text:
Why the LTTE is Not a Terrorist Organization
May 10, 2020 editor அரசியல், மனிதவுரிமை, வரலாறு 0
By Ms Karen Parker
Canadians have asked me to set out my views on whether the
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) is a "terrorist" organization. I
state categorically that the LTTE is not a "terrorist" organization, but rather
an armed force in a war against the government of Sri Lanka. Characterization of the LTTE as a "terrorist" organization is politically motivated having no basis in law or fact. This memorandum provides a brief legal analysis to support my view.
There is a war in Sri Lanka. By war, I mean that there is armed
conflict occurring between two parties. An armed conflict is defined by the use of military material in an organized fashion by at least two groups organized into military fighting forces fighting each other. The LTTE are organized as militarily, with a military commander and military chain of command. The LTTE uses traditional, modern military
weaponry in its combat against the military forces of the government of Sri Lanka. The LTTE uses a variety of military tactics, including open warfare, raids or guerrilla warfare. The government armed forces use similar military means against the armed forces of the LTTE. Most armies in the past 200 years have utilized essentially the same tactics.
The war in Sri Lanka may be characterized as either a civil war or
a war of national liberation in the exercise of the right to self-determination. A civil war exists if there is armed conflict inside one country between government armed forces and at least one other force having an identifiable command and having sufficient control
over the territory to carry out "sustained" and "concerted" military
action and the practical capability to fulfil humanitarian law obligations. The LTTE has clearly met this test for more than 10 years.
A war of national liberation exists if an armed conflict exists
between the armed forces of a government against the armed forces of a people that have the right to self-determination. In my view, the war in Sri Lanka is a war of national liberation because the Tamil people have the right to self-determination. This is because the Tamil people, the original inhabitants of the north and east of the island of Ceylon,
had their own state complete and separate from the Sinhala prior to colonization by the British. The Tamil people, primarily Hindu, and secondarily Christian and Muslim, speak their own language and have their own traditions and customs. The Sinhala people are primarily Buddhist and secondarily Christian and their traditions and customs reflect
that heritage.
With the forced unitary rule, first as a result of colonization and then under the post-colonial Sinhala majority rule, the Tamil people were
increasingly threatened. In the late 1970s, after nearly thirty years of attempted peaceful resolution to the many points of profound differences, the Tamil people began forming armed defense forces. At present, Tamil forces are consolidated in the LTTE, which continues to defend Tamil areas in a war against the Sinhala government's armed forces, "home guards" and other armed entities.
If the war in Sri Lanka is a civil war, outside states are required to be neutral – a civil war is by definition an internal affair of a state. This
is known as the duty of neutrality. If the war is a war of national liberation, outside states are required to support the side with the self-determination claim – The Tamil side. This is because of the jus cogens nature of the right to self-determination. This does not mean that another state must provide direct aid to the Tamil people or the Tamil armed force. However, other states must not engage in any activity with the Sinhala government that in any way undermines the realization of self-determination by the Tamil people.
Both parties to the armed conflict on the island of Ceylon violate
the rules of armed conflict or humanitarian law. However, the mere fact that one side of the other violates humanitarian law norms does not deny either the rights or duties of combatant forces. Accordingly, the LTTE may not be called a "terrorist" organization because, in the course of armed conflict, some of its soldiers have violated the rules of armed conflict. In the same light, the government cannot be called a "terrorist" state because some of its military operations have violated armed conflict rules. Neither side, of course, can be considered to violate humanitarian law for
carrying out military actions. I have noted "condemnation" of the LTTE
by the government and others for carrying out military operations that are not prohibited in humanitarian law. For example, the LTTE shot down a number of airplanes and sank a number of ships of the Sri Lankan forces. These actions were called "terrorist" by the government of Sri Lanka. These are not violations of humanitarian law and therefore cannot be characterized as "terrorist".
I do note, however the rampant disregard for humanitarian
rules by the government forces in persistent and repeated military operations against hospitals, schools, market places, churches and locations with a strong historical and cultural significance to the Tamil people. I also note the difficulty in establishing the culpable party(ies) in a number of situations where the LTTE has been accused by the Sri Lankan government of killing civilians. This is not to say the LTTE have not
resorted to the killing of civilians. However, the fact that the government accuses the LTTE does not mean the LTTE actually carried out the acts in question. The government's rejection of impartial, international fact-finding makes ascertaining the truth ever more difficult.
The International Court of Justice decided that all states have an
obligation under Article 1 common to the Geneva Conventions to "ensure respect" for the Geneva Conventions even when not directly or indirectly involved in a conflict. From my point of view, this requirement mandates at least that the international community insist that the government of Sri Lanka to allow both humanitarian relief to all victims
of the conflict and international, impartial fact-finding to take place.
About the Author: Ms Karen Parker is an attorney specializing in international law, humanitarian (armed conflict) and human rights law. She
is Chief Delegate at the United Nations for the Humanitarian Law Project/International Education Development.
Her work involves consultations with governments, international
bodies, opposition groups, non-governmental organizations and attorneys; fact-finding missions; and representations before national, foreign and international courts and tribunals.
She has testified before the United Nations on the situation in
Sri Lanka since 1983. Her written statements on Sri Lanka are published by the United Nations as part of the official records. She has also presented papers and made numerous speeches at universities, community forums and international events on the crisis in Sri Lanka.
Because of her special emphasis on humanitarian (armed conflict)
law, she has worked with victims and for compliance with the Geneva Conventions and other humanitarian norms in Sri Lanka. She also presents legal arguments defending the Tamil right to self-determination.
Mr Parker has been invited to US Congress many times to give
special briefings on international law and US policy and has presented testimony on Sri Lanka at hearings.
thadhasinhalaya posted October 11, 2000, 10:22 PM Click Here to See the Profile for thadhasinhalaya Click Here to Email thadhasinhalaya Edit Message Karen Parker – A high priced human rights lawyer was tossed out on her highly paid ass when she attempted to the US Congress arguing that LTTE were not terrorists and that their human rights were being violated.
perhaps Ms.Karen Parker would like to give an address to Congress about the human rights violations inherent in the LTTE campaign to force children into combat, the torture for those who refuse and the extortion of their families, the 'human rights' inherent in a mother being returned the pieces of her 13 yr old son from combat and the 'human rights' violations involved with the denial of children's education by forcing schools to subvert the educational curriculum in favour of terrorism military training.
If anybody were to talk about human rights … the LTTE must stand up and be the biggest violator of them all.
[This message has been edited by thadhasinhalaya (edited October 11, 2000).]
thadhasinhalaya posted October 11, 2000 10:33 PM Click Here to See the Profile for thadhasinhalaya Click Here to Email thadhasinhalaya Edit Message
A reply to MS Parker:
LTTE TERRORISM AND POLITICAL CLAIMS
Gamini Iriyagolle, Sri Lanka
This is a response to an article by Karen Parker, said to be a specialist in international law, published on 14th June 2000 in the Ottawa Citizen. The writer declares that the LTTE is not a terrorist organization but is a legitimate armed force fighting a war of Tamil liberation against the armed forces of the Sri Lanka government. The article also states that the Tamil people had a separate state before British colonization which the LTTE is now fighting to liberate.
The writer seems to be unaware of both fact and principle relative to the LTTE and to Tamil political claims.
It is well known that the LTTE carries out massacres of Sinhala people living in villages and carries out bomb attacks in cities such as the capital Colombo. Its atrocities are committed as a matter of policy in pursuit of the declared goal of a Tamil state. Detailing each and every one of them would fill a volume. Only some of the acts of terrorism can be referred to here.
