


Something curious happened en route to the unprecedented digital rise of retail: the brick-and-mortar experience survived.
It is a wonder that in the burgeoning era of e-commerce, physical store sales make for 90% of the $4.7 trillion total retail sales in the US. According to the US Department of Commerce, in the last quarter of 2017, e-commerce sales accounted for only 8.9 per cent of the total retail sales in the country. A Gartner report predicts "brick-and-mortar stores will remain the dominant revenue-generating channel… for the foreseeable future".
Experiential shopping makes all the difference. According to a PwC report, 60 per cent of consumers still prefer to shop in-store instead of online because they are able to "see, touch, and try the merchandise". This trend is spurring online-only brands like Amazon, Warby Parker, and Bonobos to open physical stores that avoid the common pain points of offline retail — slow-moving check-out lines, missed selling opportunities, poor customer service, ill-informed store associates — and thereby, loss of revenue and clients. A major chunk of their revenues still come from e-commerce. But brick-and-mortar stores provide such players a marketing boost and a healthy injection of customer experience.
Retail spaces are evolving from selling points to branding hubs. Stores like Samsung 837 and the new Adidas shop, both in NY, are more of experience centers. Consumers go through concepts (like larger-than-life screens), experiences (like testing sports gear on "turfs" and "tracks"), and product-familiarization in these outlets. Purchase takes a backseat; branding becomes priority. Most shoppers experience and order a product in-store and get it home-delivered (or even drone-delivered). With the 'click-and-collect' concept, customers can order online, and experience and pick the product from the actual store. Either way, experience is the key connect.
The future of retail lies in the crossroads of online and offline stores. Enterprises are waking up to this omni-channel reality. They are re-programming themselves to be fluid enough to occupy both spaces. This agility is leading to incisive innovation in the realm of technology and the 'experience economy'.
Online or offline, inarguably, digital is the only way forward. With almost 50 per cent of Internet penetration in the world today and 3.419 billion people acquainted with the WWW, digital is an organic extension of the physical. Taking cue, physical stores are scrambling to stay relevant by adding cutting-edge technology to expedite experience for the hyper-connected consumer. From Bluetooth beacons to smart mirrors to in-store robots, technology is the buzz word in the physical retail space.
Data analytics is a dominant technology in today's retailscape. NY-based Acustom Apparels' Digital Measuring technology creates a 3D body model using 2 million data points (in just 15 minutes!). Their bespoke algorithms analyze measurements along with fit preferences and create perfect-fit suits and shirts. This has led to better customer satisfaction, and an angel investor has recently funded $3mn to the brand.
Cloud services and Big Data analytics play a leading part in this 'retail revolution'. Quotient's Retailer iQ technology analyzes enormous amounts of in-store data in real-time, stores them on cloud for future reference, and delivers relevant and personalized promotions (like coupons, offers, information etc.) to shoppers. This has resulted in driving profitable sales and building customer loyalty for partners like Albertsons Companies, Dollar General, and Walgreens.
These technologies greatly impact the vital areas of supply chain and inventory management. Lightspeed is a multi-facility system that takes care of employee management, inventory management, and sales processing. It is cloud-based, so it allows retailers to 'take their store' anywhere in their iPad. While Atlanta-based Perrine's Wine Shop believes using Lightspeed has made "selling easy and customers happy", Harney & Sons SoHo feels it helps them "build customer relationships".
Programmable enterprises are getting rid of their monolithic systems and opting for such lean and flexible technologies that cultivate innovation.
Robotics is no longer futuristic. Don't be surprised to see Simbe Robotics' Tally robot hovering around product shelves at Target stores in the US. It uses data analytics, Artificial Intelligence, image recognition, and machine learning to deduct price errors, out-of-stock situations, and provide real-time insights. These robots carry out quick and routine full-store audits and empower staff to focus on customer service. Simbe Robotics aims to use its technology to shrink the global $450bn annual loss in retail inventory management.
Deep Learning is leveraged by Amazon's Seattle Grocery store, Amazon Go. With its 'Just Walk Out' shopping experience, shoppers pick up stuff from shelves and leave the store. Also aided by computer vision and sensor fusion, the store's smart shelves detect what products are taken off them and what are placed back. The experience culminates with a bill on the shoppers' app when they leave the store. The concept shop is currently in Beta test in the US and is all set to enter the UK soon.
Location analytics and proximity marketing — based on Near Field Communication (NFC) — are gaining ground as well. Through API-driven apps like Foursquare and Shopkick, retailers can know when their customers are near their store and invite them over via a text message or any offer. At Macy's, shoppers who walk into the stores are awarded with gift cards through Macy's API.
Even in-store, iPhone users with the Shopkick app installed are alerted about deals and items they may be interested in at Macy's. Similarly, Estimote's Bluetooth beacons send push notifications to users' phones (they need to have the Estimote SDK embedded into their mobile apps) about products or promotions if they sense someone near. Harrods leverages Estimote to assist shoppers to find a particular brand.
Such precision marketing uses real-time behavioral data to deliver immediate and personalized content. This contributes to the 'impulse economy' that reflects the evolution of the mobile shopper. According to a Capgemini report, 80 per cent of consumers love the personalized experience doled out to them by retailers.
Image recognition is slow death for mannequins. Pato Alto's Memomi Labs has developed a smart mirror technology that allows shoppers to capture images of themselves wearing outfits on a full-length screen and then compare the images side-by-side. The shoppers can control the mirror with body gesture or a mobile phone, and can also see how a garment looks on them in different colors. Designer brand Rebecca Minkoff has seen consumers trying their "magic mirrors" order more items. The idea is "when customers try on more, they buy more," according to Nadia Shouraboura, retail entrepreneur and former Amazon top executive.
This is just the tip of the iceberg. Brick-and-mortar establishments are juggling with a dizzying variety of latest bells and whistles — including AR and VR promotions, API-driven digital kiosks, 3D holograms, Wi-Fi-ready billing devices, and more. The aim is to provide the best customer experience, build competitive branding, and be future-ready.
Word of caution: Being experiential is not foolproof. Shoppers would still buy online if they require anything urgent or cheap. At the same time, technology is invasive and insecure. The Capgemini report mentioned earlier also states that 93 per cent of consumers felt retailers are not protecting their privacy well.
This is where agility/ programmability kicks in. A brick-and-mortar retailer without an agile DNA will find it tough to survive market flux. Failure to compete with e-players and stay digitally relevant is forcing groups like JC Penny, Michael Kors, Payless ShoeSource, Guess, Crocs, and BCBG to shut some of their brick-and-mortar stores.
Programmability should be in a retailer's DNA. A retail enterprise's programmability gains ground when it uses technology efficiently and is agile enough to do constant course-corrections. Today's technology can be tomorrow's whim. Today's fad may be tomorrow's game-changer. Agility is all about embracing the digital disruption (or creating one) and promoting bone-deep innovation.
ROI — 'return on innovation' — will follow naturally.


