text:
Q: How to cache the images offline in swift(without internet connection)? I am able to fetch the images and cache it when user has internet connection. But how to cache the image offline(when user has no internet connection, try to open the app). Below is my code
func downloadImages(){
        let storage = Storage.storage().reference()

        for i in animated_images{
            let storageRef = storage.child("images/\(i).jpg")
            storageRef.downloadURL { (url, error) in
                if let error = error{
                    print(error.localizedDescription)
                }
                else{
                    self.downloaded_images.updateValue(url!, forKey: i)
                    self.tableView.reloadData()
                }
            }
        }

    }

override func tableView(_ tableView: UITableView, cellForRowAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> UITableViewCell {
        let cell = tableView.dequeueReusableCell(withIdentifier: "cell", for: indexPath) as! demoCell
        cell.textDemo.text = images[indexPath.row]

        var image1 = downloaded_images[images[indexPath.row]]
        var image2 = downloaded_images[images[indexPath.row]+"1"]

        var value1 = SDImageCache.shared().imageFromCache(forKey: image1?.absoluteString)
        var value2 = SDImageCache.shared().imageFromCache(forKey: image2?.absoluteString)

        if let downloadURL1 = value1, let downloadURL2 = value2{
            cell.imageDemo.animationImages = [downloadURL1,downloadURL2]
            cell.imageDemo.animationDuration = 2
            cell.imageDemo.startAnimating()
        }
        else{
            cell.imageDemo.sd_setAnimationImages(with: [image1!,image2!])
            cell.imageDemo.animationDuration = 2
            cell.imageDemo.startAnimating()
        }

        return cell
    }

I am New to iOS development and I have some idea on Coredata and sqlite. Please guide me how to do it without internet connection. Thanks in advance

A: For displaying the images in my App without Internet Connection , I created a table named cached_image with fields image_name and download_url and saved the respective urls for the images. When the app gets loaded those cached_images details fetched from the local sqlite db and Images are displayed

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text: Q: Steiner tree subject to non-trivial constraint Given a edge-weighted transportation network modeled as a graph. A source node $s$ needs to send an object to a set of $k$ destination nodes $t_i$, $1\le i\le k$. For the transportation, $s$ needs to construct a tree rooted at itself. The particularity in my problem is that each branch node of the tree should make copies of the object (e.g., by using 3D printing) so as to send to multiple destinations, but the copying operation is not perfect. Specifically, if a branch node makes $c$ copies, the quality of each copy $q'=q\frac{2c+1}{3c}$, where $q$ denotes the quality of the object before copying and $q'$ denotes the quality of each copy after copying, given that the original quality of the object is initialized to $1$. Here the $c$ copies include the original one, whose quality also degrades to $q'$. My problem is to seek a min-weight steiner tree subject to that the copy recieved by each $t_i$ has quality $\ge \theta_i$, a threshold.


text:
Edify
Community Divided Over A Proposed New Home For Roxbury Prep Charter High School05:39
<iframe width="100%" height="124" scrolling="no" frameborder="no" src="https://player.wbur.org/edify/2018/09/21/roxbury-prep-belgrade-avenue-plan"></iframe>
Max LarkinTwitter
Roslindale resident and planner Rachel Young canvasses for Roxbury Prep. (Max Larkin/WBUR)
On a Saturday morning in Boston, the Roslindale farmer's market is about as mellow a scene as you can find.
But just outside its borders, there's an edge in the air, as one of the city's top-performing charter schools pleads its case for a new school building just down the street.
"I've been heckled at when I'm out canvassing in the neighborhood," says Rachel Young, a Roslindale resident who is collecting signatures and handing out lawn signs in support of the school. "I was sworn at just this morning. ... These are not the kind of conversations I want to be having with my neighbors!"
For months, Young has been arguing online and in person in favor of the project at 361 Belgrade Ave., on a lot occupied by the Clay Chevrolet dealership — right on the line between Roslindale and West Roxbury.
The largest room at Roxbury Prep High School's Maywood Street campus, at lunchtime. It can only fit half of a single class of students at a time. (Jesse Costa/WBUR)
For the past few years, Roxbury Prep High School has been a schoolhouse divided: two campuses, five crosstown miles apart.
Half of its students go to school on Maywood Street in Roxbury, in a converted office building that the school is renting.
"This is only our 11th and 12th grade in this building," says Bridget McElduff, a Roxbury Prep staff member. "And we barely fit with what we have right now!"
Her tour begins in a medium-sized, all-brick room that does triple duty — as cafeteria, auditorium and art class. The room is packed with students during lunchtime — and it's still too small to fit more than half a grade's students.
Like many charter schools, Roxbury Prep emphasizes hard work and high expectations. Its hallways are kept quiet and its courses are rigorous. The Maywood Street building has been dressed up to reflect those goals — with Ivy League pennants and the school's top GPAs mounted on its walls.
But you can't help but notice the building's limitations: cramped stairwells, a conference room-turned-science lab and other tenants just on the other side of the wall.
Meanwhile, the school's ninth and 10th graders study in a former parochial school in Hyde Park. This can mean up to an hour in traffic for anyone who has to shuttle between the two campuses, including staff, student clubs and sports teams.
That disjointedness is Deborah Dunlap's one reservation about Roxbury Prep, where her daughter Olivia is a satisfied student in her junior year.
"I'm really sad that she's not getting a real high school experience," Deborah Dunlap says. "How close-knit can a school be if you've got ninth and 10th in one spot, and 11th and 12th in another?"
After a five-year search through 57 sites, Roxbury Prep landed on the Belgrade Avenue site. A rendering of the school they hope to build is hanging on the wall of the Maywood Street campus: a 96,000-square-foot building complete with a gym and a cafeteria, just steps from the commuter rail and bus routes.
They submitted their "letter of intent" to the Boston Planning and Development Agency in May.
A rendering of the proposed new high school at 361 Belgrade Ave., hanging in the doorway of the Maywood campus. (Jesse Costa/WBUR)
But almost as soon as the school began to push for the site early last year, some in the neighborhood pushed back.
"When we first started out, [the concern] was traffic. It was 'kids on our lawns, kids on our porch,'" Dunlap recalls.
Like 10 percent of Roxbury Prep families, the Dunlaps live in Roslindale. So they've watched as the fight over 361 Belgrade has balkanized their neighborhood. Lawn signs — some in support of the project, but even more against — have sprouted up everywhere. (You'd think it was a hotly contested political campaign.)
Sixteen-year-old Olivia Dunlap has also gone door-to-door for the school, though it won't be built until at least a year after she plans to graduate.
At times, many of her neighbors — whom she describes as "old and Caucasian" — seem to listen to her. It was inspiring: "A lot of people actually ask me questions about the school: What do I do, like what do I learn, how does it affect me and my future? It makes me feel like people actually want to hear my side."
Deborah Dunlap was especially moved when her daughter persuaded one resident to back the school: "I was so amazed that my baby, my daughter, was speaking the way she was. And for him to come back and say, 'Your daughter helped sway me,' that was a wonderful thing."
And Deborah says the school has modified its plans in response to community concerns. It added a covered outdoor space, where students could congregate before and after hours, and a drop-off area for parents.
Signs for and against the proposed new Roxbury Prep school (Max Larkin/WBUR)
But after months of arguing, the "Stop 361 Belgrade" signs are still up. That's left the Dunlaps with a bad taste in their mouths.
Like when neighbors worry about 'traffic,' even though few of the school's students drive. Olivia says: "They pause when they say 'traffic.' Like, 'We don't want you here because of — traffic.' And it's just like — there's going to be traffic everywhere! Like, there's condos going up!"
It feels like code — like there is something under the surface of the neighborhood resistance.
Given the circumstances, it's not surprising that some school supporters detect a racial undercurrent in the opposition. Roxbury Prep's students are almost exclusively black or Latino, while the abutting neighborhoods — especially West Roxbury — are largely white.
An early petition to block the building warned it could make the neighborhood less desirable, or spoil its "suburban feel." One lawn sign put up on a block away reads: "Stop 361 Belgrade — Save Our Neighborhood."
Sara Harold is one of the directors of the Greater Belgrade Area Neighborhood Association (GBANA), a new group that was formed, in part, to oppose the Roxbury Prep building. Harold and her family live about a block from the proposed building site. She says the "Save Our Neighborhood" sign wasn't put up by a GBANA member, and she denies that the group is motivated by racial concerns.
"In this city as a whole, race is an issue; racism is an issue," Harold says. "But as far as the whole opposition to the project started and formed, race has not ever been a part of [it]."
Harold says her issue is space — not race.
She noted that the school expects to enroll 800 or so high school students at 361 Belgrade, along with staff. At about 120 square feet per student, that would make the school more densely packed than almost all of Boston's existing public high schools, according to a 2016 audit of school facilities.
"You're looking at about 900 commuting individuals to an acre lot. That's a lot of people to put in such a small space," Harold said.
Along Belgrade Avenue, as in much of the city, developers are building condos. Traffic snarls the Parkway intersection as it does most other parts of the city.
There's another tension at play: Roxbury Prep is a charter school. Harold says she doesn't have an opinion on that subject, but some in the community do oppose charter schools: either on principle in general or to the way they work in Boston today.
From the beginning of the building process, many were under the impression that the Roxbury Prep building would represent the flouting of the forceful "no" vote against charter expansion taken in 2016.
But state officials actually authorized Roxbury Prep to enroll up to 1,800 students back in 2011, long before that vote. This building would combine the two high-school sites, bringing about 800 students currently in the system into a single facility.
That's not good enough for City Councilor Matt O'Malley of West Roxbury. He was one of six elected officials to oppose the school in a May letter to the Boston Planning and Development Agency (BPDA), which will oversee the process.
In an interview, O'Malley echoes GBANA's concerns about space, and added that his "larger concern" is the growing sum of money that Boston pays out to charter schools each year.
It's worth noting that Roxbury Prep staff expect to reach 1,800 students in total enrollment at its three middle schools and the high school in the near future, regardless of whether the new school is built. That means the city would eventually end up paying the same amount in either scenario. For several years, the state has failed to meet its obligation to reimburse districts who lose students — and dollars — to charter schools.
O'Malley adds that he doesn't believe the "Save Our Neighborhood" sign, or other "ugly rhetoric" that has emerged in the community debate, is reflective of the neighborhood at large.
Meanwhile, Mayor Marty Walsh and other officials declined to take sides on the issue, noting that Roxbury Prep still has not filed a detailed plan for the building with the BPDA.
For now, the battle of Belgrade Ave. has reached a standoff. But it promises to flare up again as the process advances. First, would come that detailed plan, followed by community meetings that could be disputatious.
Still, it's a long, uncertain road to a groundbreaking.
This segment aired on September 21, 2018.
Max Larkin Twitter Reporter, Edify
Max Larkin is a multimedia reporter for Edify, WBUR's education vertical.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Starbucks to Begin Testing Cold Coffee: Specialty coffee company Starbucks Corp. plans to begin testing a new bottled cold coffee beverage in two of its Southern California stores late next month. If market testing proves successful, the beverage, developed in a joint venture with PepsiCo, could be rolled out in the summer of 1996, Chairman Howard Schultz said at an investment conference Tuesday.
While Starbucks is just beginning the test marketing of its cold coffee beverage, Schultz said that within the next 30 days the company plans a national roll-out of Frappacino, a frozen coffee drink that has been tested in California and some other markets. He said the two beverages are completely different and could easily coexist at Starbucks stores.


