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Artículo 18 - Derecho de asilo
Artículo 19 - Protección en caso de devolución, expulsión y extradición
Manual de Derecho europeo sobre asilo, fronteras e inmigración - Edición 2020
El Convenio Europeo para la Protección de los Derechos Humanos y de las Libertades Fundamentales
(CEDH) y el Derecho de la Unión Europea (UE) constituyen un marco cada vez más importante para la
protección de los derechos de los extranjeros. La legislación de la UE sobre asilo, fronteras e inmigración
se está desarrollando rápidamente. La jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos
(TEDH) en este ámbito es abundante y relativa en particular a los artículos 3, 5, 8 y 13 del CEDH. El Tribunal
de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE) debe pronunciarse cada vez más sobre la interpretación de
las disposiciones del Derecho de la UE en la materia. La tercera edición de este manual, que se actualizó
en julio de 2020, presenta de manera accesible el Derecho de la UE y la jurisprudencia de los dos
tribunales europeos en la materia.
Migration: Key fundamental rights concerns - Quarterly bulletin 4 - 2020
The EU Agency for Fundamental Rights has been regularly collecting data on asylum and
migration since September 2015. This report focuses on the fundamental rights situation of
people arriving in Member States and EU candidate countries particularly affected by migration.
It addresses fundamental rights concerns between 1 July and 30 September 2020.
Integrating young refugees in the EU - Country information
The EU Fundamental Rights Agency published in 2019 its report on the 'Integration of young refugees in the EU'. The report explored the challenges of young people who fled armed conflict or persecution and arrived in the EU in 2015 and 2016. The report is based on 426 interviews with experts working in the area of asylum and integration, as well as 163 interviews with young people, aged 16 to 24, conducted between October 2017 and June 2018 in 15 regions and cities located in six Member States: Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Italy and Sweden. The links on this page provide a summary of the information collected during this period for each country about unaccompanied children turning 18 and the change in people's legal status once international protection is granted. These two issues had at the time been identified as moments requiring sufficient, consistent and systematic support, particularly from lawyers, social workers and guardians, to ensure successful integration.
FRA Director Michael O'Flaherty visits Moria migration facility
This video statement by FRA Director Michael O'Flaherty was recorded on 15 October 2020 at the Moria migration facility that was destroyed by fire in September 2020.
FRA Director Michael O'Flaherty visits temporary camp at Mavrovouni, Lesbos
This video statement by FRA Director Michael O'Flaherty was recorded on 14 October 2020 at the temporary facility at Mavrovouni. This temporary camp was built to re-house people after the fire at the Moria migration facility on the island of Lesbos, in Greece.
It addresses fundamental rights concerns between 1 April and 30 June 2020.
Border controls and fundamental rights at external land borders
This practical guidance addresses border-management staff in European Union (EU) Member States who work at the operational level. It aims to support them in implementing the fundamental rights safeguards of the Schengen Borders Code (Regulation (EU) No. 2016/399) and related EU law instruments in their daily work, when carrying out controls at external land borders.
MDX Dataset
Forced return monitoring systems – State of play in EU Member States
The EU Return Directive introduced an important fundamental rights safeguard for third-country nationals ordered to leave the EU because they do not or no longer fulfil the conditions for entry and/or stay. According to the Directive, Member States must provide for an effective forced-return monitoring system.
The EU Return Directive (2008/115/EC) in Article 8 (6) introduced an important fundamental rights safeguard for third-country nationals ordered to leave the EU because they do not or no longer fulfil the conditions for entry and/or stay. According to the directive, Member States must provide for an effective forced-return monitoring system.
Informe sobre los derechos fundamentales 2020: dictámenes de la FRA
destacando tanto los progresos realizados como
las dificultades que todavía persisten. La publicación
presenta los dictámenes de la FRA sobre los
principales avances realizados en los ámbitos
temáticos contemplados, así como un resumen
de las pruebas que respaldan tales dictámenes.
Esto permite disponer de una visión de conjunto,
compacta, pero muy ilustrativa, de los principales
desafíos en materia de derechos fundamentales
a los que se enfrentan la UE y sus Estados miembros.
The Coronavirus pandemic continues to interrupt everyday life in the EU
in unprecedented ways. But the way it affects our societies is shifting. As
governments gradually lift some of the measures put in place to contain the
spread of COVID-19, new fundamental rights concerns arise: how to ensure that
the rights to life and health are upheld as daily life transitions to a 'new normal'.
This Bulletin looks at declarations of states of emergency, or equivalent, and
how they came under scrutiny. It considers the impact on fundamental rights in
important areas of daily life, and includes a thematic focus on the processing of
users' data to help contain COVID-19, particularly by contact-tracing apps. It covers the period 21 March – 30 April 2020.
Watch vlog on the bulletin
The EU Agency for Fundamental Rights has been regularly collecting data on migration since September 2015. This report focuses on the fundamental rights situation of people arriving in Member States and EU candidate countries particularly affected by large migration movements. It addresses key fundamental rights concerns between 1 January and 31 March 2020.
Relocating unaccompanied children: applying good practices to future schemes
In recent years, thousands of girls and boys have reached Europe without their parents, and sought international protection. Many of them experienced violence, abuse and neglect in their home countries, and while in transit. They have the right to be protected in line with the provisions of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the European Convention on Human Rights, and European Union law. This report explores the challenges and good practices gathered in the implementation of such relocation programmes. Based on information FRA collected in 10 EU Member States, it aims to help national authorities to support the relocation of unaccompanied children by taking measures that are fully rights compliant and practically feasible.
View practical guidance infographic
Practical guidance for protecting unaccompanied children in the relocation process
Based on the lessons learned from relocation
experiences and on existing international and EU legal
standards, FRA has developed a number of practical
suggestions for the adjustment of relocation efforts to
the protection needs of unaccompanied children. This
guidance aims to be a practical tool for Member States
that wish to engage in the relocation of unaccompanied
children and in any future responsibility-sharing
mechanisms, and to gain knowledge on how this can
be done while respecting the child's best interests.
Children in migration in 2019
Children in migration are more vulnerable than adults, particularly when they are unaccompanied. Their vulnerability makes them more exposed to violence, exploitation and trafficking in human beings, as well as physical, psychological and sexual abuse. This report looks into challenges to the fundamental rights of children in migration throughout 2019. It pulls together the main issues identified in FRA's Quarterly Bulletins on migration in selected EU Member States.
Download all updates
French version now available
Relocation of unaccompanied children from Greece
The EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) urges Member States to agree on a simple and practical workflow as soon as possible, to avoid lack of clarity and delays in the relocation process. This paper provides practical suggestions on relocation of unaccompanied children from Greece, building on lessons learned from previous mandatory and voluntary relocation schemes. The paper provides FRA input on the initiative of the European Commission and a group of Member States to relocate unaccompanied children.
Watch Director's video message from Athens


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Dominic Joseph Fontana (March 15, 1931 – June 13, 2018) was an American musician best known as the drummer for Elvis Presley for 14 years. In 1955, he was hired to play drums for Presley, which marked the beginning of a 15-year relationship. He played on over 460 RCA cuts with Elvis.

Career
After serving in Korea with the U.S. Army, Fontana (nicknamed "D.J.") was employed by the Louisiana Hayride to be an in-house drummer on its Saturday night radio broadcast.

Fontana joined a band (originally assembled by Sam Phillips) that was without a drummer.  The band included Scotty Moore (lead guitar), Bill Black (bass), and Elvis Presley (rhythm guitar). They called themselves The Blue Moon Boys. This became the band that would perform and record the vast majority of Presley's hits of the 1950s.

Along with the occasional piano and backing vocals from the Jordanaires, The Blue Moon Boys played on several Elvis hits, including "Heartbreak Hotel", "Hound Dog", "Don't Be Cruel", and "Jailhouse Rock". The band toured extensively. Throughout 1956 and 1957, the band had several television appearances, which included The Ed Sullivan Show. The band broke up in 1958 and Black never played with Fontana or Presley again afterward. He died in 1965.

