He is the son of Soma Denbie (said Mamadou Koné) and Kahou Sirima (known Karidia Koulibali). Amadou Koné was born in May 1953 in the small village of Tangora in the circle of Banfora, today Burkina Faso. Grandson of Dan Kalmo whose big brother, the legendary warlord Fanhikroi, an opponent of colonial rule, was assassinated on the road leading from Banfora to Bobo Dioulasso, Amadou Kone learn very early sense of honor by his father who, exasperated by the abuses of the French settlers and the new leaders in their pay, chose to immigrate to the Ayamé region Basse, Côte d'Ivoire, where he created plantations of coffee and cocoa with his family.
It is Kongodjan, settling near Ayame, Amadou Kone grew up with his brothers and sisters. In his article entitled "Childhood : it was the time of dreams and hope," he describes his childhood as follows: "The year [ my children ] were those of dreams and happiness, intense happiness that even children felt, I think. Africa was victorious. She moved inexorably towards independence. Forced labor was abolished, colonial brutality had ceased in most countries1.
Quickly, the imagination of the young Amadou is forged by the stories of mythical ancestral heroes that he told his father and those of the heroes of modern Africa that came to him : "My father told me the story of my grandfather Fanhikroi [... ] and he told me the epic men of honor in African history, the saga of the great cultivateurs2.
Amadou Koné was an outstanding school and university courses. From the age of seven, and the insistence of his brother Tiémoko teacher (who insisted that his brothers and half-brothers are in school), he left the idyllic Kongodjan to follow it in all positions. Between 1958 and 1963, Amadou frequent succession of public schools, Aboisso of Yassap, Katiola and finally Akounougbé primary schools. After primary school, he enrolled in the modern school of Grand-Bassam between 1963 and 1968 and second in class at the grammar school in Abidjan where he prepares and succeeded brilliantly bachelor's A Series philosophy in 1971.
The Department of Modern Literature at the National University of Côte d'Ivoire, now University of Cocody that welcomes in September 1971, is still remembered him as a particularly gifted student and worker. In June 1974, he obtained a degree in modern literature and African Studies option grant for the preparation of a third cycle doctorate in France. His choice fell on the city of Limoges due to Professor Jean-Marie Grassin he had as a professor of comparative literature African mission in Abidjan in his year license a few years ago.
Amadou Koné spent his first year at Limoges in the preparation of a master on the question of authenticity in literature and theater black African. The following year, he enrolled in the DEA François Rabelais University of Tours and the University of Limoges. In its third year, it supports a PhD graduate of the influence of the heroic story of the African novel in French and English under the direction of Jean-Marie Grassin.
While studying at Limoges, Amadou Koné met Mary Lee Martin, an American student whom he married in 1978.
Upon his return to Côte d'Ivoire in October 1977, Amadou Koné is recruited in the Department of Modern Literature at the National University of Côte d'Ivoire as a lecturer. He teaches African literature and the relationship between oral literature and African literature written and French nineteenth-century novel. In 1980, he was included on the list of suitable lecturers professors of African and Malagasy Council for Higher Education (CAM). After defending his doctoral thesis state in Limoges always under the direction of Jean -Marie Grassin, it is on the list of lecturers of CAM in 1988.
In 1990, he left the University of Abidjan for Germany, thanks to a fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. In 1992, he arrived in the United States and began a new career as associate professor and then full professor of French and Francophone African Studies at Tulane University in New Orleans.
Since 1997, Amadou Koné teaches literature, culture and African history at Georgetown University.
The teaching and research of Amadou Koné interested in all areas of literature and African culture (novels, plays, films). He studied the style of some novelists such as Ahmadou Kourouma, Saïdou Bokoum, Cheikh Hamidou Kane. His further research is devoted to genres of African oral literature, heroic tales, epic and initiation, and their influence on the modern novel. His work on the influence of oral tradition on the novel continue to influence African researchers literary studies.
Anthology of Ivorian literature, published in collaboration with Gérard D. Lezou and Joseph Mlanhoro, Abidjan, Ceda, 1983.
Oral narrative novel study on avatars of the heroic tradition in the African novel, Abidjan, Ceda, 1985.
Oral texts in the modern novel in West Africa, Frankfurt Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation, 1993.
African lights, new about the African literature and film, New Orleans, University Press of the South, Inc., 1997.
Creole prospects. Louisiana, Caribbean and Haiti, with prof. Jean -Max Guieu, New Orleans, University Press of New World, 2007.
Apart from his career as a professor and researcher, Amadou Koné had a long career as a writer. He is strongly influenced by the context of his childhood.
Houphouët-Boigny et la crise ivoirienne. KARTHALA Editions. 2003. ISBN 978-2-84586-368-2. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
De la chaire au trône … Radio-France Internationale. 1975.
Les coupeurs de têtes: roman. CEDA. 1997. ISBN 978-2-907888-82-0.
Traités: récit. Nouvelles éditions africaines. 1980. ISBN 978-2-7236-0548-9.
Les canaris sont vides. Nouvelles Editions Africaines. 1984. ISBN 978-2-7236-0642-4.
Les frasques d'Ébinto: roman. Ceda. 1980. ISBN 978-2-218-05860-8.
Sigui, siguila, siguiya: s'absenter pour être enfin là : théâtre. Editions Malaïka. 2006. ISBN 978-2-923284-04-0.


text:
(330) 852-4342 info@yodergeothermal.com
Why Geothermal?
Efficient and Clean
Green Alternative
Ready to Install?
System Install Steps
Installation Options
What is a geothermal heating and cooling system?
A few feet beneath the surface, the earth's temperature remains constant. In Ohio, the average ground temperature is 54 degrees year round. Geothermal systems take advantage of this constant temperature to provide very efficient heating and cooling.
In winter, a water solution circulating through pipes buried in the ground absorbs heat from the earth and carries it to the Geothermal Furnace. Inside the home, a heat pump concentrates earth's natural warmth, and then circulates it throughout the home using standard duct-work.
In the summer, the process is reversed in geothermal technology: heat is extracted from the air in the house and transferred through the heat pump to the ground loop piping. The water solution in the ground loop then carries the excess heat back to the earth. The only external energy needed for the Geothermal System is the small amount of electricity needed to operate the ground loop pump, fan, and compressor.
Is geothermal new?
Not really. The basic geothermal technology has been around for more than 50 years, and many homeowners and businesses have been enjoying the benefits of geothermal for over 20 years.
In recent years, many improvements have been made in the materials used, the installation methods, and the efficiencies of the compressors, pumps and other equipment.
What are the major benefits to the homeowner?
Homeowners will see their heating and cooling bills drop immediately–as much as 40% to 80%. Geothermal systems also require less maintenance and provide higher levels of comfort year-round. While saving money, you will also have the satisfaction of using fewer natural resources and protecting our environment.
The Geothermal System burns no fossil fuel to produce heat, therefore it will not pollute the air. It also produces NO carbon monoxide. Even factoring in its share of emissions from the power plant that produces electricity to operate the geothermal system, total emissions are far lower than for conventional systems.
What are some specific environmental advantages?
According to data supplied by the U.S. Department of Energy and USEPA, a typical 3-ton residential geothermal system produces an average of about one pound less CO2 per hour of use than a conventional system. To put that in perspective, if just 100,000 homes were converted to geothermal, the country could reduce its CO2 emissions by 880,000,000 lb.
That would be the equivalent of converting about 58,700 cars to zero-emission vehicles, or planting more than 120,000 acres of trees.
In addition, the Geothermal System recycles the heat removed from your home during the cooling season and uses it to produce hot water. As a result, you will see a savings in hot water costs of about 30% to 50% annually.
Is geothermal energy used primarily in homes?
Not really. While many homes have been fitted with Geothermal Systems, commercial enterprises (including factories, retail stores, office buildings and schools) also use geothermal to save energy and protect the environment. In fact, there are more than half a million installations in the United States today.
According to the EPA, schools are a particularly attractive place for the use of this technology. Across the country, schools using geothermal right now are saving an estimated $25,000,000 in energy costs which can be used instead for better educational equipment and more teachers. These schools also save a half-billion pounds of CO2 emission per year.
Should all of the nation's schools convert to geothermal, the EPA has estimated that we could reduce oil imports by 61 million barrels annually, and provide the same environmental benefits of planting 8 million acres of trees or converting nearly 4 million cars to zero-emissions vehicles.
If the same comparison were made across all commercial and residential segments, the potential for environmental benefit would be staggering.
Does geothermal cost more?
That depends on how you measure cost. While they do cost more to install than conventional systems, Geothermal Systems typically have the lowest life-cycle cost of any heating and cooling system. Heating and cooling for a typical 2,000 sq. ft. home can run for just above $2.00 a day.
Altogether, geothermal systems are a sound investment. The money you save each month in energy costs is more than enough to offset the initial installation costs.
Remember, too, that geothermal means extra savings on repairs, maintenance, hot water bills, and a possible geothermal tax credit. An energy efficient geothermal system also adds value to your home.
How popular is geothermal?
There are more than one million geothermal installations in the United States today. Although this is a very small percentage of the total HVAC market, Yoder Geothermal alone has installed over 6,500 geothermal loopfields in the last 25+ years.
What size system will I need?
The size of the geothermal system depends on the size and design of your home or building. Sizing questions are best answered by a local heating contractor who can take into context all the variables of your unique installation. Our office will be happy to help you find a contractor in your area.
How much space do I need for a vertical system?
For successful geothermal installation, an average residential, vertical loop can be installed in an area as small as 12 ft. x 24 ft. However, the area must be accessible for a drilling rig and free of utilities.
How much space do I need for a horizontal system?
A 140 ft. trench is needed per ton for your geothermal unit, with 15 ft. of space between each trench. For example, a 4 ton system would require a space 140 ft. x 45 ft. free of utilities. Proper geothermal installation has other requirements as well.
Is my pond large enough for a pond loop application?
A minimum 3/4 acre of surface area is required for a pond with an average depth of 9 feet.
Can I use geothermal to heat my water?
The waste heat removed from the home's interior during the cooling season can be used to provide virtually free geothermal hot water resulting in a total savings in hot water costs of about 30% to 50% annually.
© 2019 Yoder Geothermal
| Site by Wes Feldner

