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WORLD VOICE: Global Change-Makers Press the World Bank #AMCSO14
In the U.S., I find myself sometimes avoiding conflict in social situations. My kids…well, not so much…
"You can't take that, it's mine!!!" Or…
"She is writing on the kitchen table!", while my girls battle for a crayon. Or…
"If you knock over my blocks, I'm telling!", while just seconds later, my little one knocks the blocks with a cheeky grin. Or…
This is the reality now with a 7 and 3 year old, but I'm predicting that when they're teenagers that they will rebel in the same way I did. Fight with their parents for a later curfew. Disagree with their mom because they want to wear a strapless dress to the eighth grade dance. Insist that they're dating whoever they want. I hope their outspoken fire to challenge society will grow into and beyond their teenage years. I didn't say that I am prepared for it, but I can accept that it is coming…I think.
But, as adults, it seems many of us tend to harden and lose that fire over time. The fire that ignited our teenage passions to think in a different way. The fire that kept us learning to support our own stance, for what is right. Going with the flow just feels more comfortable sometimes, especially when big odds are not at stake.
But, at the World Bank and IMF Civil Society meetings last week, big odds — which impact the lives of the world's people and often the most vulnerable among us — were at stake. I witnessed change-makers taking a stand for the greater good. Here are some people who are carving out the new, more responsible way forward for the World Bank, IMF and beyond…
Jessica Evans of the Human Rights Watch challenged World Bank officials on incorporating human rights into new banking safeguards. She said that in the past the World Bank didn't touch corruption because the institution wasn't supposed to engage in politics according to its policy of the past, but now fighting corruption is fair game and a larger part of the World Bank's mission. She pointed out this ability for the bank to change in a positive way on corruption, but its failure to do the same considering human rights.
She (Jessica Evans of the Human Rights Watch) claimed that human rights should not fall into the 'political' category. They are a necessity for responsible lending practices and should be incorporated into the current safeguards as they are being rewritten now, not as an afterthought a year later when they will be completed.
Jessica Evans of the Human Rights Watch speaks about the importance of human rights on a World Bank Civil Society Meeting in Washington, DC. October 7th, 2014.
To my surprise, I also had the chance to reconnect with a fellow Villanova University alum, Joseph Robertson, now Strategic Director of the Citizens' Climate Lobby. He questioned Dr. Kim, President of the World Bank, and Mme. Lagarde, President of the IMF, on carbon pricing during the Civil Society Town Hall. Joe is championing a coalition called Pathway to Paris, which is seeking to mount a global coalition effort "to secure an agreement to motivate carbon pricing country by country."
Joseph Robertson of Citizens Climate Action, questions World Bank President Dr. Kim and IMF President Mme. Lagarde on carbon pricing.
I also met the bold, Faith Nwadishi, Executive Director at the Koyenum Immalah Foundation, who had come so many miles — from Nigeria — to Washington, DC to put pressure on organizations to come together in the fight against Ebola in West Africa. Faith had no qualms about later taking the spot right next to Dr. Kim during the Town Hall. I was inspired by her energy!
Faith Nwadishi came all the way from Nigeria for the World Bank's Civil Society Meetings in Washington, DC. Pictured here with Jennifer Burden of World Moms Blog on October 8th, 2014.
And, I could have listened to Patrick from the Congo speak for days. He's a 28-year old masters student (his second, this one in international development). Patrick is enacting change at home through an organization he founded that educates both, women and men, on rape prevention in Congo. He sees his little sister within every woman in his home country and is dedicated to making Congo a safer place for women.
World Mom and RESULTS Board Member, Cindy Levin, talks with graduate student and change maker Patrick from Congo at the reception following the World Bank and IMF Civil Society Town Hall. October 8th, 2014.
There is no doubt the World Bank and IMF's lending practices of the past have negatively affected civil society. And there is no doubt that the organization in the past had closed their doors to the voices of those very same people.
But, the cultural shift at the World Bank Civil Society Meetings is one that encourages change makers to join them in debate, intellectualism, passion, heated discussions and a lot of heart, which are all clearly the silver lining from the bank's closed door past.
The current bank President, Dr. Jim Yong Kim is even a former bank protester, which is an indicator on how the tide is turning.
It is time for the world to listen to the likes of Jessica Evans, Joseph Robertson, Faith Nwadishi, Patrick and many more change makers around the world. They are the kind of people that will press and lead the World Bank toward it's goal to end poverty. You can join them, too…what are you waiting for?
This is an original post by World Moms Blog founder, Jennifer Burden in New Jersey, USA. Jennifer and Cindy Levin of Missouri, USA were invited by the World Bank to take part in the bank's Civil Society Meetings in Washington, DC. See additional posts by Cindy Levin about their experience on her blog, Anti-Poverty Mom:
Keeping It Civil at the World Bank
A Different View of Citizen Engagement at the World Bank
A New Course for the Big Ship of the World Bank
Photo credits to the author and Cindy Levin.
If you're new here, you may want to subscribe to the World Moms Blog RSS feed. Thanks for traveling with us around the globe!
Jennifer Burden
Jennifer Burden is the Founder and CEO of World Moms Network, an award winning website on global motherhood, culture, human rights and social good. World Moms Network currently writes from over 30 countries, has over 70 contributors, is a volunteer effort and was listed by Forbes Woman as one of the "Best 100 Websites for Women 2012 and 2013." Also in 2013, World Moms Blog was called a "must read" by The New York Times Motherlode, and was recommended by The Times of India. Jennifer is the stay-at-home mother to two young girls and an advocate for ONE Girls and Women. She was also a member of a delegation to Uganda to view UNICEF's family health programs with Shot@Life in 2012 and a UN Foundation "Global Influencer Fellow" in 2013. In 2014 she was a UN Foundation "Social Media Fellow", attended the Americares Airlift to Nicaragua on behalf of Cognizant, participated in the first AYA Summit and was invited by the World Bank to Washington, DC to report on their global Civil Society Meetings. Jennifer also co-created the #Moms4MDGs twitter campaign that extended from July 2013 to March 2014 to raise awareness on all 8 of the UN's Millennium Development Goals to help eradicate extreme poverty. Her writing has been featured by Baby Center, Huffington Post, ONE.org, the UN Foundation's Shot@Life and The Gates Foundation's "Impatient Optimists." Jennifer can be found on Twitter @JenniferBurden.
2014 Jennifer Burden Social Good World Bank World Voice
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Kristyn Zalota says
Love this Jen and all the attention you are brining to such important issues… and inspiring people.
This is so right on: "Going with the flow just feels more comfortable sometimes, especially when big odds are not at stake."
I find myself wanting things to be easy, I turn away from the ugly, the inconvenient and unjust. But that's not how things get better.
Thanks for sharing and for continuing to advocate for those whose voices too often go unheard.
nadege nicoll says
Very inspiring people you are presenting here. I love the fact that they are young. Young people have the ability to shake the world because, like you say, there is a fire in them. They are not cynic (yet!) and won't take no for an answer. A bit like children. I am a fan of inviting elementary school kids to ask questions to leaders, with the only rule that these leaders have to answer genuinely. I think sometimes, the a kid's lens is so much clearer than the one of an adult.
A Call for Global Citizenship | BeingCitizens.org says:
[…] the degree to which major institutions are coming to value stakeholder engagement. Jennifer wrote this wonderful piece and highlighted some of the work being done by civil society organizations. Included in her report […]
A Call for Global Citizenship | Geoversiv.net says:
#WorldMoms at #WorldBank This Week for #SM2015World Moms Blog says:
[…] RESULTS Conference when we met World Bank President Dr. Jim Kim and continued as we attended and blogged about the 2014 Fall CSO meetings. This spring, we're returning to help the World Bank to engage in conversation with our […]
A Call for Global Citizenship | says:
[…] the degree to which major institutions are coming to value stakeholder engagement. Jennifer wrote this wonderful piece and highlighted some of the work being done by civil society organizations. Included in her […]
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OSH system at national level - Finland
▼ Main OSH players - organisations
Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy (Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute)
Det Nationale Forskningscenter for Arbejdsmiljø (National Research Centre for the Working Environment)
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
Health and Safety Laboratory
Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident insurance)
Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (French Research and Safety Institute for the prevention of occupational accidents and diseases)
Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo (Spanish National Institute for Safety and Hygiene at Work)
Instituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro (Italian Workers Compensation Authority)
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera w Łodzi (Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine)
International comparison of occupational accident insurance system
Nederlanse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research)
Nemzeti Népegészségügyi Központ - Munkahigiénés és Foglalkozás-egészségügyi Főosztály (National Public Health Center - Department of Occupational Health)
Senior Labour Inspectors Committee
Työterveyslaitos (Finnish Institute of Occupational Health)
Ελληνικό Ινστιτούτο Υγιεινής και Ασφάλειας της Εργασίας – Hellenic Institute for Occupational Health and Safety
Kirsi Koskela, Riitta Sauni, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
1 Occupational safety and health legislative framework
2 National strategy and programmes
3 Social dialogue
3.1 Social dialogue at national level
3.2 Social dialogue at sectoral level
3.3 Social dialogue at enterprise level
4 OSH infrastructure
4.1 OSH infrastructure scheme
4.2 National competent bodies
4.2.1 OSH authorities and inspection services
4.2.2 OSH services
4.2.3 Compensation and insurance bodies
4.2.4 Other OSH bodies
4.2.4.1 Prevention Institutes
4.2.4.2 Professional associations
4.3 Education and training and awareness raising
4.3.1 Legally required training for OSH specialists
4.3.2 Other vocational training
4.4 Awareness raising networks
4.5 Specialized technical, medical and scientific institutions
4.5.1 Research institutes
4.5.2 Standardization bodies
5 Institutions and organisations
7 Links for future reading
Occupational safety and health legislative framework
In Finland, public administration is required by the law to protect the labour force [1]. The European framework Council Directive 89/391/EEC [2] is transposed into Finnish law by the Occupational Safety and Health Act (738/2002) [3] and the Act on Occupational Health Services (1383/2001) [4].