Although the band had officially broken up, Fontana and Elvis still regularly played and recorded together throughout the 1960s. Moore would sometimes join them. In 1968, Fontana performed on the NBC television special, often referred to as Elvis' 'Comeback' Special.  Fontana played with Elvis for 14 years.

Stan Lynch said of Fontana: "Armed with accuracy, power, swing, dynamics, great time and — the biggest compliment of all — simplicity whenever it was best, D.J. rocked the greatest singer and the greatest songs ... ever. He did it year after year, record after classic record. In a world of one trick ponies and lucky "Rock Stars," D.J. is the real deal."

Moore and Fontana also performed together without Presley, including a 2001 recording of "That's All Right (Mama)" with Paul McCartney.

Other work

In 1983, Fontana published a book in pictorial form, titled D.J. Fontana Remembers Elvis, detailing his years playing with Elvis. Fontana's Life and Times weekly phonecasting debuted on July 3, 2007.

Recognition
D. J. Fontana was inducted into the Rockabilly Hall of Fame on January 14, 2009, and on April 4, also in 2009, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in the "sidemen" category. English musician Wayne Fontana (born Glyn Geoffrey Ellis) took his stage name from the drummer.

Fontana was played by Ed Begley, Jr. in the 1979 motion picture Elvis, and by Eric William Pierson in the 2005 CBS miniseries Elvis.

Death
Fontana died in his sleep on June 13, 2018, in Nashville at the age of 87. At the time of his death, he was suffering from complications of a broken hip.

Recordings
Unknown recording duet: Robert Hampton and Johnny Paycheck, "I Love My Jesus" Drummer: D.J. Fontana

References

External links

ElvisInfoNetwork Interview with DJ Fontana 2010
D. J. Fontana TCB website
Interview with D. J. Fontana
D. J. Fontana Phonecasting Channel
Rockabilly Hall of Fame
Drummerworld.com
DJ Fontana Interview - NAMM Oral History Library (2001)

1931 births
2018 deaths
American male drummers
Musicians from Shreveport, Louisiana
American rock drummers
20th-century American drummers
American memoirists
20th-century American male musicians
Elvis Presley

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


North Dakota is the 19th largest state in the United States of America in terms of total area, though it ranks 47th in terms of population density and 48th in the U.S. in terms of total population – it is sparsely populated, known more for its sprawling areas of nothing as opposed to its major cities. It was founded in 1889 and was the 39th state admitted to the Union. Because of its lack of population centers, few interstate highways and its location in the extreme northern reaches of the U.S., auto shippers have a hard time getting into or out of the state of North Dakota, which often has negative consequences when it comes to your total auto transport price.
There are only two interstates that run through the state. I-29, near the eastern edge of North Dakota, services Fargo and runs up to the Canadian border; this is typically where many shippers will deliver cars that customers are planning to drive across the border into Canada. I-94 runs east-west through the center of the state and connects Minnesota with Montana. I-94 and I-29 meet briefly in Fargo. Because of the lack of interstate highways auto shippers don't like traveling through North Dakota because there is little way to get back to the major routes while also picking up and delivering cars for customers along the way.
Though temperatures during the summer months are fairly warm, with little rainfall during the dog days of summer, winter transportation is where things can get difficult for carriers moving into and out of the state (and which can cause price hikes for their customers). Snowfall is common throughout much of the state during the winter, with higher elevations seeing continual snow accumulation throughout the season. It is for this reason why carriers don't like traveling to, from or through the state during the winter and why many will choose to eschew routes through North Dakota (particularly routes based around or including I-94) for more warmer climes; snow can cause major problems for auto transport trucks and can create dangerous conditions for auto transport carriers, who have not just their truck and their safety to worry about but their customers' vehicles as well.
Agriculture is by far the largest sector of North Dakota's economy, and despite its size and low economic priority it has the lowest unemployment rate in the country at just 3.7%, despite less than 10% of the state being employed within its largest economic sector. Other portions of North Dakota's economy include food processing, manufacturing, petroleum production and mining. Microsoft's second-largest campus is located in North Dakota, and Amazon has a facility that also employs hundreds of people.


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Genre: Historical Fiction, Children, Young Adult.
Characters: Charlotte Parkhust, James, Father, Mother, Vern, Mr. Milkshark, Freedom, William, Hayward, Mrs. Boyle.
I would give this book a rating of 2 stars because it wasn't really that good.
Hi Hannah, you are nearly up to 30 books! I'm sure there are other books at home you have read this term. I was surprised to hear you didn't enjoy this book. Maybe it's more for horse lovers. Does knowing that is based on a real person (Charlotte (Charley) Parkhurst) in history make it even a little more interesting?
♡.°୭̥ ୨୧All About Me !
Hello, I'm Hannah and I am a Year 8 student in T2, Grey Main School.
I like listening to lots of different music like Arctic Monkeys, Boy Pablo, I DONT KNOW HOW BUT THEY FOUND ME, girl in red and heize. I paint and sketch a lot, even though I think I'm not that good at it. I love my friends and like to make videos of them and upload them to YouTube. I'm half Taiwanese and I was born there, so I have friends that live(d) there who I occasionally write letters to. I watch some anime, and am currently obsessed with mob psycho 100.
My favorite animals are hamsters and bunnies, and colour is red. My room is full of plants, please save me!


There's a darkness looming beyond the horizon. As far as I can see, each way I turn my head, there is a dark line encircling the living world I know. If only I could propel myself up through the opening in the sky, above the clouds into the world beyond, o'er the earth where I could escape being trapped inside. But it's impossible and such hopes are silly. The sun will soon be blocked out – the days will seem as night. But it all appears so natural – like a lifetime event that always loomed. Simple – like the routine of tides, like the inevitability of a hurricane in September.
The wind has lashed for weeks now. Trees have fallen – trees I'd grown to love. There is debris everywhere and nothing looks the same. It's a mess out here and there is little more I can do then retreat to my hovel and try to endure the storm. Its power is confounding. I'm not sure I can outlast it, I'm not sure my hovel can out-stand it. But taking shelter is all I can do to maintain any memory of the calm that once was – to maintain any peace and serenity in the present. Inside the air is still, but the racket of what stirs outside is menacingly tumultuous. Gusts seep through the cracks, whistling under the breath of the wind. But as I sit here listening and watching the storm move in I know nothing will ever be the same and much of what I knew will have to be rebuilt. Much, however, can never be rebuilt. But I know I will have to find new places for solace. I know I will have to deal with what the storm has left behind – clean it up – accept it as the way nature intended. And should my hovel survive, I am certain from the seething I see it go through now, it will need to be reinforced in order to be livable once again.
I imagine the sun will come out again. The left-over trees seem to think so for they continue to try to reach for the sky even though the gusts are trying to snap them to the ground. The whipping wind keeps shuffling the clouds through with no regard for the necessity of sun – though at odd times there is a speckle of blue between the layers of grey. I wonder if colour will return. I wonder if flowers will bloom again – if I will smell their fragrant esters upon the wind and revel as the warmth of the sun kisses my weathered cheeks. I hope that it can't always be so grey and desolate. I remember a time before this storm. I remember light. I recall colour. I could be outside and rarely have need of shelter. I miss the sun, but I know this storm isn't over. I can only try and outlast this storm. But I see the clouds on the horizon coming and I know – the worst is yet to come.