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Some pros and cons of working for yourself at home.
A look back on 2018 and what I wish to accomplish in 2019.
A quick overview on how I "started" my small business back in 2015.
In my first blog post, I introduce myself and talk about some things you can expect from my blog in the future.


text:
Q: Curl returns blank page on specific port I am trying to get curl to output. It's a basic text string that gets outputted at that address.
I am doing this code and it's not working but works fine if i take out the 27017 and load the main domain:
$cookie_file_path = "cookiejar.txt";
$fp = fopen("$cookie_file_path","w");
fclose($fp);
$LOGINURL = "http://www.myserver.org:27017";
$agent = "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.0; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)";
    $ch = curl_init();
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL,$LOGINURL);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, $agent);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, $cookie_file_path);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, $cookie_file_path);
    $result = curl_exec ($ch);
echo $result;

Any idea why it's not working? Any help would be greatly appreciated. Not sure if it's relevant, but the web server is running on the same machine as the app that outputs on the 27017 port.
Update:
$cookie_file_path = "cookiejar.txt";
$username = "myusername";
$password = "mypassword";
$LOGINURL = "http://www.myserver.org";
$agent = "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.0; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)";
    $ch = curl_init();
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL,$LOGINURL);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_USERPWD, "$username:$password");
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_PORT , "27017");
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, $agent);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, $cookie_file_path);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, $cookie_file_path);
    $result = curl_exec ($ch);

echo $result;

UPDATE 2:
Resolved.
Turns out it requires digest auth for this particular instance.
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPAUTH, CURLAUTH_DIGEST);

solved the issue...
Thanks Barmar for making me realize it does indeed need a user/pass.

A: When I click on the link I get asked for a username and password. You need to use the CURLOPT_USERPWD option to supply this:
$username = 'XXX';
$password = 'YYY';

curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_USERPWD, "$username:$password");

Here's the result I get when I do:
$ curl -s -D/dev/stdout 'http://www.nationalgaming.org:27017'
HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Length: 0
WWW-Authenticate: Digest qop="auth", realm="www.nationalgaming.org", nonce="1354591712"

This indicates that the page requires a login.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Innovation+
Keynotes, demos, performances and more.
swissnex Boston
About swissnex in New York
THE DRONE FRONTIER
Created and curated by swissnex in New York and swissnex Boston, AERIAL FUTURES: THE DRONE FRONTIER imagines the changes coming to our lives through the increasing adoption and implementation of professional drone technology.
Network Locations
swissnex Network
Lifting the Veil on Advancement in Solar Photovoltaic
Mesoscopic sensitized solar cells: a game changer in the PV world? Find out at our morning event on November 11th.
420 Broadway, Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 United States
November 11, 2014 from 9:00 am to 10:00 am America/New York (UTC-05:00)
Add toGoogle Calendar iCal Outlook
Mesoscopic sensitized solar cells: a game changer in the PV world?
Solar energy is expected to play a crucial role as a future energy source. However, capturing solar energy and converting it to electricity or chemical fuels, such as hydrogen, at low cost and using abundantly available raw materials remains a huge challenge. One of the effective ways to convert solar energy into electricity is photovoltaic (PV), and has been under improvement for the last six decades. Our morning guest, Philippe Labouchère, will present the latest advancements in PV, the presentation will be followed by a discussion.
About Philippe Labouchère
Philippe Labouchère recently earned his PhD in solar energy under the supervision of Prof. Michael Grätzel, the father of the so-called dye-sensitized solar cells. Prior to that, he studied physics at ETH in Zurich and specialized in quantum cryptography. This has allowed him to work at the Embassy of Switzerland in Tokyo where he did an internship at the science & technology office, formerly headed by Felix Moesner.
Swissnex
Federal Department of Economic Affairs,
Education and Research EAER
State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation SERI
swissnex.org
swissnex in New York
WeWork 25 Broadway
NYoutpost@nullswissnexboston.org
© 2020 swissnex New York. All rights reserved.


Patrick Wilson (reteaming with Insidious director James Wan) stars with Vera Farmiga as real-life supernatural investigators Ed and Lorraine Warren, who came to the aid of an exorcism-needing family (led by Ron Livingston and Lili Taylor) in 1970s Rhode Island. Wilson was "a little bit trepidatious" about appearing in another franchise-ready horror film (Insidious: Chapter 2 is due in September) but wanted to play Warren, a legend in paranormal circles. "He strongly believed," says the actor. "But he spent more time convincing people the creak in their house was not a ghost." Wilson says he'd even play Warren again — should the power of the box office compel him.


Handsome and durable, this rack has locations for three saddles. Use the built in hangers or add additional hangers so the rack can hang over a temporary stall wall. Great for home, or take it on the road. The three racks are easily removable for storage; just slip them back on in seconds. Strong and durable this rack will withstand the weight of any saddle.
Please Note:Burlingham Racks are a custom order - All Custom Sales Are Final!
57"H x 15 1/2"W x 20 1/2"L 21 Lbs.


team and one half of the Kompleks duet. Kad Padne Noć —When Night Falls— is a total trip!
Atmospheric, deep tunes, far-world voices and experimental noise sounds. No more words.
Hvala Schwabe —love to the boat!
lovin' this! mountains is but a canvas to our imagination..


text:
New Child Custody/Support Laws: How the changes affect divorcing couples
Illinois divorce law is undergoing a multi-year overhaul. In January 2016, new changes to child custody laws - now called parental responsibilities - were introduced. A second statute, which took effect July 1, significantly altered the way courts allocate child - support payments.
Both of these changes in Illinois law were intended to create more equitable outcomes for divorcing spouses and factor in modern realities of dual-income families and shared parenting responsibilities.
Crain's Custom Media turned to four Chicago-based family law attorneys to get their thoughts about how the new laws will affect divorcing couples with minor-age children.
What prompted the changes to Illinois law?
AM: Illinois is working to align more closely with federal mandates and national trends in family law. The new laws reflect changes in and further encourage increased involvement of both parents in their children's lives after a divorce. The new laws also address a long-standing concern that looking at one parent's income to set child support was unfair and not in line with the children's needs.
Under the parental responsibilities statute, what are the major responsibilities to be allocated?
AM: Parenting time, which includes regular, holiday and vacation schedules, is also divided between the parties in a way that makes the most sense for the children.
The new law replaces the term "child custody" with the phrase "allocation of parental responsibilities." What's the difference?
AM: It still means a determination is required to assign decision-making and parenting time to one or both parents. Unfortunately, to add to the confusion, while the new law removes the word "custody" there are other related laws affecting families that are still in use and not modified by the legislature that continue to use the term "custody."
Under the new law, what's a parenting plan?
AM: The parenting plan provides the rules parents will follow. If the parents cooperate and agree on a plan, the court will adopt it and enforce it, so long as it serves the children's best interests.
How does the amount of parenting time with a child affect child support calculations?
AM: Both parents' incomes are considered when determining child support, and each parent will have a support obligation based on his or her prorated share of the child's overall support. In addition, when each parent has at least 146 overnights with a child per year (40 percent of annual overnights), a different calculation is used to apportion child support. A parent with at least 146 overnights per year pays the other parent less than he or she would if he or she had less parenting time. Conceptually, the more time a parent spends with a child, the less money that parent is required to pay to the other, as the child is not living with the child support recipient as much.


