text:
\section{Introduction}

The role of topology in condensed matter systems, once a rather esoteric pursuit, has undergone a revolution
in the last decade with the realization that a certain class of insulators and semi-metals play host to
topologically-protected surface states. In 2009, band structure calculations revealed that stoichiometric
Bi$_2$Se$_3$, a well-known thermoelectric material \cite{1}, bears all the hallmarks of a three-dimensional
topological insulator (3D TI) \cite{2} with an insulating bulk and conducting surface states provided
that the Fermi energy $\epsilon_F$ is situated within the bulk band gap \cite{3}. These gapless surface
states possess opposite spin and momentum, and are protected from backscattering by time reversal symmetry.
The existence of Dirac-like surface states within the bulk band gap was confirmed in an angle-resolved
photoemission spectroscopy study performed that same year \cite{4}.

Though Bi$_2$Se$_3$ is arguably the most simple representative of the 3D TI family,
accessing the topological surface states (TSS) in transport has been hindered by a large
residual carrier density in the bulk\cite{5,6}. While Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH)
oscillations are a powerful means to distinguish between bulk and surface charge
carriers via their angle dependence, their analysis and interpretation remain controversial.
The literature is replete with results that have been attributed to single-bands of bulk
carriers, TSS or multiple bands, emphasizing the difficulty in distinguishing between bulk,
TSS and a two-dimensional charge-accumulation layer \cite{5,6,7,8,9,10,11}. Apart from
the TSS, the electronic bulk states in Bi$_2$Se$_3$ are of particular interest
since their spin splitting is found to be twice the cyclotron energy observed in quantum
oscillation \cite{12,13} and optical \cite{14} experiments. Another peculiar property of Bi$_2$Se$_3$
and other 3D TIs is the observation of a linear positive magneto-resistance (MR) that persists
up to room temperature \cite{15,16,17,18,19,20}.

The recent explosion of interest in 3D massless Dirac fermions in `3D Dirac' or `Weyl'
semi-metals \cite{21} is based primarily on their unique topological properties that can be
revealed in relatively straightforward magneto-transport experiments. Examples
include the observation of an extremely large positive MR \cite{22}, linear MR \cite{23}
and, more specifically, the negative longitudinal MR (NLMR) predicted to appear in Weyl semi-metals
when the magnetic and electric field are co-aligned. This NLMR has been attributed
to the axial anomaly, a quantum mechanical phenomenon that relies on a number
imbalance of chiral fermions in the presence of an applied electric field
\cite{22,24,25,26}. In a recent theoretical study, however, it was proposed that
the NLMR phenomenon may in fact be a generic property of metals and semiconductors \cite{27},
rather than something unique to topological semi-metals.

In this Rapid Communication, we present magneto-transport experiments on Bi$_2$Se$_3$ epitaxial layers
in magnetic fields up to 30~T. At low-temperatures, we establish the existence
of both bulk and surface carriers via angle-dependent SdH measurements. Moreover,
we observe a strong anisotropy in the MR which depends on the orientation of the current
$I$ with respect to the applied magnetic field $B$ over a wide range of carrier concentrations.
When the magnetic field is applied parallel to $I$ ($I \parallel B_x$), we observe a strong
NLMR. This surprising finding confirms that the observation of NLMR is not unique to Weyl
semi-metals and therefore cannot by itself be taken as conclusive evidence for the existence
of Weyl fermions in other systems. With this in mind, we consider possible alternative origins
of this increasingly ubiquitous phenomenon, but argue finally that the axial anomaly may indeed be
generic to a host of three-dimensional materials \cite{27}.

The present study has been performed on samples with different layer thicknesses
$d$=290, 190, 50 and 20~nm (referred to hereafter as samples \#A, \#B, \#C and \#D) grown by molecular
beam epitaxy (MBE) on an InP(111)B substrate  \cite{28} and patterned in a six-terminal Hall-bar geometry
(length $L~\times$~width $W$ - (30$\times$10)$~\mu$m$^2$).
The carrier concentration $n = n_{Hall}$ at 300~K (extracted from the linear part of the low-field Hall resistivity
$\rho_{xy}$) varies from 1.2$\cdot$10$^{18}$-1.7$\cdot$10$^{19}$cm$^{-3}$ with decreasing
thickness \cite{29}. All magneto-transport measurements reported here were performed in a $^4$He flow
cryostat in a resistive (Bitter) magnet up to 30~T using standard ac lock-in detection techniques with
an excitation current of 1$\mu$A. For the SdH oscillation analysis, the magnetic field is applied in a plane
perpendicular to the current $I$.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig_1.eps}
\caption{\label{fig1} (Color online) (a) Temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity $\rho_{xx}$ for Bi$_2$Se$_3$
MBE-grown films with different thicknesses. (b) Mobility $\mu$ and carrier density $n$ as
a function of $T$ for sample \#A. (c,d) $\rho_{xx}$ and $\rho_{xy}$ as a function of $B$ at $T$=4.2~K for
\#A and \#D, respectively. The quoted carrier density is extracted from the low-field Hall resistance.}
\end{figure}

The temperature dependence of the longitudinal resistivity $\rho_{xx}$ is shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig1}(a) for all four samples. In Fig.~\ref{fig1}(b), we plot the carrier
mobility $\mu$ and concentration $n=1/(R_{H}e)$ for \#A obtained from the zero-field $\rho_{xx}(T)$
sweep and the measured $\rho_{xy}$ at $B$=1~T, respectively. The overall temperature
dependence is metallic ($dR_{xx}/dT>$~0) though below 40~K, we observe a tiny upturn
in $\rho_{xx}$ which is strongest for the sample with the lowest carrier density. This
increase is accompanied by a small decrease in $\mu$ and an apparent increase in $n$ which
has been interpreted to originate from the presence of an impurity band \cite{7,8,30}. In Figs.~\ref{fig1}(c)
and (d), we plot $\rho_{xx}$ and $\rho_{xy}$ as a function of the magnetic field $B$ up to 30~T
for samples \#A and \#D. SdH oscillations are superimposed on top of a positive  quasi-linear MR
while $\rho_{xy}$ is found to be non-linear for $B>$ 2~T suggesting the possible presence of two
carrier types. From the low-field $\rho_{xy}$, we extract a carrier mobility of 3990 (740)~cm$^{2}/$Vs
for sample \#A (\#D) respectively.

We now turn to focus on the observation of quantum oscillations which is presented in
Fig.~\ref{fig2} for the sample with the highest carrier mobility (\#A).
In Figs.~\ref{fig2}(a,b), we show $\rho_{xx}(B)$ at 4.2~K when subject to a
out-of-plane and in-plane magnetic field. Quantum oscillations are clearly visible
in the second derivative $-d^2\rho_{xx}/dB^2$, respectively, as a function of the inverse field, plotted in
Figs.~\ref{fig2}(c,d) for both orientations. In the parallel field configuration, only one
frequency is evident, whereas several frequencies are found in a perpendicular field.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig_2.eps}
\caption{\label{fig2} (Color online) Longitudinal resistivity $\rho_{xx}$ as a function
of (a) perpendicular and (b) in-plane magnetic field at 4.2~K for \#A, respectively. (c,d) Second
derivative of $\rho_{xx}(B)$ as a function of $1/B$ and $1/B_{\parallel}$ to highlight the
SdH oscillations. (e) Extracted frequencies from the FFT analysis as a function of angle
showing contributions from surface and bulk carriers. The straight (dashed) lines correspond
to the $1/$cos$\Theta$ dependence expected for a purely two-dimensional system. (f,g) FFTs for
a perpendicular and parallel field sweep, respectively, with the primary oscillation frequencies
highlighted.}
\end{figure}

In order to identify the origin of the quantum oscillations, we have performed Fast Fourier Transforms
(FFTs) on a series of $\rho_{xx}$ curves measured at different tilt angles $\Theta$. The results
are summarized in Fig.~\ref{fig2}(e). For $\Theta$=0 (perpendicular field configuration),
we observe three frequencies at 21.5, 100 and 162~T (see Fig.~\ref{fig2}(f)). All frequencies
appear to follow a $1/$cos$\Theta$ up to tilt angles of around 60$^{o}$ characteristic of a
two-dimensional electronic state. Beyond 60$^{o}$, however, the lower frequency starts to deviate
from this behavior and saturates towards 90$^{o}$. We therefore attribute the observed frequencies
to two surface states (top and bottom) and one bulk band. Taking the Onsager relation, i.e. the
extremal cross section of the Fermi surface $A(E_F)\propto f$ and assuming an ellipsoid pocket
with $V = 4/3\pi a^2b$, we obtain $n_{bulk}$=8.1$\cdot$10$^{17}$~cm$^{-3}$ for
the bulk band corresponding to the pocket with the lowest frequency. For the surface states, we
obtain the carrier densities 2.4$\cdot$10$^{12}$~cm$^{-2}$ and 3.9$\cdot$10$^{12}$~cm$^{-2}$.
From the quantum oscillation analysis, we thus obtain a total carrier concentration of
$n_{tot,SdH}$ = 1.0$\cdot$10$^{18}$~cm$^{-3}$, in excellent agreement with $n_{Hall}$.
In contrast, assuming that all three pockets were ellipsoidal (i.e. bulk), we would obtain a
total carrier concentration that is one order of magnitude larger than $n_{Hall}$.

Let us now turn our attention to the peculiar MR we observe in these samples. To avoid quantum oscillatory
and quantum interference phenomena~\cite{29}, we first focus here on the angle-dependent
MR response at room temperature. The longitudinal and Hall resistivities have been measured in
two different configurations, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig3}(a). In configuration [i], the applied
magnetic field is always perpendicular to $I$ (field rotated in the orthogonal plane) whereas
in configuration [ii], the current and field are parallel if $\phi = 90^o$. The carrier
concentrations (mobilities) extracted from $\rho_{xy}$ ($\rho_{xx}$) at low fields are
summarized in Table~1 in the Supplemental material~\cite{29}.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig_3.eps}
\caption{\label{fig3} (Color online) Anisotropic magneto-transport in Bi$_2$Se$_3$
at $T$=300~K: (a) Schematic diagram of the electrical transport measurements for
configurations [i] and [ii]. (b,c) Magneto-resistance of sample \#A as a function of $B$ for both
configurations indicating a strong negative MR if $I \parallel B_x$. (d) Longitudinal $\sigma_{xx}$
and Hall conductivities $\sigma_{xy}$ as a function of the magnetic field and (e) extracted
$\mu B$ and $\mu$ using the Drude model. (f) Hall resistivity $\rho_{xy}$ as a function of
$B$ for both configurations (solid line for [i], open symbols for [ii]). (g) The conductivity
$\sigma_{xx}$ as a function of $B$ (solid line) at $\phi = 90^o$ is found to be $\propto B^2$
(triangles).}
\end{figure}

We first present our results and analysis for the high mobility sample (\#A) in Fig.~\ref{fig3}.
In Figs.~\ref{fig3}(b) and (c), we plot the MR=($\rho_{xx}(B)-\rho_0$)$/\rho_0$ at different
angles $\Theta$ and $\phi$ as indicated in each figure. The overall MR is similar to the one
observed at low temperature, i.e. it first increases quadratically then tends towards saturation
at higher field. In both configurations, the MR is strongly anisotropic. Most surprisingly, we
observe a large NLMR ($\sim$~15~\%) when the magnetic field is applied parallel to the
current ($I\parallel B_x$). As the second bulk conduction band is far from the Fermi energy $\epsilon_F$ at room
temperature \cite{30,31,32}, we analyze the MR at $\Theta$=$\phi$=0 using a standard
one-carrier Drude model (for completeness, a two-carrier analysis is presented in the Supplemental
Material~\cite{29}).

