text:
Красноухая черепаха или Желтобрюхая ( «исчерченная, расписанная») — вид черепах из семейства американских
пресноводных черепах.

История

В 1553 году красноухие черепахи впервые упоминаются в литературе — в книге «Хроника Перу» Педро Сьесы де Леона:

Выходя из города Антиоча в Картахену, когда мы её заселили, капитан Хорхе Робледо и другие обнаружили столько рыбы, что мы убивали палками каких только хотели бы поймать… Есть другие [животные], называющиеся икотеас [пресноводные черепахи], — они также являются хорошей пищей, наподобие галапагосских [водяных черепах].

Описание

Подвиды

Вид разделяется на 3 подвида:
 Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied-Neuwied, 1839) — собственно «красноухий слайдер» или Флоридская черепаха.
 Trachemys scripta scripta (Thunberg, 1792, номинативный подвид) — жёлтобрюхий слайдер.
 Trachemys scripta troostii (Holbrook, 1836) — Камберлендская черепаха или черепаха Трусти.

Внешний вид

Черепаха средних размеров. Длина карапакса от 18 до 30 см (зависит от пола черепахи и подвида). Самцы заметно мельче самок.

У молодняка карапакс ярко-зелёный, с возрастом он становится оливковым или жёлто-бурым, украшен узорами из жёлтых полос. На голове, шее и конечностях черепаха украшена рисунком из белых и зелёных волнистых полос и пятен. Своё название черепаха получила из-за двух удлинённых ярко-красных пятен рядом с глазами. Эти пятна могут быть оранжевыми, ярко-жёлтым у подвида Trachemys scripta troosti (камберлендская черепаха, или черепаха Труста) или жёлтыми, у подвида T. s. scripta (желтобрюхая черепаха). Пластрон овальный, как правило, тёмного цвета с жёлтыми линиями и жёлтой же окантовкой по краю.

Размеры
Длина карапакса:
 T. s. scripta — до 27 см.
 T. s. elegans — до 28 см.
 T. s. troostii — до 21 см.

Голос и органы чувств

Голосовые связки у черепахи не развиты. Умеет шипеть, производить пощёлкивания, фыркать от волнения, а также издавать звук, похожий на короткий писк. У красноухой черепахи хорошо развиты зрение и обоняние. В противоположность зрению, слух развит слабо. Однако красноухие черепахи очень неплохо ориентируются по слуху и скрываются в воде при каком-либо шорохе.

Распространение
Красноухая черепаха широко распространена. Её ареал охватывает США от юга Виргинии до севера Флориды и Канзаса, Оклахомы и Нью-Мексико на западе, Мексику, всю Центральную Америку, северо-запад Южной Америки (север Колумбии и Венесуэлы).

Международным союзом охраны природы красноухая черепаха признана инвазивным видом. Вид интродуцирован на юг Флориды, Аризону, Гваделупу. В настоящее время красноухая черепаха широко распространилась по водоёмам Евразии, успешно акклиматизировавшись в водоёмах большинства стран ЕС, в Китае, Индии и ряде стран Юго-Восточной Азии. Проникла в Австралию, где официально признана вредителем, вытесняющим местную эндемическую рептофауну.

В Российской Федерации красноухая черепаха часто встречается в водоёмах Южного и Кавказского, реже — Центрального Федерального округа, и даже имеются единичные находки в водоёмах Урала и Сибири. С 2009 по 2017 годы красноухую черепаху неоднократно наблюдали в Кузьминских прудах и Свибловской пойме Яузы в Москве.

В 2020 году эксперты заявили, что черепахи адаптировались к столичной зиме и живут в различных водоемах города, куда их выпускают местные жители.