text:
Muhammad Ali Dead at 74
Boxing great and antiwar icon Muhammad Ali died at a hospital in Arizona at age 74, a spokesperson says.
By Carolyn Kylstra
Harry Benson / Stringer / Getty
Muhammad Ali, three-time heavyweight boxing champion, died in a Phoenix-area hospital, where he had reportedly been battling respiratory issues. "After a 32-year battle with Parkinson's disease, Muhammad Ali has passed away at the age of 74," family spokesman Bob Gunnell confirmed in a statement.
Ali was the first boxer to win three heavyweight championships, and ended his boxing career in 1981 with a record of 56-5. He also won an Olympic gold medal in the 1960 Rome games for the light heavyweight boxing division, and was known for, among many other things, his unusual (and unusually effective) fighting style. From his obituary in the New York Times, which is well worth a read in its entirety: "Ali was the most thrilling if not the best heavyweight ever, carrying into the ring a physically lyrical, unorthodox boxing style that fused speed, agility and power more seamlessly than that of any fighter before him."
But his boxing hero status did not protect him from the hideousness of racism, alive and pernicious as ever in 1960s America. When he returned to Louisville, Kentucky as a gold-medalist from the Rome Olympic games, the New York Times reports that people publicly referred to him with terrible racial epithets, and that he was refused service in many establishments around town because of his race. He had gone to the Olympics championing American exceptionalism, and returned to see that nothing he could do would prevent ugly racist people from behaving in ugly racist ways.
Ali did not shy away from controversy and proudly stood up for his values and beliefs. He famously refused to be drafted to serve in the Vietnam war, requesting conscientious objector status, drawing ire from critics, media, and the government. He was arrested and convicted of draft-dodging, stripping him of his heavyweight championship title and banning him from boxing for several years, until his conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1971. His title was reinstated and he returned to boxing for another decade.
Also in the 1960s he joined the Nation of Islam, a religious group whose members included Malcolm X. In the weeks after confirming his membership in the Nation of Islam, he changed his name from his birth name of Cassius Clay — renouncing it as his "slave name" — changing it first to Cassius X, and then later to Muhammad Ali, which remained his name until his death. He ultimately left the Nation of Islam and eventually converted to orthodox Islam, but credited Nation of Islam with promoting a message of "black is beautiful" during a time when no one else was. Throughout his life Ali remained a vocal proponent of Islam, and as recently as December 2015 spoke out against Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump's proposed ban of Muslims entering the United States
"We as Muslims have to stand up to those who use Islam to advance their own personal agenda. They have alienated many from learning about Islam," Ali said in a statement released to NBC News. "True Muslims know or should know that it goes against our religion to try and force Islam on anybody." His statement also spoke out against Islamic Jihadists: "I am a Muslim and there is nothing Islamic about killing innocent people in Paris, San Bernardino, or anywhere else in the world. True Muslims know that the ruthless violence of so called Islamic Jihadists goes against the very tenets of our religion."
As complicated a figure as he was in the 1960s and 1970s, Ali grew into a beloved icon and American hero as he aged. In 1996 he lit the Olympic caldron in Atlanta. In 1999, he became the first boxer on a Wheaties box. And in 2005, President George W. Bush awarded Ali the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1984, which progressed over the past three decades, making communication and mobility increasingly difficult for him. News of his death resulted in an outpouring of mourning and grief from across the globe.
Carolyn Kylstra is the Editor in Chief of SELF. She led the transformation of the historically print-rooted magazine brand into a thriving and award-winning digitally led organization, resulting in SELF's highest site traffic and video views in brand history, as well as a dedicated following of 10 million visitors per... Read more
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1. Let's assume you want to switch a motor or a light bulb. The first step is to determine the voltage and current of the load, the thing you are trying to control.
In the case of the motor, if you know where it came from, you can look up the specifications on the manufacturers website. If you don't know where it came from, you might have to take a guess or make some measurements.
For a light bulb, the voltage and wattage is usually printed on the bulb. To calculate the current, simply divide the wattage by the voltage. For example, a 12VDC light bulb rated at 24 Watts draws 24W/12V = 2 Amps.
Can your transistor handle the load current through its collector?
Can the transistor handle the supply voltage?
Find the worst case current gain during saturation.
Compare this base current to the maximum current your microcontroller (or other controlling circuit) can deliver.
Find the very highest (worst case) Vbe.
Calculate the voltage drop across the base resistor using Vbe and the controller output voltage.
Calculate the required base resistor.
Jameco 400995 DC gear motor. According to the datasheet for this motor, at 12VDC with no load it only draws 76 mA, but if you stall the motor it shoots up to 1250 mA, or 1.25 Amps. A motor always consumes the maximum current when stalled.
In general, we can use both PNP or NPN transistors as switches. However, PNP transistors can only control the same voltage as is supplied to the Arduino chip. In this case, since the voltage we are controlling (12 V) is different from the Arduino voltage (5 V), we have no choice but to use an NPN transistor.
Next, we see what NPN transistors we have in our box of parts. Let's pretend we have a PN2222A, a TIP31 and a TIP120.
Next, we need to check the datasheet for each transistor.
First we need to make sure that the transistor can safely handle the worst current we might draw. The parameter we are looking for is the maximum collector current, Ic(max).
The datasheet for the PN2222A shows Ic(max) = 0.6 A, which is too little for our needs.
The datasheet for the TIP31 shows Ic(max) = 3 A, which is safely above the 1.25 A our motor will draw if it is stalled. So the TIP31 is a contender.
Next we have to verify that the transistor can safely handle the supply voltage we plan to use. The parameter we are looking for is the maximum collector emitter voltage, Vceo(max).
The TIP31 comes in 4 versions, with Vceo(max) ranging from 40 V to 100 V, all safely above the 12 V we plan to use. So the TIP31 is still a contender.
Now we need to calculate whether we can provide sufficient base current to keep the transistor in saturation. First we need to find what the base current will be when the transistor is carrying the worst-case current of 1.25 A. According to Figure 2, Ic/Ib = 10 or Ic = 10 * Ib. This means that for our collector current of 1.25 A, we would need to deliver a base current of .125 A, which is too much for our Arduino, which can deliver (safely) at most 40 mA.
Finally let's take a look at the datasheet for the TIP120. First, we see that Ic(max) = 5 A, and that Vceo(max) is 60, 80, or 100 V, so we are fine so far.
Next we check the base current. Again this is indicated in Figure 2, but this time Ic=250 * Ib or our collector current of 1.25 A requires a base current of 5 mA (5 * 250 = 1250), which is well below the maximum of 40 mA the Arduino can put out.
Finally we need to select a base resistor which will be low enough to ensure that the TIP120 remains saturated, but high enough to prevent the Arduino from trying to deliver more current than it should. We want a current between 5 mA and 40 mA, so let's pick a midway point of 20 mA.
Back to Figure 2 where we see that when the collector current is 1 A, Vbe(sat) is about 1.5 V. Now if the Arduino is putting out 5 V, and Vbe is 1.5 V, that means that the resistor has a voltage drop of (5 – 1.5) or 3.5 V across it. Using Ohm's law, R = V/I = 3.5/(20 mA)= 175 Ohms.
This example is from an excellent discussion here. To summarize: A strip of LEDs requires 400 mA at 12 volts, and is to be controlled from a Raspberry Pi.
Can the TIP120 handle the load current? According to the first page of the datasheet, in the table titled "Absolute Maximum Ratings", the maximum collector current Ic is 5A, well above our requirements.
Can the transistor handle the 12V required? According to the same table as above, Vceo(max) is 60V, well more than we need.
Find the worst case current gain during saturation. Note that on page 2 of the datasheet, the DC current gain hfe is quoted at 1000 minimum, but this is at Vce=3V, which is not saturated, so we can't use that value. Instead, look at Figure 2 on page 3. In the top right corner of this graph is Ic = 250 Ib, so let's use that value. This seems much higher than the worst case default we use of 10, but given this is a Darlington pair (2 transistors, one after the other), it's not unreasonable.
Ib = Ic/250 = 400 mA / 250 = 1.6 mA.
Compare to the maximum current an output of the Raspberry Pi can deliver. There is some confusion over this, but as discussed on this page 1.6mA seems safe.
Find Vbe. According to the graph in Figure 2, Vbe(sat) is below 1.5V all the way up to 1A, so by choosing a worst case Vbe(sat) of 1.5V we should be extremely safe.
Pc(max) = Ic(max) * Vce(sat)(max) = 400mA * .75V = 0.3 W.
According to the "Absolute Maximum Ratings" table on page 1, the maximum power dissipation is 2W when the ambient temperature Ta = 25C, so we should be safe here as well.
We have calculated this for the worst case current draw, which is when the motor is stalled. How does our transistor switch perform with the motor is operating at the other extreme, the no-load current of only 76 mA? How do we verify that the transistor is still saturated, i.e. turned on?
Explain why we need the flyback diode for inductive loads.
Include an example of a 2N2222 followed by a TIP31, to show how multiple stages can be used.
Explain the difference between NPN and PNP and why we prefer NPN.
Very good question, and understanding this is at the heart of working effectively with transistors as switches. The answer is pretty simple: Hfe of 1000 is only in the linear or active range. When the transistor is used as a switch we want it to be in saturation which minimizes the collector-emitter voltage drop Vce. Determining Hfe in saturation is not easy: it depends so much on the collector current and other factors. Some datasheets have graphs, but most sources I found recommend using a very conservative value of 10 (yes, only ten) to assure that the transistor is in saturation. Why then did I use 250? Look at Figure 2 in the datasheet. In the top right corner is this equation: Ic = 250 * Ib.
If you are interested in understanding this further let me know and I'll try to dig out some of the references I used. I'm pretty sure one of my sources was "The Art of Electronics".
Yes, I'm interested in that reasoning too. Why is that equation provided in the graph? Is 1000 the "theoretical" gain while 250 is the more practical and more "safe" value to use?
The equation and the graph only apply when the transistor is operating in the linear or active region. When used as a switch, we want to drive it from cutoff to saturation as quickly as possible, so the information for the active region does not appy.
Sorry, might be a stupid question but why do you choose 1A in the last step? Shouldn't this be 1.25A?
Never apologize for a question! Not stupid at all. In this case the answer is quite simple. If you look at Figure 2 you'll see that it doesn't have a whole lot of precision, and there is a good line at 1A, so I used that to get in the ballpark. I guess I could have bumped Vbe(sat) up to 1.6V to allow for this. I should make this correction to avoid confusing others. Good call!
In the end, though, you won't find a perfect 175 Ohm resistor anyway – you'll use a lower standard value to assure that there is enough current to drive the transistor well into saturation. The 175 Ohms that we calculated should be considered the maximum resistance.
thanks, that was really quick too!
Sorry, but i have an additional question. In the datasheet of the PN2222A transistor there isn't a figure with a formula like Ic/Ib = 10. I noticed that it is missing in more datasheets of different kind tranistors. How do i know what de Base current must be to keep de tranistor saturated?
No apologies! That's a good question.
1. Calculate the maximum collector current you must deliver. Check that your transistor can handle this.
Thanks for your reply. It helped me a lot.
However, I have a problem now.
12v+ —-|>|—-|>|—/\/\/—- – transistor collector (GND).
2: Calculate Ib = Ic/10. For the bc547B this is: Ib(80)=800/10. For the bc337B this is Ib(10)=100/10.
3: Make sure your controller can deliver that Ib(sat)(min). I conclude that I can only use the BC547B.
4: Check the datasheet for the maximum base current. My problem: i can't find in both datasheets the Ib(max).
What should I do now to determine whether the traisistor is suitable and what base resistor I should use?
In step 2 you used 80 mA (for the 547) and 100mA for the 337. This is wrong. You should use the 20 mA that your LEDs will consume.
The question of whether a given transistor will work or not depends on the load, and not on the power supply. Yes, the power supply has to be able to power the load, but that's not the topic of this discussion.
Arduino can deliver safely at most 40 mA per output. If your transistor data sheet shows a graph for Ic/Ib (i.e. gain) during saturation, you can use that number. If you lack this information, a very safe gain factor is 10. So, in the very worst case, you can drive a 400 mA load using any transistor driven by an Arduino.
I hope that helps. Ask me more if not. You'll need to provide more details.
This is my first time trying to figure all of this out. So here it goes. I'm trying to power 4 sensors that run at 5V and have a peak current of 100mA peak or 400mA (as all 4 will be running at the same time). So my minimum base current would = 400mA/10 which is 40mA. The Arduino is rated to around 40mA – 50mA so that should be fine. Will this work without a base resistor, as the Arduino will not deliver much more than the minimum? Also can you recommend a through hole transistor to get this job done?
Thanks for your interest. I'm confused about your application. Can you post your schematic somewhere? Normally transistors are used to turn loads i.e. output devices on and off; a sensor is an input device and is normally always on.
Thanks for your comment Spuder. Your outline is great, and I see has sparked excellent discussion. I think that Oli Glaser answered your questions, but I'll also try to answer your question by doing an example based on your case. Let me know if that helps.
when i used the transistor as a switch,i need to find the Base Emitter Saturation Voltage and the Collector Emitter Saturation Voltage.for example on 2N2222 data sheet,there are min-Vbe(sat)of 0.6v and max-Vbe(sat)of 1.3v or 2.6(depend of the test condition currents.and there are only max-Vce(sat) value(min is not mention)of 0.4v and 1.6v(depend on test condition).
The problem is that i don't understand what and how to choose the right value?what are the factors that should i take into consideration when choosing the values for my calculations?
When should i choose the 0.6Vbe(sat) and when the 1.3Vbe(sat) ?What is the relationship between the currents in the circuit to the decision of picking a value from the data sheet?
The easy answer to this difficult question is to use the worst case. In other words if you are given a range of .6V to 2.6V for Vbe, you pick the worst one. What is the worst one? Since we use Vbe for calculating the base current, we pick the Vbe that gives us the largest base current. This way, if we satisfy the most difficult requirement, we necessarily satisfy the easier requirements as well.
Confused? Try both and see which gives you the smaller base resistor. That's the one to use, because that gives you the bigger base current, which certainly also provides the smaller base current.
Remember this: The whole goal here is to make sure the transistor stays in saturation. There is a base current at which the transistor goes into a saturation, but providing more base current doesn't hurt (as long as we don't exceed the maximum base current). For example, if one calculation (based on one value for Vbe) gives you a base current of 10mA, and the other calculation (based on the other value for Vbe) gives you a base current of 50mA, then pick your resistor to provide 50mA. This way you know that if everything is the worst case, your transistor will still stay in saturation.
Great article. So if my load was an LED (say a high-powered IR LED) I also need to subtract the Vce as well as the forward voltage for my particular LED from my supply voltage in order to come up with the correct voltage in order to get the correct resistor value to drive it at the current I want it driven at?
When you say resistor I presume this is a current limiting resistor in series with the LED.
If so, then the answer to your question is "yes".
I'm trying to power a 5vdc motor which have a peak current of 500mA. So, my minimum base current will be 500 / 10 = 50mA during stall condition. The arduino is rated for around 40mA on the I/O-pins. I have my pin 9 supplying the base. Is it the resistor before the base that adjust for this so that my arduino will deliver less current?
I am using the P2N2222AG transistor that followed my arduino experimentation kit.
You have it partially correct. The base resistor is to limit the current into the base, but not to protect the Arduino. The reason for limiting the base current is to avoid overheating the transistor unnecessarily.
If you need 50mA of base current in order to driver your motor, then you can not do that with Arduino. If you limit the current to 40mA, then the transistor might not be in saturation, in which case a) it might overheat and b) the motor might not work properly.
In practice, if it's not a critical application, e.g. a toy that needs to work for only 2 minutes, you could limit the current to 40mA, use the Arduino, try to avoid stalling the motor, and see if everything works. It probably will.
On the other hand, if it's a critical application, for instance a prop that runs in a museum in a completely inaccessible space (hanging from the ceiling 40 meters above priceless art) that must work for a year, I would either switch to a much more powerful transistor or use another transistor to boost the Arduino current up to the 50mA.
Hi ,thank you for the tutorial, it's helped a lot. I've got an LED matrix and each row draws about 1.5A, I'm trying to use a TIP32 to drive the rows and TLC5917s as the sink controllers. When I work out my base resistor I keep getting about 20 ohms but this seems too low. I'm using an hfs of 10 and a vbe of 1.7. Do you think this is right? I'm driving the 8 TIPs with a UDN2982 so the base current is not a problem.
3. Find the worst case current gain during saturation.
What did you use for that, and where did you find it?
I'm trying something similar, I have a trinket with a tip120 motor control script for a dc motor. But it's not working I did the same as in the TIP120 motor driver for adrduino. Last thing I did is attach the trinket to usb, the tip120 to a 3.7 and a 9 volt battery and in any ways nothing happens.
this is the code: but it seems fine to me?
How do I know wich resistor to use?
I'm not good at the equations?
Oh and it's a trinket 5v.
Help would be very nice!
Before you complicate things with Arduino, make sure the transistor is working (always break your problem down into small pieces that can be tested individually).
If you connect the base of the transistor directly to 5V, does the motor turn on?
If the motor does turn on, there must be a problem with the Arduino section.
If the motor does not turn on, there must be a problem with the transistor section.
I want to regulate a programmable constant current from a 30v battery pack using an Arduino. The device I am trying to control needs a constant voltage of ~30vdc (which is set by the battery pack voltage) and has a maximum current draw of 10 amps.
I want the ability to regulate the current between IC max and min while keeping the ~30vdc using a NPN transistor and Arduino programing.
1) Do you think this is doable?
Hi, if the maximum current that your microcontroller can supply is lower than required, then wouldn't it be easier to use an IGBT transistor instead?
That's a good question to which I don't know the answer. I've actually never used an IGBT. I do often use a MOSFET, which also has an insulated gate, and a MOSFET is pretty simple to use in that the "base" resistor is not needed. However you still have to calculate maximum current carrying capacity, current gain, and power to dissipate.
I usually see IGBTs used in higher voltage, like 3 phase 220V systems.
Finally, the real purpose of this exercise was to understand how to calculate these factors for a given bipolar transistor. These notes grew out of my own notes while trying to figure this out, and I thought they might be useful to others.
Hi! Glad the instructions helped. I'll add the schematic.
That's the best tutorial on how to use a transistor as a switch I have seen so far. Thanks a lot for your efforts!
Could you consider writing "How to Use A Mosfet as a Switch" tutorial in a same manner? There are some pitfalls using mosfets as switches and I think community would benefit having a a tutorial on that.
I have followed other tutorials on how to choose a proper mosfet and I think I did it right, but it turned out that the minimum load to activate mosfet was not taken into consideration (I was switching 2mA, 30V). It took me hours to figure out the problem.
That's a great idea for a future tutorial. I'll start outlining and researching that.
You're a little confused between pinMode() and digitalWrite(). I suggest you learn about those first before you try to implement the rest of your project. Start with the Arduino Blink tutorial at http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Blink. From the software point of view, it makes no difference that you are turning on a motor and not an LED.
When you understand the Blink tutorial and the difference between pinMode() and digitalWrite() and can turn your motors on and off, let me know and we'll go from there.
Finally fully understood how to select an appropriate transistor and a base resistor. Thanks a lot.
Thanks Dave for the high praise! Much appreciated.
When finding the Vbe, why did we select 1A for the first example ?
And for the second example again we selected 1A, why ?
If load current (collector current) gets smaller,Vbe will decrease so, for a given R, I will increase (over 20mA) right ?
So, to be safe why don't we take the 76mA collector current into consideration as the worst case ?
Well done job. But would you please explain how you can tell whether the transistor circuit is a switch or amplifier. I will much appreciet! Kudos and thanks.
Thanks for the praise, and that's a good question you ask.
A transistor is generally thought of to operate in one of three regions: cutoff, which is essentially off, where no current flows through the collector; saturation, in which Vce is very small (and increasing the base current has little or no effect on the collector current); and finally the linear, or active region, where increasing the base current causes a proportional increase in the collector current, defined by the current gain beta.
When a transistor is used as a switch, the designer attempts to keep it in either the cutoff region, when the switch is turned off, or the saturation region, when the switch is turned on. In fact the transistor has to go through the linear region when transitioning between the two, but the designer tries to make this transition as quickly as possible to minimize the time in the linear region.
When a transistor is used as an amplifier, the designer tries to keep it in the linear region, because this is where accurate amplification takes place, where a signal is faithfully (linearly) scaled and replicated. In fact, one of the causes of distortion in an amplifier is that the transistor gets out of the linear region. Sometimes this is done intentionally: The so-called guitar "fuzz" effect is created by intentionally driving the transistor into saturation, which flattens the top of an audio sine wave and creates that "fuzzy" sound.
You are great! Thanks for this tutorial!
I want to control brightness of a led strip (12V, 400mA) with my Arduino Uno Rev3 through PWM I/O pin. The base current should be approximately 20mA. Which transistor should I use? I have ULN2003 and TIP120. My power supply can deliver 12V, 3A. And the most important question: How to calculate the base resistor in this case, when I want to use transistor as amplifier? I'll control brightness with remote control, but, it's not important now.
Glad you found my tutorial helpful.
The ULN2003 is rated at only 500mA, which is not very much above the 400mA draw of the strip. I prefer a much wider safety margin.
On the other hand, the TIP120 can handle 5A if it's kept cool, which means it should handle 400mA easily without a heat sink, assuming it's not in a closed hot box. I'd go with the TIP120.
Perhaps I am missing something in your question. When controlling brightness using PWM, you are still using the transistor as a switch, rapidly switching between off and on. Why do you think the transistor is used as an amplifier?
Sorry, I had the wrong approach. Now I understand how pwm works.
I put ~1.9K Ohm base resistor. Works great!
Thank you for putting this up and answering the questions. Learned from both. Good job.
we chose tip 120,all calculation ok.but for motor vload 12v and iload(max) 1.25A ,we calculate ib 5ma which is low enough to saturaion and high enough to prevent Arduino from trying to deliver more current than it should.but we chose mid value between 5ma to 40ma.i mean 20 ma,it means (ic=ib*hfe,then ic=20*250=5A) ic(max) will be 5A.
but our motor ILoad(max)=1.25A ,but here ic is 5A.then what Happend ? will it burn the motor.
Ic(max) is the maximum current that the transistor _can_ provide in saturation, it is not the current that the transistor _will_ provide. The current drawn by the motor will be determined by the motor.
I need certain help . I am trying to power an LED with max voltage drop of 1.5V .I need to provide it pulsated current at 1Khz .Max pulsated current is 1A. Can you please suggest a transistor?
I like to use MOSFETs now. They have such high gain that most of this article becomes unnecessary. Make sure you use logic level MOSFETs such as the IRLB8721 available at e.g. Adafruit and Oddwires, or the 12N10L available at e.g. Jameco.
I still don't fully understand the differences between the transistor in active or saturation mode. I know that saturation mode is needed because in this mode the transistor is fully On such that it will supply the motor with the full current. To fully understand the transistor I was wondering how to setup a circuit such that it will be in active mode? Do I need to increase or decrease Ib or Vb?
Another question is I'm working on a Led-strip project with my Arduino. I bought three TIP31C transistors to control the Led colors. According to your article Ic = 10 * Ib for the TIP31. Resulting in a max supply current of 400 mA for my Led strip. My 5 meter led strip consists of 300 RGB LEDs in total. So a total current draw of 300 * 10 mA = 3 A for each color. This means I will never be able to supply my led strip with this transistor right? But according to this website: http://makezine.com/projects/make-36-boards/android-arduino-led-strip-lights/ powering the led strip is no problem with the TIP31. The only thing I could think of is that the strip isn't as bright as it could be?
1. Simply put, when a transistor is in active mode, an increase in base current causes an increase in collector current according to the gain formula Ic = beta * Ib. When the transistor is in saturation, increasing the base current will not cause an increase in collector current.
2. How did you calculate the number of 400mA as the maximum supply current for your LED strip?
This was a veritable find !
I'm a Bsc electronics student and found this awesome, brilliant step through allowed me to build a spreadsheet for many different types of transistor.
You're the best, man! I looked everywhere to find a tutorial as good as this. Many tutorials fail to incorporate data sheet reading in the computations. You did it so well.
Thank you very much for your tutorial, I have learnt a lot from it.
but still I have a question because not all datasheets the same structure. I am looking for a transistor as switch and my motor MAX current= 5.8A and V=12v and I am trying to use mbed , which output logic at 3.3v and 40mA.
If your motor uses 5.8 amps and we assume the worst-case gain of 10 for the transistor, that means you need to deliver 580 mA to the base, which is more than your mbed can deliver. You need to use two transistors: the first to drive the second. I don't have time at the moment to do the schematic but if you do a bit of googling for words like "two stages" or "two transistors" + Arduino (you'll get more hits for Arduino then mbed and they'll be pretty similar). Look to understand, not to blindly duplicate.
Thanks for the tutorial…but i still dont get it. Can anyone please help me?
I want to power up 8 leds (12v, 2,8watt) one after the other. My plan is to control that by my raspberryPi 3. Aditionally i have a 12v power supply. Now my question is: What resistor should i buy and what resistor will i have to use?
In order to answer your question I'd need to see your schematic so that I understand how you intend to connect things. Hand drawn is fine.
If you don't know how to connect things then please say.
will you please explain why my motor is running so slow???
I am using 12v power supply and motor which needs 1A max.
as,I am using TIP31, my Ib = 1/10=0.1A.
according to the graph when Ic=1A,then the Vbe=0.6.
But,what I observerved that,the motor was rotating too slow. and the voltage drop across collector-emitter was 9.79v and Ic=327mA through the collector.
I don,t know.why this is happening………please help me….
In order to answer your question I'll need to see your schematic. Hand-drawn is fine.
Can you be more specific? What is it you want to know?
sir if we are using trasnsistor as a switch and we have an led require current 20ma and we are connected this led with transistor with resistor Rc.then how we choose value of Rc.


