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2019-20 Norwich University Men's Ice Hockey News
2019-20 2018-19 2017-18 2016-17 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14 2012-13 2011-12 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07
Men's Hockey: Cadets rally past New England College in third period, top Pilgrims 4-2
HENNIKER, N.H. - The Norwich University men's ice hockey team rallied in the third period for the second straight night, scoring three times en route to a 4-2 victory over New England College on Saturday afternoon.
Men's Hockey: Norwich skates to 2-2 tie with Southern Maine
GORHAM, Maine - The Norwich University men's ice hockey team scored twice in the third period to salvage a 2-2 tie with Southern Maine on Friday night in New England Hockey Conference (NEHC) action at USM Ice Arena.
Men's Hockey: Norwich topples Middlebury, 3-1
NORTHFIELD, Vt. – The Norwich University men's ice hockey team salvaged a split of the season series with long-time rival Middlebury College after a 3-1 victory on Tuesday night at Kreitzberg Arena.
Men's Hockey: Norwich offense comes alive in 7-3 win over Johnson & Wales
PAWTUCKET, R.I. - The Norwich University men's ice hockey team tied a season-high with seven goals in a 7-3 victory over Johnson & Wales on Saturday afternoon at Lynch Arena in New England Hockey Conference (NEHC) action.
Men's Hockey: Cadets edge Suffolk, 2-1
CHARLESTOWN, Mass. - The Norwich University men's ice hockey team maintained its hold on first place in the New England Hockey Conference (NEHC) standings following a 2-1 win over Suffolk University in Friday night at Emmons Horrigan O'Neil Rink.
Men's Hockey: Norwich drops Plattsburgh, 5-1
NORTHFIELD, Vt. – The Norwich University men's ice hockey team scored five unanswered goals to sweep the season series from Plattsburgh State by identical 5-1 scores on Tuesday night in non-conference action at Kreitzberg Arena.
Men's Hockey: Norwich ties Cortland 2-2, falls in shootout in Northfield Savings Bank Holiday Tournament Championship
NORTHFIELD, Vt. – For the second year in a row the Norwich University men's ice hockey team lost in a shootout in the Northfield Savings Bank Holiday Tournament Championship game.
Men's Hockey: Norwich rallies past Assumption 2-1, advances to Northfield Savings Bank Holiday Tournament Championship
NORTHFIELD, Vt. – The Norwich University men's ice hockey team needed a third-period comeback to rally past Assumption College in its first game of 2020 on Friday night at Kreitzberg Arena on the opening night of the 10th annual Northfield Savings Bank Holiday Tournament.
Men's Hockey: Castleton stuns Norwich, 2-1 on Darn Tough Sock Toss Night
NORTHFIELD, Vt. – Freshman goalie Brandon Collett made 54 saves to lead the Castleton University men's hockey team to a 2-1 upset victory over Norwich on Friday night at Kreitzberg Arena in New England Hockey Conference (NEHC) action.
Men's Hockey: Downs' hat trick helps Cadets clip Cardinals in PrimeLink Consolation
PLATTSBURGH, N.Y. - Junior forward Coby Downs (Montclair, Calif.) scored his first collegiate hat trick to lead the No. 1 ranked Norwich University men's ice hockey team to a 5-1 victory over Plattsburgh State in the consolation game of the 22nd annual PrimeLink Great Northern ShootOut.
Men's Hockey: Norwich suffers first loss of season in 2-1 OT loss to Middlebury
PLATTSBURGH, N.Y. - The Norwich University men's ice hockey team suffered its first loss of the season with a 2-1 overtime defeat to Middlebury College on Friday afternoon at the Ronald B. Stafford Ice Arena in the PrimeLink Great Northern ShootOut semifinals.
Hockey: Norwich & Darn Tough Vermont® join forces for 2nd annual Sock Toss on Dec. 6
NORTHFIELD, Vt. – The Norwich University men's ice hockey team has teamed up with another Northfield icon for the second straight year to hold the Norwich Hockey Sock Toss presented by Darn Tough Vermont® on Friday, Dec. 6 at 7 p.m. in Kreitzberg Arena.
Men's Hockey: Borduas named NEHC Player of the Week
WINTHROP, Mass. - Sophomore forward Maxime Borduas (St. Cesaire, Quebec) earned his first career New England Hockey Conference (NEHC) Player of the Week award on Monday afternoon.
Men's Hockey: Norwich survives for 5-3 victory over UMass Boston
NORTHFIELD, Vt. - Despite being out shot 35-14, the Norwich University men's ice hockey team showed resiliency in a 5-3 victory over UMass Boston on Saturday afternoon at Kreitzberg Arena in New England Hockey Conference (NEHC) action.
Men's Hockey: Borduas, Aubrun lead Norwich past Babson, 2-0
NORTHFIELD, Vt. - Sophomore Maxime Borduas (St. Cesaire, Quebec) scored twice while senior Tom Aubrun stopped all 25 shots he faced to lead the Norwich University men's ice hockey team to a 2-0 victory over Babson on Friday night in New England Hockey Conference (NEHC) action at Kreitzberg Arena.
Men's Hockey: Aubrun three-peats as NEHC Goalie of the Week
MARSHFIELD, Mass. – Senior goalie Tom Aubrun (Chamonix, France) of the Norwich University men's ice hockey team earned his third straight New England Hockey Conference (NEHC) Goalie of the Week honor to open the 2019-20 season on Monday.
Men's Hockey: Norwich wins fifth straight to open season, 2-0 over Skidmore
SARATOGA SPRINGS, N.Y. - Senior goalie Tom Aubrun picked up his fourth shut out in five games to lead the Norwich University men's ice hockey team to a 2-0 victory over Skidmore College on Saturday afternoon in New England Hockey Conference (NEHC) action.
Men's Hockey: Norwich edges Hobart, 2-1 in another thriller
GENEVA, N.Y. - The Norwich University men's ice hockey team edged Hobart College 2-1 on Friday night in a battle of two top-five nationally ranked rivals on Friday night at the Cooler in New England Hockey Conference (NEHC) action.
Men's Hockey: Aubrun earns second straight NEHC Goalie of the Week award
MARSHFIELD, Mass. – Senior goalie Tom Aubrun (Chamonix, France) of the Norwich University men's ice hockey team earned his second straight New England Hockey Conference (NEHC) Goalie of the Week honor to open the 2019-20 season on Monday.
Men's Hockey: Cadets shut out Southern Maine, 1-0
NORTHFIELD, Vt. - Freshman forward Braedyn Aubin (Woodstock, Ontario) scored his first collegiate goal to lift the Norwich University men's hockey team to a 1-0 victory over Southern Maine on Saturday afternoon at Kreitzberg Arena to close out Alumni Weekend.
Men's Hockey: Cadets march past Pilgrims, 7-0
NORTHFIELD, Vt. – The Norwich University men's hockey team continued its impressive start to the 2019-20 season with a dominant 7-0 shutout victory over New England College in its New England Hockey Conference (NEHC) opener at Kreitzberg Arena.
Men's Hockey: Brassard, Aubrun earn NEHC Weekly Awards
MARSHFIELD, Mass. – Junior forward Felix Brassard (St. Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec) and senior goalie Tom Aubrun (Chamonix, France) of the Norwich University men's ice hockey team earned New England Hockey Conference (NEHC) weekly honors on Monday afternoon.
Men's Hockey: Norwich shuts out #9 UNE, 4-0 in season opener
NORTHFIELD, Vt. – The Norwich University men's ice hockey team opened up the 2019-20 season with an impressive 4-0 shutout victory over No. 9 ranked Univ. of New England on Saturday night in non-conference action at Kreitzberg Arena.
Men's Hockey: 2019-20 Season Preview
NORTHFIELD, Vt. – The Norwich University men's hockey team enters the 2019-20 season after narrowly missing out on capturing its fifth NCAA Division III National Championship last year.
Men's Hockey: Norwich adds seven in 2019-20 recruiting class
NORTHFIELD, Vt. – Norwich University head men's ice hockey coach Cam Ellsworth announced his 2019-20 recruiting class on Wednesday, featuring seven incoming freshmen from four different countries.
Hockey: Norwich holds 20th annual Allen Doyle Golf Classic, men's MVP award named after late Jim Grip '71
WOODSTOCK, Vt. – The Norwich University men's and women's hockey teams, in conjunction with the Norwich Hockey Blue Line Club, held the 20th annual Allen Doyle Golf Classic at the Woodstock Inn and Golf Club on Sunday, August 11 and Monday, August 12.
Fri, 01/17 | Men's Ice Hockey at Southern Maine T, 2-2 (Final - OT) RC | BX | BX
Tue, 01/14 | Men's Ice Hockey vs. Middlebury W, 3-1 (Final) RC | BX | BX
Sat, 01/11 | Men's Ice Hockey at Johnson & Wales (RI) W, 7-3 (Final) RC | BX
Fri, 01/10 | Men's Ice Hockey at Suffolk W, 2-1 (Final) RC | BX


text:
using Moq;
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Diagnostics.Prig;
using Urasandesu.Moq.Prig;
using Urasandesu.Moq.Prig.Mixins.Urasandesu.Prig.Framework;

namespace Test.program1.TestUtilities.Mixins.System.Diagnostics.Prig
{
    public static class PProxyProcessModuleMixin
    {
        public static MockStorage AutoBodyBy(this PProxyProcessModule procMod, MockStorage ms)
        {
            procMod.ModuleNameGet().Body = @this => Guid.NewGuid().ToString(); // to avoid NullReferenceException that is caused in Moq.
            { var m = procMod.FileNameGet().BodyBy(ms); m.Setup(_ => _(It.IsAny<ProcessModule>())).Returns(Guid.NewGuid().ToString()); ms.Set(procMod.FileNameGet, m); }
            return ms;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