Ареалы подвидов
 T. s. scripta — США: штаты Виргиния, Северная и Южная Каролина, Джорджия, Алабама, Флорида, Миссисипи, Луизиана.
 T. s. cataspila — Мексика: штаты Тамаулипас, Сан-Луис-Потоси, Идальго, Веракрус.
 T. s. chichiriviche — Северная Венесуэла.
 T. s. elegans — США: штаты Индиана, Иллинойс, Кентукки, Теннесси, Айова, Миссури, Арканзас, Канзас, Оклахома, Нью-Мексико, Техас, Луизиана, Миссисипи, Алабама, Флорида, Джорджия, реликтовые колонии в штатах Огайо, Западная Виргиния, Кентукки, интродуцирована во многих штатах. Мексика: штаты Чиуауа, Коауила, Нуэво-Леон, Тамаулипас.
 T. s. emolli — Никарагуа и Коста-Рика.
 T. s. grayi — Мексика: побережье Тихого океана, от штата Герреро до Гватемалы. Гватемала.
 T. s. hartwegi — США: штаты Нью-Мексико, Техас. Мексика: штаты Чиуауа, Коауила.
 T. s. hiltoni — Мексика: штаты Сонора и Синалоа.
 T. s. ornata — Мексика: побережье Тихого океана, от штата Синалоа до штата Оахака, от Гватемалы через всю Центральную Америку до Колумбии и Бразилии.
 T. s. taylori — Мексика: штат Коауила.
 T. s. troostii — США: штаты Кентукки, Теннесси, Алабама.
 T. s. venusta — Мексика: от штата Веракрус по побережью Атлантического океана, через полуостров Юкатан до Белиза. Белиз, Гватемала, Гондурас.
 T. s. yaquia — Мексика: штат Сонора.

В зонах интерградации подвидов возможны межподвидовые гибриды.

Образ жизни
Обитает в мелких озёрах, прудах и других водоёмах с низкими, заболоченными берегами.

Ведёт относительно малоподвижный образ жизни. Крайне любопытна. Если черепаха сыта, она вылезает на берег и греется под солнечными лучами. Если голодна, то неспешно плавает в поисках пищи. При температуре воды ниже +18 °C черепаха становится вялой, у неё пропадает аппетит. Черепаха способна заметить опасность на расстоянии 30—40 м, после чего молниеносно соскальзывает в воду (за что получила название «Slider»).

Размножение

В природе черепахи становятся половозрелыми к 6—8 годам, а в неволе к 4 (самцы) и 5—6 (самки). Спаривание в природе происходит с конца февраля по май. Самец, встретившись с самкой, располагается прямо перед её головой, причем очень близко. Самка плывёт вперёд, а самец вспять, щекоча длинными когтями подбородок самки.

Чтобы отложить яйца, самка покидает водоём и выходит на сушу. Найдя подходящее место, она сильно смачивает землю водой из анальных пузырей. После этого начинает рыть задними ногами ямку — гнездо. Гнездо красноухой черепахи похоже на шар диаметром от 7 до 25 см. В гнёзда самки откладывают от 5 до 22 (обычно 6—10) яиц диаметром не более 4 см, которые потом закапывают. У черепах отсутствует инстинкт заботы о появившемся потомстве, после кладки яиц они покидают гнездо и больше к нему не возвращаются. Инкубационный период продолжается 103—150 суток при температуре от 21 до 30 °C. При температуре инкубации ниже 27 °C вылупляются самцы, а при температуре выше 30 °C — только самки.

Содержание в неволе

Помещение и оборудование
Для взрослой красноухой черепахи нужен аквариум на 100—150 литров. Суша должна занимать не менее четверти площади аквариума. Желательно построить идущий ото дна наклонный берег с грубой, но не царапающей поверхностью. На суше нельзя насыпать грунт (гравий) или землю, так как черепаха будет его есть. Уровень воды должен быть не менее ширины панциря черепахи, что позволит ей перевернуться, если она по какой-либо причине окажется на спине. Будет съедать всё, что плавает в воде.

Вода должна быть чистой и тёплой (22—28 °C), её температура не должна опускаться ниже 20 °C (для этого зачастую необходима установка обогревателя). Необходимо отстаивать воду. Воду следует менять по мере загрязнения, не реже одного-двух раз в неделю. Возможна установка электрической помпы с фильтром, которая не исключает регулярную смену воды. Кроме того, необходимо установить лампу накаливания и источник дозированного ультрафиолетового излучения. Черепахам-производителям рекомендуется давать летом возможность греться на солнце.

Питание

В неволе красноухих черепах нужно кормить нежирной, желательно речной рыбой (до 3 %) с костями и потрохами, раз в неделю-две, в зависимости от частоты кормления, говяжья печень. Всё даётся в сыром виде. В рационе обязательно должны быть улитки (все: аквариумные, ахатины и древесники, из природы можно только сухопутных — всех, кроме янтарок), сверчки, кормовые тараканы, дождевые черви, аквариумные рыбки (гуппи, данио, неоны и т. д.). Также в рационе должна присутствовать растительная пища (у взрослых черепах она должна составлять половину рациона) — аквариумные растения (ряска, роголистник, пистия и т. д.), листовой салат, листья одуванчика, подорожника и т. д. В аквариуме, непосредственно в воде, вместе с черепахой должен находиться кальций. Из овощей можно только морковь раз в месяц. Черепах до года нужно кормить каждый день, после года .