After early operations such as robberies and murders of individual policemen and off duty military personnel in the seventies, the LTTE commenced massacres of non combatant civilians and attacks on places of worship sacred to Buddhists in 1984 and 1998. In May 1985 its cadres descended on the sacred city of Anuradhapura, massacred 146 people and machine gunned the precincts of the 2000 year old Sacred Bo Tree killing a number of devotees worhipping there. Later the LTTE boasted that it took the massacre at Anuradhapura to bring the government to the negotiating table in July 1985. In 1986 a passenger aircraft waiting to take off from the Colombo International Airport was bombed on the tarmac killing and maiming a number of passengers seated in the aircraft . The victims were of various nationalities. If ever there was an act of international terrorism this was it. In 1987 a powerful bomb was exploded during the evening rush hour close to the central bus station in Pettah, Colombo killing over 150 Sinhalese most whom on their way home after work. Tamil office workers had been secretly warned to stay away. Another bomb at Maradana also in the heart of Colombo killed and maimed a number of commuters.
During this period several Sinhala villages both in and outside the area claimed for a Tamil state were attacked with submachine guns and carving knives. In a village I visited soon after an attack I was shown two huts the inhabitants of which had been attacked two weeks before. The victims in one were a young mother and her two year old child who was being fed. The mother fled with the child. Karen Parker's "freedom fighters" shot and killed both with the sophisticated weapons Parker says the alleged legitimate Tigers are duly armed with (I must state here that I used to visit the scenes of such attacks and also threatened villages till September 1990 when I was crippled by a spinal injury). Serunewa was a miserably poor Sinhala village in a forest reserve in Anuradhapura District ; its crime was to be located on a forest route used by the "freedom fighters" to move from the Northern Province to the Eastern Province. The LTTE attacked it twice murdering a number of villagers each time; the village wa abandoned. After one attack the LTTE cut off the heads of two young women and strung them up on a tree at head level at a bend in the footpath to be thus discovered by officials.
In June 1990 the honeymoon between President Premadasa and the LTTE was violently terminated by the latter simultaneously attacking polic e stations and army camps. The LTTE negotiators were enjoying government hospitality at a 5 star Colombo hotel at the time. The Police stations were ordered by the government to surrender to the attackers with their armouries. 600 policemen, in various stations, who surrendered in obedience to these orders had their hands tied behind backs, shot dead and buried in mass graves presumably in the name of self determination. Several of these graves were discovered later. How does this fit in to Parker's scheme of conformity to law ? When I visited the largely Muslim town of Kinniya in Trincomalee District in the Eastern Province in August 1990 I was shown the shell of the police station set fire to by the LTTE in June. 37 Sinhala policemen had been locked into one room and burnt alive. The distinctive smell of death was still there two months after the atrocity.
I leave out of this account for want of space the details of terrorist atrocities (including raping of girls in front of their parents in a night attack on the remote village of Mangalagama ) such as the bombing of the election meeting at Grand Pass in Colombo, the Central Bank, the Temple of the Tooth, the passenger train at Dehiwala, the Heroes Day procession on June 7th 2000 and so many others acts of systematic terrorism. The LTTE is a Tamil terrorist organization waging a war against ordinary Sinhala people as much as or more than against the state armed forces. When a Sinhalese sets out to work in Colombo in the morning neither he nor his family could be certain of his return. The Tamil population of Colombo is so confident of its security that in the period between the last national census of 1981 and the partial census of 1994, the Sri Lanka Tamil population of Colombo District had increased by 39% mainly by to migration from Jaffna and Batticaloa while the Sinhala population increased by only 15%, a natural increase.
The claim that the LTTE is an organization which should be recognized as a legiimate army engaged in a war of national liberation is disproved by Parker's own criteria. It never had independent control over any area at any time. I say this because in every area it dominated militarily all the civilian public servants and all the civilian services have been provided and funded throughout by the central government from the national budget. The LTTE was not capable of providing any of these; it could only terrorise Tamil public servants and ordinary Tamil citizens to obey their commands. Food supplies have been sent from Colombo. One of the vociferous LTTE demands has been that the government it was fighting should provide the supplies and services in the areas under its (LTTE) control.
The claim for a separate state and of a right of self determination are so untenable that the Tamil groups demand that they be accepted without evidence.The following facts serve briefly actually to disprove them.
The All-Ceylon Tamil Congress was formed in 1944 to claim the rights of the Tamils and to put forward proposals for constitutional reform before the Soulbury Commission. The leaders who included Chelvanayakam, the inventor in 1949 of a right of self determination and in 1976 of an ancient Tamil state, submitted a memorandum to the Commission and gave oral evidence before it at a public sitting.
Chelvanayakam was so dissociated then from the idea that the Tamils had a right of self determination that the main constitutional demands made by him and the other leaders orally and in writing were that the British continue to be rule the entire island, that the powers of the colonial Governor be increased, and that the Sinhalese be reduced to the status of a political minority. Thus in 1945, according to the Tamil leaders themselves, there was no Tamil nation, no separate ancient Tamil state in the island and no "right of self determination". All these were invented between 1945 and 1949 by the very Tamils who sought perpetuation of colonial rule.
After the grant of independence in 1948 Chelvanayakam changed his plans and purposes and formed the Lanka Tamil Government Party (dishonestly called the Federal Party) inventing an exclusively Tamil historical homeland, more than half of which had been populated and ruled by the Sinhalese for centuries. Minority rights ceased and "national" rights were born just 50 years ago.
In 1976 Chelvanayakam invented an ancient state of "Tamil Eelam" and formed the Tamil United Liberation Front to fight for its "restoration"; he and his lieutenants also sponsored terrorist groups including the LTTE to take up arms to enforce the false claim by violence. The present situation is the result.
All the political assertions made by the TULF, the LTTE and its advocates are demonstrably false. The history of the island is very well documented and it is impossible to falsify that history. The word "Eelam" is itself the Tamil form of the word "Sinhala". "Tamil Eelam" is thus "Tamil Sinhalaland" a piece of nonsense that could come straight out of Through the Looking Glass.
Note from SPUR :
Gamini Iriyagolle is a law graduate of the Universities of Ceylon and Cambridge and is also an Attorney-at-law. He was in the elite Ceylon Civil Service till its abolition and was absorbed into the Ceylon Administrative Service thereafter. He has held several public appointments including those of Deputy Land Commissioner, Deputy Director of Agricultural Development, Director Agrarian Research and Training, Director Industrial Policy and Chairman Industrial Development Board of Ceylon, all before he was 40. As a very young public servant he was briefly in Jaffna in 1961 in charge of civil adminstration. After he reverted to legal practice, he was for some time a visiting lecturer at the Sri Lanka Law College and a Vice President of the Bar Association of Sri Lanka. At the height of the anti-Tamil riots of 1983 he, like many other Sinhalese, he risked himself and his family to rescue and gave shelter to Tamil victims. He has made an intensive study ot the Sri Lanka Tamil issue and its background, written extensively on the subject for the past sixteen years and addressed many audiences in Sri Lanka and abroad. When requested by President J.R. Jayewardene in 1984 to agree to political compromises with Tamil extremism, he refused, and instead offered to live in Jaffna and to eliminate terrorism while dealing fairly with ordinary Tamil citizens if he were given the necessary civil and military authority. President Jayewardene was not interested.
SpeedyGonzalez posted October 12, 2000 01:04 AM Click Here to See the Profile for SpeedyGonzalez Click Here to Email SpeedyGonzalez Edit Message
I was waiting to see who would lead the charge in venting their frustration and anger on Ms. Parker since she supports the Tamils and LTTE and looks like TS is doing leading the way. Can't say I'm all that surprised.
Ms. Parker was arguing it from a military point of view. Her point was that since the LTTE uses convential military weapons and its administration within its rank is military just like the Sri Lankan Army, it's illogical to call the LTTE a terrorist outfit. If by your account the LTTE is a terrorist organization, then the Sri Lankan Army is a terrorist group as well.
thadhasinhalaya posted October 12, 2000 01:34 AM Click Here to See the Profile for thadhasinhalaya Click Here to Email thadhasinhalaya Edit Message
SG … firstly, an attorney does NOT support anyone. Ethically, they are forbidden to get involved at that level with a client. Lets be truthful and put Ms Parker in her proper context … a paid mouthpiece that is hired to put forward the view of those that pay her bill couched in legal terminology.
