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Tag Archives: government
What's on the ballot?
November 1, 2021 Michelle Tamayo
Early voting in Austin has begun! From Oct. 18 to Oct. 29, Travis County residents are eligible to vote. Election Day is on Nov. 2. If you want to make an informed decision, keep on reading to find out what's on your ballot.
The Austin ballot is composed of Propositions A and B and Propositions one through eight.
But what do propositions do? They suggest a program or plan of action.
Propositions A and B are Austin local plans that will affect policing and parkland.
There are two options when voting for Proposition A: voting YES or voting NO (you have to choose).
Voting YES for Proposition A means:
Increasing police staff to meet the minimum staff required to match Austin's population. There would need to be two police officers per 1,000 residents.
Add 40 hours to police training
Increase compensation for officers who are bilingual (or proficient in other languages), officers who enroll in mentor cadet programs and officers recognized for honorable conduct.
Please note that proposition A does not include the funding for these plans. Funding will come from an increase in taxes or cutting funding from other departments such as the fire department.
Similarly, there are two options for Proposition B: Voting YES or voting NO (again, you have to choose.).
Voting YES for Proposition B means:
Authorization of land swap; Austin will trade nine acres of city parkland for 48 acres of waterfront property to turn into a park
The nine acres of parkland the city currently owns is home to ATX's Parks and Rec Central Maintenance Complex and because the property is considered parkland, the city must vote to get rid of it
Onto propositions one through eight!
Did you know the state of Texas has a constitution? All states do! It's what allows them to be their own state.
Like any other constitution, this one has amendments. Propositions one through eight are amends to the Texas constitution, so let's figure out what they will change:
Proposition 1:
This amendment would allow sport teams to hold raffles at rodeos.
This amendment would allow counties to issue bonds (money) to fund infrastructure and transportation projects in undeveloped areas. It also prohibits counties that issue such bonds from pledging more than 65% of that money.
This amendment would prohibit the state from passing a law that limits religious services and organizations.
This amendment changes the eligibility for state judges. The most prominent changes are:
Must be a Texas resident and U.S. citizen
Must have 8 – 10 years of attorney/judge experience
This amendment would allow the State Commission on Judicial Conduct to investigate candidates of the judicial office.
This amendment would allow residents of assisted living facilities to have an essential caregiver that cannot be prohibited from in-person visitation.
This amendment would allow the surviving spouse of a disabled individual to keep a homestead property tax limit (reduced school taxes and $10,000 tax exemption) if 55 years or older.
This amendment would qualify the surviving spouse of a military member (who has died or been severely injured) for a total homestead property tax exemption (so they don't have to pay property taxes).
Now that you know what each proposition is, go vote! The current propositions are critical to the future of Austin. Voting stations are available at the Flawn Academic Center and Gregory Gym!
APDatxearly votinggovernmentparksparks and recreationpoliceproposition Aproposition Btexasvotevoting
"covid learning" could revolutionize school for students with anxiety at UT
February 26, 2021 Sloane Wick	332 Comments
Heart beating, palms sweating, stomach churning, intensifying fear: These are all symptoms of social anxiety. Socially anxious students may be avoiding these symptoms this semester with the aid of the current era of remote learning.
"It feels like my body is frozen…(like) a bucket of water drops on you. I want to speak but I can't."
Claudia Juárez, UT Austin Sophomore
In the age of COVID-19, pre-recorded classes are used to keep students safe from the pandemic, but these classes could also benefit students with social anxiety. Pre-recorded classes can reduce or eliminate the triggers of social anxiety present in in-person classes. There is currently an online petition created by members of the UT student government to continue the offering of distanced learning for students with disabilities such as social anxiety even after COVID-19 has eased.
"I was having anxiety attacks my first day (of class) every time I went somewhere new," said Mackenzie Ulam, president of the UT chapter of the National Alliance on Mental Illness.
Approximately 12% of Americans will experience debilitating social anxiety defined by significant impairment in regular functioning during the course of their lives, the National Social Anxiety Center reports.
The emergence of an anxiety disorder can occur at any age but often will surface during a person's teens or 20s, the UT Student Affairs Division wrote on its website. This age range means students often experience the emergence of social anxiety during college, potentially impacting their learning experience.
"(In class) I don't… want to ask certain questions," Juárez said. "'Cause it's like I go to UT, am I really going to ask this? Everyone's going to think I'm dumb. Even the professor might think I'm dumb and call me out on it."
The fear of being perceived as dumb is a common trait in those with social anxiety. This fear can be triggered by numerous scenarios. Triggers of social anxiety include: introducing yourself, "small talk" with classmates, asserting your needs with those in authority such as professors and answering or asking questions in a formal setting, reports the UT Student Affairs Division.
"You're having to deal with having to do two things at once: trying to learn the content and trying to work through…anxiety," said Althea Woodruff, UT's project coordinator for well-being in learning environments. "You're basically having to do double or more of the work emotionally and academically."
Last semester, UT student government officials introduced a petition in coordination with disability justice advocates to ensure access to online material such as recorded lectures to aid students with social anxiety and other disabilities even after the pandemic eases.
Vinit Shah, UT's student government chief of staff, said recorded lectures aid students because they cannot just ignore their anxiety.
"There is no way to challenge yourself out of anxiety," Shah said. "It's like learning to swim. When professors say… 'just get over it,' it's really insulting…it's like expecting a baby to be an Olympic swimmer right off the bat."
Students with social anxiety may already be eligible for certain accommodations through UT's services for students with disabilities department. However, accommodations are decided on a case-by-case basis rather than having pre-created accommodation plans available.
Students must go through a five-part plan to qualify for accommodations. This plan includes providing documentation of their disabilities in an approved format by the department, scheduling and attending an intake appointment with the department, completing multiple forms and signing multiple documents, reports the department on their website
Woodruff said that having recorded lectures available is the type of accessible accommodation that gives students much-needed flexibility.
"It lets the students know that you actually care about them and you're being empathetic to their situation," Woodruff said. "You want to try to be as accommodating as you can to as many students as you can."
Featured Image by Kara Fields
anxietyclassCOVID-19governmentmental healthmental illnessonline classesonline schoolSloanestudent lifeUT austinWick


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Nowe książki
 polskie
 Włodzimierz Perzyński
 Złoty interes
 Do góry nogami

 zagraniczne
 Jakub Deml – Taniec śmierci (Tanec smrti)
 André Gide – Lochy Watykanu (Les Caves du Vatican)
 James Joyce – Dublińczycy (Dubliners)
 Miguel de Unamuno – Mgła (Niebla)

Nowe poezje
 zagraniczne
 Anna Achmatowa – Różaniec (Чётки)
 Robert Frost – Na północ od Bostonu (North of Boston)
 Vachel Lindsay – Kongo i inne wiersze (Congo and Other Poems)
 John Masefield – Philip the King, and Other Poems
 zagraniczne antologie
 Des Imagistes, oprac. Ezra Pound

Urodzili się
 18 stycznia — Arno Schmidt, niemiecki pisarz i tłumacz (zm. 1979)
 4 lutego – Alfred Andersch, niemiecki pisarz (zm. 1980)
 5 lutego – William S. Burroughs, amerykański pisarz i poeta (zm. 1997)
 28 marca – Bohumil Hrabal, czeski pisarz (zm. 1997)
 31 marca – Octavio Paz, meksykański poeta, noblista (zm. 1998)
 4 kwietnia – Marguerite Duras, francuska pisarka (zm. 1996)
 15 kwietnia – Lucyna Penciak, polska bibliotekarka i pisarka (zm. 1993)
 8 maja – Romain Gary, francuski pisarz pochodzenia rosyjskiego (zm. 1980)
 9 sierpnia – Tove Jansson, fińska pisarka pisząca po szwedzku i malarka (zm. 2001)
 26 sierpnia – Julio Cortázar, argentyński pisarz (zm. 1984)
 5 września – Nicanor Parra, chilijski poeta (zm. 2018)
 1 października – Donald A. Wollheim, amerykański pisarz, antologista sf, wydawca (zm. 1990)
 25 października – John Berryman, amerykański poeta (zm. 1972)
 7 listopada – R.A. Lafferty, amerykański pisarz science-fiction (zm. 2002)
 11 listopada – Howard Fast, amerykański powieściopisarz i publicysta (zm. 2003)
 23 listopada – Wilson Tucker, amerykański pisarz fantastyki (zm. 2006)
 5 grudnia
 Stanisław Dygat, polski prozaik i felietonista (zm. 1978)
 Hans Hellmut Kirst, niemiecki pisarz (zm. 1989)
 8 grudnia – Imrich Kružliak, słowacki poeta i tłumacz (zm. 2019)

Zmarli
 2 kwietnia – Paul Heyse, niemiecki pisarz, laureat Nagrody Nobla (ur. 1830)
 3 listopada – Georg Trakl, austriacki poeta (ur. 1887)

