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Q: PDO Code Is not inserting data from Form into MySQL Database I have a form, when I submit it to itself, I get no useful errors except:
PDO::errorInfo(): Array ( [0] => 00000 [1] => [2] => ) Unable to save record. Please try again.
I have been banging away at this for hours. I will be fixing the input validation later. For now, I am just trying to get the data into my database, Please advise.
    <?php
    error_reporting(E_ALL);
    ini_set('display_errors', 1);

    // include configuration file
    include 'config/core.php';

    // include database connection
    include 'config/database.php';

    // page header
    $page_title="Create a Record";
    include_once "layout_head.php";

    // if the form was submitted
    if($_POST){

        try{

            echo "
Location id is : " . $_POST['location_id']."
";
            echo "
day is: " . $_POST['day']."
";
            echo "
Time is " . $_POST['time']."
";
            echo "
Fee is " . $_POST['fee']."
";
            echo "
Added is " . $_POST['added']."
";
            echo "
Game is " . $_POST['game']."
";
            echo "
Race is " . $_POST['race']."
";
            echo "
BIH is " . $_POST['bih']."
";
            echo "
Race is " . $_POST['race']."
";
            echo "
Handicapped is " . $_POST['handicapped']."
";
            echo "
Table_size is " . $_POST['table_size']."
";
            echo "
Tables_used " . $_POST['tables_used']."
";
            echo "
Cueball size is " . $_POST['cueball']."
";
            echo "
Equipment is " . $_POST['equipment']."
";
            echo "
Noise level is " . $_POST['noise']."
";
            echo "
The space is " . $_POST['space']."
";
            echo "
Pot is " . $_POST['pots']."
";
            echo "
Description: " . $_POST['description']."
";

            // data validation
            if($_POST['location_id']==0){
                echo "
Please select a location.
";
            }

            else if($_POST['day']=="empty"){
                echo "
Please select a day.
";
            }

            else if(empty($_POST['fee'])){
                echo "
Fee cannot be empty.
";
            }

            else if($_POST['added']=="empty"){
                echo "
Please select money added.
";
            }

            else if($_POST['game']=="empty"){
                echo "
Please select a game.
";
            }

            else if(empty($_POST['race'])){
                echo "
Race cannot be empty.
";
            }

            else if($_POST['handicapped']=="empty"){
                echo "
Please select handicapped.
";
            }

            else if($_POST['table_size']=="empty"){
                echo "
Please select the tables size.
";
            }

            else if(empty($_POST['tables_used'])){
                echo "
Tables used cannot be empty.
";
            }

            else if($_POST['cueball']=="empty"){
                echo "
Please select the cueball size.
";
            }

            else if($_POST['equipment']=="empty"){
                echo "
Please rate equipment.
";
            }

            else if($_POST['noise']=="empty"){
                echo "
Please rate noise.
";
            }

            else if($_POST['space']=="empty"){
                echo "
Please rate space.
";
            }

            else if($_POST['cueball']=="empty"){
                echo "
Please select the cueball size.
";
            }

            else if($_POST['pots']=="empty"){
                echo "
Please select the pots.
";
            }

            else if(empty($_POST['description'])){
                echo "
Description cannot be empty.
";
            }
            else{
                // insert query
    /*          $query = "INSERT INTO tournaments SET location_id=:location_id,";
                $query .= "day=:day, time=:time, fee=:fee, added=:added, game=:game, race=:race, ";
                $query .= "bih=:bih, rule=:rule, handicapped=:handicapped, ";
                $query .= "table_size=:table_size, tables_used=:tables_used, cueball=:cueball, ";
                $query .= "equipment=:equipment, noise=:noise, space=:space, pots=:pots, description=:description, created=:created"; */

                $query = "INSERT INTO tournaments (`location_id`, `day`, `time`, `fee`, `added`, `game`, `race`, `bih`, `rule`, `handicapped`,";
                $query .= "`table_size`, `tables_used`, `cueball`, `equipment`, `noise`, `space`, `pots`, `description`, `created`) VALUES ";
                $query .= "(':location_id', ':day', ':time', ':fee', ':added', ':game', ':race', ";
                $query .= "':bih', ':rule', ':handicapped', ':table_size', ':tables_used', ";
                $query .= "':cueball', ':equipment', ':noise', ':space', ':pots', ':description', ':created')";

                // prepare query for execution
                $stmt = $con->prepare($query);

                // bind the parameters
                $stmt->bindParam(':location_id', $_POST['location_id']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':day', $_POST['day']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':time', $_POST['time']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':fee', $_POST['fee']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':added', $_POST['added']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':game', $_POST['game']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':race', $_POST['race']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':bih', $_POST['bih']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':rule', $_POST['rule']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':handicapped', $_POST['handicapped']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':table_size', $_POST['table_size']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':tables_used', $_POST['tables_used']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':cueball', $_POST['cueball']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':equipment', $_POST['equipment']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':noise', $_POST['noise']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':space', $_POST['space']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':pots', $_POST['pots']);
                $stmt->bindParam(':description', $_POST['description']);

                // we need the created variable to know when the record was created
                // also, to comply with strict standards: only variables should be passed by reference
                $created=date('Y-m-d H:i:s');
                $stmt->bindParam(':created', $created);

                // Execute the query
                if($stmt->execute()){
                    echo "
";
                        echo "Record was saved.";
                    echo "
";

                    // empty post array
                    $_POST=array();
                }else{
                    echo "
";
                        echo "\nPDO::errorInfo():\n";
                        print_r($con->errorInfo());
                        echo "Unable to save record. Please try again.";
                    echo "
";
                }
            }
        }

        // show error if any
        catch(PDOException $exception){
            die('ERROR: ' . $exception->getMessage());
        }
    }

    ?>

         Read Records

    <form action='create_tournament.php' method='post'>

                Location

                <?php
                // read the locations from the database

                // select all categories
                $query = "SELECT id, name FROM locations ORDER BY name";

                // prepare query statement and execute
                $stmt = $con->prepare( $query );
                $stmt->execute();

                // put them in a select drop-down
                echo "<select class='form-control' name='location_id'>";
                    echo "<option>Select location...</option>\n";

                    // loop through the locations
                    while ($row_location = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)){
                        extract($row_location);
                        echo "<option value='{$id}'>{$name}</option>\n";
                    }
                echo "</select>";
                ?>

                Day

                    <select class='form-control' name="day">
                        <option value="empty">Select Day...</option>
                        <option value="Monday">Monday</option>
                        <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
                        <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
                        <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
                        <option value="Friday">Friday</option>
                        <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
                        <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
                    </select>

                Time
                <input type='text' name='time' class='form-control' required value="<?php echo isset($_POST['time']) ? htmlspecialchars($_POST['time'], ENT_QUOTES) : "";  ?>" />

                Fee
                <input type='text' name='fee' class='form-control' required value="<?php echo isset($_POST['fee']) ? htmlspecialchars($_POST['fee'], ENT_QUOTES) : "";  ?>" />

                Added

                <select class='form-control' name="added">
                   <option value="empty">Money Added?</option>
                   <option value="No">No</option>
                   <option value="Yes">Yes</option>
                </select>

                Game

                    <select class='form-control' name="game">
                       <option value="empty">Select Game...</option>
                       <option value="8-Ball">8-Ball</option>
                       <option value="9-Ball">9-Ball</option>
                       <option value="10-Ball">10-Ball</option>
                       <option value="1-Pocket">1-Pocket</option>
                       <option value="Other">Other</option>
                    </select>

                Side Pots

                    <select class='form-control' name="pots">
                       <option value="empty">Select Pots...</option>
                       <option value="10 Ball Pot">10 Ball Tickets</option>
                       <option value="Break Pot">Break Pot</option>
                       <option value="No">None</option>
                    </select>

                Race
                <input type='text' name='race' class='form-control' required value="<?php echo isset($_POST['race']) ? htmlspecialchars($_POST['race'], ENT_QUOTES) : "";  ?>" />

                Ball In Hand

                    <select class='form-control' name="bih">
                       <option value="empty">Select Ball In Hand...</option>
                       <option value="yes">Ball In Hand</option>
                       <option value="no">No Ball In Hand</option>
                    </select>

                Rule

                    <select class='form-control' name="rule">
                       <option value="empty">Select Rule...</option>
                       <option value="Call Pocket">Call Pocket</option>
                       <option value="Any Pocket">Any Pocket</option>
                       <option value="Call Shot">Call Shot</option>
                    </select>

                Handicapped?