The Occupational Safety and Health Act (738/2002)[3] applies to all paid employment and stipulates the minimum level of safety and health at work. The Act also describes the responsibilities of employers and employees, and the co-operation of employers and employees required to promote occupational safety and health.
The Occupational Health Care Act (1383/2001) [4] applies to all employment under which the employer is bound by the Occupational Safety and Health Act [3]. The Occupational Health Care Act [4] requires employers to organize and pay for the preventive services for all employees regardless of the size, form of the organization of enterprise or industrial sector covering both public and private sectors. However, organization of occupational health care servises is voluntary for self-employed persons and entrepreneurs. Employers may organize occupational health services themselves or through municipal health care centres or private service providers. According to the Act [4] the content of occupational health services is primarily preventive. The organization of curative services, such as medical treatment of diseases and general preventive health services, is voluntary. Each employer is required to describe the organization and content of the services in a company-wide plan.
Main legislative Acts:
The Finnish Constitution (731/1999)[1];
The Occupational Safety and Health Act (738/2002)[3];
The Occupational Health Care Act (1383/2001)[4];
The Act on Occupational Safety and Health Enforcement and Cooperation on Occupational Safety and Health at Workplaces (44/2006)[5];
Government Decree on the principles of good occupational health care practice, the content of occupational health care and the qualifications of professionals and experts (708/2013)[6];
Government Decree on medical examinations in work that presents a special risk of illness (1485/2001)[7].
National strategy and programmes
In Finland, the principle national strategies on occupational health and safety are drawn up by the Department for Work and Gender Equality of the Ministry for Social Affairs and Health (Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriö; Social- och hälsovårdministeriet)[8] in cooperation with other ministerial departments and the Occupational Safety and Health Inspectorates. The government currently in power lays down the strategy and plans the actions to be taken by the ministries in the Government Programme[9].
Health, safety and well-being are important common values, which are put into practice in every workplace and for every employee. The activities of a workplace are guided by a common idea of good work and a good workplace: Good work: fair treatment of employees, adoption of common values, mutual trust, genuine cooperation and equality in the workplace. Good workplace: productive and profitable, healthy, safe and pleasant, meaningful, interesting, compatible with private life, good management and leadership.
The "Policy for the work environment and wellbeing at work until 2030"[10] defines the objectives, focus areas and principles of developing the activity in the next few years. Three main focus areas until 2030 are:
Future challenges concerning occupational safety and health, and wellbeing at work
Safe and healthy working conditions
Promoting functional capacity, workability, and employability.
The main aim of the OSH policy is to create good work environments and well-being presupposes that people in the workplaces have adequate and proper knowledge, will and competence needed for reaching the goals. Improving well-being at work ultimately depends on the actions taken in the workplace. The first step in fulfilling the vision and reaching the objectives is that the workplaces meet the minimum requirements of legislation and get the basic conditions in order. The regional occupational safety and health administration is responsible for supervising that employers fulfil their statutory obligations.[11]
The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health has five strategic goals until the year 2030 [12]:
active inclusion of people;
integrated services and benefits;
safe and healthy living and working environments;
financial sustainability; and
wellbeing amidst the ongoing transformation of work.
Currently, the main national programmes in the OSH field are:
Policies for the working environment and wellbeing at work until 2030[13]
Strategy for social and health policy: A cohesive society and sustainable wellbeing - Strategy 2030[14]
Strategy from the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare[15]
National working Life Development Strategy 2020[16]
Government Resolution Occupational Health 2025 – work ability and health through co-operation[17]
According to the government resolution[17] the main guidelines for developing occupational health services are: 1.) OHS is functionally integrated into the social and health care system; 2.) occupational health services, health care and rehabilitation systems co-operate in a timely manner in preventing work disability and restoring the workability; 3.) OHS has the capacity to respond to the health and capacity challenges in the workplaces; 4.) All employers have organized OHS regardless of the size of the company; 5.) OHS is an important partner in workplaces in promoting workability and preventing work-disability; 6.) OHS develops its services to meet the needs of small jobs and entrepreneurs.
The Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health, which acts in connection with the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health and in which the labour market parties are represented, participates in the evaluation of the follow-up reports.
According to an Eurofound study on Working conditions and Social Dialogue in Finland [18], the Finnish social dialogue concerning working conditions is a natural part of the activities of the social partners. Finland has a long tradition of systematically agreeing national income policies, which has also significantly influenced the social dialogue on OSH matters. The Finnish dialogue is characterized by openness in discussing and handling disagreements, but also by the foal of identifying some kind of common ground between the social partners.
The Finnish work life is based on the principle of tripartite collaboration between the government, the employers and the employees. All the key policies related to work life, occupational safety and health, social security and the labour market are negotiated collectively between the three partners (government, employers and trade unions) and agreements are signed on a consensual basis.
Policy Advisory Committees have representations from all the relevant administrative sectors, i.e. employers and trade unions, professional associations and other non-governmental organizations (NGO). The Advisory Committees are legislation-based and they have a recognized official status. The Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health is located within the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. It is appointed by the Government Council. The members of the Committee are appointed to represent the most significant organizations of the social partners as well as other important stakeholders in the development of OSH [19].
Social dialogue at national level
At the national level the coordination of policies and activities takes place in ministerial groups (government level). The ministers of neighbouring sectors are expected to coordinate their policies:
The Ministry of Social Affairs and Health[8] acts in conjunction with the Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health in which the labour market parties are represented. All the key policies related to occupational safety and health are negotiated collectively between the three partners (Government, Employers and Trade Unions). The agreements are usually signed on a consensual basis.
There are also other Advisory Committees relevant to OSH in the Finnish Government Administration, e.g. the Advisory Committee on Occupational Health Services, which is located within the Health Administration of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health[8].
The social partners include:
The Confederation of Finnish Industries (Elinkeinoelämän keskusliitto, EK; Finlands Näringsliv) is the leading business organization in Finland. It represents the entire private sector, both industry and services, and companies of all sizes [20].
The Commission for Local Authority Employers (Kuntatyönantajat, KT; Kommunararbetsgivarna) serves as the employers' federation and national confederation for the local government sector, negotiating collective agreements for local government officials on behalf of local authorities and local government federations [21].
The State Employer's Office (Valtion työmarkkinalaitos, VTML; Statens arbetsmarknadsverk) undertakes collective agreements for employees and civil servants employed by the state [22].
The Labour Market Organisation of the Church (Kirkon Työmarkkinalaitos, KiT; Kyrkans arbetsmarknandsverk) serves as the employer's representative in concluding collective agreements on behalf of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church and its parishes and parish federations, and also represents the ecclesiastical employer in labour market policy lobbying [23].
The central Organization of Finnish Trade Unions (Suomen Ammattiliittojen Keskusjärjestö, SAK; Finlands Fackförbunds Centralorganisation, FFC) is a confederation of 20 trade unions in industry, the public sector, transport and private services [24].
The Finnish Confederation of Professionals (Toimihenkilökeskusjärjestö, STTK; Tjänstemanncentralorganisationen) is one of the three trade union confederations in Finland [25].
The Confederation of Unions for Academic Professionals (Akateemisten keskusjärjestö, AKAVA; Centralorganisationen för högutbildade i Finland) is a trade union confederation and represents employees with university-level, professional or other high-level training [26].
Social dialogue at sectoral level
In Finland there are four sector groups (Industrial Group, Transport and Logistics Group, Private Service Sector Group and Local Public Sector Group) and 21 Safety Branch Committees in which different branches act in co-operation with the Centre for Occupational Safety (Työturvallisuuskeskus, TTK; Arbetarskyddscentralen)[27]. The sector groups and the occupational safety committees carry out campaigns and plan publishing activities and training courses. The labour market organizations are represented in the sector groups and the occupational safety committees.