9 injured after horse-drawn carriage flips at Fox River Resort in LaSalle County.
Nine people were injured after a horse drawn carriage flipped over at the Fox River Resort in LaSalle County.
Firefighters couldn't provide many details, but witnesses say it appeared something may have spooked the horses.
A father and daughter rushed to help the injured.
"We saw that there were people trapped underneath and we lifted it up. Michelle was able to crawl out and the other lady...but they had to pull out the rest of the people," said witness Alyssa Bush.
In a statement, the owner, Orange Lake Resorts, "The safety of our guests is our top priority. Our thoughts are with the nine guests that were injured today in the carriage accident this afternoon. Our initial investigation indicates that a guest may have startled one of the horses, causing the horse to run the attached carriage into an object."


text:
Behavioral characteristics of dopamine D5 receptor knockout mice
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Hitomi Sasamori1 na1,
Toshiaki Asakura2 na1,
Chiaki Sugiura1 na1,
Youcef Bouchekioua1,
Naoya Nishitani1,3,
Masaaki Sato1,
Takayuki Yoshida1,4,
Miwako Yamasaki5,
Akira Terao6,
Masahiko Watanabe5,
Yu Ohmura1 &
Mitsuhiro Yoshioka1 na2
Genetics of the nervous system
Major psychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia are often accompanied by elevated impulsivity. However, anti-impulsive drug treatments are still limited. To explore a novel molecular target, we examined the role of dopamine D5 receptors in impulse control using mice that completely lack D5 receptors (D5KO mice). We also measured spontaneous activity and learning/memory ability because these deficits could confound the assessment of impulsivity. We found small but significant effects of D5 receptor knockout on home cage activity only at specific times of the day. In addition, an analysis using the q-learning model revealed that D5KO mice displayed lower behavioral adjustment after impulsive actions. However, our results also showed that baseline impulsive actions and the effects of an anti-impulsive drug in D5KO mice were comparable to those in wild-type littermates. Moreover, unlike previous studies that used other D5 receptor-deficient mouse lines, we did not observe reductions in locomotor activity, working memory deficits, or severe learning deficits in our line of D5KO mice. These findings demonstrate that D5 receptors are dispensable for impulse control. Our results also indicate that time series analysis and detailed analysis of the learning process are necessary to clarify the behavioral functions of D5 receptors.
Various psychiatric disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, substance use disorder, bipolar disorder, and borderline personality disorder, have been associated with increased impulsivity1. Clinically available anti-impulsive drugs vary from country to country, but at present, the major ones include amphetamine, methylphenidate, and lisdexamfetamine as psychostimulants, and atomoxetine, guanfacine, and clonidine as adrenaline-related drugs. However, psychostimulants pose a risk of abuse and dependence, and adrenaline-related drugs are often difficult to recommend due to their cardiovascular and autonomic side effects. For example, atomoxetine, a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, might not be appropriate in some patients since it can exacerbate hypertension, which is often comorbid with ADHD, bipolar disorder, and borderline personality disorder2,3,4. Although guanfacine and clonidine are hypotensive agents, their sedative side effects could interfere with work or study. Therefore, further development of novel anti-impulsive drugs is required.
To this end, we examined whether dopamine D5 receptors play an important role in the control of impulsivity. We have previously demonstrated that dopamine D1-like receptors in the ventral part of the medial prefrontal cortex play a critical role in the anti-impulsive effects of milnacipran, duloxetine, and atomoxetine5,6. There are two types of dopamine D1-like receptors: D1 receptors and D5 receptors. Dopamine D1 receptors are densely expressed in the nucleus accumbens, where impulsivity is enhanced by increased extracellular dopamine levels7,8, while dopamine D5 receptors are sparsely expressed in the region9. In comparison, in the medial prefrontal cortex, where impulsivity is inhibited by increased extracellular dopamine levels10,11, both dopamine D1 and dopamine D5 receptors are expressed9. Furthermore, dopamine D5 receptors have a tenfold higher affinity for dopamine than dopamine D1 receptors12. Thus, we hypothesized that the anti-impulsive effects of the above drugs might be exerted via stimulation of dopamine D5 receptors.
The development of a selective dopamine D5 receptor agonist might resolve problems encountered with the current stable of anti-impulsive drugs by enabling us to selectively manipulate the medial prefrontal cortex without affecting the nucleus accumbens. To our knowledge, however, there are so far no drugs that clearly distinguish between dopamine D1 and D5 receptors. Given that psychostimulants primarily facilitate addiction through the modulation of the nucleus accumbens13, a selective dopamine D5 receptor agonist might not induce this process, unlike psychostimulant-based anti-impulsive drugs. Furthermore, a selective agonist for dopamine D5 receptors would not likely exacerbate hypertension since dopamine D5 receptor knockout (D5KO) mice are hypertensive14. Spontaneous motor activity in D5KO mice is generally normal or reduced, implying that a selective dopamine D5 receptor agonist will not induce sedation. However, in the absence of selective D5 receptor agonists, examining dopamine D5KO mice is a reasonable way to determine whether D5 receptors could be a promising target for anti-impulsive drugs.
In the present study, we used an alternative line of D5KO mice15 instead of traditional D5KO mice14 because of three reasons. First, the traditional D5KO mice could express truncated transcripts that might alter the expression of related genes16,17, while the alternative line of D5KO mice would not express them because the entire dopamine D5 receptor gene region, including the promoter region, is removed. Second, previous studies have shown that different lines of transgenic mice or different background strains of transgenic mice could alter baseline behavioral phenotype18,19. To clarify the role of a molecule in brain functions, we are better off testing not only a specific line or background strain but also another line or background strain. Third, some studies have reported lower spontaneous motor activity and deficits of learning and working memory in traditional D5KO mice20,21,22. These phenotypes make it difficult for researchers to assess impulsivity because most tasks evaluating impulsivity assume a certain level of spontaneous activity and learning/memory ability. We speculated that these phenotypes are due to the above reasons, but not due to the lack of D5 receptors.
In this study, using an alternative line of D5KO mice, we conducted quantitative PCR to confirm that dopamine D5 receptors were not transcribed as expected and whether compensatory changes in dopamine D1 receptors did not occur, (2) measured locomotor activity in two different environments: a novel environment and a familiar environment, (3) conducted a Y-maze test to assess working memory, and (4) employed the 3-choice serial reaction time task (3-CSRTT)11,23 to assess learning ability and impulsivity. To evaluate possible learning deficits or bias, we modeled the learning process within the 3-CSRTT using a q-learning model.
To confirm that the dopamine D5 receptor gene is not transcribed and that a compensatory overexpression of D1 receptors does not occur, we conducted quantitative PCR tests. As expected, the Drd5 gene expression levels were below the detection limit in the D5KO mice (Fig. 1a). Moreover, the Drd1 gene expression levels were not increased in the D5KO mice compared to wildtype littermates in the hippocampus (t14 = 0.96, p = 0.35), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (t14 = 0.61, p = 0.55), and striatum (t14 = -1.34, p = 0.20) (Fig. 1b).
Effects of genotype on Drd5 and Drd1 gene expression. (a) Drd5 gene relative expression levels in D5KO (KO, dark bars) mice and wildtype (WT, white bars) littermates. (b) Drd1 gene relative expression levels in D5KO (KO, dark bars) mice and WT (white bars) littermates. Mix means a mixture of KO and wildtype samples. Hip: hippocampus, mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex, Str: striatum. The data are presented as the means ± SEM.
Home cage activity
To measure locomotor activity in a familiar environment, we measured home cage activity for 24 h. We performed a three-factor ANOVA on the changes in locomotor activity every two hours in their home cages (Fig. 2a). There was a main effect of time (F5.39, 285.43 = 115.28, p < 0.001, with Greenhouse–Geisser correction). There was a significant interaction between time and genotype (F1, 53 = 3.34, p < 0.001, with Greenhouse–Geisser correction). Other main effects and interactions were not detected (Table S1).
Effects of genotype on 24 h locomotor activity in home cages and on parameters in the open field test. (a) Home cage locomotor activity of D5KO mice and wildtype littermates every 2 h. *p < 0.05. (b) The total distance traveled in the open field test was divided into seven time phases (10 min bins). (c) The number of total crossings (crossings of the lines made by the division of the field [45 × 45 cm] into 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm squares) in the open field test was divided into seven time phases (10 min bins). (d) The percentage of time spent in the central area, a measure of decreased anxiety-like behavior in the open field test, was divided into seven time phases (10 min bins). The filled circles indicate D5KO mice and white squares indicate WT littermates. The data are presented as the means ± SEM.
Simple main effects analyses for each time point revealed that D5KO mice were significantly more active than wildtype littermates between 7:00 and 9:00 (F1, 53 = 4.63, p = 0.036) (Fig. 2a). D5KO mice were also significantly less active than wildtype littermates between 15:00–17:00 (F1, 53 = 6.88, p = 0.011) (Fig. 2a). No differences by genotype at other times were detected (Fs1, 53 < 3.19, p > 0.07).
Open field test
To measure locomotor activity in a novel environment, we conducted open field tests for 70 min. Three factor ANOVA revealed that the distance traveled over the testing period significantly decreased over time (F3.45, 169 = 119.1, p < 0.0001, with Geisser-Greenhouse correction). However, we found no significant main effects or interactions in other factors (Fig. 2b, Table S2).
A three-factor ANOVA for the number of crossings revealed a significant main effect of time (F6, 294 = 93.96, p < 0.0001). However, we found no significant main effects or interactions in other factors (Fig. 2c, Table S2).
A three-factor ANOVA for the percentage of time spent in the central area, which is a measure of decreased anxiety-like behavior, revealed a significant main effect of time (F2.99, 146.5 = 6.86, p = 0.0002, with Geisser-Greenhouse correction). However, we did not find other main effects or any interactions (Fig. 2d, Table S2).
Y maze test
To assess working memory in mice, we conducted the Y maze test. Two factor ANOVA for the percentage of spontaneous alternation, a measure of working memory, did not reveal any main effects or interaction (Fig. 3a, Table S3). Two factor ANOVA for the total number of arm entries, a measure of locomotor activity, did not reveal any main effects or interaction (Fig. 3b, Table S3).
The effects of dopamine D5 receptor KO on the parameters in the Y maze test. (a) The percentage of spontaneous alternation, a measure of working memory, in D5KO mice and their WT littermates. (b) The total number of arm entries, a measure of locomotor activity, of D5KO mice and their WT littermates. The data are presented as the means ± SEM.
Assessment of learning ability with a q-learning model
To determine whether D5KO mice display learning deficits or bias, we modeled the learning process of 3-CSRTT. We assume experience and non-reward distributions to represent premature behaviors of mice. Experience distribution represents a memory state of all trials and is updated by the q-learning process whatever a previous result is, while non-reward distribution represents a memory state of premature responses. Table 1 shows the estimated parameters of a q-learning model, and Table S4 has descriptions of each parameter. In this model, key parameters are learning rates, representing learning ability, and an inverse temperature, representing confidence in their own choice. The baseline effect of learning rate for the experience distribution, \({\alpha }_{X,0},\) was 0.04296 while that for the non-reward distribution, \({\alpha }_{Y,0}\), was 0.08555. For the experience distribution, only male effects were significant according to the 95% Highest Density Interval (HDI). Also, for the non-reward distribution, both D5KO and male effects were negative and significant, based on 95% HDI. This result indicated that D5KO mice have a learning deficit for premature results, not for non-premature results. As for the inverse temperature, baseline effect, \({\beta }_{0}\), took a value of 130.603, and both D5KO and male effects were not significant.
Table 1 Estimated parameters of the q-learning model.
Although \({\alpha }_{X, male}\), \({\alpha }_{Y, D5KO,}\) and \({\alpha }_{Y, male}\) were not zero for these 95% HDI, the degree of effects of these parameters remains unclear. To quantify contributions of these parameters, we simulated the q-learning process with estimated parameters. Table S5 shows proportions of premature responses for each session for trial and simulation data. For the simulation data, overall, the start timing of the proportions was consistently lower than those for trial data. The proportions of premature responses among each session fluctuated for real and simulated results. If we focus on the values at session 10, the minimum values were observed in D5KO male mice, whereas the maximum value was observed in wildtype female mice. Simulated results with individually estimated parameters using the q-learning model over trials indicated the model could potentially capture behaviors of trial results in the 3-CSRTT (see Supplementary Fig. 1).
Averaged values for functions used in the q-learning model at the end of the simulation with estimated parameters are shown in Fig. 4. Values at each elapsed time were averaged values calculated from 100 simulation results. Overall, there were no major differences in the shape of the functions. For the probability of confidence, the rise of the distribution around 5 s was steeper in D5KO mice than in wild type mice, reflecting the higher value of inverse temperature, although the D5KO effect for an inverse temperature is not significant.