text:
Follow-up into young adulthood after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in term and near-term newborn infants. II. Neuropsychological consequences
Acta Paediatr. 2002;91(11):1218-26. doi: 10.1080/080352502320777469.
G Viggedal 1 , E Lundälv, G Carlsson, I Kjellmer
1 Department of Paediatrics, Göteborg University, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sweden.
DOI: 10.1080/080352502320777469
Aim: Brain injury after neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the term baby is often described as an all-or-nothing phenomenon, but little is known about possible late cognitive consequences. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether children who needed cardiopulmonary resuscitation because of presumed mild and moderate intra-partum asphyxia with no evidence of neurological impairments at 18 mo of age may display neuropsychological impairments later in life.
Methods: A long-term follow-up of young adults was carried out. A blinded comprehensive neuropsychological assessment of the main aspects of cognitive functions was made. The subjects who were resuscitated were divided into two groups according to the clinical course: 20 cases with mild asphyxia and 11 cases with moderate asphyxia, all followed prospectively and compared with 18 healthy controls. The 31 subjects were born at term or near-term and selected randomly from 59 infants born in 1969-1978 at Sahlgren's Hospital, Göteborg. All infants with early neurological impairments were excluded.
Results: No major differences could be established between the two clinical groups and normal controls in any aspects of cognitive function or intelligence. All the groups performed within the normal range in all tests. A tendency toward minor deficits in verbal ability in the mild group compared to the controls was found. Only one subject had a clear, defined memory deficit.
Conclusions: Infants who underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitatation at birth without neurological deficits at 18 mo of age did not show any cognitive deficits or neuropsychological impairments in adulthood even though inferior performance on some verbal subtests was observed compared to the control group.
Asphyxia Neonatorum / physiopathology*
Asphyxia Neonatorum / psychology
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation*
Cognition*
Hypoxia, Brain / physiopathology*
Hypoxia, Brain / psychology
Psychomotor Performance