                <select class='form-control' name="handicapped">
                  <option value="empty">Select Handicapped...</option>
                   <option value="No">No</option>
                   <option value="Yes">Yes</option>
                </select>

                Table Size

                    <select class='form-control' name="table_size">
                       <option value="empty">Select Table Size...</option>
                       <option value="7 Ft. Bar">7 Ft. Bar</option>
                       <option value="9 Ft. Regulation">9 Ft. Regulation</option>
                    </select>

                Tables Used
                <input type='text' name='tables_used' class='form-control' required value="<?php echo isset($_POST['tables_used']) ? htmlspecialchars($_POST['tables_used'], ENT_QUOTES) : "";  ?>" />

                Cueball

                    <select class='form-control' name="cueball">
                       <option value="empty">Select Cueball Size...</option>
                       <option value="Small Cue Ball">Small Cue Ball</option>
                       <option value="Large Cue Ball">Large Cue Ball</option>
                    </select>

                Equipment

                    <select class='form-control' name="equipment">
                       <option value="empty">Rate Equipment...</option>
                       <option value="Excellent">Excellent</option>
                       <option value="Good">Good</option>
                       <option value="Poor">Poor</option>
                    </select>

                Noise

                    <select class='form-control' name="noise">
                       <option value="empty">Rate Noise Level...</option>
                       <option value="Quiet">Quiet</option>
                       <option value="Moderate">Moderate</option>
                       <option value="Loud">Loud</option>
                    </select>

                Space

                    <select class='form-control' name="space">
                       <option value="empty">Rate the Space...</option>
                       <option value="Excellent">Excellent</option>
                       <option value="Good">Good</option>
                       <option value="Poor">Poor</option>
                    </select>

                Description
                <textarea type='text' name='description' class='form-control' required><?php echo isset($_POST['description']) ? htmlspecialchars($_POST['description'], ENT_QUOTES) : "";  ?></textarea>

                    <input type='submit' value='Save' class='btn btn-primary' />

    </form>

    <?php
    // page footer
    include_once "layout_foot.php";
    ?>

START SQL:
-- phpMyAdmin SQL Dump
-- version 4.2.7.1
-- http://www.phpmyadmin.net
--
-- Host: 127.0.0.1
-- Generation Time: Nov 01, 2015 at 10:00 AM
-- Server version: 5.6.20
-- PHP Version: 5.5.15

SET SQL_MODE = "NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO";
SET time_zone = "+00:00";

/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;

--
-- Database: `ptms`
--

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `locations`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `locations` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` varchar(128) NOT NULL,
  `address` varchar(128) NOT NULL,
  `city` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `state` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
  `zip` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `phone` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `yelp` varchar(250) NOT NULL,
  `youtube` varchar(250) NOT NULL,
  `created` datetime NOT NULL,
  `modified` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
) ENGINE=InnoDB  DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=8 ;

--
-- Dumping data for table `locations`
--

INSERT INTO `locations` (`id`, `name`, `address`, `city`, `state`, `zip`, `phone`, `yelp`, `youtube`, `created`, `modified`) VALUES
(1, 'Spring Valley Inn', '9034 Campo Rd', 'Spring Valley', 'CA', '91977', '(619) 303-7781', 'http://www.yelp.com/biz/spring-valley-inn-cocktail-lounge-spring-valley', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TkOHwpcvzjA', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2015-10-31 03:48:15'),
(2, 'Five Points Bar', '1881 S Escondido Blvd', 'Escondido', 'CA', '92025', '(760) 740-1139', 'http://www.yelp.com/biz/five-points-bar-escondido-2', 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEnd8JIMii4', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2015-10-31 03:48:15'),
(3, 'The Manhattan', ' 400 Broadway', 'Chula Vista', 'CA', '91910', '(619) 422-6641', 'http://www.yelp.com/biz/manhattan-cocktail-lounge-chula-vista', 'http://localhost/PTMS/create_location.php', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2015-10-31 03:48:15'),
(7, 'Manny''s Cocktail Lounge', '8729 Broadway', 'La Mesa', 'CA', '91941', '(619) 461-2170', 'http://www.yelp.com/biz/mannys-cocktail-lounge-la-mesa', 'http://localhost/PTMS/create_location.php', '0000-00-00 00:00:00', '2015-10-31 03:48:15');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `tournaments`
--

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `tournaments` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `location_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `day` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `time` varchar(30) NOT NULL,
  `fee` varchar(30) NOT NULL,
  `added` varchar(30) NOT NULL,
  `game` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `race` varchar(30) NOT NULL,
  `rule` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `handicapped` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `table_size` varchar(30) NOT NULL,
  `tables_used` varchar(30) NOT NULL,
  `cueball` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `equipment` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `noise` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `space` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  `pots` varchar(30) NOT NULL,
  `description` text NOT NULL,
  `created` datetime NOT NULL,
  `modified` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ;

--
-- Indexes for dumped tables
--

--
-- Indexes for table `locations`
--
ALTER TABLE `locations`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`);

--
-- Indexes for table `tournaments`
--
ALTER TABLE `tournaments`
 ADD PRIMARY KEY (`id`);

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for dumped tables
--

--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `locations`
--
ALTER TABLE `locations`
MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,AUTO_INCREMENT=8;
--
-- AUTO_INCREMENT for table `tournaments`
--
ALTER TABLE `tournaments`
MODIFY `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */;

A: You're printing error information from the connection object, but not looking at error information from the statement object. You might want to look at the manual entry for PDO::errorInfo().
You also catch PDOException, but we can't see any code where those exceptions are enabled, see the manual entry for PDO::setAttribute() in case you're not aware that you need to enable these.
There also appears to be a column in your statement called bih, but this column is nowhere in the table configuration you've pasted.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The series by Jude Watson - Jedi Quest Series and Last of the Jedi are for young adults... The Jedi Quest series contains stories while Anakin is still a padawan. Its like the adventures of anakin and obi wan. The Last of the Jedi series contains the same characters as Jedi Quest but is the story after episode 3. You can actually skip these two series if you want. The story and characters are not part of the "main stream or movie story."
For the clone wars series, you can just watch the TV series. Though the stories are different.
Wow! What a long list! But I fully appreciate it Memnoch!
Start na akong maglagay nito sa reader ko. Super thanks!
malot1182 wrote: Wow! What a long list! But I fully appreciate it Memnoch!
I think I want to start with the events after Return of the Jedi. I read somewhere that Luke wasn't the one who will actually bring balance to the force but the twin of Leia and Han Solo. Tama ba? Kinda interested in that storyline.
timothy zahn wrote the series after return of the jedi..
jude watson wrote the series about obi wan's padawan training and anakin as well..
The Thrawn Trilogy is the series after movie 6 (Return of the Jedi). The main villain is Thrawn (Mitthrawnuruodo) - my favorite villain. You are just in luck. They recently re-released the first book (Heir to the Empire) for its 20th year anniversary. So its a good chance to start reading.
But before you read this series, read the OUTBOUND FLIGHT first by the same author. Most of the characters of the Thrawn Trilogy were introduced here. Its also an awesome story.
I haven't read these books yet. After reading the first trilogy, i went back to the beginning. Am now in the rebellion era.
conan_barbero wrote: Ito pala yon Memnoch26.
The story about leia and han solo's twins is found in the Dark Empire series. Its a comic book series.
This extends the legend about the chosen one to bring balance to the force. Apparently, It is not Luke but the twins. Emperor Palpatine is alive. Yup!!! You read that right. He managed to cling on one of the ledges when he fell in the last scene of movie 6. Joke !!!
He did a "voldemort." His spirit lived on after death and moved to his clones which he was breeding in one of his labs.
Palpatine also managed to "turn" Luke to the darkside.
This will be a quick read for you.
My favorite Star Wars character is Master Yoda. Can you recommend a book about his origins?
... i do hope they make one since they already made one for Darth Plagueis (Palpatine's master).... this will be released Jan 2012.
deathwalker wrote: My favorite Star Wars character is Master Yoda. Can you recommend a book about his origins?
Thanks for the recommendations. I'll try to look for them the next time I visit a bookstore.