The corresponding longitudinal and Hall conductivities $\sigma_{xx}$ and $\sigma_{xy}$
in the transverse configuration are illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig3}(d). From $\rho_{xy}/\rho_{xx}$
we extract $\mu B$ and finally the carrier mobility $\mu$ as a function of the applied field, as shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig3}(e), and find that $\mu$(0~T)/$\mu$(30~T) $\simeq$ 2.7. Based on this simple analysis,
we can infer that the mobility and corresponding scattering time strongly depend on the magnetic field.
We have also measured the dependence of $\rho_{xy}$ for both configurations and found that
the Hall resistivity follows a simple cosine dependence and does not depend on the orientation of $B$
with respect to $I$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig3}(f)). Finally, in Fig.~\ref{fig3}(g), we plot $\sigma_{xx}(B)$
for the parallel field configuration ($I \parallel B_x$ - solid line) and observe a $B^2$-dependence
up to 30~T (symbols represent a quadratic fit $\sigma_{xx}(B)=\sigma_0+aB^2$ to the data).

\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig_4.eps}
\caption{\label{fig4} (Color online) (a) Normalized longitudinal magneto-resistivity $\rho_{xx}(B)/\rho_{xx}(0)$
for sample \#A at different temperatures (inset: $\rho_{xx}(B)/\rho_{xx}(0)$ at $B$=25~T). $\rho_{xx}(B)/\rho_{xx}(0)$
for different angles $\phi$ at (b) $T$ = 4.2~K (c) and $T$ = 300~K. (d) Normalized magneto-conductivity
$\sigma_{xx}(B)/\sigma_{xx}(0)$ at $T$ = 300~K for all samples \#A, \#B, \#C, and \#D for $\phi$ = 90$^o$.
All samples follow a $\sigma_{xx}(B)/\sigma_{xx}(0)\propto B^2$ dependence (see fits). The inset shows the
fitting parameter $a$ as a function of $\mu$ for all samples.}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{fig4}(a), we present the temperature dependence of the normalized longitudinal
magneto-resistivity $\rho_{xx}(B)/\rho_{xx}(0)$ for several chosen temperatures for sample \#A.
With increasing temperature the NLMR becomes slightly weaker, is constant in the range between
100 and 200~K and increases again at 300~K as shown in the inset to Fig.~\ref{fig4}(a).
In Figs.~\ref{fig4}(b) and (c), we plot $\rho_{xx}(B)/\rho_{xx}(0)$ for sample \#A at
4.2 and 300~K, respectively, when an additional perpendicular magnetic field is applied. The NLMR
turns into a positive one by adding a small out-of-plane component at $\phi \simeq 83^o$ ($\phi < 80^o$)
for 4.2~K (300~K). At 4.2~K, the NLMR is superimposed by SdH oscillations which have previously been
attributed to TSS from the sidewalls \cite{33}. We have shown here, however, that they originate from the
lowest bulk conduction band.

The anisotropy in the MR and the large NLMR in a parallel field are not unique to one particular wafer
or sample. Indeed, for all samples, we observe a positive MR in a purely perpendicular magnetic field
and a NLMR in the longitudinal configuration \cite{29}. Moreover, for the samples (\#C and \#D) with the
lowest carrier mobility, a negative MR is also observed for $I \perp B_y$. The negative MR for $I \perp B_y$
can be explained using the classical Drude model provided the bulk carriers have a low mobility \cite{29}.
In Fig.~\ref{fig4}(a), we plot $\sigma_{xx}(B)/\sigma_{xx}(0)$ as a function of $B_{\parallel}$
and find that the NLMR gets progressively weaker with decreasing $d$ (increasing carrier concentration and
decreasing carrier mobility) at room temperature. Significantly, the longitudinal conductivity follows the
$B^2$-behavior for all samples (The fitting parameter $a$ as a function of $\mu$ is shown in the inset of
Fig.~\ref{fig4}(d) for all samples).

Standard Boltzmann theory does not predict any longitudinal magneto-resistance in the presence
of a magnetic field that is parallel to the applied electric field. A NLMR has been observed previously
in both 1D \cite{34} and 2D \cite{35} charge ordered systems for currents applied parallel to the conducting chains
(planes). In both cases, the NLMR exhibited ($B/T$)$^2$ scaling attributed to a closing of the charge
gap due to Zeeman splitting. In Bi$_2$Se$_3$, by contrast, there is no strong $T$-dependence
in the NLMR. A classical origin, found in inhomogeneous conductors and
attributed to macroscopic inhomogeneities and thus distorted current paths \cite{36} can be excluded
since the anisotropic MR does not depend on the lateral sample size \cite{37}. The origin of the anisotropy of the
MR and in particular, the large NLMR  in Bi$_2$Se$_3$ is likely to arise from the underlying scattering
mechanism, as inferred from our simple Drude analysis. In 1956, Argyres and Adam predicted a NLMR for
a 3D electron gas in the case of non-degenerate semiconductors where ionized impurity scattering
is present \cite{38} as observed, for example, in indium antimonide in the extreme quantum
limit \cite{39}. In contrast, recently triggered by the discovery of new Dirac materials
\cite{22,23,24,25,26}, it has been proposed that a quantum mechanical phenomenon called the axial
anomaly can give rise to a NLMR \cite{27}. In a magnetic field, charge carriers are subject to
Landau quantization with a one-dimensional (1D) dispersion along $B$. If in addition an
electric field is applied parallel to $B$, a uniform acceleration of the center of mass in this
field-induced 1D system produces the same axial anomaly effect as charge pumping between Weyl
points in a Weyl semi-metal and the subsequent charge imbalance leeds to a NLMR \cite{22,27}. This effective
reduction in the dimensionality of the electronic dispersion is also the proposed origin for the recent
observation of NLMR in the interplanar resistivity of 2D correlated metals \cite{40}. Remarkably,
the appearance of the NLMR is not tied to the band structure of a particular material, but
rather related to the type of scattering mechanism present in the system and as in the classical
model \cite{37}, ionized impurity scattering is proposed to give rise to a positive magneto-conductivity
$\sigma \propto B^2$ \cite{27}. Depending on the dominant contribution of the underlying scattering mechanisms,
the magneto-conductivity may be temperature-dependent as observed in indium antimonide \cite{39}.
For Bi$_2$Se$_3$, we estimate that the quantum limit is reached at a field strength $B_0\simeq$ 43~T
for the sample with the lowest carrier concentration of 1.2$\cdot$10$^{18}$cm$^{-3}$ (sample \#A) and
thus our experiments lie outside the regime where a transition from a negative to a positive MR is
proposed to occur due to short-range neutral impurity scattering \cite{27}.

In conclusion, we have investigated the MR response of thin Bi$_2$Se$_3$ epilayers. The
low-temperature angle-dependent SdH data suggests a coexistence of bulk and
surface charge carriers. At room temperature, we find a strong positive MR with a
field dependence that can be explained by a field-dependent carrier mobility.
The magnetoresistance itself is strongly anisotropic and depends on the orientation
of the current $I$ with respect to the parallel component of the magnetic field $B$.
We have demonstrated that the observation of a NLMR akin to the axial anomaly is not
specific to Dirac or Weyl semi-metals, but may in fact occur in generic three-dimensional
materials.

Part of this work has been supported by EuroMagNET II under the EU
contract number 228043 and by the Stichting Fundamenteel Onderzoek
der Materie (FOM) with financial support from the Nederlandse
Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO). S.W. thanks NWO for his
Veni grant (680-47-424) and acknowledges revealing discussions with B. A. Piot and M. Orlita.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
<?php

/* @file connedit.php
 * @brief In this file the connection-editor form is generated and evaluated.
 *
 *
 */

require_once('include/Contact.php');
require_once('include/socgraph.php');
require_once('include/contact_selectors.php');
require_once('include/group.php');
require_once('include/contact_widgets.php');
require_once('include/zot.php');
require_once('include/widgets.php');

/* @brief Initialize the connection-editor
 *
 *
 */

function connedit_init(&$a) {

	if(! local_channel())
		return;

	if((argc() >= 2) && intval(argv(1))) {
		$r = q("SELECT abook.*, xchan.*
			FROM abook left join xchan on abook_xchan = xchan_hash
			WHERE abook_channel = %d and abook_id = %d LIMIT 1",
			intval(local_channel()),
			intval(argv(1))
		);
		if($r) {
			$a->poi = $r[0];
		}
	}

	$channel = $a->get_channel();
	if($channel)
		head_set_icon($channel['xchan_photo_s']);

}

/* @brief Evaluate posted values and set changes
 *
 */

function connedit_post(&$a) {

	if(! local_channel())
		return;

	$contact_id = intval(argv(1));
	if(! $contact_id)
		return;

	$channel = $a->get_channel();

	// TODO if configured for hassle-free permissions, we'll post the form with ajax as soon as the
	// connection enable is toggled to a special autopost url and set permissions immediately, leaving
	// the other form elements alone pending a manual submit of the form. The downside is that there
	// will be a window of opportunity when the permissions have been set but before you've had a chance
	// to review and possibly restrict them. The upside is we won't have to warn you that your connection
	// can't do anything until you save the bloody form.