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I am a big foodie and when I travel I always relate my experience with the local food. When it comes to Vietnamese food, I have nothing but genuine praise for the cuisine.
The street food is everyday life for both Vietnamese and visitors alike. People eat anywhere at anytime! It's like a veritable gastronomic carnival. A wide variety of street treats are accessible from street vendors and market stalls from early morning to late at night.
Eating healthily always seemed complicated and expensive to me. In Vietnam though, things were a little different, because you can easily eat tasty, healthy and cheap in the same time.
The secret of Vietnamese food lies in the use of fresh ingredients with minimal use of oil and the right mix of vegetables and herbs which makes it one of the healthiest cuisines worldwide. The main dishes are based on rice and fish sauce of which Vietnam is one of the world's top producers and exporters. The rice is prepared in many different ways (steamed, boiled, fried) an can be served as side dish, found in soups in the form of noodles or used to make the wrapping of spring rolls, etc. The meats are lean and cooked without too much fat.
Pho is the most common vietnamese rice noodle soup with chicken or beef and fresh herbs. You can eat cheap and delicious, steaming hot pho on the streets of Saigon for about 1.5 US dollars and it's one of the most popular menu items in any local restaurant. The Vietnamese eat pho for breakfast, lunch or dinner. It is always served with platters of fresh mints, basils, bean sprouts and other herbs, fresh limes, chili preparations and funny smelling sauces.
These fresh, light and healthy bites, served with tasty sauces or dips, are usually served as an appetizer but also make a great snack or light lunch. The rice rolls are stuffed with meats and delicious vegetable fillings and are cut like sushi.
Literally translating as "sizzling", for the sound it makes when it's cooked, this delicious fried pancake is made of rice flour with turmeric powder and stuffed with crispy fried shreds of pork, shrimps, green onion and bean sprouts. It is served wrapped in in fresh green leaves of mustard or lettuce, stuffed with mint, basil and other herbs and dipped in fish and/or sweet chilly sauce.
This exotic duck soup with pickled tofu and taro is always served on a mini gas stove at your table to keep it hot. The soup base is made out of duck meat (sometimes including blood and organs) and tofu along with mixed vegetables, on the side with fresh herbs for you to add if desired.
Bánh mì is the vietnamese baguette sandwiches packed with delicious and fresh ingredients: Chả or Chả Lụa (pork roll), Giò Thú (headcheese), Bì (shredded pork skin), Gà Nướng (marinated grilled chicken), Cá Mòi (sardines), Paté, Chay (Vegetarian) etc.