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On Sunday, June 28, 1970, at around noon, in New York gay activist groups held their own pride parade, known as the Christopher Street Liberation Day, to recall the events of Stonewall one year earlier. On November 2, 1969, Craig Rodwell, his partner Fred Sargeant, Ellen Broidy, and Linda Rhodes proposed the first gay pride parade to be held in New York City by way of a resolution at the Eastern Regional Conference of Homophile Organizations (ERCHO) meeting in Philadelphia.[20]
To Believe in Women, by Lillian Faderman, is a landmark book about lesbian history in the late nineteenth and twentieth century.  Unfortunately it is no longer available from our distributors, but it is offered through Amazon. To address the issue of the invisibility of lesbians in history books, we quote an excerpt from Living with History/Making Social Change, by Gerda Lerner, historian, author, and pioneer in the field of women's history: "Researchers in women's history often have to depend on autobiographical writing – diaries, letters, memoirs, and fiction – to piece together the life stories of women of the past. . . Self-descriptive narratives of women abound in omission and disguises. . . .A subset of autobiographies and biographies concerns women who had special friendships with other women prior to the period when lesbian relationships were defined.  Carroll Smith-Rosenberg's essay, "The Female World of Love and Ritual: Relations between Women in Nineteenth Century America," had long defined the discourse and also limited it (footnote omitted). Smith-Rosenberg had argued that single- sex friendships among women were accepted by society in the nineteenth century and were not considered marks of deviance.  Were modern historians justified in defining such friendships as lesbian relationships?  Were they reading modern interpretations into the past record?  The subject was mostly discussed and written about by lesbian historians, while heterosexual historians, coming upon ample evidence of such special friendships, gingerly danced around them.  Among the many prominent nineteenth-women who had lifelong stable relationships with other women, which involved shared home-making, shared finances, and often shared organizational responsibilities, were Jane Addams, Frances Willard, and M. Carey Thomas.  What kind of "evidence" did one need to define the relationship as lesbian?  Were such relationships lesbian if one could not prove sexual aspects?  Heterosexual authors often chose to ignore such relationships or to refer to them simply as "friendships," allowing the reader to draw her/his own conclusions. I urged historians to report honestly on what their sources told them about these relationships, without necessarily being able to report on how the participants or their contemporaries defined such relationships." From Living with History/Making Social Change, by Gerda Lerner (2009)
Similar to Kameny's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as "one of the greatest mistakes of his life".[40] The image of gays retaliating against police, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged, "stirred an unexpected spirit among many homosexuals".[40] Kay Lahusen, who photographed the marches in 1965, stated, "Up to 1969, this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement.... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale."[41]
Tel Aviv hosts an annual pride parade,[59] attracting more than 260,000 people, making it the largest LGBT pride event in Asia.[citation needed] Three Pride parades took place in Tel Aviv on the week of June 11, 2010. The main parade, which is also partly funded by the city's municipality, was one of the largest ever to take place in Israel, with approximately 200,000 participants. The first Pride parade in Tel Aviv took place in 1993.
On Saturday, June 27, 1970, Chicago Gay Liberation organized a march[12] from Washington Square Park ("Bughouse Square") to the Water Tower at the intersection of Michigan and Chicago avenues, which was the route originally planned, and then many of the participants spontaneously marched on to the Civic Center (now Richard J. Daley) Plaza.[13] The date was chosen because the Stonewall events began on the last Saturday of June and because organizers wanted to reach the maximum number of Michigan Avenue shoppers. Subsequent Chicago parades have been held on the last Sunday of June, coinciding with the date of many similar parades elsewhere.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Gopro Dive Case is designed to fit with the Splashdrone Gimbal. It includes video inlet for FPV video transmission wires, and attaches directly to the waterproof gimbal.
This is a replacement part incase your existing dive case gets cracked or damaged and is not designed for other gimbals.
The Gopro Dive Case is designed to fit with the Splash drone Gimbal. It includes video inlet for FPV video transmission wires, and attaches directly to the waterproof gimbal. This is a replacement part incase your existing dive case gets cracked or damaged and is not designed for other gimbals.


Therefore, please enlarge the photos to draw a better conclusion on your own. If you feel you cannot see item well enough please ask questions or request more photos. Color may vary between individual computer monitors.


We have made every effort to ensure that everyone feels comfortable and welcome on-board our scenic trains and we have been awarded silver status by Be.accessible.
On board, we have two designated wheelchair spaces, an accessible toilet, a hearing loop and two lifts/hoists for helping passengers aboard.
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Mandatory workshops are held for promotion candidates and their promotion mentors. Workshops for candidates going forward for July 1, 2020 will be held on Nov. 8, 2018 from 8:00-11:00 am and Nov. 20, 2018 from 1:30-4:30 pm in the Helliwell Centre classrooms 025/026, Wightman-Berris Academy at Toronto General Hospital.
Hospital physicans-in-chiefs (PICs) confirm their candidates and submit lists to the University of Toronto (U of T), Department of Medicine (DoM).
Candidates submit their promotion documents to their hospital promotion administrators. See submission deadlines.
Internal, external, and student referee letters are solicited by U of T, DoM.
Promotion dossiers are compiled for review by the U of T DoM Promotion Committee.
U of T DoM Promotion and Teaching Effectiveness Committees meet to review candidate dossiers. Candidates may be asked to submit additional materials. The DoM Promotion Commitee makes a final recommendation regarding each candidate to the DoM Chair.
DoM Chair advises the candidate, PIC and department division director (DDD) of DoM Promotion Committee final recommendations. Those recommended for promotion are sent for review by the Faculty of Medicine (FoM) Decanal Promotions Commitee.
FoM Decanal Promotion Committee deliberates recommendations and advises the Dean and Provost.
Appeals heard on deferral of academic promotion for clinical faculty.
DoM Chair notifies candidate, PIC and DDD of outcome. Provostial confirmation of promotion confirmed in writing to candidate.
Mentors are chosen by each hospital to guide candidates through the promotion process and assist with preparing their documents. Each hospital has at least one mentor for each of research, CPA, and teaching.
As a candidate for promotion, it is critical that you frame your accomplishments in a logical and compelling way in order to be successful. You are being asked to draft a submission that contains a mixture of structured and free form content. Both are important. You will likely need support in determining how to best do this, which is why we strongly encourage ongoing discussions with your promotion and other mentors.
The process is outlined in Section 29 of the University of Toronto Policy and Procedures Governing Promotions1980, and more fully in the Grievance Procedure, Article 7 of the Memorandum of Agreement Between the Governing Council and the University of Toronto Faculty Association, 2006. Clinical faculty should also refer to the Policy for Clinical Faculty, 2004, and the Procedures Manual for Policy for Clinical Faculty, 2013.


text:
THE PICCO INCIDENT
BLOODKIND
SCI-FI THRILLER WEB SERIES - 2015
(13 x 22 min)
Seeking Presales and Early Investment Opportunities
Contact: littleenginemovingpictures@outlook.com
A shadowy government agency investigates the course of one terrifying night, when a plane crashes near a remote farm, and the family captures what they believe to be the crash survivor. As each each family member is interrogated, secrets are uncovered that effect the townspeople of the nearby community of Picco.
Earth's biggest conspiracy is about to be revealed.
HORROR THRILLER MINI-SERIES - 2017
In a secluded cabin in the forest, a woman raises her headstrong son and young daughter, until a hiker and a sheriff on the hunt for a killer discover them and the children learn how far their mother will go to protect them.
Comparisons: LET THE RIGHT ONE IN,
PACKAGING STAGE
DRAMA SUSPENSE THRILLER SERIES
Haunted by his worst call, a drug-addicted paramedic with a gift for saving lives becomes obsessed with trying to save his estranged, drug-dealing son from life on the streets.
Comparisons:
CODE BLACK, 21 GRAMS
THE limitS
FEATURE FILM DRAMA
LICENSED TO SUPER CHANNEL
A social outcast who wants to end his life, a troubled youth on the run, an adulterous family man, and an ex-prostitute all find refuge at a motel at the city limits, where their lives collide in a life & death chain reaction that affects them all.
Comparisons: Paul Haggis' CRASH
ANIMATED SERIES 2016
LOCAL HEROES follows the adventures of six super-powered teenagers as they try to navigate the trials and tribulations of life as adolescents and as super-beings.
One day you're locked in a slug-fest with a giant robot, the next you're foiling the evil plans of a shadowy government agency bent on taking over the world. It isn't easy being a superhero, but with a little help from your friends, you might just be all right.
CUTIE PUGS
PAWESOME NEW PRESCHOOL SERIES - Coming to TVOKids, TFO mini, Knowledge Kids, and SRC-CBC in 2018!
(26 x 7 min)
New website with mini-games in pre-production
Seeking Distribution Sales
Meet the Cutie Pugs: Penny, Petey, Poppy and Pablo! They TALK, PLAY and have FUN together with 5-year old Dee Dee and their barnyard friends at Furrytail Farm.
MILLY & THE MAGIC BOX
PRESCHOOL SERIES & INTERACTIVE WEBSITE
Seeking Early Investment or Pre-sales
Milly is an imaginative 5-year old girl who plays make believe with the help of her favourite toy: a recyclable cardboard box. Along with her friends and pet cat Cupcake, Milly goes on literacy-inspired adventures in which her cardboard box transforms into a submarine, a treehouse, or a spaceship!