Nagrody
 Nagroda Nobla – nie przyznano

Kalendarium literatury
Wydarzenia 1914

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Get a high score of 10,000!
Get a high score of 50,000!
*Insta-Coin skill now gives 300 coins when used.
2. To address the need for vertical motion control, I've added a few features and tweaks to the game.
*NEW CONTROL: Press "S" to increase gravity's pull when in mid-air.
*Meteor speed decrease prices lowered.
4. Data is now saved in accordance to achievements unlocked. (e.g. Unlocked Pro Scorer = Lifetime Score becomes 300,000 automatically) I figured out that if someone's save file were to be erased, his/her achievements will be saved when he/she logs in.
*Coins double after the 500 score mark.
*Coins triple after the 1000 score mark.
*Coins are quadruple after 2000 score mark.
*Meteor speed after 2000 decreased.
*Player's base movement speed increased.
*Player's base jump slightly increased.
Play this simple but super fun game called "Coin Apocalypse"!
Collect coins while avoiding the meteors!
Use the coins to upgrade your stats or buy hats and backgrounds!
Featuring the awesome music of Matthew Pablo!
Yeah this game has no medals resubmit functionality that I can find. That's especially bad when some of the medals take a very long time to achieve!
Do you know how grindy it is to get the Pro High Scorer medal only to have it *NOT* award on-profile due to some stupid medals connection timeout issue combined with zero medals resubmit functionality that is entirely the game's fault? Also I was cheated out of Pro Coin Getter due to that as well!
The game is 100% grind and very little skill.
I like the artwork and the way the game is designed. The gameplay is smooth and if you get hurt chances are it's your fault. There are a plethora of things to collect, which it really fun, but achieving the high scores seems to take a long time. The medals are a good addition and work very well with this game. Would have preferred more of them with a game this time consuming. The music was also decent on the game. The addition of high scores is also great. Overall a pretty good game.
Everything that is in this game is superb. All of the elements play extremely well together. The music provides a relaxed counterbalance to the hectic gameplay. The only 2 things which I think knock off points are: 1. (biggest problem in my opinion) The unoriginal idea; there are a million games like this, and there doesn't seem to be any factor setting this particular game apart and 2. (my personal problem) The hit box for the flaming projectiles is just a tad too big. This makes a close escape impossible and can cut a good run short.
What is there is, for the most part, flawless, and what isn't there is damaging to the game. At any rate, I thoroughly enjoyed playing this game and I'm glad that I clicked on it.
Nice game and songs. Simple and relaxing.
The kind that just wants you to keep playing.
Probably, it'll be better if we aren't only avoiding meteors and there are more worth-taking upgrades.
This was a fun game, rewarding in both upgrades that serve a purpose and those who don't, like the backgrounds and caps. The most expensive weren't always my favorite (I like the snowy forest and the desert most, I think) but it was great having some variation in the otherwise somewhat limited environment. I love the pixel style of graphics, and the gameplay idea is simple fun, even if it stops feeling purposeful once everything is upgraded to max and all the medals are attained (which takes a reasonable amount of time). Glad you sorted out all the bugs btw, thanks for a good play; looking forward to more!


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Job van de Walle (Heerlen, 26 mei 1997) is een Nederlands voetballer die als doelman speelt.

Carrière
Job van de Walle speelde in de jeugdteams van SVN Landgraaf, RKVV Wijnandia en Fortuna Sittard. Sinds 2016 maakt hij deel uit van de selectie van Fortuna Sittard. Hij debuteerde in het betaald voetbal op 3 november 2017, in de met 4-0 gewonnen thuiswedstrijd tegen FC Oss. Hij kwam in de 89e minuut in het veld voor Miguel Santos. Met de club promoveerde hij in het seizoen 2017/18 naar de Eredivisie. Begin september 2018 werd hij voor twee seizoenen verhuurd aan RKSV Groene Ster dat uitkomt in de Zondag Hoofdklasse B. Na het einde van zijn verhuurperiode vertrok hij naar RKVV Sportclub '25.

Statistieken

Zie ook

 Lijst van spelers van Fortuna Sittard

Nederlands voetballer


Each month, discover the program's latest list of new properties and increase your Rewards points balance for every stay in a participating hotel.
5. Earn your Rewards points!
Those Rewards points would allow you to enjoy a range of rewards: unique experiences designed for you, and advantages with our partners. So, register and book now to benefit from this great offer!
Your loyalty gives you more with Le Club AccorHotels!


Andrea Rabold has been active using theatre as a catalyst to create awareness and identify solutions to social issues for over 8 years. She joined Mirror Image Arts in 2009 as an actress, continued to grow with the organization and accepted the role of Executive Director in 2014. Under her leadership, the mission and vision of the organization was elevated and led to the development of Mirror Image Arts' latest programming. Andrea most recently came from Starbucks Corporation where she served 13.5 years in a variety of roles in retail sales, organization and program development, people management, operational leadership, project management and event planning. Andrea graduated with a B.F.A. in Theatre from Sam Houston State University. Andrea also works as an actress in commercial, film and theatre.


Your electrical installation should be checked every 10 years by a qualified electrician, but what about in-between times? This guide looks at what you can do to stay safe in your home.
Our article on electrical-installation condition reports looks at the regular checks a qualified electrician can perform on your electrical systems. Read on for more tips from our traders on staying safe in your home.
Was your property built after 1990?
Has your property been rewired within the last 10 years?
Does your current fusebox have a residual current device (RCD)?
If the answer to these questions is no, then you probably need a new fuseboard (consumer unit). An NICEIC approved or Which? Trusted Traders endorsed electrician will be able to come and assess your fuseboard free of charge, to let you know whether it is safe or not. If you do need a new fuseboard, you should expect to pay around £500 – costs could be higher if the installation is complex.
What is a residual-current device (RCD)?
Fitting RCDs into fuseboards across all circuits has been part of the UK safety standard since 2008. Current regulations say all socket outlets should be covered by a 30amp RCD. If you've got any installations outside or in the bathroom, an RCD is essential. If you don't have one on the circuit when you're using a lawnmower or other electrical products outside, ensure there's an RCD on the flex cable to protect you if the cable is accidentally cut.
If your wiring was installed before 2008, or has not been checked recently, it's worth getting a qualified electrician in to ensure you have the necessary RCDs on your circuits. You can find an endorsed electrician in your area with Which? Trusted Traders.
You should test your RCDs yourself regularly.
Press the button marked 'T' on the device.
If it doesn't automatically switch to the off position, you need to get a qualified electrician to check it.
Smoke alarms are only designed to last around 10 years, as they contain components that are unlikely to work effectively after that time. Which? Trusted trader Justin Bucknell, of Justin Bucknell Electrical, told us his team is often called out to service smoke alarms that are no longer in date.
Several of our Which? Trusted traders mentioned installing LED lighting as a cost saver. Not only do LED lights use less energy than standard ones, but they also are less likely to overheat.
Similarly, you shouldn't put loft insulation too close to downlights, or over the top of them, as this can cause them to overheat.
Most of us can manage to change a light bulb without causing too much damage, but it's always advisable to employ a qualified electrician to fit sockets or undertake other electrical work. If you want to install metal light fittings or switches, ask your electrician to ensure the lighting circuit is properly earthed.
Grants Electrical Services Ltd's Martin Grant said: 'By law you have to be competent to fit sockets. It may seem straightforward, but having loose connections can compromise the safety of your installation.' Find out more about when you need to notify building control if you are making electrical installations or repairs.
If you have an electrician visiting your home to check your electrical installation, ask them to check the sockets you use for your home appliances. Bear in mind that some home appliances are more vulnerable to faults than others – always unplug hairdryers and straighteners after use, for example, as regular handling of these devices make them more liable to short circuit.
If an appliance comes with a plug attached, don't remove the plug's sealed top. Martin Grant told us about a customer who had an electrical fire at the back of her washing machine because the installers had removed the original plug. Over time, loose connections in the replacement plug short-circuited and melted the socket.
Ensure plugs have the correct fuse for the power rating of the appliance. Simply putting a 13amp fuse in every plug doesn't work if the fuse needs to be more sensitive. Check the manufacturer's instructions if you are unsure. But as a general rule, fuses in plugs for appliances rated up to about 700 watts, such as table lamps, televisions, computers, mixers, blenders, fridges, freezers, power drills, jig saws and soldering irons, should have a 3-amp fuse (coloured red).
If you need any checks carried out on your electrical systems, remember you can get a no-obligation quote from a Which? Trusted Traders-endorsed electrician in your area.


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Series ended Webcast
An 'amazing opportunity' - Women in IT Networking at SC (WINS)
An 'amazing opportunity' - Women in IT Networking at SC (WINS) series
Presenters: Marla Meehl and Gwendolyn (Wendy) Huntoon
Presenters bios:
Marla Meehl has over 20 years of experience managing large research and education network projects. In Marla's leadership role as Head of the Network Engineering and Telecommunications Section (NETS) in the Computational and Information Systems Laboratory (CISL) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), she routinely manages a multi-million dollar budget with a staff of 23, in the fulfillment of numerous large scale networking programs supporting the scientists and researchers in the utilization of NCAR high performance computational and data resources. In addition, Marla has been instrumental in the formation and development of external networking projects and activities for the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) including the Front Range GigaPoP (FRGP), Bi-State Optical Network (BiSON), and the Boulder Point of Presence (BPoP). Marla has a strong relationship with and is a leader in the regional research and education community including the Western Regional Network (WRN), Pacific Research Platform (PRP), the National Research Platform (NRP), is on the Internet2 and Quilt Board of Directors, and is the President of the Westnet Education and Research Consortium (WERC). Marla is the Principle Investigator on the NSF CC* Women in IT Networking at SC (WINS) grant and is a Co-PI on the NSF CC* grant with Navajo Tech University entitled "Nilch' bee naa alkaa go ohooa doo eidii t'įį" (Translation from the Navajo language: "Using air (technology) to learn and understand new things"). Marla is also the co-chair of the Internet2 Inclusivity Initiative (I2I).
Gwendolyn (Wendy) Huntoon is the president and CEO of KINBER, the Keystone Initiative for Network Based Education and Research. She is known for her work to enhance high performance networking infrastructure, technology, and services for the research community, including cyberinfrastructure deployment and network performance analysis and tuning. While at KINBER, she has expanded KINBER's PennREN network, grown the number of connections, expanded service offerings, and enhanced the support for research and education applications and drivers. She is the co-PI on the NSF funded Women in IT Networking at SC (WINS) project aimed at addressing the prevalent gender gap that exists in Information Technology (IT) particularly in the fields of network engineering and high performance computing (HPC). She was the Principal Investigator on the NSF funded NSF Campus Cyberinfrastructure and Cybersecurity Innovation for Cyberinfrastructure PI Workshops (2016, 2017, 2018) as well as the CC*IIE Region: Accelerating the Adoption of Campus Cyberinfrastructure Technologies in Pennsylvania. Huntoon is currently a member DoE Advanced Scientific Computing Advisory Committee and serves on the Internet2 Network Architecture, Operations and Policy program advisory group. Prior to joining KINBER, she was the Director of Advanced Networking at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center and also served in Intenet2's CTO's office as the Senior Director of Research and Science Engagement. She has a Masters Degree in Electrical Engineering from Northeastern University and a Bachelors Degree in Mathematics and History from Bowdoin College.
Abstract: The Women in IT Networking at SC (WINS) program was developed to address the gender gap prevalent in information technology, especially in network engineering and high performance computing. Originally introduced as a pilot program at SC15, the program provides mentorship and travel funding for up to 5-8 talented early to mid-career women from diverse regions of the U.S. research and education IT community for a true "hands on" experience in the ground-up construction of SCinet, one of the fastest and most advanced computer networks in the world. SCinet, the Supercomputing Conference's (SC) dedicated high-performance research network, provides an ideal "apprenticeship" opportunity for engineers and technologists looking for direct access to the most cutting-edge network hardware and software, while working side-by-side with the world's leading network and software engineers, and the top network technology vendors. Since the WINS program started in 2015, it has had a significant impact on diversity of the SCinet team. WINS is a joint effort between the Energy Sciences Network (ESnet), KINBER, and the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR). It is funded by an NSF grant and, through ESnet, by the Department of Energy.
How to Attend: Plan to join us on Thursday May 16, 2019 at 2pm by registering at: https://nsf2.webex.com/nsf2/onstage/g.php?MTID=ea7682188ed36688b7362b2b147e29138
OAC - CI Webinar Series Format: The format for the webinar will begin with opening remarks from OAC director, Dr. Manish Parashar and a speaker introduction. The presentation will follow, concluding with a 5-10min Q&A. Questions must be sent via email and will be read by the moderator at the conclusion of the presentation. The webinars will be recorded and posted on the NSF website.
Thursday, May 16, 2019, 2:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.
Presentation with Audio Descriptions
Contact Julie Stahlhut
jstahlhu@associates.nsf.gov