Sony announced in early October of 2016 that online features for Fat Princess: Piece of Cake would be discontinued on iOS, Android, and PlayStation Vita. The mobile versions were retired on December 1st, 2016 and the Vita version on January 1st, 2017.
Those who had downloaded the game by these dates are be able to continue playing in offline mode but cannot re-download the game again from their purchase history. In-game purchases were stopped in early October alongside the announcement. The ability to receive a voucher for the PlayStation 3 title, Fat Princess, was also disabled by the dates above.
While the game received generally positive ratings on all three platforms it had logged only 100 – 500,000 installs on Android with presumably far fewer active players. It also appears that developer, One Loop Games, has ceased operation; all founding members of the small team left in early 2015 after the game's launch on Android and Vita. The combination of a dwindling user base and departed developer are most likely the cause for the game's retirement.
Online features for Fat Princess: Piece of Cake will be discontinued on January 1st, 2017 at 12:00am PDT.
We have immediately disabled the ability to make new in-game purchases.
Spend any earned or purchased gold for in-game items.
Earn access to a voucher for Fat Princess for your PS3™ system for completing level 15.
Fat Princess: Piece of Cake is completely free to play, however some in-game items such as power-ups and character upgrades can be acquired through in-game purchases.


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Have the White Sox been Forgotten?
With the Cubs being potential World Series champs for the first time in quite a while, national media has been constantly covering every single second of Cubs action. This coverage has come at a cost for the cross-town rival. You may have heard of the Chicago White Sox(?). Many media outlets have somehow forgotten that there have been two World Series played in Chicago that didn't involve the Cubs(1959: Dodgers vs. White Sox; 2005: Astros vs. White Sox). Some of these outlets include ESPN and CBS Morning News.
ESPN's Sportscenter was comparing the championships won by Chicago teams versus Cleveland teams since 1965. On the Chicago side, there were 6 championships for the Bulls, 3 Stanley Cup wins for the Blackhawks, and 1 Super Bowl win for the Bears. Wait, isn't something missing? Does the 2005 World Series ring a bell to anyone? Apparently, ESPN has forgotten one of the best postseason runs in MLB history, when the White Sox went 11-1 in the postseason including a sweep in the World Series.
CBS This Morning made a similar error in one of their tweets. They posted a picture of the World Series logo being painted onto the grass at Wrigley Field and captioned it "Wrigley Field is prepping this morning for an event Chicago hasn't seen in 71 years: The World Series." Ummmm didn't Chicago see a World Series in 1959 and 2005? CBS This Morning doesn't think so. Fortunately, they posted a tweet correcting themselves by clarifying that Chicago did host a World Series in 2005, although they still left out the World Series that Chicago hosted in 1959.
Don't take this as me trying to downplay the hype of the Cubs potentially winning their first World Series in 108 years. As a Chicagoan, I do believe that Cubs fans should feel the same happiness that White Sox fans felt in 2005. All I'm trying to say is that even though it's great to see the Cubs get all of this coverage on national media, people shouldn't forget that there's another baseball team in Chicago with a history about as rich as the Cubs and they shouldn't be brutally thrown into the memory hole.