text:
Romeo and Juliet Movie
Topics: PlayRomeo And Juliet
Romeo and Juliet Essay Introduction
The film starts with a very dramatic title sequence. In our generation we enjoy engaging and dramatic films. The prologue opens the film and is repeated through out the opening scene. It begins with an extreme long shot of the T. V screen with a black news reader reporting on the brawl. This helps modernise it as in the Shakespearean era there was a lot of racism and discrimination between ethnic groups. Another obvious reason is the fact that televisions were not yet invented in the 17th century.
The T. V is also situated in the middle of the screen and has a black background. This causes you to focus only on the news as there is nothing else to side track you. Towards the end of the opening prologue there is a picture of a broken ring. I believe this is to show the hatred between the two gangs as a ring usually symbolises friendship.
After the news bulletin there is a fast zoom in through the streets of Verona. The streets are very built up and crowded. This could show how the city has developed over the years and that if there was a big brawl it could cause a lot of destruction. There is then a classic and passionate soundtrack which start's.
Romeo and Juliet Essay Body Paragraphs
This may be included as they decided to keep certain factors of the film the same as the play and this type of music would have been very popular back then.
Proficient in: Play
It may also be used to show how passionate the script is. Lastly it may show how much hatred there is between the two gang's as you can hate someone with a passion. After the fast zoom in, there is typography on a black background which reads IN FAIR VERONA with bold letters. I think this is so it sticks in your mind. It was also used in the opening line of the starting prologue. I think this sentence may be used to show that it is usually a peaceful place.
Through out the shot's of Verona one what caught my attention was an image of two tall skyscrapers one which said Montague and the other Capulet. I think this is used to show the wealthy side of the two families. Furthermore there was a big statue of Jesus in between the two buildings. This shows they are both equally as religious. I also think the reason that the two buildings are so big is as they look over everybody and run the place. It may also show they are higher up then everybody else. Through out the fast clips there are many images of modern technology for example cop cars, helicopters and guns.
This is used to modernise it and entice the viewers. This might show how chaotic the city can become as they need all these devices to gain control over it. There is then a montage of shots showing many newspaper headlines about the civic brawl. They are repeating the prologue again as each headline repeats a line of it. There is then a gap between each clip showing different chaotic scenes to show the viewers how much destruction was caused. This would also appeal to the modern day audience as we enjoy action within films now days. I believe teenage boys would be most interested as they enjoy violence in the media.
The classical music cuts in again and there is then an introductory to all the characters showing a picture of them and the part they play. They all look very worried. There is then typography again which reads "A pair of star crossed lovers take there live" this is to get you thinking of what shall happen within the upcoming scenes of the film. The music then increases speed and they begin to show you a montage of clips from within the film which also gains speed.
This will entice the viewers and leave it at a cliff hanger so they want to know what will happen next. Between the montage of forth coming clips there are images of exploding fireworks. I believe this could be to add more chaos or to show the gangs anger could explode at any minute. This scene ends with a blank black screen reading "William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet". This is to finally introduce the film. The music changes from classic to punk.
The three Montague boys are then introduced who also look like punks as they are dressed in brightly coloured t-shirts, bright hair, sunglass's and chunky jewellery . They also have tattoos which read Montague and has there symbol. This may show there commitment to there gang. They are driving around in a bright yellow jeep with the roof down. They also seem very wealthy as they have a customised car and personalised number plate which read "Mon005".
They also pass a building which says Montague construction, this would also show there wealthy side as they own several business's. The music is diajetic as it seems to be coming from the car stereo this could show there general disrespect for the public. They all seem laid back as well as rebellious as they are shouting offence at other cars as they drive by.
The last words of the music say "the boys, the boys". I believe this soundtrack was picked as it refers to them as the boys, it may mean they run the place and are the bad boys of Verona. There is then a clip it of the location they are in, showing busy roads and streets. They then pull in to phoenix gas (a petrol station). They began to add petrol when the Capulet's pulled up.
A van was situated between the two cars which blocked the view so neither of them could see each other. Four nuns then got into the van which both Capulet's and Montague's abused and insulted. This surprised me as they are both very religious. The nuns looked very disgusted and drove of causing both gangs to be in view of each other. The music changed to a western genre to show the more masterful and chilled side of the Capulet's.
They wore black formal suits, black boots ad had black neat hair. I believe they would appeal more to the modern day audience as they appear cool and powerful. They were also equally as wealthy as the Montague as they had a modified car and personalised number plate which read "cap 005". They also looked religious as they wore cross pendants, had a cross shaved into there hair and Tybalt had a picture of Jesus on his waist coat. The two sides meet eyes and the Montague's seemed frightened and scared. Abra confronts the Montague boy's opens his mouth and hiss's at them causing them to jump back and fall over.
He has metal bite guard which reads SIN. This makes him seem more powerful and scary as the Montague's seemed petrified of them. He then begins to make a mockery of the Montague's as they were nervous and fearful of the Capulet's. The Montague's looked embarrassed. This would appeal to the modern day audience as there was humour involved.
He began to turn round and head back to the car. He started up his engine and was about to drive off however he looked in his mirror and saw them biting there thumbs at him. This infuriated him causing him to honk his horn and rev his engine in spite as this was an insult in the Shakespearean era.
I believe they decided to keep this the same as it works effectively. The Montague's then looked confused, intimidated and unaware of what to do. The Capulet's get out of there car and begin to shout at the Montague's. However there also seems to be humour attached again as he is also making a mockery of him at the same time. The Capulet's still seem to keep calm however the Montague's are shaking and seem troubled. There is then a camera shot at a member of public to show concern.
Benvolio then comes out from the toilet and draws his gun. This has also been changed to modernise it as they would have used swords. However the gun had sword written on it to help keep some aspects the same to the play. There is also a cross which hangs from his gun. This is to show he is religious and maybe he believes it would help him with in a battle as god would be with him. Then some mysterious music begins to start and Benvolio instructs him to "pull up thy sword" hence the name.
They have also decided to keep some of the Shakespearean language the same. Tybalt the prince of cats then lights a cigar and drops the match on the floor which he puts out with the metal heel of his boot. The sound is over exaggerated and intense. This is to show tension between the two sides as well as showing he has no respect for society. Benvolio then offers peace as this is the way Montague's prefer to tackle battles. There is then extreme close-ups of the enemies to show there facial expressions as the Capulet's look confident and calm however the Montague's look worried and frightened. Tybalt then throws it back at him telling him he hates the word peace. This shows he is up for a battle. Tybalt has a lisp and sharp teeth like a cat.
A child then came out of the door at the gas station and Tybalt spun round and pulled a gun out on him. The kid was holding a toy gun. I believe the reason he ran out there is he thought it was a game. His mother then screamed to add chaos and Tybalt then pretends to shoot the kid. This show he is not totally heartless as he did not shoot him. He then spun round and pranced like a cat whilst making a hissing sound. The Montague boys then ran and charged at them adding chaos. He then hides by the Capulet car were a women kept hitting him round the head with her bag in order to try and help the Capulet's.
This was to add extra humour and entice the viewers. The western genre cuts in again. Whilst in midair Tybalt shot Benvolio and the battle began. There were then quick shots of oil cans and the petrol pumps which are both highly explosive, therefore if a bullet went astray an explosion could occur. There was then an ominous of gun scenes a long side with shaky camera work as if it was live footage. Tybalt seemed skilled and masterful as if every move he made was like a dance.
The Montague's ran for the car and began to drive of causing the petrol hose to break off covering Benvolio in petrol. Tybalt then pulled out a gun with sight and shot at the fleeing car shooting one of them in the head. This scene would have been found intriguing for teenagers and males mainly as they find gun fights and violence entertaining. Tybalt then dropped his cigar unaware the floor was covered in petrol. It then goes into slow motion to make the viewers on there feet as well as adding extra action. The petrol then ignites and Benvolio manages to run away. There was then a shot of a poster which read "Add more fuel to your fire" this was relevant as the fuel had gone up in flames. There was also another poster which this time was a newspaper advertisement which read "Montague vs. Capulet's" this was also slowly burning away. I believe this is to show the fiery between the two mobs.
The fire goes out of control and then there is another montage of clips showing police helicopters, guns and newspaper headlines. One what caught my eye was this one "3rd civic brawl". This shows it is quiet a regular occurrence. The father is in his limo and goes to grab his gun to help, due to family loyalty however is stopped by his wife. There is then another collection of clips showing riots, people being arrested and aerial shots of how many Capulet's and Montague's there were. The scene ends with Tybalt and Benvolio head to head. These are the two leaders. There is some tragic music also to add tragedy to this catastrophic event. They are however both forced to drop the weapons by the police and are furthermore arrested. This may intrigue you because you know there shall be more conflict between these two sides with in the future scenes of the play.
Overall I think this is a very affective opening sequence as there is action, humour and violence. These are found enticing by the modern day audience and effectively make you want to see the rest.
Romeo and Juliet Movie. (2019, Nov 01). Retrieved from https://paperap.com/paper-on-romeo-and-juliet-2-2/
How is the relationship between Juliet and her parents presented in the play 'Romeo and Juliet' Pages: 14 (3980 words)
How does Shakespeare show Juliet's character change and develop in Romeo and Juliet Pages: 11 (3128 words)
Juliet's Relationship with Her Parents in 'Romeo and Juliet' Pages: 4 (1182 words)
How far is Juliet a victim in "Romeo and Juliet" Pages: 7 (1858 words)
Juliet's Passion in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet Pages: 3 (746 words)
Shakespeare: relationships between men and women in Romeo and Juliet and Much Ado About Nothing Pages: 10 (2813 words)
Compare and contrast act 2 scene 2 and act 5 scene 3 of the play with Luhrmann's treatment of these scenes in the film "Romeo and Juliet Pages: 8 (2335 words)
How does Shakespeare present love through Romeo and Juliet and a selection of his sonnets Pages: 10 (2984 words)
Romeo and Juliet All Study Guide Questions and Answers Pages: 10 (2729 words)
Act 4 scene 3 of "Romeo and Juliet" is very emotional and dramatic Pages: 14 (4041 words)