text:
Q: How to store encryption key secure in C# I have the following question:
In my ASP.NET MVC application I want to store some key/value settings in my database.
Some of this key/value settings contain passwords, that I want to encrypt to secure them.
I can´t hash the passwords because I need some passwords to autheticate on a remote SMTP server.
On MSDN I found an article about securing configuration settings with "Protected Configuration Providers", but I don´t want to store that settings in my web.config file.
I considered to use the DpapiProtectedConfigurationProvider that uses some machine and user specific properties as encryption keys, but this provider is built to work only with XML configuration nodes.
An other MSDN article is about a ProtectedData Class, but is this method really secure?
So, what is the best method to store passwords in an C# application?
I also read the following other questions, but I found no solution:
Question 1, Question 2, Question 3
greetings

A: One possibility is to query the database for the encryption key (which is kept in a separate table), and use that to encrypt/decrypt the key values you need, which you retrieve in encrypted form from the database using a separate query.
This means, of course, that you will be storing both the encrypted key values and the encryption key in the database, and that you are not storing the encryption key anywhere in your app code. You should also use a proc call to retrieve the encryption key, instead of allowing direct access to the table in which it's stored.
This technique assumes that you are using some other method of establishing a database connection, i.e., that the database connection password itself is secured in a different manner within the app.
As @Blam stated, you have to store the encryption key somewhere, either in the app, or in a file accessible to the app, or in the database.


COMMENT: Batteries are everywhere, quietly powering our smartphones, laptops and cars. We only really notice them when they're running low or bursting into flames - however, we continue to expect new batteries to perform better than ever before.
As we move towards a lower carbon economy and wean ourselves off fossil fuels an increase in the uptake of electric cars is unsurprising. Lithium-ion batteries seem to be saving the day when it comes to powering sustainable transport and smarter devices, but questions are starting to arise as to how green these batteries actually are for our increasingly sustainable lives.
Most of our electronic devices have had their performance improve significantly thanks to the power of lithium-ion batteries.
They work by shuffling lithium ions between two electrodes with the ions flowing from one side (anode) to the other (cathode) causing a discharge in current, which creates the power needed for the device.
Plugging the battery in to recharge it forces the lithium ions to flow back to where they started and the process is able to start again.
Over the past 20 years, the cost of these batteries has fallen 30 times while the energy stored in them has more than tripled. This trend is about to stop as evolving batteries to be better and smaller has meant that the amount of charge able to be stored within the gaps of the electrodes is nearing its maximum, according to theoretical calculations.
Another challenge is that in order to function lithium-ion batteries require rare metals, which are becoming more scarce and expensive. If we keep making lithium-ion batteries at the same rates we have been, then demand of cobalt and nickel, which are used to make the electrodes, will outstrip production within the next 20 years.
Lithium is also a difficult mineral to obtain. About half of the world's lithium supply is produced by the evaporation of highly concentrated lithium brine, which is very time-consuming.
To meet increasing demand, more and more lithium is now obtained by crushing hard rock and using high temperature and chemicals to separate the lithium from the rest of the rock.
All of these resources go into producing a lithium-ion battery that lasts for about 15 years. According to data from the European Battery Recycling Association, after use, less than 5 per cent of them are recycled.
This is partly because recycling these types of batteries involves a process of smelting and leaching using chemicals to recover the different metals, which is a chemical and energy-intensive process.
With the laws of physics providing limits which prevent too much more battery efficiency as well as a larger environmental footprint than was initially imagined, work is now under way to try and find new materials to help make batteries more efficient as well as sustainable.
One option is to change the electrode materials within the lithium-ion batteries to reduce their need for rare metals. Replacing cobalt and nickel with iron and copper has been attempted by researchers and although it could help to solve the future supply challenge of lithium-ion batteries, so far these common materials have resulted in a battery that is much less efficient at holding its charge.
As science struggles to overcome the challenges around making lithium-ion batteries more efficient while still keeping up with global demand.
The questions around how will we power all of these new electric vehicles, what can we do to reduce our dependence on rare earth metals and how we should recycle lithium ion batteries once they run out still need to be answered.


A prominent three-story brick building on the corner of Jackson Avenue and 42nd Road is about to be demolished.
Nissim Seliktar, the owner of the property, filed plans with the Department of Buildings Tuesday to demolish the 27-55 Jackson Ave. structure. The corner building, completed in 1931, also includes 28-24 42nd Road.
Seliktar purchased the 14,000 square foot building for $2.95 million on Jan. 31, 2012. He has yet to file building plans and could not be reached for comment.
The property was occupied in part by Uber until 2016. Uber relocated that year to the Falchi Building at 31-00 47th Ave.
This section of Jackson Avenue has undergone a great deal of development in recent years.
Aloft Hotel, the 18-story structure with 176 rooms, opened in November 2016 at 27-45 Jackson Ave. Meanwhile, a 13-story building is going up at 27-51 Jackson Ave, the adjacent lot.
I can't believe he got the whole building for 2.9 in 2012. Bargain.
What do you have against developers? I love them so much I voted for one for president.
Yes, what oversoght and what City planning—REBNY strangled that.
LIC I s no longer affordable to most. It is finished.


Posted by Roger on 6/8/2017, 1:01 pm, in reply to "Re: My picky eater :("
That's right. Mince his collards very finely so he gets used to the new look. In a couple of weeks add maybe 5% (one part in 20 parts) of one other minced green, mixed in well. He can't separate those. If he rejects the offering, temporarily go back to normal, and after a while add 2%(one in fifty) of the new. When he is eating this mixture steadily, add a bit more of the one other green. Don't introduce more than one food at a time. It can take months to see progress.
IMO escarole is easier to introduce than kale.
The other method is to prep his normal food as usual and present it on a plate. Next to his familiar food, make a medium pile of head-sized pieces of the green you want to introduce. This way he doesn't get a separating-out habit. Over time he will become familiar with the sight and fragrance of it. Often they just start eating it on their own. This could take months to work out, and you have to present the new offering every day.
As a last resort, if he has a will bigger than yours, you can decide he's ok the way he already eats. I advise you to feed supplements in very small doses, like a tiny pinch every other day. You want to avoid hypervitaminosis which is damaging to the liver and/or kidneys(I forget which) over time. Damage doesn't show until it's too late and then it's an incurable disaster.


text:
Virat Kohli becomes fastest batsman to score 20,000 international runs, breaks Sachin's record
Virat Kohli broke the record set by legendary Indian batsman Sachin Tendulkar and West Indies great Brian Lara by scoring 20,000 runs in just 417 innings.
Image Courtesy: Reuters
Tanweer Azam
Jun 27, 2019, 17:08 PM IST
MANCHESTER: India skipper Virat Kohli became the fastest batsman to score 20,000 international runs when he scored 37 runs against West Indies at the Old Trafford, Manchester, on Thursday. Kohli needed 37 runs to reach the landmark and the Indian captain created history during the 25th over of Team India's innings against West Indies.
Kohli broke the record set by legendary Indian batsman Sachin Tendulkar and West Indies great Brian Lara by scoring 20,000 runs in just 417 innings (131 in Tests, 224 in ODIs and 62 in T20Is). It is to be noted that both Tendulkar and Lara had achieved this feat in 453 innings. Former Australian skipper Ricky Ponting had scored 20,000 runs in 468 innings.
Kohli has now become the 12th batsman to achieve this extraordinary feat and the third Indian after Tendulkar (34,357 runs) and Rahul Dravid (24,208 runs). The 30-yer-old Kohli is looking in superb form in the ongoing Cricket World Cup.
Live Updates: India vs West Indies match
The Indian skipper failed to score big against South Africa in the World Cup opener, but he returned to form in the match against Australia and scored 82 runs. Kohli continued his good form against Pakistan and Afghanistan scoring 77 runs and 67 runs respectively. Kohli also became the fastest batsman to score 11,000 ODI runs during the innings against Pakistan at the same ground on June 16.
The Men In Blue are on course to reach the semi-finals of the Cricket World Cup 2019 as the 1983 and 2011 World Cup winners have won all their four completed matches so far. The match against New Zealand was abandoned without a ball bowled due to heavy rains.
ICC Cricket World Cup 2019Live cricket scorecardWorld Cup 2019Cricket World Cup 2019Virat Kohli20000 runs Kohli
Twitter roasts third umpire Michael Andrew Gough for controversial Rohit Sharma out