Right # 3: Thirdly, Execute his/her Will/bequest if the deceased left a Will. Will must not exceed 1/3 of his/her total estate/property.
Right # 4: Lastly, Distribute remainder of his/her estate/property according to Islamic Shariah Law amongst the legal heirs or claimants.
Identify all legal heirs or claimants.
Al-Asbah ma'a ghayriha (العصبة ما غيرها) is Heir who becomes a "residuary" when inheriting Al-Asbah bighayriha (العصبة بغيرها). E.g. full sister and consanguine sister inheriting with daughter or son's daughter. (Based on tradition of the prophet (ﷺ)).
Distant Kindred, See Section "a) Dhawul-Arham (ذو الرحام) - Distant kindred". These include near relatives are not part of Secondary heirs.
First distribute the shares amongst Ashab-ul-Farood, and if there is residue, it goes to Secondary Heirs.
If there are no Secondary heirs, then distribute the residue amongst Distant Kindred.
If there are no distant kindred or still some residue left, then it goes to Bait-ul-Maal.
Abusing one's Will and Inheritance is serious crime in Shariah.
(فقة الحديث ) – Translation & Commentary of Imam Shawkani's "الدّررالبهيـّة" with additions from Sh Albani.


text:
Condo Complaint Alleging Fraudulent Concealment of Construction Defects Tolled Statute of Limitations for Misrepresentation Claim
by Kent Holland | Jun 14, 2016 | Newsletter Article | 0 comments
Kent Holland, Jr.
ConstructionRisk, LLC
A condominium association sued the developer and contractor that constructed and sold the condominium complex. Some of the condo units experienced water seepage and resulting damage. An expert determined that water was entering through exterior wall components. A contractor that was hired to solve the problem found that the coping leaked, the masonry lacked mortar, there was no flashing or drainage systems, the lintels and sill were not sealed, and the roofing systems were defective. The plaintiff alleged that the defects were concealed and could not have been discovered without performing extensive testing of the units or opening up the walls. They argued that the developer and contractor knowingly failed to comply with the plans and specifications, knowingly misrepresented the condition of the property and then concealed the defects. Defendants were successful in the trial court in getting summary judgment dismissing the case based on it being barred by the statute of limitations. This was reversed on appeal, with the court holding that under the fraudulent concealment doctrine, the plaintiff might be able to prove to the jury that the defendants schemed to defraud plaintiffs beginning with misrepresentations in the sales packet concerning the quality of construction and that this was designed and intended to operate after the construction defect cause of action arose to prevent its discovery. Instead of deciding that via summary judgment, a jury would need to evaluate the evidence and decide whether plaintiffs had been prevented by defendants' actions from discovering both the problems as well as root of the problems earlier than they did. Henderson Square Condominium Association v. Lab Townhouses, LLC, 2015 Illinois 118139 (2015).
The plaintiffs argued that the defendants knowingly misrepresented the condition of the property and then concealed the defects. The trial court found that the fraud exception to the statute of limitations did not apply because a fraudulent misrepresentation requires misrepresentation of a preexisting fact and does not encompass a promise to perform future conduct.
Under the applicable state law, the appellate court explained that if a defendant has fraudulently concealed the cause of action from the plaintiff, the action may be brought within five years from the date the plaintiff discovers he has a cause of action. The court noted that "generally the concealment necessary to toll the statute of limitations must consist of affirmative acts or representations calculated to lull or induce a plaintiff into delaying the filing of his claim or preventing him from discovering the claim." The court stated that the defendants were mistaken in their contention that the affirmative acts that constitute the fraudulent concealment must always be subsequent to and can never be the same statements or omissions that form the basis of the cause of action.
Here, the plaintiffs alleged that the defendants "covered up" the deficiencies in brick and mortar so that they could not be found, and that they did this "for the purpose of realizing greater profits from the city contract." Here, the court found that the allegations read in their most favorable light to the plaintiffs indicated a scheme to defraud the plaintiffs that began with the alleged misrepresentations in the packet and which was designed and intended to operate after the cause of action arose to prevent its discovery. Based on all of this, the court held that a question of fact exists that precludes dismissal. If it can be shown that the plaintiffs did not know, and should not have known, that their injury was wrongfully caused more than five years before they filed their complaint in this action, the suit would be timely filed. That question of fact must be decided by a jury and not by a judge on a motion for summary judgment.
About the author: Article written by J. Kent Holland, Jr., a construction lawyer located in Tysons Corner, Virginia, with a national practice (formerly with Wickwire Gavin, P.C. and now with Construction Risk Counsel, PLLC) representing design professionals, contractors and project owners. He is founder and president of a consulting firm, ConstructionRisk, LLC, providing consulting services to owners, design professionals, contractors and attorneys on construction projects. He is publisher of ConstructionRisk.com Report and may be reached at Kent@ConstructionRisk.com or by calling 703-623-1932. This article is published in ConstructionRisk.com Report, Vol. 18, No. 5 (June 2016).


Founded in 1975 by George and Julie Mosher, National Business Furniture began with a simple goal of providing "Beautiful Offices at Affordable Prices." ® We're headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and have many satellite offices throughout the United States including metropolitan areas such as New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Antonio, Houston, Washington DC, Boston and others.
In the early years, NBF sent catalogs solely to corporate offices and government agencies. Since then, we've expanded into the school, church, home office and healthcare markets through three separate catalogs, five websites, and an experienced sales team. We've also expanded our government selection with a GSA contract.
National Business Furniture Our focus has always been providing quality furniture and unparalleled service both during and after the sale. We offer an unrivaled selection of office furniture including some 50,000 furniture and accessory items, from office suites to coat racks and everything in between. We stand behind the furniture we sell with a lifetime guarantee.
NBF has served over 300,000 businesses and institutions in all industries, including 477 of the Fortune 500, 93 of the largest universities, the White House and Pentagon as well as thousands of small businesses. Our furniture experts provide solutions for any size project.
When you call us, your call is answered by a live furniture expert with an average of 9 years of experience. We also have a team of design experts available. Whether you're moving, remodeling or adding workspace, NBF's design experts provide free space-planning and color samples. Read some testimonials from many of our satisfied customers.


Charlie Shred is not a person in the band; not unlike Jethro Tull, it's the name of the band. Possibly, in some sense, it suggests an idea as the album is rife with ripping neo-classical guitar work from Mattias Johansson. With partner and second principal, Calle Sundberg, on vocals and guitar, both are alumni of ReinXeed. Also, Tommy 'ReinXeed' Johansson provides the drums, bgvs, additional guitars and handles the production.
Charlie Shred: cousin It joins the band.
Essentially, this is pure European melodic heavy and power metal, and not unlike ReinXeed. So expect some inherent redundancy, but a charming redundancy at that. Arise, Panic and Game Over certainly fit the status quo. Then, Time To Die and Game Over tip the scales more towards melodic thrash or speed metal. Charlie Shred is best when they are either immensely catchy and melodic as on The Rose or Tainted Inside or simply Epic as on Welcome to Hell. Along with the instrumental, The Ancestor's Guide, these are likely the best tracks here. Johansson delivers the guitar goods, and Sundberg is quite the melodic metal singer. However, contrary to PR material there are no similarities to James Hetfield there.
Without expecting to much in the way novelty or ingenuity, Charlie Shred delivers classic, neo-classical guitar-driven, melodic power metal, and should be a delight to fans of the same. Recommended.
Without expecting to much in the way novelty or ingenuity, Charlie Shred delivers classic, neo-classical guitar-driven, melodic power metal, and should be a delight to fans of the same.


The St Brides Tavern is conveniently situated just off of New Bridge Street headed towards Blackfriars Bridge & tube station & only 4 minutes walk from St Pauls Cathederal.
The pub is situated away from all the hustle & bustle but still close enough to be convenient, so it's the perfect place to relax, meet friends & forget the stresses of the day.
It is a family run business where the landlord David is also the chef. He was classically trained and before coming into the pub he had worked in prestigious hotels & restaurants for 25+ years. The landlady Karen can always be found working in the bar alongside her trustful team of fully trained, friendly staff.
The pub is a member of Greene Kings' Head Brewers Club & has had the Cask Marque Certificate for numerous consecutive years & so offers traditional hand pulled Ales alongside all the usual & favourite lagers, Aspall's Cyder & Guinness, all extra chilled of course. It also has a selection of award winning wines to complement David's fine menu.
The menu is created by David & serves a style of food where everything is sourced locally using only fresh produce, which is delivered daily then prepared & cooked to order for our regular as well as passing customer clientele.


This topic contains 4 replies, has 1 voice, and was last updated by LGreenburg$ 1 year, 5 months ago.
Whenever I'm playing ball at this gym I'm going to right now, I keep slipping around everywhere, like I have no traction. Are my shoes old or worn out or something? Anyone know why this is?
It's possible that the rubber on the soles are dried up and hardened. You could try to condition them with some rubber conditioner to get the tackiness back.
Did you just start going to this gym? Has that always happened with those shoes?
You should just bring a wet rag into the gym and leave it on the side of the court so that you can wipe off your shoes. The floor is probably dusty.


That captures the essence of the "correct" mini very well. Good find.
We can't use those, they're upside down!
How did you stick them to the ceiling ?
The only pic I can find with official 'Scape guys. Brontos is big.
Maybe A3n could use them since he's on the other side of the world.
NB's looks like a suitable proxy. It doesn't capture the truly massive size of our guy, but it's a good-looking mini. I encourage people to get it, if possible.
Just a note that Brontos (the original figure) is still available in many places across the internet, and currently on sale here for $8.
Yeah I didn't think mine quite matched up, but for some reason I saw Brontos listed somewhere at 4.5" to mine's 4".
You should, NB. That's a good price, and he is such an excellent mini.
The angle and Brontos' lack of base make them look a little closer than they are, but it's not awful since they're both fairly large. Brontoos' head does in fact come to about the middle of Brontos' chest.