Have you ever seen those long smoke-lines in the sky and wondered what they are? Some may be jet vapor contrails, but others are known as chemtrails. Most of the population doesn't know, but these trails, loaded with heavy metals that have been measured in the water and air at several different worldwide locations, are actually a threat to your health.
Contrails are the result of jet engine vapors condensing into tiny ice particles at high altitude. They are usually not very dense and evaporate quickly. They never extend from one side of the sky to the other, not even close! These trails are dense and linger, often from horizon to horizon, sometimes widening to form streaky clouds.
As more have reported the chemtrail phenomena to government agencies, the usual cover story is that they're being sprayed as part of a geoengineering effort to slow down global warming, or they're conducting military drills with releasing streams of metallic particulates to confuse radar.
They are cover stories. So what are they covering? Mainstream media thoroughly ignores or debunks it. Congressman Dennis Kucinich seemed to have caught wind of the hazards of geoengineering for weather control.
He tried to into introduce a bill called the Space Preservation Act in 1997 and 2001, mostly intended to stop Star War projects. Within it the word chemtrails appeared as an item to be banned. The bill went nowhere. Most congressmen are ignorant of the issue or afraid to ask, just like the media.
The denial of something so apparent is outrageous. After looking into chemtrails for yourself, ask anyone to look up if you see them and watch them go into denial as well. Sometimes both contrails and chemtrails appear simultaneously, making it easier to differentiate.
So now that we know they exist, it's important to recognize the dangers of chemtrails.
Readings taken after chemtrail episodes from air traps, water traps, ground and snow samples vary slightly from location to location, but they usually contain small particulates or nanoparticles of aluminum, barium, strontium, and sometimes ethylene dibromide or EDB, often called dibromoethane, an EPA banned fuel additive.
Consider that these particulates fan out at high altitudes and fall onto the ground invisibly, affecting foliage, forests, crops, rivers and lakes, animals, and humans. Many aware conservationists and environmentalists are aware of the chemtrail damage to our biosphere.
Breathing nanoparticles of toxic metals into the lungs bypasses our primary immune system's defenses. These substances make their way into the blood directly from the lung's capillaries. And aluminum gets through the blood-brain barrier. But don't worry; Monsanto has patented aluminum resistant seeds. How did they know that was needed? Strange.
Just a couple of years ago, an Arizona resident collected certified medical blood test documents from seriously ill Arizonians and sent them to various State and Federal elected officials demanding an investigation. The blood sample documents showed extremely high amounts of either barium or aluminum or both. None of those people worked or had worked with hazardous materials containing those items. Some were retired.
In the past couple of decades, death from respiratory disease in the US have been increasing. Asthma rates have more than doubled in the western world and Alzheimer's' disease and autism spectrum disorders have risen dramatically.
Barium can be linked to multiple diseases including respiratory diseases and aluminum to neurological afflictions.
Even if you're not directly affected by these nanoparticles from chemtrails, your immune system is adversely affected and forced to work overtime with yet more environmental and food pollutants and toxins, leaving you more prone to infectious and autoimmune diseases. And in any case, if the soil is affected (which it is) you are affected.
There are many groups and individuals doing what they can to bring awareness to government agencies. But this operation's lid is sealed.
If you're new to this and curious, start checking out those jet trails and notice the difference between contrails and chemtrails. You can Google chemtrails, aerosol spraying, or geoengineering for more resources and sites with photos and videos. Try to sidestep the usual debunking shills and trolls, but without disregarding all the information. It's important to look at everything from multiple angles to get a better understanding.
Despite all the efforts of individuals and small groups as well as documentaries, nothing gets done about this toxic elephant in the sky. So you have to protect yourself by detoxing often.
A mineral water product called Volvic, available at Whole Foods and online, has been used to remove aluminum from the brain. The recommended regimen is 1.5 liters daily for five days. And there are other ways to remove heavy metals from the body, including professional chelation and do-it-yourself solutions.
Consider consuming these 6 foods for heavy metal chelation or utilizing these 7 tips for detoxing and cleansing the body. Food grade activated charcoal is yet another detox agent that can be used.


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Home ECONOMY Tata Power signs accord with Russia's top coal miner
Tata Power signs accord with Russia's top coal miner
Mumbai, Feb 23:
India's largest integrated electric utility company Tata Power Monday said it has signed a preliminary accord with Russia's largest coal miner Siberian Coal Energy Company (SUEK) to develop opportunities in the energy sector there.
"As part of the agreement, both – Tata Power and SUEK – will cooperate on identifying and targeting opportunities in the energy sector in Russia and other geographies of common interest to develop mutually beneficial transactions," the company said in a statement.
This is the first time that the Indian firm is poised to enter the Russian zone.
In December 2014, the company had signed an initial agreement with a Russian direct investment fund company to explore investment opportunities in the energy sector.
The power company has been strengthening its international presence in recent times.
It has strategic investments in Indonesia through a 30 percent stake in a coal company PT Kaltim Prima Coal and another 26 percent stake in PT Baramulti Suksessarana Tbk.
Its other collaborations and projects include a variety of companies in South Africa, Botswana and Namibia in Africa, Singapore, Australia and Bhutan.
The electric firm generates about 8,621 MW of power of which 7,407 MW is from thermal sources. IANS
Previous articleMalware can track your smartphone via power usage
Next articleLatest GDP data makes India fastest growing economy: President
No provision for refund to chit fund investors above Rs 10,000: Odisha FM
Over 15000 MSME units lying closed in Odisha: Minister
Power distcos owe Rs 6846 crore to World Bank, Gridco, Odisha govt

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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2018-06-18 Alumni Achievement Award 2018›
Alumni Achievement Award Winner 2018 Mónica Wills Silva
The Hertie School's Alumni Achievement Award 2018 was awarded to Mónica Wills Silva (MPP 2014), Senior Advisor at The Behavioural Insights Team. The award was bestowed by Managing Director Axel Baisch at the Hertie School's annual Alumni Reunion in Berlin. The award, which was established in 2015, honours those who have achieved outstanding accomplishments in public policy or public management over the past year, additionally demonstrating an innovative and dedicated commitment to the principles of good governance.
We invite you to watch Monica's presentation of her work at The Behavioural Insights Team, where she explains how evidence-based approaches can improve public policy outcomes.
Watch Monica's presentation during the alumni panel discussion, "Do-morrow: Visionaries hacking the system and shaping tomorrow"
Alumni video: Meet Alexandru Rusu (MPP 2009)
PhD profile: Leveraging insights from social entrepreneurs
Profile: From PhD to prof


Sometimes a movie plays when you're out of town, or over-booked, or too pooped to head out the door. But all your friends have been talking about it. So when a movie proves both very good and very popular at The Clyde, we try to bring it back.
Between July 26 and August 4, you'll have three second chances at movies our patrons loved. First, the heart-warming and salivary-gland-stimulating Chef will be back with great food, great music, and a great father-son story July 26, 27 & 28 at the 7:30 shows.
Then we'll have an entire Second Chance Weekend August 1-4 with Angelina Jolie in Maleficent playing at 7:30 Friday and the 5:00 shows on Saturday and Sunday, and the crowd-pleasing drama Belle playing at the 7:30 shows on Saturday, Sunday and Monday.
So grab your second chances–there won't be any third chances.


Abstract—Present study is aimed to see the influence of reaction temperature on the structural and optical properties of reduced graphene oxide powder samples. In the present work, aqueous solutions of graphite oxide (GO) were reduced at two different temperatures (80 and 95°C) using hydrazine hydrate. XRD and Raman studies showed that sample reduced at higher temperature has lesser defects. UV-visible spectral studies showed a blue shift in the absorption peak of GO after reduction due to the increased structural ordering because of restoration of sp2 carbon with temperature. More shift is observed for the sample reduced at higher temperature. In our work reaction temperature had a great impact on crystallinity and optical properties of our samples. Our study establishes a correlation between structural and optical properties of reduced graphene oxide powder samples with temperature.
Index Terms—Graphite oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), photoluminescence (PL).
The authors are with the Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Material Science, IIT Bombay, India (e-mail: prerna.bansal@iitb.ac.in, dhirenb@iitb.ac.in, panwar@iitb.ac.in).
Cite:Prerna Bansal, A. S. Panwar, and D. Bahadur, "Effect of Reaction Temperature on Structural and optical Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide," International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 18-20, 2014.