The army is the military arm of the democratically elected government of a soverign state. the legitimacy of the powers they exercise and their powers to bear arms arise on that basis. There is a big difference in legal legitimacy of the Army and the questionalble legitimacy (if at all) of a 'self proclaimed' military force such as the LTTE.
Interesting how Ms Parker copletely shied away from the rights available to the government of a sovereign state to take action to defend it's constituent people, infrastucture and organs of society when faced with INTERNAL CIVIL CONFLICT.
Oh spell it out, spell it out!!
Ms. Parker is a terrorist, right?
SG … can you admit that as an attorney Ms Parker is someone who is paid to forward a particular point of view and correct yourself when you referred to Ms Parkers support for the LTTE so the context is clear??
In fact, if the truth be told, by referring to her "support for the LTTE" – quote "since she supports the Tamils and LTTE " unquote – it is actually you who are closer to accusing her of being a terrorist than I am.
Ah, but then again – I don't consider the LTTE as a terrorist organization. I would say Ms. Parker is an active supporter of rightful national liberation.
Could you tell me why Ms. Parker needs to get paid by a group in a third world country in Asia when she obviously doesn't have to given her credentials at the UN and the US Congress?
thadhasinhalaya posted October 12, 2000, 07:52 PM Click Here to See the Profile for thadhasinhalaya Click Here to Email thadhasinhalaya Edit Message
"Ah, but then again – I don't consider the LTTE as a terrorist organization. " – maybe so, but sadly, most other people consider it to be one of the worst terrorist organisations in the world with a leader who has been likened to Pol Pot so I am afraid what you think doesn't mean much there.
Perhaps her speech could have made it clearer whether she was engaged to appear in Congress by the LTTE or whether she was doing it 'out of the goodness of her bleeding little heart".
SpeedyGonzalez posted October 13, 2000, 12:54 AM Click Here to See the Profile for SpeedyGonzalez Click Here to Email SpeedyGonzalez Edit Message
The comparison to Pol Pot was made by some obscure journalist in The New York Times I believe and since you're canvassing support for state terrorism, you're trumpeting it. In regards to your question, check out the
below news article.
Anti-Tamil protesters threaten Karen Parker at UN
TamilNet, August 14, 2000 14:34 GMT]
Karen Parker, a human rights lawyer was intimidated and threatened by anti-LTTEடிdemonstrators protesting outside the United Nation in Geneva Friday. Some of the demonstrators had pursued her, screaming insults and confronted her when they caught up,
Ms Parker, who is a well-known figure in legal circles interested in Sri Lanka, told TamilNet Monday. She had been rescued by a passing Swiss national, she said, adding that the matter had been reported to the Swiss police and would be filed with the UN's Special Rapporteur on the independence of the judiciary.
Ms Parker had left the UN building where the organisation's Commission on Human Rights was in session before the day's scheduled activity had concluded, and she was alone when she walked towards a bus stop to go home, she told TamilNet when contacted Monday regarding reports of the incident.
She had to pass an estimated 100 Sinhala protesters to do this, and as she approached, one protestor shouted out her name and began screaming "there she is, the LTTE lawyer," whereupon several others began shouting at her.
"They were saying I was an enemy of the Sinhala people, that I was living off the misery of the Sinhalese," Ms Parker told TamilNet. "The said human rights lawyers lived off their misery."
The man who shouted out her name was rallying the mob, she said. "I was surprised -they were too far away to see my name tag, I wonder now if my photograph had been given to them by the Sri Lankan government."
"They were shouting that I was a paid lawyer of the LTTE -which is not true,
I have not worked for the LTTE," she said.
"As I got further from the UN building and the UN guards, they [protestors] become more agitated and abusive," she said.
Ms Parker had to cross a street to wait for the bus at the stop, which was deserted, and as she did so, a number of protestors broke away and pursued her, she said. They were led by a Sinhala protester and a white protestor who crossed the street behind her.
As the pair reached her, the white protestor got in front of her first, screaming at her.
"He blocked my path and shouted at me. He claimed he was Canadian."
"His face was barely an inch from mine, and he was forcing me backwards," she said. "In the meantime, a number of other demonstrators had arrived and were closing around me. I was frightened, thinking I was going to be attacked."
"Fortunately, a Swiss man who happened to come along intervened, forcing his way into the group and confronting the Canadian and forcing him to back away."
"The group moved a little distance away, and I stayed behind the bus stop sign and the Swiss man waited, remaining between the Sinhala protesters and me. The bus arrived shortly and I got on board. I was not able to thank the gentleman who saved me."
"I called the police when I reached downtown and they said they would
investigate. I will also be taking up the matter with the UN's Special Rapporteur
concerned with the independence of the judiciary and lawyers"
"I am shocked at their [demonstrators'] vehemence," she said. "I believe in
free speech. By their intimidation, they are interfering with my practice as a human rights lawyer."
[Courtesy of TamilNet]
http://www.infolanka.com/ubb/Forum1/HTML/001393.html
C. Suntharalingam, Part I, 11: Tamil Story Telling on the Citizenship Bill
பிரபாகரனின் அர்ப்பணிப்புக்கு நாங்கள் தலை சாய்க்கின்றோம்!


Helping to search for the ARA San Juan are Chile, Brazil, the USA, the United Kingdom, Colombia, Uruguay and Peru, although other countries have offered their cooperation in the search and rescue operation, Argentine Defence Minister Oscar Aguad confirmed on Saturday, Efe news reported.
Seven signal pings believed to be from the submarine ARA San Juan, which has been missing since Wednesday when communications broke down, are giving Argentine officials hope that the crew can still be saved.
U.S. Southern Command (SOUTHCOM) directed the deployment of this equipment and personnel to Argentina to support the country's request for worldwide assistance aimed at locating the missing submarine and crew.
Argentine President Mauricio Macri said on his Twitter account that "we will do what is necessary to find the submarine as soon as possible".
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The Argentine Navy continues to coordinate with worldwide allies in the search for its submarine, a media report said.
Argentine-born Pope Francis mentioned the missing vessel in his Sunday noon prayer.
Authorities last had contact with the German-built diesel sub last Wednesday as it was on a voyage from the extreme southern port of Ushuaia to Mar del Plata with 44 crew members aboard.
I have informed Today FM that I am resigning from the station with immediate effect. He is also the host of TV3 television show Blind Date , which started this October.
Thompson entered the game leading Washington in both rushing (277 yards) and receiving (494) and also had scored four touchdowns. The fifth-year running back from Florida State was in the midst of the best season of his career.


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Pradipta Biswas publishes a book on latest research on controlling a car through eye gaze tracking.
A new book which explores the prospect of people being able to control the electronic displays and interfaces in a car through eye gaze technology has just been published.
The book, Exploring the Use of Eye Gaze Controlled Interfaces in Automotive Environments, is written by Gates Cambridge Scholar Pradipta Biswas [2006], who did a PhD in Computer Science at the University of Cambridge.
In addition to exploring eye gaze tracking as a direct controller of electronic displays and interfaces inside cars and other vehicles, it looks at how vehicles may be able to analyse and respond to a change in the driver's mental state.
The book covers the latest research on how multimodal algorithms are being used to tackle the problem of small, involuntary eye movements as well as the inaccuracy in eye gaze tracking for controlling on-screen indicators. It shows progress in using gaze-controlled interfaces to respond to oncoming road hazards and outlines how user trials could be used to validate the algorithms involving driving simulators. Pradipta says research in this area is currently at the lab stage before being deployed and beta tested in a realistic situation. Pradipta has already explored use of the technology in military aviation with BAE Systems at UK and is now at the final stages of a project with India's Aeronautical Development Agency to integrate the system with an existing flight simulator.