Красноухая черепаха не пережёвывает пищу, пока полностью не погрузит голову в воду.

Определение пола
Достоверное определение пола становится возможным у половозрелых черепах, находящихся в возрасте больше года, причём лучше определять пол в сравнении с другими черепахами. Помимо общих для всех черепах половых отличий, у самцов красноухих черепах когти и хвост длиннее, чем у самок.

В возрасте 2—3 лет (в неволе после года) у самцов красноухих черепах проявляется инстинкт ухаживания. Ухаживание заключается в «трепетании» коготками самцом перед глазами самки.
Размер черепах в зависимости от возраста:
1 год: 6 см.
2 года: самка — 9 см, самец — 8 см.
3 года: самка — 14 см, самец 10 см.
4 года: самка — 16 см, самец — 12 см.
5 лет: самка — 18 см, самец — 14 см.
6 лет: самка — 20 см, самец — 17 см.

Продолжительность жизни
При правильном уходе красноухие черепахи могут прожить в неволе до 40—50 лет.

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки
 Красноухие черепахи: уход и содержание

Американские пресноводные черепахи
Животные, описанные в 1792 году
Пресмыкающиеся Северной Америки
Пресмыкающиеся Центральной Америки
Пресмыкающиеся Южной Америки
Инвазивные виды животных


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text:
Boko Haram and One Hell of a Country
Posted on July 30, 2009 by Adeola
By Adeola Aderounmu
Nigeria will have to do a lot more on her immigration policy. Chadians and Nigerien infiltrating Nigeria and unleashing mayhem on Nigerians is completely unacceptable. Northern Nigeria is a ready-made fertile ground for jihadists and for once those who introduced the sharia system of government in Northern Nigeria are beginning to see the foolishness of their actions.
In the name of politics and political gains, the Northern states in Nigeria introduced the sharia system of governance which is contrary to what the national constitution stipulates. Nigeria is a secular country and the introduction of sharia under the Obasanjo administration is a very costly mistake. It was an act of madness which MUST be reverted as early as possible. Obasanjo did nothing to stop the foolishness and stupidity of the Northern Governors which incidentally include Yar' Adua who is now ruling Nigeria after forcing his way to power through illegitimate elections.
Bokom Haram is the latest addition to the "hell" that Nigerians are going through. This is a national problem and the effects are profound in the North of Nigeria. The illegal immigrants from Chad and Niger and the massive pool of unemployed Northerners have now become a national emergency.
Bokom Haram would have to be wiped out literarily. I am sure of this. But the real battle will include addressing fundamental issues relating to the Nigerian constitution, education, social infrastructure and national orientation. What does the constitution say about religion and secularity?
When we have addressed the issue of returning the Northern States to normalcy, it will bring social justice and fairness to the various citizens esp Christians living in Northern Nigeria. I mean the south of Nigeria is still secular and no southern states have declared their territory Christian Nation. So if Nigeria is one country, there should be a way unify the country in an absolute manner. If the Northern States continue to have Sharia constitution, then Nigeria is definitely not one country. It will be an illusion to address her as such.
Religious crises are parts of the hallmarks of Northern Nigeria. Bokom Haram is the latest addition to the madness in Northern Nigeria. Over the years we have seen how Christians and other innocent citizens have been slaughtered for no reasons at all. There was a time a problem in far away Denmark led to the slaughtering of Christians in Northern Nigeria. To avoid a Miss World Show from being staged in Nigeria, Christians also paid with their lives. They were murdered by riots in Northern Nigeria.
The level of ignorance and illiteracy in Northern Nigeria is extremely high and shameful. This is the same Nigeria that has been ruled for several years by military men and civilians from Northern Nigeria. These rulers do not have plans to educate the civilians in the North, at least not to the standard that is obtainable in the East, South and West of Nigeria. This way the few privileged ruling class in the North can conveniently suppress the illiterate population. Worse still is the ease with which these illiterate populations are harnessed and used for religious and political violence and riots.
In this manner, the Bokom Haram found a fertile ground to infiltrate the vulnerability of the people and the states in the North of Nigeria. It is a sad situation. Years of neglect, underdevelopment and ineptitudes has caught up with the North. It has infected the entire country because everything is now slow and almost standstill. The country is almost entirely paralyzed due to strikes and inefficiency of institutions.
Due to the mentality of the illiterates and politicians from Northern Nigeria, I don't know if it is possible to completely prevent religious riots or uprisings in Northern Nigeria. It is a very complex situation as ignorance is a real disease. But a few things can be done over the next few decades for the future of Nigeria.
Education should be given more attention. Massive and unprecedented efforts should be made to educate all the children born in Northern Nigeria and of course in Nigeria as a whole. Such an effort will minimize the high level of illiteracy and consequently ignorance about religion and religious tolerance. Civics should be taught in Nigerian schools. Tolerance, co-existence and the acceptance of other people's views should be emphasized.
Imagine that 80% of the Manufacturing companies in Kano have closed businesses. Kano is the commercial center of Northern Nigeria. This means that probably millions of youth in the North are unemployed or idle. Urgent steps must be taken to address unemployment across Nigeria. Electricity is almost absent in Nigeria and this is affecting businesses. What is wrong with Nigeria? Electricity must be restored by all means so that business can come back to Nigeria. Individuals and private people also need electricity to do many things.
Provision of basic infrastructures ranging from housing to water and safe environment (in addition to the electricity mentioned above) is now even more than National Emergency. It is something that must be done NOW!
Mohammed Yusuf
Mohammed Yusuf KILLED
Image from BBC
Detained Nigeria sect leader dead http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177451.stm
Mohammed Yusuf has been killed in Police Custody. Extra-judicial killing?
Category: NigeriaTags: Boko Haram, Extra-Judicial Killings, militants, Mohammed Yusuf, Nigeria, Nigerian Police, Northern Nigeria, poverty, terrorists
← 2009 Nigeria: Abuja Scavenger Makes Usd1.00 Daily
Boko Haram: The Killing of Mohammed Yusuf →