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True Wealth
Excerpt from Some Answered Questions >
The honor and exaltation of every existing being depends upon causes and circumstances.
The excellency, the adornment and the perfection of the earth is to be verdant and fertile through the bounty of the clouds of springtime. Plants grow; flowers and fragrant herbs spring up; fruit-bearing trees become full of blossoms and bring forth fresh and new fruit. Gardens become beautiful, and meadows adorned; mountains and plains are clad in a green robe, and gardens, fields, villages and cities are decorated. This is the prosperity of the mineral world.
The height of exaltation and the perfection of the vegetable world is that a tree should grow on the bank of a stream of fresh water, that a gentle breeze should blow on it, that the warmth of the sun should shine on it, that a gardener should attend to its cultivation, and that day by day it should develop and yield fruit. But its real prosperity is to progress into the animal and human world, and replace that which has been exhausted in the bodies of animals and men.
The exaltation of the animal world is to possess perfect members, organs and powers, and to have all its needs supplied. This is its chief glory, its honor and exaltation. So the supreme happiness of an animal is to have possession of a green and fertile meadow, perfectly pure flowing water, and a lovely, verdant forest. If these things are provided for it, no greater prosperity can be imagined. For example, if a bird builds its nest in a green and fruitful forest, in a beautiful high place, upon a strong tree, and at the top of a lofty branch, and if it finds all it needs of seeds and water, this is its perfect prosperity.
But real prosperity for the animal consists in passing from the animal world to the human world, like the microscopic beings that, through the water and air, enter into man and are assimilated, and replace that which has been consumed in his body. This is the great honor and prosperity for the animal world; no greater honor can be conceived for it.
Therefore, it is evident and clear that this wealth, this comfort and this material abundance form the complete prosperity of minerals, vegetables and animals. No riches, wealth, comfort or ease of the material world is equal to the wealth of a bird; all the areas of these plains and mountains are its dwelling, and all the seeds and harvests are its food and wealth, and all the lands, villages, meadows, pastures, forests and wildernesses are its possessions. Now, which is the richer, this bird, or the most wealthy man? for no matter how many seeds it may take or bestow, its wealth does not decrease.
Then it is clear that the honor and exaltation of man must be something more than material riches. Material comforts are only a branch, but the root of the exaltation of man is the good attributes and virtues which are the adornments of his reality. These are the divine appearances, the heavenly bounties, the sublime emotions, the love and knowledge of God; universal wisdom, intellectual perception, scientific discoveries, justice, equity, truthfulness, benevolence, natural courage and innate fortitude; the respect for rights and the keeping of agreements and covenants; rectitude in all circumstances; serving the truth under all conditions; the sacrifice of one's life for the good of all people; kindness and esteem for all nations; obedience to the teachings of God; service in the Divine Kingdom; the guidance of the people, and the education of the nations and races. This is the prosperity of the human world! This is the exaltation of man in the world! This is eternal life and heavenly honor!
These virtues do not appear from the reality of man except through the power of God and the divine teachings, for they need supernatural power for their manifestation. It may be that in the world of nature a trace of these perfections may appear, but they are unstable and ephemeral; they are like the rays of the sun upon the wall.
As the compassionate God has placed such a wonderful crown upon the head of man, man should strive that its brilliant jewels may become visible in the world.
-`Abdu'l-Bahá


Harvard Business School found that the average duration for regular price changes fell to 3.65 months in 2014 to 2017 from 6.7 months in 2008 to 2010.
It also investigated how prices at Amazon, Walmart, Best Buy and Safeway vary across geographic locations.
Harvard's Alberto Cavallo concludes that the paper's most important finding is that retail prices are becoming less "insulated" from common nationwide shocks.
When combined, those effects can make retail prices more sensitive to countrywide shocks in gasoline prices or import tariffs, according to a paper presented at the Federal Reserve's annual symposium last weekend.
Instead, Harvard Business School's Alberto Cavallo studied how increased competition in the Amazon era affects firm pricing behavior, a result the academic characterized as far more enduring. That's because prices can only fall so far.
"Changes in the way these pricing decisions are made can have a much more persistent effect on inflation dynamics than a one-time reduction in markups," Cavallo wrote. "While potentially sizable, there is a limit to how much markups can fall. Will the Amazon Effects disappear when that limit is reached? Or are there longer-lasting effects of online competition on inflation dynamics?"
The central bank's preferred inflation gauge — the core personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index — clinched the Fed's 2 percent target in March for the first time in six years. Many economists have remained puzzled at the relatively sluggish rate of price increases given the historic low levels of unemployment.
"Nearly all of the geographical price dispersion is concentrated in the Food and Beverages category," he added. "The transparency of the web imposes a constraint on brick-and-mortar retailers' ability to price discriminate across locations."
For monetary policymakers, Cavallo concludes that the paper's most important finding is that retail prices are becoming less "insulated" from common nationwide shocks. That could have important implications, he added, when lawmakers decide to introduce trade tariffs or other taxes.


"Life is not about letting the storm to pass, rather it is the experience of dancing in the rain", these words correctly describe the principles basic to the auspicious festival of Hariyali Teej. Hariyali Teej earmarks the onset of Monsoons, the season of rains and dancing.
Apart from Monsoons, our Vedic texts state this day as a day for Marital alliances, celebrated by the women of North India including Rajasthan, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
Thus, it is also known as the Shringar Teej as 'shringar' denotes marriage in a women's life. It is also called the Shravani Teej as it comes in the month of 'Shravan'.
The story behind Hariyali Teej revolves around the greatest couple of the universe, Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. It is well known that Lord Shiva was not interested in a marital relationship and it was very tough to melt his heart for marriage. But, Lord Shiva was admired by Goddess Parvati who was hell bent to tie him in the relationship of marriage.
Thus, to achieve it, Goddess Parvati undertook years of penance including fasting and meditation. Lord Shiva became happy and agreed to marriage. The day of this auspicious union is celebrated as the Hariyali Teej.
Click Here For Karwa Chauth Festival 2017.
This festival of Teej has attained almost the same fame as Karwa Chauth in India. They females fast, dress-up, sing and pray for their happy married life.
Hariyali Teej is celebrated on the third day of Shukla Paksha (bright fortnight) in the Hindu month of Shravan. As per panchang, Hariyali Teej shall be celebrated in the year 2016 from 1:50 AM on 5th August to 2:45 am on 6th August.
This is a very auspicious day for all married women to worship Goddess Parvati for the longevity of their spouse. Women dress up traditionally in saree and all shringar of a married woman including sindoor, green bangles, prepare swings and use them in pairs during puja rituals. They may even fast on this day.
Married women fast without food and water for the longevity of their spouse.
The parents of the women present a basket of gifts including home made sweets to their daughter and her in-laws called the 'Sindhara'. Thus, the name Sindhara Teej.
The in-laws gift the girl shringar items like dupatta, green bangles, Sindoor, etc.
Swings are hanged on the Banyan tree for females to sing and play.
Goddess Parvati is worshipped as the Teej Mata.
Click Here For All Hindu Festivals 2017.


text:
using namespace cocos2d;
using namespace std;
class LineRectLable:public Layer
{
public:
	LineRectLable();
	~LineRectLable();
	static LineRectLable* create(const Size& content,int tiledSize,const Color4B& color,const string& str,float fontsize,const ccMenuCallback& callback );
	static LineRectLable* create(const Size& content,int tiledSize,const Color4B& color,const string& str,float fontsize);
	bool initRectLableFun(const Size& content,int tiledSize,const Color4B& color,const string& str,float fontsize,const ccMenuCallback& callback );
	bool initRectLable(const Size& content,int tiledSize,const Color4B& color,const string& str,float fontsize);
	virtual void setContentSize(const Size & var) override;
	void setString(std::string str);
	void setLablePoint(const Vec2 &pt);
	void setMenuITemTag(int tag);
private:
	Size content;
	Color4B color;
	string str;
	LabelTTF * labelttf;
	MenuItemLabel* menuItem;
};