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


BARCELONA, Spain (AP) — Cell phones are usually used to communicate with people far away. This year, they'll get the ability to do the opposite: communicate with things that are close enough to touch.
It may not sound immediately useful, but phones will get some surprising capabilities with the addition of chips for so-called Near Field Communications, a wireless technology with a range intentionally limited to just a few inches.
Overall the company said it delivered 1.5 billion minutes of mobile video in 2010, growing 59 percent over the year before.
MobiTV, Inc., today announced that it has won the Mobile TV award in this year's Juniper Research Future Mobile Awards for Mobile Entertainment. The Awards are given to companies that have made a significant contribution to their sector and are poised to make considerable market impact in the future.
MobiTV was the first company to bring live TV to mobile devices and continues to lead a growing industry. The company has leveraged its mobile expertise and extended it to create a converged solution with a platform that is capable of delivering media to any device, any operating system and any network. The company recently added the Dell Streak 7 tablet from T-Mobile to the portfolio of connected devices featuring mobile TV applications powered by MobiTV AMP (Accelerated Media Platform). MobiTV also powers several mobile TV applications for the iPad, including MobiNOW and UFC Mobile.
MobiTV, Inc. expands its industry leading reach, adding the Dell Streak 7 tablet from T-Mobile to the arsenal of connected devices featuring mobile TV applications powered by MobiTV's technology platform. In addition to the Dell Streak 7, which features T-Mobile TV powered by MobiTV Accelerated Media Platform (AMP), MobiTV also powers several mobile TV applications for the iPad, including MobiNOW and UFC Mobile.
Rapidly increasing demand and expansion across mobile devices and operating systems resulted in a 59 percent increase in average monthly minutes viewed on MobiTV, Inc.'s platform in 2010 versus the prior year. On average, more than 10,000 files travel through MobiTV AMP daily for encoding, optimization and distribution to hundreds of devices over 3G, 4G and WiFi networks, culminating in 1.5 billion minutes of mobile video delivered in 2010.


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Important Information on 'COVID-19'
mgmihm@gmail.com
Important Information on 'COVID-19': We advise all our students to abide by the decision of the Government of India and to take all precautionary measures to remain safe.
MGM Institute OF HOTEL MANAGEMENT
(A Constituent Institute of MGM University, Aurangabad)
ISO 9001:2015 & 14001:2015 CERTIFIED
About MGM
Enquiry / Apply Now
Apply For MGMU-CET 2022
MGM University
About MGM University
Established by the revered Mahatma Gandhi Mission Trust, a pioneer with 37 years of excellence in education, research, and service, MGM University is a self-financed State University, approved by Government of Maharashtra through its act XXVI of 2019. The University has the 2(f) status of the University Grants Commission (UGC) of India. Setting a glowing milestone in the higher education history of Marathwada region of Maharashtra, the raising of the university amid the global celebrations of the 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, in 2019, marks an auspicious beginning of the University. Gandhiji's philosophy and the timeless values that he has taught have been the ever-inspiring force of MGM University. It is founded on the Gandhian belief that education is for all - and at its core, is character - building and getting students future-ready.
Providing opportunities for affordable, high-quality education the constituent institutions of MGM University, each of them with a great track record of academic excellence and industry placements, are Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Institute of Management and Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Dr. G. Y. Pathrikar College of Computer Science & IT, College of Journalism & Mass Communication, Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology, Institute of Fashion Design, College of Fine Arts, Institute of Social Science, Institute of Indian and Foreign Languages, and 'Mahagami Gurukul' of Performing Arts.
On the sound footing of self-reliance, MGM University is marching forward under the visionary leadership of Mahatma Gandhi Mission Trust. MGM students under the guidance and mentoring of the experienced faculty, learn to widen their perspectives about a changing world. Based on 'Nayi Taleem' with Gandhian values and philosophy, students get an opportunity to enrich their minds, inculcate a societal view, while they acquire a deep subject-area knowledge to advance in life and get ready for the new world of careers and entrepreneurship. MGM assures students of exhilarating campus life - a safe, vibrant, eco-friendly, green campus – well maintained with high standards of all-round hygiene.
Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences
Dr. G.Y. Pathrikar College of Computer Science & Information Technology
Institute of Biosciences & Technology
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College (JNEC)
Institute of Fire Service Engineering
Institute of Polytechnic and Skill Development
Faculty of Management & Commerce
Institute of Management & Research
Institute of Hotel Management
Faculty of Performing Arts
Mahagami Gurukul Center for performing arts
Faculty of Social Science & Humanities
Institute of Fashion Designing
Institute of Journalism & Mass Communication
Department of Film Arts
Department of photography
Institute of Social sciences
MGM Institute of Indian and Foreign Languages
Institute of Education, Physical Education, Sport and Recreation
Admission enquiry click here.
Admission Process Enquiry for year 2020-21. Admission for BHM, BAHM, BATTM , PDPHO, DPATM, PDDCA, DPHO, CPF&BO
"Preparing and displaying maximum types of Lassis"
Successfully made record of ' Preparing and displaying maximum types of Lassis' for India Books of Records; Prepared 72 lassis in 44 minutes and 37 seconds
Visited and fed children at Shri Sai Gramin Punarrachana Sanstha.
In house VIP Service given by students to Mr. Rajesh Tope, Maharashtra Health Minister.
Bloggers Meet 2021 for MGM The Salt
Our students successfully arrange Bloggers Meet 2021 for MGM The Salt.
Diploma practice internship at The Salt.
Our students of MGMU FY and Diploma practice internship at The Salt in various departments.
17 students have been successfully placed in reputed hotels and organizations
17 students have been successfully placed in reputed hotels and organizations like Shertaon, Courtyad by marriott, Hiranya, 7 Apple.
Our students were sensitized about Entrepreneurship Development as a Career Choice.
Our facilitators conducted personality development workshop for students of Physiotherapy.
MGM-IHM CET scheduled on 22/06/2021 for admissions 2021-2022. Apply now!
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Career & Placement
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Farm Country Cheese House broke ground in April, 1983 and began production in July of 1984. From the beginning, the Amish communities in and around Lakeview, Michigan have supplied all of the milk and most of the labor to process the wide variety of cheeses sold.
The Amish Farmers' average herd size is up to 20 cows. The cows are naturally raised, grass fed and antibiotic free, with absolutely no artificial hormones introduced in their diet. The farmers milk the cows twice daily, by hand, for delivery to the Cheese House.


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Romania in the News
Domain exercise follows the lead of the last summer's drills, while continuing to increase the presence of the United States in the Black Sea region. The U.S. Air Forces in Europe ...
» http://www.RO24.com/ (added to www.romania.org on 19.01.2021, 04:45)
Bitdefender Business Solutions Group Strengthens its Position as a Cybersecurity Leader for Enterprises, Managed Service Providers and End-Users
Bitdefender, a recognized cybersecurity leader delivering best-in-class threat prevention, detection and response solutions to millions of systems across consumer, business and governments ...
Match of the Day: Hemida and Cassioppi wrestle in the U23 Nationals finals
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Bank Cashiers handle basic customer-facing responsibilities including processing account transactions, opening new accounts, managing cash transactions, and reconciling balances. Strong numerical skills and a keen business acumen are beneficial to have for success in this position. Additionally, a commitment to customer service excellence and outstanding communication talents are required.
Please find below a sample cover letter for a Bank Cashier with comparable abilities and qualifications.
For help with your resume, check out our extensive Bank Cashier Resume Samples.
Upon learning of Primal Bank's need for a Bank Cashier, I felt compelled to submit the enclosed resume. As a self-motivated professional with recent experience offering key support in banking transactions and providing exceptional customer service, I am more than prepared to exceed your expectations for this role.
In my most recent position as a Teller with Trinity Bank, I gained comprehensive experience in assessing customer financial data, entering and tracking account information, and driving accurate and timely account transactions. My demonstrated success in effectively coordinating financial services, along with ensuring optimal customer experiences, positions me to make a significant impact on Primal Bank in this capacity.
Demonstrating a strong comfort handling daily cash transactions, as well as an excellent skill set in withdrawals and deposits, foreign payments, opening new accounts, check sorting, and overarching client service to generate a superior record of customer satisfaction and retention.
Providing dedicated administrative support and proficiency in documents such as balance sheets, journals, and income statements.
Earning selection by superiors to train and mentor new tellers due to outstanding on-the-job performance and top-notch leadership skills.
Excelling in fast-paced, customer-centric environments while demonstrating outstanding problem-solving, organizational, and time management talents; adaptable and positive team player.
Currently pursuing an MBA degree and holding a BS in Business Economics.
With my experience in general banking operations, combined with my excellent interpersonal skills, I am ready to provide superior service within Primal Bank and look forward to discussing the position with you in further detail.