	$autopost = (((argc() > 2) && (argv(2) === 'auto')) ? true : false);

	$orig_record = q("SELECT * FROM abook WHERE abook_id = %d AND abook_channel = %d LIMIT 1",
		intval($contact_id),
		intval(local_channel())
	);

	if(! $orig_record) {
		notice( t('Could not access contact record.') . EOL);
		goaway($a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connections');
		return; // NOTREACHED
	}

	call_hooks('contact_edit_post', $_POST);

	if(intval($orig_record[0]['abook_self'])) {
		$autoperms = intval($_POST['autoperms']);
		$is_self = true;
	}
	else {
		$autoperms = null;
		$is_self = false;
	}

	$profile_id = $_POST['profile_assign'];
	if($profile_id) {
		$r = q("SELECT profile_guid FROM profile WHERE profile_guid = '%s' AND `uid` = %d LIMIT 1",
			dbesc($profile_id),
			intval(local_channel())
		);
		if(! count($r)) {
			notice( t('Could not locate selected profile.') . EOL);
			return;
		}
	}

	$abook_incl = escape_tags($_POST['abook_incl']);
	$abook_excl = escape_tags($_POST['abook_excl']);

	$hidden = intval($_POST['hidden']);

	$priority = intval($_POST['poll']);
	if($priority > 5 || $priority < 0)
		$priority = 0;

	$closeness = intval($_POST['closeness']);
	if($closeness < 0)
		$closeness = 99;

	$rating = intval($_POST['rating']);
	if($rating < (-10))
		$rating = (-10);
	if($rating > 10)
		$rating = 10;

	$rating_text = trim(escape_tags($_REQUEST['rating_text']));

	$abook_my_perms = 0;

	foreach($_POST as $k => $v) {
		if(strpos($k,'perms_') === 0) {
			$abook_my_perms += $v;
		}
	}

	$new_friend = false;

	if(! $is_self) {

		$signed = $orig_record[0]['abook_xchan'] . '.' . $rating . '.' . $rating_text;

		$sig = base64url_encode(rsa_sign($signed,$channel['channel_prvkey']));

		$z = q("select * from xlink where xlink_xchan = '%s' and xlink_link = '%s' and xlink_static = 1 limit 1",
			dbesc($channel['channel_hash']),
			dbesc($orig_record[0]['abook_xchan'])
		);

		if($z) {
			$record = $z[0]['xlink_id'];
			$w = q("update xlink set xlink_rating = '%d', xlink_rating_text = '%s', xlink_sig = '%s', xlink_updated = '%s'
				where xlink_id = %d",
				intval($rating),
				dbesc($rating_text),
				dbesc($sig),
				dbesc(datetime_convert()),
				intval($record)
			);
		}
		else {
			$w = q("insert into xlink ( xlink_xchan, xlink_link, xlink_rating, xlink_rating_text, xlink_sig, xlink_updated, xlink_static ) values ( '%s', '%s', %d, '%s', '%s', '%s', 1 ) ",
				dbesc($channel['channel_hash']),
				dbesc($orig_record[0]['abook_xchan']),
				intval($rating),
				dbesc($rating_text),
				dbesc($sig),
				dbesc(datetime_convert())
			);
			$z = q("select * from xlink where xlink_xchan = '%s' and xlink_link = '%s' and xlink_static = 1 limit 1",
				dbesc($channel['channel_hash']),
				dbesc($orig_record[0]['abook_xchan'])
			);
			if($z)
				$record = $z[0]['xlink_id'];
		}
		if($record) {
			proc_run('php','include/ratenotif.php','rating',$record);
		}
	}

	if(($_REQUEST['pending']) && intval($orig_record[0]['abook_pending'])) {
		$new_friend = true;

		// @fixme it won't be common, but when you accept a new connection request
		// the permissions will now be that of your permissions role and ignore
		// any you may have set manually on the form. We'll probably see a bug if somebody
		// tries to set the permissions *and* approve the connection in the same
		// request. The workaround is to approve the connection, then go back and
		// adjust permissions as desired.

		$abook_my_perms = get_channel_default_perms(local_channel());

		$role = get_pconfig(local_channel(),'system','permissions_role');
		if($role) {
			$x = get_role_perms($role);
			if($x['perms_accept'])
				$abook_my_perms = $x['perms_accept'];
		}
	}

	$abook_pending = (($new_friend) ? 0 : $orig_record[0]['abook_pending']);

	$r = q("UPDATE abook SET abook_profile = '%s', abook_my_perms = %d , abook_closeness = %d, abook_pending = %d,
		abook_incl = '%s', abook_excl = '%s'
		where abook_id = %d AND abook_channel = %d",
		dbesc($profile_id),
		intval($abook_my_perms),
		intval($closeness),
		intval($abook_pending),
		dbesc($abook_incl),
		dbesc($abook_excl),
		intval($contact_id),
		intval(local_channel())
	);

	if($orig_record[0]['abook_profile'] != $profile_id) {
		//Update profile photo permissions

		logger('A new profile was assigned - updating profile photos');
		require_once('mod/profile_photo.php');
		profile_photo_set_profile_perms($profile_id);

	}

	if($r)
		info( t('Connection updated.') . EOL);
	else
		notice( t('Failed to update connection record.') . EOL);

	if($a->poi && $a->poi['abook_my_perms'] != $abook_my_perms
		&& (! intval($a->poi['abook_self']))) {
		proc_run('php', 'include/notifier.php', (($new_friend) ? 'permission_create' : 'permission_update'), $contact_id);
	}

	if($new_friend) {
		$default_group = $channel['channel_default_group'];
		if($default_group) {
			require_once('include/group.php');
			$g = group_rec_byhash(local_channel(),$default_group);
			if($g)
				group_add_member(local_channel(),'',$a->poi['abook_xchan'],$g['id']);
		}

		// Check if settings permit ("post new friend activity" is allowed, and
		// friends in general or this friend in particular aren't hidden)
		// and send out a new friend activity

		$pr = q("select * from profile where uid = %d and is_default = 1 and hide_friends = 0",
			intval($channel['channel_id'])
		);
		if(($pr) && (! intval($orig_record[0]['abook_hidden'])) && (intval(get_pconfig($channel['channel_id'],'system','post_newfriend')))) {
			$xarr = array();
			$xarr['verb'] = ACTIVITY_FRIEND;
			$xarr['item_wall'] = 1;
			$xarr['item_origin'] = 1;
			$xarr['item_thread_top'] = 1;
			$xarr['owner_xchan'] = $xarr['author_xchan'] = $channel['channel_hash'];
			$xarr['allow_cid'] = $channel['channel_allow_cid'];
			$xarr['allow_gid'] = $channel['channel_allow_gid'];
			$xarr['deny_cid'] = $channel['channel_deny_cid'];
			$xarr['deny_gid'] = $channel['channel_deny_gid'];
			$xarr['item_private'] = (($xarr['allow_cid']||$xarr['allow_gid']||$xarr['deny_cid']||$xarr['deny_gid']) ? 1 : 0);
			$obj = array(
				'type' => ACTIVITY_OBJ_PERSON,
				'title' => $a->poi['xchan_name'],
				'id' => $a->poi['xchan_hash'],
				'link' => array(
					array('rel' => 'alternate', 'type' => 'text/html', 'href' => $a->poi['xchan_url']),
					array('rel' => 'photo', 'type' => $a->poi['xchan_photo_mimetype'], 'href' => $a->poi['xchan_photo_l'])
       			),
   			);
			$xarr['object'] = json_encode($obj);
			$xarr['obj_type'] = ACTIVITY_OBJ_PERSON;

			$xarr['body'] = '[zrl=' . $channel['xchan_url'] . ']' . $channel['xchan_name'] . '[/zrl]' . ' ' . t('is now connected to') . ' ' . '[zrl=' . $a->poi['xchan_url'] . ']' . $a->poi['xchan_name'] . '[/zrl]';

			$xarr['body'] .= "\n\n\n" . '[zrl=' . $a->poi['xchan_url'] . '][zmg=80x80]' . $a->poi['xchan_photo_m'] . '[/zmg][/zrl]';

			post_activity_item($xarr);

		}

		// pull in a bit of content if there is any to pull in
		proc_run('php','include/onepoll.php',$contact_id);

	}

	// Refresh the structure in memory with the new data

	$r = q("SELECT abook.*, xchan.*
		FROM abook left join xchan on abook_xchan = xchan_hash
		WHERE abook_channel = %d and abook_id = %d LIMIT 1",
		intval(local_channel()),
		intval($contact_id)
	);
	if($r) {
		$a->poi = $r[0];
	}

	if($new_friend) {
		$arr = array('channel_id' => local_channel(), 'abook' => $a->poi);
		call_hooks('accept_follow', $arr);
	}

	if(! is_null($autoperms))
		set_pconfig(local_channel(),'system','autoperms',(($autoperms) ? $abook_my_perms : 0));

	connedit_clone($a);

	if(($_REQUEST['pending']) && (!$_REQUEST['done']))
		goaway($a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connections/ifpending');

	return;

}

/* @brief Clone connection
 *
 *
 */

function connedit_clone(&$a) {

		if(! $a->poi)
			return;

		$channel = $a->get_channel();

		$r = q("SELECT abook.*, xchan.*
			FROM abook left join xchan on abook_xchan = xchan_hash
			WHERE abook_channel = %d and abook_id = %d LIMIT 1",
			intval(local_channel()),
			intval($a->poi['abook_id'])
		);
		if($r) {
			$a->poi = $r[0];
		}

		$clone = $a->poi;

		unset($clone['abook_id']);
		unset($clone['abook_account']);
		unset($clone['abook_channel']);

		$abconfig = load_abconfig($channel['channel_hash'],$clone['abook_xchan']);
		if($abconfig)
			$clone['abconfig'] = $abconfig;

		build_sync_packet(0 /* use the current local_channel */, array('abook' => array($clone)));
}

/* @brief Generate content of connection edit page
 *
 *
 */

function connedit_content(&$a) {

	$sort_type = 0;
	$o = '';

	if(! local_channel()) {
		notice( t('Permission denied.') . EOL);
		return login();
	}

	$channel = $a->get_channel();
	$my_perms = get_channel_default_perms(local_channel());
	$role = get_pconfig(local_channel(),'system','permissions_role');
	if($role) {
		$x = get_role_perms($role);
		if($x['perms_accept'])
			$my_perms = $x['perms_accept'];
	}

	$yes_no = array(t('No'),t('Yes'));

	if($my_perms) {
		$o .= "<script>function connectDefaultShare() {
		\$('.abook-edit-me').each(function() {
			if(! $(this).is(':disabled'))
				$(this).prop('checked', false);
		});\n\n";
		$perms = get_perms();
		foreach($perms as $p => $v) {
			if($my_perms & $v[1]) {
				$o .= "\$('#me_id_perms_" . $p . "').prop('checked', true); \n";
			}
		}
		$o .= " }\n</script>\n";
	}

	if(argc() == 3) {

		$contact_id = intval(argv(1));
		if(! $contact_id)
			return;

		$cmd = argv(2);

		$orig_record = q("SELECT abook.*, xchan.* FROM abook left join xchan on abook_xchan = xchan_hash
			WHERE abook_id = %d AND abook_channel = %d AND abook_self = 0 LIMIT 1",
			intval($contact_id),
			intval(local_channel())
		);

		if(! count($orig_record)) {
			notice( t('Could not access address book record.') . EOL);
			goaway($a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connections');
		}

		if($cmd === 'update') {
			// pull feed and consume it, which should subscribe to the hub.
			proc_run('php',"include/poller.php","$contact_id");
			goaway($a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connedit/' . $contact_id);

		}

		if($cmd === 'refresh') {
			if($orig_record[0]['xchan_network'] === 'zot') {
				if(! zot_refresh($orig_record[0],get_app()->get_channel()))
					notice( t('Refresh failed - channel is currently unavailable.') );
			}
			else {