Social dialogue at enterprise level
The national Occupational Safety and Health Act (738/2002)[3] stipulates that the employers and employees shall cooperate in improving and maintaining safety in the workplaces. OSH matters are discussed between the employer, the employees or their representatives.
The Occupational Safety and Health Committees must be organized in workplaces with 20 or more employees. The Committee represents the main forum for collaboration at the enterprise and workplace level between workers and employers on OSH issues.
OSH infrastructure
OSH infrastructure scheme
Figure 1: The OSH infrastructure in Finland
Source: Adapted by the authors from Finland's country report at NDPHS (SIHLWA)[28].
National competent bodies
OSH authorities and inspection services
In Finland the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health [29] is responsible for the preparation of OSH legislation, the enforcement and development of OSH, statutory insurance, gender equality and the development of occupational health care. This Ministry works closely with other ministries on any matters that may be related to OSH.
The Department for Work and Gender Equality is responsible for the development of national occupational safety and health policies, the coordination of research in occupational safety and health issues, and the efficient application of research information.
One of the main tasks of the Ministry of Employment and the Economy[30] is to smooth out difficulties in the operation of the labour market and work organization. It prepares essential labour legislation together with the labour market organizations.
The Department for Work and Gender Equality with the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health[8] is the highest Government body for OSH Administration and it supervises independent Labour Inspectorates. Finland is divided into six independent Occupational Safety and Health Inspectorates (Regional State Administrative Agencies; Aluehallintovirasto, AVI; Regionförvaltningsverket) [26]. The responsibilities and rights of the OSH authorities are described in the Act on Occupational Safety and Health Enforcement and Cooperation on Occupational Safety and Health at Workplaces (44/2006) [5]. The Act on Occupational Safety and Health Administration (16/1993) [31] defines the tasks to be undertaken by the occupational safety and health authorities.
The Inspectorates [32] provide instructions and advice on applying the regulations on occupational safety and health matters, working conditions, employment and equality, and ensures that there is adherence to these regulations and guidelines in the workplaces.
The OSH authorities need to monitor compliance with more than 100 items of legislation. The most important of these legislative acts are the Occupational Safety and Health Act [3] and the Decrees based upon it, the Occupational Health Care Act[4], the Employment Contracts Act [33], the Working Hours Act [34], the Annual Holidays Act [35] and the Young Workers' Protection Act [36]. The OSH authorities also investigate serious occupational accidents and major cases of occupational diseases.
The Occupational Safety and Health Inspectorates [37] supervise approximately 240,000 workplaces, in which almost 30,000 inspections are carried out annually. Another part of OSH enforcement is market surveillance. Market surveillance includes monitoring of the compliance with legislation on products on the market.
Physicians who diagnose occupational or work-related diseases are obliged by the Act on Occupational Safety and Health Enforcement and Cooperation on Workplace Safety and Health (44/2006)[5] to report these cases to the OSH inspection.
Other Occupational Safety and Health Authorities include Safety Technology Authority (Turvallisuus- ja kemikaalivirasto, TUKES; Säkerhets- och kemikalieverket)[38], Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (Säteilyturvakeskus, STUK; Strålsäkerhetscentralen)[39], [40]and the Finnish Transport and Communication Agency (Liikenne- ja viestintävirasto, Traficom; Transport- och kommunikationsverket)[41]. OSH is supported also by the National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Sosiaali- ja terveysalan lupa- ja valvontavirasto, Valvira; Tillstånds- och tillsynsverket för social- och hälsovärd)[42].
OSH services
Internal OSH services The employer is responsible for occupational safety and health measures in the workplace. The Finnish OSH policies have a sound foundation built on collaboration at the workplace level between employers, workers and other actors. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (738/2002)[3] creates the legal framework and stipulates the obligations and rights of the employers, workers and authorities with respect to safety and health at work. When defining the content and extent of OSH activities, the employer must recognize aspects of work, working conditions, and the work environment. They are responsible for:
Controlling hazards at their source;
Eliminating hazards and when this is not possible, minimizing them or substituting with less hazardous means;
Arranging collective safety measures – ahead of individual-based procedures;
Evaluating the effectiveness of the health and safety measures undertaken;
Continuously following-up and monitoring working conditions.
The Act on Occupational Safety and Health Enforcement and Cooperation on Workplace Safety and Health (44/2006)[5] describes the tasks, rights and obligations with respect to OSH of the employers, workers, safety managers, safety representatives of the workers, and the workplace Occupational Safety and Health Committee (OSH Committee). Each workplace has to have a safety manager who is the employer's representative in safety and health matters. There are no official requirements about the training of the safety manager. The employer appoints the safety manager or he/she may act himself/herself as a safety manager. The employer has the duty to continuously monitor the safety of the work environment, the work atmosphere and the work practices and to take necessary remedial action. Monitoring must not be based solely upon employee reports. The employer must tell the reporting employee and the OSH representative what action has been taken or will be taken in the reported matter. If the employer considers that the report does not require any action, this information should also be told to the employee to avoid confusion.
Safety representatives for the OSH Committee must be elected by the workers in all workplaces employing 10 or more persons. The safety representative represents the employees in the workplace OSH cooperation. The employees may elect a safety representative separately for the workers, salaried employees and upper white-collar employees, or a there can be a single representative representing all employees in that workplace. The safety representative has the right to access all the documents on health and safety, which the employer must maintain by law. In addition, every workplace with 20 employees or more needs to establish an OSH Committee the representation of workers, salaried employees and the employer.
External OSH services Employers may outsource occupational health care services from a (municipal) health centre or a municipal OHS company, organise the services either by themselves or in cooperation with other employers, or outsource the services from a private health care service provider (medical centre). In 2015 42% of businesses and 29% of employees used the occupational health care services of municipal health centres or municipal OHS companies. In contrast, 54% of businesses and 58% of employees used the services of private medical centres. In 2018 the percentage of business and employees using services of private medical services had risen to 71%, and in contrast the use of municipal health centers had fallen. In 2015, 23% of the Finnish OHS units were municipal (health center or municipal company), 6% in-plant or joint clinics of the employers, and 52% were OHS units in private medical centres. In 2018 the number of organizations providing occupational health services has remined more or less the same as in previous years. The percentage of private medical centers being the providers of occupational health care had risen to about 70% in 2018. In 2015 84% of the employed labour force in Finland was covered by occupational health care. The organization of curative services is voluntary, however 90% of workers who have occupational health services have also access to curative services. In 2018 the percentage of using curative services had fallen to 71%. However, the coverage of occupational health services of the employed labour force has remained in 2018 the same as in previous years.[43] [44]
External service for technical control The duties of inspection bodies include evaluation of the deployment and operation of equipment and systems, and the assessment of the competence of individuals and organisations. The activities of these bodies are based on national legislation for each industrial sector. The clients are operators or private individuals using the services of the inspection body. Clients may in turn employ supervisors, as required under the law, to be in charge of monitoring specific work processes.
Safety Technology Authority (TUKES)[45] monitors the standard of inspection bodies' activities through periodic assessments: (1) by monitoring the practical inspection work in connection with client control visits, (2) by monitoring the inspection body's inspection reports, and (3) on the basis of notifications from clients and competitors. Additionally, the inspection body is required to be skilled, technically competent and independent in its work.
Finnish Accreditation Service (FINAS)[46] acts as an outside assessor of inspection bodies. Assessments are used to ensure that the inspection body meets the competence criteria. The methods of assessment are (1) accreditation or (2) issuing separate statements. The assessment procedure is related both to the approval stage and the assessment conducted during operations.
Compensation and insurance bodies
In Finland, the employer is responsible for insuring employees against occupational accidents and occupational diseases as defined by the Act on Accident Insurance (608/1948 [47]; most recent amendment 459/2015)[48]. There is a corresponding legislation for agricultural entrepreneurs (1026/1981[49]; last amendment 1274/2016 [50]). Other self-employed persons can arrange the accident insurance on a voluntary basis. The national accident insurance legislation defines the relevant compensation.
Occupational Accidents, Injuries and Diseases Act (1343/1988)[51], last amended in 2015 (459/2015)[52] defines the criteria for an occupational disease. An Occupational Disease is defined as a disease caused by physical, chemical or biological factor at work or by physical overload or poor ergonomics (e.g. repetitive strain). Governmental Decree on the Ordinance on Occupational Diseases (769/2016) contains a list of physical, chemical and biological factors and the diseases that may be caused by these factors, which are mostly based on epidemiological or clinical evidence. The list is not exhaustive, however: factors or diseases not on the list can also be suspected and recognized as causing or being an OD if a causal relationship between the exposure and the disease can be proved in an individual case, as in many respiratory and skin allergies determined by provocation or skin tests, for example[53]. The related Government Ordinance (1347/1988)[54], last amended in 2015 (769/2015)[55], contains a list of typical occupational diseases and their causes.