text:
12.2E: Sex-Linked Traits
https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_and_General_Biology%2FBook%253A_General_Biology_(Boundless)%2F12%253A_Mendel's_Experiments_and_Heredity%2F12.2%253A__Patterns_of_Inheritance%2F12.2E%253A_Sex-Linked_Traits
12: Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Sex Determination
X-Linked Traits
X-Linked Crosses
X-Linked Recessive Disorders in Humans
Recessive Carriers
A gene present on one of the sex chromosomes (X or Y in mammals) is a sex-linked trait because its expression depends on the sex of the individual.
Distinguish between sex-linked traits and other forms of inheritance
In mammals, females have a homologous pair of X chromosomes, whereas males have an XY chromosome pair.
The Y chromosome contains a small region of similarity to the X chromosome so that they can pair during meiosis, but the Y is much shorter and contains fewer genes.
Males are said to be hemizygous because they have only one allele for any X-linked characteristic; males will exhibit the trait of any gene on the X-chromosome regardless of dominance and recessiveness.
Most sex-linked traits are actually X-linked, such as eye color in Drosophila or color blindness in humans.
hemizygous: Having some single copies of genes in an otherwise diploid cell or organism.
X-linked: Associated with the X chromosome.
carrier: A person or animal that transmits a disease to others without itself contracting the disease.
sex chromosomes: A chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds.
In humans, as well as in many other animals and some plants, the sex of the individual is determined by sex chromosomes. However, there are other sex determination systems in nature. For example, temperature-dependent sex determination is relatively common,
and there are many other types of environmental sex determination. Some species, such as some snails, practice sex change adults start out male, then become female. In tropical clown fish, the dominant individual in a group becomes female while the others are male.
The sex chromosomes are one pair of non-homologous chromosomes. Until now, we have only considered inheritance patterns among non-sex chromosomes, or autosomes. In addition to 22 homologous pairs of autosomes, human females have a homologous pair of X chromosomes, whereas human males have an XY chromosome pair. Although the Y chromosome contains a small region of similarity to the X chromosome so that they can pair during meiosis, the Y chromosome is much shorter and contains many fewer genes. When a gene being examined is present on the X chromosome, but not on the Y chromosome, it is said to be X-linked.
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Human male karyotype: A human males possesses XY chromosomes, as seen in the bottom left of this karyotype. The Y chromosome is much shorter than the X chromosome, unlike all of the other homologous chromosome pairs.
Insects also follow an XY sex-determination pattern and like humans, Drosophila males have an XY chromosome pair and females are XX. Eye color in Drosophila was one of the first X-linked traits to be identified, and Thomas Hunt Morgan mapped this trait to the X chromosome in 1910.
In fruit flies, the wild-type eye color is red (XW) and is dominant to white eye color (Xw). Because this eye-color gene is located on the X chromosome only, reciprocal crosses do not produce the same offspring ratios. Males are said to be hemizygous, because they have only one allele for any X-linked characteristic. Hemizygosity makes the descriptions of dominance and recessiveness irrelevant for XY males because each male only has one copy of the gene. Drosophila males lack a second allele copy on the Y chromosome; their genotype can only be XWY or XwY. In contrast, females have two allele copies of this gene and can be XWXW, XWXw, or XwXw.
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Eye color in Drosophila is an example of a X-linked trait: In Drosophila, the gene for eye color is located on the X chromosome. Clockwise from top left are brown, cinnabar, sepia, vermilion, white, and red. Red eye color is wild-type and is dominant to white eye color.
In an X-linked cross, the genotypes of F1 and F2 offspring depend on whether the recessive trait was expressed by the male or the female in the P1 generation. With regard to Drosophila eye color, when the P1 male expresses the white-eye phenotype and the female is homozygous red-eyed, all members of the F1 generation exhibit red eyes. The F1 females are heterozygous (XWXw), and the males are all XWY, having received their X chromosome from the homozygous dominant P1 female and their Y chromosome from the P1 male.
A subsequent cross between the XWXw female and the XWY male would produce only red-eyed females (with XWXW or XWXwgenotypes) and both red- and white-eyed males (with XWY or XwY genotypes). Now, consider a cross between a homozygous white-eyed female and a male with red eyes. The F1 generation would exhibit only heterozygous red-eyed females (XWXw) and only white-eyed males (XwY). Half of the F2 females would be red-eyed (XWXw) and half would be white-eyed (XwXw). Similarly, half of the F2 males would be red-eyed (XWY) and half would be white-eyed (XwY).
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Punnett square analysis of Drosophila eye color: Punnett square analysis is used to determine the ratio of offspring from a cross between a red-eyed male fruit fly (XWY) and a white-eyed female fruit fly (XwXw).
Sex-linkage studies provided the fundamentals for understanding X-linked recessive disorders in humans, which include red-green color blindness and Types A and B hemophilia. Because human males need to inherit only one recessive mutant X allele to be affected, X-linked disorders are disproportionately observed in males. Females must inherit recessive X-linked alleles from both of their parents in order to express the trait.
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Color perception in different types of color blindness: In this chart you can see what people with different types of color blindness can see versus the normal color vision line at top.
When they inherit one recessive X-linked mutant allele and one dominant X-linked wild-type allele, they are carriers of the trait and are typically unaffected. Carrier females can manifest mild forms of the trait due to the inactivation of the dominant allele located on one of the X chromosomes. However, female carriers can contribute the trait to their sons, resulting in the son exhibiting the trait, or they can contribute the recessive allele to their daughters, resulting in the daughters being carriers of the trait. Although some Y-linked recessive disorders exist, typically they are associated with infertility in males and are, therefore, not transmitted to subsequent generations.
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Inheritance of a recessive X-linked disorder: The son of a woman who is a carrier of a recessive X-linked disorder will have a 50 percent chance of being affected. A daughter will not be affected, but she will have a 50 percent chance of being a carrier like her mother.
12.2D: Alternatives to Dominance and Recessiveness
12.2F: Lethal Inheritance Patterns


How do I cancel a databinding property set in WPF?
I have a combobox in WPF that I am using the SelectedItem property with a DataBinding and sometimes certain items shouldn't be selected based on certain criteria. Mine was that two comboboxes couldn't have the same value.
Yes, there are other ways, such as removing invalid values from other boxes, but here was my solution for preventing the invalid property set by cancelling the selection/property set.
Anyway, the solution is simply to raise the property changed after the operation, by simply posting it to the work queue on the UI thread right afterward.
if (resetMe)//Why do I need to set the value above? No idea. Doesn't work unless I do it that way. Yes. I tried.
SelectedHeader = origVal;//put me back to the correct value.


A supraglacial lake over the Greenland ice sheet in the Kangerlussuaq area photographed on July 21, 2012. The lake feeds a stream that will deliver meltwater to the low elevations where it will either flow to the ocean on the surface or dive into the ice to contribute to a hydrological pipeline of sorts.
Overall, southern Greenland is going through changes, with the ice sheet thinning at its edges and streams and lakes growing atop its glaciers.


text:
Experiments in Intra-cultural Philosophy Set (Volumes 1 and 2)
Jim Behuniak - Author
SUNY series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture
Available within 1 month(s)
Billed when shipped
Experiments in Intra-cultural Philosophy Set, Volume 1 John Dewey and Daoist Thought
Experiments in Intra-cultural Philosophy Set, Volume 2 John Dewey and Confucian Thought
Argues that we move beyond philosophy that is simply "comparative" and uses John Dewey's late period reflections as the basis for an alternative.
In volume one, John Dewey and Daoist Thought, Jim Behuniak proposes an "intra-cultural philosophy" based on John Dewey's "cultural turn" and promotes Daoist thought as a resource that can help to reconstruct outmoded assumptions that continue to shape how we currently think.
In volume two, John Dewey and Confucian Thought, Behuniak assesses John Dewey's visit to China in 1919–21 as an "intra-cultural" episode and promotes "Chinese natural philosophy" as a philosophical context in which to understand the connections between Dewey's philosophy and early Confucian thinking.
Jim Behuniak is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Colby College.
No table of contents available for this publication.
4-7459-5/4-7458-8(CA/DG/AV)