Averaged function values for the q-learning model at the end of the simulation with estimated parameters. Each simulation was run for 900 steps and 100 simulations were performed. Figure contains averaged values for these simulations at each elapsed time (s). The black line represents the flash timing of the trial. Each line represents the following: Probability density function (p.d.f.) of experience (blue); the p.d.f. of experience distribution. P.d.f. of non-reward (orange); the p.d.f. of non-reward distribution. Prob. of confidence (green); the probability of confidence at each elapsed time. P.d.f. of choice (red); the p.d.f. of choice distribution. Survival of choice (purple): the survival function of the choice distribution.
Effects of acute duloxetine administration on impulsive action
To assess the effects of D5KO on impulsive action and anti-impulsive effects of duloxetine, we administered duloxetine and conducted the 3-CSRTT. Duloxetine administration reduced the percentage of premature responses in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 5a,b). Three factor repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant dose effect on the percentage of premature responses (Fig. 5a,b) (F2.51, 140.26 = 14.06, p < 0.001, with Greenhouse–Geisser correction). A multiple comparison with Bonferroni's correction revealed that the 0.3 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, and 3.0 mg/kg dose of duloxetine significantly decreased the percentage of premature responses compared to vehicle administration. However, we did not find any other main effects or interactions (Table S6).
Effects of acute duloxetine administration on impulsive action. (a) The percentage of premature responses, a measure of impulsive action, of male D5KO mice and their WT littermates. (b) The percentage of premature responses, a measure of impulsive action, of female D5KO mice and their WT littermates. (c) Accuracy, the percentage of correct responses of male D5KO mice and their WT littermates. (d) Accuracy, the percentage of correct responses of female D5KO mice and their WT littermates. (e) The percentage of omissions of male D5KO mice and their WT littermates. (f) The percentage of omissions of female D5KO mice and their WT littermates. (g) The mean correct response latency (s) of male D5KO mice and their WT littermates. (h) The mean correct response latency (s) of female D5KO mice and their WT littermates. (i) The mean reward response latency (s) of male D5KO mice and their WT littermates. (j) The mean reward response latency (s) of female D5KO mice and their WT littermates. The black bars indicate D5KO mice and white bars indicate WT littermates. The data are presented as the means ± SEM. *p < 0.05.
Furthermore, other parameters were also affected by the administration of duloxetine. Three factor repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant dose effect on accuracy (Fig. 5c,d) (F2.56, 143.28 = 3.93, p = 0.014, with Greenhouse–Geisser correction), correct response latency (Fig. 5g,h) (F2.40, 134.19 = 10.66, p < 0.001, with Greenhouse–Geisser correction), and reward latency (Fig. 5i,j) (F3, 168 = 6.74, p < 0.001), but not on omission (Fig. 5e,f). Multiple comparisons with Bonferroni's correction revealed that the 3.0 mg/kg dose of duloxetine decreased accuracy compared to the 0.3 mg/kg dose (Fig. 5c,d), while the 1.0 mg/kg dose of duloxetine prolonged correct response latency compared to vehicle, the 3.0 mg/kg dose of duloxetine prolonged correct response latency compared to vehicle and the 0.3 mg/kg dose (Fig. 5g,h), the 3.0 mg/kg dose of duloxetine administration significantly prolonged reward latency compared to vehicle and 0.3 mg/kg duloxetine, and the 1 mg/kg duloxetine administration significantly prolonged the reward latency compared to 0.3 mg/kg (Fig. 5i,j). Moreover, a main effect of sex was detected on mean reward response latency (F1, 56 = 5.210, p = 0.026). However, we did not find any other main effects or interactions (Table S6).
Although minor differences were found, no major differences were observed in any behavioral parameters between wildtype and D5KO mice. Small but significant effects of D5KO were observed in home cage activity only at specific times of day. In addition, D5KO mice displayed lower behavioral adjustments after premature responses in the 3-CSRTT. We did not observe a reduction in locomotor activity in a novel environment or working memory deficits in D5KO mice, inconsistent with some previous studies. No significant effects of D5KO on impulsive action were observed, suggesting that our hypothesis that D5 receptors play an essential role in impulse control is incorrect. We discuss possible interpretations for each result below.
We replicated a previous KO study that indicated no mRNA expression of D5 receptors using Northern blotting15. We used a different method, quantitative RT-PCR (Fig. 1a) and reached the same conclusion: our D5 receptor KO mice do not express D5 receptor at all. Another concern of D5 receptor KO mice is compensatory effects. For decades, studies from transgenic and gene knockout mice have contributed to the delineation of the functional role of many kinds of proteins. However, recent evidence has demonstrated that the interpretation of these studies may be complicated by compensatory changes in animals because gene mutations truncating the encoded protein could affect the expression of related genes16,17. Our RT-qPCR results (Fig. 1b) indicated that we could exclude the possibility of a compensatory increase of dopamine D1 receptors, which are involved in impulse control. However, we cannot deny the other numerous possibilities that expression of other genes24 or functional pathways25,26 was altered in D5 receptor KO mice. In future studies, an AAV-mediated knockdown or knockout of the D5 receptor in the PFC would be required to ensure no compensatory changes because testing above numerous possibilities is impractical.
We found that dopamine D5 receptor KO mice exhibited higher locomotor activity at the beginning of the dark period (7:00–9:00) but lower locomotor activity at the end of the dark period (15:00–17:00) in their home cage, a familiar environment (Fig. 2a). Previous studies have shown that dopamine D5 receptor KO mice display lower locomotor activity than wildtype mice21,22, while others did not detect any difference in locomotor activity15,20. The present study might explain the inconsistent results from previous studies on locomotor activity in dopamine D5 receptor KO mice. In the previous studies, an open field test lasting 60 to 150 min has been used to measure locomotor activity. However, since the locomotor activity of dopamine D5 receptor KO mice changed significantly between the first and second halves of the dark period, the results may vary depending on the time of day the test was conducted. Although speculative, previous studies that showed lower locomotor activity in dopamine D5 receptor KO mice might have been conducted in the latter half of the dark period.
In the open field test in the present study, we did not detect any difference in locomotor activity in the novel environment between dopamine D5KO mice and their wild type littermates (Fig. 2b,c). This might be due to the fact that the time of measurement was not kept constant. Alternatively, the results in the home cage described above might be limited to a familiar environment. Because further studies examining locomotor activity in the open field at specific times will be required to address this issue, we suspend our conclusion. In addition, there was no difference in the time spent in the central compartment (%), a measure of reduced anxiety-like behavior, in dopamine D5 receptor KO mice compared to their wildtype littermates (Fig. 2d). Therefore, our findings indicate that dopamine D5 receptors may not relate to anxiety-like behavior, consistent with previous studies21,22.
In the Y maze test, there was no difference in working memory in dopamine D5 receptor KO mice compared to their wildtype littermates (Fig. 3). However, in previous studies, dopamine D5 receptor KO mice tended to exhibit lower working memory20,21,22. There are at least two possible explanations for this discrepancy. First, we used an alternative line of D5 receptor KO mice in this study15, while the previous studies that detected working memory deficits had used traditional dopamine D5 receptor KO mice14. As discussed earlier, the traditional mice could alter the expression of related genes16,17. Thus, working memory deficits observed in these studies might be due to the secondary effects. The second possibility is the difference in the working memory measurement task employed. A previous study demonstrating working memory deficit in D5 receptor KO mice used a baited T-maze test20. In the present study, we used the Y maze test as a simple test that does not require training. In this test, behavioral variability would be relatively large because we do not provide a clear motivation such as a food reward. Therefore, the Y maze test might not be able to detect minute differences, though the Y maze test in our laboratory can detect working memory deficits by pharmacological manipulation27. Therefore, we conclude that the role of dopamine D5 receptors in working memory is limited.
Because our dopamine D5KO mice showed almost normal motor functions and working memory, we conducted the 3-CSRTT to assess impulsive actions. The q-learning analysis revealed that small deficits of learning were observed in D5KO mice (Table 1). In other words, D5KO mice, especially male mice, exhibit an inferior ability to learn from their mistakes and fine-tune their behavior. However, these small differences did not significantly affect behavioral parameters in the 3-CSRTT (Fig. 4). It should be also noted that the variability in the results of each individual mouse and each session is quite high. At a minimum, we raise the possibility that the q-learning model is useful for the analysis of learning processed in the 3-CSRTT, and the detailed time series analysis could provide a clue to clarify the function of D5 receptors.
We replicated the dose-dependent anti-impulsive effects of duloxetine previously found in male rats5 using male and female mice. However, the anti-impulsive effects of duloxetine were detected not only in the wild type littermates but also in dopamine D5 receptor KO mice. That is, D5 receptor KO failed to prevent the anti-impulsive effects of duloxetine, indicating that our original hypothesis was incorrect. Moreover, the baseline of impulsive action (following 0 mg of duloxetine) was almost the same between D5 receptor KO mice and wild type littermates. Based on these results, we suggest that dopamine D5 receptors do not play an important role in impulsivity. It should be noted that other parameters were also affected by duloxetine. Accuracy, a measure of attentional function, was decreased when 3 mg/kg duloxetine was injected in both genotype and both sexes. In addition, 1 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg duloxetine administration prolonged the mean correct latency and reward latency in both genotype and both sexes. These measures represent motivation and motor function. The percentage of omissions, which represents attentional function and motivation, was not affected by duloxetine. Therefore, the prolonged latencies would reflect a decrease in motor function, indicating that higher doses of duloxetine would be inappropriate in the evaluation of anti-impulsive effects. However, we still conclude that dopamine D5 receptors have a negligible role in impulse control because these side effects were equally observed in either genotype and the anti-impulsive effects of a low or moderate dose of duloxetine did not disappear in D5KO mice.
In light of these results, how should we interpret previous studies5,6 indicating that drugs suppress impulsivity by stimulating dopamine D1-like receptors in the mPFC? There are at least two possibilities. First, dopamine D1 receptors may be more involved in impulsivity suppression, since the involvement of D5 receptors has been ruled out. However, since dopamine D1 receptors are also densely expressed in the nucleus accumbens, where impulsivity is enhanced by their stimulation7,8, they will not be an appropriate molecular target for anti-impulsive drugs. The second possibility is that previous studies have largely examined nonselective effects of dopamine D1-like receptor antagonists, where SCH23390 is frequently used, although its selectivity for D1-like receptors is not high enough to completely exclude effects on other receptors and channels28. In either case, the development of a selective dopamine D5 receptor agonist would not resolve the current problems encountered in current anti-impulsive drugs. Interestingly, a recent study showed that striatal dopamine D5 receptors are involved in the pathophysiology of levodopa-induced dyskinesia29. Therefore, dopamine D5 receptors might play a role in pathological but not physiological situations.
Adult male and female D5KO mice15 or wildtype littermates (8–28 weeks old) were used. The B6.129-Drd5 < tm1Mok > mouse strain (RBRC01084) was provided by RIKEN BRC through the National Bio-Resource Project of the MEXT, Japan. In the D5KO mice used in this study, the entire dopamine D5 receptor gene region was removed and replaced with a neomycin resistance gene. These mice were backcrossed to the C57BL/6N strain for more than 13 generations. C57BL/6N mice were supplied from Nippon SLC Co. Ltd (Hamamatsu, Japan). Animals were group-housed before starting behavioral experiments at 25 °C ± 2 °C and relative humidity of 40%–50%. Food and water were provided ad libitum except for the mice undergoing the 3-choice serial reaction time task. The lights of the animal rooms were turned on from 19:00 to 07:00. All tests were performed during the dark period except for the home cage activity test. All procedures followed the guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals from the Animal Research Committee of Hokkaido University and were approved by the Animal Research Committee of Hokkaido University (approval no. 18-0070). We conducted all experiments in compliance with the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines. Mice received one or several behavioral tests as summarized in Table 2. A few mice that experienced the 3-choice serial reaction time task were excluded from assessment of learning ability because a programming error affected the premature response latency data.
Table 2 Grouping of mice.
Duloxetine hydrochloride (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was dissolved in saline and administered intraperitoneally at a volume of 10 mL/kg. Doses reported here are based on the molecular weight of the salt.