The book is aimed at researchers and designers in the fields of automotive design and engineering, human-computer interaction (HCI) and intelligent interfaces.
Pradipta will be presenting a paper linked to his book's findings at the ACM Automotive UI conference in Michigan next month.
Pradipta was recently offered a job as a senior engineer at Samsung Electronics, but turned that down for the chance to head his own lab - the Intelligent Inclusive Interaction Design lab - at the prestigious Indian Institute of Science since April. The lab undertakes research in the field of human computer interaction, intelligent user interfaces and inclusive design. Current projects cover issues such as new interaction techniques for people with different range of abilities, automotive and military aviation environments.
At the University of Cambridge, Pradipta led a research team at the Department of Engineering which developed a computer control interface that uses a combination of eye-gaze tracking and other inputs. The aim was to help people with physical impairments and others who cannot use a mouse or touchscreeen to perform complex computing tasks at speed.
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Boletín del Museo del Prado
Boletín del Museo del Prado number 54 | 2018
NUMBER 54 | 2018
The Museo del Prado publishes a new issue of the Boletín del Museo del Prado. This is an important publication that serves to present to the academic community and the general public the outcome of new research on works in its collections and on related topics in the field of Art History, as well as on the history of the Museum.
This number contains the following articles:
Juan Soreda's Renovation of the Retable of Saints John the Baptist and Catherine in the Museo del Prado and Sigüenza Cathedral
Francisco Javier Ramos Gómez
This article proposes Juan Soreda's specific intervention in the transformation of the faces of the two titular saints in the Retable of Saints John the Baptist and Catherine. The retable is the central panel of an altarpiece which was originally painted by the Gothic painter Juan de Sevilla (Iohannes Hispalensis) for the de la Cerda family at the beginning of the fifteenth century. It is also suggested that Soreda might have repainted additional faces. Updating or modifying images was a practice which has been little studied in the history of sixteenth-century art and which can provide interesting data on many paintings. The article also reconstructs the turbulent afterlife of the altarpiece, currently divided between the Prado Museum and the Cathedral of Sigüenza.
Raphael's Visitation altarpiece and the Branconio's commission. Unpublished documents
Francesco Desideri
The commission of Raphael's Visitation altarpiece, now in the Prado, has been burdened by historiographic gaps due to the lack of documents pertaining to it. This article is an excerpt from a more extensive research project carried out by the author as part of his undergraduate dissertation on the topic. The article focuses on making public previously unpublished documents, with an aim to establish the historical, social and devotional context of the commission. Through the contextualization of the new sources available, the article defines the true identity of the patron and offers a restricted timeframe for the correct dating of the painting.
Juan Sánchez Cotán's Still Lifes and Artistic Ingenio in Early Modern Toledo
Carmen Ripollés
This essay brings new light on the creation and early reception of the still lifes of the Toledan painter Juan Sánchez Cotán. It focuses on Cotán's friendship with and professional relationship to the metalworker Diego de Valdivieso and the manuscript illuminator Juan de Salazar, both of whom are recorded as being among the first owners of his still lifes. An analysis of these artists' works vis-à-vis Cotán's still lifes reveals similar technical and conceptual concerns, as well as a shared will to elevate their crafts to demonstrate ingenio. This analysis therefore places Cotán's still lifes in the context of artistic experimentation, supporting the long-held assumption that his first patrons appreciated these pictures foremost as ingenious novelties.
Alonso Cano's Miracle of the Well for the Altarpiece of Santa María de la Almudena. Unpublished Documents
Juan María Cruz Yábar
The scarce news known about the Miracle of the Well, painted by Alonso Cano for the upper section of the main altarpiece in the parish church of Santa María de la Almudena in Madrid, now in the Museo del Prado, comes from old treaties. On the basis of recently discovered documentation on the gilding, we establish the date of the canvas (1638) and its price, and discuss the selection of Cano over other proposed candidates like Velázquez, Carducho, and Leonardo, his disagreements with the patron, the gilder Pedro Martín de Ledesma, and the likely intervention of Maíno. We also relate for the first time the subject of the painting with Our Lady of Almudena and the desire of the Monarchs and the Count-Duke of Olivares to establish her patronage over the city of Madrid.
Two Seventeenth-Century Garden Views from the Royal Palace of Aranjuez
Richard L. Kagan y Marianna S. Simpson
Around 1660 the artist Benito Manuel Agüero completed thirty-three paintings for the «Salón» of Philip IV's palace at Aranjuez. This pictorial program included seven large over window (sobreventana) paintings, of which five have long formed part of the collections in the Museo del Prado. The other two sobreventanas, depicting garden scenes of the Buen Retiro and El Pardo, were separated from the set, apparently in the early 19th century, and are discussed here for the first time.
The Prado disperso. Epilogue
Mercedes Orihuela
Owing to the discontinuation of the regular section of the Boletín del Museo del Prado entitled "El Prado disperso", first published in 1980, the author briefly surveys the history of the museum's long-term loans from all the collections. This is followed by a list by Autonomous Regions, provinces and institutions indicating the number of works on loan in each.


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2019 PHILIPPINE HIP HOP DANCE CHAMPIONSHIP AT CCP
THE Cultural Center of the Philippines, together with Hip Hop International Philippines presents the 2019 Philippine Hip Hop Dance Championship, with the eliminations happening on April 13, 2019 at 12nn & 6pm and the finals on April 14, 2019 at 1pm. Around 70 crews and over 800 dancers are expected to participate this year. The dance championship will also be followed by the World Battles Philippines 2019 and After-party at the Cove Manila on April 14, 9pm.
Hip Hop International Philippines is the official Philippine affiliate of Hip Hop International which is based in Los Angeles, USA. Annually, Hip Hop International holds the World Hip Hop Dance Championship and World Battles. With over 50 countries and thousands of dancers participating, it has grown to be known as the "Olympics" of Hip Hop and Street Dance. The Philippines has been one of the strongest competitors in the competition garnering back to back gold medals as well as numerous podium finishes in the past years. In the recently concluded championship last August 6-11, 2018 held in Phoenix, Arizona, the Philippines took home 4 medals out of 9 entries with 7 teams making it to the finals — the most teams coming from one country.
The competition has 5 divisions: Junior Division (5-9 members, 7-12 years old), Varsity Division (5-9 members, 13-17 years old), Adult Division (5-9 members, 18 and above), Megacrew Division (10-40 members) and the Minicrew Division (3 members).
For inquiries, contact the CCP Box Office at 832-3704.
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PatriotNewsDaily.com Patriot News Daily
Professor Says "White Supremacy" Explains Why Tom Brady is Popular
Posted by: admin in All News, Political News September 27, 2019	0 3,713 Views
At this point, we're not sure there's anything in America the left can't explain by invoking white supremacy, so we weren't particularly surprised when a University of Rhode Island professor wrote that the popularity of New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was entirely due to "the allure of white male omnipotence in Post-Obama America." Ugh, does anyone actually read this crap?
Campus Reform got hold of a chapter from Professor Kyle Kusz's new book called "The Palgrave Handbook of Masculinity and Sport." In the chapter, Kusz argues that Brady gained his popularity not by leading the Patriots to an unprecedented six Super Bowl victories, but rather than he rode "the latest wave of white rage and white supremacy" to become one of the most famous athletes in the country.
From Campus Reform:
The professor's work analyzes Brady in two ways: his representation in the media and his "relationship with Trump," seeking to determine what these factors can "tell us about the specific ways that white masculinity is being re-coded and re-centered in post-Obama American culture."
Kusz zeroes in on "the complex racial, gender, and class meanings that have been articulated with Brady's body and his performances of white masculinity in the context of a backlash against the Obama presidency" and of "Trumpism," which he claims is also rooted in both race and gender.