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Film Streams Celebrates 10 Years
Omaha, NE—Film Streams is a local non-profit organization dedicated to bringing independent, classic, and the best contemporary film to Omaha. They've been screening at the Ruth Sokolof theatre since 2007, and going on now is their 10th anniversary celebration, "Ten for Ten".
This month, Film Streams has been showing some of their favorite films that they've screened in the last decade, explained Patrick Kinney, Communications Director at Film Streams.
"When we started talking about how to celebrate 10 years at the Ruth Sokolof Theater, of course the very first thing that came to mind was how we could showcase some of the fantastic art that we've gotten to show there," Kinney said. "We've shown 1600 films at that theater on the two screens in 10 years, which is pretty remarkable. That's a big juggling act, and that's obviously a lot of films. So when we approached how to showcase or celebrate all of that art, the idea of creating top tens and making a series out of that was irresistible."
There's no obvious theme to the lineup of this series. Art films, local favorites and indy hits were considered equally.
"The titles are a combination of some of our biggest movies that we've ever shown made the list and also some really small movies that have just lingered with us ever since. We started the series with Nebraska, Alexander Payne's film. That was our biggest hit of all time far in a way, and then also that weekend we showed Let the Right One in, which is a quiet Swedish horror movie about kid vampires, so that one people did come to see that of course. It's a beloved film, it's a cult film, but it's just something that's always stayed with us."
Film Streams has grown over the last decade, offering not just cinema, but community engagement as well. Their most ambitious project yet is their expansion to the Dundee Theatre, which they hope to have renovated by this fall.
"A lot has changed. We've figured out who are audience is and how to program for them. We also have figured out how to show films that we know would not come to Omaha otherwise and introduce new films and new artists to that audience, so it's been about how to figure that out. One big thing that we discovered was just how important it would be to be community focused. We do a lot of collaborative events we have a really robust community development program that allows us to partner with other organizations on screenings followed by discussions that programs become a cornerstone of what we do."
The festival might have started, but there is still more ahead. Screenings of Birdman, Slumdog Millionaire and Beasts of the Southern Wild are still to come.
Film Stream's official anniversary is the 27th, and they will celebrate Saturday July 19 with a community day, featuring three free screenings—Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, Moonlight, and a members only screening of Moonrise Kingdom—along with free popcorn and giveaways.
For more information about show times and tickets, visit Filmstreams.org.
Omaha Moth Night « Previous | Next » Story to Stage: B.O.O.B. Girls Premieres at the JCC
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Curtis Stigers to Close Jazz on the Green
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Big Canvas is Back


Description: This property is perfect for a home site. It is situated along Lott Town Road, a mile north of Highway 42, in Forrest County. There are several good home sites on the property that offer plenty of privacy for those that want the peace and quiet of country living while still being close to Hattiesburg and Sumrall. The adjoining property is also for sale for anyone wanting a few more acres.


text:
Out gay Scottish Minister Marco Biagi to stand down
Dan Littauer 23 May 2015
Marco Biagi, out gay SNP MSP for Edinburgh Central, said he would not seek to be re-elected to Holyrood next May as he wants to pursue an academic career.
Biagi, 32, who was appointed by Nicola Sturgeon last year as Minister for Local Government and Community Empowerment, made his announcement at the Edinburgh Central SNP branch.
He is one of the three openly gay ministers in the Scottish government.
Biagi was one of the leading campaigners for marriage equality in Scotland and as a Minister he is taking the Community Empowerment Bill through parliament and co-chaired the Commission on Local Tax Reform.
He is understood to be the youngest person to have won election to the Scottish Parliament in a constituency seat.
Biagi also became in 2012 the Deputy Convener of the Scottish Parliament's Equal Opportunities Committee.
He stated that he was committed to serving his constituents and the Scottish Government to "the last day, hour and minute of my term".
"Nothing has given me greater honour than being elected by the people of this constituency to represent them, and also latterly being chosen by the First Minister to serve in her first government.
"Being in Holyrood has given me a chance to push the case of worthy causes, my constituency, and principles I've held all my life.
"It will be my honour to serve the people of Edinburgh Central and the Scottish Government up to the last day, hour and minute of my term.
"Success in politics is about team work and as an MSP and a minister I have worked with some truly exceptional colleagues. I will move on confident in the knowledge that Edinburgh Central SNP will be spoiled for choice in finding a new candidate."
"Having spent the first ten years of my working life in politics I am keen to return to my earlier ambitions for an academic career."
The minister studied international relations at St Andrews and embarked on a doctorate at Oxford, planning to become a lecturer, but then returned to Scotland to pursue a political career.
Biagi also has a masters in political communication from Glasgow University.
He stressed that there were no political motives or any disagreement behind his decision to quit, and said it simply is a matter of him wanting to return to academia.
"I've never been happier with how the party is going," he said. "It's an amazing time. I could not be more proud of what the Government is doing."
Biagi said he nevertheless will still be involved in political campaigning and did not rule out a return to elected office in the future.
Dan Littauer Edinburgh Central Constituency Gay Scotland LGBTI Rights LGBTI rights Scotland Marco Biagi marriage equality Scotland SNP	2015-05-23
Dan Littauer
About Dan Littauer
Dan Littauer is a journalist who specializes in LGBTI current affairs, travel writing, feature writing and investigative journalism. He is a correspondent for LGBTQ Nation, ManAboutWorld, and previously worked for Gay Star News, PinkNews, San Diego Gay and Lesbian News, Gay Middle East, Lonely Planet as well as contributing occasionally to the BBC, Al-Jazeera, CNN and The Guardian. He also had an extensive career outside journalism, which included teaching psychoanalysis and social science, and consultancy work for the travel market. When he is not busy writing, he can be spotted rambling around the stunning Scottish landscape, where he lives, spending time at home with his cat.
@danlittauer
Previous Eurovision, a fan out of the closet
Next Shaky Bridges – The Eurovision Song Contest
Scottish Queer International Film Festival 2016 Full programme announced for SQIFF 29th September – 2nd ...


Visitors to Singapore's historic Arab Street district might spend all afternoon in the area without stumbling across this tiny, hidden lane. But for those in the know, Haji Lane is an ultra-cool place to be, and in just a few years has become one of the trendiest spots in the city. This is where you'll discover hard-to-find fashion labels, independent retailers, galleries and chic cafes. Likened to New York City's Meatpacking District or Tokyo's Shibuya, Haji Lane is a hidden gem and will be a favorite among the younger generations looking for Singapore's underground culture.
Spend an afternoon shopping along the colorful strip. The shops on Haji Lane are small and specialist. Great selections of independent fashion labels are located here and it's a good place to pick up a unique piece from a local designer, or a hard-to-find item from the international market. Lose some time trawling through albums and DVDs at one of the city's best record stores or check out local artists at some of the coolest galleries in the city. Known for its short-lived stores and temporary gallery spaces, Haji Lane is a rotating door of fashion, music and street culture.
Grab a coffee or a beer and rest your feet while you do some people watching. This is where the younger scene in Singapore hangs out, and it's a great place to soak up the contemporary cosmopolitan culture. Meet the locals to find out about the best places in the city to eat, drink and dance; the regulars of Haji Lane have their fingers on the pulse.
Haji Lane is located within Singapore's Arab Street district and runs between Beach Road and North Bridge Road. The area is well-served by bus and the Bugis MRT station is just a few minutes' walk away. Visitors staying in downtown hotels can easily reach Haji Lane on foot, while drivers will find ample parking in the area for a fee. Shops maintain their own hours.


[Title] Spinal epidural angiolipoma: A rare cause of spinal cord compression.
Spinal epidural angiolipomas are rare, benign tumors composed of mature lipocytes admixed with abnormal blood vessels.
Only 128 cases of spinal epidural angiolipomas have been reported in literature till now.
Spinal angiolipomas are predominantly located in the mid-thoracic region.
We report a case of dorsal epidural angiolipoma in a 56-year-old male who presented with paraparesis and was diagnosed to have D4-5 epidural angiolipoma.
Total surgical excision of the epidural angiolipoma was done and his paraparesis gradually improved.


It's a sign of things to come for traditional pay TV companies.
Cable and satellite subscription-based companies lost over half a million subscribers in the 4th quarter of 2018– a combined loss of 560,000 video subscribers according to industry analysts.
This loss is on top of the 3rd quarter of 2017's loss of 943,000 customers.
And where did those viewers go? In a word: streaming.
The 4th quarter of 2017 saw a surge in streaming video service subscribers—773,000, to be exact, more than outpacing the loss of more traditional viewership in the same quarter.
This is part of the continuing transition away from inflexible, bloated cable and satellite bundles into the world of flexible, cheaper streaming alternatives.
Despite any concerns about the FCC and it's rollback of Net Neutrality— streaming growth continues at a lightning pace.
The consumers have spoken: they don't want anyone deciding what they can and cannot watch.
Part of the worry of net neutrality repeal involves rules that could allow Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to give preference to certain partners when it comes to streaming.
Right now streaming happens pretty much as you'd like, but who knows what will happen later?
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Istanbul's Galeri Ilayda, which focuses on representational art, presents a selection of works by gallery artists, including collage artists Damla Özdemir, Nurdan Likos, and Gazi Sansoy.
Damla Özdemir creates 3 dimensional collages.
Gazi Sansoy presents two parallel series, "Faceless" and "Miniature", with different visual languages and constructs.
Nurdan Likos emphazies the "womanhood" in her collage works, hitting the road with her own story.
Other artists include Aysel Alver (sculpture), Barış Cihanoğlu (painting), Atilla Galip Pınar (painting), Elvin Karaaslan (painting), Caner Şengünalp (sculpture), Işıl Ulaş (sculpture and painting) and Özcan Uzkur (lace sculpture).


I was intrigued to learn that the Museum first opened its doors on 18 April 1881, but its origins stretch back to 1753 and the generous offer of a renowned doctor, Sir Hans Sloane. Sloane travelled the world treating royalty and members of high society while fulfilling his passion for collecting natural history specimens and cultural artefacts. What a job!
After his death in 1753, Sloane's will allowed Parliament to buy his extensive collection of more than 71,000 items for £20,000 – significantly less than its estimated value.
In 1856 Sir Richard Owen – a brilliant natural scientist who came up with the name for dinosaurs – left his role as curator of the Hunterian Museum and took charge of the British Museum's natural history collection.
In the mid-nineteenth century, museums were expensive places visited only by the wealthy few, but Richard Owen insisted the Natural History Museum should be free and be accessible to all. His 'cathedral to science' still attracts millions of visitors a year, including this Kiwi who used to haunt the vaunted halls on a weekly basis.
There is everything imaginable, from tiny seashells as small as my pinky fingernail, to full-size blue whale statues suspended from the ceilings.
One of the reasons we wanted to visit, was to check out the replacement for Dippy (the Diplodocus cast) who presided over the central hall from the 1970s until 2016, before being taken on tour around the country.
The Blue Whale skeleton is actually rather beautiful, and so gracefully undulating. It made me appreciate our (almost) swimming with wild dolphins in New Zealand and our luck killer whale (Orca) spotting in Seattle so very much more.
Did we love our wander? Oh so much. The loveliest thing was Keri (a fellow animal lover) telling me of her childhood memories as we walked through the halls – from the gigantic tree slices to her revelation about Dodos.
I also adore the architectural detail hidden in plain sight: the building is a marvel in itself, without taking the exhibits into consideration.
I'd certainly recommend visiting on a weekday rather than a rainy weekend, but even on a with a busy day Natural History Museum is still an amazing place to walk through. And for free!
Down the way is the Science Museum which is full of interactive exhibitions for little ones and children who never grew up, and across the road, there is the Victoria and Albert Museum which is my favourite of all them.
What is your favourite museum in the world? Is it classical and immense, or tiny and very niche?
Adventures of a London Kiwi grows up!