In Finland, occupational accident insurance is offered by 12 private accident insurance companies under the supervision of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. The accident insurance system is financed through premiums paid by the employers. Worker´ Compensation center (Tapaturmavakuutuskeskus, TVK)[56] coordinates the statutory accident insurance. The TVK is a liaison organisation for the insurance companies. It combines statistics on occupational accidents and diseases together with their causes and consequences, and helps prevent these in the future. An occupational safety and health committee, with representatives from the labour market organisations and the insurance sector, directs TVK's OSH activities and co-ordinates the insurance sector. In addition, TVK investigates fatal occupational injuries. These are examined by an investigation board which has representatives from the central labour market organisations, insurance companies and the Centre for Occupational Safety (Työturvallisuuskeskus, TTK; Arbetarskyddscentralen)[57].
According to Health Insurance Act (1224/2004)[58] employers are entitled to reimbursement from KELA [59] to compensate for 60% of reasonable expenses for preventive services, if the workplace has a procedure for management, follow-up and early support. The reimbursement provided for organizing voluntary curative services is 50% of reasonable expenses. KELA pays sickness allowance as compensation for loss of earnings caused by an illness after a 10 day waiting period.
Other OSH bodies
Prevention Institutes
In Finland, prevention and preventive actions[4] are included in all activities for maintaining and improving safety and health at work. Therefore there are no specific organisations handling only preventive activities, instead all OSH actors carry out preventive activities.
Finnish Association of Occupational Health Physicians (Suomen Työterveyslääkäriyhdistys ry., STLY; Finlands Företagsläkarförening rf.)[60] The Association (STLY) aims:
To promote occupational health care in all sectors of employment;
To improve members' professional skills and promote ethical practices;
To promote members' work ability and well-being;
To co-operate with all actors endeavouring to enhance and support Finnish occupational health care;
To support research on occupational health care.
The Finnish Association of Occupational Health Nurses (FAOHN) (Suomen työterveyshoitajaliitto ry., STTHL; Finlands Företagshälsovårdareförbund)[61] The goals of the Association (FAOHN) are to develop occupational health nursing as a profession, and to promote the employment of these nurses. FAOHN promotes health care services for the working population, carries out information and publishing activities, and participates in international collaboration as ways to develop occupational health.
Association of Finnish Physiotherapists in Occupational Health ((Työfysioterapeutit ry.; Finlands Företagsfysioterapeuter)[62] The Association aims:
To support physiotherapists working in the occupational health care sector and to enhance their professional skills;
To communicate issues related to professional expertise;
Collaboration between research centres and educational institutes;
Inter-professional collaboration with other well-being service providers;
To follow and influence the legislation and changes in society in relation to physiotherapists' work in occupational health.
Association of Finnish Safety Managers (Työsujelupääliköt ry., Finnsafe) [63] Finnsafe aims to:
Promote workplace safety and wellbeing, and improve the working environment;
Increase its members' knowledge about workplace safety, wellbeing and the working environment;
Provide its members in Finland and abroad with relevant information on the subject;
Create training and educational opportunities for its members;
Act as a professional organization and to represent its members, i.e. by issuing statements on relevant issues.
Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society (FOHS) (Suomen Työhygienian seura; STSH)[64] FOHS improves the level of knowledge and professional skills of individuals working in the field of the occupational hygiene.
Finnish Ergophthalmological Society (Suomen Työnäköseura ry.)[65] The Society aims to promote and bring into practice research on ophthalmology at work and to increase and deliver knowledge on ergophtalmology in co-operation with other stakeholders.
Education and training and awareness raising
Legally required training for OSH specialists
The training of occupational health and safety professionals and experts in Finland is regulated by a Government Decree (708/2013) [66].
A full-time (more than 20 hours a week) occupational physician should be a specialist in occupational health care. The basic training for physicians takes six years, and the specialization studies for occupational health physician requires an additional six years. The requirements to act as a specialising physician are covered by the separate provisions in the Decree of the qualifications of specialist physicians (56/2015)[67]. A licensed physician working part-time (less than 20 hours a week) in occupational health care (OHC) must have taken a minimum fifteen credits (ECTS) in OHC studies within two years of transferring to OHC.
A licensed public health nurse working full-time in OHC needs to be a qualified public health nurse and either have passed the specialist studies in occupational health care at a polytechnic or taken a minimum of fifteen credits (ECTS) in OHC studies within two years of transferring to OHC.
A licensed physiotherapist working in OHC needs to be qualified as a licensed physiotherapist and either have passed the specialist studies in OHC at a polytechnic or taken a minimum fifteen credits (ECTS) in OHC studies within two years of starting the OHCt activities.
A licensed psychologist working in OHC shall be qualified as licensed psychologist and have passed the specialist studies in OHC at a polytechnic or a minimum of fifteen credits (ECTS) in OHC studies within two years of starting the expert activities.
The other experts, i.e. occupational hygienist, expert in social work, technical expert, agricultural advisor, optician, dietician, speech therapist, physical educator, etc. working in OHC need to have the relevant university degree in occupational hygiene, social work, a technical subject, agriculture, occupational vision, nutrition, speech therapy or physical education, or the equivalent earlier vocational qualification in the field, and sufficient knowledge of OHC. In effect, this means a minimum of two credits (ECTS) of supplementary training in OHC in accordance with the instructions provided by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.
According to the Act on Occupational Safety and Health Enforcement and Cooperation on Occupational Safety and Health at Workplaces (44/2006)[5] the occupational safety and health manager needs to be adequately qualified on the nature of the workplace, the work conditions,and the OSH provisions but no specific formal training is required. In the Finnish OHS legislation there is a requirement that the safety manager must be "sufficiently competent". In legislation there is no description about how one acquires this competence. There is no formal description, e.g. there are no detailed requirements concerning the length and the content the necessary training of safety managers.
The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health offers 4-week training courses to safety managers which cover the necessary topics to fulfil the fields of competency. These fields are:
targets of OHS at workplace;
OHS legislation and agreements;
tasks and duties and responsibilities in the workplace;
OHS cooperation in the workplace;
information sources, research and advisory bodies;
accident prevention;
preventive methods;
working ability and well-being;
ergonomics;
work hygiene; physical and chemical agents in the workplace;
psycho-social work environment;
safety management, quality.
Teaching methods are multidisciplinary and participants must perform many tasks and exercises. The participants must pass an examination at the end of course after which, they will receive a certification.
The occupational safety and health representative and the vice-representative (elected by the workers) need to receive appropriate training for carrying out their co-operational duties. Prior experience and any earlier training in OSH matters are taken into account when planning the training. This training covers provisions and instructions on OSH, as well as other matters within the representatives' duties such as evaluation of working conditions and planning preventive OSH actions. The curriculum is planned by the organizers of the training courses (for instance FIOH[68], Centre for Occupational safety [69], MIF [70], Pohto [71]). In the legislation there is a statement that safety representatives must have a "appropriate training according their occupational safety tasks". The length of that training varies between 3-5 days and covers many topics such as
tasks and duties of safety representative
OHS cooperation at workplace
aims of OHS
working conditions and health
occupational health care
OHS prevention methods.
The employer and the representatives are required to evaluate the need for training and to undertake the arrangements within two months of the election. The training needs to be free of any costs and not to involve any loss of income to the representatives.
Other vocational training
The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) (Työterveyslaitos, TTL; Arbetshälsöinstitutet) [68] and the Centre for Occupational Safety (Työturvallisuuskeskus, TTK; Arbetarskyddscentralen)[57] offer basic and advanced courses in occupational safety and health for safety managers and safety representatives.
The Trade Unions' Central Organizations and individual Trade Unions, as well as the Trade Unions of Salaried Employees [72] and the Confederation of Unions of Academic Professionals [73] have an agreement with the Private Employers, Governmental Employers and the Municipal Employers about training in OSH. The training institutes of the Trade Unions provide three types of OSH courses: basic courses in OSH, advanced courses, and complementary courses. The training is targeted mainly at the safety and health representatives and their substitutes, as well as at the members of Occupational Safety and Health Committees.
The Management Institute of Finland, MIF [74] (established in July 2012) provide courses in OSH for technical personnel and for managers and supervisors. The Institute also provides services for organizational development and for leadership development. Pohto [75] is a training and development centre which organizes a variety of courses including training in occupational safety and health matters.
A large number of institutions provide Occupational Safety Card Training [76] which provides basic information on occupational health and safety. The "Card" is operated by the Centre for Occupational Safety [77]. It is awarded after a one-day introductory training session on safety and health, and it is granted for a five-year period to the an employee. The Card is designed especially for workers at certain worksites, for example large construction sites, that are shared by several enterprises and different employers operating in the same site.
Awareness raising networks
Four organizations have a special mission to promote the dissemination of information in the field of occupational safety and health:
The Department for Work and Gender Equality within the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health [78];
The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health[68];
The Centre for Occupational Safety [79];
The Finnish Work Environment Fund [80].