Mice were deeply anesthetized with urethane (2 g/kg) intraperitoneally and sacrificed by decapitation. Brain tissue including hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and striatum (Str) were dissected on ice. Each sample was weighed, placed in a tube, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept frozen at − 80 °C until analysis. Total RNA was extracted from tissue using NucleoSpin RNA reagent (Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan). The mRNA expression levels of Drd1 and Drd5 were quantified by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) using the respective cDNA fragment as a standard and were normalized to mouse Gapdh mRNA levels. Briefly, 5 μg of total RNA were reverse transcribed using ReverTra Ace® qPCR RT Master Mix with gDNA Remover (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan). Real-time quantitative PCR was performed on a fluorescence thermal cycler Step One™ Real-time PCR System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) by using TaqMan® Fast Advanced Master Mix + probe set (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The PCR conditions were 50 °C for 2 min, 95℃ for 20 s, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 1 s, and 60 °C for 20 s. Primer sequences for Drd1 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Mm01353211_m1) and Drd5 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Mm00658653_s1) were chosen based on a previous study30. Gapdh was used as a control (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Mm99999915_g1). The results were analyzed using the StepOne Software ver.2.3 (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Animals were individually housed in a Plexiglas cage (18 cm × 26 cm × 12 cm) for at least 1 week before this test. Spontaneous movements were measured by a passive infrared sensor that detected changes in animal thermal radiation due to movement31. The sensor detected a change in the intensity of infrared energy radiated from an animal (The Chronobiology Kit, Stanford Software Systems, Stanford, CA). The amount of movement was recorded every minute with computer software Analysis98 (Stanford Software Systems, Santa Crus, CA).
A mouse was placed in an acrylic box (45 × 45 × 45 cm) for 70 min. The inside of the box was covered by rough-surfaced polypropylene sheets. The light intensity in the box was adjusted to 20 lx. The movement of each mouse was monitored through a CCD camera and was tracked using a software package (LimeLight, Actimetrics, USA). We considered the total distance traveled and the number of total crossings (defined by crossings of the lines made by the division of the chamber into 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm squares) as measures of locomotor activity. Moreover, we considered the percentage of time spent in the central area (15 cm × 15 cm square) as a measure of anxiety-like behavior.
The details of the Y maze test have been described in our previous studies27,32. Briefly, a mouse was placed in an apparatus consisting of three arms (10 cm-wide, 45 cm-length, and 35 cm-high-walls) for 8 min. The light intensity in the apparatus was adjusted to 20 lx. The number of entries into an arm was as a measure of locomotor activity. The percentage of spontaneous alternation was used as a measure of working memory.
3-choice serial reaction time task (3-CSRTT)
Mice were trained to perform the 3-CSRTT as described previously33. We purchased aluminum operant chambers from Med Associates Inc. (St. Albans, VT, USA). The main sequence of the 3-CSRTT is briefly described below. When a mouse entered the food magazine, a 5-s inter-trial interval (ITI) began. After the ITI, one of the three hole lights was turned on (stimulus duration (SD) in experimental sessions: 1 s (SD1)) with a pseudo-random order. Nose poking before turning on a hole light was recorded as a "premature response," which is a measure of impulsive action. Nose poking into the lit hole was recorded as a correct response and resulted in delivery of a palatable food pellet (20 mg, dustless precision pellets, Bio-Serv, Frenchtown, NJ, USA). Nose poking into an unlit hole was recorded as an incorrect response. When the animal did not nose poke into any holes, we recorded it as an omission. A 5-s time-out period started after premature responses, incorrect responses, and omissions. We also recorded the premature response latency (the time between the ITI onset and a nose poke into a unlit hole), the correct response latency (the time between stimulus onset and a nose poke into the lit hole), and reward latency (the time between reward delivery and a nose poke into the food magazine).
Session data in the 3-CSRTT were used for two purposes (Fig. 6a). Training sessions after a pre-training period were used for q-learning analysis to assess learning ability. The pre-training sessions included several types of training and mice usually experienced each step for only a few sessions. After five SD1-ITI9 sessions were completed, duloxetine administration was started as described later.
Sessions used for q-learning analysis and duloxetine administrations and illustration of the functions used in the q-learning model in the 3-choice serial reaction time task. (a) Training sessions after a pre-training period were used for q-learning analysis to assess the learning process. A gray or red box indicates one session. Duloxetine was administered after five SD1-ITI9 were completed. SD1-ITI5 stands for stimulus duration of one second and inter trial interval (ITI) of 5 s. SD1-ITI9 stands for stimulus duration of one second and inter trial interval (ITI) of 9 s. (b) X-axis represents elapsed time (sec) from the starting time of trials. The vertical black line at 5 s indicates the timing of the light stimulus. Each line represents the following: Probability density function (p.d.f.) of experience (blue); the p.d.f. of experience distribution. P.d.f. of non-reward (orange); the p.d.f. of non-reward distribution. Prob. of confidence (green); the probability of confidence at each elapsed time. P.d.f. of choice (red); the p.d.f. of choice distribution. Survival of choice (purple): the survival function of the choice distribution.
Assessment of learning ability with a q-learning model with 3-CSRTT training sessions
We focused on ITI with 5-s (ITI5) training session data from the first session after the pre-training process to the tenth session (Fig. 6a). In these sessions, our preliminary analysis showed no clear difference in proportions of result categories (correct, premature, incorrect, or omission) between genotypes (see Supplementary Fig. 2). However, an impulsive action could be related to previous trial behaviors, and detailed analysis with a q-learning model could reveal differences between wild type and D5KO mice in terms of impulsivity. Premature response latency was recorded for these sessions and combined with correct and incorrect latencies. We could reconstruct the time between stimulus onset and a nose poke into the hole regardless of trial results.
The q-learning model in this study attempts to capture the mechanisms of premature behavior, which represents an impulsive action. To model the memory state in the mouse brain, we assumed two types of time-dependent probability distribution functions (p.d.f.) to represent "experience" and "non-reward" memory states. The experience distribution represents the memory of all trials that mice have completed, and a non-reward distribution represents the memory of trials with premature results. Combining these two mechanisms, mice decide when to nose poke into a hole. Parameters of both distributions are updated based on the q-learning process. Since incorrect results were thought to be caused by different mechanisms and the number of incorrect results was small, incorrect results were treated the same as correct ones in this analysis.
We firstly define random variables for "experience" and "non-reward" distributions, which follow a normal distribution. With q-learning theory, these two random variables were updated based on a result type and elapsed time from a start timing of the previous trial. Rates of updating each parameter are controlled by learning rates of the experience distribution, \({\alpha }_{X}\), and the non-reward distribution, \({\alpha }_{Y}\). If these learning rates are lower for D5KO mice than wild-type mice, we state that D5KO mice have a deficit in learning ability.
Experience and non-reward distributions are used to calculate the probability of confidence with a softmax function. An inverse temperature, \(\beta\), in the softmax function controls the degree of confidence by weighting experience and non-reward distribution. If the inverse temperature is higher for D5KO mice than wild-type mice, D5KO mice have strong confidence in their own choices. This probability of confidence is multiplied by the experience distribution and scaled to one, yielding the probability density function of choice representing the time of the decision to nose poke into a hole. This function can be converted to be a survival function, which is used for simulation purposes. These probabilities and distributions are illustrated in Fig. 6b.
Detailed explanations of model derivation, parameter specification, estimation procedures, and simulation procedures are in Supplementary Information.
The effects of acute duloxetine injection on impulsive action in mice
To determine whether dopamine D5 receptors play an important role in the enhancement of impulse control, we administered duloxetine (0, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to D5KO mice and their wildtype littermates 30 min before the 3-choice serial reaction time task session. We did not use higher doses of duloxetine (> 3.0 mg/kg) because higher doses induced sedation in our preliminary study. Drug treatments were carried out using a Latin square design and were administered with at least a 2-day interval between injections. During the testing phase of this study, the duration of the ITI was prolonged to 9 s (ITI9) because the mice made only a few (< 10) premature responses during the task using a 5-s interval (ITI5). Each testing session with ITI9 was conducted for 70 min or until 100 trials were completed, whichever came first, while sessions with ITI5 were conducted for 60 min or until 100 trials were completed, whichever came first. When the mice experienced 10 ITI5 sessions, they were habituated to ITI9 sessions 6 times with 2-day intervals.
The following behavioral measures in the 3-CSRTT were analyzed:
Percentage of premature responses: [premature responses/(premature + correct + incorrect responses)] × 100, a measure of impulsive action
Accuracy (percentage of correct responses): [correct responses/(correct + incorrect responses)] × 100, a measure of attentional function
Percentage of omissions [(number of omissions/total initiated trials) × 100], a measure of attentional function and motivation for the task
Correct response latency (s), a measure of attentional function, motivation for the task, and motor function
Reward latency (s), a measure of motivation for reward and motor function
For the measurement of locomotor activity in the home cage and in the open field test, we used a three-factor mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) with time as a within-subjects factor and genotype and sex as between-subjects factors. For the effect of genotype in the Y maze test, we used a two-factor mixed ANOVA with genotype and sex as between-subjects factors. For the 3-CSRTT, each measure was analyzed separately by a three-factor mixed ANOVA with drug as a within-subjects factor and genotype and sex as between-subjects factors except for the assessment of learning ability. If Mauchly's sphericity test was significant, a Greenhouse–Geisser correction was used. Multiple comparisons with Bonferroni's correction were also conducted in cases where ANOVA revealed a significant main effect. All results except for the assessment of learning ability are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (S.E.M.). The results were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. SPSS (version 23.0) and GraphPad Prism (version 8.4.2) were used for statistical analyses.
The datasets of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Codes used for model fitting and plotting of q-learning assessments of the 3-choice serial reaction time task is available on a GitHub repository at https://github.com/Neuropharmacol/3csrtt_q_learning.
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We would like to thank Dr. Motoya Katsuki for providing dopamine D5 receptor KO mice. We would like to thank Tomoko Furukawa, Aki Tanimori, and Dr. Mao Nebuka for their help in breeding the transgenic mice and supporting behavioral experiments, and thank JAM Post (https://www.jamp.com/index.cfm) for the English language review.
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP21K20856 (HS), JP19J20112 (HS), 18K07545 (YO), and 19H04976 (YO).
These authors contributed equally: Hitomi Sasamori, Toshiaki Asakura, and Chiaki Sugiura.
Mitsuhiro Yoshioka is deceased.
Department of Neuropharmacology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
Hitomi Sasamori, Chiaki Sugiura, Youcef Bouchekioua, Naoya Nishitani, Masaaki Sato, Takayuki Yoshida, Yu Ohmura & Mitsuhiro Yoshioka
Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
Toshiaki Asakura
Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
Naoya Nishitani
Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
Takayuki Yoshida
Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
Miwako Yamasaki & Masahiko Watanabe
Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Tokai University, Sapporo, Japan
Akira Terao
Hitomi Sasamori
Chiaki Sugiura
Youcef Bouchekioua
Masaaki Sato
Miwako Yamasaki
Masahiko Watanabe
Yu Ohmura
Mitsuhiro Yoshioka
H.S. contributed to the 3-CSRTT experiments, study design, interpretation, analyses, and manuscript preparation. T.A. contributed to the study design, interpretation, analyses using a q-learning model, and manuscript preparation. C.S. contributed to all of the experiments except for the 3-CSRTT. Y.B., N.N., M.S., and T.Y. contributed to the study design and manuscript revision. Miwako Yamasaki and M.W. contributed to providing D5KO mice and interpretation of the results. A.T. contributed to the real-time RT-PCR study design and experiments. Y.O. contributed to the conception and the study design, interpretation, analyses, and manuscript preparation. Mitsuhiro Yoshioka contributed to the study design and interpretation, but he passed away before completing this project. All authors, except for Mitsuhiro Yoshioka, reviewed the manuscript.
Correspondence to Yu Ohmura.
Supplementary Information.
Sasamori, H., Asakura, T., Sugiura, C. et al. Behavioral characteristics of dopamine D5 receptor knockout mice. Sci Rep 12, 6014 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10013-5