#endif //_LINE_RECT_LABLE_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


South Kaipara Landcare is running a trap loan project to help locals control pests on their property. The South Head peninsula is home to many threatened and endangered species, which are at the mercy of pests like stoats, ferrets and possums. Stoats and ferrets also attack chickens, and possums are very effective at stripping fruit trees.
South Kaipara Landcare chairperson, Greg Smith says, "We know people often have trouble with these pests but don't always know how to deal with them. Traps can also be expensive to buy".
For a small bond of $10, South Head locals are able to loan a trap from the group. Committee members experienced in trapping are also on hand to explain how to safely use the traps and the best methods for catching pests.
A variety of traps are on offer meaning there is something available for most situations. "Some people prefer a trap that kills the animal, others prefer a live trap. As well as knowing what you want to trap, it's important to consider what you don't want to catch – such as the pet cat or inquisitive birds.," says Mr Smith.
The group also have plans to run a pest control workshop in July. This will be an opportunity for people to come along and gain some first hand knowledge and experience about controlling pests. The trap loan project has been made possible thanks to grant from the Auckland Council. This grant is also helping the group do targeted pest control in Lake Rototoa reserve.
www.facebook.com/southkaiparalandcare/. People interested in loaning a trap can email sthkaiparalandcare@gmail.com or ph Bill on 09 4202947.
The South Head peninsula is rich in biodiversity. Rare species use the harbour edges for feeding during summer before returning to the Northern Hemisphere to breed, such as the bar-tailed godwit and lesser knot. Threatened or endangered native species, such as the North Island fernbird, fairy tern, crake, Australasian bittern, banded rail, NZ dotterels, NZ dabchick, South Island pied oystercatcher, pied stilt, and wrybill are also present.
Significant local populations of black swan, pukeko, and grey duck also breed in the area.
The peninsula also has numerous Significant Ecological Areas and rare botanical species such as king fern.
Animal pests such as mustelids predate on nesting birds and their young. Pests such as possums devour vegetation and eat eggs and chicks. Rats are also a constant threat, eating birds eggs, kakahi (freshwater mussels) and whitebait eggs.
The South Kaipara Landcare mission statement is 'awhi te whenua' (embracing the land). The group are involved in many projects including; running a local nursery offering subsidised plants to locals, running an annual roadside clean up day, planting and weeding days.


DJ Lag Drumming is a deep track, it embodies the true soul of the genre. I wanted to take the music away from the context of the Durban scene and follow an emotive visually driven narrative centred on the music. In the video the visual narrative focus on Lwazi / DJ Lag himself and introduce a close collaborator, Moses Boyd the well known drummer from London who plays a live recorded drum intro for the video. The track is deep, thoughtful, emotionally intense. It is driven by its repetitive heavy drum beat and our narrative follows Lwazi through a original, intimate and mainly bass driven choreography within two surreal spaces in London, connecting a new dimension and his own personal voyage of discovery in his touring life. The over all feel of the cut is that of perpetuity, as if there is no end to the building intense visual monotony, before finally disengaging the viewer for just a moment on the streets of London, in a 'La Haine' style black and white sequence. The video focuses entirely on the rhythm of the song and plays out the headspace the listeners emotive state in a live setting. Its a bass escape mechanism translated into visuals which will both be utilised live and within the video.
A world inside a world, time been perpetual, space been a construct of our minds. Ever present and precious but in someway perpetual. A digital rendition of Okzharp & Manthe Ribane, now available as code presented as a video.
This video is an ode to the definition of futurism, portrayed through beauty, fashion and performance, inside the clips we re-imagine the environment of the suburbs around Paris, high rise buildings, a depiction of the future city. Taking a reference from the 'Congolese Sapeur,' imagining this traditionally masculine culture within a new modern urban environment and a feminine space whereby our female characters take the role of the provocateur. The performance within the video is both responsive and influenced by the 'Sapeur' fashion competition, but the main idea behind the visuals are a direct response to the lyrics written by Oumou Sangare, the anger of women abandoned by cheating men. This video illustrates a reaction to this outcry with a group of females who are robust and independent, resultant of generations of mistreatment within a very misogynistic reality, depicted in the lyrics. This video portrays this group within a paradigm shift both seen in their attitudes, movements and the general visual style.
A music video for the iconic Malian artist Oumou Sangaré is out. The video takes on a performance driven journey driven by the lyrics of the track Yere Faga, which take into question the challenges of the youth of today. Using herself as a metaphor Oumou sings about her own challenges as a young women in Mali, the discrimination she endured and how she came out victorious through perseverance.
Shot on Location in Johannesburg, South Africa.
An energetic dance song driven by a repetitive driving beat as an undertone with a smooth lyrical delivery that instills movement into your mind. The videos intention is to inspire movement in the viewer. This songs essential backbone is in the progressive simple dance movement repeated in the lyrics, 'Move to the left, take a step back, slide to the right, slide to the right,' the videos intention is to inspire the movement through visual inspiration, repetition and style. This video pulls on the vision of the American wasteland with its strip malls and bowling alleys and it finds the influenced spaces inside a french satellite city space. The idea is to head out to the small town of Chartres, located 1hr west of Paris. There are two sides to small towns like this, the historic centre and the new sprawling American inspired outer cities, often taking pages from American modern strip mall architecture. These are the spaces and places the video will be set. Create a divide between the two continents and give a simple but important back drop to the main focus of the dance.


This beautiful square bitters bottle was recently acquired from the digger, who found it in Northern California several years ago. It is a gorgeous light yellow olive, and covered in whittle effect. The top is similar to the E.G. Lyon's square. The embossing consists of a large star, with the letters"T" and "M". Since the first example of this bottle turned up in Oakland 25 years ago, there has been much speculation as to the bottle's origin, contents, and exactly what the embossing indicates. Now with about 7 known examples(all dug in California, and Nevada), there is a growing sentiment that this is indeed a Western blown bottle, and that it dates to the later 1860s- early 1870s. The color is a dead match for some other Western squares, and other bottles blown in San Francisco.
Several Western bottles display the prominent star as a trade mark. The Star Shield Cutter whiskey, which began in 1869, the Pacific Glassworks pickle bottle, and this bitters. There is a strong indicator to lead one to believe that this product was for "Star of the Union" Bitters, and was distributed by the A.Fenkhausen Company. The advertisements for the brand are pretty clear, showing the star as the trademark (which I believe the TM indicates), and the age of the bottle in relation to the product distribution. This is a great bottle that is gaining in popularity. The value has risen with demand, however I believe it is still a solid value.
Being extremely rare, there are not enough to go around.Western bitters are growing in demand, and few are available for sale.
That's an interesting conjecture, ME, and one that has merit. We will never know for sure because the trademark file for Star Of The Union Stomach Bitters was stolen from the CA State Archives many years ago. Sadly, a number of important documents disappeared from the archives at a time when there was little control taken to protect their assets. Without a doubt it was a "collector" who removed the files and what became of them is unknown.
A. Fenkhausen and C.P. Gerichton applied for a trademark for Star Of The Union Stomach Bitters in 1868, so it is entirely possible that the Star/T. M. bottle could have been the container for their product.
Perhaps the OR State Archives will have a copy of the application for Star Of The Union, as the product was probably also sold in the state.
I have a multi-color advertising sign for this bitters that reads as follows: THE STAR/OF THE UNION/CELEBRATED/STOMACH BITTERS/A. FENKHAUSEN/SOLE MANUFACTURER AND PROPRIETOR/SAN FRANCISCO/FOR SALE HERE/LIT. DROUAILLET S.F. The sign shows a large eagle with shield in the center surrounded by three vignettes--one similar to the Calif. State seal (Eureka with bear, railroad, etc.), one of city folk drinking from wine glasses ("try the Union Bitters"), and one of gold miners drinking from a bottle ("the Union Bitters now and forever"). The only years when Amandus Fenkhausen & Gustave Drouaillet were both listed in S.F. were 1862, 1863, and 1867. My sign appears to date sometime between 1867 and the formation of Fenkhausen & Gerichten in 1868.