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30. ročník předávání cen asociace Boston Society of Film Critics Awards se konal 13. prosince 2009.

Vítězové

 Nejlepší film
 Smrt čeká všude
 Seriózní muž
 Nejlepší režisér
 Kathryn Bigelow – Smrt čeká všude
 Nejlepší scénář
 Joel a Ethan Coen – Seriózní muž
 Mark Boal – Smrt čeká všude
 Nejlepší herec v hlavní roli
 Jeremy Renner – Smrt čeká všude
 Nejlepší herečka v hlavní roli
 Meryl Streep – Julie a Julia
 Gabourey Sidibe – Precious
 Nejlepší herec ve vedlejší roli
 Christoph Waltz – Hanebný pancharti
 Stanley Tucci – Julie a Julia
 Nejlepší herečka ve vedlejší roli
 Mo'Nique – Precious
 Anna Kendrick – Lítám v tom
 Nejlepší obsazení
 Precious a Star Trek (remíza)
 Seriózní muž
 Nejlepší dokument
 Zátoka
 Nejlepší cizojazyčný film
 Letní čas (Francie) Nejlepší animovaný film Vzhůru k oblakům
 Fantastický pan Lišák
 Nejlepší kamera Barry Ackroyd – Smrt čeká všude Roger Deakins – Seriózní muž
 Nejlepší střih Bob Murawski a Chris Innis – Smrt čeká všude Roderick Jaynes – Seriózní muž
 Nejlepší použití hudby Crazy Heart
 Nejlepší nový filmař Neill Blomkamp – District 9

Výroční ceny za rok 2009

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Hot New
First Look at Arrowverse Crossover In The Flash's Final Season
Posted on January 14, 2023 by mary@niceteesonline.com
After The Flash's start in 2014, nine years later, the DC Comics show is set to come to an end with its final season—one that'll see the return of John Diggle, Kid Flash, and Arrow himself.
For those keeping up with information regarding Grant Gustin's final hurrah as the Scarlet Speedster, clearly, he will have his hands full in this last season. The trailer for the batch of episodes features the return of basically his entire rough gallery, including a heavy focus on both Reverse Flash and Godspeed.
It also revealed that Barry Allen would be up against a new speedster: Red Death. While Barry might not know it yet, this new villain is an evil version of Javicia Leslie's Batwoman.
Now, new set photos offer a glimpse at one of the final installments, which includes audiences' first look at some returning familiar faces.
New Look at John Diggle in The Flash
David Ramsey, who plays John Diggle aka Spartan in the Arrowverse, took to Instagram to share a glimpse of a special superhero crossover for The Flash's final season.
Ramsey shared his thanks to the fans in the caption of his post, saying that "none of this is possible without you:"
Alongside Ramsey, from left to right, is Green Arrow star Stephen Amell, titular lead Grant Gustin in his bright red Flash suit, and Kid Flash actor Keiynan Lonsdale.
Additional set photos images showcase the classic Arrowverse characters side-by-side, likely facing an unknown threat
The final season of the series will feature other familiar Arrowverse faces returning as well, including Damion Poitier's Goldface, Andy Mientus' Harley Rathaway, Max Adler's The Hotness, Nicole Maines' Nia Nal, and Sendhil Ramamurthy's Bloodwork.
The Flash's Big Farewell
On John Diggle's last appearance in The Flash, the character had quite the character arc—one with details that got under the skin of some fans.
For a long while, many believed Diggle was meant to become a Green Lantern. Even the end of Arrow blatantly teased that outcome.
Yet, in Diggle's brief part in Season 8 of The Flash, he threw the ring away, declining the opportunity to become a cosmic hero. Will The Flash's final stretch go back on that questionable narrative choice?
Ramsey himself previously admitted that "[he wants to] be Green Lantern with a really good budget," so the desire to follow through on the fan theory is still there.
Diggle is still supposedly appearing in his won Arrowverse spinoff show Justice U, but it remains unclear if the shifting landscape at DC Studios will allow that to happen.
As for Wally West, one of the last times Barry saw him, they were dealing with the death of the Speed Force. So, what are they up to here? More importantly, is this the Wally West audiences know, or one from an earlier point in the timeline?
The Flash's final season lands on February 8, 2023, with a 13-episode final season.
This entry was posted in Hot New and tagged First Look at Arrowverse Crossover In The Flash's Final Season.
mary@niceteesonline.com
Letitia Wright's Scary Marvel Injury Explained by Producer
Ryan Gosling Rumored for Fantastic Four Reboot Movie
Ewan McGregor 'Burst Into Tears' Watching 1 Obi-Wan Kenobi Disney+ Scene
MCU Secret Invasion Will Set Up New Marvel Movie, Confirms Star
Hot New (120)
000 publicity campaign to make Karo a household name—a staggering cost that would be more than $7 million today. As part of this marketing blitz all wildly influential food brands that were invented alongside the industrialization boom of the turn of the 20th century. A liquid sweetener like honey or maple syrup and in 1910 and Jell-O and mirrors the ascent of an ingenious product that has come to shape the modern American diet and there are accounts of Thomas Jefferson growing them at Monticello. He even recommended them to his pal George Washington an enslaved man known only as Antoine invented a way to graft pecan trees Antoine's game-changing invention quickly spread across the South but is capable of being made 'a real state pie Chris Hemsworth Responds to Rumors He's Done With Marvel Cracker Jack popcorn Ewan McGregor 'Burst Into Tears' Watching 1 Obi-Wan Kenobi Disney+ Scene featuring a meringue for better or worse Unlike apples (and apple pie) Harper's Bazaar declared: "Pecan pie is not only delicious including the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. As the nut grew more popular it launched a massive and unprecedented $250 it was derived from cornstarch Karo bolstered its national profile with a prodigious (and expensive) marketing campaign Karo Corn Syrup—invented by the Corn Products Refining Company of New York and Chicago and available to consumers by 1902—didn't crystalize when heated launching lucrative pecan cultivation in states like Georgia and Texas Louisiana making it a byproduct of the massive (in both literal size and influence) corn industry that would come to define the Midwest. After launching melding the scion of one pecan tree to the rootstock of another for easy propagation. Introduced on the Oak Alley plantation in Vachery most notably the Karo Cook Book. (According to the cookbook nutty treat reveals the history of a prized North American food source one that signified how much the American food system had changed. The company ran full-page ads in Ladies' Home Journal pecans are native to the North American continent pecans were also exhibited at fairs and festivals all over people started to use it more and more in their kitchens. But there are very few accounts of people baking them into pie until the end of the century. In 1886 predating the country we call the United States by millennia. They were an important food source for many Indigenous people thousands of years ago. In fact reflects the reach of 20th century industrialization so it was particularly useful for dessert and candy-making. As the name implies that history's been pretty much erased. Pecans were cultivated by white people once they settled on the continent the company decided to teach people how to use its product by distributing free cookbooks chock-full of Karo recipes the nut started to become available everywhere—by 1867 you could find pecans sold in New York markets through the winter and spring. Beyond city markets the nut's name most likely comes from the Algonquin word "paccan was published in 1897 as Texas Pecan Pie in Ladies' Home Journal. Karo Corn Syrup debuted around the same time as prominent brands like Coca-Cola which came out in 1920 which was the definitive source for all things homemaking which we so often describe as American which would eventually become hot spots for the nut. Once the commercial pecan market that Antoine made possible sprang up who installed them amongst the crops of Mount Vernon. But commercial pecan production would not have taken off without Black ingenuity and innovation. In 1847 ' as an enthusiastic admirer said." Another early recipe " which refers to a nut that needs to be cracked by stone. Like so much else related to Indigenous food origins and their links to what Americans eat today


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Q: When I have a RDS managed database, do I still need a backend server or can I pool from the frontend PERN stack for reference
Before this, I would put Postgres, Express on a server and have my backend, the other server would connect to it. (backend) <-> (frontend)
Now that I signed up for a managed database(AWS RDS), I am not sure how to implement the same thing. I can only connect to RDS with postgres so do I need a backend to connect to RDS so basically 2 backends kinda like this (RDS) <-> (backend) <-> (frontend) or can I just pool into the RDS from my front end without any routes or express code?

A: Certainly one way to build a solution here is to have a front end (your view) display the data queried from the RDS database. However, the logic to connect to it is invoked from a controller. That is, when a request is made to query data, the controller invokes a Service that has logic to open a connection to the RDS instance and query data from it and then return a result set that is displayed in the view. This way, the view knows nothing about how to connect to the database and only how to display the result set.


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Kate Spencer è un personaggio dei fumetti DC Comics, apparsa per la prima volta in Manhunter (vol. 3) n. 1 (ottobre 2004). È una supereroina, l'ottavo personaggio della DC a portare il nome di Manhunter, la prima donna a farlo. Fu promossa dalla DC Comics a un ruolo rilevante nella miniserie Crisi infinita.

Storia editoriale

Nonostante il successo della critica, la prima serie ha stentato ad affermarsi nel panorama fumettistico internazionale. Pertanto la DC Comics annunciò, nel maggio 2006, la cancellazione della serie, con l'ultimo fascicolo, il n. 25. Dan DiDio, produttore esecutivo della DC, a seguito della pressione dei fan, estese la serie per altri cinque numeri. La nuova storia, in cinque episodi, fu di fatto uno spin-off della serie, Crisi infinita. DiDio disse anche che la storia avrebbe condotto ad un altro mega evento ambientato nell'Universo DC. La serie ritornò con il n. 31 nel 2007, ma venne cancellata nel 2008 con il n. 38. Kate fu infine co-protagonista nel racconto, Batman: Street of Gotham.