The material below has been transcribed from notes taken during conversations with Olivia Robertson. It has been reviewed and approved by her in 1999 and 2001 for work in Lyceums and in 2011 for the whole of the College of Isis.
(c) Heightened operation of a previously possessed psychic ability or the receiving of a newly manifested psychic level of operation.
(d) A series of magical, synchronicitious happenings that manifest in the physical world which incorporate symbolism of the elements of the rite.
Summation: In order for a degree experience to be deemed to have occurred, it must include a vision, trance or clairaudient message which may or may not be accompanied by phenomenon described in items (c) and (d).
Reminder Note: Everything presented here, though approved by FOI Co-Founder Olivia Robertson, is meant as a guide.
FOI Co-Founder Olivia Robertson has stated that the work of all FOI centres, including their individual coursework, ordinations, consecrations and certification of degrees is honored. She has written: "There can be no 'rigid laws' as exist in hierarchic Churches and Orders. Heads of centers rely on psychic consensus of the group and guidance through intuition and the manifestation of particular attributes of the Deity or Deities concerned in their centre ..."
Olivia also writes: "Centres are not run as automatons ... We must respect the individuality and unique gifts of every member. Nothing was ever meant to be written in stone."


A bioethical journey in painting and pictures in & through the 20th Century.
Abortion: The Legal, Medical, and Bioethical Perspectives By Stephen John Shroyer M.D.
A book which covers the Legal, including history, Medical,and Bioethical perspectives on the issue of abortion. An in depth medical presentation.


A E Jewett Contractors, Builders & Contractors, listed under "Builders & Contractors" category, is located at Harvey Station NB, E6K 1A1, Canada and can be reached by 5063665333 phone number. A E Jewett Contractors has currently 0 reviews.
Browse all Builders & Contractors in Harvey Station NB.


Genevieve Wanucha is the science writer for the UW Memory and Brain Wellness Center and the UW Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. She creates content for the center's websites and publications, including the ADRC's Dimensions bi-annual magazine, and she manages the Research & Events Calendar and social media on Facebook and Twitter.
As a part of Momentia Seattle dementia-friendly community outreach initiatives, she co-facilitates the Garden Discovery Walks, a monthly program by Seattle Parks and Recreation and the UW Memory and Brain Wellness Center, offering monthly nature walks in Seattle public gardens and nature-inspired creative activities for people with memory loss and their friends and families.


iPhone SMS to Computer Transfer for Mac - Transfer and backup iPhone SMS to Mac.
When your iPhone SMS box is full and you have to delete some important SMS messages. You should search a program to backup iPhone SMS to Mac local. And iPhone SMS to Computer Transfer for Mac can help you transfer iPhone SMS to Mac to avoid missing of valuable messages. And it can also help you copy music, video, photo, books from iPhone to Mac.
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All text messages in your iPhone will be allowed to transfer iPhone SMS to Mac local as .txt files.
Transfer music/video from iPhone to Mac local and easily import music/video to iPhone without iTunes.
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Support types of iPhone including iPhone 3, iPhone 4, iPhone 5, iPhone 5S/5C, iPhone 6/6 Plus, iPod and iPad.
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How to transfer iPhone SMS to Mac computer for backup?