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health hosts the Focal Point of the European Agency for Health and Safety at Work [81]. The Focal Point coordinates the national activities of the EU-OSHA's occupational health and safety network.
The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH)[68] disseminates information through several channels: Web service and social media (for example, YouTube Työterveyslaitos) information sharing covers multidisciplinary topics such as safety, work ability, occupational health services, ergonomics, mental health at work, chemical safety, etc. FIOH publishes of its own web journal Työpiste. In addition, each year FIOH's research projects result in around 200 published scientific publications . FIOH disseminates the latest and updated information on Finnish work-life on a web platform "Work-life knowledge service". The Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health (SJWEH) is published together with other Nordic OSH organisations, although the editorial office is situated within the FIOH premises.
The Centre for Occupational Safety[57] produces and disseminates information and knowledge about improving working conditions. The Centre is an office organized by the central labour market organisations, and it acts in close co-operation with the employer and employee organisations in the manufacturing industries, service sector and municipalities representing the different fields of activities. Its modes of operation are training, services for workplaces, publications, information, advice and information service, and it also maintains a personnel register on about 65,000 persons with occupational safety and health duties and in occupational health care services (both in private and municipal workplaces). The operations of the Centre are funded by grants from the Work Environment Fund[80] and its own income from the training and information services.
The Finnish Work Environment Fund (Työsuojelurahasto, TSR; Arbetarskyddsfonden)[82] funds research and development of work, which improves the working conditions and promotes the safety and productivity aspects of workplace activities. The Fund also supports the practical application of the results of these research activities.
The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment (MEE)[83] is developing working life through legislation, various projects, programmes, studies and analyses, and by improving working practices. Aim is to boost productivity and improve the quality of working life at the same time. Development of the quality of work promotes meaningfulness and motivation at work as well as job involvement and work productivity. MEE's financing for working life development is channelled via the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes).
Networks, forums and information:
National Working Life Development Strategy to 2020 [84] aims to improve the employment rate, quality of working life, well-being at work and work productivity. To implement the strategy one shall launch a broad national co-operation project to workplaces. Strategy was prepared in a broad cooperation with relevant actors under the coordination of the Ministry of Employment and the Economy.
The Network on Well-being at Work for Finnish Workplaces[85] is a regional level meeting place for workplaces. It is coordinated by Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. It is based on Forum for Well-being at Work (2008-2015)[86]
A national Zero Accident Forum (Nolla tapaturmaa -foorumi)[87] coordinated by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. The goal is to share knowledge, experiences and good practices with the aim to eliminating all preventable accidents.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)[88] The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment is responsible for the CSR in the Government.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Työsuojeluhallinto; Arbertarskyddsförvaltningen)[89] has its own website for distributing practical information on inspection issues and common overviews and interpretations of OSH legislation.
The employers' organizations and the trade unions provide information about OSH not only to their own member organizations but also to individuals.
Specialized technical, medical and scientific institutions
The research on occupational safety and health has a recognized position in the national research policy. Most of the research on OSH is carried out by the Governmental Research Institutes. The key research institutions relevant for OSH include:
The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FIOH [68]; The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) is a public expert organization in the field of occupational safety and health and it is supervised by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. The Ministry's coordinates the preparation of the agreement about the Institute's performance targets. The Institute is a research and advisory organisation which carries out a wide variety of hazard and risk assessment activities and develops general risk assessment methods and practices. The research focuses on transforming of occupational health services, supporting work ability and working careers, in SME's and growth and digitalization. Business activities of the institute comprise of occupational medicine clinic, healthy workspaces consultations, work environment laboratories, occupational hygiene consultations and solutions for safety (protective devices).
The Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT [90]; VTT is an independent expert organisation providing comprehensive technology and research services for both domestic and international clients, private companies and the public sector. Research and development intended to promote occupational safety and health is often carried out as a part of other technological development aimed at higher competitiveness, productivity and quality. VTT carries out activities in areas such as hazard identification and risk assessment. The VTT operates under the Ministry of the Employment and the Economy[30].
The Safety technology Authority, TUKES [91]; The Safety Technology Authority (TUKES) is subordinate to the Ministry for the Employment and the Economy[30] and acts as the supervisor, developer and expert organization in the realm of technical safety and reliability. The Authority is divided into three groups: Product Safety Enforcement, Plant and Installations Surveillance, and R&D and Support Services. TUKES operates within the fields of chemical and process industry, electrical safety, pressure equipment safety, rescue service equipment, activities involving precious metals, construction products, and legal metrology. All these activities utilize risk assessment methodologies, which they also develop for their practical purposes. In addition to itse supervisory tasks, TUKES participates in national and international co-operation, development of legislation, and different research and development projects. It also actively distributes information on technical safety and reliability.
The Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority in Finland, STUK [92]; STUK is the authority and expert organisation that supervises radiation and nuclear safety. It monitors and assesses risks to health and safety from all sources and all types of radiation. Both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation are covered by STUK activities. STUK provides instructions on safety and provides training for employees using radiation.
The Legislation contains provisions about the monitoring and maximum values of employees' exposure to radiation, and on their health controls. The information on exposure is registered in a dose register maintained by STUK. STUK sets the national measurement norms and provides national for its cliente services in radiation dose measurements, radioactivity counts and other expert services. Part of STUK's operations involve research, radiation control in the environment and emergency readiness procedures.
The National Product Control Agency for Welfare and Health, Valvira[42]; The activities of the National Product Control Agency for Welfare and Health are intended to prevent and control health hazards caused by chemicals and pesticides to humans, and to promote the development of a good living environment. The Agency monitors compliance with regulations on chemical substances and preparations and the introduction of these products onto the market. It maintains a register of products and material data sheets. The product register contains data on chemicals available on the Finnish market which are classified as dangerous or which may pose a hazard. Valvira is supervised by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health[8] and it co-operates also with the Finnish Environment Institute [93], the Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira)[94] and The Finnish Medicines Agency (Fimea)[95].
Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority (Kilpailu- ja kuluttajavirasto; Konkurrens- och konsumentverket)[96]; Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority is responsible for the safety of consumer goods and services functioning in co-operation with the State Provincial Offices and the municipal health inspectors. Market surveillance carried out through spot checks to ensure that consumer goods and services are safe. These surveillance methods include studies on the safety of products, testing samples from market surveillance with the Customs Laboratory, dealing with complaints and notifications and market surveillance projects with the municipal supervisory authorities. One of the main product groups which it supervises is personal protective equipment (PPE). OSH research in specific areas is also carried out in universities in areas in which they have research interests and competence, e.g. 1) Tampere University of technology [97], 2) University of Eastern Finland [98], 3) University of Oulu [99], 4) Aalto University [100], 5) Lappeenranta University of Technology [101], 6) Work Research Centre at the University of Tampere [102], and 7) The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research [103].
Standardization bodies
The Finnish Standards Association (Suomen Standardoimisliitto SFS ry.)[104] is the central body for standardisation in Finland. Its membership includes the central government and professional, commercial and industrial organisations. The Association approves national SFS standards and coordinates national standardisation. National Standards are sold in Finland exclusively by SFS. Standardization is carried out at international, regional, national and company levels. The Association also manages the Nordic and European environmental labelling systems for products and services.
SFS promotes the use of standards in Finland by disseminating information on international, foreign and Finnish standards and drafts. SFS is the Finnish source for all international standards and drafts of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), for European standards and drafts of CEN, and for publications of ISO member bodies. SFS also distributes other foreign standards and technical regulations.
The WTO (World Trade Organization) Enquiry Point [105] in Finland is operated within SFS under the mandate of the Ministry of the Employment and the Economy[30].