text:
Every semester, department faculty and postdocs teach a range of classes in the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences on the Homewood campus, as part of the undergraduate major and minor in the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology. The requirements for this degree are here.
The Integrated Student Information System (ISIS) is Johns Hopkins' university-wide, web-based student information system. You will also find complete descriptions of courses in the Office of the Registrar's course schedule, in the History of Science and Technology section.
If you want to know more about undergraduate classes taught by our graduate students, please see details about the Dean's Teaching Fellowships.
AS.140.105 History of Medicine
3.00 credits. (Usually every Fall semester)
Course provides an overview of the medical traditions of six ancient cultures; the development of Greek and Islamic traditions in Europe; and the reform and displacement of the Classical traditions during the Scientific Revolution.
AS.140.106 History of Modern Medicine
3.00 credits. (Usually every Spring semester)
The history of Western medicine from the Enlightenment to the present, with emphasis on ideas, science, practices, practitioners, and institutions, and the relationship of these to the broad social context.
Courses Offered Upon Availability
AS.140.146 History of Public Health in East Asia
This course examines the history of disease, epidemics, and public health responses in East Asia from the 17th-20th centuries. This public health history emphasizes the interactions, connections, and comparisons among China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.
AS.140.156 Harm City? Public Health in Baltimore, 1797 to the present
Explores the history of public health in urban America using Baltimore as example. Examines topics such as include infectious diseases, mental health, sanitation, rodent control, primary care, substance abuse, and STDs using frameworks of racism, classism, poverty and inequality.
AS.140.176 Public Health in East Asia Through Films & Documentaries
This course uses contemporary films and documentaries to address issues in public health in East Asia, past & present. Topics covered include medicine in turn-of-the-twentieth century Japan and China, revolutionary medicine, STDS, mental illness, HIV/AIDs in China, industrial pollution, the politics of universal health care insurance, and pandemics in East Asia.
AS.140.227 Race, Racism and Medicine
How can we think about the interconnections between racism, theories of race and the practice of medicine? Living at a moment when racial disparities in health outcomes in the United States are still very stark, this course will provide a historically grounded approach to thinking about the roles that race and racism have played in healthcare, the production of health disparities as well as the role of medicine in the development of racist thought. While much of this course will focus geographically within the United States, this class will also explore global histories of medicine, encountering questions of race and medicine in Africa, the South Pacific and Asia. In addition to the analysis of primary source documents and historical texts, students will also be introduced to theoretical approaches to the study of race and racism from W.E.B. Dubois, Sylvia Wynter, Frantz Fanon and others.
AS.140.231 Health & Society in Latin America & the Caribbean
Healthcare is complex in Latin America and the Caribbean, where many people supplement biomedicine with plant and diet-based remedies, as well as religious and shamanic services. This course will cover the history of health and society in Latin America and the Caribbean from 1750 to the present, covering such topics as: medicine and the Spanish inquisition; disease control and tropical medicine; the medical knowledge of enslaved and indigenous peoples; reproduction and nation-state formation; and healthcare during the Cold War and its aftermath. Throughout, we will also consider the ways in which ideas about race, gender, indigeneity, class, and disability have affected people's access to healthcare. By the end of the course we will understand why leading scholars have referred to Latin America and the Caribbean as a "laboratory" for the production of medical knowledge. We will discover how that knowledge has been influenced by common people as well as professionals, and how it has influenced medical practice around the world. This is a discussion-based seminar course. It does not assume any previous knowledge of the history of medicine or Latin American and Caribbean history.
AS.140.346 History of Chinese Medicine
Students will study the most recent anthropological, philosophical, and historical scholarship on medicine in traditional and modern Chinese society. They will approach the topic from several angles including medical pluralism, the range of healers, domestic and literate medicine, gender, emergence of new disciplines, public health and the history of disease. The course relies on secondary sources and primary sources in English translation. Cross-listed with East Asian Studies.
AS.140.347 History Of Genetics
Intellectual and social history of the gene concept, including Mendelism, eugenics, medical genetics, DNA, genomics, and personalized medicine.
AS.140.394 Heredity, Eugenics, and Society
In this course, we will examine the ways in which concepts of the gene, heredity, and innateness have both shaped and been shaped by society over the last two-plus centuries. Topics under discussion may include: eugenics, biological determinism, scientific racism, human breeding programs, genetics and gender, genetics and intelligence, genetic engineering including CRISPR, assisted reproductive technologies, sociogenomics, and polygenic risk scores.
AS.140.435 Ways of Knowing: New Histories of Science, Medicine, and Technology
What does it mean for science to have a history? Comparing newer approaches with classic works, we will explore different strategies for placing science, medicine, and technology in social context.
Dudgeon's sphygmograph.. Credit: Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)


In an environment of seemingly ever-shrinking resources, maximizing fundraising investments and other revenue sources is more critical than ever. Participants completing this certificate will have the basic information required to develop, implement and assess a revenue and fundraising plan. They will also be knowledgeable about different types of fundraising and revenue generation and be able to assess the pros and cons of each type under many different scenarios.
Workshops can be taken separately without enrolling in Certificate program.
For more information on this certificate please contact Brenda Dalpiaz.
This session will provide the information and help necessary to develop a solid business and revenue plan for your organization by investigating the Mission / Margin Matrix; considering revenue diversity, earned income, and social enterprise. It will also provide an understanding of why people give, using Program Logic as a means of generating revenue, as well as ethical issues in fundraising and working with donors.
Your organization's case for support forms the skeleton of all fundraising and marketing for your organization including grant proposals, direct mail, brochures, etc. This session will look at researching the need and developing written text that provides logical and emotionally based motives for giving. It will also consider program evaluation and reporting on outcomes and impact as a component of that case for support and the motivations for giving.
"Getting grants" is not easy, especially in many rural areas. With steep competition for the grants that are available, making informed grant-seeking decisions is critical. From research to stewardship, this session will cover seeking corporate, foundation and government grants. Discussion will include researching opportunities, approaching funders, writing and submitting the proposal, reporting to your donor and follow-up with your funder – as well as what to do if you don't get what you requested.
Developing support from Individuals is critical to a nonprofit. This session will cover identifying prospective donors and using research data and databases. Fundraising tactics including mail, phone, web, social media, estate and legacy gifts, capital campaigns, endowments, and fundraising and/or friend-raising events will be discussed. Managing cost to raise a dollar and other fundraising management techniques will be covered as well as the importance of donor stewardship.


text:
Las Ventanillas de Combayo es un sitio arqueológico peruano situado en el distrito de La Encañada a 35 km de la ciudad de Cajamarca. El sitio abarca unas 20 hectáreas.
La criptas cumplía su función de recinto funerario. El sitio tiene una antigüedad de 3500 años y pertenecería a la cultura Cajamarca.

Cronología
Tiene una antigüedad de 500 y 1 200 años después de Cristo.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Sitios arqueológicos de Cajamarca
Huacas preincaicas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


So for my big painting I did a tattoo design to put onto my model. I wanted to make the fem fetal seem even more menacing. Giving her a tattoo instantly made her seem hard and intense; choosing the Medusa was so that you would feel uncomfortable, you shouldn't be looking at her at all because you would die. I intended it to be a chest piece, so it also has more to the design that spread out on both sides. You will see when you look at my painting.


First remove the fill plug (B), then the drain plug (C). The recommended tightening torque for the drain and fill plugs is 15 to 25 ft lbs (20 to 34 N·m).
When replacing the plugs, do not overtighten them.
You could damage them and cause them to leak.


The best American downtowns after dark to party like a rockstar!
When the sun sets on America, the hard working people of this industrious nation play even harder. Especially on a Friday or Saturday night, many cities across the United States come alive, as fancy lounges and dive bars alike fill up with workers looking to blow off steam.
Of course, some places are better than others, as certain centres become ghost towns at 6pm, while more vibrant metropolises buzz around the clock. As a long-term slow traveler, you are looking for a place that will rock your socks off or fill your belly, whether it is 9 pm, midnight, or 5 am.
To aid you in selecting the right base in this diverse nation, we have prepared a brief synopsis of the best American downtowns after dark, so that you will have an ideal urban existence during your time in the United States.
Before we get started though, some American downtown cores do contain elements of risk. Armed criminals may engage in nefarious activities from time to time, making it important to think about your personal security before indulging in your first night out.
While it is likely that things will turn out fine, we strongly recommend downloading a security app to report criminal or suspicious activities to the police, and to allow close friends to track your whereabouts in rougher parts of town. This will grant you the peace of mind to enjoy everything that America's cities have to offer!
Of all places in the USA, the appropriately named "City That Never Sleeps" is a classic choice for the globally inclined urbanite. Bars serve here until 4 AM, while after hours clubs can be found by following bar staff after closing. Abundant diners and pizza joints serving extra-large NY style pizza slices will satiate those with simple tastes after a long night at the bars by NYU and Columbia, while those with more refined palates will gravitate towards places like Empanada Mama, which slings Colombian and Latin American standards until the sun rises.
While bars here officially close at the ungodly early hour of 2 AM, a thriving after-hour scene exists here. Your slow travel strategy will pay off here, as it will allow you to befriend locals and make the connections necessary to get exclusive invites to parties that rage on until the sun peaks over the Sierra Nevada Mountains. From pop-up raves at usually abandoned industrial warehouses, to intimate gatherings in posh mansions in West Hollywood, these illegal but popular shindigs are growing in popularity.
When your stomach rumbles in L.A. seek out Kogi, the locally famous food truck. Famed for its fusion of Korean cuisine with Mexican and American greasy spoon favourites, it will silence your gastric critic, and go a long way to staving off a hangover in the morning.
This architecturally inspiring city also captures the heart of the party enthusiast, especially on the weekends, as regulations allow for certain bars to remain open as late as 5 AM. Shake your booty until 5 AM at Club 720, which offers 4 whole floors of fun, with styles ranging from salsa to hip hop and trance, depending on where you are.
Before heading back to your apartment to faceplant on your couch, have some breakfast first at the Deluxe Diner, a Chicago favourite among the dedicated party crowd. With pancakes galore, burgers for those seeking savoury flavours, and ice cream fountains for the surreal companions in your crew, this eatery is a perfect way to cap off your night in the Windy City.
While America has some strides to make with regards to the 24 hour club culture present in other regions throughout the world, a night out in the USA has an unmistakable feel that must be experienced by any lover of nightlife. From high society lounges where martinis cost $21 (hello New York!), to gritty dives where the neon Budweiser sign buzzes and flickers as $2 bottles get slung around by the overworked bartender, there is no place like it in the world. Now you can also get USA visa by applying online.