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Refer to the exhibit. Which command allows the Cisco Nexus 5000 switch to continue to start up?
How many supervisor engines must a Cisco Nexus chassis contain to support the In- Service Software Update feature?
Which action will a router take if it does not know the destination MAC address of a host?
A. Flood the packet out of every port.
C. Send an ARP request.
D. Send a proxy ARP request.
E. Send an ICMP unreachable message back to the source.
How many IP addresses are usable for a subnet that has the address 10.6.128.0/21?
What is the maximum distance that is supported by Cisco active Twinax cables?
Where are start-up configurations saved on a Cisco router?
Which statement correctly describes an SVI?
A. An SVI is a Layer 2 interface and uses a dynamic MAC address.
B. An SVI cannot have an IP address assigned to it.
C. An SVI provides Layer 3 routing between VLANs.
D. Each switch port requires an SVI assignment.
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) - routing protocol.
A. They are on the same VLAN and the same switch.
B. They are on different VLANs and the same switch.
C. They are on different VLANs and different switches.
D. They are on the same VLAN and different switches.
Given a subnet address of 10.6.128.0/22, how many IP addresses are usable for this subnet?
Which device can provide FCoE connectivity?
A network engineer notices that the MAC address table on a network switch is full. What type of Layer 2 network behavior will occur while the network MAC address table remains full?
A. All frames generated within the Layer 2 domain will be flooded, regardless of the destination or the existence of a MAC address in the table.
B. All frames generated within the Layer 2 domain will be flooded unless the destination is contained within the MAC address table.
C. The switch will reset the MAC address table, removing all existing learned MAC addresses.
D. The switch will automatically reduce the aging time of the MAC address table.
Which type of network communication is depicted?


Hello, I'm looking for help if possible. I had windows 2000 on my computer with two hard drives the first drive had the OS. The second drive I set permisions for, so only the administrator can access the drive. Without thinking at all I did a clean install of xp pro on the first drive. Now I can not access the second drive at all. I am using the administrator account on xp also? Any ideas?


Mother's Day Traditions From Around the World.
Happy Mother's Day to all of the mums of the world! The stay at home mums, the full-time work mums, the step mums, those mum's who are no longer with us, the dads and the grandparents who take on both roles and all those in between who deserve your love and appreciation this Mother's Day. To celebrate this day of love, appreciation and remembrance we here at Iggy & Burt want to bring together the many Mother's Day traditions that take place around the world and the ways in which we celebrate motherhood.
Just in case you didn't know how you came to be celebrating this weekend…Mothering Day- not to be confused with Mother's Day is a Christian holiday celebrated during the fourth Sunday of Lent, exactly three weeks before Easter day. It was once seen as the day for Christians to visit their Mother Church. The Mother Church was usually the church you were baptised in or the nearest Cathedral to your town. Later, Mothering Sunday became the day domestic servants were given a day off to visit the Mother Church and their families. This day was often the only time for them to visit their families and so this large occasion eventually evolved into a day of giving gifts and spending time with their mothers. Today, Mother's Day in England is a more commercialised affair, taking on the form of the American, secular holiday of Mother's Day.
In France, Mother's Day became a way in which the state could promote certain political agendas during the early 20thcentury. In 1906, ten mothers of nine children each were given an award of High Maternal Merit. This award was granted due to the dire consequences of war which meant there was a low birth rate in France. In 1920 this became an official day as a thank you to all those big families who were helping to repopulate France after World War I. Médaille de la Famille Française is still a recognised award given by the French government today. It was not until the 1950's that Mother's Day as we know it came into its true form. Mother's Day, known as Fête des Mères is celebrated on the last Sunday in May and the traditional gift given to those special mothers are flower bouquet cakes. Flowers that you can eat will always be a special gift in our eyes!
In 1922, the US Mother's Day holiday was imported and promoted by the newspaper, Excélsior, whilst the conservative government aimed to promote the typical American celebration as a way to promote the ideal of women as wives and mothers in society. These 'traditional' female expectations for women to be wives and mothers was highly criticized by socialists as it suggested women's soul purpose in life was to breed. The day took on a religious zeal as the Catholic Church backed the occasion and religious icons, such as the Madonna were used to represent the celebration. It is typically suggested that the Mexican Government abandoned these initiatives to promote a zealous and traditional way of living through Mother's Day in the 1940s. Today, the 'Día de las Madres' is an unofficial holiday celebrated on the 10thMay. It is tradition that the matriarch of the household is serenaded with the famous song 'Las Mañanitas,' before attending church for a special mass. Like all Mother's Day celebrations, the day is about honouring mothers and spending the time to celebrate being together.
In Thailand, Mother's Day is a highly special event celebrated on August the 12th, the day of Her Majesty the Queen, Sirikit's birthday. A part of the tradition involves offering food and gifts to Buddhist monks during ceremonies held during the morning. A traditional gift given to mothers is the Jasmine flower. Known as Dok Mali in Thai, the Jasmine flower is a symbol of purity and gentleness whilst it has also become associated with worship. The meanings given to the Jasmine flower suggest the mother should become a figure of worship for the day. This is also seen through the Mother's Day Ceremony that takes place in some Thai schools. During this ceremony, mothers are invited into their child's school. Each child kneels at their mother's feet to pay respect for all she has done for them. It tends to be an emotional and wonderful event for sons and daughters to give thanks.