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St. Andre Bessette
Posted on December 31, 1969 January 6, 2022 by diocesan-joliet
Feast date: Jan 06
Brother André was born Alfred Bessette to a poor Quebec family in 1845, a biography from St. Joseph's Oratory says. His father died in a work accident when he was nine, and his mother died three years later. His large family was split up and the future Brother André, barely literate and physically weak from birth, moved from job to job for years.
In 1870 he presented himself as a candidate for the novitiate of the Congregation of Holy Cross in Montreal. They did not wish to accept him due to his sickness, but assigned him a very humble job when the bishop implored them to. He was made porter at Notre-Dame College, where his daily tasks consisted of washing floors and windows, cleaning lamps, carrying firewood and working as a messenger.
Bro. André use to say, "It is with the smallest brushes that the artists paint the most beautiful pictures."
He welcomed the sick and heartbroken, inviting them to pray to St. Joseph. His reputation grew as people reported that their prayers had been answered. He received visitors regularly for twenty-five years. Out of devotion to St. Joseph, he built a chapel with help from friends and money he earned from giving haircuts to students.
Larger versions of the chapel were constructed as more and more pilgrims came.
Brother André died in 1937. Over a million people attended his wake and burial.
Bishop Pierre Morissette of Saint-Jérôme, on Feb. 19, 2010, said "Brother André lived his life with great humility."
"Guided by a deep faith and devotion to Saint Joseph, he dedicated his life to praying, serving the poor, welcoming strangers, healing the sick and comforting the suffering," the bishop commented. "To this day, his memory remains an important witness to all Canadians of faith and love."
St. André Bessette was canoninzed by Pope Benedict XVI on October 17, 2010 in Saint Peter's Square.
The Love Family Visits