text:
Elementary (or not)
THE SIGN OF FOUR, by Arthur Conan Doyle, originally published in 1890; my edition, 1982
Bookshelf 3, shelf 4, book 34
I suppose it had to happen – Sherlock was inevitably going to put in an appearance, especially as I have noticed that the dice seem to select this area of bookshelves more than others (they're not weighted – honest).
I was quite glad to get this particular Sherlock Holmes book, though, as I'd not re-read it in ages. It's one of the ones I loved most and may even have been the one I read first – or was that Hound? Either is a rattling good tale and a great introduction to the world of 221b Baker Street.
The Sign of Four is the second Sherlock Holmes book, and like the earlier A Study in Scarlet, it's a full novel and not a collection of short stories. And like that book, it is also divided into two halves, though not so crudely. Again, one is the crime and the pursuit, and the other is the background. But unlike Scarlet (at least, that is, for me), it's a cracking read. And it still is.
One of the joys of coming back to this book is the delight I've been able to take in discovering all the best Sherlockian clichés developing and maturing with rapidity. Yes, the Baker Street Irregulars had appeared in Scarlet, but here they are again, more developed.
Here's Holmes' cocaine habit – 'a seven-per-cent solution. Would you care to try it?' – and terrible attitude to women, reported by – as always – Dr Watson:
'I would not tell them too much,' said Holmes. 'Women are never to be entirely trusted – not the best of them.'
I did not pause to argue over this atrocious sentiment.
And here are some of his most famous – and frequently misquoted – statements:
'How often have I said to you that when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth?'
Hansom cabs clatter along gas-lit streets through a deepening fog (but of course – and happily as I write this the fog outside my house is getting thicker and thicker), and through it all winds the river, scene of one of the great chases in detective fiction.
So what of the plot, what of the story of the governess, the mysterious Indian pearls, the summons at night and the strange and terrifying death of Bartholemew Sholto at Pondicherry Lodge, Upper Norwood? Well, on one level it's sensationalist hooey, but it's enormous fun and – and this is a big 'and', because it's far from being generally true of the detective genre, even today – it hangs together and makes logical sense. And it's exciting, and I'm not giving away any spoilers!
I've been thinking about why it works so well. One reason is that though it is sensationalist – the chase, the fabulous jewels, the Andaman Islander with his poison darts – it is also deeply atmospheric:
It was a September evening and not yet seven o'clock, but the day had been a dreary one, and a dense drizzly fog lay low upon the great city. Mud-coloured clouds drooped sadly over the muddy streets. Down the Strand the lamps were but misty splotches of diffused light which threw a feeble circular glimmer upon the slimy pavement…
Another reason why the Sherlock Holmes stories still appeal is that they are rooted in a real world; London's streets and buildings are frequently named and some things are still recognisable to Londoners today – such as the way that you can look down on a foggy city from the 'heights' of South London, and see only hints of it, tall buildings poking through the murk. It all builds – the criminal and his Andaman accomplice are tracked along a route that can still be followed; Holmes, Watson and Miss Morston (the governess) are taken in a cab along roads down which you can still drive – and creates a real world, one which barely seems fictional. And this, I am convinced, is largely why the Sherlock Holmes stories have such an appeal, even now, well over a hundred years since they were written. That and the perennial reason of reader satisfaction at a problem ingeniously solved.
Incidentally, reading The Sign of Four and contrasting it with another book emphasised something which has been bothering me slightly during my dice-reading exercise: language and attitudes which are now offensive.
I have just put the other book, written in the 1940s, to one side because of this. I don't think I'm being over-sensitive, and obviously it was once just about acceptable – in some sectors of society – to sprinkle around words which are now (and even were, sometimes, then) offensively racist in your work. Writers are creatures of their time, and their work inevitably reflects this, but it can make a book unreadable today. At first I was worried about this in The Sign of Four, with its partial setting during the Indian mutiny, and it wouldn't be written in this way today. But it surprised me at the end. The Andaman Islander, having been referred to by Conan Doyle / Watson in terms which make him seem more of a monster than a human being, finds his defender in Jonathan Small, his companion: yes, he's been problematic – killing someone probably counts as problematic – but 'he was staunch and true, was poor Tonga. No man ever had a more faithful mate.' The book I rejected, written fifty years later, would never have been so generous.
This entry was posted in Classics, Crime, Fiction and tagged books, detective fiction, Fiction, Sherlock Holmes on February 23, 2012 by Kate.
Love your Leica (and I do)
LEICA: WITNESS TO A CENTURY by Alessandro Pasi, published in 2003 in Italy; English translation 2004.
Bookcase 8, shelf 3, book 17
Finally the dice select an illustrated book. I'm amazed it's taken so long considering the huge number of illustrated books – art, history, natural history, practical titles – which I own. This is the first representative from the rather bloated photography section, but I'm sure it won't be the last.
It's also a relatively recent contribution to my library, doubtless owing to the fact that I only bought The Camera of my Dreams (a Leica M6) in 2000 – and, of course, it wasn't published until 2003. But my purchase probably made me more receptive.
So what is it about Leicas that makes them, I'm almost certain, the only brand of camera to have a book like this – one spanning a century, commercially produced, not a marketing tool – devoted to them?
It has to come down to the sheer quality of the lenses and the cameras, plus the fact that they are quick and almost silent to use which has made them the camera of choice for many, many, many great photographers. And of course you only have to buy a Leica to take shots worthy of Henri Cartier-Bresson. Or Robert Capa. Or Mary Ellen Mark. Or Sebastiao Salgado. Or Elliott Erwitt (or any other Magnum photographers).
Think of any great photograph of the last century, and the odds are that it was probably taken on a Leica. Marc Riboud's photograph of a protesting girl holding up a flower against the guns of some US Soldiers? A Leica. Doisneau's famous street scene? You guessed it.
Leicas were used to record the Spanish Civil War (think Robert Capa's controvertial Death of a Rebublican Soldier), WW2 (on both sides – Leni Reifenstahl used one, as did Nazi propagandists), the fall of Berlin and the liberation of the concentration camps.
They were used to document everything from the collapse of the Soviet bloc and the plight of refugees in the former Yugoslavia to the development of the civil rights movement and a French family enjoying a Sunday picnic. And guess which camera Alberto Diaz Gutierrez (aka Korda) used to take his portrait of Che Guevara, immortalised on many a T-shirt and student wall?
Many of the most memorable images are included in this book, and there are some which may prove unfamiliar; as an Italian title, it does have a predilection for Italian photographers, but this is no distraction. In fact, it's a plus – for me, anyway – because it brought me some unknown work among all those truly iconic shots. I actually bought the book because of a shot that was reproduced in the Guardian.
It's of two men in a cafe and is by Vanni Calanca , and beautifully illustrates the use of the Leica in ambient light…
But this book is more than just a collection of photographs, even though that would be good enough. It's a history of the brand, if you like. There's even a model 'family tree' and individual cameras are described (for all the techy photo nerds out there, of which there are many), with their changing functions highlighted. And the whole book is divided into historical phases from the earliest days of Ernst Leitz's factory in Wetzlar through to the start of the twenty-first century.
All the photographic icons are set in their historical context, and wherever possible technical data is included. Korda's Che was taken, for example, on an M2 with a 90mm telephoto lens. The shot was originally horizontal, but Korda realised that the vertical image had more impact, and was – essentially – just a better photograph.
One thing is missing from this book: the 'Leica Freedom Train'.
Gradually, systematically, Ernst Leitz II (the head of the company in the 1930s) began moving lots of Jewish colleagues and friends out of Nazi Germany after Hitler came to power, under the guise of sending them to work in overseas offices. After Kristallnacht these activities increased, but they had to stop in September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland and borders were closed. How did they manage to get away with this? Well, Leica was an internationally recognised brand which reflected well on Germany and that gave them some immunity, plus they were producing optical equipment for the army. Nazi Germany also needed funds, and Leicas continued to be in demand all over the world.
Despite being a jewel in the crown of the Reich, members of the family and staff were caught helping Jews and imprisoned – bribes, on one occasion, securing a release. The Leitz family wanted no publicity for their efforts after the war, though Elsie Kuhn-Leitz (EL II's daughter, who also got into trouble attempting to improve conditions for slave labourers) was recognised for her work, and it is only recently – after the death of the last member of the family – that the whole business has been fully understood.
I must admit that the Leni Reifenstahl / propaganda photographs for Signal thing had made me feel vaguely uneasy about owning my Leica – probably daft, but there you go – but I'm glad I can be (even more) proud of it now. It really is a masterpiece, advance of digital or not, and this book reflects that.