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Featuring: Vinyl versions of 'Dead Ringer' LP, 'The Horror EP' (first time on vinyl!) 'Since We Last Spoke' LP, and the exclusive 'Tin Foil Hat' EP. (7 unreleased Rjd2 songs spanning the eras of the first 3 Rjd2 releases!) Hand silk screen Rjd2 poster, signed and numbered by the dude himself. A beautiful box set, uniquely constructed to hold both 'The Third Hand' LP, and the forthcoming 5th Rjd2 album! Download card giving you access to mp3's of all material within, plus exclusive content! Limited to 500 copies.


Provides permanent black fingerprints yet they are easy to-use because the black ink can be easily wiped off the fingers. Product sold here are good for criminal & back ground checks for local, state, federal governments, bank & casinos. Dactek's chemically produced fingerprints are FBI approved for classification, search and retention.


Haiti played a spirited game against a strong team from Columbia. Haiti scored first followed by three goals by Columbia. Late in the second period Haiti scored again, but came up short as Columbia won 3-2.
In their first match at the Cup of the Americas in Guadalajara, Mexico, the Haiti Amputee Soccer Team defeated Costa Rica 3-0.
The schedule for the Cup of the Americas has been released. Please note the times that Haiti plays over the first three days of the Cup of the Americas.
Our first game is Monday night at 6:30PM against Costa Rica. You may view it live on the Internet at www.sanjuantv.mx. Click on En Vivo.
The Opening Ceremony is starting on a beautiful night in San Juan de Los Lagos outside of Guadalajara.
The Haiti Cup of the Americas amputee soccer team arrived at DFW airport late Tuesday evening, November 10, and departed immediately for Veteran Day activities in Little Rock, Arkansas.
The delegation was driven through the night to participate in scheduled events.
With some sadness but with great pride Haiti's World Cup run has ended.
Haiti lost to a very good Turkish National Team of full-time professionals. Haiti was able to hold Turkey to a small 1-0 lead most of the game, but lost 3-0 in the end.
We are so proud of Haiti's historic run as they made the quarter finals for the very first time.
Haiti continued it's historic run by beating Italy in the Round of 16 in triple overtime in sudden death penalty kicks in one of the greatest games ever played in Amputee World Cup history!
The winning penalty kick was scored by 2010 earthquake victim, Mackenedy Francois.
Walking of the flags of Haiti and Russia prior to the match.
The Haiti National Amputee Football Team lost to Russia 6-1, but advanced to the 2nd round of the World Cup for the first time in history.
The Haiti team greeting the Kenya team after the national anthems.
The Haiti National Amputee Football (soccer) Team defeated Kenya in their second match at the 2014 Mexico World Cup of Amputee Football.