text:
EARN A REWARD UP TO $100 FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO THE ARREST OF THESE WANTED PERSONS!!!
Most Wanted Wednesday (6/26/19): Have you seen this woman?
Madeline Jean Myrick, 22, is wanted for violating probation for fleeing a peace officer while driving with reckless disregard for the safety of others and DUI with a .08 BAC or higher.
Myrick is White, 5' 7" tall, 120 pounds and her last known address is in Oceano.
If anyone has information about Myrick's whereabouts, they are encouraged to call the San Luis Obispo County Sheriff's Office at (805) 781-4550, or remain anonymous by calling Crime Stoppers at 549-STOP (549-7867). You can also submit your tip to Crime Stoppers by downloading the FREE MOBILE APP at P3TIPS.COM or submit your tip through this website.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Most Wanted Wednesday (6/19/19): Have you seen this man?
William Raymond Tetreault, 39 is wanted for violating probation for carrying a dirk or dagger and possession of more than one ounce of marijuana.
Tetreault is White, 6' 7" tall, 190 pounds and his last known address is in Atascadero.
If anyone has information about Tetreault's whereabouts, they are encouraged to call the San Luis Obispo County Sheriff's Office at (805) 781-4550, or remain anonymous by calling Crime Stoppers at 549-STOP (549-7867). You can also submit your tip to Crime Stoppers by downloading the FREE MOBILE APP at P3TIPS.COM or submit your tip through this website.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fabian Dejesus, 37, is wanted for violating probation for two counts of 1st degree residential burglary.
Dejesus is Hispanic, 5' 0" tall, 170 pounds, and his last known address is in Cambria.
If anyone has information about Dejesus' whereabouts, they are encouraged to call the San Luis Obispo County Sheriff's Office at (805) 781-4550, or remain anonymous by calling Crime Stoppers at 549-STOP (549-7867). You can also submit your tip to Crime Stoppers by downloading the FREE MOBILE APP at P3TIPS.COM or submit your tip through this website.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Most Wanted Wednesday (6/5/19): Have you seen this man?
Alexander James Dean, 28, is wanted for violating probation for receiving, purchasing, knowledgeable concealment of stolen property.
Dean is White, 5' 10 " tall, 140 pounds and his last known address is Atascadero.
If anyone has information about Dean's whereabouts, they are encouraged to call the San Luis Obispo County Sheriff's Office at (805) 781-4550, or remain anonymous by calling Crime Stoppers at 549-STOP (549-7867). You can also submit your tip to Crime Stoppers by downloading the FREE MOBILE APP at P3TIPS.COM or submit your tip through this website.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ashley Rose Pulford, 38, is wanted for violating probation for bringing a controlled substance/alcohol into prison/jail.
Pulford is White, 5' 3" tall, 200 pounds and her last known address is in Cambria.
If anyone has information about Pulford's whereabouts, they are encouraged to call the San Luis Obispo County Sheriff's Office at (805) 781-4550, or remain anonymous by calling Crime Stoppers at 549-STOP (549-7867). You can also submit your tip to Crime Stoppers by downloading the FREE MOBILE APP at P3TIPS.COM or submit your tip through this website.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
William Scott Lawrence Cowan, 28, is wanted for violating probation for 2nd degree burglary of a commercial structure, vehicle or garage.
Cowan is White, 5' 9" tall, 150 pounds, and his last known address is in Paso Robles.
If anyone has information about Cowan's whereabouts, they are encouraged to call the San Luis Obispo County Sheriff's Office at (805) 781-4550, or remain anonymous by calling Crime Stoppers at 549-STOP (549-7867). You can also submit your tip to Crime Stoppers by downloading the FREE MOBILE APP at P3TIPS.COM or submit your tip through this website.
Oscar Hernandez, 20, is wanted for violation of probation for assault with great bodily injury.
Hernandez is Hispanic, 5' 8" tall, 130 pounds and his last known address is in Nipomo.
If anyone has information about Hernandez' whereabouts, they are encouraged to call the San Luis Obispo County Sheriff's Office at (805) 781-4550, or remain anonymous by calling Crime Stoppers at 549-STOP (549-7867). You can also submit your tip to Crime Stoppers by downloading the FREE MOBILE APP at P3TIPS.COM or submit your tip through this website.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Steven Tyler Cowan, 25, is wanted for an arrest warrant for inflicting corporal injury on a spouse/cohabitant, vandalism of $400 or more, and preventing the use of a wireless communications device to seek help.
Cowan is White, 6' 4" tall, 190 pounds and his last known address is in Paso Robles.
Cindy Lee Fox, 56, is wanted for violating probation for bringing a controlled substance/alcohol into prison/jail.
Fox is White, 5' 8" tall, 130 pounds, and her last known address is in Oceano.
If anyone has information about Fox's whereabouts, they are encouraged to call the San Luis Obispo County Sheriff's Office at (805) 781-4550, or remain anonymous by calling Crime Stoppers at 549-STOP (549-7867). You can also submit your tip to Crime Stoppers by downloading the FREE MOBILE APP at P3TIPS.COM or submit your tip through this website.
Thomas James Gregory, 46, is wanted for violation of probation for obstructing/resisting an executive officer (Correctional Deputy).
Gregory is White, 5' 10" tall, 190 pounds and his last known address is in Morro Bay.
If anyone has information about Gregory's whereabouts, they are encouraged to call the San Luis Obispo County Sheriff's Office at (805) 781-4550, or remain anonymous by calling Crime Stoppers at 549-STOP (549-7867). You can also submit your tip to Crime Stoppers by downloading the FREE MOBILE APP at P3TIPS.COM or submit your tip through this website.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


TREATING PROPRIOCEPTIVE DYSFUNCTIONS BY ACTIVE PRISMS AND PROPRIOCEPTIVE TECHNIQUES: HOW LONG FOR HAVING RESULTS?
The majority of symptoms like dizzinesse or backpain desappear in a few minutes after starting the treatment. However cognitive dysfonctions like dyslexia need a time of maturation. Sometimes they need a few weeks for the first important improvement.


text:
Q: Scala overloaded higher-order functions cause type error I have a overloaded method defined as follows:
def g(f: () ⇒ Double): Object = null
def g(f: Double ⇒ Double): Object = null
def g(f: (Double, Double) ⇒ Double): Object = null

def h(f: (Double, Double) ⇒ Double): Object = null

While h(math.max _) works as expected, calling g(math.max _)
gives me the error "Overloaded method... cannot be applied to ((Int, Int) => Int)". It seems that the compiler chose the Int version of math.max instead of the Double version.
How can I call my overloaded method g with math.max as a parameter? It would be an added bonus if I could just call g(math.max) without the underscore.

A: You've run into a heuristic used by the compiler to help avoid exponentially complex searches for types.  When the method is overloaded, it tries to disambiguate based on the type of the argument.  Unfortunately, the argument is also overloaded.  Instead of trying out possibilities, it just grabs the first one that comes to mind and it doesn't work.
You can trick it into searching more by asking the right way:
g(math.max(_,_))

Notationally it's now clear to the compiler that it's looking for a Function2 and that--even though all versions of max must be Function2!--is enough to get the compiler to search for a match (and it matches Double with Double).

A: Minutes after posting this, I discovered this solution:
g(math.max: ((Double, Double) => Double))

I'm still curious why Scala has the issue in the first case.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
using Exercism.hello_world;
using NUnit.Framework;

[TestFixture]
public class HelloWorldTest
{
    [Test]
    public void No_name()
    {
        Assert.That(HelloWorld.Hello(null), Is.EqualTo("Hello, World!"));
    }

    [Test]
    public void Sample_name()
    {
        Assert.That(HelloWorld.Hello("Alice"), Is.EqualTo("Hello, Alice!"));
    }

    [Test]
    public void Other_sample_name()
    {
        Assert.That(HelloWorld.Hello("Bob"), Is.EqualTo("Hello, Bob!"));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Nick Saban's ability to adapt key to Alabama's return to SEC Championship Game
Arkansas v Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA - OCTOBER 26: Head coach Nick Saban of the Alabama Crimson Tide looks on in the final minutes of their 48-7 win over the Arkansas Razorbacks at Bryant-Denny Stadium on October 26, 2019 in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. (Photo by Kevin C. Cox/Getty Images) (Kevin C. Cox/Getty Images)
By Mike Griffith, DawgNation.com
ATHENS — Of the many traits that have made Nick Saban the most dominant coach of college football's modern era, his ability to adapt might top the list and serve him best.
The Alabama coaching offices have been a turnstile for assistants looking to learn Saban's blueprint for success and advance their careers. There have been eight different offensive coordinators and five defensive coordinators serving Saban over the past 15 years.
That Saban has the Crimson Tide ranked No. 3 and facing off with No. 1 Georgia — coached by his second and longest-serving defensive coordinator at Alabama, Kirby Smart (2008-2015) — is a testament to the seven-time national championship coach's managerial expertise.
Read more at DawgNation.com.
Hwy 92 near Bowen RoadRoswell: Crash Hwy 92/eb before Bowen Rd in 2 lanes. Expect delays


Adhesive butterflies 19 cm, 3 pcs €13.90 VAT excl. €16.54 VAT incl.
Adhesive butterflies 30 cm, 3 pcs €18.90 VAT excl. €22.49 VAT incl.
Adhesive butterflies 8.5 cm, 6 pcs €9.90 VAT excl. €11.78 VAT incl.
Adhesive butterflies pastel 19 cm, 3 pcs €13.90 VAT excl. €16.54 VAT incl.
From €15.90 VAT excl. €18.92 VAT incl.


text:
Faderco est une entreprise papetière algérienne spécialisée dans la fabrication de produits d'hygiène, en particulier hygiène des bébés, de hygiène féminine et protection de l' pour adultes. Faderco est le leader des produits d'hygiène corporelle en Algérie.