				// if you are on a different network we'll force a refresh of the connection basic info
				proc_run('php','include/notifier.php','permission_update',$contact_id);
			}
			goaway($a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connedit/' . $contact_id);
		}

		if($cmd === 'block') {
			if(abook_toggle_flag($orig_record[0],ABOOK_FLAG_BLOCKED)) {
				connedit_clone($a);
			}
			else
				notice(t('Unable to set address book parameters.') . EOL);
			goaway($a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connedit/' . $contact_id);
		}

		if($cmd === 'ignore') {
			if(abook_toggle_flag($orig_record[0],ABOOK_FLAG_IGNORED)) {
				connedit_clone($a);
			}
			else
				notice(t('Unable to set address book parameters.') . EOL);
			goaway($a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connedit/' . $contact_id);
		}

		if($cmd === 'archive') {
			if(abook_toggle_flag($orig_record[0],ABOOK_FLAG_ARCHIVED)) {
				connedit_clone($a);
			}
			else
				notice(t('Unable to set address book parameters.') . EOL);
			goaway($a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connedit/' . $contact_id);
		}

		if($cmd === 'hide') {
			if(abook_toggle_flag($orig_record[0],ABOOK_FLAG_HIDDEN)) {
				connedit_clone($a);
			}
			else
				notice(t('Unable to set address book parameters.') . EOL);
			goaway($a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connedit/' . $contact_id);
		}

		// We'll prevent somebody from unapproving an already approved contact.
		// Though maybe somebody will want this eventually (??)

		if($cmd === 'approve') {
			if(intval($orig_record[0]['abook_pending'])) {
				if(abook_toggle_flag($orig_record[0],ABOOK_FLAG_PENDING)) {
					connedit_clone($a);
				}
				else
					notice(t('Unable to set address book parameters.') . EOL);
			}
			goaway($a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connedit/' . $contact_id);
		}

		if($cmd === 'drop') {

			require_once('include/Contact.php');

// FIXME
// We need to send either a purge or a refresh packet to the other side (the channel being unfriended).
// The issue is that the abook DB record _may_ get destroyed when we call contact_remove. As the notifier runs
// in the background there could be a race condition preventing this packet from being sent in all cases.
// PLACEHOLDER

			contact_remove(local_channel(), $orig_record[0]['abook_id']);
			build_sync_packet(0 /* use the current local_channel */,
				array('abook' => array(array(
					'abook_xchan' => $orig_record[0]['abook_xchan'],
					'entry_deleted' => true))
				)
			);

			info( t('Connection has been removed.') . EOL );
			if(x($_SESSION,'return_url'))
				goaway($a->get_baseurl(true) . '/' . $_SESSION['return_url']);
			goaway($a->get_baseurl(true) . '/contacts');

		}
	}

	if($a->poi) {

		$contact_id = $a->poi['abook_id'];
		$contact = $a->poi;

		$buttons = array(

			'view' => array(
				'label' => t('View Profile'),
				'url'   => chanlink_cid($contact['abook_id']),
				'sel'   => '',
				'title' => sprintf( t('View %s\'s profile'), $contact['xchan_name']),
			),

			'refresh' => array(
				'label' => t('Refresh Permissions'),
				'url'   => $a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connedit/' . $contact['abook_id'] . '/refresh',
				'sel'   => '',
				'title' => t('Fetch updated permissions'),
			),

			'recent' => array(
				'label' => t('Recent Activity'),
				'url'   => $a->get_baseurl(true) . '/network/?f=&cid=' . $contact['abook_id'],
				'sel'   => '',
				'title' => t('View recent posts and comments'),
			),

			'block' => array(
				'label' => (intval($contact['abook_blocked']) ? t('Unblock') : t('Block')),
				'url'   => $a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connedit/' . $contact['abook_id'] . '/block',
				'sel'   => (intval($contact['abook_blocked']) ? 'active' : ''),
				'title' => t('Block (or Unblock) all communications with this connection'),
				'info'   => (intval($contact['abook_blocked']) ? t('This connection is blocked!') : ''),
			),

			'ignore' => array(
				'label' => (intval($contact['abook_ignored']) ? t('Unignore') : t('Ignore')),
				'url'   => $a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connedit/' . $contact['abook_id'] . '/ignore',
				'sel'   => (intval($contact['abook_ignored']) ? 'active' : ''),
				'title' => t('Ignore (or Unignore) all inbound communications from this connection'),
				'info'   => (intval($contact['abook_ignored']) ? t('This connection is ignored!') : ''),
			),

			'archive' => array(
				'label' => (intval($contact['abook_archived']) ? t('Unarchive') : t('Archive')),
				'url'   => $a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connedit/' . $contact['abook_id'] . '/archive',
				'sel'   => (intval($contact['abook_archived']) ? 'active' : ''),
				'title' => t('Archive (or Unarchive) this connection - mark channel dead but keep content'),
				'info'   => (intval($contact['abook_archived']) ? t('This connection is archived!') : ''),
			),

			'hide' => array(
				'label' => (intval($contact['abook_hidden']) ? t('Unhide') : t('Hide')),
				'url'   => $a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connedit/' . $contact['abook_id'] . '/hide',
				'sel'   => (intval($contact['abook_hidden']) ? 'active' : ''),
				'title' => t('Hide or Unhide this connection from your other connections'),
				'info'   => (intval($contact['abook_hidden']) ? t('This connection is hidden!') : ''),
			),

			'delete' => array(
				'label' => t('Delete'),
				'url'   => $a->get_baseurl(true) . '/connedit/' . $contact['abook_id'] . '/drop',
				'sel'   => '',
				'title' => t('Delete this connection'),
			),

		);

		$self = false;

		if(intval($contact['abook_self']))
			$self = true;

		require_once('include/contact_selectors.php');

		$tpl = get_markup_template("abook_edit.tpl");

		if(feature_enabled(local_channel(),'affinity')) {

			$labels = array(
				t('Me'),
				t('Family'),
				t('Friends'),
				t('Acquaintances'),
				t('All')
			);
			call_hooks('affinity_labels',$labels);
			$label_str = '';

			if($labels) {
				foreach($labels as $l) {
					if($label_str) {
						$label_str .= ", '|'";
						$label_str .= ", '" . $l . "'";
					}
					else
						$label_str .= "'" . $l . "'";
				}
			}

			$slider_tpl = get_markup_template('contact_slider.tpl');
			$slide = replace_macros($slider_tpl,array(
				'$min' => 1,
				'$val' => (($contact['abook_closeness']) ? $contact['abook_closeness'] : 99),
				'$labels' => $label_str,
			));
		}

		$rating_val = 0;
		$rating_text = '';

		$xl = q("select * from xlink where xlink_xchan = '%s' and xlink_link = '%s' and xlink_static = 1",
			dbesc($channel['channel_hash']),
			dbesc($contact['xchan_hash'])
		);

		if($xl) {
			$rating_val = intval($xl[0]['xlink_rating']);
			$rating_text = $xl[0]['xlink_rating_text'];
		}

		$poco_rating = get_config('system','poco_rating_enable');

		// if unset default to enabled
		if($poco_rating === false)
			$poco_rating = true;

		if($poco_rating) {
			$rating = replace_macros(get_markup_template('rating_slider.tpl'),array(
				'$min' => -10,
				'$val' => $rating_val
			));
		}
		else {
			$rating = false;
		}

		$perms = array();
		$channel = $a->get_channel();

		$global_perms = get_perms();
		$existing = get_all_perms(local_channel(),$contact['abook_xchan']);

		$unapproved = array('pending', t('Approve this connection'), '', t('Accept connection to allow communication'), array(t('No'),('Yes')));

		$multiprofs = ((feature_enabled(local_channel(),'multi_profiles')) ? true : false);

		if($slide && !$multiprofs)
			$affinity = t('Set Affinity');

		if(!$slide && $multiprofs)
			$affinity = t('Set Profile');

		if($slide && $multiprofs)
			$affinity = t('Set Affinity & Profile');

		foreach($global_perms as $k => $v) {
			$thisperm = (($contact['abook_my_perms'] & $v[1]) ? "1" : '');
			$checkinherited = ((($channel[$v[0]]) && ($channel[$v[0]] != PERMS_SPECIFIC)) ? "1" : '');

			// For auto permissions (when $self is true) we don't want to look at existing
			// permissions because they are enabled for the channel owner
			if((! $self) && ($existing[$k]))
				$thisperm = "1";

			$perms[] = array('perms_' . $k, $v[3], (($contact['abook_their_perms'] & $v[1]) ? "1" : ""),$thisperm, $v[1], (($channel[$v[0]] == PERMS_SPECIFIC) ? '' : '1'), $v[4], $checkinherited);
		}

		$locstr = '';

		$locs = q("select hubloc_addr as location from hubloc left join site on hubloc_url = site_url where hubloc_hash = '%s'
			and hubloc_deleted = 0 and site_dead = 0",
			dbesc($contact['xchan_hash'])
		);

		if($locs) {
			foreach($locs as $l) {
				if(!($l['location']))
					continue;
				if(strpos($locstr,$l['location']) !== false)
					continue;
				if(strlen($locstr))
					$locstr .= ', ';
				$locstr .= $l['location'];
			}
		}
		else
			$locstr = t('none');

		$o .= replace_macros($tpl,array(

			'$header'         => (($self) ? t('Connection Default Permissions') : sprintf( t('Connection: %s'),$contact['xchan_name'])),
			'$autoperms'      => array('autoperms',t('Apply these permissions automatically'), ((get_pconfig(local_channel(),'system','autoperms')) ? 1 : 0), t('Connection requests will be approved without your interaction'), $yes_no),
			'$addr'           => $contact['xchan_addr'],
			'$addr_text'      => t('This connection\'s primary address is'),
			'$loc_text'       => t('Available locations:'),
			'$locstr'         => $locstr,
			'$notself'        => (($self) ? '' : '1'),
			'$self'           => (($self) ? '1' : ''),
			'$autolbl'        => t('The permissions indicated on this page will be applied to all new connections.'),
			'$buttons'        => (($self) ? '' : $buttons),
			'$lbl_slider'     => t('Slide to adjust your degree of friendship'),
			'$lbl_rating'     => t('Rating'),
			'$lbl_rating_label' => t('Slide to adjust your rating'),
			'$lbl_rating_txt' => t('Optionally explain your rating'),
			'$connfilter'     => feature_enabled(local_channel(),'connfilter'),
			'$connfilter_label' => t('Custom Filter'),
			'$incl'           => array('abook_incl',t('Only import posts with this text'), $contact['abook_incl'],t('words one per line or #tags or /patterns/ or lang=xx, leave blank to import all posts')),
			'$excl'           => array('abook_excl',t('Do not import posts with this text'), $contact['abook_excl'],t('words one per line or #tags or /patterns/ or lang=xx, leave blank to import all posts')),
			'$rating_text'    => array('rating_text', t('Optionally explain your rating'),$rating_text,''),
			'$rating_info'    => t('This information is public!'),
			'$rating'         => $rating,
			'$rating_val'     => $rating_val,
			'$slide'          => $slide,
			'$affinity'       => $affinity,
			'$pending_label'  => t('Connection Pending Approval'),
			'$is_pending'     => (intval($contact['abook_pending']) ? 1 : ''),
			'$unapproved'     => $unapproved,
			'$inherited'      => t('inherited'),
			'$submit'         => t('Submit'),
			'$lbl_vis2'       => sprintf( t('Please choose the profile you would like to display to %s when viewing your profile securely.'), $contact['xchan_name']),
			'$close'          => $contact['abook_closeness'],
			'$them'           => t('Their Settings'),
			'$me'             => t('My Settings'),
			'$perms'          => $perms,
			'$permlbl'        => t('Individual Permissions'),
			'$permnote'       => t('Some permissions may be inherited from your channel\'s <a href="settings"><strong>privacy settings</strong></a>, which have higher priority than individual settings. You can <strong>not</strong> change those settings here.'),
			'$permnote_self'  => t('Some permissions may be inherited from your channel\'s <a href="settings"><strong>privacy settings</strong></a>, which have higher priority than individual settings. You can change those settings here but they wont have any impact unless the inherited setting changes.'),
			'$lastupdtext'    => t('Last update:'),
			'$last_update'    => relative_date($contact['abook_connected']),
			'$profile_select' => contact_profile_assign($contact['abook_profile']),
			'$multiprofs'     => $multiprofs,
			'$contact_id'     => $contact['abook_id'],
			'$name'           => $contact['xchan_name'],