I think you should focus more on the research match with the faculty rather than which program is the "best". In fact, the best social programs would be the ones who have faculty with a great research match with you. Good Luck!
I've pretty much decided to move the 3rd week of August. I will probably start getting ready though for school and everything sooon.....I want to hit the ground running!
So does anybody know what the average price is for a descent studio or one-bedroom in a safe neighborhood? Which areas should I be looking at?
Who to Ask for Recommendations?
Schools generally require 3 letters and at least 2 from professors. I would suggest start trying to see if you could work in a lab and get to know professors that way. I'm in a totally different field so your case may be a little different but I would not recommend getting all your letters from co-workers. Academia is a small field and professors, especially in a particular field of research tend to be familiar with each others work so a great letter from a professor could make a difference.
I'm planning on getting familiar with the city and the campus...and I guess being really settled in before the craziness of the program starts.
I also have an awesome job with an awesome boss and co-workers so I would like to stay as long as I can. My lease is up at the end up of May , I'm renting a room in a house with others and everybody is moving so I can't take over a month-to-month lease...sooo I will probably be spending a couple of months crashing my friends' and family's couches living out of a suitcase until its time to make the big move....it's daunting to think about but I'm also extremely EXCITED!
Should I visit the school I'm attending?
I agree with socialpsych, I would normally urge you to visit to inform your decision of which school to attend, but since you've already committed and met everyone, I don't think its necessary, unless you don't have a place to move into yet so your trip could revolve around that.
I think that they are probably just doing waves of notifications due to the large number of applicants. Not to be a pessimist, but they usually do these for online notifications which tend to be rejections (I've had this happen to me). I think it would also be rash of them to expect the wave 1 admits to only take a week to decide and decline offers of admission, in order for them to send out wave 2 notifications. I guess you'll find out in about a week, hope its good news!
Oh ya, that thing, must get mine done too!
Hi guys, I wanted to know when everyone is planning on moving, most grad students I've met say that it is better to move during the summer to get into good housing and apartments before the wave of undergrads come, but I can't move until mid-August or so, is this too late? When are all of you planning on moving?
This visit will be a chance for the department to find out if you're right for them, as well as your chance to evaluate the fit of the program for you. Talking to professors are pretty laid back but of course you have to sell yourself and be able to articulate why you would fit in the program. Best wishes and it's a great sign that you have been invited!
Who are you taking to your Admitted Student Days?
I'm going to two more recruitment weekends and have already been to one, and all the prospectives went by themselves. At least for the visits I've been invited to, they put you up with a current grad student so I would definately not want to impose an extra person on them, unless you have funds to get a hotel room during your stay, then your SO can check out the city while you're going to the planned events. Honestly, for the visit I have already been to though, it was so jam-packed with events that I had little free time so your SO may end up just being bored.
Congratulations!!! Go and celebrate! Yup, I felt the same way...the first acceptance has a certain magic!