Histoire
Faderco est créée en 1986, elle est dirigée et détenue par la famille Habès.

En 2015, Faderco inaugure à Sétif la première unité de production de bobines mères de papier à partir de fibres de cellulose en Algérie baptisée WARAK, d'une superficie de , permet à l'entreprise d'atteindre un taux d'intégration de 100 %.

Marques
Les marques de Faderco :
 Cotex
 Coty'lys
 Bimbies
 Dada
 Bello
 Awane
 Uni-form
 Papex

Notes et références

Lien externe

Entreprise de l'industrie papetière ayant son siège en Algérie
Fabricant de produits d'hygiène
Entreprise fondée en 1986
Marque d'hygiène


The following classification system reflects a system according to which, beginning with the 18th century, our historical holdings published by 1945 have been classified. Essentially, this system corresponds to the arrangement of books on the shelves and to the way the titles are listed in our Classified Catalogue available on the second floor of our Historical Building. The following list enables you to visit every hierarchical level of the classification system and to view the titles recorded under the respective system location.
If you are looking for a particular topic, please use the following subject list of groups of shelf marks and select the location(s) at which you assume to find the titles.
By selecting ("+") or ("-" ) placed before the respective group of shelf marks, you will differentiate this group further or close it respectively.
By selecting "Show results", you will obtain a list of Göttingen University Catalogue titles comprising all the titles of the respective shelf mark group.
You will find a systematic access to our holdings from about 1993 onwards via the Göttingen Online Classification.