		));

		$arr = array('contact' => $contact,'output' => $o);

		call_hooks('contact_edit', $arr);

		return $arr['output'];

	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It was John Wesley who said, "Not, how much of my money will I give to God, but, how much of God's money will I keep for myself?" One of the greatest sources of joy and pleasure that comes to our lives as believers in Jesus Christ is found in releasing our finances to God and His kingdom.
Throughout this powerful series, Jeremiah Johnson and Barry Nichols thoroughly and with great passion encourage the saints to establish their financial planning and future based upon the Word of God and what it teaches about the kingdom of God. If you are ready to allow the Holy Spirit to challenge and equip you to walk in greater levels of freedom and release regarding your finances, these messages are for you!


Established in 1986 and serving more than 10,000 patients per year, Kheir (Korean Health Education Information and Research) Center was initially created to serve as a bridge between the low-income, recently immigrated, non-English-speaking Korean community and local health and social service providers. Today, Kheir is a broad-based agency that provides comprehensive healthcare and human services through its Clinics, Adult Day Health Care center, and Enabling Services to underserved and uninsured residents of Southern California. To fulfill its mission of providing linguistically and culturally sensitive, quality primary healthcare in settings familiar to the patients, Kheir is currently participating in several exciting initiatives.
From systems integration to quality improvement and health information technology, Kheir is dedicated to developing innovative programs that promote better health outcomes for patients. To fulfill needs across diverse cultures, Kheir holds biweekly Korean and Spanish diabetes groups that utilize targeted methods for treating chronic disease in immigrant communities.
Additionally, Kheir is taking the lead in efforts to strengthen its specialty care network of culturally and linguistically appropriate providers for its Korean-speaking Medi-Cal patient population. In November 2017, Kheir co-hosted a Referral and Credentialing Workshop with Health Care LA, IPA, and MedPOINT Management for local specialists. The session helped staff identify new specialty care providers with the linguistic capacity to treat Kheir's patients, and also reinforced Kheir's referral protocols and best practices. This innovative event successfully expanded Kheir's referral network, providing patients with more options for high-quality, culturally competent care.
Kheir has also focused on quality improvement innovation by maximizing the value of health information technology. The Kheir team utilizes a broad range of reporting functionalities on eClinicalWorks (eCW) electronic health records (EHR) system, identifying at-risk patients and tracking clinical performance measures. Kheir is also in the process of incorporating a new electronic Care Plan module into its practice to promote patient empowerment. Kheir's robust internal referral system is being streamlined to ensure that patients have access to onsite services, including in-language mental health appointments, dental and optometry, and transportation to and from appointments.
In 2018, Kheir will continue to innovate, using both technology and grassroots strategies. Goals include strengthening Patient-Centered Medical Home practices, implementing additional quality improvement projects, launching a new patient texting program, and researching additional ways to maximize the impact of EHR in the clinics.
To learn more about Kheir Center, visit www.lakheir.org, or visit their Facebook (www.facebook.com/KheirCenter), Instagram (@KheirCenter), Twitter (@LAKHEIR) and YouTube channel (www.youtube.com/LAKHEIR).


Aura Dental Specialists is focused on providing the best quality dental care with state-of-the-art technology. We place a strong focus on orthodontics, paediatrics and sedation dentistry so that we are able to provide more personal care and the highest quality treatment possible. Aura Dental Specialists receives referrals from dentists all over the lower mainland who trust in the quality of our care.
Orthodontics is the dental specialty that corrects spacing issues and straightens teeth for patients with a full set of adult teeth. Orthodontic technology has advances a long way since the days of wires and brackets and there are more options than ever to give our patients the smiles they have only dreamed of.


Nothing makes me happier than hearing how happy we make you!
When I decided to sell my house and find my new home after my husband passes away, well, I could not have chosen a more caring, dedicated and professional realtor than Crystal Ragan. She was so very understanding. I was a bit unsure what I was really looking for but she was there to help and guide me through each step of selling and buying. Not just as a realtor but as a friend. I found my new home and I could not have done it without her.
Crystal has been everything I could ever ask for in a real estate agent. Real Estate can be confusing but Crystal is always there to answer any questions I have along the way. She has helped me both buy and sell my homes. Her great communication is what really sets Crystal above the rest. You will be hard pressed to find another agent with her level of professionalism. If you are looking for a smooth transition into a new home you have found your agent! When the time comes for me to make another move, I know who I will be calling.
Crystal Ragan has been so helpful through this transition from the sale of the house to moving into a new one. It has been a great experience!
Crystal Ragan is the hardest working realtor out there. She will do whatever it takes to get the best for everyone she meets. She is kind, compassionate and genuine. She has sold two homes for me and I will use her every single time! I'm proud to call her my friend and realtor.
How does your real estate agent compare?
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©2017 Crystal Ragan | CrystalRagan.com | Each Keller Williams office is independently owned and operated.


text:
Hybrid Model of Remote and Flexible Working Might Be Plan C
September 18, 2020 by Ronn
"It is time to re-imagine what the workplace is for," writes Sue Unerman, chief transformation officer at MediaCom, on Haymarket Media's Campaign site. "If you took someone who might have known Charles Dickens and, through the power of time-travel, transported them to an office in 2019, undoubtedly they would be shocked and surprised by mobile phones, computers and the number of women around. They would be less shocked by the overall look of the place: lots of people with their heads down at desks working away, with some managers walking around occasionally to see what they were up to."
Up until now, most of what we have read takes the form of, "when offices reopen…," "people going back to normal…," etc. But as spring turns to summer turns to fall, new conversations are taking place, more focused on the realities of the new normal—where people are not returning to offices until at least next summer and as some do, many others will continue to work from home.
I spoke to Erin Hallstrom last week, an incredible, do-everything person for Putman Media—SEO, podcasts, she created their groundbreaking Influential Women in Manufacturing program—and she told me that half of their staff had been working remotely before this, including her. And she's always felt more productive.
"For 12 years, I've always had a digital job; at 10 o'clock at night I might have an idea [to write down]. If there's a huge fire at a factory [at any time], someone needs to write about it. Why do I have to go into the office?"
Hallstrom believes, however, that there will still be a need for in-person collaboration. "I used to go in two days a week, with digital folks similar to me. On one of those days, three or four of us would sit down and put our heads together. The people I've been closest to, we haven't seen each other, but, of course, we still have conversations. I miss you guys."
I remember a couple years ago interviewing Cassandra Farrington, CEO of Marijuana Business Daily. They figured out quickly that some face-to-face communication was needed from their remote team and decided to require people coming in for about 20-25 hours a week. "The rest of the time, as I tell my team, I couldn't care if you are working from the surface of the moon, so long as the work is getting done to high effectiveness."
I think you'll see some of that in the new normal, with even less hours required in the office, but still some hopes to get people in for a day or two a week—while also finding better, more participatory technology for those working remotely. Back in October, Dan Fink, managing director of Money-Media, who was already embracing working from home, said that they had "installed some large screens in conference rooms [to accommodate remote staff]. There's a marked difference in how that person participates. And how the people feel; it feels like that person was in the meeting room. It really does make a significant difference."
But as Unerman relates, having people come in to just put their head down and work won't make sense anymore.
"A hybrid model of remote and flexible working, with offices re-imagined for the better is likely," she writes. "These experiments are under way, and they do raise another question—what is office culture without everyone in the office?"
Here's how she finishes. "In a great culture each person enhances each other's performance. Helping the collective is rewarded. Without everyone in the office most of the time, leadership of a good culture is even more crucial. And in a good culture there are cultural leaders and advocates in every single seat, wherever that seat is located."
In April, Steve Cody, founder and CEO of PR and marketing firm Peppercomm, spoke with Ragan's Diane Schwartz, who credited him with building a team culture, steeped in tactical communications that especially helps in these precarious times.
"It will be a foreign experience; how do we ease that transition [back to the office]?" he asked then. "This idea of re-boarding—not onboarding, but bringing them back—we're working on that now."
Odds are he's now working on Plan C.
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Ronn Levine began his career as a reporter for The Washington Post and has won numerous writing and publications awards since. Most recently, he spent 12 years at the Newspaper Association of America covering a variety of topics before joining SIPA in 2009 and SIIA in 2013 as editorial director…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Bhadre Gowda of JD(S) was elected unopposed Deputy Mayor of Bengaluru on Wednesday. Though the BJP planned to field Ramamurthy Nagar corporator Padmavathi M to contest, the party pulled out of the fray even before Bhadre filed his nomination papers.
The BJP had walked out of BBMP Council Hall during Mayor election held in September.
The election for the Deputy Mayor post took place after the demise of Ramila Umashankar on October 5 due to heart attack. There was hectic lobbying for the Deputy Mayor post among JD(S) corporators. The JD(S) has 13 corporators in the BBMP Council, with one ward (Kaveripura) ward falling vacant.
Late Ramila Umashankar represented Kaveripura ward in the BBMP Council. It was said Nethra Narayan, representing Kavalbyrasandra Ward, was one of the aspirants for the Deputy Mayor post.
Thanking JD(S) leadership for selecting him as Deputy Mayor, Bhadre Gowda said that he would strive hard for the overall development of 198 wards in Bengaluru.
"Residents of Bengaluru can contact me round the clock if there is an emergency. I, with Mayor's cooperation, will ensure Bengaluru free from garbage and traffic congestion,'' says Bhadre Gowda.
The Congress retained five standing committees, while JD(S) got four and Independents three.


Data, Data, Data! is an introduction to how school counselors and educators can begin to use data in designing, implementing, evaluating, and improving school counseling and other programs in schools.
This course is designed to align with chapters 3 and 4 of The Use of Data in School Counseling: Hatching Results for Students, Programs, and the Profession (Hatch, 2013), which is available for purchase via Amazon or Corwin Press.


No human labor -- no human error -- half the cost and 100X more reliable. It's the world's first self-driving fully autonomous database, announced by Larry Ellison at Oracle OpenWorld 2017. Learn more at oracle.com/autonomousdatabase.