text:
require 'rails_helper'

RSpec.describe Educator do

  describe 'has Devise hooks' do
    it 'allow writing password but not reading, only for Devise' do
      educator = FactoryBot.build(:educator)
      educator.password = 'foo'
      expect(educator.respond_to?(:password)).to eq false
      expect(educator.attributes.has_key?(:password)). to eq false
    end

    it 'allow writing login_text but not reading, only for Devise' do
      educator = FactoryBot.build(:educator)
      educator.login_text = 'foo'
      expect(educator.respond_to?(:login_text)).to eq false
      expect(educator.attributes.has_key?(:login_text)). to eq false
    end
  end

  describe '#as_json' do
    it 'does not include student_searchbar_json' do
      educator = FactoryBot.build(:educator)
      expect(educator.as_json.has_key?('student_searchbar_json')).to be false
    end
  end

  it 'allows creating Educator without a school, so we can whitelist import admin users outside pilot schools' do
    expect(FactoryBot.build(:educator, school: nil)).to be_valid
  end

  describe 'grade_level_access' do
    context 'mix of strings and not strings' do
      let(:educator) { FactoryBot.create(:educator, grade_level_access: ['3', 4]) }
      it 'is coerced into an array of strings' do
        expect(educator.grade_level_access).to eq ["3", "4"]
      end
    end
    context 'only integers' do
      let(:educator) { FactoryBot.create(:educator, grade_level_access: [3, 4]) }
      it 'is coerced into an array of strings' do
        expect(educator.grade_level_access).to eq ["3", "4"]
        expect(educator.valid?).to eq true
      end
    end

    it 'requires grade_level_access to be valid GRADE_LEVEL values' do
      educator = FactoryBot.build(:educator)
      educator.grade_level_access = ['3', '14']
      educator.valid?
      expect(educator.errors.details).to eq(grade_level_access: [{:error=>"invalid grade"}])
    end

    it 'requires grade_level_access to have unique values' do
      educator = FactoryBot.build(:educator)
      educator.grade_level_access = ['2', '2']
      educator.valid?
      expect(educator.errors.details).to eq(grade_level_access: [{:error=>"duplicate values"}])
    end

    it 'requires grade_level_access to be an array' do
      educator = FactoryBot.build(:educator)
      educator.grade_level_access = false
      educator.valid?
      expect(educator.errors.details).to eq(grade_level_access: [{:error=>"should be an array, containing strings"}])
    end

    it 'requires grade_level_access to be present' do
      educator = FactoryBot.build(:educator)
      educator.grade_level_access = nil
      educator.valid?
      expect(educator.errors.details).to eq(grade_level_access: [{:error=>"cannot be nil"}])
    end
  end

  describe '#is_authorized_for_student' do
    let(:authorized?) { educator.is_authorized_for_student(student) }
    let(:healey) { FactoryBot.create(:healey) }
    let(:brown) { FactoryBot.create(:brown) }

    context 'educator has districtwide access' do
      let(:student) { FactoryBot.create(:student, school: healey) }
      let(:educator) {
        FactoryBot.create(:educator, school: brown, districtwide_access: true)
      }

      it 'grants access despite student being from different school' do
        expect(authorized?).to be true
      end
    end

    context 'student belongs to same school' do
      let(:student) { FactoryBot.create(:student, school: healey) }

      context 'educator does not have schoolwide access' do
        let(:educator) { FactoryBot.create(:educator, school: healey) }
        it 'is not authorized' do
          expect(authorized?).to be false
        end
      end

      context 'educator has schoolwide access' do
        let(:educator) { FactoryBot.create(:educator, school: healey, schoolwide_access: true) }
        it 'is authorized' do
          expect(authorized?).to be true
        end
      end

      context 'educator has student in a section' do
        let!(:educator) { FactoryBot.create(:educator, school: healey) }
        let!(:course) { FactoryBot.create(:course) }
        let!(:section) { FactoryBot.create(:section, course: course) }
        let!(:esa) { FactoryBot.create(:educator_section_assignment, educator: educator, section: section) }
        let!(:ssa) { FactoryBot.create(:student_section_assignment, student: student, section: section) }

        it 'is authorized' do
          expect(authorized?).to be true
        end
      end

    end

    context 'student belongs to different school' do
      let(:educator) { FactoryBot.create(:educator, school: healey, schoolwide_access: true) }
      let(:student) { FactoryBot.create(:student, school: brown) }

      it 'is not authorized' do
        expect(authorized?).to be false
      end
    end

  end

  describe 'validations' do
    it 'requires email' do
      expect(FactoryBot.build(:educator, email: nil)).to be_invalid
    end

    describe 'when "restriction" fields are interpreted as limitations on "admin"' do
      context 'admin with access to all students' do
        let(:admin) { FactoryBot.build(:educator, :admin) }
        it 'is valid' do
          expect(admin).to be_valid
        end
      end
      context 'admin without access to all students' do
        let(:admin) { FactoryBot.build(:educator, :admin, restricted_to_sped_students: true) }
        it 'is invalid' do
          expect(admin).to be_invalid
        end
      end
    end
  end

  describe '#labels' do
    let!(:pals) { TestPals.create! }
    it 'works' do
      expect(pals.shs_bill_nye.labels).to eq [
        'should_show_levels_shs_link',
        'should_show_low_grades_box',
        'shs_experience_team'
      ]
      expect(pals.shs_jodi.labels).to eq [
        'can_upload_student_voice_surveys',
        'should_show_levels_shs_link',
        'shs_experience_team'
      ]
      expect(pals.uri.labels).to contain_exactly(*[
        'can_upload_student_voice_surveys',
        'enable_equity_experiments',
        'enable_reader_profile_june',
        'enable_reader_profile_january',
        'enable_reading_benchmark_data_entry',
        'enable_reading_debug',
        'enable_reflection_on_notes_patterns',
        'enable_viewing_educators_with_access_to_student',
        'profile_enable_minimal_reading_data',
        'should_show_levels_shs_link'
      ])
    end
  end

  describe '#active' do
    let!(:pals) { TestPals.create! }

    it 'looks at missing_from_last_export' do
      pals.rich_districtwide.update!(missing_from_last_export: true)
      expect(pals.rich_districtwide.active?).to eq false
    end

    it 'supports whitelist' do
      pals.rich_districtwide.update!(missing_from_last_export: true)

      mock_per_district = PerDistrict.new
      allow(mock_per_district).to receive(:educator_login_names_whitelisted_as_active).and_return(['rich'])
      allow(PerDistrict).to receive(:new).and_return(mock_per_district)
      expect(pals.rich_districtwide.active?).to eq true
    end
  end
end


The Spine Center offers advanced, coordinated services that focus on non-surgical intervention, as well as the latest surgical treatments available for a variety of spine conditions. Our primary goal is to to minimize and potentially eliminate pain, restore maximum function and develop a personal spine management plan for long-term success. Regardless of the diagnosis, we are equipped to provide immediate treatment and surgical services as indicated.
Non-surgical treatment is a mainstay of spine care, either as the sole approach or in support of the surgical treatment plan. Resolution is first attempted through conservative therapy, such as oral medications, injections, and physical therapy combined. Patients maybe referred to our Pain Management Center for evaluation by our pain specialists who will develop individually-specific treatment plans.
Additionally, we offer a vast array of personal health management services from traditional medical services to complementary and alternative services, available through our Lifestyle Management Institute, to further support your recovery needs. We seek to support you in achieving maximum function through various exercises with specialized equipment as indicated.


text:
package org.fest.swing.test.swing;

import static javax.swing.SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait;
import static org.fest.swing.edt.GuiActionRunner.execute;

import java.awt.FlowLayout;

import javax.annotation.concurrent.GuardedBy;
import javax.swing.JApplet;
import javax.swing.JButton;

import org.fest.swing.annotation.RunsInEDT;
import org.fest.swing.edt.GuiQuery;

/**
 * @author Alex Ruiz
 */
public class TestApplet extends JApplet {
  @GuardedBy("this")
  private boolean initialized;
  @GuardedBy("this")
  private boolean destroyed;
  @GuardedBy("this")
  private boolean started;
  @GuardedBy("this")
  private boolean stopped;

  @RunsInEDT
  public static TestApplet createNew() {
    return execute(new GuiQuery<TestApplet>() {
      @Override
      protected TestApplet executeInEDT() {
        return new TestApplet();
      }
    });
  }

  public TestApplet() {}

  @Override
  public void init() {
    try {
      invokeAndWait(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
          setLayout(new FlowLayout());
          JButton button = new JButton("Click Me");
          button.setName("clickMe");
          add(button);
        }
      });
      synchronized (this) {
        initialized = true;
      }
    } catch (Exception e) {
      System.err.println("createGUI didn't successfully complete");
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void start() {
    synchronized (this) {
      started = true;
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void stop() {
    synchronized (this) {
      stopped = true;
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void destroy() {
    synchronized (this) {
      destroyed = true;
    }
  }