text:
Application of CE-QUAL-W2 Model to Water Quality Simulation in Prespa Lakes
MSc. A. Zyfi1, Prof. S. Grazhdani1, Dr. A. Ahmeti1
Lecturers, Dept. of Wood Production, Faculty of Forestry Sciences, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
Prespa Lakes region is a good case study, as it is a wetland area of high biodiversity and long human history. The main features of this region are two lakes, which also give the name to the area: Macro Prespa and Micro Prespa, which lap the shores of the three countries (Albania, Macedonia and Greece) and connect them in this way symbolically. This region hosts unique habitats that are important from both regional and global conservation perspective, and populations of numerous rare, relict, endemic, endangered or threatened species. It is also remarkable for its cultural values, including Byzantine monuments and examples of traditional architecture. In Prespa, the coabidance between Man and Nature over the centuries has shaped and preserved a wealth of natural and cultural values that account for the area's international importance. However, current resource management practices including water and land-use planning, agriculture, forestry and fisheries are failing to maintain and restore the health of ecosystems. The main goal of this study was to use a calibrated water quality model capable of predicting future water quality conditions resulting from potential changes in lakes operations and/or environmental conditions in Prespa Park region. In this study, CE-QUAL-W2, the two dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model, was used to simulate water quality in Prespa Lakes, for the years 2010 through 2013. The simulation of main water quality constituents: dissolved oxygen, total phosphorous and orthophosphate, ammonia and nitrate, algal biomass and chlorophyll a, and organic carbon cycle, was performed. The sample data for each water quality parameter was statistically analyzed. The CEQUAL- W2 model was able to accurately simulate water quality, with relative error of the mean less than 10%. Model results revealed that model calculated concentrations of key water quality indexes matched well with the measured values. The modeling results presented here provide a starting point for simulating the water quality in the Praspa Lakes. The results and conclusions from this study are not intended for use on Prespa Lakes alone. The concepts of model development can potentially be applied and also broaden its usefulness to other systems.
Prespa Lakes, CE-QUAL-W2 model, hydrodynamics data, water quality simulation, water quality parameters.
LITERATURE SURVEY
With improved understanding of the eutrophication processes and hydrodynamics as well as more advanced computing capability of multidimensional lake hydrodynamic and water quality, models have been developed and applied to study water quality. One of them is the CE-QUAL-W2 model, which is a longitudinal-vertical hydrodynamic and transport model designed for long-term, time-varying water quality simulations of networks of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries. There are many application examples to water systems of CE-QUAL-W2 model ([2], [8], [10], [13], [17] [18]). The capability of the model to predict changes in water quality in two dimensions (longitudinally and vertically) were among the characteristics which made CE-QUAL-W2 particularly suited to simulation of water quality in Prespa Lakes region.
Prespa Lakes region (Fig. 1) is an area internationality known for its ecological importance. Meanwhile, Prespa area abounds in rare animal and plant species, and contains some extraordinary examples of Byzantine heritage. Livestock, farming and fishing are the most important sources of income in the Prespa lowland. The basin of the Prespa Lakes is endowed with an exceptional biodiversity. The region has been recognized as a European and Global Hotspot of Biodiversity, not only because of the sheer number of species and habitats present, but also due to their quality, such as rarity and conservation significance. The unique values of this ecosystem are being eroded and threatened by increasing exploitation of natural resources, inappropriate land use practices, and uncoordinated sectoral policies and development activities leading to soil and water contamination and degradation. Productive sectors are failing to incorporate ecosystem health objectives into their daily management practices and protected area are under threat and can barely serve as biodiversity refuges. During the past decades the Prespa Lakes basin has also experienced significant pollution of its water bodies and the surrounding area, causing losses in aquatic biodiversity; a threat to fisheries, public health and tourism. Most important are industrial pollution and untreated wastewater discharges from the cities and towns. The concentrations of pollutants show seasonal variation, depending upon the weather and the flow in the tributary rivers.
Considering the above, a study for obtaining the information about water quality was conducted from 2010 to 2013. It relates to the ecological state of Prespa Lakes. The purpose of this study was to develop a model of Prespa Lakes that can: (1) simulate the water quality in the lake, and (2) aid in developing a more in-depth understanding of lake quality and the processes affecting it.
A. GENERAL DATA ON CASE STUDY PRESPA LAKES
The Prespa region (~410 N latitude, ~230 E longitude) is located in the Balkan Peninsula, in south-eastern Europe. It is the first trans-border protected area in the Balkans established February 2nd 2000. It is a high-altitude basin which includes two inter-linked lakes, Macro Prespa and Micro Prespa and the surrounding mountain. The Macro Prespa Lake has a surface area of 253.6 km2, Micro Prespa is 47.4 km2 and the total area of the combined drainage basins and lakes is 2519 km2. The climate of the Prespa region is subject to Mediterranean and continental influences and may be characterised as continental-central European. It is characterised by winters with long periods of high rainfall, snow and low temperatures and warm but moderate summers. Mean monthly temperatures in the Prespa region average 9-100 C. The average annual rainfall is approximately 647 mm. Large parts of the ecosystems of the Prespa Lakes region have been converted or transformed into agricultural systems of various kinds, or have been replaced by towns, villages and other man-made infrastructures. More specifically, water abstraction from the lakes for irrigation purposes, use of fertiliser and pesticides, disposal of urban wastewater, and of solid household wastes increase eutrophication, enhance vegetation growth at the littoral zone, and increase growth of organic substances in shallow waters, leading to a reduction of the spawning grounds of endemic fish species and feeding grounds of rare water birds. In areas such as Prespa, as in many other non-wetland mountain areas in Europe, natural conditions have for hundreds of years been disturbed through human interventions; despite these changes, the natural character of the landscape is retained, but is far from being pristine. On the other hand, it should be noted that extensive land use practices have often created conditions favouring a high level of biodiversity. Examples of biodiversity-enhancing practices in Prespa basin have been: grazing, mowing and collection/use of reedbeds each year, cultivation of small woodland openings, cultivation practices with inter-cropping, crop rotations, small and intermingling fields with a variety of crops, maintaining natural hedges and trees, the non-use of chemicals, and the combination of arable farming and livestock rearing in a system of high spatial and temporal entropy.
B. MODEL DESCRIPTION
The CE-QUAL-W2 model, version 3.7 [6] was applied in this study to simulate water quality in Prespa Lakes. CEQUAL- W2 is a water quality and hydrodynamic model in 2D (longitudinal-vertical), supported by the USACE Waterways Experiments Station [3], for rivers, estuaries, lakes, reservoirs and river basin systems. The algorithms defining CE-QUAL-W2 model can be found in Cole and Wells ([5], [6]). The water quality algorithms incorporate 21 constituents in addition to temperature including nutrient / phytoplankton /dissolved oxygen interactions during anoxic conditions. Any combination of constituents can be simulated. The water quality algorithm is modular allowing constituents to be easily added as additional subroutines. The CE-QUAL-W2 model is a data intensive application. The data required for an application include bathymetric data, meteorological data (air temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed, wind direction, cloud cover, solar radiation, and precipitation), inflow and outflow volumes, inflow temperatures, evaporation, water quality constituent concentrations, and hydraulic and kinetic parameters. The availability and quality of these data directly affect model accuracy and limit usefulness. The capability of the model to predict changes in water quality in two dimensions (longitudinally and vertically) were among the characteristics which made CE-QUAL-W2 particularly suited to simulation of Prespa Lakes. The model was calibrated for orthophosphate, total phosphorus, ammonia, nitrate, total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, algal biomass, organic carbon and dissolved oxygen with available measured data [16]. Calibration consisted of setting model parameters to literature values or to values used by other models ([4], [5], [6], [7]) and refining them in a logical and organized fashion until modeled and measured concentrations matched reasonably well.
C. DATA COLLECTION
For the purpose of model simulation, in this study was used water quality data collected at five sites within Prespa Lakes basin. The data being collected at the monitoring sites includes meteorological, hydrological and water quality data. Hourly of global solar radiation, air temperature, rainfall, wind speed, wind direction, and relative humidity were measured at nearest meteorological station with monitoring site. Dew point temperature was calculated from air temperature and relative humidity. At each lake monitoring site, water temperature and dissolved oxygen profile measurements were taken at one-meter increments from the surface through the water column. Organic and inorganic nutrients and total suspended solids concentrations were determined for surface, mid-depth and bottom samples collected at each site. A Secchi depth measurement was also made at each site. Water quality samples were taken at monitoring sites approximately monthly from November to April and twice a month from May to October. Vertical profiles of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and turbidity were measured in the field by personnel with a multiparameter probe (Hydrolab or YSI), and samples for the analysis of total suspended solids, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, nitrate plus nitrite, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia, and also total organic carbon, and dissolved organic carbon, were taken at specific depths in the lake with a Van Dorn sampler. Two nutrient samples were taken from each depth, and one was acidified with sulphuric acid. In addition, a chlorophyll a sample was taken from 1 m depth, and a sample for phytoplankton identification and enumeration was taken at the lake surface. Zooplankton samples were vertical integrations from 1 m off the bottom to the surface and were collected using conical, 20-cm diameter plankton net. Phytoplankton species were identified and enumerated in each sample, and biovolumes and densities were computed. Likewise, for zooplankton samples, species were identified, and species density and biovolumes were calculated. The distribution of zooplankton lengths was also determined. Chlorophyll-α samples representing depth composites of three samples taken between the surface and secchi depths were used to estimate algal biomass. Unacidified samples were filtered in the laboratory with a 0.45 μm (micrometer) filter. Total phosphorus and orthophosphate were analyzed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method 365.1 [15]). Ammonia was analyzed by USEPA method 350.3, and TKN by USEPA method 351.2 [14]. Chlorophyll a was analyzed by Standard Methods 10200H [1].
D. DATA AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
An often overlooked step in model applications is plotting and analyzing observed data for all stations and times for which data are available. Another important task in data development and analysis is to analyze the data for reasonableness. So, all time-varying input data were plotted and screened for errors. A number of model error statistics were computed and aggregated by parameter, season, and location to evaluate the spatial and temporal prediction capability of the model. The goodness-of-fit statistics for the comparison of modeled and measured values include annual mean errors (ME), mean absolute errors (MAE), root mean square errors (RMSE), and relative error of the mean in percentage (REM). Linear regression analysis was also made with measured data as dependent variable and the modeled data as independent variable. The coefficient of determination, slope, and intercept of the linear regressions between for sampling data for each water quality consistent were calculated.
Water quality constituents used in the development of the model include dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, total nitrogen, nitrate-N, ammonium-N, chlorophyll a, total organic carbon, and dissolved organic carbon. A summary of the current model's performance along with summary statistics in tabular form follows. A summary of model-prediction error statistics based on sampling data collected between 2010 and 2013 is provided in Table I. Linear regression statistics results of measured versus modeled are provided in Table II.
A. DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Levels of dissolved oxygen in Prespa Lakes were high and homogeneous in winter when the water in the lake was wellmixed and cold. As the lake's surface warmed, oxygen solubility decreased and surface concentrations decreased via losses to the atmosphere. Later, as the hypolimnion became isolated due to lake stratification, the oxygen there was gradually consumed, primarily by sediment oxygen demand. Eventually, the hypolimnion became completely anoxic. This anoxia occurred in late September or early October in most years of this study. With colder temperatures and lake overturn in November, dissolved oxygen concentrations in Prespa Lakes returned to high levels. Comparing measured and modeled dissolved oxygen profiles at the same location, date, and time produced annual MEs between -0.51 and 0.13 mg/L, MAEs between 0.16 and 0.78 mg/L, and RMSEs between 0.13 and 0.88 mg/L for 2010 through 2013. The overall goodness-of-fit statistics for dissolved oxygen were relatively low (usually < 1.0 mg/L), indicating a good fit and suggesting that the model was capturing the most important spatial and temporal patterns in the dissolved oxygen data. The model accurately represented the seasonal effects of temperature on oxygen solubility, the importance of sediment oxygen demand, the development and timing of anoxia in the hypolimnion, and the relatively less important effects of algal photosynthesis and respiration. Dissolved oxygen is affected by such a wide range of limnological processes and reactions that it is perhaps the best single gauge of a model's ability to simulate water quality. In this case, the model does a good job with dissolved oxygen and, therefore, should be a useful tool for examining and evaluating water quality in Prespa Lakes.
B. TOTAL PHOSPHOROUS AND ORTHOPHOSPHATE
Phosphorus levels in the lake were low overall (total phosphorus typically < 0.03 mg/L, orthophosphate typically < 0.01 mg/L as P). The greatest deviation between modeled and measured phosphorus concentrations in Prespa Lakes typically occurred in the fall, when the model predicted higher total phosphorus than was measured. Modeled and measured total phosphorus temporal profile at the Pusteci monitoring site, for the representative year 2013 is shown in figure 2. The temporal pattern in figure 2 illustrates several important processes affecting phosphorus concentrations in Prespa Lakes. First, the overall phosphorus concentrations were fairly low and typical of an oligotrophic system; the low phosphorus concentrations could be limiting algal growth and primary productivity. Second, when algal blooms occurred (late spring through summer), orthophosphate concentrations (the bioavailable phosphorus) decreased to levels below detection near the surface of the lake where the algae were growing. Lastly, when the lake's hypolimnion was anoxic from late August or September through mid-November, phosphorus concentrations increased near the lake bottom - a typical result of the dissolution of iron oxides in the lake sediments. Ammonia should also be released from the sediments under anoxic conditions, and this was in fact observed in the ammonia data each year.
Calculating goodness-of-fit statistics between measured and modeled total orthophosphate produced annual MEs between 0.001 and 0.004 mg/L, MAEs between 0.002 to 0.004 mg/L, and RMSEs between 0.003 and 0.007 mg/L for 2010 through 2013 (table I). For total phosphorus, annual MEs ranged from 0.007 to 0.003 mg/L, MAEs ranged between 0.007 and 0.011 mg/L, and RMSEs were between 0.011 and 0.016 mg/L. The fact that the ME is near zero and the MAE and RMSE show errors of less than 0.011 mg/L indicates that the model accurately captured the phosphorous budget of Prespa Lakes. The comparison of measured and modeled phosphorus concentrations in figure 2, table I and table II is reasonable. The model kept track of the phosphorus relatively well, and with sufficient accuracy to meet the needs of this investigation.
C. AMMONIA AND NITRATE
Ammonia was below or close to its analytical detection limit (0.01 mg/L as N) throughout Prespa Lakes for most of the years in this study, but measurable concentrations of ammonia were found to accumulate in the hypolimnion at concentrations up to 0.54 mg/L as N once that layer became anoxic in late September. Ammonia can accumulate in the anoxic hypolimnion because no oxygen is present to support nitrification. Sources of ammonia to the hypolimnion include ground-water discharge and the deamination of organic material in the lake sediments. Nitrate can be reduced by bacterial communities to N2 under anoxic conditions, but further reduction to ammonia is not favored. When the lake turned over in the fall, the accumulated ammonia was mixed and diluted into the larger volume of the lake, and the entire lake became oxygenated, diminishing the production and stopping the accumulation of ammonia, and increasing the production of nitrate. While nitrate was included in the Prespa Lakes model. It appeared that concentrations of nitrate in summer were depleted near the surface and were highest in the hypolimnion. This is consistent with the trend observed by Zyfi [17]. That study found the highest concentrations of nitrate in Prespa Lakes during winter (0.458 mg/L as N), and depletion in surface waters during the summer (less than 0.023 mg/L as N). Concentrations of nitrate in the hypolimnion remained relatively high (greater than 0.134 mg/L as N) except for the period of hypolimnetic anoxia in the fall. These trends were not always mimicked by the Prespa Lakes model, possibly due to inaccurate boundary conditions, inaccurate capture of one or more limnological processes, or both. This is an area where additional data collection, research and additional model refinement may be required for the future. Nitrate is not a critical parameter in characterizing this lake's water quality (recall that blue-green algae can fix atmospheric nitrogen), however, so some error in its representation is acceptable for the purposes of this investigation. Comparing measured and modeled ammonia profiles at the same location, date, and time produced annual MEs between 0 and 0.01 mg/L as N, MAEs between 0.01 and 0.02 mg/L as N and RMSEs between 0.03 and 0.05 mg/L as N for 2010 through 2013 (table I). Concentrations of ammonia typically were low (< 0.05 mg/L as N), with the exception of samples collected from an anoxic hypolimnion; therefore, it is not surprising that the goodness-of-fit statistics report a relatively small overall error. The model's overall ability to predict the lake's ammonia concentrations, in addition to the correct timing and general magnitude of ammonia accumulation in the lake's hypolimnion, suggests that the most important influences on ammonia were captured by the model with sufficient accuracy. Measured and modeled total nitrogen (TN) profile at the Pusteci monitoring site, for the representative year 2013 is shown in figure 3.
D. ALGAL BIOMASS AND CHLOROPHYLL A
In Prespa Lakes, over 80 different species of algae were identified in the samples taken from 2010 through 2013, and the composition and concentration of algal species in each sampling instance varied greatly. An examination of the algal data collected in Prespa Lakes, however, showed that at least two algal groups had to be simulated to capture the basic dynamics of the algal community: a blue-green algae group and a general algae group that included all other types, including diatoms, golden-brown algae, and cryptophytes. Results comparing modeled and measured total algal bio-volume (total of both algal groups) and chlorophyll a near the lake surface at the Pusteci monitoring site, for the representative year 2013 are shown in figure 4. Algal biomass was simulated by the model; biovolume was calculated directly from biomass using simple density relationships. Surface samples are not always the best indicator of algal activity, but those were the only algae samples taken in the lake. In general, the spring peaks in chlorophyll a and algal populations were composed of algae in the model's general algae group. These peaks do not always represent algal growth.
The diatom Melosira italica is one species commonly found in Prespa Lakes during these spring algae peaks. This species has the ability to survive in anoxic sediment for up to 2 years [9]. Its population appears in the water column in winter and spring and is thought to be due, in part, to scouring from tributary streambeds and resuspension of cells in the lake sediment during storms. The second observed and modeled algal peaks in August-September were mainly due to blue-green algae blooms, the species Anabaena planctonica in particular. During these blooms, orthophosphate became depleted in the water column. A lack of orthophosphate is known to control the size of these blooms ([11], [12]), and in the model, this directly contributed to the cessation of blue-green algal growth. This suggests that depletion of phosphorus may control the end of the blue-green algae bloom in the lake; however, it is possible that other, unknown factors contribute as well. Elevated water temperature, for example, appeared to be one of the factors that helped to initiate the blue-green algae bloom. Comparing measured chlorophyll a concentrations to modeled values at the same date, time, and location produced annual MEs between -2.5 and -0.4 μg/L, MAEs between 2.1 and 3.4 μg/L and RMSEs between 2.7 and 3.8 μg/L for 2010 through 2013 (table I). Algae and chlorophyll a were only sampled at one depth near the surface of the lake. While the model did not simulate the complex dynamics of all algal species in the lake, it was able to predict the general size and timing of certain algal population changes, including blooms of blue-green algae, which are the algae that most influence Prespa Lakes's water quality.
E. ORGANIC CARBON CYCLE
The organic carbon cycle at the Pusteci monitoring site, for the representative year 2013 is shown in figure 5. This plot indicates a clear difference between the productive summer months and the rest of the year. High organic carbon generation during the stratified period has several implications. First, it eventual decomposition can have an impact on oxygen content of bottom waters. This would be particularly important for water bodies with smaller hypolimnion (and, hence smaller oxygen reserves) than for Prespa Lakes. Second, the transport and fate of toxic substances can be strongly associated with organic matter.
In this paper, we have tried to answer only a few of the issues raised on water quality in Prespa Lakes. The following conclusion can be inferred from the obtained data.
In general, the quality of the lake water appears to be within the acceptable limits. The limited number of pollution sources in combination with the high refresh rate of the lake water and the inflow of clean karstic groundwater are the main reasons that the water quality remains good.
The model captured the dominant processes affecting water quality (dissolved oxygen, nutrients, and algae) in Prespa Lakes and simulated the lake's water quality dynamics with sufficient accuracy for the planned purposes of the model. The calibrated model was capable of simulating the important spatial and temporal dynamics of various constituents in the lake, and successful application of the calibrated model to 2005 and 2006 data confirmed this. Goodness-of-fit statistics for all 5 years varied from acceptable to good. Comparing measured and modeled dissolved oxygen profiles in the 5 years having reliable data (2005 - 2009), the model errors typically were less than 1 mg/L. Ammonia concentrations generally were low throughout Prespa Lakes. However, in all years studied, accumulation of ammonia in the hypolimnion occurred once dissolved oxygen was depleted. Ammonia concentrations as high as 0.43 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as N were measured in November of 2009. Algae were separated into two groups in the model: blue-green algae and all other algae. The general algae group had its highest abundance in the spring, due in part to inputs of algae from tributaries and possible resuspension of algal cells during storms. The blue-green algae group tended to bloom in late summer (in August, typically). Orthophosphate concentrations, as well as zooplankton grazing, water temperature, and light, controlled the levels and timing of algal blooms in the model. Concentrations of bioavailable phosphorus appeared to limit the size of the annual blue-green algae bloom. The model provides predictions of features like peak chlorophyll levels and, hence, produces information that is extremely useful to water-quality managers. This is because the public is often most concerned with extreme events in water body, rather than in seasonal or long-term average conditions. Because of its daily time step, the nutrient/food chain model is capable of generating both types of information. According to the calculation, the lake is overwhelmingly phosphorus limited during the summer stratified period. The fact that there is excess nitrogen and phosphorus in the water indicates that lake's production is light limited during the remained of the year. By providing predictions of organic carbon levels, model framework provides a means to assess both oxygen and toxic substances in lakes. Further improvements in the model's capabilities will only come with additional data collection and further model testing and development.
[1] American Public Health Association, "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edition: Water Environment Federation", 1220 p., 1998.
[2] Bowen, J., D., and Hieronymus, J. W., "A CE-QUAL-W2 Model of Neuse Estuary for Total Maximum Daily Load Development", Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol. 129 (4), pp.283 – 294, 2003.
[3] Cole, T. M., and Buchak, E., "CE-QUAL-W2: A two-dimensional, laterally averaged, hydrodynamic and water-quality model, version 2.0: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1993.
[4] Cole, T. and E. Buchak., "CE-QUAL-W2: A Two-Dimensional, Laterally Averaged, Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model, Version 2.0, Technical Report El-95-1", U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS., 1995.
[5] Cole, T. M., and Wells, S. A., "CE-QUAL-W2: A two-dimensional, laterally averaged, Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model, Version 3.1. Instruction Report EL-03-01", US Army Engineering and Research Development Center, Vicksburg, MS., 2003.
[6] Cole, T. M., and Wells, S. A., "CE-QUAL-W2: A two-dimensional, laterally averaged, Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model, Version 3.7. User Manual", US Army Engineering and Research Development Center, Vicksburg, MS., 2011.
[7] DeGasperi, C., "Development of a Laterally Averaged 2-Dimensional Water Quality Model of the Sammamish River (CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3.2)", Prepared by Curtis, Water and Land Resources Division, Seattle, Washington, 2009.
[8] Ha, S. R., Lee J. Y., "Application of CE-QUAL-W2 Model to Eutrophication Simulation in Daecheong Lake Stratified by Turbidity Storms" In Proceedings of Taal 2007: The 12th Word Lake Conference, pp.824 – 833. Sengupta, M., and Dalwani, R. (editors), 2007.
[9] Horne, A.J., and Goldman, C.R., "Limnology. Second Edition", McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 576 p., 1994.
[10] Kurup, R. G., Hamilton D. P., Phillips, R. L., "Comparison of two-dimensional laterally averaged hydrodynamic model Application to Swan River Estuary", Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 51, pp.627 – 638, 2000. [11] Smith, V. H., "Blue-green algae in eutrophic fresh water: Lakeline", Spring, pp.34–37, 2001.
[12] Sorano, P. A., "Factors affecting the timing of surface scums and epilimnetic blooms of blue-green algae in a eutrophic lake", Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 54, pp.1965–1975, 1997.
[13] Sullivan, A. B., and Rounds, S. A., "Modeling hydrodynamics, temperature, and water quality in Henry Hagg Lake, Oregon, 2000–03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004–5261", 38 p., 2005.
[14] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes: EPA-600/4-79-020", 552 p., 1983.
[15] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Methods for the determination of inorganic substances in environmental samples: EPA/600/R- 93/100", 79 p., 1993.
[16] Zyfi, A., "Assessment of interactions between nutrients and food chain for Prespa Lakes and Shkodra Lake using CE-QUAL-W2 model", Master thesis, 80p., 2010.
[17] Wells, S. A., "River Basin Modeling Using CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3", Proc. ASCE Inter. Water Res. Engr. Conf., Seattle, WA., 1999.
[18] Williams, N. T., "Modeling Dissolved Oxygen in Lake Powell Using CE-QUAL-W2", Master thesis, 118 p., 2007.