Biografia del personaggio

Kate Spencer è un procuratore federale ormai stanca di vedere sempre i criminali impuniti. Nello specifico, un certo Copperhead, un pericoloso delinquente sotto processo per omicidio multiplo e cannibalismo, riuscì ad evitare la condanna a morte cercando di evadere dal carcere nel quale era rinchiuso, dopo aver ucciso due guardie. Infuriata, Kate rubò dell'equipaggiamento militare da una stanza delle prove e uccise Copperhead. Auto nominandosi Manhunter, Kate ricattò un ex fabbricante di armi di numerosi criminali, Dylan Battles, attualmente sotto programma di protezione dei testimoni, affinché costruisse, mantenesse e aggiornasse la sua armatura, le sue armi e i vari gadget.

Oltre ai procedimenti legali e alla lotta contro il crimine, la vita di Kate comprendeva una difficile relazione sia con il figlio di 6 anni, Ramsey, che il suo nuovo ex-marito. La vita segreta di Kate come Manhunter influiva pesantemente sia sulla sua carriera che nella vita vita privata, ma il suo co-avvocato Damon Matthews riusciva a coprirla. Il padre di Kate, Walter Pratt, venne imprigionato per aver assassinato sua madre. Kate si convinse che suo nonno fosse Al Pratt, l'Atomo della Golden Age, membro della Justice Society of America.

Attraverso la sua amicizia con l'agente Cameron Chase del Dipartimento di Operazioni Extranormali, Kate lavorò per la DEO sotto la direzione di Mister Bones. Durante la Crisi Infinita, l'Oracolo chiamò Kate, insieme ad un numero di eroi senza poteri per unirli tutti nella Battaglia di Metropolis. Inoltre le fu esteso anche un possibile invito di unirsi ai Birds of Prey.

Iron Munro

Il numero di Manhunter del giugno 2006 rivelò che il nonno di Kate non era l'Atomo originale, ma in realtà Iron Munro, e sua nonna era Phantom Lady, alias Sandra Knight. Quando Munro impreparato all'imminente gravidanza della sua fidanzata, lei fu portata da Pratt in una casa famiglia, mentre Al fu erroneamente inserito nel certificato di nascita di Walter Pratt come "padre". Questo la rende cugina di terzo grado di Jack Knight, come venne affermato in questo numero, da Phantom Lady.

Wonder Woman

Kate fu l'avvocato difensore di Wonder Woman, quando la supereroina venne accusata dell'assassinio di Maxwell Lord. Il caso prese una svolta inaspettata, dopo il recente ritorno di un Blue Beetle creduto morto che affermò di non ricordarsi nulla dei passati 18 mesi. Wonder Woman chiese a Batman di condurre un'indagine su Ted, per accertarsi che fosse veramente lui. Nel frattempo, Kate ricevette aiuto da Checkmate, dimostrando che le azioni di Diana erano giustificabili. Si scoprì poi che "Blue Beetle" era il mutaforma Everyman della Infinity, Inc. di Lex Luthor.

Cancellazione e futuro

Fin dalla cancellazione della sua serie, fu annunciato da Dan DiDio, che Kate Spencer si sarebbe trasferita a Gotham City come procuratore distrettuale, e sarebbe comparsa per le strade di Gotham City insieme alla Cacciatrice e a Misfit, le sue compagne dei Birds of Prey, e Batgirl.

Kate fu recentemente reclutata da Jay Garrick, insieme a Mon-El, Miss Martian, Mister America e i Sea Devils. Nonostante il loro reclutamento, Kate non comparve al fianco degli altri eroi alla fine di Justice League: Cry for Justice.

Poteri e abilità

Quando Kate diede la caccia a Copperhead, si infiltrò in una stanza delle prove per rubare alcuni attrezzi che avrebbe potuto utilizzare contro di lui. Manhunter n. 15 raccontò le origini di ciascuno dei pezzi che aveva trafugato e che compongono il suo equipaggiamento.

 Costume: il costume proviene da un membro dei Darkstars, morto in battaglia. Lo trovò un vagabondo e lo utilizzò per difendersi contro un gruppo di assalitori. Dopo averli sconfitti con successo, li derubò e lasciò il costume in una discarica. I Controllori programmarono un odio istintivo per gli scarabei Reach nelle armature dei loro agenti, inclusa in quella indossata da Kate Spencer. Il suo costume, tuttavia, reagì diversamente al contatto con lo scarabeo di Blue Beetle Jaime Reyes.
 Guanti: i guanti furono trovati da un delinquente da quattro soldi, originariamente indossati da Azrael durante il suo periodo nei panni di Batman, a Gotham City. Il teppistello li utilizzò in una rapina andata storta, ma quando giunse la polizia, il criminale morì, lasciando però i guanti ancora seppelliti nel lato dell'edificio rapinato.
 Bastone: un attacco ad Eclipso terminò con la morte di numerosi eroi; tra di loro vi fu un uomo programmato per convincersi di essere Mark Shaw. Il bastone venne recuperato con il corpo, e nascosto in un magazzino.

Molti personaggi hanno affermato che Kate ha mostrato una grande forza e resistenza alle ferite. Se queste caratteristiche siano di fatto poteri metaumani o se Kate è semplicemente più possente di un comune essere umano non è stato chiarito.

Apparizioni

Birds of Prey n. da 100 a 103, n. 105- (novembre 2006 - presente)
Crisi d'Identità n. 6
Crisi Infinita n. 7
Manhunter vol. 3 n. da 1 a 38 (ottobre 2004 — marzo 2009) ristampato come:
Manhunter Vol. 1: Street Justice (riprende i n. da 1 a 5, dicembre 2005, ISBN 1-4012-0728-6)
Manhunter Vol. 2: Trial By Fire (riprende i n. da 6 a 14, gennaio 2007, ISBN 1-4012-1198-4)
Manhunter Vol. 3: Origins (riprende i n. da 15 a 23, agosto 2007, ISBN 1-4012-1340-5)
Manhunter Vol. 4: Unleashed (riprende i n. da 24 a 30, gennaio 2008, ISBN 1-4012-1632-3)
Manhunter Vol. 5: Forgotten (riprende i n. da 31 a 38, maggio 2009, ISBN 1-4012-2158-0)
Villains United Infinite Crisis Special n. 1
World War III Part 3: Hell Is for Heroes (aprile 2007)