  public synchronized boolean initialized() {
    return initialized;
  }

  public synchronized boolean started() {
    return started;
  }

  public synchronized boolean stopped() {
    return stopped;
  }

  public synchronized boolean destroyed() {
    return destroyed;
  }
}


text:
A couple gets killed and then the killer gets murdered – so, whodunit?
By Brad Newsome
With so many entertainment options, it's easy to miss brilliant TV shows, movies and documentaries. Here are the ones to hit play on, or skip.
Stan*
You can have an old-fashioned whodunit, or you can have a real whodunit burger with the lot. This four-part miniseries from prolific British brothers Harry and Jack Williams (The Missing, Baptiste) takes the fried-egg-and-beetroot route with a twisty mystery that gradually unearths decades' worth of two families' secrets and lies.
When Grace Douglas (Kate Bracken) and Adam Elliot (Jeremy Neumark Jones) are murdered, things go from bad to worse in their rural Scottish town. Credit:Stan
Deep in rural Scotland, Bill and Moira Douglas (John Lynch and Julie Graham) and Louise Elliot (Juliet Stevenson) have raised their families side by side. When their children Adam and Grace are married and then promptly murdered in their new home in Edinburgh, everyone is shattered.
When the apparent murderer turns up at the Douglases' home, gravely injured in the middle of the night, everyone is shocked. When the dawn finds him dead in the farm shed with his throat cut everyone has to face the fact that the new killer is, well, "one of us".
It's an intriguing premise and everyone marks themselves as guilty in at least one way by helping dispose of the body and lie to the police. The Williamses' script takes its time pointing the finger of suspicion at one character after another, but largely succeeds in keeping the viewer engaged and guessing. Who killed the killer? Surely not Adam's sister, sweet nurse Claire (Joanna Vanderham). Maybe her rageaholic brother, Rob (Game of Thrones' Joe Dempsie). Or Grace's not-quite-right teenage brother, Jamie (Cristian Ortega).
The Williams brothers artfully complicate things too. Claire's long-estranged father (Adrian Edmonson) suddenly enters the story, burdened by guilt; Bill's long-serving farm worker (Gary Lewis) sees an opportunity for blackmail.
As with the rest of the Williams brothers' best series, One of Us is engrossing in the way it picks at the wounds inflicted by grief and guilt, showing how human weakness can tear families apart. But as with some of their less compelling work (such as The Widow on Amazon Prime Video) it has perhaps one sub-plot too many – not least the one about homicide detective Juliet (Laura Fraser) selling drugs to fund a last-chance operation for her dying daughter.
Director William McGregor, not a household name but much-acclaimed for his work on the 2015 version of Poldark, makes great use of the rugged, windswept Scottish scenery – not least the fallen stands of dead, bleached trees that evoke the skeletons with which everyone's closets seem to be crammed. A perfect sort of thing to stretch across a couple of chilly winter nights.
Frankenstein's Monster's Monster, Frankenstein
A delightfully bizarre little mockumentary in which Stranger Things star David Harbour plays himself on a mission to get to know his fictional late father, a pompous actor with whom he shares a name and whom he also happens to play.
A recording of the old man's stage reboot of Frankenstein might provide insights.
Harbour, Kate Berlant and Michael Lerner are a treat, and with the whole thing running at just half an hour, it's perfect to watch while you're trying to figure out what to watch.
Yatha Pathay
ABC iView
A short but eye-opening documentary following Cairns teenager Dmitri Ahwang-Bani as he makes a coming-of-age journey to the Torres Strait Islands to undertake the traditional hunting and shaving rituals that will mark his transition to manhood in the eyes of his Wagadagam tribe.
Jimi Bani directs his son Dmitri Ahwang-Bani (pictured) in Yatha Pathay on ABC iview. Credit:ABC
Director Jimi Bani, Dmitri's father, has his son provide candid commentary on everything from his nervousness about the difficult task of spearing a dugong to his sadness at feeling "like a white man" among the "proper island boys".
Mums Gone Wild: Embarrassing Parents
Stan has loads of these cheap and cheerful programs about free-spirited Brits determined to age disgracefully. But this one isn't a simple exercise in voyuerism and self-righteous tut-tutting. There's also a good deal of compassion for women in their 40s who have been through a lot and who now want to have a bit of fun.
Jill, one of the mums featured on Mums Gone Wild: Embarrassing Parents, pictured with her two sons.
Among them is former glamour model Jill, who has two teenage boys to support and so has – much to their horror – gone into selling sex toys online.
Westall '66: A Suburban UFO Mystery
This Australian documentary isn't one of your typical hokey UFO mysteries. There might not have been an alien spaceship buzzing around Westall High School in Clayton South on April 6, 1966. But dozens of people, if not hundreds, certainly saw something strange that day.
A Westall High School assembly in 1966. Credit:Amazon Prime Video
In Westall '66 director Rosie Jones and investigator Shane Ryan collect numerous fascinating accounts from eyewitnesses who remain as animated about the events of that day as they are mystified about what they really saw.
There was something in the sky that behaved oddly and appeared to land but then vanished – and then the place was swarming with soldiers, RAAF officers and Men in Black types warning everyone to keep their mouths shut.
The most interesting theory put forward comes from Lieutenant Colonel Neil Smith, a military historian who says the UFO might have been a pilotless plane. At the time, Smith says, the Australian military was developing such things and it was all very hush-hush. If that's the case it's disappointing that nobody from the military will confirm it all these years later.
Michael Chiklis stars as detective Vic Mackey in gripping show The Shield. Credit:AP
Shawn Ryan's white-knuckle series remains a real high-water mark of the dirty-cop genre. Michael Chiklis brings huge physicality and emotional range to the lead role of brutal LAPD detective Vic Mackey, and Walton Goggins is nothing short of magnetic as crooked, sleazy, redneck cop Shane Vendrell. The stunning first episode should have you hooked. The show is Kurt Sutter's alma mater, so it's compulsory viewing for Sons of Anarchy fans.
*Stan is owned by Nine, the publisher of this website.


text:
HomeReportsInvestment Climate Statements...Custom Report - 87c32a77c3
Albania, Georgia
Albania's labor force numbers around 1.22 million people, according to official data. After peaking at 18.2 percent in the first quarter of 2014, the official estimated unemployment rate has decreased in recent years, falling to 11.2 percent at the end of 2019 compared to 12.3 percent in December 2018. However, unemployment among people aged 15-29 remains high, at 21.4 percent. The effect of the 6.4-magnitude earthquake in November 2019 and the COVID-19 pandemic on Albanian unemployment will take time to unfold. Around 40 percent of the population is self-employed in the agriculture sector. Informality continues to be widespread in the Albanian labor market. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), almost 30 percent of all employment in the non-agriculture sector is informal.
The institutions that oversee the labor market include the Ministry of Finance, Economy and Labor, the Ministry of Health and Social Protection; the National Employment Service; the State Labor Inspectorate; and private entities such as employment agencies and vocational training centers. Albania has adopted a wide variety of regulations to monitor labor abuses, but enforcement is weak due to persistent informality in the work force.
Outward labor migration remains an ongoing problem affecting the Albanian labor market. There is a growing concern about labor shortage for both the skilled and unskilled workforces. Over the last several years, media outlets have reported that a significant number of doctors and nurses have emigrated to Europe, mostly to Germany. There are also claims that the textile industry, which hires unskilled labor, is facing difficulties replacing workers s resulting from growing due to emigration of Albanian citizens. In December 2019, the average public administration salary was approximately 63,826 lek (approximately USD 575) per month. The GoA increased the national minimum wage in January 2019 to 26,000 lek per month (approximately USD 225), but it is still the lowest in the region.
While some in the labor force are highly skilled, many work in low-skill industries or have outdated skills. The government provides financial incentives for labor force training for the inward processing industry (in which goods are brough into the country for additional manufacturing, repairing, or restoring), which in Albania includes the footwear and textile sectors. In March 2019, parliament approved a new law on employment promotion, which defined public policies on employment and support programs. Albania has a tradition of a strong secondary educational system, while vocational schools are viewed as less prestigious and attract fewer students. However, the government has more recently focused attention on vocational education. In the 2018-2019 academic year, about 21,300, or 18 percent, of high school pupils were enrolled in vocational schools, compared with 17.1 percent in the previous year.
The Law on Foreigners and various decisions of the Council of Ministers regulate the employment regime in Albania. Employment can also be regulated through special laws in the case of specific projects, or to attract foreign investment. The Law on TEDA-s also provides financial incentives for labor taxes on investments in the zone. In February 2020, parliament approved some amendments to the Law on Foreigners, extending the same employment and self-employment rights Albanian citizens have to the citizens of five Western Balkan countries. The new law extends to these citizens the same benefits that the original law provided to the citizens of EU and the Schengen countries. The recent amendments also allow hiring of foreign citizens in different sectors in the framework of to work in the reconstruction process efforts due to the November 2019 earthquake.
The Labor Code includes rules regarding contract termination procedures that distinguish layoffs from terminations. Employment contracts can be limited or unlimited in duration, but typically cover an unlimited period if not specified in the contract. Employees can collect up to 12 months of salary in the event of an unexpected interruption of the contract. Unemployment compensation makes up around 50 percent of the minimum wage.
Pursuant to the Labor Code and the recently amended "Law on the Status of the Civil Employee," both individual and collective employment contracts regulate labor relations between employees and management. While there are no official data recording the number of collective bargaining agreements used throughout the economy, they are widely used in the public sector, including by SOEs. Albania has a labor dispute resolution mechanism as specified in the Labor Code, article 170, but the mechanism is considered inefficient. Strikes are rare in Albania, mostly due to the limited power of the trade unions and they have not posed any risk to investments.
Albania has been a member of the International Labor Organization since 1991 and has ratified 54 out of 189 ILO conventions, including the 8eight Fundamental Conventions, the four Governance Conventions and 42 Technical Conventions. The implementation of labor relations and standards continues to be a challenge, according to the ILO. Furthermore, labor dialogue has suffered from the 2017 division of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection into two different institutions.
See the U.S. Department of State Human Rights Report:
https://www.state.gov/reports-bureau-of-democracy-human-rights-and-labor/country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/;
and the U.S. Department of Labor Child Labor Report:
http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor .
Alex MacFarlane
Economic and Commercial Officer
U.S. Embassy Tirana, Albania
Rruga Elbasanit, Nr. 103
Tirana, Albania +355 4 224 7285
USALBusiness@state.gov
Georgia offers skilled and unskilled labor at attractive costs compared not only to Western European and American standards, but also to Eastern European standards. Skilled labor availability in the engineering field remains underdeveloped. The official unemployment rate was 11.6 percent in 2019, according to State Department of Statistics, but actual unemployment is considerably higher given significant underemployment in the working population, especially in rural regions where subsistence farmers are considered employed for statistical purposes and job creation has remained a particular challenge. Some investment agreements between the Georgian government and private parties have included mandates for the contracting of local labor for positions below the management or executive level.
Georgia's Labor Code defines the minimum age for employment (16), standard work hours (40 per week), and annual leave (24 calendar days). The law allows for other wage and hour issues to be agreed between the employer and employee. The amendments to the Labor Code in July 2013 defined the grounds for termination and severance pay for an employee at the time of termination, including the payment term. An employer is obliged to give compensation of not less than one month's salary to an employee within thirty (30) days. Additionally, an employer is obliged to give the dismissed employee a written description of the grounds for termination within seven days after an employee's request. The Labor Code also prescribes rules for paying overtime labor (over 40 hours), which must be paid at an increased hourly rate.
The Labor Code specifies essential terms for labor contracts, including: the starting date and the duration of labor relations, working hours and holiday time, location of workplace, position and type of work, amount of salary and its payment, overtime work and its payment, the duration of paid and unpaid vacation and leave, and rules for granting leave. The code states that the duration of a business day for an underage person (ages 16 to 18) should not exceed 36 hours per week. Regulations prohibit interference in union activities and discrimination of an employee due to union membership. The Labor Code amendments mandate the government to reestablish a labor inspectorate to ensure adherence to labor safety standards. The labor inspection program under the Ministry of Labor, Health, and Social Affairs, employs 25 labor inspectors, although in 2019 the government increased the number of inspectors to 100 to deal with increasing demand, and the vacancies are still to be filled. In 2018, Parliament passed the Occupational Safety, and Health (OSH) Law, that gave the government power to make unannounced inspections in some circumstances in companies operating among "hard, harmful, hazardous, and increased danger" occupations. Subsequent amendments that entered into force in September 2019 allowed unannounced inspections across all sectors of the economy. Employees are entitled to up to 183 days (six months) of paid maternity leave, which can last up to 24 months when combined with unpaid leave. The state subsidizes leave taken for pregnancy, childbirth, childcare, and adoption of a newborn. An employer and employee may agree on additional compensation. The Labor Code permits non-competition clauses in contracts; this provision may remain in force even after the termination of employment.
Employees are entitled to up to 183 days (six months) of paid maternity leave, which can last up to 24 months when combined with unpaid leave. The state subsidizes leave taken for pregnancy, childbirth, childcare, and adoption of a newborn. An employer and employee may agree on additional compensation. The Labor Code permits non-competition clauses in contracts; this provision may remain in force even after the termination of employment.
The government adopted a new law in 2018 establishing an accumulative pension scheme, which came into effect as of January 1, 2019. The pension is mandatory for legally employed persons under 40, while for the self-employed and those above the age of 40 enrollment in the program is voluntary. Each employee, employer, and the government must each make a contribution of two percent of the employee's gross income to an individual retirement account. As for the self-employed, they will make a deposit of four percent of their income, and the state will match another two per cent. Employees pay a flat 20 percent income tax. The state social security system provides a modest pension and maternity benefits. The minimum monthly pension is GEL 220 (USD 73). The average monthly salary across the economy in 2019 was GEL 1,217 (around USD 420). The minimum wage requirement for state sector employees is GEL115 (USD 40) per month. Legislation on the official minimum wage in the private sector has not changed since the early 1990s and stands at GEL 20 (USD 7) per month, but is not applied in practice and is not being used for reference.
The law generally provides for the right of most workers, including government employees, to form and join independent unions, to legally strike, and to bargain collectively. Employers are not obliged, however, to engage in collective bargaining, even if a trade union or a group of employees wishes to do so. While strikes are not limited in length, the law limits lockouts to 90 days. A court may determine the legality of a strike, and violators of strike rules can face up to two years in prison. Although the law prohibits employers from discriminating against union members or union-organizing activities in general terms, it does not explicitly require reinstatement of workers dismissed for union activity. Certain categories of workers related to "human life and health," as defined by the government, were not allowed to strike. The International Labor Organization noted the government's list of such services included some it did not believe constituted essential services directly related to human life and health. Workers generally exercised their right to strike in accordance with the law.
Georgia has ratified some ILO conventions, including the Forced Labor Convention of 1930, the Paid Holiday Convention of 1936, the Anti-Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention of 1951, the Human Resources Development Convention of 1975, the Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention of 1949, the Equal Remuneration Convention of 1951, the Abolition of Forced Labor Convention of 1957, the Employment Policy Convention of 1964, and the Minimum Age Convention of 1973.
Information on labor related issues is also available in the State Department's annual reports: Human Right Report: http://georgia.usembassy.gov/officialreports/hrr.html. Child Labor Report: http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/georgia.htm .
United States Embassy, Political/Economic Section
29 Georgian-American Friendship Avenue, Tbilisi
Mackenzie Rowe, Economic Unit Chief +995-32-2-27-7000
RoweML2@state.gov