Currently languishing at the bottom of the Indian Premier League points table, the Daredevils will hope for a new lease of life under the new skipper even as KKR will attempt to take full advantage of the situation and press for their fourth win in seven games at the Ferozshah Kotla here.
After losing five of their six outings, Delhi have a tough task of winning seven of the remaining eight matches to be in contention for the play-offs and the onus is on 23-year-old Iyer and the team management to formulate the correct combination for a turnaround.
With Gambhir battling poor form and the rest of the batting order not clicking in unison, Delhi have so far been over-reliant on young Rishabh Pant.
Iyer almost single-handedly propelled Delhi to their second win in the IPL, in their previous match against Kings XI Punjab, only to fall short by four runs.
The Daredevils have not been particularly lucky on the fitness front either with Jason Roy (side strain) and Chris Morris (back problem) recovering. The only game Daredevils have won so far was shaped by Roy's unbeaten whirlwind knock of 91 on debut against Mumbai Indians.
Another major worry for the Daredevils is the lack of form of Australian power-hitter Glenn Maxwell, who has scores of 17, 13, 47, 4 and 12 so far.
On the other hand, KKR will be hoping for another superlative show from their in-form batsmen, who have twice taken the side past the 200-mark.
Dinesh Karthik has led from the front in the batting department with the likes of his deputy Robin Uthappa, Nitish Rana, Chris Lynn and all-rounder Andre Russell firing in unison.
KKR'r only concern will be their bowling, which has failed to defend even big totals. While the slow nature of the Ferozshah Kotla wicket may assist the spin trio of Kuldeep Yadav, Piyush Chawla and Sunil Narine, it will be interesting to see if Karthik and the management bring back veteran Mitchell Johnson to bolster the pace department comprising young Shivam Mavi and England's Tom Curran.
Delhi Daredevils: Shreyas Iyer (Captain), Chris Morris, Rishabh Pant (WK), Glenn Maxwell, Gautam Gambhir, Jason Roy, Colin Munro, Mohammed Shami, Amit Mishra, Prithvi Shaw, Rahul Tewatia, Vijay Shankar, Harshal Patel, Avesh Khan, Shahbaz Nadeem, Daniel Christian, Jayant Yadav, Gurkeerat Singh Mann, Trent Boult, Manjot Kalra, Abhishek Sharma, Sandeep Lamichhane, Naman Ojha, Sayan Ghosh, Liam Plunkett.


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RPG TITLES » Free To Play Reviews » Marvel Avengers Alliance Tactics
Marvel Avengers Alliance Tactics
June 16, 2014 Free To Play Reviews
Marvel Avengers Alliance is just one of many Marvel games that has enjoyed months in the top grossing lists for Facebook, Google Play, and the App Store. It's not exactly surprising, then, that Disney Interactive has released a follow-up, Marvel Avengers Alliance Tactics. How cool of a follow-up it is might surprise you though, it definitely left me pleasantly surprised.
If there's anyway to instantly regain my attention after I'm turned off by the phrase "Facebook game", it's to point out that it's a "Marvel tactical RPG". Admittedly, I'm a big fan of the genre (my favorites are the Fire Emblem series and Final Fantasy Tactics Advance), so I'm going to like any tactical RPG that's halfway decent. On the other hand, Marvel Tactics could quickly prove disappointing when it's stacked up against titles from Nintendo and Square Enix.
If you've played the original Avengers Alliance, this Tactics iteration is going to feel pretty familiar. Both let you team up with SHIELD and a slew of heroes and villains. Your units still gain experience, level up, learn new skills, and gain access to various equipment slots including new uniforms and stat-boosting ISO-8. Tactics even divides characters into the same six classes as its predecessor: the neutral Generalist as well as the Blaster, Bruiser, Scrapper, Infiltrator, and Tactician classes, which form a rock-paper-scissors relationship of advantages against each other.
Even though both games are so similar on the surface, the tactical gameplay represented by the word "Tactics" in the game's title changes everything. Tactics amps up the turn-based RPG combat with the ability of units to move around the battlefield, constantly trying to gain the upper-hand in combat. Each map is overlaid by a grid, and each character has a speed that determines how far they can move each turn. In addition to attacks having a damage rating and special effects, attacks also have a limited range and accuracy. For example, Iron Man's hand blasters deal a good amount of damage to one nearby target, while the unibeam that bursts from his chest hits everything, friend or foe, in a straight line until it hits a wall.
Whereas the original Avengers Alliance let you play a SHIELD agent who teamed up with heroes and villains, Tactics casts you as a SHIELD commander who directs troops rather than directly entering the fray. The first hero to join your team is Iron Man. After a quick tutorial mission where Iron Man dispatches a small but fierce dinosaur, you'll recruit Black Panther to your team as well. After that, you have full control over which heroes and villains you choose to recruit; although it might be a while before you can afford another.
The game takes place in the Savage Lands, where countless versions of Earth are colliding. You are in command of one particular instance of SHIELD and its heroes. It's a pretty ridiculous scenario, but it's a great excuse to pit all the heroes and villains from Marvel's extensive catalog against each other. It's why you might be fighting velociraptors with lasers, then experimental scientists, and then fiery Norse demons, all within the span of three missions. It's also a way to explain why you and your opponent might both have Wolverine when you dive into PvP.
You have your own SHIELD base in the middle of the densely jungled expanse that is the Savage Lands. From here, you'll send out jets full of your heroes to quest locations and other players' bases. A jet can carry up to 4 units to each mission. Flying to a mission takes real time, but you can eventually have enough jets and warriors to dispatch multiple missions simultaneously.
Tactics is free-to-play, and it brings all the timers, energy meters, and multiple currencies to go with it. I hate seeing an otherwise fun game hurt by being free-to-play, but that tends to be what happens when a developer leans so heavily on these tools. That said, the original Avengers Alliance had these things and it did just fine. The core gameplay of Tactics is a lot of fun, so I think it's worth playing as long as you do so in bursts. Sitting down for long play sessions just isn't possible when it costs energy to start each mission.
It's not as deep as other tactical RPGs, but it's definitely on the deep end of social free-to-play games. Each hero can equip four active abilities, a defensive ability, and a passive ability. Each of those abilities can be leveled up. Each hero can also equip pieces of ISO-8 to get their stats boosted. There are six classes of hero but you can only take four to each mission. The amount of customization you can put into a single four-character team is impressive and, more importantly, it feels like it matters. Matching up your heroes so that they compliment each other is a lot of fun. Sometimes that means your heroes will actually have abilities that help each other, and sometimes it just means you have a wide enough variety of heroes to handle any type of enemy you face.
In combat, there are tons of status effects that you definitely have to consider as you play the game. The original Avengers Alliance game has well over 100 different effects and I can only assume Tactics has at least half of those. Effects range from beneficial (Flying) to detrimental (Bleeding) and can be passive (Binary), inflicted (Stun), or self-inflicted. Status effects provide a great opportunity to make smart plays, and the interface makes it easy to keep track of them all. Health and status bars for every unit on the field line the edges of the screen, with friendly units on the left and enemy units on the right. The interface does its job wonderfully, making it easy to get critical information at a glance, and then you can always hover over something for more details.
I'm happy to recommend Marvel Avengers Alliance Tactics to anybody who is a fan of the Marvel universe, the original Avengers Alliance game, or tactical RPGs. The 3D graphics serve the game really well, developing your team is exciting and fun, and the tactical combat is as deep and challenging as you'll find on the Facebook platform. The decisions you make when building your team and then commanding them on the battlefield feel like they matter, which makes it rewarding to put my time into the game. Traditional elements of free-to-play games work against an otherwise good game. Fortunately, the Marvel games seem to be pretty fair on this front, and you'll still be able to get in a good 30 minutes per play session.
MMORPG, MMO, Online Games for free
Tagged Alliance, Avengers, Marvel, Tactics.
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text:
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema;