text:
ourWindsor.ca: Windsor Police Service launch new website and suspect uses it to turn self in
Jonathon Liedtke – ourWindsor.ca – May 27, 2013
The Windsor Police Service has a new website which runs on the same template as the official City of Windsor website, bringing consistency across municipal electronic platforms.
The website has a new section titled "Wanted in Windsor" in which the Windsor Police Service posts information about persons who are currently wanted in Windsor or who have outstanding arrest warrants with the Windsor Police Service.
"We're hoping for anybody who has any information to come forward," said Sergeant Pam Mizuno of The Windsor Police Service. "People can always contact Crime Stoppers anonymously or they can contact Windsor Police Service directly."
On Friday, The Windsor Police Service posted on their official Facebook account that upon seeing himself on the "Wanted in Windsor" section, a suspect had turned himself in.
"Within 24hrs of the launch of new WPS website, one person turned himself in after seeing himself featured on the Wanted in Windsor page ^PM", read a post from the Windsor Police Service Facebook on May 24.
"The new website has a new look and a new feel – it's a little bit easier to navigate," explained Mizuno.
According to Mizuno, reaction to the new website has been "very positive" and at one point the frequency of visits to the website went up by 900%, which caused the server to crash due to the increased activity.
"It's a good thing," joked Mizuno regarding the crashed server. "Good news, increased activity; bad news, we crashed the server. It's up and running and has been all weekend."
"I am in awe of the new website!" said Melanie Anne on the Windsor Police Service's Facebook page. "Clearly you have changed your image from the inside and out because that is one CLASSY website and kudos to whomever designed it! WPS should be proud!"
Carried over from the old website is a section which allows users to report a crime online. While it cannot be used to report emergency situations, users are able to report a variety of crimes like lost and stolen plates, property damage, lost property, theft from vehicle, theft, and damage to vehicle. Users can report crimes in six different languages.
The Windsor Police Service has embraced the use of social media and regularly uses Twitter and Facebook to communicate important information to residents of the City of Windsor.
In addition to posting traffic updates, ongoing situations and community pertinent events, the Windsor Police Service publishes a daily news report and shares it via social media. The daily news report outlines the major activities of the Windsor Police Service for the 24 hour period prior.
"It's helping us to engage with the community, that's one of the biggest benefits," said Mizuno regarding social media. "Keep[ing] up to date, to communicate, a little bit of two way communication as well."
Windsor Police Service launch new website and suspect uses it to turn self in
Jonathon Liedtke is the Features & Opinion Editor for the University of Windsor Lance Campus/Community Newspaper and a reporter for ourWindsor.ca. As a founding member and current Co-Chair of the Mayor's Youth Advisory Committee, he is committed to representing, connecting, engaging with and advocating for local youth. He is also a member of Windsor's "Punk with Horns" band The Nefidovs, and as such, is committed to enhancing and sustaining the arts community.
JOURNALISM, ourWindsor
City of Windsor, Jon Liedtke, ourWindsor, Pam Mizuno, Windsor, Windsor Police Service


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Immunization, Family Planning, Maternal & Child Health, Aging Services & Colorectal/Breast/Cervical Cancer Screening Program.


text:
Northwell recognized with Five NAEC Accredited Epilepsy P Souhel Najjar, MD, SVP and executive director, Northwell Health's neurology services Souhel Najjar, MD, SVP and executive director, Northwell Health's neurology services rograms
Written on 04/10/2018
The Comprehensive Epilepsy Center at Staten Island University Hospital Received Level 3 Designation.
MANHASSET, NY – Five epilepsy programs within Northwell Health system have been reaccredited by the National Association of Epilepsy Centers (NAEC).
The Comprehensive Epilepsy Center at North Shore University Hospital in Manhasset, Pediatric Epilepsy Center at Cohen Children's Medical Center in New Hyde Park, and Comprehensive Epilepsy Center at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan have each been recognized as Level 4 facilities.
A Level 4 epilepsy center provides complex forms of intensive neurodiagnostic monitoring as well as more extensive medical, neuropsychological and psychosocial treatment. These centers also offer complete evaluation for epilepsy surgery, including intracranial electrodes and a broad range of surgical procedures for epilepsy, according to the NAEC guidelines.
In addition, the Comprehensive Epilepsy Center at Southside Hospital in Bay Shore and Comprehensive Epilepsy Center at Staten Island University Hospital each received Level 3 designation.
A Level 3 center provides the basic range of medical, neuropsychological and psychosocial services needed to treat patients with refractory epilepsy. Some Level 3 centers offer noninvasive evaluation for epilepsy surgery, straight-forward resective epilepsy surgery and implantation of the vagus nerve stimulator. These centers do not perform intracranial evaluations or other more complex epilepsy surgery.
"We are honored that our epilepsy programs have received this prestigious NAEC recognition," said Souhel Najjar, MD, senior vice president and executive director of the Northwell Health's neurology services. "It is a testament to our health system's dedicated, multidisciplinary team of specialized epilepsy doctors, nurses, monitoring technologists, pharmacists, and social workers."
For more information about North Shore University Hospital's Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, call 516-325-7000; for Cohen's Pediatric Epilepsy Center, call 516-465-5255; for Lenox Hill's Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, call 212-434-6400; for Southside Hospital's Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, call 631-666-4767; for Staten Island's Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, call 718-226-5700.
Souhel Najjar, MD, SVP and executive director, Northwell Health's neurology services (Pictured Above)