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
The power to be the very best — Go Cheetahs!
TFES PTO
Fundraisers/Cash Back Programs
Cheetahs Care
Dear Thomas Fitzwater Parents & Guardians,
While we are excited to begin a new school year, our hearts are heavy as we deal with the aftermath of Hurricane Ida and the tornado that ripped through our community last week. We are working with our district PTOs/PTAs and are ready to support them in any way we can. If you would like to contribute to a fundraiser to support the relief efforts in the affected schools, please send your donation via Venmo to @TFES-PTO with the note "UD Strong donation". As always, please follow us on Facebook to stay up to date on fundraising efforts and important information.
Welcome back! A new school year is beginning and it brings the promise of new friendships, experiences, challenges, and learning. We are looking forward to an exciting year as your PTO Board. While this year still doesn't look like a "normal" year, and we as volunteers may not always have access to the building, we still have lots to do!
This year, we have moved our opening day packet to a new online platform! RunPTO.com will be our hub for the PTO, Parents, Committees, Volunteers, and Events. It will also be the platform that hosts our Student Directory. Please note that access to Directory Spot expires on 9/15. RunPTO.com is an easy-to-use platform that does require "membership" for easy access. Membership is $5 and includes the Student Directory! Please sign up by clicking HERE, and click "sign-up" to get started. PLEASE READ the detailed instructions on how to fill out the membership sign-up listed on RunPTO How-to.
Our PTO Volunteer Form is included in the RunPTO.com membership signup. Please consider volunteering for one or more committees. Please note that these events are subject to change based on COVID-19 precautions. We appreciate your flexibility! There are opportunities to fit every schedule – you can choose something that can be done from home or even chair a committee! If you have any questions about our committees, please reach out to a board member.
Our first PTO meeting will be held on Thursday, September 23rd at 7 pm online. A link will be provided closer to the date. All parents are welcome to attend our meetings, and we look forward to seeing you!
We wish all the students a year filled with health, successes, challenges, innovation, celebrations and most of all, lots of learning!! Go Cheetahs!!
Abby McGrath and Dorie Litten, Co-Presidents
Roni Berman and Laura Harmer, Co-Vice Presidents
Angela Poole and Charla Stein, Co-Treasurers
Amy Walder, Secretary
Danielle Duffy and Sara Baumgardner, Members at Large
Katie Nober, Cheetahs Care Liason
Thomas Fitzwater Elementary School
30 School Lane
Peter Alston, Principal
Like our TFES PTO facebook page to get updates on activities and reminders about upcoming events. TFES is also on Instagram and Twitter.
Subscribe to eNotifications to receive our school and district-wide information.
Thank you for your support and dedication to making the school a better place for all.
Copyright © TFES PTO