This entry was posted in Photography, World War 2 and tagged books, history, Leica, photography on February 14, 2012 by Kate.
P-P-P-Patrick Campbell
THE P-P-PENGUIN by Patrick Campbell, published as a collection in 1965; original journalism published between 1954 and 1965
I used to search out Paddy Campbell's books in second-hand bookshops, but this is one I inherited – which may explain its rather battered condition. I've since found another copy, but heaven only knows where it is…
For my money Patrick Campbell was one of the funniest writers in the English language, and one of the few people who could make me laugh so much that I'd become helpless. If I was unwise enough to be drinking tea at the time, it would come down my nose.
But I was intrigued when the dice gave me this. Some of the pieces in it are well over 50 years old.
Would I still find them funny?
Some people may remember Campbell as one of the team captains on the old TV show Call My Bluff – the tall, thin Irish one with the stammer. For me, growing up, he was the only reason why my parents tolerated the Sunday Times.
It took me a while to find him as funny as they did, which isn't surprising; he didn't write for ten year olds. We weren't alone in our admiration: one reviewer of the time described him as 'the funniest displaced Dublin journalist at large in London so far.'
Campbell, born in 1913 to an eminent Irish lawyer and his wife (and into a noted legal family) showed no inclination whatsoever to follow in the family footsteps – probably just as well, given that their tendency to become involved in politics got them held up at least once by the IRA. Instead he ended up on the Irish Times under the eccentric editorship of Robert Smyllie:
'I stumbled on the only job that required no degrees, no diplomas, no training and no specialised knowledge of any kind … journalism might have been designed for my special benefit.'
(Smyllie, incidentally, also recruited Flann O'Brien to the paper.) Campbell was at there for many years both before and after the War, which he spent in the Irish Marine Service. He then migrated to London, and wrote for other papers including the Sunday Times. As time wore on, he began to appear on television, where his characteristic stoop and even more characteristic stammer made him instantly recognisable. In 1968 – by then he'd inherited his father's title and was officially the 3rd Baron Glenavy – he moved to a farmhouse near Grasse, which is where he died in November 1980.
The P-P-Penguin is one of many collections of his columns; apart from 35 Years on the Job, this is the one which covers the widest range in time. It is divided into broadly themed sections – the Quentin Blake illustrations are from the start of two of these – and within each section are between five and ten pieces. One of the longest sections – The Aesthete – deals with his cultural confusions, best summed up in the title of one: 'Brünnhilde is Wotan's Uncle', in which he attempts to unravel Wagner's Ring Cycle.
Quoting Paddy Campbell is invidious, really. He wasn't a man of one-liners, though his descriptions can be succinct – once he had to act as a sub for a sports reporter who had a win on the horses, passed out and been taken home '…the victim in equal parts of surprise, and nineteen bottles of stout.' Instead each piece builds incident on incident and witty turn of phrase on witty turn of phrase until, in the best of them, you are almost hysterical.
For instance, there's his alternative Christmas game, a substitute for endless, desperate, grim charades. This is 'Mother, I'm back!', invented in extremis – '…if we want to act – and who doesn't at two o-clock in the morning…' – in which participants have to enter the room and greet their long-lost mother in suitably melodramatic style. Fine until the person playing Mother gets fed up… And what about his attempts to join the breadmaking revolution, or master military commands in alleged Irish? Excellent.
And my overall conclusion? Well, I still laughed wildly at some pieces, but others – no, not so much; they're just a bit too dated, well-written or not. A newspaper column is an ephemeral thing – tomorrow's chip wrapper – and some of these are straining a little. I think that 35 Years on the Job is a much better, more representative and balanced selection of his journalism – which is not surprising. After all, Campbell continued writing well after The P-P-Penguin was published, producing some of his funniest and most moving pieces then. If you can find that book, lurking in a second-hand bookshop or chez Abebooks, get it. Otherwise – well, yes, there are some good things here. But it's not as consistent.
This entry was posted in Humour, Journalism and tagged books, Humour, journalism on February 9, 2012 by Kate.
Detecting Cornwall
WYCLIFFE AND THE FOUR JACKS, by W J Burley, published in 1985 – and WYCLIFFE AND THE TANGLED WEB, also by Burley (but of course), published in1988
Bookshelf 15, shelf 4, books 10 and 11
It's a bit like Cheddars – you can't just eat up one detective story; you need more. Well, I do anyway, and the same applies to sequences of novels (heaven only knows what will happen if the dice select one of Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey/Maturin books). Oxfam may have been where I found these rather lovely yellow-jacketed Gollancz hardbacks to fuel my addiction.
So not one tiltle here, but two.
Why do we read detective fiction, I wonder? Why is it so very popular?
I think it partly appeals to our puzzle-solving instincts, and partly to our desire to see order come from chaos, and you can't get more transgressive than murder.
But of course there's more to a good detective novel than the solving of the crime. Otherwise reading one would be little different to completing a sudoku, only with extra blunt instruments.
Of course you need a stonkingly good plot. But you also need believable characters, sympathetic or not – and your main detective really does not need to be alcoholic, addicted to drugs or a complete screwball – and you need an interesting setting. Often the best crime writers tend to explore a particular location over several books, and it's best when it's one which readers 'think' they know, but which the writer then reveals in all its actual grimness or hypocrisy. Think Morse's Oxford or the Edinburgh of John Rebus.
In the case of the Wycliffe books, it's Cornwall.
That's hardly surprising: Burley (1914-2002) was a complete Cornishman. But though he always sets the Wycliffe books in a recognisable area, he's also at pains to distort it slightly so there's no risk of any confusion between fiction or reality. A necessary precaution when you live in the community you're writing about – especially if you write about nasty little murders and sins coming home to roost…
The first of the two, Four Jacks, is set in the Roseland peninsula. For me, this is one of the books which most conjures up Cornwall, partly because it's set in the summer, and partly because the landscape is so lovingly described. And it's a Cornish Cornwall despite the holiday setting – not the Cornwall of the visitors who basically form a backdrop to the action, walking around in the distance and taking, in the case of Tangled Web, boat trips on which they witness arguments. That particular book is set in a version of Mevagissey.
I must admit that I don't know the Cornwall of the 1980s well enough to comment on how accurate Burley's representation of it was, but I do know small communities – small rural communities – and they hardly change. Burley has, in many ways, got them sussed. And Wycliffe, Burley's main detective, understands them too:
'…he had been brought up in the narrow world of family feuds, squabbles over land, and the conflicting interests of landlord and tenant.'
(This is a world – Tangled Web – in which it seems perfectly reasonable to put an elderly aunt in the freezer when she dies at an inconvenient time. And I don't find it exaggerated one bit.)
And then there are the 'incomers' like the unpleasant David Cleeve – he's the focus of Jacks – though he is an extreme case: a famous writer with a dodgy past. For me, though Cleeve may be the focus of the book, the peripheral characters are where my interest lies: the Borlases, brother and sisters, whose niece is murdered by accident; Laura Wynn, the new-age protester against an archaeological dig… they can be major or minor, but they're sketched in well. For instance, Jack Polmear, pub landlord, barely appears – but I've met a Jack Polmear or two, he's so convincing.
Ultimately, however, the appeal of Burley's books for me lies in the motivation behind the crimes. It's never overly melodramatic, exaggerated or ridiculous. It's often derived from mistaken assumptions and muddle, which strikes me as being realistic (though I may be operating under a muddled and mistaken assumption myself, of course). I think it is probably this aspect of his work which has led to comparisons with Simenon. That, and the fact that he's not at all repetitious.
In many detective novels you can work out who did it well in advance, not because of any clues the author may have dropped – that's acceptable, and part of the game – but because it's always the weak young man or the person with the cast-iron alibi or the person who wasn't even there. That's not true of Burley's Wycliffe books at all; yes, you can find clues and shout at Wycliffe 'It's a synonym for John!' or 'She's lying!', but there's no preordained plot device.
What they do have is a good central detective (who was, I think, well played by Jack Shepherd in the 1990s TV series), an excellent supporting cast and a well-planned, atmospheric plot.
For those who also appreciate W J Burley, there's a small website which celebrates his work – check it out. If you're interested in the technical side of planning detective novel, there's a page on there specifically looking at how he plotted out Wycliffe and the Tangled Web.
This entry was posted in Crime, Fiction and tagged books, detective fiction, Fiction on February 5, 2012 by Kate.


Have your baby harness the power of cuteness. Your baby already exceeds the cuteness limit for just being themselves. This cute little animal jumpsuit will break your baby's cuteness boundaries, allowing them to have all your friends/family in awe due to the shock of how cute they look in these little jumpsuits.