Institutions and organisations
Table 1: Key OSH actors in Finland
Key actors in the Finnish OSH dialogue The Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health in the Ministry for Social Affairs and Health (Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriö; Social- och hälsovårdministeriet) [98]
Key social partners in the Finnish OSH field Confederation of Finnish Industries (Elinkeinoelämän keskusliitto, EK; Finlands Näringsliv) [99]
The Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions (Suomen Ammattiliittojen Keskusjärjestö, SAK; Finlands Fackförbunds Centralorganisation, FFC) [100]
The Finnish Confederation of Professionals (Toimihenkilökeskusjärjestö, STTK; Tjänstemanncentralorganisationen) [101]
The Confederation of Unions for Academic Professionals (Akateemisten keskusjärjestö, AKAVA; Centralorganisationen för högutbildade i Finland) [102]
The Commission for Local Authority Employers (Kuntatyönantajat, KT; Kommunararbetsgivarna) [103]
The State Employer's Office (Valtion työmarkkinalaitos, VTML; Statens arbetsmarknadsverk) [104]
The Labour Market Organisation of the Church (Kirkon Työmarkkinalaitos, KiT; Kyrkans arbetsmarknandsverk) [105]
Federal OSH Authorities and inspection services Ministry for Social Affairs and Health (Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriö; Social- och hälsovårdministeriet) [106]
Ministry for Employment and the Economy (Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriö; Arbets och näringsministeriet) [107]
Safety Technology Authority (Turvallisuus- ja kemikaalivirasto, TUKES; Säkerhets- och kemikalieverket) [108]
The Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT ) [109]
Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (Säteilyturvakeskus, STUK; Strålsäkerhetscentralen) [110]
The National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Sosiaali- ja terveysalan lupa- ja valvontavirasto, Valvira; Tillstånds- och tillsynsverket för social- och hälsovärd) [111]
Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority (Kilpailu- ja kuluttajavirasto; Konkuerrens- och konsumentverket) [112]
Finnish Transport and Communication Agency (Liikenne- ja viestintävirasto, Traficom; Transport- och kommukationsverket). [113]
Regional State Administrative Agencies (Aluehallintovirasto, AVI; Regionförvaltningsverket) [114]
Key compensation and insurance bodies The Federation of Accident Insurance Institutions (Tapaturmavakuutuslaitosten liitto, TVL; Olycksfallsförsäkringsanstalternas förbund (OFF)) [115]
The Social Insurance Institution of Finland (Kansaneläkelaitos, KELA; Folkpensionsanstalten) [116]
Key professional associations Finnish Association of Occupational Health Physicians (Suomen Työterveyslääkäri yhdistys ry., STLY; Finlands Företagsläkarförening rf.) [117]
The Finnish Association of Occupational Health Nurses
(Suomen työterveyshoitajaliitto ry., STTHL; Finlands Företagshälsovårdareförbund)
Association of Finnish Physiotherapists in Occupational Health (Työfysioterapeutit ry.; Finlands Företagsfysioterapeuter) [119]
Association of Finnish Safety Managers (Työsuojelupääliköt ry., Finnsafe) [120]
Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society (Suomen Työhygienia Seura, STHS) [121]
Finnish Ergophthalmological Society (Suomen Työnäköseura ry.) [122]
Key research institutes Finnish Institute of Occupational Health and Safety, FIOH) (Työterveyslaitos, TTL; Arbetshälsöinstitutet) [123]
The Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) [125]
National Consumer Administration (Kuluttajavirasto; Konsumentverket) [128]
Tampere University of Technology (Tampereen teknillinen yliopisto) [129]
University of Eastern Finland (Itä-Suomen yliopisto) [130]
University of Oulu (Oulun yliopisto) [131]
Aalto University (Aalto-yliopisto; Aalto-Universitetet) [132]
Lappeenranta University of Technology (Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto) [133]
Work Research Centre at the University of Tampere (Työelämän tutkimuskeskus) [134]
The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research (UKK-instituutti) [135]
Source: Overview by the authors
↑ 1.0 1.1 The Finnish Constitution, 731/1999. Available at: [1]
↑ The framework Council Directive 89/391/EEC, OJ L 1989:183. Available at: [2]
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 The Occupational Safety and Health Act, 738/2002. Available at: [3]
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 The Occupational Health Care Act, 1383/2001. Available at:[4]
↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 The Act on Occupational Safety and Health Enforcement and Cooperation on Occupational Safety and Health at Workplaces, 44/2006. Available at: [5]
↑ Government Decree on the principles of good occupational health care practice, the content of occupational health care and the qualifications of professionals and experts, 708/2013. Available at: [6]
↑ Government Decree on medical examinations in work that presents a special risk of illness, 1485/2001. Available at: [7]
↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Ministry for Social Affairs and Health (Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriö; Social- och hälsovårdministeriet; no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 June 2016, from: [8]
↑ Government programme of Finland, 10 Dec 2019, Available at: [9]
↑ Sauni, R. Policy for the work environment and wellbeing at work until 2030: Safe and healthy working conditions and workability for everyone. Publications of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health 2019:4. Available at [10]
↑ Policies for the work environment and wellbeing at work until 2020, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, 2011. Available at: [11]
↑ Our vision is to create a cohesive society and sustainable wellbeing. Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. Retrieved on 27 May 2020.[12]
↑ Sauni, R. Policy for the work environment and wellbeing at work until 2030: Safe and healthy working conditions and workability for everyone. Publications of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, 2019:4. [13]
↑ A cohesive society and sustainable wellbeing - Strategy 2030. Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. Retrieved on 27 May 2020
↑ Strategy. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. 2019. Retrieved on 27 May 2020.
↑ Ministry of Employment and the Economy, National Working Life Development Strategy to 2020 (Työelämän kehittämisstrategia vuoteen 2020), 2012. Available at: [http://www.tyoelama2020.fi/files/35/tyoelaman_kehittamisstrategia_final.pdf]
↑ 17.0 17.1 Government Resolution Occupational Health 2025 – work ability and health through co-operation (Ministry of Social affairs and Health 2017:1). Available: https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/79471/01_2017_VN_periaatepaatos_TT2025_suomi.pdf?sequence=1
↑ EUROFOUND - European Foundation for Living and Working Conditions (3.4.2004). Working conditions and Social Dialogue in Finland. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [14]
↑ Laki työsuojeluhallinnosta (16/1993). Available at: [15]
↑ Confederation of Finnish Industries (Elinkeinoelämän keskusliitto, EK; no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [16]
↑ The Commission for Local Authority Employers (Kuntatyönantajat, KT; no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [17]
↑ The State Employer's Office (VTML; no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [18]
↑ The Labour Market Organisation of the Church (Kirkon Työmarkkinalaitos, KiT; no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [19] (In Finnish)
↑ The Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions (Suomen Ammattiliittojen Keskusjärjestö, SAK; no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [20]
↑ The Finnish Confederation of Professionals (Toimihenkilökeskusjärjestö; no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [21]
↑ The Confederation of Unions for Academic Professionals (Akateemisten keskusjärjestö, AKAVA; no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [22]
↑ Centre for Occupational Safety (no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [23]
↑ NDPHS Expert Group on Social Inclusion, Healthy Lifestyles and Work Ability (SIHLWA), Thematic Reports, Country Reports on Occupational Safety and Health in the Northern Dimension Area, NDPHS Series no. 1/2008. Available at: [24]
↑ Ministry for Social Affairs and Health (Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriö; Social- och hälsovårdministeriet; no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [25]
↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Ministry for Employment and the Economy (Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriö; Arbets och näringsministeriet; no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [26]
↑ The Act on Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 16/1993. Available at: [27] (In Finnish)
↑ Regional State Administrative Agencies (6.5.2011). Welcome to the website of Regional State Administrative Agencies. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [28]
↑ The Employment contracts act, 55/2001. Available at: [29]
↑ The Working hours act, 605/1996. Available at: [30]
↑ The Annual holidays act, 162/2005. Available at: [31]
↑ The Young worker's protection act, (998/1993). Available at: [32]
↑ Safety Technology Authority (Turvallisuus- ja kemikaalivirasto, TUKES; 23.05.2012). Home page. Retrieved on 28 May 2012, from: [34]
↑ Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (Säteilyturvakeskus, STUK; no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [35]
↑ National Consumer Administration (Kuluttajavirasto; no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [36]
↑ The Finnish Transport and Communication Agency (Traficom). Home page. Retrieved on 16 April 2020, from: [37]
↑ 42.0 42.1 The National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Valvira; no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [38]
↑ Lappalainen et al Työterveyshuolto Suomessa 2015 – ja kehitystrendi 2000 – 2015, in finnish with a summary in english
↑ Takala E-P, Leino T, Harjunpää K, Hirvonen M, Kauranen T, Liljeström K, Syynimaa S, Österbacka O. Työterveyshuollon toiminta ja laatu Suomessa 2018. Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki 2019. Retrieved on 27 May 2020.[39]
↑ Finnish Accreditation Service, FINAS (no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [41]
↑ The Act on Accident Insurance, 608/1948. Available at: [42]
↑ Laki tapaturmavakuutuslain muuttamisesta, 459/2015. Available at: [43]
↑ Maatalousyrittäjien tapaturmavakuutuslaki, 1026/1981. Available at: [44]
Laki maatalousyrittäjän työtapaturma- ja ammattitautilain muuttamisesta, 1274/2016. Available at: [45]
↑ The Act on Occupational Diseases, 1343/1988. Available at: [46]
↑ Occupational Accidents, Injuries and Diseases Act, 459/2015. Available at: [47]
↑ Oksa O., Sauni R., Talola N., Virtanen S., Nevalainen J., Saalo A., Uitti J. 'Trends in occupational diseases in Finland, 1975–2013: a register study'. BMJ Open. 2019; 9(4): e024040. Published online 2019 Apr 23. Retrieved 7 April 2020, from
↑ Ammattitautiasetus, 1347/1988. Available at: [48]
Valtioneuvoston asetus ammattitautiluettelosta, 769/2015. Available at: [49]
↑ Workers´ Compensation Center (Tapaturmavakuutuskeskus, TVK). [50]
↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Työturvallisuuskeskus, home-page. Retreived on 23 April 2020. [51]
↑ The Health Insurance Act (1224/2004). Available at: [52] (In Finnish)
↑ The Social Insurance Institution of Finland (Kansaneläkelaitos, KELA), home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [53]