Actor Edward G. Robinson (1893-1973) was a supporter of the Bergson Group's campaign for Holocaust rescue.
Robinson, whose original name was Emanuel Goldenberg, was born in Romania. Fleeing antisemitic violence, his family settled in New York City in 1903. As a film star, he is best known for his role as a mobster in the 1931 film Little Caesar and, later, as Dathan in The Ten Commandments. In the 1930s, he actively promoted the boycott of German-made products. In 1943, at the request of Ben Hecht, Robinson volunteered to co-star in the Bergson Group's "We Will Never Die" pageant, which alerted the American public about the Holocaust.
Sources: Wyman and Medoff, A Race Against Death, pp.34, 67.


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text:
October 2, 2017 B. Bereitschaft Economic Geography, Urban Geography
As a major financial "command and control" center, London is one of the world's premier global cities. Photo by Tony Hisgett, Flickr.
Rise of the World City
The modern world is becoming increasingly globalized. Business takes place on a global scale every hour of every day. Globalization has created global cities. Life in a global city is markedly different from life in a rural town or village. Foods are imported from all over the globe, and sold by supermarkets owned and managed by conglomerates based in foreign countries. Local businesses are replaced by franchises of global corporations. Businesses of such a size require specialist support mechanisms in order to keep running efficiently. These support mechanisms include financial services, legal teams, and complicated transport systems all designed with the utmost efficiency in mind. Large, global businesses can garner myriad benefits by locating their headquarters and other, smaller branches alongside other large companies. Thus, over time, world cities (also known as global cities) emerge as "command and control centers", where clusters of multi-national corporate headquarters coordinate the financial and logistic operations that steer the world's economy.
A Brief History of World Cities
The Scottish urban theorist Patrick Geddes (1915) is credited with coining the term 'world city'; a moniker he gave large, economically important cities of the early 20th century where a significant amount of the world's trade was taking place. Peter Hall (1966) further developed the concept, defining "world-citiness" in terms of political power and institutions, the presence of transportation hubs such as airports and seaports, financial activities, and cultural production. John Friedman (1986) identified 30 world cities based on a number of attributes including presence of MNC headquarters, manufacturing activity, population size, and transportation hubs. The phrase 'global city' was further popularized in 1991 by Saskia Sassen, Professor of Sociology at the University of Chicago, in her book; 'The Global City'. In 2002 she argued for the primacy of MNC headquarters — particularly among those companies that offer advanced producer services — as the definitive measure of world city status.
World city network as defined by Friedmann (1995). "Core" cities were those in more developed regions, particularly the U.S., Europe, and East Asia.
Popular World/Global City Indices
The factors that corporations look at when deciding where to keep their headquarters and other offices are broadly similar to the indicators that groups like the World Bank, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC), and the Global Economic Power Index use when building their tables of Global City Rankings. There are, of course, other factors besides business that come into consideration. Each list builder uses a distinct series of indicators, but some other common factors outside of the business realm include ratings of educational institutions, innovation in culture (music, art, theatre) and quality of scientific research facilities.
List of Alpha world cities according to GaWC, 2016.
AT Kearney constructs the Global Cities Index every year. This league table examines the performance of cities according to 27 different metrics within the categories of 'business activity', 'human capital', 'information exchange', 'cultural experience', and 'political engagement'. This allows for comparison between the largest and most influential cities in the world. AT Kearney also produces the Global Cities Outlook; a unique way to evaluate the future potential of a global city. These reports provide insight into which cities will be the most prominent on the global stage in future years. At the time of writing, the 2017 list is the most recent. The AT Kearney Global Cities Index (top 10) ranks cities as such; New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Chicago, Los Angeles, Beijing, Washington D.C.
Another of the most prolific ranking systems is produced by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). Cities are ranked as either Alpha, Beta, Gamma, High Sufficiency and Sufficiency. Cities are then subcategorized using + or -. For example, the two highest ranked cities (London and New York) are given the ranking of Alpha++, whereas Rio de Janeiro and Panama City are given the ranking Beta-. High sufficiency refers to cities which are easily self-sufficient and are not dependent on other larger, global cities. Sufficiency level cities are just about self-sufficient.