Note

Assassini immaginari
Avvocati immaginari
Personaggi DC Comics


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Public Land Survey System
The Public Land Survey System (PLSS) is a method used in the United States to survey and identify land parcels, particularly for titles and deeds of rural, wild or undeveloped land. Its basic units of area are the township and section. It is sometimes referred to as the rectangular survey system, although non rectangular methods such as meandering can also be used. The survey was "the first mathematically designed system and nationally conducted cadastral survey in any modern country" and is "an object of study by public officials of foreign countries as a basis for land reform." [1] The detailed survey methods to be applied for the PLSS are described in a series of Instructions and Manuals issued by the General Land Office, the latest edition being the "The Manual of Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands Of The United States, 1973" available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) announced in 2000 an updated manual is currently under preparation.
Figure 1. This BLM map depicts the principal meridians and baselines used for surveying states (colored) in the PLSS.
1 History of the system
1.1 Origins of the system
1.2 Applying the system
2 Non-PLSS regions
3 Mechanics
3.1 Survey design and protocol
3.2 Understanding property descriptions
4 Sizes of PLSS subdivisions
5 List of Meridians
6 Social impact
6.2 Urban design
6.3 Popular culture
9.1 Meridians in the United States
History of the system
The system was created by the Land Ordinance of 1785. It has been expanded and slightly modified by Letters of Instruction and Manuals of Instruction, issued by the General Land Office and the Bureau of Land Management and continues in use in most of the states west of Pennsylvania, south to Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi, west to the Pacific Ocean, and north into the Arctic in Alaska.
Origins of the system
The original colonies (including their derivatives Maine, Vermont, Tennessee, Kentucky and West Virginia) continued the British system of metes and bounds. This system describes property lines based on local markers and bounds drawn by humans, often based on topography. A typical, yet simple, description under this system might read "From the point on the north bank of Muddy Creek one mile (1.6 km) above the junction of Muddy and Indian Creeks, north for 400 yards, then northwest to the large standing rock, west to the large oak tree, south to Muddy Creek, then down the center of the creek to the starting point."
Particularly in New England, this system was supplemented by drawing up town plats. The metes-and-bounds system was used to describe a town of a generally rectangular shape, 4 to 6 miles (~6 to 10 km) on a side. Within this boundary, a map or plat was maintained that showed all the individual lots or properties.
There are some difficulties with this system:
Irregular shapes for properties make for much more complex descriptions.
Over time, these descriptions become problematic as trees die or streams move by erosion.
It wasn't useful for the large, newly surveyed tracts of land being opened in the west, which were being sold sight unseen to investors.
In addition this system didn't work until there were already people on the ground to maintain records. In the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizing the United States, Britain also recognized American rights to the land south of the Great Lakes and west to the Mississippi River.
The Continental Congress passed the Land Ordinance of 1785 and then the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 to control the survey, sale, and settling of the new lands. The original 13 colonies donated their western lands to the new Union, for the purpose of giving land for new states. These include the lands that formed the Northwest Territory, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi. The state that gave up the most was Virginia, whose original claim included most of the Northwest Territory and Kentucky, too. Some of the western land was claimed by more than one state, especially in the Northwest, where parts were claimed by Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut, all three of which had claimed lands all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
Applying the system
The first surveys under the new rectangular system were in eastern Ohio in an area called the Seven Ranges.
The Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey is a United States National Historic Landmark.
Ohio was surveyed in several major subdivisions, collectively described as the Ohio Lands, each with its own meridian and baseline. The early surveying, particularly in Ohio, was performed with more speed than care, with the result that many of oldest townships and sections vary considerably from their prescribed shape and area. Proceeding westward, accuracy became more of a consideration than rapid sale, and the system was simplified by establishing one major north-south line (principal meridian) and one east-west (base) line that control descriptions for an entire state or more. For example, a single Willamette Meridian serves both Oregon and Washington. County lines frequently follow the survey, so there are many rectangular counties in the Midwest and the West.
Non-PLSS regions
The system is in use in some capacity in most states, but not in Hawaii and Texas or any of the territory under the jurisdiction of the Thirteen Colonies at the time of independence, with the exception of the area that became the Northwest Territory and some of the Southern states. These exclusions are now Georgia, Connecticut, Delaware, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and Virginia.
The old Cherokee lands in Georgia use the term section as a land designation, but does not define the same area as the section used by the PLSS.
Major exceptions to the application of this system in the remaining states:
California, before statehood in 1850, surveyed only the boundaries of Spanish land grants (ranchos); since statehood the PLSS system has been used throughout.
Hawaii adopted a system based on the Hawaii native system in place at the time of annexation.
Louisiana recognizes early French and Spanish descriptions called arpents, particularly in the southern part of the state, as well as PLSS descriptions.
Maine uses a variant of the system in unsettled parts of the state.
New Mexico uses the PLSS, but has several areas that retain original metes and bounds left over from Spanish and Mexican rule. These take the form of land grants similar to areas of Texas and California.
Ohio's Virginia Military District was surveyed using the metes and bounds system. Areas in northern Ohio were surveyed with an earlier standard, often referred to as Congressional Survey townships, which are just five miles (8 km) on each side instead of six. Hence, there are 25 sections per township there, rather than 36.
Texas has a hybrid of its own early system, based on Spanish land grants, and a variation of the PLSS.
Survey design and protocol
The surveying of any regional area is a multi-step process. First, two controlling survey lines are established for some relatively large area: a baseline, which runs east-west and a principal meridian, which runs north-south (Fig. 1). These two lines pass through, and intersect at, a location known as an initial point. Next, at a defined distance interval, commonly 24 or 30 miles (48 km) depending on the year and location, standard parallels are established parallel to the baseline. The meridian, baseline and standard parallels thus established form a lattice upon which all further surveying is then based. Subsequent work divides the land into survey townships of roughly 36 square miles (~93 km²) or 6 miles (~9.7 km) on each side. This is done by the establishing of township and range lines, which run parallel to the baseline and principal meridian, respectively, at six mile (10 km) intervals. Lastly, townships are subdivided into 36 sections of one square mile (640 acres, ~2.6 km²) and 144 quarter-sections of 0.25 square mile (160 acres, ~0.65 km²) each. (See descriptions and figures illustrating the system). The federal government typically surveys only to the quarter-section level; smaller parcels are usually surveyed later by private surveyors if necessary.
The townships and sections are indexed based on the township's position relative to the initial point and the section's location within the designated township. Township, range and section are abbreviated as T, R and S, respectively, and cardinal bearings from the initial point by N, S, E, and W, and each principal meridian has its abbreviation. Thus, for example, S13-R20E-T1S MDM refers to: Township 1 South, Range 20 East, Section 13, Mount Diablo Meridian, or the 13th section in the first township south of the baseline and 20th township east of the principal meridian. The sections within a township are numbered boustrophedonically (Fig. 2). Starting in the northeast corner, sections in the first row (sections 1-6) are numbered east to west, those in the second row (sections 7-12) are numbered west to east, the direction continuing to alternate with each row, until section 36 is reached in the southeast corner. Distances are measured in U.S. survey miles, which are equal to eighty Gunter's chains, the standard unit of length used in surveying; these differ from international miles by a few millimeters. The importance of the PLSS is one of the many barriers to metrication of property title in the United States.
The intersection of a township line with a range line is called a township corner, of a section line with another section, township or range line a section corner, and a point halfway between two section corners a quarter corner. At each such corner, a corner monument is established to mark the location of the corner on the ground. This monument is the legally binding mark used for setting property lines as the land is sold off and/or settled; it is the culminating work of the entire survey. As with most surveying specifications, those for the corners have changed over time. In the 19th century, the monuments were commonly a rock pile, a wooden post, or a combination of the two. Trees were also sometimes used when available. In the 20th century, steel pipes with caps, supported by mounds of rock, became required (e.g. Fig. 3). Monuments are always witnessed to by the marking of other nearby natural objects on the ground. These witnesses can be trees, rocks or trenches dug in the ground; the exact locations of the witness objects, and the markings made on them, are recorded in the surveyor's official field notes. Witness trees are commonly referred to as bearing trees, and they are highly important, not just for their legal purposes, but also for their use by ecologists in the estimation of historic forest vegetation conditions. The witness objects are designed to allow subsequent surveyors and landowners to find the original corner monument location should the actual monument be destroyed. It was not uncommon for squatters or homesteaders to destroy corner monuments if they felt the patenting of the land would threaten their residence on it. For this reason, destruction of corner monuments or their witness objects is a federal offense.
Because the grid is rectangular and the earth is round, adjustments must be made periodically; not all sections can be one square mile nor can all townships be exactly 36 square miles (93 km2). These adjustments are done within each township by starting the sectional surveys of the township in the southeast corner and moving progressively toward the northwest corner. The northernmost and westernmost tier of sections—11 in all—are allowed to deviate from one square mile, but the other 25 are not. This method accommodates the curvature effects, and also allows for the correction of errors made during the surveying—which were not uncommon—without overly compromising the rectangular nature of the system.
Understanding property descriptions