In addition to Brady's representation as the epitome of "omnipotent, white masculinity" in his various media appearances, advertisements, and movie cameos, Kusz also focuses on Brady's public image as it relates to what he calls "American myths of meritocracy and individualism," which he says are "commonly used in sporting adverts."
Just to reiterate: Ugh.
As sad as we find this desire to run down white Americans at any opportunity, we find it even more repugnant to read that academics are trying to propagandize young people into believing that "meritocracy and individualism" are "myths." How deflating is that narrative? How self-defeating! Sure, it may give comfort to those who find themselves adrift in life with no success to speak of, but it also steals from them the very thing that could get them out of their situation. This country was BUILT on self-determination, will, self-confidence, and a belief that anything is possible. A belief that, no, no one is going to hand you anything, but if you have a dream and you work your butt off for it, it's yours for the taking.
Leftist academics want to eradicate that philosophy and simply tell the nation's losers to "blame Whitey" for their troubles. Blame Trump. Blame Tom Friggin' Brady. Just don't ever turn around and blame yourself, because, well, then you might actually do something about your circumstances, and that would ruin our whole scam.
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Missing Lynx
Happy New Year and welcome to our first blog at the launch of 'NatureFramed'.
Photographs mean different things to different people, an experience to capture and share, a record of a memorable event, past holidays, a reminder of a loved-one or simply an eye-catching moment to brighten your living space. At 'NatureFramed' the importance of images are to remind us of our wondrous nature and wildness and a means of communicating experiences with you.
I remember early-on in my education being taking out into the countryside on 'nature walks', and being inspired by the sight and sounds of nature, an experience I still treasure today. Sadly, over the last 6 decades we have lost much of our connectivity with the countryside, it has been stealthily eroded, fragmented and habitats lost. Wildlife has certainly become less abundant in the 21st century compared to that of my school days.
Should we be doing more to expand, enhance and restore naturalness to our countryside? Yes, of course we should. Recreating landscapes as 'natural' ecosystems and reconnecting vulnerable wildlife-rich spaces, where species can thrive and interact, is very important to regaining a healthier countryside and for our own well-being. But rewilding should not only be confined to the 'countryside', our towns and cities can also benefit from a less intensive management regime. Making wild spaces in the centre of our towns and cities does not have to be a 'big deal' costing the tax payer huge amounts of money, on the contrary it could even save tax payers money.There is an alternate to manicured amenity grasslands, small wildflower meadows. In stead of the council having to cut amenity grasslands every 3 - 4 weeks, why not recreate areas of species-rich grassland or heaths and only cut the once after the flowering period; this would benefit nature. Creating more wildlife friendly areas in our public gardens by choosing the most appropriate species of trees and shrubs, and not being afraid to leave some areas unmanaged. Recreating and reconnecting people with nature is not 'rocket science' all it takes is goodwill, a little knowledge and some small tweaks here and there that can make a big difference to wildlife in our towns and cities.
With no land-bridge link to Continental Europe there is no connectivity with mammal populations that were man-made extinctions here in the UK. Improving ecological coherence to the benefit of wildlife and people is highly desirable if we are to maintain a 'natural' balance in our landscapes. We are, therefore reliant on controversial reintroduction schemes to re-energize the current impoverish state of our wildlife.
Well-thought out and funded reintroduction programmes do work and can bring socio-economic benefits to communities. Take the white-tailed sea-eagle project as an example: This has been a great success story, enlivening our landscapes as well as providing the nucleus from which 120 pairs of this magnificent bird have recolonised the wider countryside, it brings new employment and incomes into communities. The red kite reintroduction project has seen similar benefits while other reintroductions, whether by accident or design, such as the beaver back to our rivers, the wild-boar back to our forests and the great bustard's return to Salisbury Plain, perhaps need future evaluation. However, they are present once more in their environments and play a critical role in maintaining a 'natural' ecological balance.
Many like-minded people support rewinding projects as the way forward and welcome a time in the future when it may be possible to consider the arrival of top-carnivores back into our ecosystems to play similar roles. They are also realistic individuals and recognise that bears and wolves may be problematic until we have sufficiently large and connected landscapes. The same argument is no excuse for not reintroducing a species like the lynx to our upland forests, since this small carnivore is an important missing link.
Combating global climate change, a growing human population and an increasing level of biodiversity loss, as well as the abhorrent states of the worlds oceans are all important issues that should concern each and every one of us. Pause for just a moment and imagine a landscape where nature and wildness can flourish and interact, provide new opportunities and fresh economic benefits in our countryside, where our children can grow up have fun and be inspired by nature, where people live happier, healthier lives in a truly 'living landscape'. If you dare dream of such a concept and do not belong to your county Wildlife Trust, why not make a New Year's resolution and commit to supporting the work of your local trust today. Sometimes even our wildest dreams can become reality.
In future bulletins we promise to make Nature's Notes shorter, less political and more nature focused. Thank you for taking the time and trouble to visit our website, and until next time enjoy a healthy and wildlife filled 2018.


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Главная СКАЗКИ The Wise Snake
The Wise Snake
The Gilded Carriage
In one aul1, in the Caucasian mountains a kind man with his wife and son lived. He never did evil to people and lived like everyone. He did the gardening and tended sheep. His only son Milio grew up into a handsome man: tall, slim, black eyes like coal shone with happiness, a charming smile enchanted everyone who met him. He was joyful but not stupid and even too clever. But as it is known, there cannot be too much intelligence as well as money. Once a rich sultan and his daughter were traveling by the mountain village.
The wheel of his expensive gilded carriage got broken. All craftsmen and blacksmiths gathered together. Everyone wanted to show their daring and skill to the rich mister. What if the sultan liked their work and employed them? Far from it! The carriage turned out to be a very complicated mechanism as the best engineers of Europe had made it to order. Craftsmen and apprentices were puzzling over the problem for a long time but could not fix the wheel.
At that moment Milio was herding sheep. He saw how craftsmen were drudging at the carriage. Milio came up to them and started watching. He kept watching and then said. "Let me fix the wheel!"
Craftsmen and all bystanders laughed. "A fat chance you have, shepherd! You've got no strength to lift the wheel not to talk of fixing it."
But Milio rolled the wheel to the carriage, pressed the lever on the wheel (which nobody noticed) and put the wheel on the shaft, the mechanism cracked and the wheel fell into place.
"Good job!" the sultan rejoiced. "I'll reward you! Show me where you live. I want to take a look at your parents who brought up such a clever son."
The sultan and his daughter got into the carriage harnessed with two white horses and being accompanied by their servants made after Milio who was walking along the road and herding the sheep home.
The boy's father and mother came out of the saklya2 and invited the dear guest to come in. The sultan saw that the people lived poorly but their surrounding was clean. There were books on the shelf, homespun carpets on the floor and on the walls, and ornamented clay vases. They liked their home, guarded and decorated it. Poor though they were, these people were not so ordinary. As the sultan was a wise man he became thoughtful. While the hostess was laying the table with various delicacies, the sultan was sitting solemnly in the armchair in a portentous manner and scrutinizing Milio. The sultan wanted to marry his only daughter off for a long time. She was not in the flower of beauty and was a bit fey, she liked to spend much time in front of the mirror and to go to markets to buy knick-knackery. That does not mean anything for a rich girl, she can live happily having money and servants.
"But money," the sultan thought, "money has a bad property. However much money a man has, it can come to an end. What then will my daughter and grandchildren do if I marry her off to a rich but stupid man?"
And the sultan decided that he would not find a better fiancé than Milio. And his daughter liked the serious boy very much. Sitting next to him at the table she stepped on his foot with her little velvet shoe, laughed loudly or dropped everything off her hands hoping that he would take notice of her.