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The Capacity Crunch, Surcharges, The Top 29 Ocean Carriers, and the Panama Canal
This week I was invited to the Rotterdam Partners Red Carpet Diner, where all new international companies that opened offices in Rotterdam were welcomed by Mayor Ahmed Aboutaleb. For a startup like Cogoport, being an innovative digital ocean freight marketplace, Rotterdam is the obvious choice as a location for our European head office. Not only is the Port of Rotterdam the largest in Europe, but it is also among the most innovative in the world.
Also on my mind this week were the two events where I will be speaking at in November.
And now on to the news that caught my eye this past week
Capacity Crunch
"North European shippers are scrambling to book space on October sailings to Asia ahead of a new capacity crunch.
The decision by ocean carriers to void 11 voyages from Asia to North Europe nest month to halt the slide in container spot rates will result in a similar number of cancelled backhaul sailings in November and December."
→Rush for space on Asia-Europe as box carriers spark new capacity crunch
More Surcharges and Carrier Rates
More on surcharges and carrier rates in addition to the items mentioned last week.
"There has been insufficient mainstream publicity on the IMO's 2020 global emissions regulation for shipping, and a lack of transparency by container lines on their recovery strategies.
These are the worrying conclusions of a review by maritime consultant Alphaliner and a shipper survey by Drewry Supply Chain Advisors."
→Shippers are being 'left in the dark' as carriers look to recover IMO 2020 costs
"But because the charge is per box, the greater number of revenue-earning boxes sailing west will collectively pay far more than they need to in order to compensate for the same boxes returning east when empty," observes GSF Secretary General, James Hookham.
He adds that this has the effect of applying higher than average surcharges on their most profitable routes. For example, the Far East to North Europe route has a trade factor of 1.3, but North Europe to Far East of 0.7."
→New ocean cargo surcharges will be foul odor for many global shippers
Top 29 Ocean Carriers
Ok. This item from SupplyChain247 is called Top 35, but 29 of those can be booked through the Cogoport Platform. :-)
Anyway, an interesting read.
"Signs of a turnaround in the prospects of global container shipping companies began surfacing last July when rates began creeping up through the peak season. Overcapacity, however, continues to haunt the industry and may keep it from a sustainable recovery."
"Given the challenges that all but the top five players have from a cost competitiveness perspective, analysts think that it's reasonable to assume that there will be some further consolidation. This is in spite of how the sector has distilled into the relatively small number of significant independent carriers today."
→Top 35 Ocean Carriers 2018: Turnaround time?
This week's round-up ends with a nice infographic from the people at FreightWaves.
"The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panamá) is an artificial 82 km (51 mi) waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a conduit for maritime trade. Canal locks are at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial lake created to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal, 26 m (85 ft) above sea level, and then lower the ships at the other end. The original locks are 34 m (110 ft) wide. A third, wider lane of locks was constructed between September 2007 and May 2016. The expanded canal began commercial operation on June 26, 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, post-Panamax ships, capable of handling more cargo.[13,000 TEU]"
→ Wikipedia - The Panama Canal
Check out the infographic here.
Photo by Sean Thoman on Unsplash
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US – China Trade War: Impact on Global Trade
A look at United States' recent trade protectionist policies and how they impact global trade.
Events, Scrubbers, the Chinese Economy and Logistics Tech
This Week in Ocean Freight
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Learn best practices for shipping internationally
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BATON ROUGE, La. – Baton Rouge Cardiology Center (BRCC) marks 40 years of providing heart and vascular care to residents of Greater Baton Rouge with a continuous commitment to excellence, growth, innovation and personalized, compassionate care focused on the community's needs.
In celebration of its 40th anniversary, Baton Rouge Cardiology Center will hold several events in the community to promote prevention and help raise awareness about heart and vascular disease. With opportunities for businesses and residents, these events will include CPR training, lunch and learn presentations from cardiologists, heart and vascular screenings, and much more.
To learn more, visit www.BRCardiology.com or call (225) 769-0933.