Valley does more than plan and execute your show. We also have an entire team dedicated to providing show services to you exhibitors so they have the best possible experience. Our customers are "OUR BEST" sales people.
Thank you for contributing to the success of the Wisconsin State Reading Association's Annual Convention. Part of my learning experience was to see the exhibits behind the scenes.
Again, thank you for all that you did to produce another great convention.
Once again your crew did a great job. Setup went very smoothly. Many of our exhibitors have participated in our show for years and know what to expect and know what's expected of them.
Thank you for a job well done (which makes my job easier)!
Wisconsin Auto Collision Technicians Assn, Ltd.
Click on link under "Not Registered" on the right hand side of this screen to register your company to be able to place your orders securely online. You may also contact us using the information below for assistance in obtaining a username.


text:
La Chapelle-au-Mans är en kommun i departementet Saône-et-Loire i regionen Bourgogne-Franche-Comté i östra Frankrike. Kommunen ligger i kantonen Gueugnon som tillhör arrondissementet Charolles. År  hade La Chapelle-au-Mans  invånare.

Befolkningsutveckling
Antalet invånare i kommunen La Chapelle-au-Mans

Se även
 Lista över kommuner i departementet Saône-et-Loire

Källor

Kommuner i Saône-et-Loire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Sonicare Diamond Clean Black and Pink Bundle Pack is rated 4.3 out of 5 by 4.
Rated 4 out of 5 by Mickey kic from Overall great, but better off buying 2 units After using for over a week I can say it's worlds better then the oral b $50 ones. Sure it's 10x the price but I bet it's better then oral b's expensive version. Only real issue is the fact you pay for 1 charger and 2 brushes and that's it. For a little more I should of bought 2 stand alone units so I get the extra charger and also the travel cases so it would be better value. It's fine for me now but if I break up with my partner then we need to fight over the charger that costs pretty much what it would cost for the 2 charger 2 brushes and also not to mention the travel case.
Rated 3 out of 5 by Jase from Lacking the accessories and bluetooth app ability Its a good product, BUT I am dissapointed it does not come with travel charger or even an extra unit charger for a twin pack. Also I thought i was buying a model that had the bluetooth connection for the dental care app...but no. I woudlnt recommend this twin pack, we would have been beter off buying two units which woulod have come in aroundroughly the same price.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Peter from Best electronic toothbrush in the market After using it for a month, my tooth become shiny and white. you can feel super clean of the tooth after brush. Highly recommend.
Rated 5 out of 5 by K747 from Perfect toothbrush My friend suggested me this item and all of my family are very happy to use it. I think this is the best toothbrush for scaling.


Blog Need a Fall foliage event? Manchaug Pond's The DAM Race!
Need a Fall foliage event? Manchaug Pond's The DAM Race!
On Saturday, October 17th the colors of autumn are sure to be spectacular – reds, orange, yellows and greens, both on the trees and reflecting off the waters of Manchaug Pond.
This event of the Manchaug Pond Foundation takes you along roadsides of the lake from Holt Road to Torrey and over the dam to Manchaug Road and back again on Saturday, October 17th. All proceeds benefit our work together to protect and enhance this 380 acre lake in the towns of Sutton and Douglas and its watershed beyond.
Register by October 1st to receive a free race day t-shirt! Cost is $15. Visit our race page for race day details and the link to register online as a participant or get your family or business name on the shirt, website and banner as a race sponsor.
Bring your "team", friends or family or come alone and make new friends. Run for a great cause – Manchaug Pond!


Recorded in several days of May, June and July of 1990 at ГрОб Studio.
Mixed 18-19 July 1990 at ГрОб Studio.
Dedicated to crazy memory of Zhenka Lishchenko and performance of Cameroon at World Champion cup in Italy 1990.


"Even a failure can still be valuable."
Discuss the statement above using an example or examples from literature, the arts, history, current events, politics, science and technology, sports, or your experience or observation.
Before reading the commentary on this essay, remember that this is certainly not the only way that the writer could have answered the question successfully. The writer could have used examples from the arts or sciences, or personal experience; he/she could have written the whole thing in two paragraphs, or as many as five. This is just one good example that we can study to figure out what was done correctly. But feel free to find your own ways to apply what you learn here.
First of all, let's see if the essay successfully addresses the writing task, which is to discuss the statement "even a failure can still be valuable." Does this essay address that statement? Yes, and it does so in the thesis statement, which comes at the end of the short introduction: "However, examples from politics, both past and present, prove that even seemingly unproductive actions can yield valuable results." The reader knows that the writer is going to prove the statement using examples from politics. So we can check "Attention to the writing task" off our list.
A perfect example of a valuable failure is Woodrow Wilson's doomed League of Nations. Conceived by President Wilson after the end of World War I, the League of Nations was formed to prevent such massive warfare and destruction from happening again; the ultimate goal was to secure long-lasting peace around the world. As honorable as the goal was, the League of Nations dissolved in the mid-1940s due to inefficiencies and disorganization. But if it weren't for the pattern that Wilson's League of Nations provided, the United Nations might not be the successful organization it is today. Learning directly from the successes and failures of the League of Nations, the U.N. has established itself as a valuable international organization that sends its troops on peacekeeping missions around the world. Read the topic sentence - "A perfect example of a valuable failure is Woodrow Wilson's doomed League of Nations" - and ask yourself whether it relates to the thesis. Since Woodrow Wilson's League of Nations is a political example of a failure that was worthwhile, it does in fact connect well with the thesis.
The paragraph goes on to give a short description of what the League of Nations is, and why it failed. But then, and very importantly, it also describes WHY the "unsuccessful action" that Woodrow Wilson took was worthwhile: it provided a template for the current United Nations. All the sentences in the paragraph help support the topic sentence. But this paragraph not only relates to the thesis - it also relates to the original writing prompt. That's why it's a successful paragraph. Doesn't seem too hard, does it?
Not only can unsuccessful actions bear fruit later, they can also be worthwhile at the time. For example, recently the United States waged war on Iraq in order to find weapons of mass destruction. Months afterward, inspectors have yet to find these weapons that Saddam Hussein had supposedly been hiding, and in that respect the war was a failure. However, even critics of the war have admitted that this war has had some worthwhile aspects, since it ended Saddam's brutal regime. Hospitals and schools have been built, and many no longer have to live in fear of government oppression. While we have failed to find the weapons, and while the work of reconstruction will be long, expensive, and perhaps dangerous, the war has been valuable at least in that it resulted in the end of a cruel dictatorship. The second body paragraph, as promised in the thesis statement, examines a current political situation to illustrate the writing prompt. As in the first body paragraph, the topic sentence - "Not only can unsuccessful actions bear fruit later, they can also be worthwhile at the time" - clearly applies to the thesis statement, as well as to the original writing prompt. This time the writer uses the war in Iraq as an example of an unsuccessful yet worthwhile action: he/she clearly states how it was a failure (not being able to find the weapons of mass destruction) and how it was worthwhile (ending a brutal dictatorship). Note how all the sentences support the topic sentence.
There are a few important things you should pay attention to in this particular paragraph. First of all, the writer has taken a risk by writing about a controversial topic. It might have been safer to stick with a more neutral topic, and in your own writing you should be very careful not to offend your readers or present ideas that your readers might strongly disagree with. Other risky topics might include strong political or religious opinions. While we're not saying that you should NEVER write about those things - especially if you can write about those topics well - we ARE saying that you should be very careful if you do.
As American history itself proves, we should not be too quick to fear mistakes as long as we have noble goals in mind. Even those actions that seem unsuccessful at first may in some cases prove worthwhile. As conclusions go, this is a basic one. But that's okay, because the writer has written a very solid essay that makes its point. This conclusion basically touches upon the main idea of the essay and then brings it back to the writing prompt. The only thing you should not do in a conclusion is repeat, word for word, any other sentence in the essay. Otherwise, just try to tie your ideas together at the end, but don't rush through the body paragraphs in order to write a conclusion at the end. It's better to be sure that your body paragraphs are solid.
All in all, this writer's organization and support are very clear and direct, as they should be. Now let's see what's good about the language of the essay.
Transitions smooth out the breaks between paragraphs and can also make sentences connect better. "However," "Not only," and "for example" are some good transitional phrases that this writer uses. Go back and read the topic sentences, and you'll see that these words do a good job of effectively connecting the paragraphs. Once you have the basics of organization and support down, be sure to practice smoothing out your transitions - your tutor can help.
A perfect example of a valuable failure is Woodrow Wilson's doomed League of Nations. President Wilson formed the League of Nations after the end of World War I. He formed it to prevent such massive warfare and destruction from happening again. The ultimate goal was to secure long-lasting peace around the world. It was a noble goal. But the League of Nations dissolved in the mid-1940s. It collapsed due to inefficiencies and disorganization. However, Wilson's League of Nations provided a pattern for the United Nations. The United Nations might not be the successful organization it is today if it weren't for the League of Nations. The United Nations learned directly from the successes and failures of the League of Nations. It has become a valuable international organization that sends its troops on peacekeeping missions around the world.
Repetition weakens the quality of your writing. Try to think of synonyms when you find yourself repeating words. In the sample essay, for example, the writer switches between "unsuccessful action" and "failure," and also "valuable" and "worthwhile." He/she writes about "Saddam's brutal regime" and later calls it a "cruel dictatorship." Try to be creative with your vocabulary when writing your own essay.
1st paragraph: Instead of "Thought up by," the author uses "Conceived by�" 2nd paragraph: Instead of "become useful later," the author uses "bear fruit later�" Instead of "Saddam's government," the author uses "Saddam's brutal regime."
As you can see, good vocabulary is not always about using huge, complicated words; it can also be about having a large body of words that you can draw from while writing your essay. The more you read, the easier this will become.


text:
namespace LeMoteur {

MeshRenderer::MeshRenderer(const char *modelPath, shared_ptr<MeshMaterial> argMaterial) {
	uvScaleBuffer[2] = 0.0f;
	uvScaleBuffer[3] = 0.0f;
	material = argMaterial;
	mesh = meshLoad(modelPath);
	program = loadProgram("vs_deferred_geometry", "fs_deferred_geometry");
	uvScaleUniform = bgfx::createUniform("u_uvScale", bgfx::UniformType::Vec4);
	invTransposedModelUniform = bgfx::createUniform("u_invTransposedModel", bgfx::UniformType::Mat4);
	albedoTextureUniform = bgfx::createUniform("s_albedo", bgfx::UniformType::Int1);
	normalTextureUniform = bgfx::createUniform("s_normal", bgfx::UniformType::Int1);
	metallicTextureUniform = bgfx::createUniform("s_metallic", bgfx::UniformType::Int1);
	roughnessTextureUniform = bgfx::createUniform("s_roughness", bgfx::UniformType::Int1);
	aoTextureUniform = bgfx::createUniform("s_ao", bgfx::UniformType::Int1);
}