At the time of writing, the 2016 GaWC study is the most recent, and ranks around 250 cities from all over the world. Factors which the GaWC study takes into account include; international financial services (insurance, real estate, banking, accountancy, and marketing), headquarters of multinational corporations, the existence of financial headquarters/a stock exchange/other major financial institutions, and many more. According to the GaWC study 2016, the top ten ranking global cities are as follows; London, New York, Singapore, Hong Kong, Paris, Beijing, Tokyo, Dubai, Shanghai, Sydney.
Map of alpha world cities in 2008 according to GaWC.
The Institute for Urban Strategies at the More Memorial Foundation in Tokyo, Japan also produces a ranking system, known as the Global Power City Index (GPCI). Key metrics used in the GPCI are focused towards showing the 'magnetism' of the city; 'their comprehensive power which allows them to attract creative individuals and business enterprises from every continent, and to mobilize their assets in securing economic, social, and environmental development'. Another key difference between this survey and others is that the GPCI examines cities in terms of functions demanded by specific societal roles; Manager, Researcher, Artist, Visitor, and Resident. The overall categories are listed as 'Economy', 'Research and Development', 'Cultural Interaction', 'Liveability', 'Environment', and 'Accessibility'. In the 2016 rankings, the Japanese system produced the following top 10 global cities (in order); London, New York, Tokyo, Paris, Singapore, Seoul, Hong Kong, Amsterdam, Berlin, Vienna.
One important factor to note when studying the various metrics used by the different surveys is that many of the metrics are 'static' i.e total population, total GDP. This gives a good idea of the largest and wealthiest cities, but fails to recognize emerging cities (with the exception being the AT Kearney Global Cities Outlook). Emerging cities are better recognised through metrics such as 'percent GDP increase' and 'percent population increase'. Additionally, few organizations have considered flows (i.e., capital, information, people) rather than attributes.
World Cities as Nodes in a Global Network
Beaverstock et al. (2000) published a simple method to rank world cities based on the shared presence of multi-national corporations. Using this method, they found that London, New York and Tokyo dominated the North American, European, and East Asian regions, respectively. These three cities are often considered the "global triad" of global/world cities. New York cast a particularly long shadow over North America, dominating other world cities in the region such as Los Angeles and Chicago. London also dominated the European arena but not to the same extent as New York, and Tokyo shared power with Singapore and Hong Kong in Eastern Asia.
Strong links between Alpha world cities denoted here by a > 95% chance of sharing a corporate firm office. Source: Beaverstock et al. 2000. LN = London, NY = New York, TK = Tokyo, etc.
Other noteworthy organizations producing global city rankings include The Economist Group's the 'Global City Competitiveness Index', Knight Frank LLP & Citi Bank's 'The Wealth Report', and Foreign Policy's 'Global Cities Index'. Ranking systems can have a significant effect on the amount of investment a city gains from corporations maintaining offices within it. Therefore, it can be seen that as global ranking systems gain in popular use, governments of major cities are incentivized to appease the specific metrics used in each ranking system, so that they might continue to drive investment toward their various cities. This can be seen as somewhat of a positive externality of global city rankings. However, there are two sides to every coin, and of course there are associated negative externalities to consider. Emerging market cities, for example, fail to benefit from the use of static metrics used in (most) studies. Therefore, it can be said that global city rankings serve only 'legacy' cities, and emerging market cities lose out on investment opportunities because of this. Finally, while global ranking systems give a good overall picture of a city, they are also very generalized. For an individual business looking to invest in a location, specific metrics in the field of the individual business are much more important than the general outlook provided by global city rankings.
Beaverstock JV, Smith RG & Taylor PJ (2000) "World city network: a new metageography", Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90 (1), 123-134
Friedmann J (1995) "The world city hypothesis", in Knox PL & Taylor PJ eds. World Cities in a World System. Cambridge University Press, pages 317-331.
Sassen S (1991) The Global City: New York , London , Tokyo , Princeton University Press, Princeton
Sassen S ed. (2002) Global Networks-Linked Cities, Routledge, London
The Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect
Health/Medical Geography
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