Wholesale food prices fell in July, the first decline in three months, according to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Producer Price Index. The National Restaurant Association's composite wholesale food index, based on the PPI, fell 0.2% from June, following increases of 1% in May and 0.4% in June, versus the prior months. For the past 12 months, prices are running 3.1% higher, versus a 2.1% gain in the previous 12-month period.
Menu prices rose 0.2% in July, according to BLS Consumer Price Index data, the third straight month of 0.2% gains. Food-at-home prices rose 0.1%. For the 12 months, F-A-H prices are up 1%, menu prices 2.1%.
The Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index fell in the mid-August preliminary from its six-year high in the final July reading, as consumers became worried about rising interest rates and believe growth will slow in coming months. The Sentiment Index slipped to 80 from 85.1 in July.


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Why question
Vagrancy Act of 1866 – Encyclopedia Virginia
By supperusrArmin	 Last updated Aug 27, 2021
Virginia laws and practices, derived in part from English precedent, had long distinguished vagrants, or vagabonds, from poor people in general. In legislation passed in 1785 and then revised two years later, the General Assembly established local boards to find paying work for poor people and provide minimal essential relief at public expense. Vagrants, defined as "not betaking themselves to honest occupations," were treated differently, however. As early as 1748, Virginia law had described vagrants as "idle and disorderly," and a 1776 revision authorized their arrest. Now the law prescribed apprehension and forced labor. And if a vagrant should attempt to flee, "he or they shall be dealt with in the same manner as other run away servants." Lawmakers worried that vagrants would become beggars or even thieves and, therefore, treated them as a threat to public safety.
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At the end of the Civil War, white lawmakers similarly worried about the perhaps hundreds of thousands of African Americans who wandered the roads of Virginia. Many of them had just been freed from slavery, many were without homes or steady work, and many journeyed in search of relatives who had been dispersed by the slave trade. Their freedom overturned a centuries-long racial hierarchy and left many whites concerned about public safety and, more importantly, white social and political supremacy. By recalling old definitions of vagrancy—in fact, borrowing almost verbatim the definition found in a Pennsylvania law from 1836— the General Assembly found a convenient means of controlling these African Americans and subjecting them to punishments for unemployment or homelessness.
Not all white politicians considered freedpeople, in general, a nuisance. In a message to the General Assembly dated December 4, 1865, Governor Francis H. Pierpont, a Republican, explained that many former slaves worried that if they "remained with their old master they would be in danger of re-enslavement—hence they became roving." Pierpont noted that "where satisfactory wages are paid," African Americans often rendered "fair service," but that such situations were rare. For reasons of mutual distrust and, in many cases, ignorance of how the free-labor system even worked, early attempts between black and white Virginians to enter into employment contracts had failed. Agents of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, as well as civil authorities in Virginia, were well aware of the many problems that occurred, but did not adequately address them.
"To be free, labor must be voluntary," Pierpont told the assembly. "Every effort to enforce it by law, except as a punishment for crime and vagrancy, will result in failure. Idleness brings its own punishment. After the most mature consideration I have been able to give to the subject, I think there is very little positive legislation needed in regard to this class."
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On January 9, 1866, the House of Delegates passed the Act Providing for the Punishment of Vagrants, with the Senate of Virginia following suit six days later. The law passed in both houses by voice vote, leaving no record of which delegates and senators voted for or against it. There was little or no newspaper commentary, reports of legislators' speeches, or explanations for their votes. There is no record of whether Pierpont supported or opposed the legislation; either way, he did not have veto power.
The law's preamble states that "there hath lately been a great increase of idle and disorderly persons in some parts of this commonwealth," an implicit reference to the abolition of slavery, which had displaced much of the state's large population of African Americans. Nothing comparable had happened to any appreciable number of white Virginians, suggesting that the law was intended to apply mainly to former slaves. The preamble declares that if the state does not act, it "will be overrun with dissolute and abandoned characters."
As a remedy, the law authorized justices of the peace and overseers of the poor to arrest vagrants and hire them out "for any term not exceeding three months" and "for the best wages that can be procured," all of which were to go "for the use of any of the vagrant or his family." However, if any people so employed should, "without sufficient cause," run away, then the law authorized harsh penalties. The vagrants were to be returned to their employers, for whom they would work for free, staying on an extra month and wearing balls and chains. If no employer would take them, they would be forced to work on public projects, also for free and still wearing balls and chains. Absent any suitable public projects, vagrants would be confined to jail and be fed only bread and water.
None of the law's various precedents included provisions for wearing a ball and chain. In this case, vagrants—specifically those who had fled forced labor and been recaptured—were treated comparably to convicted felons who were taken out to work on public projects or hired to private employers. Meanwhile, the way in which the law authorized mostly white men to hire out mostly black vagrants to private employers almost certainly reminded freedpeople and others of the legal practice from slavery days: allowing counties and cities to require free African Americans who owed back taxes to be hired out as if they were enslaved.
Application and Legacy
Just nine days after the Vagrancy Act's passage, the commanding general of the U.S. Army in Virginia, Alfred H. Terry, issued a proclamation forbidding civil and military officials in the state from enforcing it. Dated January 24, 1866, the proclamation attempted to provide context to the law. According to Terry, white employers were conspiring to pay former slaves wages "below the real value of their labor," and, presumably in reference to the practice of hiring out slaves, "far below the prices formerly paid to masters for labor performed by their slaves." As a result, "wages utterly inadequate to the support of themselves and families" had become normal.
The Vagrancy Act, Terry wrote, would only encourage artificially low wages by compelling freedmen to accept employment. And even where conspiracies to lower wages did not exist, "the temptation to form them, offered by the statute, will be too strong to be resisted."
"The ultimate effect of the statute," Terry wrote, "will be to reduce the freedmen to a condition of servitude worse than that from which they have been emancipated—a condition which will be slavery in all but its name."
Terry's conclusions prompted some white Virginians to deny that the law was designed to apply only to African Americans. Perhaps to remove the taint of slave hiring from the new law, the editor of the Richmond Daily Dispatch wrote in an editorial, "In fact, the law is applicable to all persons, without distinction of color. We have seen white men convicted of vagrancy under the old law, and publicly hired out."
It is unknown whether many overseers of the poor and justices of the peace defied Terry and attempted to enforce the law or whether, if they did, the Army intervened. The law may have resulted in the arrest of some freedpeople, but its larger consequence was related to public opinion. Terry's proclamation drew national press coverage to the situation of freedpeople in Virginia. This likely contributed to congressional sentiment that full freedom for former slaves could not be entrusted to public officials in states of the former Confederacy, where restrictive laws known as Black Codes were regularly being passed.
Military Officers in Charge of Virginia During Reconstruction
Major General John M. Schofield
Major General John M. Schofield is the subject of this three-quarter-length portrait made at Mathew B. Brady's National Photographic Art Gallery in Washington, D.C. Schofield served as the military commander of Virginia from March 13, 1867, until June 2, 1868, and as the secretary of war under President Andrew Johnson from June 1, 1868, until March 13, 1869.
General George Stoneman
Union general George Stoneman, a cavalry officer who roomed at West Point with the future Confederate general Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, is photographed at an encampment near Fair Oaks in June 1862. After the Civil War, Stoneman served as the military commander of Virginia from June 2, 1868, to March 31, 1869. He later took command of the Department of Arizona, but was relieved of his duties in 1871. Stoneman moved to California, where he was elected governor in 1882.
General Alexander S. Webb
Union general Alexander S. Webb, recipient of the Medal of Honor for his bravery during the Battle of Gettysburg, is the subject of this photographic portrait taken at Mathew B. Brady's National Photographic Art Gallery in Washington, D.C. After the Civil War, Webb commanded the First Military District of Virginia April 2–20, 1869. Webb later became the president of the City College of New York, a position he held for thirty-three years.
Major General E. R. S. Canby
E. R. S. Canby, a major general of volunteers in the Union army, poses for a three-quarter-length portrait by Theodore Lilienthal, a well-known nineteenth-century New Orleans photographer. After the Civil War, Canby commanded the First Military District of Virginia from April 20, 1869, until military rule and Reconstruction ended in Virginia on January 26, 1870. He later fought in the Indian Wars and was assassinated in 1873 during a peace conference with the Modoc Indians in California.
In June 1866, just five months after passage of the Vagrancy Act, Congress submitted the Fourteenth Amendment to the states for ratification. It granted African Americans the right to citizenship and guaranteed their rights as citizens. In March 1867, Congress placed Virginia and the other former Confederate states under military rule to prevent civil officers from obstructing congressional Reconstruction.
The Vagrancy Act remained on the books until 1904. Although it was amended in 1874, 1886, 1895, and 1899, it continued to retain the provision requiring some vagrants to wear a ball and chain. In January 1904, a new law, An Act in Relation to Vagrancy, replaced the Vagrancy Act, making vagrancy a misdemeanor punishable by a bond payment and good conduct for one year.
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