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text:
SOJ Psychology
Clinical and Medical images Open Access
Borderline or Schizophrenia? Cognitive Functioning as Differentiating Factor
Anna Mosiolek1*
1Medical University of Warsaw Poland
*Corresponding author: Anna Mosiolek, Medical University of Warsaw Psychiatric Clinic WNOZ 05-840 Pruszków, Poland. Email: @
Received: May 24, 2017; Accepted: June 22, 2017; Published: July 4, 2017
Citation: Anna Mosiolek (2017) Borderline or Schizophrenia? Cognitive Functioning as Differentiating Factor. SOJ Psychol 4(2):1-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/2374-6874/4/2/00138
Decompensations in BPD may appear similar to prodromal schizophrenic symptoms, giving clinicians a chance to use diagnostic tools that differentiate these phenomena basing on neuropsychological data. This study aims to investigate differences in cognitive functioning between inpatients with schizophrenia, in patients with BPD and healthy controls. 95 in patients with schizophrenia, 40 in patients with BPD and 68 healthy controls were examined with neuropsychological tests. The collected data were analyzed with focus on differences in cognitive functioning between groups. (1) Cognitive functioning can distinguish in patients with schizophrenia from inpatients with BPD. (2) Cognitive functioning is impaired more globally and deeply in patients with schizophrenia than in patients with BPD. (3) Subjects with BPD can present some selective impairment, but in some tasks they can also perform better than healthy controls. (4) Patients with schizophrenia presented significantly worse overall cognitive performance than patients with BPD and healthy controls.
Borderline personality disorder is currently the most commonly diagnosed personality disorder [57,9,60]. It is estimated that the prevalence rate of BPD in the general population is 2% and about 25 - 40% among hospitalized patients [9,60,19,36]. Although first introduced in 1938 by the psychoanalyst Adolf Stern, the term borderline still causes a lot of controversy. Initially, the term borderline was used for the socalled borderline group of psychoneurosis and then for many years was considered a synonym of undifferentiated schizophrenia. This trend was followed by Rorschach, who understood the term borderline as the equivalent of hidden schizophrenia and Zilboorg, who used it for "ambulatory schizophrenia" [44]. A feature connecting all disorders included in the concept of borderline was the lack of clear psychotic symptoms, very bad social functioning and impaired interpersonal relationships. This term was used as a synonym for such diagnoses as mildly symptomatic schizophrenia, subclinical schizophrenia, prodromal schizophrenia, pseudoneurotic schizophrenia, latent schizophrenia, prepsychotic, atypical, non-psychotic and borderline schizophrenia. In the International Classification of Diseases – 10 (ICD – 10), the concepts of borderline and schizophrenia were separated, with a precise specification of the criteria for the recognition of the borderline type of emotionally unstable personality and the schizotypal disorders, which are the equivalent of borderline schizophrenia [25]. The feature most clearly clinically differentiating the two disorders is the affect: in the Schizotypal disorders - maladjusted and restricted (the person seems to be cold and distant) and in BPD (Borderline Personality Disorder) – shaky, capricious and unstable [30,11,50]. In the American classifications, the description of borderline personality appeared for the first time in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III (DSM- III, 1980) and the subsequent revisions introduced only minor corrections in the approach to the diagnostic criteria. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (DSM-V, 2013), introduced in 2013, slightly differently defined the borderline spectrum - as in the European ICD-10 - calling it the borderline type. According to DSM-V the basic features of BPD are: unstable self-image, lack of purposes, disorders of interpersonal relationships, significant impairment in social and interpersonal functioning, severe mood swings, impulsiveness, risk-taking, suspicion and hostility [1,2]. Borderline patients ostensibly give the impression of wellfunctioning people and the full image and depth of their pathology are revealed only in the later stages of therapy [40].The name itself arouses a lot of controversy and mental health experts generally agree that the term "borderline personality disorder" is misleading and may suggest an atypical course of the mental illness. The fact that some patients with severe BPD have psychotic episodes, meant that initially borderline was seen in the context of axis I "borderline subcategory" [3]. Studies show that acute psychotic symptoms with the clinical picture of schizophrenia or endogenous depression occur in up to 25-50% of people with BPD [20,23,31,46]. Although currently the borderline personality disorder is included in the spectrum of personality disorders in both the ICD-10 and the DSM - V, there are many tangent points between BPD and schizophrenia. In the pathogenesis of both BPD and schizophrenia, an important role is played by genetic, developmental and environmental factors. Studies of twins with borderline personality disorder suggest the impact of inheritance on the incidence of BPD. Individual studies have shown that genetics are responsible for the incidence of 35- 69% cases of BPD [56,55,12,59,15,27]. In the case of both schizophrenia and BPD, current research indicates that there is no one specific gene inducing the symptoms. Moreover, both groups of patients are linked by relatively poor social functioning, low percentage of people who are in steady relationships and a low percentage of people who are able to support themselves. It happens that people with BPD report productive symptoms, most commonly reporting a sense of threat, separateness and persecution. These symptoms can have an extremely turbulent and highly disorganizing character. Usually in the course of disorders we are dealing with short psychotic decompensations, however, in some patients we observe long-lasting psychotic depressions or symptoms that meet the criteria of schizophrenia. Therefore, in the case of productive symptoms similar to schizophrenia in the course of BPD, it would be useful to have additional tools that would help us decide whether it is a psychotic decompensation of borderline personality disorders or whether we are dealing with BPD and schizophrenia comorbidity. During the treatment of persons with BPD who experienced psychotic disorders, the diagnosticians frequently ask the question regarding the durability vs. the situational character of the psychotic process. It seems that after obtaining symptomatic improvement, testing of cognitive functions may support diagnostic hypotheses concerning the further planning of diagnosis and treatment. The occurrence of severe cognitive impairment in patients with BPD could therefore be a specific marker for the risk of developing schizophrenic psychosis. In the literature there are studies described, which confirm the occurrence of disorders of cognitive functions both in patients with BPD and patients with schizophrenia. In schizophrenia, they may precede the onset of the first episode even by 10 years, which is why some researchers believe that the treatment of schizophrenia in the category of a psychotic disorder suppresses the understanding of this disease [28]. Cognitive disorders are both a risk factor for schizophrenia and a prognostic-predictive factor [26,33]. In patients with schizophrenia, disorders of operational memory and executive functions are found as well as disorders in the selection and processing of information, attention and language functions [16,39,18]. The most commonly described cognitive dysfunctions occurring in BPD include abnormal patterns of cognitive processing of emotions, which is associated with individually inherited and shaped strategies and a biological predisposition to low stress tolerance. The biopsychosocial hypothesis of the etiopathogenesis of BPD assumes the incidence of axial disorders of cognitive functions as an effect of abnormalities in the neural network, especially in the prefrontal cortex. Clinicians dealing with issues of BPD, have proposed a model in which there is a relationship between the disorders in the basic neurocognitive processes and the symptoms and behaviors typical for BPD [17,48]. These dysfunctions would be responsible for the incidence of borderline personality features [38]. Low threshold for triggering aggression, irritability and impulsiveness which are characteristic for the borderline personality may be associated with the excessive reactivity of the amygdala, a decrease in the prefrontal role of inhibition and control, glutaminergic hyperactivity, resulting in an increased reactivity to emotional stimuli in the external environment and the occurrence of abnormal neuronal networks between the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system [5,49,52]. Neurobiological studies indicate that the incidence of borderline features is at least partly associated with changes in the systems of glutamatergic dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal pathways [13,27]. At the same time, there is evidence that the pharmacotherapy acting on these neurotransmitters can be effective in the treatment of BPD and together with the psychotherapeutic interactions provides the foundation of an integrated approach to treatment. That is why neuroleptics are increasingly used in severe BPD and are applied in the majority of adult patients with this diagnosis [53,37,6,34]. The usefulness of this group of drugs is confirmed by meta-analysis of twentyseven clinical trials in which the effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of BPD was assessed [34]. The results of the studies show, that after the inclusion of pharmacotherapy, most patients achieve an improvement in the reduction of impulsiveness, tension, suspicion and hostility, mood swings, undertaken aggressive actions and suicidal attempts [53,34]. It should be noted, however, that there are currently no drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Although people with borderline personality disorder tend to be very unstable emotionally, inconstant, full of anger or impulsive, they are still able to function well for long periods of time, especially with a clear external structure. The continuum of disorders may be closer to the norm or move in the direction of mental illness.