Continuing the now questionable tradition of posting a monthly alternative set for last year's 365-project, many of these photos are rather generic snapshots. I guess these were the first signs of project fatigue.
Lately I've been trying to revive my photography hobby by carrying my camera with me more often and indeed I have been taking some photos here and now, but I clearly need some idea or theme to keep things more interesting for myself.


Right on! He was June 2003's "Philosopher of the Month"
Mostly self-educated in Switzerland, Jean-Jacques Rousseau ended up in Paris, France in the 1740s and became acquainted with Voltaire and Denis Diderot. Rousseau published Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality in 1754, arguing that the natural, moral state of man had been corrupted by society. In 1762 he published The Social Contract (with it's famous opening line, "Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains."), and Emile, a novel that illustrated his ideas in education. After settling in England in 1766, Rousseau wrote his Confessions, now considered to be a forerunner of the modern autobiography. He returned to France in 1770 and eventually died in Ermenonville, plagued by fears of persecution. Rousseau's political philosophy had a profound influence on the evolution of the liberal democratic state in Europe and America during the 18th century.


text:
Q: create full copy of existing table in oracle I know that I can easily create a copy of a table with create table t1 select * from table2; But I need to copy:

*

*columns

*comments

*tablespace

*indexes

*grants

*triggers

*keys

*default values

*...

*any other dependencies
Is there way to do it by pl/sql procedure? My Oracle version is 11R2.
The SQL of table:
-- Create table

    create table SCHEMA.MY_TABLE
    (
      id      number(1),
      name    varchar2(30),
      dat     date
    )
    tablespace MY_TS
      pctfree 10
      initrans 1
      maxtrans 255
      storage
      (
        initial 10M
        next 1M
        minextents 1
        maxextents unlimited
      );
    -- Add comments to the table
    comment on table SCHEMA.MY_TABLE
      is 'MY TABLE';
    comment on column SCHEMA.MY_TABLE.ID
      is 'id';
    comment on column SCHEMA.MY_TABLE.NAME
      is 'name of operation';
    comment on column SCHEMA.MY_TABLE.DAT
      is 'date of operation';

    grant select on SCHEMA.MY_TABLE to PUBLIC;

A: You can use DBMS_REDEFINITION package, that thing can do a copy of whole table including comments etc. It will also "defragment" the new copy to occupy less space than the original table.
More info at https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/ARPLS/d_redefi.htm#ARPLS042
Example by request:
So let's create a test schema, a table and fill it with some data:
CREATE USER "TEST_SCHEMA" IDENTIFIED BY "TEST";
GRANT UNLIMITED TABLESPACE TO "TEST_SCHEMA";

CREATE TABLE "TEST_SCHEMA"."NAMES" ("ID" NUMBER, "NAME" VARCHAR2(25), PRIMARY KEY("ID"));

INSERT INTO "TEST_SCHEMA"."NAMES" VALUES (1, 'joe');
INSERT INTO "TEST_SCHEMA"."NAMES" VALUES (2, 'pete');
INSERT INTO "TEST_SCHEMA"."NAMES" VALUES (3, 'mark');

Now we can check the content of the test table:
SELECT * FROM "TEST_SCHEMA"."NAMES";

Let's begin the copy process by creating empty table exactly as the source table looks like (using WHERE 1=0, which won't take any data).
CREATE TABLE "TEST_SCHEMA"."NAMES_COPY" AS SELECT * FROM "TEST_SCHEMA"."NAMES" "A1" WHERE 1=0;

Here you can setup paralellization etc, prepare data etc..
After everything is done, let's start the REDEFINITION process:
BEGIN
  DBMS_REDEFINITION.START_REDEF_TABLE('TEST_SCHEMA','NAMES','NAMES_COPY');
END;
/

When the contents is copied, we need to copy every object that is dependent on the table (like triggers, indexes etc....)
DECLARE
  num_errors PLS_INTEGER;
BEGIN
  DBMS_REDEFINITION.COPY_TABLE_DEPENDENTS ('TEST_SCHEMA',  'NAMES',    'NAMES_COPY',
    DBMS_REDEFINITION.CONS_ORIG_PARAMS, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, num_errors);
END;
/

We can check if any errors occured during copying of dependencies with this query:
SELECT "OBJECT_NAME", "BASE_TABLE_NAME", "DDL_TXT" FROM DBA_REDEFINITION_ERRORS;

If everything is alright, we can finish the process:
BEGIN
  DBMS_REDEFINITION.FINISH_REDEF_TABLE ('TEST_SCHEMA', 'NAMES',    'NAMES_COPY');
END;
/

And voila, the new table is like the cloned sheep Dolly with everything in it:
SELECT * FROM "TEST_SCHEMA"."NAMES_COPY";

Now to cleaup the test schema, run these:
DROP TABLE "TEST_SCHEMA"."NAMES";
DROP TABLE "TEST_SCHEMA"."NAMES_COPY";
DROP USER "TEST_SCHEMA" CASCADE;

I hope it helped.

A: If you are using TOAD, SQL DEVELOPER you can access the Table SQL by using f4 in toad and by using search abject and then SQL in SQL developer. This will give you SQL script to create a table. This will have all Indexes, Default values, column structure, grants, columns
comments, tablespace. For triggers, you can get this from DBA_triggers/Triggers section of the above method. Just change the name of the table and execute the statement and after that insert all the data from the base table to new table.

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