But Milio was sitting numb, he could neither utter a word nor lift up his head off the bowl with meal and look at the officious guest. The sultan considered the boy's behavior as shyness and constraint and left it unattended. The day declined. The hospitable hosts offered the sultan and his daughter to stay overnight at their place. The sultan went out with Milio's father to the porch and said. "You are a kind man, so is your son. I want to become relatives with you."
The poor man brightened up, entered the house to tell his son of the happiness dropped from the clouds. The son listened to his father and said. "I'll marry only a girl I love."
The father began to grieve. "What shall I answer the mister? It isn't nice. There had never been such thing when poor men deny rich men, especially about marriage."
The sultan went into the house and understood everything. He got angry but remained impassive. He glared with his eagle eyes and said through clenched teeth.
"It's night already but I and my daughter won't trouble you. Our horses are frisky, the carriage is in good condition and my servant is waiting for us on the limber. Off we go! There's gratitude to you, good man, for your hospitality and help of your son."
The sultan spilt a handful of gold coins on the table. The sultan and his daughter left the saklya and got into the carriage. The host with his wife saw the guests off. They were surprised to see the carriage slowly driving away on the stony road disappear as if it had never been there at all. The parents came back into the house and saw their son lying without movement on the couch and looking at the ceiling. His mother told him. "Don't be sad, we won't blame you. Don't cry over spilled milk. Your heart prompted you that. Then it should be so."
The son kept lying and was silent. As it was late already, his parents went to bed.
Early in the morning as soon as dawn broke, the father woke his son up and called him to work but the son was still lying on his back in the same position and was motionless. He was looking at the ceiling without blinking his eyes and was silent. His father began to worry and called for his wife. The poor woman shouted and cried. "What's wrong with you, my son?!"
"I'll go for a healer," the father said.
"How will you go for him if we don't have money? We should go to the market and sell our sheep."
"What about the gold the sultan gave us yesterday? I'll take it. It will be enough for ten healers."
The father came up to the table and saw that there was a pile of peas instead of gold coins. The father cried. "Where's that rascal? I'll find and punish him!!!"
He went through the aul asking craftsmen about the sultan and his gilded carriage but nobody had heard of him, seen his carriage or fixed his wheel.
1. Aul is a mountain village of Caucasian highlanders.
2. Saklya is a dwelling of Caucasian inhabitants made out of wood, clay, and stones with a flat roof.
Continuation of fairy tales


text:
Multistate Longitudinal Data Exchange
MLDE Issue Brief – Non-Degree Credentials
Documenting the Value of Non-Degree Credentials: The Potential Role of the Multistate Longitudinal Data Exchange
Written by Heather McKay, Sara Haviland, and Suzanne Michael, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Education and Employment Research Center and Patrick Lane, Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education
The Multistate Longitudinal Data Exchange (MLDE) facilitates data sharing between states from K-12 education, higher education, and labor agencies. Its goal is to provide practitioners, policymakers, and researchers with a comprehensive, secure data source to understand educational and career trajectories, including those of individuals who cross state lines, to improve policies and programs serving students and provide better consumer information. The exchange, begun as a pilot in 2010, is a collaboration between the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE) and state agencies that house education and workforce data in multiple states. The MLDE has been largely funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The Education & Employment Research Center (EERC) within the School of Management and Labor Relations at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, has conducted research and evaluation on the inaugural years of the MLDE. This EERC brief is one of a series[i] that explores the development of the MLDE and details the lessons learned about building and using longitudinal multistate data systems for policy and practice.
In the light of the changing nature of work and education, state leaders across the nation are considering the role of non-degree credentials (NDCs) in postsecondary education. In fact, many states have included non-degree credentials – credit and noncredit certificates, industry certifications, licensures, and apprenticeships – in their state's postsecondary goals.[ii] Non-degree credentials are also at the forefront of states' discussions about reducing equity gaps in education and the labor market, filling labor market demands, and preparing their workforces for the future. Essential to these conversations is good data on the value of NDCs in the labor market and their potential with respect to educational and career pathways.
Current data indicate that non-degree credentials have become more prevalent over the last 15 years, with more than one-quarter of Americans now holding an NDC.[iii] However, those data are not robust in terms of who those Americans are or where they live, the fields or skills covered by the credentials they earned, the quality of the NDCs conferred, or the value of any given NDC to the individual who earned it.[iv] While the need for good data on NDCs is clear, systems for collecting and analyzing them are neither well developed nor utilized. Some states have begun to use State Longitudinal Data Systems (SLDS) to gather and aggregate data on NDCs.[v] Other states are employing existent data to better understand the value or quality of NDCs, thereby helping both policymakers and consumers to make more informed decisions about the use of state and personal resources.[vi]
These activities are all important steps but remain limited by state lines, providing only partial answers about national patterns and possible directions for policy and program activities. Another factor limiting such analyses is the rise of nontraditional private providers, such as bootcamps and other for-profit opportunities, which have become an increasing source of NDCs. Few of these private providers collect the student data (particularly Social Security numbers) necessary for researchers, state agencies, or the providers themselves to evaluate how those who participate in these opportunities fare in the workplace. Today, to truly understand the value and potential of NDCs, we need multistate outcomes data that recognize the realities of migration in and out of states – of individuals crossing state borders to study, to work, to deal with family circumstances, or for other reasons. We also need information about how the different types of educational opportunities that are becoming more prevalent in the modern age can benefit students and workers while helping provide the skilled talent today's economy requires. The Multistate Longitudinal Data Exchange (MLDE) is a nascent system that has the potential to respond to these needs.
The MLDE was piloted in 2010 and expanded shortly after as a collaboration between the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE) and agencies within participating states that collect data related to education and employment (e.g., K-12 and higher education, workforce agencies). The MLDE facilitates the exchange of data between states to provide practitioners, policymakers, and researchers with a comprehensive data system that can enhance their understanding of 21st-century educational and career pipelines and trajectories. The MLDE is well suited to provide information on NDCs because it can document the movement of people who hold or are in pursuit of NDCs both within and across state lines as they move between education and careers. This brief explores the various ways that multistate data and the MLDE might be able to help states better answer many lingering questions about NDC policy and practice.
Over the past five years, the MLDE's third-party evaluator, the Education & Employment Research Center (EERC) at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, has engaged in a mixed-methods research evaluation of the MLDE implementation process. This brief draws on EERC's qualitative research, which included 40 interviews with state leaders and WICHE staff, observations of user group meetings, surveys, and MLDE document analysis.
In the following sections, we present the reasons why states have joined the MLDE or considered joining the MLDE. We then discuss states' interest in data and the ways data can be used to evaluate NDCs. We include in our discussion ideas heard from state policymakers during our study as well as ideas found in current literature and media on the topic. We conclude with the recommendation that as states and territories continue to develop and build their own longitudinal data systems, they should consider the value of both adding data on NDCs and sharing that data with other states.
How might cross-state data sharing improve policymakers', practitioners', and researchers' understanding of non-degree credentials?
Over the past five years, while studying the implementation of the MLDE, EERC has accumulated information on both the need for and potential uses of multistate longitudinal education and workforce data. Although EERC's interviews with state leaders did not specifically focus on NDCs, many of the leaders' comments about the need for more and better data, and how they would use such data if it were available, can be interpreted to refer at least in part to the relative lack of data on NDCs. NDC data are therefore a natural extension of the MLDE's current infrastructure that could yield rich results.
The addition of NDC data to state agency datasets and SLDS is an important step in the pursuit of answers about the prevalence and value of NDCs. A recent report by the Workforce Data Quality Campaign (WDQC) looked at the extent to which states are already collecting NDC data. Although just beginning, infrastructures are being developed for higher quality data: 36 states reported collecting data on most for-credit certificates from their public two-year institutions; 27 states reported collecting data about most registered apprenticeship certificates; and 22 states reported having access to most licensing data.[vii] However, WDQC and others have identified a number of significant issues with respect to collecting and aggregating NDC data. For example, it is often unclear what forms of credentials qualify as an NDC in a given dataset. Are all types of NDCs receiving equal attention by data collectors, or is there a privileging of some over others? Naturally, NDCs from postsecondary institutions and providers that participate in workforce training programs – when they are already incorporated into state data infrastructures – are most likely to be linked to earnings information, but states that rely on those data sources could be missing information about a large swath of NDCs that may (or may not) have value in the workforce. Nonetheless, the WDQC report showcased growing awareness of the need for good data on NDCs and the progress that has already been made in securing that information.