MeshRenderer::~MeshRenderer() {
	bgfx::destroyProgram(program);
	meshUnload(mesh);
	bgfx::destroyUniform(uvScaleUniform);
	bgfx::destroyUniform(invTransposedModelUniform);
	bgfx::destroyUniform(albedoTextureUniform);
	bgfx::destroyUniform(normalTextureUniform);
	bgfx::destroyUniform(metallicTextureUniform);
	bgfx::destroyUniform(roughnessTextureUniform);
	bgfx::destroyUniform(aoTextureUniform);
}

void MeshRenderer::OnRender(const uint8_t renderPass, shared_ptr<Camera> camera) {
	shared_ptr<DeferredCamera> deferredCamera = dynamic_pointer_cast<DeferredCamera>(camera);
	if (deferredCamera && renderPass == deferredCamera->GeometryPass.ID) {
		Vector2f::Copy(uvScaleBuffer, material->UVScale);
		bgfx::setUniform(uvScaleUniform, uvScaleBuffer);
		bgfx::setUniform(invTransposedModelUniform, Matrix4x4::Transpose(Matrix4x4::Inverse(GetNode()->World)).Data);
		bgfx::setTexture(0, albedoTextureUniform, material->Albedo);
		bgfx::setTexture(1, normalTextureUniform, material->Normal);
		bgfx::setTexture(2, metallicTextureUniform, material->Metallic);
		bgfx::setTexture(3, roughnessTextureUniform, material->Roughness);
		bgfx::setTexture(4, aoTextureUniform, material->AmbientOcclusion);
		bgfx::setState(0
			| BGFX_STATE_RGB_WRITE
			| BGFX_STATE_ALPHA_WRITE
			| BGFX_STATE_DEPTH_WRITE
			| BGFX_STATE_DEPTH_TEST_LESS
		);
		meshSubmit(mesh, deferredCamera->GeometryPass.ID, program, GetNode()->World.Data);
	}
}

}


The species, dubbed Homo luzonensis after the island of Luzon where its remains were found, is not a direct ancestor of modern day humans, but rather a distant ancient relative. But the discovery, published in 'Nature' adds to a growing body of evidence that human evolution is not as linear as was once thought.
But the discovery, published in 'Nature' adds to a growing body of evidence that human evolution is not as linear as was once thought. It also raises questions, including how the species arrived on the island and who its ancestors were.
TOKYO: The human family tree has acquired a new branch with the unearthing of a previously unknown species of human that lived on an island in today's Philippines some 50,000 years ago.
The "remarkable discovery... will no doubt ignite plenty of scientific debate", said Matthew Tocheri, professor of anthropology at Canada's Lakehead University.
Researchers from France, the Philippines and Australia found the remains in Callo Cave, where a bone dating back 67,000 years was discovered in 2007. It was not initially clear which type of early human that bone came from, but recently they discovered seven teeth and five different bones at the site, dating back between 50,000 and 67,000 years.
"From the beginning, we realised the unusual characteristics of these fossils," Florent Detroit, who co-led the study. "We completed the comparisons and analyses, and it confirmed that this was something special, unlike any previously described species of hominins in the homo genus," added Detroit.
In particular, the teeth they found had a surprising combination of elements from different early humans. "It's a mixture that we haven't seen in other species," said Detroit.
But the discovery raises many questions, including how Homo luzonensis got to the island, which researchers say has always required "a substantial sea crossing" to reach from the mainland.
For a long time, theories of evolution centred around the idea that an early species called Homo erectus began dispersing from Africa between 1.5 million to two million years ago. Under that theory, other early humans stayed put in Africa, where they eventually died out.
But the theory has been challenged by discoveries in recent years of species that do not appear to be descended from Homo erectus, including Homo floresiensis, the socalled "hobbit" found in 2004 on an Indonesian island.
Intriguingly, both the early humans share some characteristics with very old human species recorded in Africa. In particular, the newly discovered luzonensis has a foot bone that is unlike any of its known human contemporaries but closely resembles those of a human species known to have existed in Africa around two to three million years earlier.
Detroit said for now researchers believe luzonensis most likely walked upright rather than lived in trees. The remains also suggest that the species was small, standing less than four-feet tall.