A total of 220 people were examined, out of which 100 people had been diagnosed with schizophrenia, 52 people - with borderline personality disorder and 68 people came from the healthy population. People from the clinical groups were examined in the general psychiatric departments in [blind review] in the course of standard psychological diagnosis. People from the control group were asked to participate in the study and gave their consent. In the clinical groups, depending on the characteristics of the disorders, the levels of their symptoms were measured. In the group of people with schizophrenia a measurement of the symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), a measurement of the mood using the Montgomery-Asberg Rating Scale (MADRS) and a measurement of the unwanted side effects of the pharmacological treatment using the UKU Side Effects Rating Scale were carried out [29,43,35]. Individuals with borderline personality disorder were classified into the group based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality (SCID-II) structured clinical interview and the measurement of the level of symptoms was performed using the Borderline Symptom List 23 (BSL-23) Borderline Symptom Checklist scale, which serves both for the assessment of the general level of borderline personality traits as well as the (auto)destructive behaviors occurring in the decompensation [7].
In order to investigate the characteristics of cognitive functioning in the individual groups, neuropsychological tests were performed in the examined patients in such a way, so that each group of cognitive functions was represented by one test method. Verbal-linguistic learning was examined using the Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), visual memory and perceptual structuring using the Rey-Ostrrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT), phonemic verbal fluency according to the standard procedure (the letter A was selected) and the control and supervisory functions using the Trail Making Test (TMT) A and TMT B [10,54,47]. In the study of the verbal-linguistic learning function a stripped-down Polish version of the RAVLT was used. Essential demographic data was also collected. The examination procedure consisted in the examined person reading a series of 15 words (List A), from which the examined person was supposed to repeat as many words as possible. This procedure was repeated five times, so that the examined person had the opportunity to learn the examination material. Subsequently a different list (list B) was read once, with the command to repeat as many words as possible. Later, the examined person was asked to recall from memory the words from list A. After 30 minutes, the examiner asked the examined person to recreate without prompting the words from the A list. The number of individual words in the series A1-A5, in the list B, spontaneous recalling without postponement and after postponement were taken as the indicators of the performance of the test. In the ROCFT test the examined persons were supposed to copy a complex figure and then recreate it from memory after 3-5 minutes. The numbers of points awarded for the correctly reproduced elements of the figure were adopted as the performance indicator. The scoring assumed that if the element is properly placed and mapped, 2 points are awarded, for an incorrectly positioned element without distortions 1 point was awarded, for a properly placed distorted element - 1 point, a distorted, incorrectly placed but recognizable element was awarded with 0.5 points and for the lack of the element or it being unrecognizable - 0 points were awarded. In the TMT A and B, the time of the correct performance of each part of the test was adopted as the measuring indicator. In the test of verbal fluency, the number of words given in 1 minute was adopted as the performance indicator.
Out of the observations obtained from the examined groups (100 individuals with schizophrenia, 68 healthy individuals and 52 patients with BPD), those which were suitable for further analysis were selected. The extreme observations were removed (results above or below 3 standard deviations) and the examined persons whose data had too many gaps were excluded. Ultimately the following sample groups were qualified for further analysis: 95 people with schizophrenia, 68 healthy subjects and 40 people with BPD. The number of people in the various analyzes may differ slightly from these values, due to single data gaps. Due to the unfulfilled requirements for parametric statistics, the U Mann-Whitney test was used for all analyzes.
Analysis of demographic data which are potentially relevant for the interpretation of the results further indicates that there are no significant differences in terms of age between the examined sample groups (Tables 1,2). The groups of people with schizophrenia and people with BPD did not differ in terms of the number of years of formal education either.
Table 1: Average age and years of education in the individual groups
M (Schizophrenia)
M (BPD)
M (Control group)
Years of education
Table 2: Tests of significance of the differences between the groups (age and years of education)
U Mann-Whitney
Schizophrenia -
Schizophrenia – Control group
BPD – Control group
* significance p < 0,05
The only significant difference between the examined groups turned out to be the difference in the number of years of education between the group of people with schizophrenia and the healthy group. The difference of the averages is 2.5 years.
The structure of sexes in the individual groups turned out to be quite diverse (Table 3). While in the control group the number of women and men was relatively balanced, in the group of patients with schizophrenia a slight numerical dominance of women was noted and in the group of patients with BPD there was a clear predominance of women.
At the same time it is worth noting, that while the structure of sexes in the group with BPD relatively corresponded to the actual proportions, in the clinical group of people with schizophrenia, there is a slight shortage of observations coming from men (Table 3).
Table 3: The structure of sexes in the individual groups - the numbers
Healthy individuals
In both examined clinical groups the majority of the examined people didn't remain in steady relationships. The fewest people staying in steady relationships were found in the group of people suffering from schizophrenia. In the control group most people remained in relationships (Table 4).
Table 4: The relationship status in the individual groups - the numbers
In relationship
In both clinical groups, the vast majority of the examined people subsisted on social benefits or the help of relatives. In the control group, most of the examined people worked for a living (Table 5).
Table 5: Livelihoods in the individual groups - the numbers
Permanent benefits
Most people with schizophrenia manifested average severity of positive and negative symptoms measured by the PANSS scale and a mildly depressed mood (MADRS). The severity of the side effects of drugs was low (UCU). The patients were treated with both atypical and classical neuroleptics in oral and depot form. All the dosages of the received medicines in patients with schizophrenia were converted for statistical purposes and accordingly to current norms to chlorpromazine equivalents. The average dosage of the used treatment converted to chlorpromazine equivalents was 66 mmg. The maximum dosage used was 1633 mg, whilst the minimal – 75 mg converted to chlorpromazine. In nearly half of the cases examined combined therapy was used (more than one neuroleptic at a time). There was a dominance of atypical neuroleptics – 62% of the subjects received II generation drugs and almost 30% out of the 62% received olanzapine. The neuroleptics used predominatingly included: olanzapine, clozapine, risperidone and perphenazine.
Comparison of the results of the group of people with schizophrenia and the control group.
The results of the U Mann-Whitney tests indicate the existence of significant differences between the group of individuals with schizophrenia and the control group in terms of the number of words memorized in the 15 words test. Healthy individuals were able to reproduce significantly more words in each of the possible test series, than those with schizophrenia. The significance statistics are presented in (Table 6).
Table 6: Average ranks and tests of the significance of differences between people with schizophrenia (N = 95) and healthy individuals (N = 67) - verballinguistic learning
Average rank
Average rank healthy individuals
RAVLT 1
Recalling
After postponement
Healthy individuals also obtained a significantly higher average number of points for copying and reproduction of the test material in the Rey Complex Figure Test. This means that the hospitalized persons with schizophrenia memorize fewer visual elements and poorly organize and structure the visual material, which has a significant impact on the ability to memorize and recreate it (Table 7).
Table 7: Average ranks and tests of the significance of differences between people with schizophrenia (N = 95) and healthy individuals (N = 68) - visual function
Average rank schizophrenia
ROCFT copy
ROCFT reproduction
Patients with schizophrenia during hospitalization exhibit a significantly lower ability of phonemic updating of words than healthy individuals. The examined patients from the clinical group were able to generate significantly fewer words starting with the letter A than the examined persons from the control group (Table 8).
Table 8: Average ranks and tests of the significance of differences between people with schizophrenia (N = 95) and healthy individuals (N = 67) - verbal fluency.
Likewise the times of the proper performance of the Trail Making Test TMT A and TMT B in people with schizophrenia turned out to be significantly higher than in the people from the control group, both in task A and in task B. Average ranks in people with schizophrenia twice exceeded the average ranks obtained in the group of healthy individuals (Table 9).
Table 9: Average ranks and tests of the significance of differences between people with schizophrenia (N = 95) and healthy individuals (N = 67) - control and supervision function
Average rank healthy
TMT A
TMT B
Therefore people with schizophrenia had significantly weaker results with regard to each of the measured functions, that is, verbal-linguistic learning, visual memory and perceptual structuring, verbal fluency as well as control and supervisory functions.
Comparison of the results of the group of people with BPD and the control group