In addition to collecting data, some states have begun to use available data to implement quality-assurance processes that examine either the content of the credential or its outcomes, typically measured in terms of educational or labor market achievements.[viii] In fact, 30 states have already developed or are in the process of developing a list of "credentials of value" to help guide the allocation of public dollars for financial aid, workforce development, or other programs.[ix] In addition, some states are making data available to the public to assist consumers with educational and career decision making. These important efforts will benefit if more states join the MLDE and actively share their data on NDCs.[x]
Further, standardization of analysis of shared data sets would help answer questions about the pathways of state-to-state migrants and the future of work, and it would expand the value of existent SLDS for state policymakers and their constituents.
The Pathways of State-to-State Migrants
One of the most prominent reasons state leaders gave for wanting to collect and exchange data with other states was to enhance their understanding of the movement of workers and students: those who migrate in and out of the state, those who commute daily out of state for school or work. Tracking the movement of students and workers would enable enhanced analysis of the alignment of state educational investments. It would also allow the exploration of questions regarding the extent to which the state draws in migrants from other states vs. the extent to which its own students, once they complete their education or training, move out of state for better job opportunities. Analysis of education and employment pipelines could also inform discussions of human capital and the "balance of trade" between states,[xi] thereby informing state policy and practice decisions with respect to educational resources and workforce development. Data show that just over 2 percent of the U.S. population moved to a new state during the period of 2016 through 2018.[xii] An analysis of cross-state commuting data from 2011 shows that an additional 4 percent of workers crossed state lines for employment as commuters, with some states posting substantially higher numbers.[xiii]
Significance for NDCs:
Multistate data on NDCs could help states track long-term educational and labor market outcomes of individuals who have earned one or more NDCs and who have migrated into or out of a state. Such tracking could enhance understanding of the effects of NDCs on educational and career pathways and financial well-being. These data could help inform decisions regarding which NDCs should be supported and promoted by shedding light on the relative quality and value of NDCs to the people who earn them.
Some of the state leaders with whom EERC spoke reflected on the changing value of the MLDE for their state. Many commented on the impact of the global economy on job opportunities and how new technologies were transforming the nature of work. These changes required more real-time data to facilitate decision making about educational and economic policies and programs.
NDCs are frequently mentioned in the context of the future of work, where they are most often described as valuable tools for training and retraining workers so they have the requisite knowledge and skills needed for new technologies. Tracking the pathways of NDC seekers and holders could help policymakers respond more strategically to the changing needs of industry sectors and employers and better prepare the next generation of workers. Workers, as well as employers, will continue to cross state borders, including some who will work remotely in states other than the one in which they live. Multistate data will therefore become increasingly useful to regional planners and state policymakers involved with the allocation of economic resources, including tax incentives, as well as educators as they develop or refine their curriculum and program offerings.
Expanding the Value of SLDS Data for States and Constituents
Some state leaders talked about using the MLDE to provide more comprehensive data to their constituents, thereby fostering more informed decision making. As one respondent said, "I think that's what ultimately our goal is: to be transparent and to provide data that is useful to the public, not just state agencies."
Improving the data available to constituents aligns well with the work cited above and the fact that some 30 states have already developed lists of NDC "credentials of value." It also aligns well and would build on work currently being performed by the Credential Engine to document and count credentials.[xiv] Access to multistate data through the MLDE would enable a more comprehensive analysis of the impact of NDCs on educational and labor market outcomes. This would help individuals, including incumbent workers, to make more informed choices about pursuing specific NDCs or other academic credentials. It would also help industry, unions, and professional organizations make more informed decisions about the viability of NDCs and their provision of such credentials.
Filling Other Data Gaps on NDCs
An increasing number of NDCs come from private providers who may be under no mandate to report on their students. These credentials include formal certifications in computer coding through private bootcamps, digital badges provided by employers, and numerous other types of training and education. While some of these programs may look and feel like formal education programs, they can exist in a regulatory gray area where they claim not to be subject to state laws on the provision of education programs and avoid reporting requirements (if any) that would allow policymakers and the public to evaluate how the credential they offer benefits participants in the workplace.
Even states that regulate these providers may not require them to submit accountability or evaluation data to state data systems; states that do not regulate them certainly have no such requirements. Additionally, providers of many of these newer credentials are unlikely to collect or share Social Security numbers, which are usually a key data element required to access earnings information.
For providers that have a strong interest in understanding more about how those that earn their credentials fare in the workforce, an approach that borrows from the MLDE has the potential to help them get the information they need. The data infrastructure supporting the MLDE was designed to provide a state with earnings information about its students in cases where that state did not have students' Social Security numbers, but other states did. To grossly simplify the approach, the system allowed states without Social Security numbers to request that other states provide those numbers to participating earnings data repositories.
The MLDE approach mimics efforts from Idaho, where the state obtained earnings data on high school graduates who did not enter the state's postsecondary system (and thus the state never had access to the students' Social Security numbers).[xv]
Conceptually, the solution is straightforward:
Develop partnerships between NDC providers and the sources of the desired outcomes data as well as the state's higher education data repository. This allows the training provider to submit individual-level data to the state's higher education data repository, which can then use this information to match with its own records.
Have the postsecondary education data source request earnings data from the state's Unemployment Insurance system and return aggregated data to the provider, while carrying out any needed state research or analysis on its own.
Use the data and information for evaluation of education and training programs or consumer information.
In many cases, the state agency holding earnings data for evaluation purposes also has the postsecondary data that is necessary in the matching phase, therefore significantly easing the burden of developing the necessary partnerships. The analysis of these data points would provide information on how the participants in these new NDC programs fare in the workforce. As a proof-of-concept, responsible and ethical providers would most likely be interested in participating on a voluntary basis in exchange for data that could help significantly improve their programs.
Although such tracking and analysis would be limited to only those individuals who had participated in a states' formal public postsecondary system, it would provide a starting point for evaluation purposes. States participating in multistate data initiatives like the MLDE could broaden the scope of such an effort to include data from across the country.
As NDCs become more prominent in today's labor market and educational landscape, data on their outcomes will be increasingly important for the public sector, industry, and workers as they make decisions about preparing the workforce and distributing resources. While some states have begun to look at NDC data using their SLDS, to truly understand the value and potential of non-degree credentials we need multistate outcomes on a variety of NDCs. Students and workers migrate into and out of states for a variety of reasons, and it is important that these realities are captured in data systems and analyses where possible. This may be even more true now with the education and employment impacts of COVID-19. With the future of work being so uncertain, and with budgets being severely constrained by the pandemic, it will be crucial for states to better understand the outcomes of their investments. Understanding the quality and value of NDCs in educational and career pathways requires cross-state data access now more than ever.
For further information about the MLDE, please contact Patrick Lane, WICHE vice president of policy analysis and research, at plane@wiche.edu, or visit the project website: https://www.wiche.edu/key-initiatives/multistate-longitudinal-data-exchange/. The other briefs in this series include: Building Trust for Inter-Organizational Data Sharing: The Case of the MLDE, Diffusion of an Innovation: Lessons from the Multistate Longitudinal Data Exchange, Designing the Architecture of a Multistate Data Sharing Model, and Documenting the Value of Non-Degree Credentials: The Potential Role of the Multistate Longitudinal Data Exchange.
For further information about evaluation research in data sharing or workforce development, please contact Heather McKay, director of Rutgers' Education & Employment Research Center, at hmckay@rutgers.edu, or visit the Center's website: http://smlr.rutgers.edu/eerc.