text:
Epicurus The Greek Philosopher
Epicurus Philosophy
Epicurus, tranquil life characterized by ataraxia and aponia. He advocated that people were best able to pursue philosophy by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends. He taught that the root of all human neurosis is death denial and the tendency for human beings to assume that death will be horrific and painful, which he claimed causes unnecessary anxiety, selfish self-protective behaviors, and hypocrisy.
According to Epicurus, death is the end of both the body and the soul and therefore should not be feared. Epicurus taught that although the gods exist, they have no involvement in human affairs. He taught that people should behave ethically not because the gods punish or reward people for their actions, but because amoral behavior will burden them with guilt and prevent them from attaining ataraxia.
Like Aristotle, Epicurus was an empiricist, meaning he believed that the senses are the only reliable source of knowledge about the world. He derived much of his physics and cosmology from the earlier philosopher Democritus. Like Democritus, Epicurus taught that the universe is infinite and eternal and that all matter is made up of extremely tiny, invisible particles known as atoms.
All occurrences in the natural world are ultimately the result of atoms moving and interacting in empty space. Epicurus deviated from Democritus by proposing the idea of atomic "swerve", which holds that atoms may deviate from their expected course, thus permitting humans to possess free will in an otherwise deterministic universe.
Though popular, Epicurean teachings were controversial from the beginning. Epicureanism reached the height of its popularity during the late years of the Roman Republic. It died out in late antiquity, subject to hostility from early Christianity. Throughout the Middle Ages Epicurus was popularly, though inaccurately, remembered as a patron of drunkards, whoremongers, and gluttons.
His teachings gradually became more widely known in the fifteenth century with the rediscovery of important texts, but his ideas did not become acceptable until the seventeenth century, when the French Catholic priest Pierre Gassendi revived a modified version of them, which was promoted by other writers, including Walter Charleton and Robert Boyle. His influence grew considerably during and after the Enlightenment, profoundly impacting the ideas of major thinkers, including John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, Jeremy Bentham, and Karl Marx.
Upbringing and influences
Epicurus was born in the Athenian settlement on the Aegean island of Samos in February 341 BC. Whose way of life Epicurus greatly admired.
Epicurus's teachings were heavily influenced by those of earlier philosophers, particularly Democritus. Nonetheless, Epicurus differed from his predecessors on several key points of determinism and vehemently denied having been influenced by any previous philosophers, whom he denounced as "confused". Instead, he insisted that he had been "self-taught".
According to DeWitt, Epicurus's teachings also show influences from the contemporary philosophical school of Cynicism. The Cynic philosopher Diogenes of Sinope was still alive when Epicurus would have been in Athens for his required military training and it is possible they may have met. Diogenes's pupil Crates of Thebes was a close contemporary of Epicurus.
Epicurus agreed with the Cynics' quest for honesty, but rejected their "insolence and vulgarity", instead teaching that honesty must be coupled with courtesy and kindness. Epicurus shared this view with his contemporary, the comic playwright Menander.
Epicurus's Letter to Menoeceus, possibly an early work of his, is written in an eloquent style similar to that of the Athenian rhetorician Isocrates, but, for his later works, he seems to have adopted the bald, intellectual style of the mathematician Euclid.
Epicurus's epistemology also bears an unacknowledged debt to the later writings of Aristotle, who rejected the Platonic idea of hypostatic Reason and instead relied on nature and empirical evidence for knowledge about the universe. During Epicurus's formative years, Greek knowledge about the rest of the world was rapidly expanding due to the Hellenization of the Near East and the rise of Hellenistic kingdoms.
Epicurus's philosophy was consequently more universal in its outlook than those of his predecessors, since it took cognizance of non-Greek peoples as well as Greeks. He may have had access to the now-lost writings of the historian and ethnographer Megasthenes, who wrote during the reign of Seleucus I Nicator.
During Epicurus's lifetime, Platonism was the dominant philosophy in higher education. Epicurus's opposition to Platonism formed a large part of his thought. Over half of the forty Principal Doctrines of Epicureanism are flat contradictions of Platonism. In around 311 BC, Epicurus, when he was around thirty years old, began teaching in Mytilene.
Around this time, Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism, arrived in Athens, at the age of about twenty-one, but Zeno did not begin teaching what would become Stoicism for another twenty years. Although later texts, such as the writings of the first-century BC Roman orator Cicero, portray Epicureanism and Stoicism as rivals, this rivalry seems to have only emerged after Epicurus's death.
Epicurus's teachings caused strife in Mytilene and he was forced to leave. He then founded a school in Lampsacus before returning to Athens in 306 BC, where he remained until his death. There he founded The Garden, a school named for the garden he owned that served as the school's meeting place, about halfway between the locations of two other schools of philosophy, the Stoa and the Academy.
The Garden was more than just a school; it was "a community of like-minded and aspiring practitioners of a particular way of life." The primary members were Hermarchus, the financier Idomeneus, Leonteus and his wife Themista, the satirist Colotes, the mathematician Polyaenus of Lampsacus, and Metrodorus of Lampsacus, the most famous popularizer of Epicureanism.
His school was the first of the ancient Greek philosophical schools to admit women as a rule rather than an exception, and the biography of Epicurus by Diogenes Laërtius lists female students such as Leontion and Nikidion. An inscription on the gate to The Garden is recorded by Seneca the Younger in epistle XXI of Epistulae morales ad Lucilium: "Stranger, here you will do well to tarry; here our highest good is pleasure."
If authentic, this letter would support the tradition that Epicurus was able to remain joyful to the end, even in the midst of his suffering. It would also indicate that he maintained a special concern for the wellbeing of children.
Epicurus and his followers had a well-developed epistemology, which developed as a result of their rivalry with other philosophical schools. Epicurus wrote a treatise entitled Empiricist; believing that the senses are the only reliable sources of information about the world.
He rejected the Platonic idea of "Reason" as a reliable source of knowledge about the world apart from the senses and was bitterly opposed to the Pyrrhonists and Academic Skeptics, who not only questioned the ability of the senses to provide accurate knowledge about the world, but also whether it is even possible to know anything about the world at all.
Epicurus maintained that the senses never deceive humans, but that the senses can be misinterpreted. Epicurus held that the purpose of all knowledge is to aid humans in attaining ataraxia. He taught that knowledge is learned through experiences rather than innate and that the acceptance of the fundamental truth of the things a person perceives is essential to a person's moral and spiritual health.
In the Letter to Pythocles, he states, "If a person fights the clear evidence of his senses he will never be able to share in genuine tranquility." Epicurus regarded gut feelings as the ultimate authority on matters of morality and held that whether a person feels an action is right or wrong is a far more cogent guide to whether that act really is right or wrong than abstracts maxims, strict codified rules of ethics, or even reason itself.
Epicurus permitted that any and every statement that is not directly contrary to human perception has the possibility to be true. Nonetheless, anything contrary to a person's experience can be ruled out as false. Epicureans often used analogies to everyday experience to support their argument of so-called "imperceptibles", which included anything that a human being cannot perceive, such as the motion of atoms. In line with this principle of non-contradiction, the Epicureans believed that events in the natural world may have multiple causes that are all equally possible and probable.
Epicurus strongly favored naturalistic explanations over theological ones. In his Letter to Pythocles, he offers four different possible natural explanations for thunder, six different possible natural explanations for lightning, three for snow, three for comets, two for rainbows, two for earthquakes, and so on.
Although all of these explanations are now known to be false, they were an important step in the history of science, because Epicurus was trying to explain natural phenomena using natural explanations, rather than resorting to inventing elaborate stories about gods and mythic heroes.
Epicurus was a hedonist, meaning he taught that what is pleasurable is morally good and what is painful is morally evil. He idiosyncratically defined "pleasure" as the absence of suffering and taught that all humans should seek to attain the state of ataraxia, meaning "untroubledness", a state in which the person is completely free from all pain or suffering.
The Tetrapharmakos presents a summary of the key points of Epicurean ethics:
Don't fear god
Don't worry about death
What is good is easy to get
What is terrible is easy to endure
Although Epicurus has been commonly misunderstood as an advocate of the rampant pursuit of pleasure, he, in fact, maintained that a person can only be happy and free from suffering by living wisely, soberly, and morally. He strongly disapproved of raw, excessive sensuality and warned that a person must take into account whether the consequences of his actions will result in suffering, writing, "the pleasant life is produced not by a string of drinking bouts and revelries, nor by the enjoyment of boys and women, nor by fish and the other items on an expensive menu, but by sober reasoning."
He also wrote that a single good piece of cheese could be equally pleasing as an entire feast. Furthermore, Epicurus taught that "it is not possible to live pleasurably without living sensibly and nobly and justly", because a person who engages in acts of dishonesty or injustice will be "loaded with troubles" on account of his own guilty conscience and will live in constant fear that his wrongdoings will be discovered by others.
"Moving" pleasures occur when one is in the process of satisfying a desire and involve an active titillation of the senses. He also taught that philosophy is itself a pleasure to engage in. One of the quotes from Epicurus recorded in the Vatican Sayings declares, "In other pursuits, the hard-won fruit comes at the end. But in philosophy, delight keeps pace with knowledge. It is not after the lesson that enjoyment comes: learning and enjoyment happen at the same time."
Epicurus distinguishes between three types of desires: natural and necessary, natural but unnecessary, and vain and empty. Natural and necessary desires include the desires for food and shelter. These are easy to satisfy, difficult to eliminate, bring pleasure when satisfied, and are naturally limited. Going beyond these limits produces unnecessary desires, such as the desire for luxury foods.
Although food is necessary, luxury food is not necessary. Correspondingly, Epicurus advocates a life of hedonistic moderation by reducing desire, thus eliminating the unhappiness caused by unfulfilled desires. Vain desires include desires for power, wealth, and fame.
These are difficult to satisfy because no matter how much one gets, one can always want more. These desires are inculcated by society and by false beliefs about what we need. They are not natural and are to be shunned.
Epicurus' teachings were introduced into medical philosophy and practice by the Epicurean doctor Asclepiades of Bithynia, who was the first physician who introduced Greek medicine in Rome. Asclepiades introduced the friendly, sympathetic, pleasing and painless treatment of patients. He advocated humane treatment of mental disorders, had insane persons freed from confinement and treated them with natural therapy, such as diet and massages.
His teachings are surprisingly modern; therefore Asclepiades is considered to be a pioneer physician in psychotherapy, physical therapy and molecular medicine. That "nothing ever arises from the nonexistent", indicating that all events therefore have causes, regardless of whether those causes are known or unknown. Similarly, he also writes that nothing ever passes away into nothingness, because, "if an object that passes from our view were completely annihilated, everything in the world would have perished, since that into which things were dissipated would be nonexistent."
He therefore states: "The totality of things was always just as it is at present and will always remain the same because there is nothing into which it can change, inasmuch as there is nothing outside the totality that could intrude and effect change." Like Democritus before him, Epicurus taught that all matter is entirely made of extremely tiny particles called "atoms".
For Epicurus and his followers, the existence of atoms was a matter of empirical observation; Epicurus's devoted follower, the Roman poet Lucretius, cites the gradual wearing down of rings from being worn, statues from being kissed, stones from being dripped on by water, and roads from being walked on in On the Nature of Things" as evidence for the existence of atoms as tiny, imperceptible particles.
Also like Democritus, Epicurus was a materialist who taught that the only things that exist are atoms and void. Void occurs in any place where there are no atoms. Epicurus and his followers believed that atoms and void are both infinite and that the universe is therefore boundless. In On the Nature of Things, Lucretius argues this point using the example of a man throwing a javelin at the theoretical boundary of a finite universe.
He states that the javelin must either go past the edge of the universe, in which case it is not really a boundary, or it must be blocked by something and prevented from continuing its path, but, if that happens, then the object blocking it must be outside the confines of the universe. As a result of this belief that the universe and the number of atoms in it are infinite, Epicurus and the Epicureans believed that there must also be infinitely many worlds within the universe.
Epicurus taught that the motion of atoms is constant, eternal, and without beginning or end. He held that there are two kinds of motion: the motion of atoms and the motion of visible objects. Both kinds of motion are real and not illusory. Democritus had described atoms as not only eternally moving, but also eternally flying through space, colliding, coalescing, and separating from each other as necessary. In a rare departure from Democritus's physics, Epicurus posited the idea of atomic "swerve", one of his best-known original ideas.
According to this idea, atoms, as they are travelling through space, may deviate slightly from the course they would ordinarily be expected to follow. Epicurus's reason for introducing this doctrine was because he wanted to preserve the concepts of free will and ethical responsibility while still maintaining the deterministic physical model of atomism.
Lucretius describes it, saying, "It is this slight deviation of primal bodies, at indeterminate times and places, which keeps the mind as such from experiencing an inner compulsion in doing everything it does and from being forced to endure and suffer like a captive in chains."
Epicurus was first to assert human freedom as a result of the fundamental indeterminism in the motion of atoms. This has led some philosophers to think that, for Epicurus, free will was caused directly by chance. In his On the Nature of Things, Lucretius appears to suggest this in the best-known passage on Epicurus' position.
Epicurus was an extremely prolific writer. According to Diogenes Laërtius, he wrote around 300 treatises on a variety of subjects. More original writings of Epicurus have survived to the present day than of any other Hellenistic Greek philosopher. Nonetheless, the vast majority of everything he wrote has now been lost and most of what is known about Epicurus's teachings come from the writings of his later followers, particularly the Roman poet Lucretius.
The only surviving complete works by Epicurus are three relatively lengthy letters, which are quoted in their entirety in Book X of Diogenes Laërtius's Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, and two groups of quotes: the Principal Doctrines, which are likewise preserved through quotation by Diogenes Laërtius, and the Vatican Sayings, preserved in a manuscript from the Vatican Library that was first discovered in 1888.
In the Letter to Herodotus and the Letter to Pythocles, Epicurus summarizes his philosophy on nature and, in the Letter to Menoeceus, he summarizes his moral teachings. Numerous fragments of Epicurus's lost thirty-seven volume treatise On Nature have been found among the charred papyrus fragments at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum. Scholars first began attempting to unravel and decipher these scrolls in 1800, but the efforts are painstaking and are still ongoing.
Ancient Epicureanism
Epicureanism was extremely popular from the very beginning. Diogenes Laërtius records that the number of Epicureans throughout the world exceeded the populations of entire cities. Nonetheless, Epicurus was not universally admired and, within his own lifetime, he was vilified as an ignorant buffoon and egoistic sybarite.
He remained the most simultaneously admired and despised philosopher in the Mediterranean for the next nearly five centuries. Epicureanism rapidly spread beyond the Greek mainland all across the Mediterranean world. By the first century BC, it had established a strong foothold in Italy. The Roman orator Cicero, who deplored Epicurean ethics, lamented, "the Epicureans have taken Italy by storm."
The overwhelming majority of surviving Greek and Roman sources are vehemently negative towards Epicureanism and, according to Pamela Gordon, they routinely depict Epicurus himself as "monstrous or laughable". Many Romans in particular took a negative view of Epicureanism, seeing its advocacy of the pursuit of voluptas as contrary to the Roman ideal of virtus.
The Romans therefore often stereotyped Epicurus and his followers as weak and effeminate. Prominent critics of his philosophy include prominent authors such as the Roman Stoic Seneca the Younger and the Greek Middle Platonist Plutarch, who both derided these stereotypes as immoral and disreputable. Gordon characterizes anti-Epicurean rhetoric as so "heavy-handed" and misrepresentative of Epicurus's actual teachings that they sometimes come across as "comical". In his De vita beata, Seneca states that the "sect of Epicurus… has a bad reputation, and yet it does not deserve it." and compares it to "a man in a dress: your chastity remains, your virility is unimpaired, your body has not submitted sexually, but in your hand is a tympanum."
Epicureanism was a notoriously conservative philosophical school; although Epicurus's later followers did expand on his philosophy, they dogmatically retained what he himself had originally taught without modifying it. Epicureans and admirers of Epicureanism revered Epicurus himself as a great teacher of ethics, a savior, and even a god. His image was worn on finger rings, portraits of him were displayed in living rooms, and wealthy followers venerated likenesses of him in marble sculpture.
His admirers revered his sayings as divine oracles, carried around copies of his writings, and cherished copies of his letters like the letters of an apostle. On the twentieth day of every month, admirers of his teachings would perform a solemn ritual to honor his memory. At the same time, opponents of his teachings denounced him with vehemence and persistence.
However, in the first and second centuries AD, Epicureanism gradually began to decline as it failed to compete with Stoicism, which had an ethical system more in line with traditional Roman values. Epicureanism also suffered decay in the wake of Christianity, which was also rapidly expanding throughout the Roman Empire.
Of all the Greek philosophical schools, Epicureanism was the one most at odds with the new Christian teachings, since Epicureans believed that the soul was mortal, denied the existence of an afterlife, denied that the divine had any active role in human life, and advocated pleasure as the foremost goal of human existence. As such, Christian writers such as Justin Martyr, Athenagoras of Athens, Tertullian, and Clement of Alexandria, Arnobius, and Lactantius all singled it out for the most vitriolic criticism.
In spite of this, DeWitt argues that Epicureanism and Christianity share much common language, calling Epicureanism "the first missionary philosophy" and "the first world philosophy". Both Epicureanism and Christianity placed strong emphasis on the importance of love and forgiveness and early Christian portrayals of Jesus are often similar to Epicurean portrayals of Epicurus. DeWitt argues that Epicureanism, in many ways, helped pave the way for the spread of Christianity by "helping to bridge the gap between Greek intellectualism and a religious way of life" and "shunt the emphasis from the political to the social virtues and offer what may be called a religion of humanity."
Bergsma, A., Poot, G. & Liefbroer, A.C. Happiness in the Garden of Epicurus. J Happiness Stud 9, 397–423 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9036-z
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
Fordyce, M. W. (1977). Development of a program to increase personal happiness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24(6), 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.24.6.511


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