↑ Finnish Association of Occupational Health Physicians, home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [54]
↑ The Finnish Association of Occupational Health Nurses, home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [55]
↑ Association of Finnish Physiotherapists in Occupational Health, home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [56]
↑ Association of Finnish Safety Managers, home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [57]([In Finnish)
↑ Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society, home page (updated 4.6.2010). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [58]
↑ Finnish Ergophthalmological Society, home page (no publishing data available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [59] [In Finnish)
↑ Government Decree on the principles of good occupational health care practice, the content of occupational health care and the qualifications of professionals and experts, 708/2013. Available at: [60]
↑ Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön asetus erikoislääkäri- ja erikoishammaslääkärikoulutuksesta sekä yleislääketieteen erityiskoulutuksesta 56/2015. Available at: [61]
↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 Finnish Institute of Occupational Health and Safety (FIOH; Työterveyslaitos), home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [62]
↑ Management Institute of Finland, MIF, home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 24 August 2012, from: [64]
↑ Pohto, home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [65]
↑ Occupational Safety Card Training, home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [70]
↑ 80.0 80.1 The Finnish Work Environment Fund (Työsuojelurahasto), homepage (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [74]
↑ The Focal Point of The European Agency for health and safety at Work in Finland. Retrieved on 16 April 2020, from: [75]
↑ The Finnish Work Environment Fund (Työsuojelurahasto), homepage (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [76]
↑ Ministry of ecenomics affairs and employment. [77]
↑ Työelämän kehittämisstrategia vuoteen 2020. Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriö. Retrieved on 23 April 2020
↑ The Network on Well-being at Work for Finnish Workplaces. FIOH. [78]
↑ Forum for Wellbeing at Work. 2008-2015.[79]
↑ Nolla tapaturmaa foorumi. FIOH. [80]
↑ Corporate Social Responsibility. MEE. [81]
↑ The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [82]
↑ The Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [83]
↑ The Finnish Environment Institute, home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [86]
↑ Finnish Food Safety Authority, Evira, home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [87]
↑ The Finnish Medicines Agency, Fimea, home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [88]
↑ Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority, home-page. Retrieved on 23 April 2020
↑ Tampere University of Technology, home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [89]
↑ University of Eastern Finland, home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [90]
↑ University of Oulu (no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [91]
↑ Aalto University (25.05.2012). Home page. Retrieved on 28 May 2012, from: [92]
↑ Lappeenranta University of Technology (no publishing date). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [93]
↑ Work Research Centre at the University of Tampere (09.05.2011). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [94]
↑ The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research (18.11.2011). Home page. Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [95]
↑ The Finnish Standards Association (SFS), home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [96]
↑ The WTO (World Trade Organization) Enquiry Point, home page (no publishing date available). Retrieved on 16 May 2012, from: [97]
Links for future reading
Ellen Schmitz-Felten, Kirsi Koskela, Palmer, richard.graveling@iom-world.org, Riita Sauni, Seifert, Taina Paakkonen, TKantolahti
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In the wake of the Katrina disaster, followed closely by Hurricane Rita, Americans can be forgiven for becoming uneasy about the capacity of its governing institutions to perform effectively in a large-scale disaster. Setting aside the political "blame game," the crisis laid bare a number of institutional and leadership deficiencies in U.S. management of a major domestic crisis. Inevitably, these raise questions concerning the nation's ability to deal not only with natural disasters but also with a major act of terrorism.
It is our view that the capacity for rapid and effective response is available to the nation but will require significant changes in both approaches and attitudes for this resource to be brought to bear effectively. Specifically, the nation should acknowledge the reality that the Army, composed of active forces, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve, has enormous de facto capability for dealing with emergencies and that such capability should be exploited to the fullest.
America's Army is unique among all of the nation's institutions, including the other armed services. It is deeply and broadly embedded throughout the fabric of the United States at local, state and federal levels. It has long-standing linkages and relationships that provide for direct The catastrophic nature of Hurricane Katrina in late summer 2005 confirmed once again that the standard "reactive" nature of federal assistance, while appropriate for most disasters, does not work during disasters of this scale. When local and state governments are functionally overwhelmed or incapacitated, the federal government must be prepared to respond proactively. It will need to anticipate state and local requirements, move commodities and assets into the area on its own initiative, and shore up or even help reconstitute critical state and local emergency management and response structures.1 Landpower Essay An Institute of Land Warfare Publication 2 continuing interaction with citizens and both governmental and nongovernmental organizations and leaders. Furthermore, it is a globally unified institution both organizationally and culturally. It can think and act locally, regionally and nationally.
We are not suggesting an "organizational fix," nor do we believe that major improvements will require substantial new investment. The essential resources exist now. These include intangibles such as leadership and professionalism, along with the overarching values of service to nation and discipline that are ingrained in the U.S. military culture. Army values as expressed in "Duty, Honor, Country" are not adopted simply because they are attractive; they are functional organizational requirements for success in prevailing in warfare. Without them, organizational coherence and survival in combat would be impossible. It is this categorical imperative of values that transforms a part-time citizen-Soldier of the National Guard into a warrior when called to active duty. These same qualities are needed in a domestic crisis. They are very difficult to replicate through bureaucratic solutions combining diverse and ad hoc politically motivated—not competencedriven— individuals and organizations.
We will begin with a brief overview of how U.S. domestic forces are organized and their capacity for mobilizing efforts in concert with other authorities within the United States and interfacing with them in both planning and execution. We must also deal with existing impediments to fully effective and rapid operations, and how they can be overcome. Some are statutory, deriving from the federal nature of the republic. Others are needed improvements in capabilities through training, coordination and national reconsideration of an emerging domestic role of landpower in the wake of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks and of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005.


UFC FIGHT PASS® announced today a worldwide deal with president of TALION Sports Entertainment Inc., and former TKO MMA promoter, Stephane Patry to add the newly resurrected Canadian mixed martial arts promotion to its ever-growing live-event offering.
TKO MMA will debut its first live event on UFCFIGHTPASS.com with TKO 36: The Return on Friday, November 4, 2016 from TOHU Cité des Arts du Cirque in Montreal, Canada. UFC FIGHT PASS acquired the TKO MMA fight library in 2015. Subscribers can watch the historic fight catalogue here.
Formerly known as UCC, TKO MMA was a staple of Canadian MMA in the early-to-mid 2000s and helped launch the careers of pioneers Georges St-Pierre, Patrick Cote, Mark Hominick and Sam Stout, as well as current UFC light heavyweight Steve Bosse. Over the course of its run, the promotion also featured names like former UFC middleweight champion Rich Franklin, former UFC lightweight champion Sean Sherk and former WEC featherweight champion Urijah Faber.
TKO MMA will stage an additional five events through 2017, all of which will be available on UFC FIGHT PASS.


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text:
The Minefield
with Waleed Aly, Scott Stephens
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Getty Images: Elenabs
Is capitalism inimical to ethics?
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Ever since the financial crisis of 2007-2010, the term "capitalism" has gained a fresh currency in popular and political debates. This is hardly surprising. The misconduct on the part of banks, regulators, lenders, insurers and markets was so egregious; the disparity in the distribution of public funds to ameliorate the damage inflicted by the 'crisis' was so flagrant; and the economic suffering experienced by those least able to afford it was so grievous — it's little wonder so many reached for a critical tool that could name what's wrong with an entire system: a form of structural inequality and injustice, not just the bad behaviour of a few bad actors.
But as with all such appropriations of long-neglected critical terms, the popular and political uses of "capitalism" have tended to be superficial, polemical and largely opportunistic. This is largely evident in the inarticulacy that accompanies demands for an alternative, and in the similarly opportunistic deployments of terms like "socialism." Hence the vast disagreement over whether there is something fundamentally wrong with 'capitalism', or its worst excesses or perversions simply need to be tamed — say, by better government regulation, or through reinvented anti-trust measures, or through more effective taxation and efficient forms of wealth redistribution.
Is the problem, then, not capitalism per se but the persistence of non- or even anti-capitalist elements in developed economies (from dynastic wealth inequality to anti-competitive monopolies and 'rentier capitalism')? Or does capitalism — aided and abetted by the trajectory of post-war economics — cultivate an ethos, a form of life, an understanding of the nature of social relations and mutual obligation that is inimical to what might be called the demands of "democratic morality"?
This episode of The Minefield was recorded at the 4th Australasian Political Theory and Political Philosophy Conference hosted by La Trobe University in February 2020.
Duration: 1hr 19min 32sec
Broadcast: Wed 11 Mar 2020, 11:30am
Jessica Whyte
Jessica Whyte is Scientia Fellow and Associate Professor in the School of Humanities and Languages (Philosophy) and the School of Law, University of New South Wales. She is the author of The Morals of the Market: Human Rights and the Rise of Neoliberalism.