[i] The other briefs in this series include: Building a Multistate Governance System, Building Trust for Inter-Organizational Data Sharing: The Case of the MLDE, Designing the Architecture of a Multistate Data Sharing Model, and Documenting the Value of Non-Degree Credentials: The Potential Role of the Multi-State Longitudinal Data Exchange. Available from the WICHE website at https://www.wiche.edu/key-initiatives/multistate-longitudinal-data-exchange/.
[ii] HCM Strategists, States with Higher Education Attainment Goals (Washington, DC: HCM Strategists, 2019), accessed on 10 June 2020 at http://strongernation.luminafoundation.org/report/2019/media/Attainment_Goal_state%20rundown_021519.pdf.
[iii] Michelle Van Noy, Heather McKay, and Suzanne Michael, Non-Degree Credential Quality: A Conceptual Framework to Guide Measurement (Piscataway, NJ: Education and Employment Research Center, 2019), accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://smlr.rutgers.edu/NDCQuality.
[iv] Van Noy, McKay, and Michael, Non-Degree Credential Quality.
[v] Jenna Leventoff, Measuring Non-Degree Credential Attainment (Washington, DC: Workforce Data Quality Campaign, 2018), accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://www.nationalskillscoalition.org/resources/publications/file/Measuring-Non-Degree-Credential-Attainment-50-State-Scan.pdf.
[vi] David Ramsay, Garden State Uses Credential Data to Help State Economy and Education Bloom (Trenton, NJ: Division of Workforce Research and Analytics, Department of Labor and Workforce Development, 2018), accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://credentialengine.org/2018/08/22/garden-state-uses-credential-data-to-help-state-economy-and-education-bloom/. Amy Ellen Duke-Benfield, "Expanding Opportunities: Defining Quality Non-Degree Credentials for States," PowerPoint presentation, Denver, CO, 3 December 2019, accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://postsecondarydata.sheeo.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/145_DukeBenfield_DefiningQuality.pdf.
[vii] Leventoff, Measuring Non-Degree.
[viii] Duke-Benfield, "Expanding Opportunities." Van Noy, McKay, and Michael, Non-Degree Credential.
[ix] Laura A Scione, E-Campus News, "More states are recognizing the importance of non-degree credentials," accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://www.ecampusnews.com/2019/02/12/more-states-are-recognizing-the-importance-of-non-degree-credentials/. Leventoff, Measuring Non-Degree.
[x] Ramsay, Garden State. Duke-Benfield, "Expanding Opportunities."
[xi] Brian T. Prescott, Beyond Borders: Understanding the Development and Mobility of Human Capital in an Age of Data-Driven Accountability. A Report on WICHE's Multistate Longitudinal Data Exchange Pilot Project (Boulder, Colorado: Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education, 2014), accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://www.wiche.edu/longitudinalDataExchange.
[xii] Author calculations from three tables from 2016, 2017, 2018 from the United States Census Bureau, State-to-State Migration Flows data tables, accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/geographic-mobility/state-to-state-migration.html.
[xiii] Brian McKenzie, Out-of-State and Long Commutes: 2011, (Washington, DC: United States Census Bureau, 2013), accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2013/acs/acs-20.html.
[xiv] Carrie Samson, Counting U.S. Secondary and Postsecondary Credentials (Washington, DC: Credential Engine, 2018), accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://credentialengine.org/2018/04/05/counting-u-s-secondary-and-postsecondary-credentials-april-2018-report/.
[xv] National Center for Education Statistics, SLDS Topical Webinar Summary: Using DMV Records to Access Social Security Numbers (Washington, DC: Institution for Education Sciences, 2013), accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://nces.ed.gov/programs/slds/pdf/Using_DMV_Records_to_Access_SSNs_Webinar_Nov2013.pdf.
Duke-Benfield, Amy Ellen. "Expanding Opportunities: Defining Quality Non-Degree Credentials for States." PowerPoint presentation, SHEEO Communities of Practice meeting, December 3, 2019. Denver, CO. Accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://postsecondarydata.sheeo.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/145_DukeBenfield_DefiningQuality.pdf.
HCM Strategists. States with Higher Education Attainment Goals. Washington, DC: HCM Strategists, 2019. Accessed on 10 June 2020 at http://strongernation.luminafoundation.org/report/2019/media/Attainment_Goal_state%20rundown_021519.pdf.
Leventoff, Jenna. Measuring Non-Degree Credential Attainment. Washington, DC: Workforce Data Quality Campaign, 2018. Accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://www.nationalskillscoalition.org/resources/publications/file/Measuring-Non-Degree-Credential-Attainment-50-State-Scan.pdf.
McKenzie, Brian. Out-of-State and Long Commutes: 2011. Washington, DC: United States Census Bureau, 2013. Accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2013/acs/acs-20.html.
National Center for Education Statistics. SLDS Topical Webinar Summary: Using DMV Records to Access Social Security Numbers. Washington, DC: Institution for Education Sciences, 2013. Accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://nces.ed.gov/programs/slds/pdf/Using_DMV_Records_to_Access_SSNs_Webinar_Nov2013.pdf.
Prescott, Brian T. Beyond Borders: Understanding the Development and Mobility of Human Capital in an Age of Data-Driven Accountability. A Report on WICHE's Multistate Longitudinal Data Exchange Pilot Project. Boulder, Colorado: Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education, 2014. Accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://www.wiche.edu/longitudinalDataExchange.
Ramsay, David. Garden State Uses Credential Data to Help State Economy and Education Bloom. Trenton, NJ: Division of Workforce Research and Analytics, Department of Labor and Workforce Development, 2018. Accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://credentialengine.org/2018/08/22/garden-state-uses-credential-data-to-help-state-economy-and-education-bloom/.
Samson, Carrie. Counting U.S. Secondary and Postsecondary Credentials. Washington, DC: Credential Engine, 2018. Accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://credentialengine.org/2018/04/05/counting-u-s-secondary-and-postsecondary-credentials-april-2018-report/.
Scione, Laura A, E-Campus News. "More states are recognizing the importance of non-degree credentials." Accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://www.ecampusnews.com/2019/02/12/more-states-are-recognizing-the-importance-of-non-degree-credentials/.
United States Census Bureau. "State-to-State Migration Flows." Accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/geographic-mobility/state-to-state-migration.html.
Van Noy, Michelle, Heather McKay, and Suzanne Michael. Non-Degree Credential Quality: A Conceptual Framework to Guide Measurement. Piscataway, NJ: Education and Employment Research Center, 2019. Accessed on 10 June 2020 at https://smlr.rutgers.edu/NDCQuality.


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Q: while dispatching incoming RPC call in gwt I have RPC call to get some values from Database, I using GWT, where am using RPC call, the same code works fine with IE, but the same code doesn't work with Firefox. This does not make sense.
2011-07-28 15:27:47.657:WARN:/:Exception while dispatching incoming RPC call
java.lang.SecurityException: Blocked request without GWT permutation header (XSRF attack?)
    at com.google.gwt.user.server.rpc.RemoteServiceServlet.checkPermutationStrongName(RemoteServiceServlet.java:272)
    at com.google.gwt.user.server.rpc.RemoteServiceServlet.processCall(RemoteServiceServlet.java:203)
    at com.google.gwt.user.server.rpc.RemoteServiceServlet.processPost(RemoteServiceServlet.java:248)
    at com.google.gwt.user.server.rpc.AbstractRemoteServiceServlet.doPost(AbstractRemoteServiceServlet.java:62)
    at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:727)

A: In GWT 2.3 cros-site request forgery was added, I assume you have already looked at http://code.google.com/webtoolkit/doc/latest/DevGuideSecurityRpcXsrf.html and made the necessary changes?

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