The comparative analysis of the results of people with BPD and the control group indicates the existence of numerous differences in the cognitive functioning between these groups. The first of these is a significantly higher efficiency of verbal-linguistic learning in the people with BPD, manifested in higher number of words recovered from memory in the individual attempts during the Rey 15 words test. The examined persons from the group with BPD achieved higher scores in all possible test attempts (Table 10).
Table 10: Average ranks and tests of the significance of differences between people with BPD (N = 38) and healthy individuals (N = 67) – verbal-linguistic learning
Average rank BPD
In terms of structuring, memorization and reproduction of visual material significant differences were found between the two groups. Healthy individuals have obtained significantly better results than those with BPD in the reproduction part, receiving more points for the number of reconstructed elements of the test figures (Table 11). However, this regularity did not apply during the subtest associated with copying the visual material.
Table 11: Average ranks and tests of the significance of differences between people with BPD (N = 38) and healthy individuals (N = 68) - visual functions
In terms of phonemic fluency, individuals from the control group received on average significantly higher scores than those with BPD, updating a greater average number of words beginning with the letter A (Table 12).
Table 12: Average ranks and tests of the significance of differences between people with BPD (N = 38) and healthy individuals (N = 67) - verbal fluency
U Mann-
Healthy individuals performed the TMT A test in a significantly shorter time than people with BPD. In terms of results in the TMT B test, there were no significant differences between the groups (Table 13).
Table 13: Average ranks and tests of the significance of differences between people with BPD (N = 39) and healthy individuals (N = 67) - control and supervision functions
The general results of the comparisons indicate the existence of both favorable as well as unfavorable features of cognitive functioning for people with BPD, differentiating this group from healthy individuals. The favorable features relate to the verbal- linguistic learning, the unfavorable - to attention functions, verbal fluency and recovering visual material from memory. It is possible that emotional and motivational factors could have had an impact on the results in patients with BPD.
Comparison of the results of the group of people with BPD and the group of people with schizophrenia
In terms of verbal-linguistic learning the group of people with BPD fared significantly better than the group of people with schizophrenia. The results obtained in the individual attempts by persons with BPD are significantly higher (number of recalled words) than in patients suffering from schizophrenia. The results are presented in (Table 14).
People with BPD also copy the stimulus figure in the Rey Complex Figure Test significantly more efficiently. In terms of quantity and quality of the reproduced elements in the Reproduction, these groups did not differ significantly from each other (Table 15).
Also in relation to verbal fluency the groups of people with BPD and schizophrenia have not demonstrated significant differences. There were no systematic differences in the number of words updated by the people from those groups (Table 16).
On the other hand, in terms of the time of performance of the attempts in the TMT A and TMT B test, there are significant differences between the groups. People with BPD obtained on average significantly shorter test performance times (Table 17).
Table 14: Average ranks and tests of the significance of differences between people with BPD (N = 39) and people with schizophrenia (N = 95) - verbal-linguistic learning
Table 15: Average ranks and tests of the significance of differences between people with BPD (N = 39) and people with schizophrenia (N = 95) - visual functions
Table 16: Average ranks and tests of the significance of differences between people with BPD (N = 39) and people with schizophrenia (N = 95) - verbal fluency
Table 17: Average ranks and tests of the significance of differences between people with BPD (N = 39) and people with schizophrenia (N = 95) - control and supervision functions
The factors which differentiate the clinical groups are mainly the functions of control and supervision and the verballinguistic learning processes.
The results of the comparisons in the individual sample groups indicate the important role of cognitive functions in the differentiation of the clinical patients with BPD from the patients with schizophrenic psychoses. Learning processes in people with BPD seem to function even better than in healthy individuals, while the cognitive deficits in schizophrenic patients seem to impair the verbal learning processes. Similarly, in terms of the control and supervisory processes: it seems that even though people with BPD have attention difficulties, their attention switching processes do not appear to be permanently impaired and in this respect they exhibit more similarities to healthy individuals. In neuropsychological studies it should be expected, that in patients with schizophrenia decreased results in the full spectrum of cognitive functions may be obtained more frequently and in patients with BPD single decreased results, especially in terms of verbal fluency and recalling visual material from memory may be obtained more frequently. We can also speculate about the impact of emotional and motivational factors on the results within these two factors.
These results seem to confirm the earlier studies and observations concerning the cognitive dysfunctions in BPD. Many neuropsychological studies confirm the existence of differences in cognitive functioning between people with BPD and healthy people [14,4,8,48,42]. In BPD, as shown by studies conducted thus far, the impairment of the complex cognitive processes is primarily connected with the dysfunctions of the frontal lobe circuits and affects areas such as interests, cognitive flexibility, learning and memory, planning, processing speed, visuospatial skills [51]. Deficits in terms of visuospatial functions in patients with BPD were observed in a group of 25 outpatients with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder according to the DSM-III criteria [24]. BPD patients performed worse in visuospatial skills tests and tests associated with information processing, while there were no significant differences in tests assessing attention, verbal memory and alternate learning [14,24,45]. The memory disorders occurring in BPD may be related to emotional factors and symptoms of interpersonal hostility [41]. In our study, even though we observed the occurrence of deficits in attention in patients with BPD, the attention processes did not appear to be permanently damaged. The occurrence of permanent deficits in the scope of attention (attention, awareness and acceptance of the present moment) may be a predictor of the increase of pathology in BPD [58]. In the literature there is divergent data reported concerning the occurrence of executive dysfunctions in patients with BPD. The Wupperman study conducted on 29 patients with BPD confirms the existence of disorders of executive functions in respect to planning [58]. Similar results were obtained in the Bazanis study conducted on a group of 42 people diagnosed with BPD, where the BPD patients exhibited a delay in decision making and planning disorders [4]. These observations were confirmed by a study 27 patient with BPD, who generalized deficits in executive functions - planning, attention focus and working memory have been demonstrated [21]. A meta-analysis of 10 studies comparing the cognitive functioning of healthy individuals and people with BPD in terms of learning, memory, planning, visuospatial functions, attention, processing and cognitive flexibility has confirmed that people diagnosed with BPD perform cognitive tasks worse than the control group in all tested domains [48]. The worst results were obtained by patients with BPD in the area of planning of activities [14]. Despite the abundance of evidence supporting neurocognitive deficits in BPD, some studies do not confirm the occurrence of significant differences between people with BPD and healthy individuals from the control group [22,32]. Research involving neuropsychological diagnostics in combination with neuroimaging methods may produce a more comprehensive understanding of the spatial nature of the brain pathology in BPD. It should be emphasized that the cognitive dysfunctions in the course of BPD may play a role in the treatment process, affecting, among others, the ability of focusing attention, learning, planning and communication. Cognitive disorders could therefore become a specific predictor of the course of BPD and a routine assessment of the cognitive functions could help in determining the appropriate treatment and could have prognostic significance. Particular attention should be paid to issues such as: verbal-linguistic learning, control and supervisory functions and selectivity versus globality of the deficits.
The research shown in the present article is not flawless. Its first weakness is the heterogeneity in terms of sex in the BPD subjects. This is because BPD is rarely diagnosed in men. This fact together with the skewness in distribution of different variables makes the sex variable difficult to control in statistics, and this particular factor is significant in cognitive functioning. Furthermore, it is impossible to determine the value of variables associated with the time that elapsed from the onset of the disorder as well as the duration of treatment in BPD patients. It is difficult to mark the onset, as far as personality disorders are concerned, as well as the length of therapy, since those patients had undergone several treatments, including non-specific ones, and at different times. This problem makes it difficult to establish to what extent both clinical groups can be compared.
In summary, in neuropsychological research in patients with BPD, the deficits are selective and specific and relate to recalling visual material from memory, attention functions and verbal fluency, whereas in schizophrenia the decreased results relate to the full spectrum of the cognitive functions. The factors which differentiate the clinical groups are mainly the functions of control and supervision and the verbal-linguistic learning processes.
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То́рре-ди-Са́нта-Мари́я () — коммуна в Италии, в провинции Сондрио области Ломбардия.

Население составляет 891 человек (2008 г.), плотность населения составляет 20 чел./км². Занимает площадь 45 км². Почтовый индекс — 23020. Телефонный код — 0342.

В коммуне 8 сентября особо празднуется Рождество Пресвятой Богородицы.

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