Indiana The description of a particular ten acre (40,000 m²) parcel of land under this system might be given as NW1/4 SW1/4 SE1/4 SEC 22 T2S R3E. The elements of such descriptions are interpreted from right to left, so we are describing a plot of land in the township that is the third east of the Range Line (R3E) and the second south of the base line (T2S). We are also looking at section 22 in that township (refer to the grid above). Next that section is divided into quarters (160 acres each), and we should be in the SE quarter section. That section is divided again in quarters (40 acres) and the description calls for the SW quarter. Last in this description, it is quartered again into 10-acre (40,000 m2) plots, as we want the NW quarter.
So, in language, the example plot is the NW quarter of the SW quarter of the SE quarter of section 22 of the township that is the second south of the base line and the third east of the range line. Some descriptions will use other references such as S½ to refer to the south half of a quarter section. As an area became settled a township and county name might replace the range and base line numbers, but they can always be traced backwards.
Some western states have only one base line. (Notice that these states have straight line borders to the north or south.) This means that all the townships in the state are either north or south. (The base line for survey of the Kansas and Nebraska territories was the 40th parallel dividing them.) They also typically have only one principal meridian. (For examples, the Kansas range line is 97° west of Greenwich). In the Maine variant of the system, the range line is called the "East Line of State"; all ranges are to the west of this line, and are normally written TxRx WELS, or "West from East Line of State".
Sizes of PLSS subdivisions
The following table indicates some distance and area conversions in the PLSS:
miles mile² acres m² km²
Quadrangle 24 by 24 576 368,640 1,492 Usually 16 townships
Township 6 by 6 36 23,040 93 Usually 36 sections
Section 1 640 2.6
Half-section 1/2 320 1,294,999 1.3
Quarter-section 1/4 160 647,500
Half of quarter-section 1/8 80 323,750
Quarter of quarter-section 1/16 40 161,875
List of Meridians
Main article: List of principal and guide meridians and base lines of the United States
Initial point
Black Hills Meridian 1878 43°59′44″N 104°03′16″W / 43.99556°N 104.05444°W / 43.99556; -104.05444 (Black Hills Meridian) South Dakota
Boise Meridian 1867 43°22′21″N 116°23′35″W / 43.3725°N 116.39306°W / 43.3725; -116.39306 (Boise Meridian) Idaho
Chickasaw Meridian 1833 35°01′58″N 89°14′47″W / 35.03278°N 89.24639°W / 35.03278; -89.24639 (Chickasaw Meridian) Mississippi
Choctaw Meridian 1821 31°52′32″N 90°14′41″W / 31.87556°N 90.24472°W / 31.87556; -90.24472 (Choctaw Meridian) Mississippi
Cimarron Meridian 1881 36°30′05″N 103°00′07″W / 36.50139°N 103.00194°W / 36.50139; -103.00194 (Cimarron Meridian) Oklahoma
Copper River Meridian 1905 61°49′04″N 145°18′37″W / 61.81778°N 145.31028°W / 61.81778; -145.31028 (Copper River Meridian) Alaska
Fairbanks Meridian 1910 64°51′50.048″N 147°38′25.949″W / 64.86390222°N 147.64054139°W / 64.86390222; -147.64054139 (Fairbanks Meridian) Alaska
Fifth Principal Meridian 1815 34°38′45″N 91°03′07″W / 34.64583°N 91.05194°W / 34.64583; -91.05194 (Fifth Principal Meridian) Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota & South Dakota
First Principal Meridian 1819 40°59′22″N 84°48′11″W / 40.98944°N 84.80306°W / 40.98944; -84.80306 (First Principal Meridian) Ohio & Indiana
Fourth Principal Meridian 1815 40°00′50″N 90°27′11″W / 40.01389°N 90.45306°W / 40.01389; -90.45306 (Fourth Principal Meridian) Illinois
Fourth Principal Extended Meridian 1831 42°30′27″N 90°25′37″W / 42.5075°N 90.42694°W / 42.5075; -90.42694 (Fourth Principal Extended Meridian) Minnesota & Wisconsin
Gila and Salt River Meridian 1865 33°22′38″N 112°18′19″W / 33.37722°N 112.30528°W / 33.37722; -112.30528 (Gila and Salt River Meridian) Arizona
Humboldt Meridian 1853 40°35′02″N 124°07′10″W / 40.58389°N 124.11944°W / 40.58389; -124.11944 (Humboldt Meridian) California
Huntsville Meridian 1807 34°59′27″N 86°34′16″W / 34.99083°N 86.57111°W / 34.99083; -86.57111 (Huntsville Meridian) Alabama & Mississippi
Indian Meridian 1870 34°29′32″N 97°14′49″W / 34.49222°N 97.24694°W / 34.49222; -97.24694 (Indian Meridian) Oklahoma
Kateel River Meridian 1956 65°26′16.374″N 158°45′31.014″W / 65.43788167°N 158.758615°W / 65.43788167; -158.758615 (Kateel River Meridian) Alaska
Louisiana Meridian 1807 31°00′31″N 92°24′55″W / 31.00861°N 92.41528°W / 31.00861; -92.41528 (Louisiana Meridian) Louisiana
Michigan Meridian 1815 42°25′28″N 84°21′53″W / 42.42444°N 84.36472°W / 42.42444; -84.36472 (Michigan Meridian) Michigan & Ohio
Mount Diablo Meridian 1851 37°52′54″N 121°54′47″W / 37.88167°N 121.91306°W / 37.88167; -121.91306 (Mount Diablo Meridian) California & Nevada
Navajo Meridian 1869 35°44′56″N 108°31′59″W / 35.74889°N 108.53306°W / 35.74889; -108.53306 (Navajo Meridian) Arizona
New Mexico Principal Meridian 1855 34°15′35″N 106°53′12″W / 34.25972°N 106.88667°W / 34.25972; -106.88667 (New Mexico Principal Meridian) Colorado & New Mexico
Montana Principal Meridian 1867 45°47′13″N 111°39′33″W / 45.78694°N 111.65917°W / 45.78694; -111.65917 (Montana Principal Meridian) Montana
Salt Lake Meridian 1855 40°46′11″N 111°53′27″W / 40.76972°N 111.89083°W / 40.76972; -111.89083 (Salt Lake Meridian) Utah
San Bernardino Meridian 1852 34°07′13″N 116°55′48″W / 34.12028°N 116.93°W / 34.12028; -116.93 (San Bernardino Meridian) California
Second Principal Meridian 1805 38°28′14″N 86°27′21″W / 38.47056°N 86.45583°W / 38.47056; -86.45583 (Second Principal Meridian) Illinois & Indiana
Seward Meridian 1911 60°07′37″N 149°21′26″W / 60.12694°N 149.35722°W / 60.12694; -149.35722 (Seward Meridian) Alaska
Sixth Principal Meridian 1855 40°00′07″N 97°22′08″W / 40.00194°N 97.36889°W / 40.00194; -97.36889 (Sixth Principal Meridian) Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota & Wyoming
Saint Helena Meridian 1819 30°59′56″N 91°09′36″W / 30.99889°N 91.16°W / 30.99889; -91.16 (Saint Helena Meridian) Louisiana
Saint Stephens Meridian 1805 30°59′51″N 88°01′20″W / 30.9975°N 88.02222°W / 30.9975; -88.02222 (Saint Stephens Meridian) Alabama & Mississippi
Tallahassee Meridian 1824 30°26′03″N 84°16′38″W / 30.43417°N 84.27722°W / 30.43417; -84.27722 (Tallahassee Meridian) Florida & Alabama
Third Principal Meridian 1805 38°28′27″N 89°08′54″W / 38.47417°N 89.14833°W / 38.47417; -89.14833 (Third Principal Meridian) Illinois
Uintah Meridian 1875 40°25′59″N 109°56′06″W / 40.43306°N 109.935°W / 40.43306; -109.935 (Unitah Meridian) Utah
Umiat Meridian 1956 69°23′29.654″N 152°00′04.551″W / 69.39157056°N 152.00126417°W / 69.39157056; -152.00126417 (Umiat Meridian) Alaska
Ute Meridian 1880 39°06′23″N 108°31′59″W / 39.10639°N 108.53306°W / 39.10639; -108.53306 (Ute Meridian) Colorado
Washington Meridian 1803 30°59′56″N 91°09′36″W / 30.99889°N 91.16°W / 30.99889; -91.16 (Washington Meridian) Mississippi
Willamette Meridian 1851 45°31′11″N 122°44′34″W / 45.51972°N 122.74278°W / 45.51972; -122.74278 (Willamette Meridian) Oregon & Washington
Wind River Meridian 1875 43°00′41″N 108°48′49″W / 43.01139°N 108.81361°W / 43.01139; -108.81361 (Wind River Meridian) Wyoming
Under the 1785 act, section 16 of each township was set aside for school purposes, and as such was often called the school section. (Section 36 was also frequently used as a school section.) The various states and counties ignored, altered or amended this provision in their own ways, but the general (intended) effect was a guarantee that local schools would have an income and that the community schoolhouses would be centrally located for all children. An example of land allotments made specifically for higher education is Ohio's College Township.
Farmland in Kansas divided into quarter sections
As roads have typically been laid out along section boundaries spaced one mile (1.6 km) apart, growing urban areas have adopted road grids with mile-long "blocks" as their primary street network. Such roads in urban areas are known as arterials or section line roads, usually designed primarily for automobile travel and limited in their use for non-motorized travel. In post-World War II suburbs, commercial development has largely occurred along and at intersections of arterials, while the rest of the former square-mile sections have generally filled with residential development, as well as schools, religious facilities, and parks. One example of this is Mile Road System of Detroit, Michigan. Occasionally, and more frequently in a metropolitan region's inner postwar suburbs than in outer areas, arterials are located at approximately half-mile intervals. This strictly regimented urban (or suburban) structure has coincided with the similarly strict practice of Euclidean zoning, in which use of a property is dictated and regulated by zoning district, the boundaries of which often being derived from locations of arterials.
The land system is an important part of American history and culture. Among other things, the stock phrases "lower 40", "front 40", "back 40", and "40 acres and a mule," which are sometimes heard in American movies, reference the quarter-quarter section.
The "lower 40" in a quarter-section is the one at lowest elevation, i.e. in the direction that water drains. The "lower 40" is frequently the location of or the direction of a stream or a pond.
The phrase "40 acres and a mule" was the compensation apocryphally promised by the Freedman's Bureau following the American Civil War.
Homesteading, another staple of American western culture, was also dependent on the Public Land Survey System. In the original Homestead Act of 1862, during the Lincoln Administration, each settler was allocated 160 acres (0.65 km2) of land; in other words, a quarter-section.
Later amendments of the Homestead Act allocated more land, as much as 640 acres (2.6 km2); in other words, a section. This was a good revision to apply to land that was drier and/or more desolate than the earlier, more desirable lands already settled. Many times, this land was more suited to ranching than to farming.
↑ Joseph S. Mendinghall (December 27, 1974), National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Beginning Point / Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey, National Park Service, http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/66000606.pdf
Andro Linklater, Measuring America: How an Untamed Wilderness Shaped the United States and Fulfilled the Promise of Democracy, New York: Walker & Co., 2002. ISBN 0-8027-1396-3 (softbound ISBN 0-452-28459-7) (Describes the history and social context of the PLSS and some of the political maneuvering that went into its creation.)
Payson J. Treat. The National Land System, 1785-1820. New York: E.B. Treat, 1910 (Reprinted in 1967 and 2003) ISBN 1-57588-797-5
C. Albert White. A History of the Rectangular Survey System. Washington: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management : For sale by Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1983
Curt Meine. Correction Lines: Essays on Land, Leopold, and Conservation. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2004.
Groma surveying
Benson Syndicate
Dominion Land Survey (Canada)
General Land Office
Section (United States land surveying)
State Plane Coordinate System
Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey
Beginning Point of the Louisiana Purchase Survey
Meridians in the United States
Principal meridian
Free PLSS Data
Manual of Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States, 1973 (as PDF) - Official manual for PLSS
Resources page of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management
National Land Information System (NILS) - Cadastral records and land parcel information including GeoCommunicator below
NILS GeoCommunicator - Cadastral records and land parcel information
The Public Land Survey System (PLSS) - general reference in the nationalatlas.gov (National Atlas of the United States)
National Geodetic Survey
American Congress on Surveying & Mapping
Township and Range - Public Land Survey System on Google Earth - convert latitude/longitude to township and range
TRS data to latitude/longitude calculator - for 17 western U.S. states
www.resurvey.org - reference for land surveyors working in the PLSS
Researching New Mexico Land Grants
IIC Minnesota Historical Vegetation
The Minnesota Bearing Tree Database
The Principal Meridian Project
Locating Oil or Gas Wells Using The Federal Township and Range System
Lists of the coordinates used for section corners in Kansas City, Missouri
TractBuilder Quartering/Aliquot Tool
Retrieved from "http://wiki.gis.com/wiki/index.php?title=Public_Land_Survey_System&oldid=730387"
Origins of GIS