namespace MovieDatabase_NetCoreApp.Models
{
    /// <summary>
    /// The movie rating entity
    /// </summary>
    [Table("MovieRatings")]
    public class MovieRating
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the identifier.
        /// </summary>
        /// <value>
        /// The identifier.
        /// </value>
        public int Id { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the name.
        /// </summary>
        /// <value>
        /// The name.
        /// </value>
        public string Name { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the description.
        /// </summary>
        /// <value>
        /// The description.
        /// </value>
        public string Description { get; set; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Top 5 Artists You'd Like to Share A Drink With	August 30, 2010
Filed under: Manic Monday Top 5 — NVMP @ 3:08 PM
TNT's Top 5
5. NOFX – I just want to party with these guys and play some drinking games, maybe spit some beer in their faces for once.
4. Tim Armstrong – I'd love to share a drink with this man to find out how he started Hellcat Records, you know, pick his brain a bit and maybe help map out a plan for my future label.
3. Willie Nelson – Okay, Nelson makes my list because a good friend of mine who is a security guard has told me some wild stories about hanging out with this man on his tour bus. Drinks were not the main focus on that bus. I'm interested to find out why he chopped off his braid and where it is now.
2. Chuck Berry – I think it's important to know where your music comes from, therefore, I knew Berry had to make my list. "If you tried to give rock and roll another name, you might call it Chuck Berry." – John Lennon
1. Jerry Garcia – I regret never hearing this man's voice live, therefore, a conversation would just be sublime. Sure, I've read many books about the GD culture and the time period, but hearing it from this man would be the biggest mind-fuck ever! I miss Jerry.
Angela's Top 5
This list is composed of musicians who I would love to sit down and have a conversation with because their presence on stage and in their music is so much larger than life, I just have to know the thought process behind it all. I feel like I could sit down with these guys, drink all night and have a great time.
5. The Amish Outlaws – They are a cover band, who are all in fact, legitimately Amish. But they rock the hell out something fierce and I did in fact share a drink with them. They were gentlemen and bought me shots all night as we interviewed. I later stumbled home drunk as anything and it was awesome.
4. Brian Wilson of The Beach Boys – He's Brian Wilson. He's a legend and genius. GENIUS. Definitely a brain I would love to get inside of over some booze.
3. Joey Ramone of the Ramones – I feel like if I could have had the chance to sit down and have a beer with this guy, the wealth of things I could learn about music would be infinite. Just like the Ramones music, I feel in his simplicity of living, there is brillance.
2. Freddie Mercury of Queen (he's only in the number 2 spot because he's dead and I can't ACTUALLY do this) – I love Queen. I love Freddie Mercury. Yet another brilliant, brilliant musician. He's just amazing.
1. Jack Terricloth of the World/Infenro Friendship Society – Because if you've learned anything about this band from me by now, it's that each show is basically a giant punk rock party in three-piece suits bearing the theme Drink, Dance, Destroy. Being the frontman and leader of such chaos, Jack is an awesome guy. Having a drink with him is only natural and right. And I bet if I got a hold of him, he might actually agree and meet me at a bar in Brooklyn somewhere.
Hoverbee's Top 5
5. Bjork – I'd like to sit down with this Icelandic goddess and ask her where she gets the inspiration for her outrageous music video styles and album covers. She always has some new, strange costume jewels glued to her head, or fantastic CGI that transforms her into something else.
4. Echo & The Bunnymen – Of all the albums released by this band, Flowers is by far my favorite. I do love the classic sound and style of the band, but Flowers was a bit different for them. Last year, the band released Fountain and I was hoping it would be like Flowers instead of their classic sound. I liked the album, but was disappointed that they chose to return to their roots. I'd like to ask them if they plan on releasing another album that is less like the original sound.
3. John Lennon – I'm sure there are many things that music lovers would like to discuss with Mr. Lennon, but I'd like to ask him the true meaning behind the song Come Together. This song has such cryptically strange lyrics that it makes me rack my brain. Phrases like "toe-jam football," "monkey finger," and "mojo filter" need to be elaborated on. I'd also like to ask him if he likes Aerosmith's version of the song.
2. Eric Burdon – I love his voice so much that I sometimes try to imitate him when I sing. It's such a deep, burly, and robust voice. I'd like to ask him if he developed his singing voice by basing it on other artists he loved or if he just opened his mouth and that's the way it came out. Any answer he gives is fine by me.
1. James Brown – I'd like to ask "The Godfather of Soul" what it feels like to be a bandleader. He directs the other musicians in the band on many of his songs. He is known to say things such as "horns," "bring it to the bridge," and "hit it and quit." I'd like to know if he made these decisions purely on instinct, musical composition, or a little of both. I'm curious if there is a sense of power that accompanies these commands. I'd also like to ask him how he feels about his influence on rap music and what are his favorite hip-hop artists.
Mark's Top 5
5. Dave Brubeck – There would be nothing like sitting in a half empty jazz club, discussing music, history, life, piano technique and asking endless "Take Five" questions over gin and tonics. He is walking musical history.
4. Charlotte Martin – Her warm and friendly demeanor made me feel like we were old friends getting reacquainted, and that was just from interviewing her. All that's needed is a few bottles of good wine for some lively and meaningful conversation.
3. Alan Wilder – We both share a love for some of the finer things in life: cinema, travels, restaurants and art. It's always nice to enjoy the company of a like-minded individual.
2. The Police – I could just picture knocking back a few with Sting, Steward and Andy, listening to everything from old tales of the road, to artistic influences, to what it feels like waking up ridiculously wealthy.
1. BT – If you've ever read his blogs or twitter posts, you would see that not only is he a psychically talented audiophile, but also a highly observant philosopher, positive thinker, poet, film scorer and adventurer, all in the body of a punk rock genius. It would be nothing but multiple rounds of imported beers with a true renaissance man.
Klone's Top 5
5. Courtney Love of Hole – Seriously, even if she's not everyone's cup of tea, this starlet has literally been through hell. Fate seems to have been on overdrive when Hole's early 90s album was titled "Live Through This". Recently, on a business trip to California, I wound up watching the "VH1 Behind The Music" episode on Hole and I had a new-found respect for Courtney Love. I can imagine catching a drink with her would be quite an eye-opening experience…provided my drink doesn't get mickied or anything.
4. Billy Corgan of Smashing Pumpkins – I have a feeling after catching a drink (or a few) with Courtney Love, I'm going to have some serious questions for Billy Corgan. Not only do I love The Smashing Pumpkins and find myself curious as to what the 90s phenomenon was like from the artist side of things, but also to get his side on the rumors and stories that come from camp Courtney.
3. Jack Black of Tenacious D – I love Tenacious D. They are hilarious. Especially since they are the "working class heroes" for overweight white guy guitar players who are into sex and drugs (there are dozens of us…DOZENS!!!), and for those reasons alone, I'd love to not only grab a drink with Mr. Black, but tear up the Jersey Shore boardwalk in search of guidos and guidettes to demolish…WITH OUR ROCK!!!!!
2. Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails – Nine Inch Nails is Trent Reznor…enough said. Who wouldn't want to get a drink with this guy?
1. Maynard James Keenan of Tool – In what could very well be the last act of a desperate fan, I think the ultimate mind-fuck would be imbibing some witch's brew with one of the most twisted minds in rock and roll history. Something tells me this would be more likely to be the moment where you find yourself saying, "Well, I always wondered what a week-long peyote trip would be like," knowing full well that this is Maynard's typical Friday night. (NO, this is not a known fact, just an assumption by someone who has spent close to two decades trying to figure out what Tool is really all about, and coming up with "drug experience" as the only possible explanation. Seriously…these guys are probably huge FRINGE fans…)
Honorable Mentions: • Jerry Cantrell of Alice In Chains – The reason he didn't make the list is because this would be a conflicted encounter. Something tells me I'd spend most of my time asking questions about Layne Staley, instead of focusing on Jerry Cantrell himself, and that would just be unfair. Cantrell is awesome and amazingly talented, so I wouldn't want to embarrass myself or insult one of my heroes, or ask him about something he doesn't want to talk about so much;
• Ke$ha – Might be the only opportunity to poison this bitch and end the nightmare that is her voice broadcast over the airwaves;
• (Posthumously) Peter Steele – Short of Ozzy Osbourne, I can't think of a better artist to ask about death (especially now that he's been to the other side.) Rest in peace, Peter Steele.


5121 Costabella Lane is a $330,000, 1,972 square foot, 4 bedroom, 2.0 bath home on a 0.15 acre lot located in Las Vegas, NV.
SPECTACULAR SINGLE STORY HOME, WITH OPEN FLOOR PLAN FROM THE KITCHN TO THE FAMILY RM. VAULTED CEILINGS, FRML LVING RM WITH ENTRY FOYER. HUGE MSTR BDRM WITH SLIDING DOOR LEADING TO YOUR VERY OWN BCK YRD OASIS. MASTER BATHROOM FEATURES DBL DOORS, SEP TUB/ LRG SHOWER, DUAL SINKS. 4TH BDRM CAN BE USED AS A DEN. WASHER/DRYER LESS THAN A YR OLD AND INCLUDED! REVERSE OSMOSIS, WATER SOFTENER ARE INCLUDED. AC AND WATER HEATER REPLACED LESS THAN 7 YRS AGO.
I am interested in 5121 Costabella Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89130.


I have just spent the weekend in Wales, testing my newly acquired Tex. I gues that we don't have many good weekends for camping left, so I wanted to have a go and see what I can manage on the Tiger, comparing to my last motorcycle, the Honda CBF 1000 GT.
I set off saturday afternoon heading for the Elan Valley and a nearly wild campsite. I was set up an hour before dark so made good time, although travelling west with a setting sun provided a challenge.
I found the recommended 10 clicks of preload worked well. The Tex felt good and easily carried the 40Kg of camping equipment as I had packed a weeks worth of supplies rather than just what I needed for the night. I wanted to see how the bike would work for me on a touring holiday.
I travelled through the Elan Valley to Aberystwyth in time for lunch and thn started the long ride back to Lincoln, over 250 miles covered today.
Although I am 15L down on storage capacity compared with the CBF, I feel that I can manage most of my camping trips with my current setup as a comfortable minimalist.
In addition to the standard 3 piece Triumph luggage I have a 30L Oxford tail pack (containing Vango Omega 350 and additional waterproofs) and a Givi 4L tank pack (containing first aid, tyre inflator small items). I have a Quadlock mount for my iphone and use the TomTom app for navigation which I can listen to through my Sena headset. Playing music through Spotify helps with dual carriageways and motorways if I can't avoid them. I used my TouraTechs air cushion as I knew I would be covering many miles and it certainly helped, you can even feel the heated seat although it takes longer to feel the benefit especially when the seat is cold and damp in the early morning.


text:
Il Cinema Teatro Odeon è uno spazio polivalente situato a Ponsacco.

L'edificio, costruito nel 1957, presenta una sala rettangolare molto ampia con galleria.

La parte del palcoscenico consiste in una semplice pedana formata da strutture tubolari metalliche; sulla parete di fondo è collocato il grande schermo. Queste sue caratteristiche dichiarano una utilizzazione prevalente a cinematografo.

La redazione attuale deriva da un intervento di ristrutturazione eseguito nel 1997 su progetto dell'architetto Alessandro Zaccagnini.

Voci correlate
 Ponsacco
 Teatri della Toscana

Collegamenti esterni

Ponsacco
Odeon
Teatri della provincia di Pisa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Show that $im(f\circ f) \subseteq im(f)$ Let $f: V \rightarrow V$ be a linear map from the real vector space V to V. Show that $im(f\circ f) \subseteq im(f)$.
I need to show that $\forall v \in V: v\in im(g\circ g) \Rightarrow v\in im(g)$. Let v be arbitrary, I then need to show that if $g(g(w))=v$, for some $w\in V$, then there exists an $u\in V : g(u)=v$. But I don't know how to show this, can anybody help please?

A: Notice that $f(V)\subset V$ so $$\operatorname{im}(f\circ f)=f(f(V))\subset f(V)=\operatorname{im}(V)$$

A: Every map $f$ preserves inclusions, i.e., when $A\subset B$ for any two subsets then $fA\subset fB$.
So, you get your claim observing that $f(V)\subset V$ implies $f(fV)\subset f(V)$.