Daniel Halliday
Daniel Halliday is Senior Lecturer in Political Philosophy in the School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, University of Melbourne. He is the author of The Inheritance of Wealth: Justice, Equality and the Right to Bequeath and co-author (with John Thrasher) of The Ethics of Capitalism.
Presenter Waleed Aly
Presenter Scott Stephens
Producer Sinead Lee
external link Is there an ethical case for capitalism? by Daniel Halliday and John Thrasher
external link "The invisible hand of the market": Friedrich Hayek's neoliberal faith by Jessica Whyte
What are we doing when we "quote"?
54mins 7secs
Emojis: Universal language, or harbinger of an age of moral illiteracy?
Thu 6 Jan 2022
Should journalists stay away from social media?
Is "opinion" doing more harm than good?


Our New York (Food) Trip, was going fantastic. We had cannoli, cheese bread, biscuits, hot dogs, and bagels. But, there was one glaring issue. No pizza. How were we in New York for almost two full days and not had New York Pizza. We were overdue to hit our favorite new york pizza joint, to get us an New York slice.
If you have been keeping up with my restaurant reviews, you will see that a rarely write a negative one. This is not because I am overly positive or because I am afraid to write anything negative, because I can. This is because I extensively research where Stephanie and I are going to eat before going on a trip. This may sound OCD (and it may be a little bit), but food is important to me. It is one of the most important aspects of my travels, and I don't want to waste a meal on a risk. When researching pizza restaurants in New York, there were so many good spots it was extremely hard to choose.
I could only think of one way to solve this, NEW YORK PIZZA SHOWDOWN. Two of the 5 top, cheap pizza joints on my list were about 3 minutes apart. So yes…. we were going to have dinner at both. Please don't tell my doctor, I am supposed to be limiting my carbs. This challenge was going to be Joe's Pizza on Carmine Street vs. John's of Bleecker Street.
Our first stop was Joe's. We made our way from our Hotel to Greenwich Village to Joe's. Joe's Pizza has been in business for over 40 years , and has become one of the most famous New York pizza joints. You will regularly find in almost every top 10 pizza places in New York List, Including, New York Magazine, GQ, and Time Out New York. Given its fame, you will not be shocked to find that Joe's is almost always crowded. Even on this cold, rainy January evening Joe's line was out the door. Needless to say we were excited.
Joe's is a traditional New York pizza by the slice restaurant. It is a standing room only pizza place that serves ginormous slices of Pizza for $3-$5 each depending on the toppings. If you are feeling particularly hungry, or are feeding a small army you can also order a whole pie…. just a warning they are huge.
Since we were going to be having two dinners, we decided to go with just slices and ordered 1 slice each of Pepperoni.
I don't know if I just built New York Pizza up in my head, but It was not as good as I was expecting. This absolutely shocked me, because the last time I had pizza in New York it seemed like there was nothing better. Joe's pizza was pretty good, but it wasn't great. For piping hot pizza, it didn't seem as fresh as I would like it. As I was eating I was watching them make it, and it seems like they premake their pizzas, maybe in the morning, and just pop them into the oven when they need a specific topping. I have tried better Pizza in Seattle, the challenge was not off to a good start.
It isn't that Joe's was bad; it just didn't meet my expectations. That left us heading to John's who had a prime opportunity to win the New York Pizza Challenge. John's has been in business for 90 years, founded by Italian Immigrant John Sasso.
While the pizzeria has changed hands a couple times, it has always been a family owned business that serves traditional coal fire pizza in John Sasso's original pizza oven.
John's is the exact opposite of Joes. It is a sit down or take out pizza joint that specifically does not do pizza by the slice. You have to order at least a medium pizza, but the lack of by the slice gives you greater ability to customize the pizza to your taste. Apples to apples John's is about the same price as Joes $3-4 per slice basis depending on toppings, but John's it only works if you have enough people to justify a whole Pizza.
After a slice each at Joe's we decided to go with a Medium Cheese Pizza.
Now this was the pizza was expecting. It was hot, fresh, wit the absolute perfect crust. Every single aspect of this pizza was better than Joe's. Better sauce, better crust, better cheese, and everything tasted extremely fresh. While no one's pizza is better than my mother's homemade pizza, this one comes damn close. You could really taste the authenticity and the flavor cooking in a 90 year old coal oven gives the pizza.
John's of Bleecker Street beat Joe's Pizza in a landslide in our New York Pizza Challenge. However, it is a hard to go wrong with great New York Pizza.


text:
Chinandega je jedním z 15 departementů Nikaraguy. Leží na pacifickém pobřeží při hranici s Hondurasem. Má příhodné klima pro pěstování cukrové třtiny, burských oříšků a banánů. Na jeho území se nachází několik aktivních sopek.

Departement je rozdělen na třináct částí (Municipio):

 Chichigalpa
 Chinandega
 Cinco Pinos
 Corinto
 El Realejo
 El Viejo
 Posoltega
 Puerto Morazán
 San Francisco del Norte
 San Pedro del Norte
 Santo Tomás del Norte
 Somotillo
 Villa Nueva

Externí odkazy

Departementy Nikaraguy

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text:
SIX FEET UNDER Releases Second Single 'Prophecy' Via Metal Hammer Germany
Posted in: Int. News. Tagged: "Unborn", Prophecy, SIX FEET UNDER. Leave a comment
Metal Blade has issued that the death metal behemoths SIX FEET UNDER are back, and with the seething Unborn, the tenth full-length of their imposing career, they are out for blood. Led by the inimitable Chris Barnes, owner of one of the most powerful and instantly recognizable voices in the genre, the band are returning with an overhauled line up that sees them reinvigorated and churning out some of the most visceral music they have ever put their name to.
Head over to Metal Hammer Germany at metal-hammer.de for the exclusive world premiere of Prophecy!
The lyric video for Zombie Blood Curse, the first track to be loosed from Unborn, is streaming now at metalblade.com/sixfeetunder. While there, fans can also pre-order their copies.
In other news, Metal Blade Europe has announced that Unborn will now be released as an exclusive European box set edition which will include the limited Digipak of Unborn and a bonus track entitled Illusions. Additionally the box will feature a poster, a patch, two pins and a sticker plus enough space for last year's Undead album! The bonus track will be featured on the vinyl version of the album as well.
In November of 2010 when vocalist and founding member Chris Barnes first started to get the idea of working with new writers for SIX FEET UNDER's next release, he contacted Rob Arnold, Jari Laine, and Ben Savage to share in the writing process. After just two years of writing and recording 20 plus tracks, and releasing Undead in May of 2012, SIX FEET UNDER are now proud to unveil Undead's demented fraternal twin…
"The journey to create, write, and record Undead and Unborn has been the most challenging and exciting musical endeavor and process I have ever been involved with," expresses vocalist and founder Chris Barnes. "Working with all these amazing writers and musicians like Ben Savage (Whitechapel) on songs like Neuro Osmosis and Fragment are some of the most dynamic, beautiful, and brutal songs I've ever had the pleasure of putting lyrics to." Barnes continues, "I believe Ben is a true innovator of the death metal genre. It was also a lot of fun working Jari Laine from Torture Killer again. We wrote a great album together a few years back called Swarm! –one of my favorite releases I've been involved with– and Jari is someone who I have really wanted to work with again ever since. I wanted to revisit collaborating with Jari because of how well we work together; proof of that on Unborn are the hook heavy sounds of songs like Zombie Blood Curse and Incision."
Undead proved to be one of SIX FEET UNDER's most critically acclaimed albums to date, and with a revamped and tour-hardened lineup rounded out by: guitarist Ola Englund, drummer Kevin Talley, bassist Jeff Hughell, and long-time guitarist Steve Swanson, Unborn promises to elevate the band to even loftier heights.
"this is the best thing SFU have recorded since Maximum Violence…[Chris Barnes] hasn't sounded this focused or committed in years." Decibel Magazine
"truly an unearthly noise and glorious in its heaving absurdity." Terrorizer Magazine – 4/5
http://www.metalblade.com/sixfeetunder
http://twitter.com/sixfeetofficial
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But what happens when even strong spirits wear out due to injustices and goodness makes sense no more? Here comes the turn then; a simple, yet strong change of events that leaves you almost teary, there's a sense of bitterness of growing up different in a multi-cultural community. But this is not a sad story indeed, it's a play of humour and tragedy tracking the ups and downs of people's lifetime experience retold through the wide open eyes of a teenager too mature for his age. Simplistic décor and wooden walls (Amelia Jane Hankin) are symbolic of the obstacles "boy" finds himself climbing up on a daily basis, leaving his bullies and fears behind. And it's not just a personal narrative, it's a picture of a lively neighbourhood with parents' hopes for their children to "turnout better", wives dreaming of their husbands seeing them with the same loving eyes as they used to, owners praying for their shop clients to be nicer tomorrow and everyone waiting for happiness to start growing within.
Review written by Yoana Cholteeva.


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