Like new, never been read copy of the 1984 Dimedia reprint. Shows some minor wear but in great shape. Unabridged reprint of the June, 1934 issue of The Spider.
Alone and hunted, The Spider wages a one man war against a super-criminal whose incredible weapon will snuff out a thousand lives.


It might seem strange that someone would want to move from sunny and warm California to cold and snowy Vermont, but that's just what newcomer Abby Klein and her family did six months ago. Looking for a quality of life change to a place that was healthier and safer than their longtime residence of Los Angeles, the Kleins decided to make Williston their new home.
"We wanted a small community and good schools," said the married mother of a 10-year-old son and 12-year-old daughter. "We knew we wanted to be around Burlington and we really liked the community of Williston."
According to Klein, the change has been great for her family, which now wants to become more involved in its new community. Klein is running for a three-year term on the Williston School Board against incumbent chairwoman Darlene Worth. Her husband, Joel, is running for the Selectboard.
Klein has been an early learning teacher for 19 years, as well as a popular children's book author. Her "Ready Freddy!" series, published by Scholastic Inc., has 13 titles in print. Currently she works at South Burlington's Rick Marcotte Central School as a kindergarten teacher.
Klein believes her experience as a teacher would only benefit the board.
"A lot of people who sit on school boards don't have teaching experience," she said. "I'm probably more qualified than some other people who have served."
Currently, Williston has one teacher and two former educators on the School Board.
Klein said she would have liked to have been involved with the Los Angeles School Board, but the enormity of the board and time commitment required made it impossible. She would have preferred serving on her school's board in Santa Monica, but she did not live in the town. Instead, Klein opted to work on the school's governance board, among other leadership roles.
Klein has decided to run for the three-year position because it would allow her to become more acquainted with the job and permit more time to make an impact.
"I feel like you're just getting into something with a two-year position, and then you have to run again," she said.
If elected, Klein would like to see the school district change the current upper house structure of fifth through eighth graders learning in the same classrooms. While she likes the idea of a diverse learning environment, she said in her candidate response it would be better if "fifth and sixth graders would be together and seventh and eighth graders would be together."
"I think it should be a two-year cycle," Klein said. "It's not such an overwhelming problem for me, but for some parents it is a problem. But being with the same four teachers for four years seems like a lot to me."
Klein would also like to see an addition of accelerated learning classes for appropriate students and a change to the lunch program if elected.
"I find it almost criminal with what's going on there," she said. "That money could go elsewhere."
As with any change, she believes that ideas should be taken to the teachers first.
"They know if something will work or not because they teach in the school every day," she said.
Klein looks forward to voting on Town Meeting Day and hopes she'll be given a chance to serve.
"I think I bring a unique and fresh perspective to the Board," she said in her candidate response. "I would welcome the chance to use my expertise to serve my community."
Family situation: I am married to Joel Klein (who is running for Selectboard). We have two children who attend Williston Central School: a son who is 10 years old and a daughter who is 12 years old.
Employer name and job description: I am employed by South Burlington School District. I am a kindergarten teacher at Rick Marcotte Central School. I have taught for 19 years. I am also employed by Scholastic Inc. I am the author of the "Ready Freddy!" early chapter book series. There are currently 13 titles in print.
Previous experience in elected or appointed positions, or community service: In California I was co-chairwoman of my school's governance board for seven years. This board was responsible for the entire school budget. I was also the co-chairwoman of the fundraising arm of my school's FAP for eight years. At the district level, I was chosen as a teacher leader to serve on the superintendent's council, which was a forum for discussion on district program and policy change.
Having just moved here, I wanted to become more involved in the community and given my background in education, the School Board seemed like the right fit. As a teacher, author and a parent, I feel that I have a lot I can bring to the board in terms of insight and experience.
What is the most important issue facing Williston schools? How can the issue be addressed?
The most important issue facing the schools is our ability to continue to provide our students with the best possible education in an era of economic instability and budget cuts. This issue can be addressed by creating an efficient, thoughtful budget that maintains the focus on our children.
With the economy struggling and voters seemingly wary of significant school budget increases, as demonstrated by the failure of last year's Williston School District budget, how would you put together a budget that would be palatable for voters?
The board has to put together a budget that represents a less than 4 percent increase over the previous year's budget. The board was able to that this year with only a 3.72 percent increase. This practice would have to be continued in the future.
Based on a recent survey of the town, the community is divided over the structure of the upper houses (57 percent of respondents supported the current structure). Do you feel the structure is in need of change? Why? If so, what change would you suggest?
Yes, I do believe that the structure is in need of change. I would propose that the upper houses be broken up into two-year cycles. Fifth and sixth graders would be together and seventh and eighth graders would be together. This would address the concern of some parents that fifth graders and eighth graders do not have the same social/emotional needs and that the younger students are being exposed to things they are not yet emotionally ready for. Changing the current structure might also allow for more flexibility in the scheduling so that the class offerings can better meet the needs of all students, including offering accelerated classes in some subjects which is common practice in other districts.
Although I am new to Williston, I am not new to education. I have spent the last 19 years working in the public school system. My work on the board would be based on firsthand experience. I feel as both a teacher and a parent of two children currently in the system I have intimate knowledge of the needs of both teachers and students. I also have a thorough understanding of curriculum which many school board members often do not. I think I bring a unique and fresh perspective to the board. I would welcome the chance to use my expertise to serve my community.
Previous experience in elected or appointed positions, or community service: Eight years on Mount Abraham Union High School Board, including two years as chairman. Service on various community, professional and not for profit boards and committees.
I enjoyed working on the Mount Abraham Board in the 1990s and I want to serve on the CVU Board.
What is the most important issue facing Champlain Valley Union High School? How can the issue be addressed?
CVU is likely to face declining enrollments in the coming years. See below for how to address the issue.
The last three questions are inextricably intertwined. CVU's student population will plateau and decrease in the coming years. It will be critical to maintain the quality and breadth of the resources at CVU available for students and community members while keeping the costs appropriate to the size of the student body. Although the CVU budget did not fail last year, the CVU Board faces the same challenge as the Williston Board – presenting a budget that is reasonable.
The CVU Board needs to help the CVU administrative team examine and, where and when appropriate, adjust the size, staffing and structure of school programs to keep future budgets reasonable in relationship to enrollments.
There will be additional challenges as the composition of our communities change and educational needs evolve. It is likely that programs for English language learners will need to evolve and grow as that demographic cohort moves into southern Chittenden County.
A facility with technology is critical to post-school success. CVU has recognized the importance of technology and has capital replacement programs in place to keep its resources current. But change may become more rapid and costs of keeping our students current may increase. The CVU Board has already recognized this issue and the proposed budget includes a technology integrationist position – a critical addition to make CVU more efficient in utilizing new technologies and in training faculty and students in new technologies.
Family situation : Single parent, 2 sons: Mathieu, 16 and Hannan 12.
Employer name and job description : Essex Town School District. Teacher at Essex Elementary School.
Previous experience in elected or appointed positions, or community service : Two years as Williston School Board director (one year as vice chairwoman), two years as a Chittenden South Supervisory Union School Board director, seven years with Williston Cub Scouts (den leader, fundraiser chair, cub master), five years with Williston Soccer Club (board member, manager, fundraising and events).
I have enjoyed the past two years serving on the School Board and hope to continue effecting positive change on our school system. We have an excellent school system with committed educators, administrators, families and students. Williston is a wonderful community and as someone committed to education, serving on the School Board is my way to give back to a community that has supported the growth of my family.
Balancing a quality education with rising costs and declining enrollments. Accommodating unfunded federal (No Child Left Behind) and state (Act 82) mandates that impose "one size fits all" education spending and programs at the local level. Getting involved is the only way to have an impact. For me, that's serving on the School Board and trying to address the issues as a board member.
Hopefully, we have succeeded this year. The proposed 3.72 percent increase maintains the current quality programs and includes all-day kindergarten and an extended school day. The process included community members as budget buddies as well as input from school staff, administration and the School Board. At weekly budget meetings, presentations were made in a variety of areas (special education, technology, building and maintenance, programming, etc.). Per pupil spending will again be the lowest in our district. It is a fiscally responsible budget and I hope it is supported by the community.
Based on my own experiences as a parent, I do feel that there needs to be a change in the upper house structure. However, I recognize that my needs are not necessarily the needs of every upper house family. The Williston school administration and program council are analyzing a variety of models that take into consideration the community input and current climate (declining students, resources and cost of education). I have faith that our current quality of education will be maintained in any of these models and that school personnel will make informed decisions about future changes.


text:
Movie: Rebel Without a Cause
Several things surprised me about this movie. Ann and I both wanted to see a James Dean movie, because he is still so glamorized by our culture. We had an idea of him being aloof and cool, which doesn't describe his character in this movie at all. Here he's sincere, well-meaning, loving, and sensitive in addition to angst-ridden and rebelious. The movie tackles some of the stickier aspects of parent-teen relations too. Dad is dominated by Mom and Grandma, or inapropriately attracted to his daughter. It's real stuff.
We noticed something about the soundtrack too. It was the same orchestral style as '40's noir movies like Lady From Shanghai, but the overbearing aspect was gone. Also, the soundtrack fit the scenes better. It may have been a step towards the "feel like this now" soundtracks that come out of Hollywood now, but I'd say that's certainly an improvement over those bombastic predecessors.
5 responses to "Movie: Rebel Without a Cause"
Name says:
Tue, 24 Feb 2004 at 12:47 pm
still not how that stuff that james did on screen passed for acting.
some people get jobs in Hollywood 'cuz of their looks. imho, he was one of these people.
you may wanna check out "Giant" as well. 'bout the only believable part of his character is the drunk portion.
cyberhobo says:
I thought he was believable in his character here. But it may not have been much of a stretch for him either, just like Keanu Reeves was good in Bill & Ted's.
Wed, 25 Feb 2004 at 07:38 am
.. or Arnold Schwarzneger in "The Terminator".
… or Patrick Swayze in "To Wong Foo"!
or Martin Short in ANYTHING he has made.


I haven't been blogging much this week.
The honest reason is that I haven't felt like it. I don't really feel great about myself right now. I haven't been exercising this week and I haven't been tracking calories. I've actually been binge eating this week. Cookie parties, pizza parties... you name it, I ate it.
I can definitely feel the affects of eating poorly and not exercising. My mood hasn't been the greatest, and I just feel crummy. The last thing I want to do is spread my bad mood on to you. So, I will share with you some quotes, instead.
Julius Erving: If you don't do what's best for your body, you're the one who comes up on the short end.
Benjamin Franklin: You may delay, but time will not.
Unknown Author: Instead of giving myself reasons why I can't, I give myself reasons why I can.
Vince Lombardi: It's not whether you get knocked down; it's whether you get up.
Winston Churchill: Never, never, never, never give up.
George S. Patton: You're never beaten until you admit it.
I'm not beat, and I'm not going to give up. I'm just knocked down right now and I will pick myself back up!
Like I always say, weight loss is a battlefield, the enemy has got you right now, but I know you'll come out swinging. xoxox Thinking of you!!!!


Singer-songwriter Brett Dennen is a contemplative introvert, an adventurer, a communicator, a preservationist, a painter, and one of today's most essential and unconventional vocalists and performers. His critically-acclaimed work encapsulates a lifestyle that has attracted a loyal following of like-minded fans. He has incorporated his love of music, the outdoors, and wine into his live tours – not only has he embarked on a venture developing wine, Dennen annually hosts a mountain town ski Lift Series in the winter that combines music, travel, and environmental activism.
For Noah Gundersen, the past few years have brought about immense growth and change, both as an artist and as a young man grappling with issues of identity and independence. It should come as little surprise, then, that his stunning new album, Carry The Ghost, is so heavily influenced by existential philosophy. What's so striking, though, is hearing a 25-year-old articulate such weighty themes, packaging them into heartbreakingly gorgeous melodies with a plainspoken language that cuts to the quick upon first listen. Then again, Noah Gundersen has never aimed for ordinary.


HORSE SETUP ON 5 FULL ACRES!
Sitting on 5 acres this well maintained split entry highlights the perfect combination of privacy and fun. Off a paved road, close to Fairchild AFB, shopping & Spokane, with horse setup, a 30x40 shop/barn, chicken coop, professionally landscaped yard, huge garden ready for a green thumb, all completely fenced! NEW ROOF. The interior features an open, main-floor concept with 2 bedrooms. Downstairs you'll discover an additional 2 bedrooms & bonus room that could serve as a 5th bedroom. 2 car attached garage.
Contact schools for ML/Cheney choice options [bus stop for both nearby]. Water provided by DCRWA Association, serves +50 homes in area. New roof May 2016. Buyer and buyer's agent to verify all information. Property info from county.


JetPay LLC is a Dallas-based payment services provider specializing in the processing of Debit and Credit Cards. Established in 1991, our focus has been in providing services and software in the PC and hand-held terminal environments. In 2008 we expanded our services to the i5 (iSeries, AS/400) area. We now offer the solution: JetPayi5, a natively written package that interfaces directly with our payment servers.
JetPay is the 6th largest debit/credit card processor in US and processes a total volume of 8-10 billion dollars annually. We have representative banks covering all main continents except Africa (although coming soon).
JetPay is a principal member of MasterCard and works on the bank side issuing Credit and Debit cards. MasterCard has approximately 400 different companies connected to them. As of last year only 6 were on the international connection. We are one of those 6. JetPay is compliant with all certifications, including RAMP, PCI and SAS70.